-v-tb Slijy X':t^G,^o &e\^a Toronto Public Library. Reference Department. THIS BOOK MUST NOT Bt TAKEN OUT OF THE ROOM. ^e^'i? 8 X917 1915 Index for Canadian Horticulturist AND Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper VOLUME XXXVIII Beekeeping — Some Experiences of the Year 1914.. 9 Disadvantages of Specialiiing in . . . 10 Beekeeping in Manitoba U Notes for Beekeepers U Report of Morlev Pettit for 1914 13 Moving Bees 1,000 Miles by Rail . . 35 The Short Course in Apiculture at Guelph 37 A Method of Rearing and Introduc- ing Queens 37, 68 .\ Successful .Apiary Inspector 38 Coopei'ative Experiments in 39, 70 Some Superstitions About Bees • . ■ ■ 67 Question Btox 69, 101, 131, 215 Notes for Beekeepers 69 Duties Charged by British Countries 71 Bees al Monieith 71 Spring and the Beekeeper 99 The Methods of a Practical Bee- keeper 100 Treating for .American Foul Brood.. 100 The Clipping of Queens 101 Spring Management 129 Will Re-queening Prevent Swarm- ing? 130 k Beekeeper's Experiments 130 Spring Work in the Apiary 131 ExiK'riments in Beekeeping 132 Rearing and Introducing Queens 151,236 Early Season Care of Bees 152 .A. Novel Method That Succeeded ... 153 .Vpicultural Conditions in Canada . . 165 Straining at a Gnat and Swallowing a Camel 155 Bees in Trees in British Columbia .. 171 Seasonable Hints for Honey Prt>- duceirs 171 Notes and Comments 173, 193 Honey Production in British Col- umbia 174 K Method of .\voiding Winter Losses 191 The Possibilities of Beekeeping for Women 192 Marketing the Honey Crop 192 Mr. Pcttit's Visit to Maritime Bee- keepers 194 Wintering Bees in the Cellar 213 Beekeepers Bv the .Atlantic 214 A Dtad Colony 215 Destruction of Comb bv the Wax Moth Larvae 216 Prospects for Beekeeping in British Columbia 216 Preparations for Winter 235 Getting Ready for Winter 2.37 .X Beginner's Experience 237, 256 Life History of the Worker Bee 255 Beekeeping in Nova .Scotia 256 Degeneracy and Foul Brood 257 Selling This Year's Honey Crop ...'258 Poison Sprays and Poison Baits in their Relation to Bees 275 Summer Protection and Swarm Control 276 Homev Production from the Golden Rod 2^ Marketing Problems of the Bee- keeper 279 Civic Improvement — Town Planning as Means of 54 Conventions, Reports of — American Civic .Association 15 Nova Scotia Fruit Growers 44 Quebec Pomological Society 52 Niagara Fruit Growers 55 British Columbia Fruit Growers' .Association 82 Resolutions Passed by B. C. Fruit Growers 140 Ontario Horticultural Exhibition ... 181 M.S. Growers Review Their Year's Results 196 Ignited Fruit Growers 200 Western Fruit Conference _ vi. Canadian Honicultural .Association., ii. Ontario Horticultural .Association . . 264 Vegetahle Growers ^ Ontario Horticulturists Meet in .Annua! 279 Ontario Vegetable Growers' .Annual . 280 Cooperative .Associations — The I'se of Capital by v., 46 Nova Scotian Methods that Suc- ceeded .7." Methods in the .Annapolis Valley • • viii. Editorials — A Many-Sidcd Problem 12 Progressive Societies 12 The Signs of Progress 12 The Limited Demand for Fruit 38 .A Timely Appointment 38 .A Question of Rates 70 The Societies' Opportunity .' 7<) Late Robert Thompson 70 The Dut\ on Fertilizers 71 Preserve .Arbor Day 102 The Limits of Cooperation 10^ Ontario Fruit Growers Should .Act.. 102 .Advertising Campaigns 132 Home Fields are Best 13'^ Duty on Fertilizers I.JZ. Canada's Seed Supply 154 Eliminating the Middleman 154 Spare the Native Flowers 154 Effects of the War 174 A New Factor in Fruit Growing ... 174 Single Tax l^^ Tariff Difficulties 1^ Spare the Tree 194 Ontario's Turn to Move 216 The Vacant Lot Nuisance 216 Middleman Reaction 216 Fruit at the National Exhibition .... 2.38 Prc-Cooling Possibilities 238 Protect the Trees 238 Drastic Treatment Required ^53 Landscape Gardening in Canada . . . 253 Greater Production 258 Canning Situation 278 Horticulture in Western Canada .... 278 Work of the Town Planner 279 Fertilizers — Natural and .Artificial — Their Char- acteristics 1 Nates on 3 Commercial Fertilizers for Flowers. 8 Suggestions Concerning the Use of. 11 Sources of Potash for Agricultural Purposes 91 Fertilizing Made Plain 101 Flowers — Flower Growing in the Home Made Easv ' Sweet Pea — A Queen of the -Annuals. 9 Starting the Seed for Next Summer's Perennial Border 31 Health and a Hundred Dollars — Haw 1 Gained Both Last Summer ... 67 The .An of Transplanting 95 Growing Dahlias in the Home Garden 127 Plant Lilies in Your Garden 149 Preparing Violets for Winter 191 Summe- Preparations for Winter Flowers 191 Planting the Bulbs 211 Fall Preparation for \Mnter 214 Autumn Treatment of Flower Borders '....,. .215, 237 Plan Now for Next Year's Pe.r^i/»fiuJ . Border •..'.'.•.•.:•.•. •3a3 Bulbs for Fall Plantjo]?.' 'Co^ .A National Flower L..' 2.i-l' Carnations in the Gtil\servatory .... 257 California in .Sumrrysi; from a Hor- ticultural Standiieipt 27.') The Cyclamen .... •'!,• 27( >iorei -.About Roses .'.'.■.' ,.277 r,^^tfe^•■}ioses .-:;./■ . .-573 Fruit — The Principles of Cooperation 5 British Columbia Apple Week 14 Improvement of Fruit by Bud Selec- tion 27 The Pi-c-Cooling- of Canadian 40 Methods of Fruit Culture that are Successful 68 Fruit Tree GraftiiTg for the Amatciix 60 Cherry Growing Practices in Quebec 61 Improvement Thxoueh Bud Selection 63 PruninK Practices Explained 64 Apple Advertising- — How the Move- ment Started 72 The Economic Handling of Fruit . . 86 Pre-CoolinR- of ix. Factors of Success in Fruit Growing 90 Fall vs. Spring Planting of Fruit Trees 9S Obtainintr Records of Industrial Trees 95 What Does it Cost to Grow a Barrel olf Apples? 121 Concerning Future Production oif Apples 134 Prairie Dealers' Comments on the Fruit They Handle 139 Methods of a Veteran Fruit Grower. 145 Refrigeration Investigation at Grimsby 156 Harvesting and Marketing the Bern.- Crojj 166 Grape Vine Posts of Concrete 167 Success in Strawberry Growing .... 187 The Apple Situation 189 Pointers for Exhibitors of 205 Packing Fruit for Long Distance Shipment 207 Grading and Packing Apples 209 Standardizing the Apple 218 Canada's National Dish 228 Cherrv Pre-coolinir 229 The .Apple Kintr of Eastern Canada. 231 Packages and Packing 233 Packages for Canadian Cherries .... 240 Exhibit at Canadian National 240 Fruit Growing Developing in Quebec 262 Niagara District Notes 263, 285 Gardens — Simple Arrangement of a Home- Made 35 Planning Small 63 Your Garden of Dreams 67 Board vs. Wire Fences 95 The Planting Plan of a Prize 97 How to Make a Lawn 100 .An Amateur Rose Garden 126 Basket Gardening 128 Reminders for July 169 Reminders for August 189 Canadian Garden Worked by Irish Boys ; 211 The Month's Work in the Garden . . 213 Beneficial Effects of Fall Cultivation 232 Suggestions for Octoher 235 AcOTxr^isAments of a Market , •.'Ga'Td^ner .,,. 249 ,-TTie Vegetable and. Fruit 254 •«juggestions for ->JTorthem Ontario "** Garden »„ 275 Ginseng — .Some Practical Pointers on its Cul- tivation 234 Greenhouse — .An .'\mateur's Home-Made 189 Conserv.itory ind Greenhouse Con- struction 192 Cost of a 193 Horticultural Societies — 13, .39, 103, 133, 155, 175, 195, 217, 239, 258, 266. Hotbeds — Possibilities of the 37 Insects and Diseases — Inspecting for Peach Wseases 2 Cherry Fruit Flies 29 Peach Canker 31 Control of Orchard Pests 88 Potato Diseases 126 Troublesome Rose Pests and Their Cure 171 Control of Vegetable vii. Green .'^pple Bug on Apples and Pears 269 Common Vegetable Crop Insects and Their Control 271 Irrigation — With Special Reference to the Skinner System 57 Tests at Macdonald College 251 Markets — Marketing Problems Demand Atten- tion 23 The South .African Market for Apples x. Better Methods of Marketing Re- quired 104 South African .\pple Market 117 Marketing the Peach Crop 135 Better Methods of Marketing Re- quired 156 Home Markets Unreached by our Fruit 165 Marketing Immature Fruit 201 Marketing the N.S. ."X-pple Crop 209 Essentials of Marketing Fruit 218 Analysis of Apple Market Condi- tions 260 Marketing Conditions for Ontario .\pples vi. English Market Prospects for Apples 281 Orchard — Cultural Methods in the 5 Fertilization of 6 Intercropping Young 62, 92 Demonstration Orchard Work in Ontario 114 Paint and Concrete in the 122 Orchard Practice in Nova Scotia .... 125 Pruning Principles Simplified 147 Demonstration Work in B.C 176 Winter Injuries in 1915 185 Orchard Reminders 188 .'Approved Orchard Methods Again Prove Profitable 188 Protection -X gainst Frost by the Use of Fire Pots 211 Fall Work in the 250 Orchard Methods of S. R Chute . . 254 Plants— What House Plants Need to Help Them Thrive 33 Simple Sprays for House Plants .... 34 Feed the House Plant 36 Obtaining an Early Start with Garden 65 Plants for Shady Places 129 Potting Plants 131 Balsams in the Garden 170 Room Plants in Winter 253 Tender Plants in Cold Frames 254 Winter Care of House Plants 276 Seeds — Hints on Seed Selection 274 Shinibs — Planting of 66 Hardy Conifers 66 Spraying — What Lime and Sulphur has done for the Fruit Grower 25 Sprays and Spraying 96 Spraying the Small Fruit Garden . . 30 Spraying Experiments in N.S 32 Spraying Cherry and Pear Trees . . . 123 Sprays that Yield Profitable Returns 149 Garden Sprays 168 With .Arsenates in Nova Scotia 169 Sprays for Potatoes 190 Transportation — Transportation Matters 176 Transportation Conditions 224 \'egetables — The .Amateur Garden 10 Sprays for 37 Law Covering Weights of ix. Growing Watercress 69 A Specialist's Success in Celery Culture g9 The Growing of Cabbage 96 Vegetable Gardening for Town and City Lots 99, 130 Growing Early Cucumbers Ill Cultural Hints on 153 Potato Growing in New Brunswick.. 22^5 Methods of Rhubarb Forcing 253 Preparing the Vegetable Plot 125 The Vegetable Garden 190, 212 Vines — Climbers for Greenhouses 274 •./.•.• The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXVIII JANUARY, 1915 No. Natural and Artificial Fertilizers— Their Characteristics H. J, ACCORDING to their nature fertili- zers may be divided into two groups, namely organic and inor- ganic, the former being those of vege- table and animal origin, and the latter those of mineral origin. Fertilizers are known as natural or general, or artificial or special. General fertilizers contain all the essential constituents of plant food. Artificials with the exception of specials contain all or many, but specials while they may contain other constitu- ents are valued chiefly or solely for one. The foregoing groups will for the pur- poses of this article be better understood if sub-divided into classes. In the gen- eral group we have (i) stable manure in- cluding straw and waste food, litter of various kinds, (2) the solid and liquid ex- creta of animals, (3) decomposing por- tions or whole bodies of animals, (4) green crops such as buckwheat and clov- er, (5) leaves, and seaweed. The arti- ficial group gives us two distinct classes : class (1) artificial in the sense that the fertilizers which compose it are prepared, although of organic origin. To this class belong dried blood, guano, bones of var- ious sizes, hair and wool, soot and char- coal; (2) nitrates, sulphates, phosphates, and other fertilizers of inorganic or min- eral origin. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, All fertilizers have characteristics which determine their usefulness for gen- eral or for special purposes. Natural manures are bulky, they open and light- en the soil, they add to its moisture (a) by the addition of urine, (b) by their con- version into water. They also add to the soil's fertility, for as plants, or as ani- mals which feed upon plants they have obtained their food from the soluble con- stituents of the soil, once soluble, always so, thus when natural manures decom- pose extra soluble substances are re- turned to the soil. Natural manures are absolutely of no use as plant foods until they decompose. Upon decomposition the acids which are formed as a result of bacterial and chemical action in conjunc- tion with mineral bases form inorganic solutions ; in this form they are plant foods. Natural manures are generally characterized by slow decomposition ; some portions of them may be visible in the soil for years. While they last, how- ever, food solutions will be continually formed, a fact uf)on which much of their value is based. We are told that in a ton of ordinary manure from horse and cow stables, we will find 1,275 pounds of organic matter, 225 pounds of mineral matter (ash), and 10 pounds of nitrogen. The ash will give Ont. 12 pounds of potash, 39 pounds of lime, and six pounds of phosphoric acid. It will thus be obvious when we understand that it is only necessary at any time to apply the four last mentioned elements to the soil that stable manure is a complete fertilizer. Urine as usually associated with stable manure is an exception to the slow decomf)osing natural manures ; it provides 30 to 40 pounds of potash, and about an equal quantity of nitrogen per ton, both of these being in an immedi- ately available form. Urine must be diluted with four or five times its volume of water before being applied. One ton of leaves from hardwood trees will fur- nish six pounds of potash, three pounds of phosphoric acid, and from 10 to 15 pounds of nitrogen. Leaves are, how- ever, usually burned and the ash scat- tered to the winds, and the urine from the stable is allowed to drain a-vay and be lost, thus two of nature's most valu- able fertilizers are wasted. Nitrogen is the most costly fertilizer, yet thousands of tons are annually in the above manner sacrificed through carelessness. The characteristics of the artificial group differ from those of the natural. It contains slow decomposing, and also sol- uble kinds. The slowly decomposing Loading Nova Scotia Applet at Halifax for the British Markets. Nova Scotia Grower* now Charter their Own Vettelt. Chief Fruit Inspector Vroom Stands to the Left of the Gangway. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 191 5 kinds of organic origin are similar in their action to natural manures; they, however, lack the bulkincss, but the sol- uble kinds including those for special purposes have a quicker and totally dif- ferent action. Dried blood, bones of various sizes, wood ashes, ground hoofs, horns and similar organic substances be- long to the former category, and to the latter the muriate and nitrate .of potash, nitrate of soda, superphosphate, sulphates of ammonia and iron, and dissolved guano. Up>on their characteristics de- pends the time for application ; as a gen- eral rule fertilizers of slow decomposi- tion are sown during the fall, and the soluble ones in spring when applied to outdoor crops. Inspecting for Peach Diseases Walter E. Biggar, Chief Fruit Inspector for Ontario I WILL endeavor to describe the symp- toms by which we identify diseased trees. We are sometimes asked if the disease Yellows always exhibits it- self in the same form each year? I find it does not. In some cases the first symptoms of disease will be seen in the red spotting of the fruit alone, there be- ing not the slightest evidence of disease in the foliage. The next season, the foliage may show disease first. The red- spotted fruit, if allowed to remain on the tree, will in the course of about two weeks, become as red as blood through the whole flesh of the peach. This is an advanced stage of the disease. Sometimes the first sign of Yellows is 1. tuft of very slender twigs of a pale, willowy color, with leaves much smaller than would be found on other parts of the tree. These tufts will be found on the large branches usually not very far from the trunk, and in some cases on the trunk of the trees. Another symp- tom of the disease will occasionally be 'found in very tiny little buds or shoots •starting out on the main branches usu- ally not far from the trunk. These tiny shoots or .spurs are generally not over an inch in length, with very slender, small, yellow leaves verging to pink at the edge of the leaf, and apparently a second or new growth which generally makes its appearance in July or August. A symptom of disease in trees from two to four years planted, is a notice- able pale yellowing of the foliage in the branches in the centre of the tree first, and then spreading throughout the tree in the course of two or three weeks. In aged trees the disease does not show itself always oni the branches in the centre or body of the tree, but more often on the branches well to the outside or top of the tree. Ordinarily the first symptoms of Yellows and Little Peach are identical, namely, a yellowing of the foliage at the base -of the season's growth which spreads rapidly. The foliage soon begins to curl and cluster, excepting the tips of the branches which remain green and healthy looking until probably the next season after the tree has been affected, when the tips will be- come yellow. After the Yellows reaches an advanced stage, it is readily identified from that of Little Peach disease. In the case of the Yellows, there is a premature ripen- ing of the fruit, and quite often while the fruit is yet quite green, small swell- ings appear just under the skin of the peach (about one-quarter the size of a wheat grain), causing it to have a lumpy uneven appearance. The majority of Yellows-diseased trees have a peculiar, A Northern Spy tree at Bethaiibeck Orchards, Ltd., Waterdown, Out., 36 years planted before prtining. The same tree after pruning- is shown on page 4 in the department heading entitled "The Orchard in Winter." bright red blotching on an occasional leaf. It needs a practised eye to dis- tinguish between the blotches and the ordinary red leaves commonly found on the tree in the inspection season. I have never seen this peculiar red leaf on trees affected with Little Peach. The effect of Little Peach disease on the fruit is directly opposite to what we find in the fruit of the tree affected with Yellows. The fruit on trees affected with Little Peach will seldom grow to more than one-third the size it would on a healthy tree, and will be about two weeks later in ripeninlg, and will be found lacking in flavor, dry, and slightly bitter in taste. The inspector must be able to identify the white-fleshed peaches from the yel- low-fleshed by the foliage, as disease does not affect the foliage of the white- fleshed varieties and Elberta in the same way it does the yellow-fleshed peaches. Disease in the Klberta and in most of the white varieties will not be found curling or clustering, and will remain green for a considerable length of time after being diseased. The foliage will be seen to droop and the leaves on the tips of the branches slightly roll, mak- ing the tree have a wilted appearance. In determining whether a tree is dis- eased by the fruit, care should be taken not to condemn a tree becau.se the fruit is red just at the pit, for several varieties of peaches are always found highly color- ed near the pit, such as Barnards and Triumphs. A PECULIAR CASE Last season my attention was drawn to a very uncommon case of disease in a three-year-old orchard, where the dis- ease made its appearance in the tips of the branches and did not extend more than six inches at first. The trees were • lUowed to stand not marked to allow us to watch the development of the disease. In three weeks' time it had spread down- wards into the body of the tree, the foli- .'ige curling and showing a positive case of disease. In my experience as an in- spector, covering a period of twenty years, I have never observed a case similar to this. Root-gall will cause the foliage to be- come yellow, and is sometimes mistaken for disease. Peach-borers, when working badly in the trees, will cause the foliage to look bad. Peach Canker will cause a yellowing of the foliage, but usually will not ex- tend to branches that are not cankered. One would naturally suppose disease would more often be found on poor, im- poverished soil than on rich, well-tilled land. This is not the case. Some of the most badly affected orchards I have seen were heavily manured, well drain- ed, and well cultivated. In other cases, neglected orchards were found badly affected. From observation, I am in- clined to believe that disease will be prevalent in orchards standing on soil where there is an excess of lime or where there is a soakage of water coming from a limestone formation into the orchards. The most disastrous results from Yel- lows and Little Peach I have seen were in orchards where there was plenty of limestone or where limestone rock was close to the surface soil. The orchard I refer to contained a thousand trees or more, and the entire orchard was wiped out by disease within eight years after it was planted. From experience, 1 xvould sav orchards standing near a large bodv of 'water (other conditions being equal) have less disease in them than Note the Different Styles of Pack Here Shown in This Exhibit of Fruit at a New Brunswick Horticultural Exhibition where they are a distance away from water. There are conditions which seem more favorable to Yellows and Little Peach in some localities than in others. I know of one particular section in the Niagara district where mildew is more prevalent than in any other part, and there Yellows and Little Peach are also oftener found than in places further away. Throughout my experience inspecting for Peach diseases, I have found that orchards situated near what is commonly called the Mountain, which extends through the Niagara district, have al- ways proved to be the most seriously affected with Yellows and Little Peach. .'\t the base of the mountain, there are some sections where at some period of time there has been carried down by large streams of water, soil mixed with limestone. This covers an area of from eight to ten acres. Peaches planted on these places grow rapidly, but soon die out with Yellows. Again, about half- way up the face of this mountain there is a bench or ledge of lanld, in some places wide enough for planting an or- chard. I have known several orchards to be planted on it, but not an orchard survived more than seven or eight years before the Yellows wiped it out. Again, orchards planted just on the top of the mountain are badly affected. Along the face of the mountain there is more or less stagnant air. Immedi- ately on the top there is good air drain- age, yet the stagnant air from decaying vegetable matter on the face of the mountain is carried up to orchards on top by the north and north-west winds. I am undecided how to account for so much disease in this particular locality. Whether it is due to climatic or soil conditions I am not prepared to say. I am inclined to think that climatic condi- tions form the chief factor accountable for so much disease in this district. Where diseased trees are promptly removed and burned, the disease will not spread very badly. If affected trees are allowed to remain standing for a month or more, there are nearly double the number of diseased trees the following year than there would have been had the diseased trees been removed pro- perly . From experiments carried out at the Vineland Experimental Station, it has been proved that diseased buds insert- ed in a tree will require two years be- fore the disease will be visible in the tree. From this I would consider that it would be better to have an inspector examine the tree from which buds are being procured. After the most careful investigations carried out by those who have made a study of the diseases of peach trees, none can tell us at what particular stage of development the disease spreads to other trees. As yet there is no proof that Yellows can be transmitted to healthy trees by bees carrying the pollen from one tree to another. It has often been said by fruit growers that diseased trees cut down and dragged through an or- chard would spread the disease to other trees. I have never seen proof that such is the case, for I have taken badly dis- eased branches and brushed and whipped them against the foliage and branches of healthy trees and failed to innoculate the tree with disease. One large peach grower .seems. to be of the opinion that Yellows is more pre- valent following a season after a bad at- tack of Peach Curl, or Curl Leaf. If this were true, we would expect to find more disease in Elbertas than other var- ieties, because Elbertas are more subject to Leaf Curl than most other varieties. However, we do not find Elbertas more subject to disease than other varieties. All varieties are subject to Yellows, seed- lings as well as others. If there is any one variety more su.sceptible than ano- ther to disease, it is the Triumph, and it is more difficult to identify Yellows in the Triumph when determining by the fruit alone than any other variety I know of. In 191 1, there were nearly 60,000 dis- eased trees in the Niagara and Fonthill districts, in 1912 25,000, in 1913 5,901, in 1914 3,000. The decrease from 60,000 in 191 1 to 3,000 in 1914 is due to the splendid cooperation of the peach grow- ers with the inspectors in promptly de- stroying diseased trees. Notes on Fertilizers* Prof. R. Harcourt, O BOXl'^.S form a very important manure, particularly on soils which show a deficiency of phos- phoric acid or for crops that require considerable quantities of this con- stituent. They are valuable, as they contain nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Ground raw bones may contain about 30 per cent, of organic matter, with perhaps 3 to 4 per cent, of nitrogen and about 20 per cent, of phosphoric acid. Raw bones, however, also contain considerable fat. This ingredient is ob- ♦Extract from Bulletin 220 recently issued by the Ontario Department of Asrriculture. ■ A. C, Guelph, Ontario jectionable since it hinders the decom- position of the organic matter after the bones are applied to the soil, and it also renders it practically impossible to reduce the bones to a finely divided condition before applying. For this reason, and also in order to extract gelatine, they are submitted to the action of steam under pressure and thus robbed of their fat and some of the gelatine and brought into a condition to be easily reduced to a fine state. This steamed bone meal will con- tain 1 or 2 p)er cent, or under some me- thods of extraction even more, nitrogen, with from 20 to 25 per cent, of phos- iTHE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1915 phoric aoid. The phosphoric acid is chiefly in the form of tri-calcic phosphate, which is insoluble in water ; consequent- ly, the finer the bones are ground the more rapidly the material will come into solution in the soil. Bones are particu- larly valuable for their phosphoric acid, and are usually classed as a phosphatic manure. TANKAGE Tankage is a nitrogenous product and consists chiefly of dried animal wastes from slaughter-houses. It varies some- what in corhposition since it includes otherwise unsaleable parts of the carcass as bones, flesh, hair, hoof, horn, etc. The keratine substances do not decompo.se readily in the soil, consequently, while tankage may be approximately as rich in nitrogen as dried blood and meat meals, it is not so valuable because it does not give as quick returns. It usu- ally contains a varying quantity of phos- phoric acid. DRIED BLOOD Dried blood from our large slaughter- houses is frequently used as a manure. It is one of the richest of the organic nitrogenous materials in nitrogen and it is one of the best since its physical char- acter is such as to permit of its very rapid decay in the soil during the grow- ing season. It contains 9 to 12 per cent, of nitrogen and a small amount of phos- phoric acid. Dried blood is frequently applied along with nitrate of soda when a fairly large continuous supply of the nitrogen is wanted throughout the grow- ing season. DRIED MEAT IIEALS This material is another source of high- grade organic nitrogen and consists of meat scraps, or of nitrogenous materials from the slaughter-houses. When rela- tively pure, it contains from 13 to 14 per cent, of nitrogen, and thus compares favorably with blood. When buying ashes, the purchaser should satisfy himself that the material is neither adulterated nor full of coal residue. Put Wood Ashes on Acid Soil Don't waste wood ashes. Apply them, as produced, to acid soils. •Wood ashes contain a large proportion of lime, which makes them of value in correcting acid soils. Oftentimes land intended for clover or alfalfa can be bet- ter prepared for the crop by a top dress- ing of fresh wood ashes, either hard or soft wood being equally satisfactory. Such a treatment will be of especial value on marshy and sandy soils. If not allowed to leach out, wood ashes are also rich in potash, and so form a home source for a much needed element. Practically all of our potash supply has been imported into this country from cer- tain of the countries of Europe now at war, which fact has caused considerable concern with many who purchase in large quantities. A Better Method Needed F. C. Hart, Markets Branch, Dept. of Africaltare, Toronto The situation this year reveals the necessity for a more systematic method of placing: Ontario fruit on the western market. We have a central apple as- sociation taking care of the output of about thirteen fruit growers' associa- tions in Ontario. There are, however, over fifty fruit growers' associations in the province and practically all of them have been seeking markets in the west. A proper distribution of the fruit is thus impossible, whereas, if our whole out- put were centrally controlled, cars could be sent to a distributing centre, say Winnipeg, and from there diverted by the central agency to the different cities where needed. The time during which the cars are on the wa,y west is avail- able for gaining the latest information as to under-supplied markets and for making sales. By another year the central associa- tion should have many more local asso- ciations united with it. This would re- sult in a more systematic movement of our fruit west and overcome many of the difl^culties encountered this year. Observations in a Peach Orchard Wm. Armttronf, Niagara-on-the-lake, Ont. The commercial peach growers of the Niagara district will ever remember the year 1914 on account of the total fail- ure in peaches, except in a few orchards on the Niagara River at Queenston. This remarkable freeze of 1914 has taught us a valuable lesson in regard to hardy buds and the ability of some varieties r peaches to resist a low temperature in comparison with other varieties. In my peach orchard of several thou- sand trees, two varieties came through the winter with practically no damage to buds, namely, the Triumph and Long- hurst. Sneed, Carman, Old Mixon, and New Prolific were next best, with about thirty per cent, good buds. Yellow St. John, Golden Drop, and Fitzgerald had a light sprinkling of good buds. Jaques Rareripe, Niagara, Globe, Elberta, and Wheatland had a still lighter sprinkling of good buds. Early Crawford, Gar- field, Smock, Reeve's Favorite, and Bell of Georgia had just an odd good bud. It is now well known that Triumph and Longhurst are not desirable varieties. However, each of these can be very much improved by proper treatment. Each of these two varieties have the ability and habit of producing double buds at short intervals on twigs, con- sequently these twigs should be cut back to four or five buds. Certain branches should also be thinned out and other -branches headed back, all with the object of distributing the buds even- ly over the surface of the tree and al.so to ensure the just and proper quantity of fruit for any particular tree to pro- duce in any one year. We do this thinning and cutting back any time during the dormant season. These two prolific and hardy varieties of peaches also require liberal feeding at least twenty-five per cent, advance on "Balanced Ration for Peach Trees," re- commended by me in a former issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. The Amateur's Orchard Stable manure is a good mulch for apple trees, and may still be put on the ground about the trees. Tramp the snow well about the trees. This will help to prevent injuries from mice under the snow. Did you get first-class apples and small fruits this year? If not, why not? Find the rea.son and remedy it. Cut and burn all dry or shriveled fruit remaining on the trees. It is diseased, and will cause you trouble next year. Now is a good time to study the spraying proposition. Get books and bulletins on the subject. Write some of the sprayer manufacturers for their catalogues. In pruning the apple trees plan to form shapely heads that will permit the sun- light to get into the centre of the tree. It will give better fruit. Put grain, suet or meat scraps in the trees or on high stumps so that the birds may get them. If there are quails in the neighborhood, feed them. It pays to keep them on the place. They will eat grain scattered in open places. Get the Government and Station bulle- tins on the subjects you are especially interested in. They may be had by send- ing a postal card to your Experiment Station, or the Provincial and Domm- ion Departments of Ae'-i'-"ltnsumcr and the producer together, by eliminating the unjiecessary expenses of distribution and thus giving a fair profit to the producer on the one hand, and a good article at a civilized price to the consumer on the other hand, is the aim of cooperation. THE MIDDLEMAN .Many people are constantly crying down the middleman, attributing all their troubles to this mo.sl unhappy man. Although agreeing that there are per- haps too many middlemen, I cannot agree that he is an unnecessary evil. The middleman is doing a perfectly legitimate business, and in most cases is doing it at as low a percentage of profit as he possibly can. He fills an important role in the commerce of our nation, arud will always be amongst the important and potential elements of this country. Competition among the middlemen is keen too keen in fact, and here is where the trouble lies in some respects. In a small town or in a locality, or section of any city, there is just so many thou- sand dollars' worth of business to be done. Now if this sum amounts to say fifty thousand dollars a year, and there are five men to divide it among, each on the average does ten thousand dollars' worth of business. Now each must live, and to live at all respectably he needs say two thousand dollars a year. This he must make out of his ten thousand dollars' business, or in other words, he must clear just twenty per cent. Supposing on the other hand that this business could be done by two men, each doing twenty-five thousand dollars' worth of business, then the net profits woirid remain the same, but the percent- age would be less, in the latter case only eight per cent. This illustration, althoug'h exaggerat- ed, will serve to define the point in ques- tion that there are evidently too many middlemen. It is often related by some of our best theorists that this is an im- possibility and that such a condition could not exist, for competition would prevent it, but he has only to investigate the amount of business done by some of our poorer storekeepers to be convinced that such is only too true. Not the elimination of the middleman then, but only the weeding out is, or should be, the aim of a cooperative movement. By such a movement the producer can, to a certain extent, control the price of his own produce, which will in time adjust the foregoing state of affairs. But this cannot be attained unless both consumer and producer reach out and meet each other in concerted and well directed efforts . A go(xi illuslralion of a coojjerativc society acling as both consumer and pro- ducer is found in the United Fruit Com- panies of .Nova Scotia. Before the ad- \ent of cooperation in Nova .Scotia, a large number of fertilizer companies did business in the Annapolis Valley, each company having general agents and a large number of minor agencies, all, of course, deriving their expenses and sal- aries from the profits on the goods ihey sold. In the small towns where perhaps a couple of carloads would be ordered, this quantity would be divided among many producers and the result would be probably not one large shipment would be sent to those places, but in- stead, a larKe number of small shipments would l:>e sent, thus raising the freight rates and all overhead charges. Now that the farmers, or at least a large number of them, purchase their fertiliz- ers through the organization, that in- stitution can save all those extra charges and also obtain a finer price, thus giv- ing to the consumer the same article as before at a much lower price by simply reducing or eliminating unnecessary dis- tribution charges. So much for the pur- chase of supplies. To be successful at coop)eration, the persons interested must first learn that they must c-o-o-p-e-r-a-t-e, for the dangers of cooperation come from within and not from without. It is the petty jealousies of one member for another and the loose organization of the com- pany that has been the downfall of those societies which have come to grief. If an organization is to succeed, every member must lay aside his own personal ambitions and possibly even sink his own personality in a common cause. .\t the start it may seem that the poor man or the poor grrower is the only one who is making while the man who had estab- lished a reputation may for the first few years be a loser. But the ultimate end cfinrot help but be beneficial to all. end of .\ugust or early in the spring, and over seventy-five per cent, of them will make good bushes ready for plant- ing out. — R. B. VVhyte, Ottawa, Ont. Fruit Notes Most fruit Krowers are better off with two or three good market varieties than fifty doubtfuls. It is well enough known that what will grow successfully in one place will not do in another. Hence select what will do in any particular place. Three or four varieties are enough — a few early, some mid-season, and the majority late. Thus by having fruit com- ing in at different times, it helps out when gathering comes, prolongs the season, keeps the market from being flooded to a certain extent, and the grower can do with less help. Currants are very easily propagated. If one wishes to irtcrease their stock take a cutting of new wood about six inches long, plant it in good soil the Fertilization of the Orchard * M. B. Darit, B.S.A , Eiperiment Farm, Ottawa, Ont. The question of properly fertilizing the apple orchard goes hand in hand with the topics of moisture and cover crops, 'ihree elements of plant food are requir- ed by most soils and can be supplied either in the form of commercial fer- tilizers or in the form of barnyard man- ure. Which of these to use depends on the relative cost of each. Where it is difficult to obtain barn- yard manure, commercial fertilizers in conjunction with a cover crop wijl give just as good results as the manure. There is probably no better place for economic u.se of fertilizers than in the orchard, for here the humus content of the soil is maintained by the use of cover crops, and this is one thing that cannot be supplied by fertilizers of any kind. AMOUNTS TO C8E The quantities to apply per acre will \ary to a considerable extent with the condition of the .soil. On old run out soils where successive crops of apples have been removed without any applica- tions of fertilizers being made, the amounts per acre required will be com- paratively large for the first three years. The best indication of the needs will be the trees. If the trees are not making much growth, indications are that con- siderable quantities of nitrogen will be required to give them a start. In the case of nitrogen, after the orchard has been brought into good condition, a very large part of the nitrogen required can be obtained by the ploughing under of leguminous cover crops. Until the trees show signs of vigorous growth, one hun- dred and fifty pourds of nitrate of soda, three hundred and fifty pounds of acid phosphate and one hundred pounds of muriate of potash per acre should be applied. .After the orchard has been put in good condition, and if leguminous cover crops are used, this may be reduced to an an- nual application of fifty to seventy-five pounds nitrate of soda, two hundred and fifty fjounds of muriate of potash. If manure is used, it may be applied at the rate of six tons to the acre, which will supply about the same quantities of plant food per acre. If using manure, however, each year it would probably be better to leave out the leguminous cover crop every other year so as not to get loo much nitrogen in the soil, for barn- yard manure is generally fairly rich in that element. •Extract from Bulletin 79. recently issned by the Dominion Department of Ap-iculture. Flower Growing in the Home Made Easy A side view of the conservatory. Observe the rods and tumbucklee. AN invention which promises to solve many of the difficulties associat- ed with the care and cultivation of plants in dwelling-houses, and which has been well tested by me in my home, hfis been recently patented in Can- ada. The device mainly consists of a sectional window conservatory which may be attached to or removed from any window in a few minutes. The various parts, top, bottom, front, sides, and sliding panels, when fitted together, form a snug little conservatory which, when not in use, on account of Its sectional nat- ure may be stored away in a small space. The conservatory when attached rests on the window sill, and is held in place by turnbuckles with long rods which run diagonally from the bottom to the top across its sides, and hook into screw eyes fixed to the window frame. Ventilation is afforded by means of hinged sashes in the front and top stations. As the win- dow sashes of the houses are not inter- fered with, the room as well as the con- servatory may be ventilated at will. The advantages to be derived from the use of these window conservatories are numerous. Situated outside the house, the plants receive the maximum of light. Thus they actually grow under green- house conditions. Under these condi- tions sickly plants may recuperate quick- ly, and during the greater part of the year it is possible' to possess a window full of beautiful flowers, and this without crowding the limited space available in most homes. This latter feature, while in itself an attraction to the passerby, does not sum up the merits of the con- servatory, for apart from its usefulness for plant growing purposes, its archi- tectural lines commend its use on houses I By H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ont. A SIMPLE WINDOW OONSERVATORY THAT HAS GIVEN EXCELLENT RESULTS The interior of Mr. Moore's window conservatory ae photographed from the room. of cheap construction as well as on those of dignified architecture. The conservatory is supplied with a heating system. Thus it is an excellent propagator, in which plants may be rais- ed from cuttings or by seeds. The hot water heating system consists of a coil of piping arranged in such manner as to give the necessary heat. A boiler and expansion tank may in a few seconds be connected to the piping, or if the house is heated by hot water the heat may be supplied from this source. A small elec- A winter product of the conservatory shows its possibilities. which This shows the heatinar system in place. ■> 7 trie toaster with a dish of water is, how- ever, just as effective as a source of heat. The bojtom of the conservatory holds a metal tray with a drip plug. This tray collects the water which passes through the plant stand above it, which water being subsequently vaporised, causes a humid atmospheric condition. The con- servatory affords a means of spraying or fumigating plants without discomfort or inconvenience to the inmates of the house, as the panels can for this pur- pose be opened or closed at will. The plants at all times are protected from poisonous gas fumes, and as atmospheric humidity may ' be controlled, a too dry atmosphere, which is usual in the modern house and very harmful to plant life, is precluded. To all who are interested in any way in gardening, the invention should prove valuable. Vegetable crops, such as cab- bages, cauliflowers, lettuces, radishes, fruits — tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, flowers — stocks, asters, balsams, pansies, larkspurs, petunias, may be quickly rais- ed for transplanting purposes. Plants like geraniums, pansies, chrysanthe- mums, fuchsias, and begonias, may also be readily propagated from cuttings. The foregoing uses do not adequately cover the capabilities of the device. Beautiful bulbous plants — hyacinths, tulips, nar- cissus, and Chinese lilies — for room de- coration, and salads for the table during the dark days of winter are all possible through the use of the conservatory. Apart from the mere growing of these useful and beautiful subjects the oppor- tunity which is afforded to children to raise plants, to study their habits, and to experiment in many ways, imparts to the invention a value in every sense edu- cational. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, uji.s Comnvercial Fertilizers For Flovrers F. E. Buck, B.S.A., Experimental Farm, Ottawa MV vifw witli reg^ard to commercial ft-rtilizers and their use in con- nection with the general cultiva- tion of flowers, based partly on actual experience and partly on observation, is as follows : They are useful in connection with flower culture, and when used with de- finite calculation may be applied as a pro- fitable investment as well. They are not as necessary in the cul- ture of flowers generally grown in small gardens, as crops grown for their edible parts, like fruit and vegetables. They should not, as a rule, enter into any scheme for growing garden flowers successfully, and certainly should not be relied on to remedy the mistakes of a poor initial treatment of the soil or poor cultural methods. As auxiliaries, how ever, to good soil preparation, and good culture, they may be confidently relied on to produce certain definite results. In the case of permanent plants, like roses, certain of the ornamental shrubs and occasionally herbaceous plants it is frequently impossible to apply enough food by means of barnyard manure, worked in around the roots, to keep the plants growing as we desire. In such cases by supplementing with a small quantity of bonemeal, or a complete fer- tilizer perhaps, the best of results will often result. Again in the case of house plants, a little commercial fertilizer, es- pecially that sold in tabloid form if of a reliable brand, is much more useful and likely to be used by the householder, than other fertilizers. Liquid manure might be better, buf is a less practicable proposition for the average person grow- ing plants. Then again, there is the un- questioned usefulness and, in addition, the profitable side of the application of commercial fertilizers to commercially grown greenhouse crops, such as the rose and chrysanthemum. The reason commercial fertilizers are not as necessary in the culture of flowers as in the culture of certain crops grown for their edible parts is because of the fact that unless the soil is naturally rich, or is well prepared in order to make it rich at the start, the plant will be incap- able of producing that fine healthy growth which is the foundation for a crop of fine flowers. Moreover, it will pro- bably suffer from insects and other troubles, and the application of commer- cial fertilizers will increase these troubles more frequently than not. The physical condition of the soil determines success more with flowering plants than with most crops. It has been proved that the addition of extra plant food in the form of commercial fertilizers to certain plants is practically wasted on them. With most herbaceous plants the number of flowers they will produce is of secondary importance and is not determined by feeding, while size is more often deter- mined by selection and disbudding. To a few varieties of flowers these state- ments will not apply, but to most they do apply, and hence commercial fertil- izers cannot be reckoned an important factor in the successful growing of flow- ering plants. While commercial fertilizers have value in the case of some special crops of flowering plants, they are not as a rule to be recommended for such plants in general ; the reason being that they can- not compete with barnyard manure in regard to the physical improvement of the soil upon which the general size and health of the plant depends, and, more- over, when plants are in the possession of normally good conditions there is sel- dom reason for feeding them on expen- sive foods as there would be with, say, a tomato or potato crop. Yet, on the other hand it must be kept in mind that even with flowering plants of garden tyjje, commercial fertilizers are some- times particularly useful. A case in proof occurred here only last year. A certain piece of land which had received some green manure the autumn previous and was in good condition was planted to gladioli. Just before they were di!«- to blossom it became apparent that ih. soil was deficient in available nitrogen salts. Some nitrate of soda was obtain- ed, dissolved in water, and the crop was given two applications of the solution. The leaves immediately changed tint and made that healthy growth which was re- sponsible for the subsequent crop of flowers. Cases like this suggest that commercial fertilizers should be kept on hand and used with judgment when nre^ A distant view of Mr. Moore's window conservatory is shown on the left. improve* the appearance of the residence. Note that it rather Orchid Notes W. J. Jonet, Brampton, Ont. Cattleya Labiata, having finished flow- ering, should be given all the light and sun possible during the next two months so as to ensure a thorough ripening. Great care should be exercised is water- ing, as their treatment during their rest- ing sea.son depends entirely on their prospect for a good crop next season. Cypripediums are making a fine show, and will continue to do so for some time. This is one of the finest winter flowering orchids, and one that is becoming more popular every day. This is owing to its usefulness for cutting, its long lasting qualities, and its almost unlimited num- ber of varieties, especially the "Insigne" the "Leeanum" tyjje, of which "Insig- ne" Sanderae still remains supreme. Cypripediums are useful as a plant for basket or table decoration, as they will last two or three weeks in bloom. They should be kept fairly moist all the year. Cattleya Trianae are giving a good showing of bloom, and will continue to do so for the next two months. These should Ix^ given all the light possible, a nice genial atmosphere, rather more water than for other Cattleyas, and plenty of ventilation whenever the wea- ther is favorable for such, without caus- ing draught. The Cattleya is the most popular orchid commercially, but the spray orchid, such as the Oncidium, Phalaenopsis, Odonto- glossum, etc., are beginning to find favor with the public, as shown by the fact that the demand for them is becom- ing greater year by year. This is a good time to overhaul all orchids for scale and other insects. Give their surroundings, also, a good cleaning. If you have not already dono so this is a good time to plan for next year's rose garde-n. This rose garden of Mr. E. Austin, St. Cathar- ines, Ont., won 28 out of 30 prizes at a local rose show. (Photo by H. 0. Goodman, St. Catharines, Ont.! The Sweet Pea— A Queen of the Annuals' MY experience in two seasons of f:ill-sown sweet peas is that on the whole they do well and are in bloom two or three weeks before those sown in the spring. While however, they will stand a good frost even after they are up some inches, they are apt to suffer if the severe frost catches them after a spell of earliet" warm weather, so that it is well to plant the bulk of the crop in the spring. In order that this may be done as soon as the snow is off the ground, the soil should be prepared in the fall in the man- ner before described and left in a rough state over winter. With the aid of a line a small furrow is opened and the seeds are planted from two to four inches deep and from four to six inches apart. Devotees of the old method of sowing thickly in the manner of growing mus- tard and cress for salad are gradually disappearing, as the benefits of thin cul- ture are seen. Each variety should be carefully tagged with its name or num- ber for identification. To econtomize space the seeds are often planted in double rows a foot apart, but the single row affords more room for roots and with more air and light the plants will thrive better. As soon as the seedlings are three or four inches hi>,'h they should be kept in an upright position with small twiggy boughs until strong enough to seize the more permanent supports. As an alter- native to fall planting, and in order to .secure early flowers, many growers plant their seeds in pots and place in a cool greenhou.se .so that the plants may have a good start and be ready to put out in •Extract from a paper read dnrinir November ?,ilt,,r»i''"A"""''' *?""*'"''"" "' '''« Ontario Horti- cultural Asflfjciation. H. M. Lay, Walkerton, Ont. April or May. X'ery good results were obtained this year from a few sown in pots sunk in a hotbed. They bloomed about the same time as those planted in the fall. Constant cultivation should now pro- ceed between the rows as clo.se to the plants as can be done without injury. As the soil is rich, there will also be a constant crop of weeds to remove. SUPPORTS Various supports are recommended. Some growers prefer long branches with plenty of twigs placed in the ground inclining outwards, so that looking at the row from the end it appears to be V shaped. This is in order to better support the top growth. Wire poultry netting is an excellent substitute for sticks, using two lengths of four foot netting. As it can be used year after year, it is a cheap mode of support. We have found very satisfactory a support made by using stakes two inches square from eight to ten feet high and planting them firmly in two rows a foot apart, al- lowing eight feet between each pair of stakes. The stakes at each end of the row should be well guyed. Strong twine is then carried along the outside of each row of stakes by means of screws or double-headed tacks. Screws are pre- ferable, as the string can be tightened between each stake more readily. The rows of string are placed from four to six inches apart. If found necessary, a third series of strings can be used by attaching them to cross bars on the stakes about one foot apart. If the string is stout and is taken down and put away dry in the autumn, it should last several seasons. As we have had about two hundred yards of peas sup- ported in this way, we find such little economies profitable. The rows should be from five to six feet apart in order to allow of proper cultivation and spray- ing between them. As soon as warm weather commences, a heavy mulch of well-rotted manure should be spread on each side of the rows and well worked in around the roots of the plants. This will not only keep the ground from getting baked by the sun, but as watering is carried on, its manurial value will be great. A se- cond mulching should be applied a month or six weeks later. Many of the first flower buds usually fall off without opening, and when we have been eagerly waiting to feast our eyes on the new beauties of the season, this is somewhat disappointing. How- ever, our alarm is sooni dispelled by the subsequent abundance of bloom which the later buds unfold. By the end of July the only question is how to keep the peas picked, with such magical rapidity do they appear every day upon the vines. On no account must pods be allowed to form if a long flowering season is expected. After flowering is well under way, the vitality of the plants must be kept up by the application of hquid manure, at least once a week. It is advisable to use half a dozen kinds, using a different manure each time. The following are useful : Nitrate of soda,one- quarter to one-half ounce to a gallon of water. Sulphate of potash, one ounce. Sulphate of ammonia one half ounce, infu- sions of soot, guano, poultry, cow or stable manure diluted to the strength of weak tea. Put some of the substance in a small sack in a barrel of rainwater, allow it to soak for several hours, and pound with a rake or other garden tool . THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1915 Atters as Grown by Mr. J. Gadtby, Hamilton, It may then be applied with a watering can as desired. During the past hot season we found more response to ani- mal than artificial manures . WATERING We are not satisfied unless blooms are produced with stems from ten to eigh- teen inches in length and with flowers from one and one-half to two and one- half inches across the standard. We cannot get this class of sweet pea unless they have plenty of moisture both above and below ground. A regular supply of water will tide them over a spell of drought, but no artificial watering will take the place of a sufficiently moist at- mosphere. However, if we do not neg- lect them during the adverse period of drought when we can no longer take pride in their appearance, and if we do not lose patience, we shall find them after a good heavy rain once more re- turning to their spring-like form. If you have a copious supply of water in your hydrant and can stand the expense, a system of galvanized iron piping ar- ranged along the rows with holes drill- ed in the piping every six inches and a hose coupling attached to one end of your system will do away with the labor of watering a large number of peas. We have only tried this on a single row, but found it a great labor saver. The pasl: season was, however, an example of our helplessness without the beneficent aid of nature. Several prolonged spells of drought, commencing so unusually early as May, disappointed the hopes we had formed in the early spring of a very suc- cessful season. Other much more ex- perienced horticulturists have told us that their experiments in sweet pea cul- Ont. How Did Your* Compare With These? lure carried out under the most favorable conditions and with the help of skilled gardeners, have likewise been very dis- appointing this season. However, as one swallow does not make a summer we must not be downhearted but look for- ward to better fortune next year. Al- though under such conditions our peas may not be up to exhibition standard, we may be sure always of an abundant sup- ply of delightful bouquets for ourselves and our friends. The Amateur Vegetable Garden Geo. Baldwin, Toronto, Ont. IN outlining the possibilities of vege- table growing in a small space, by an amateur grower, the three principal points to be considered are the prepara- tion of the soil, the selection of varieties, and proper cultivation. If the ground was not dug deeply and manured in the fall, do it just as soon as the frost will permit, using rotted manure or artificial fertilizer, or both, raking it over smooth- ly, having the garden raised a little high- er in the centre, tapering off to the sides, so as to shed off heavy rains. About the loth of May, weather per- niiuiiig, how the .seed.b tor onions, red, white and yellow "Southports" for pre- ference, putting the rows eighteen inches apart, so as to permit cultivating in be- tween, then two rows of beets, flat Egypt- ian being the best, two rows of parsnips, Hollow Crown, one row of carrots, Ox- heart, and one row of carrots. Early Nan- ■ tes. Take a rest until May 24th, and ^ then recommence operations is earnest by putting out four rows of cabbage plants, two feet apart, and plants eigh- teen inches apart in the rows. Hender- son's early summer cabbage is the best all-round cabbage for either early or late. Next put in three rows of Wardwell's Kidney Wax Bean, rows eighteen inches apart. Put in lots of beans, and thin out to eight inches apart. Next to this leave a space of four feet, and when you get more time, prepare a trench ready to receive celery plants June ist. Next to this put in two rows of Telephone pe is two feet apart, training them up sticks, chi'.ken retting, or brush. Now comes the tomato patch. Put your plants three feet apart each way. Stagger them in the rows, so that they will not shade one another. If your lot is twenty feet wide, this will give you six plants to a row, and having five rows you will need thirty plants, which is plenty for an ordinary family, if attended to and trained properly. If your lot is fifty feet long, you still have nine feet four inches on which to plant two rows of Golden Bantam corn and two rows of Country Gentleman corn for late variety. Put the rows twenty-eight inches apart and the hills two feet apart staggered the same as for the tomatoes. Put in about twelve seeds to a hill and thin out to five, putting here and there two or three seeds of squash, cucumbers, or marrows. Sow some radish seed broadcast amongst the corn, which will be ready for the table before the corn shades it too much. When your planting is all done, start at the top of the garden, cultivating and thinning out where necessary. Watch for cutworms and caterpillars. Throw the earth out of the celery trench along each side. Put in lots of well decayed manure in the bottom. Put in two rows eighteen inches apart, with the plants eight inches apart in the rows. Sow lettuce seed on top of one ridge and rad- ishes on the other. I have not mentioned the varieties of celery or tomatoes most suitable, for the reason that we have not yet decided whe- ther we will make a hotbed and grow our own plants or buy them from the corner grocery. Both ideas have points in their favor. If you haven't got the time or facilities or feel you are not com- petent, buy from the store and plant whatever varieties you can get, but if you intend being an amateur in practice as January, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST II well as in name, by all means prepare a bclbed and grow the varieties which you knov. are the best, and what is more, get better plants. You will also gain about two months' growth with your onions, which will enable you to grow them to an exhibition size. For celery, sow seeds of Paris Golden for one row and Rose-ribbed Paris for the other or late variety. Most tomatoes are good, but some are better than others, and I strongly recommend Chalk's Early Jewel, Earliana, and Beauty, the latter a beautiful pink variety. They should be trained up stakes. A description of this method, as well as of the proper at- tention to be given celery, and the mak- ing of a hotbed, will appear in these columns a little later. You will notice that in the plan of planting here outlined the vegetables are graded according to height. Of course, you will have to be governed by your location, placing the tall-growing either to the west or the north. Cultivate free- ly right through the season. Do not water unless absolutely necessary, as once started it has to be kept up. When you water your plants, choose the even- ing for it. Suggestions Coivccriving the Use of Fertilizers IN greenhouses or for home gardening purposes the solubility of a fertilizer should be considered ere it is applied ; those of little solubility or those partially soluble may safely be mixed with the potting soil. It would be just as wise, however, to use sugar as to mix nitrate of soda in potting soil and to expect it to be of use to the unestablished plant. Soluble fertilizers as a rule are wasted when applied to plants which are not in a condition to receive them. The solu- tions pass away as drainage. Many artificial fertilizers are used in greenhouses, and while to benches or borders a top dressing of the soluble kinds may occasionally be given, it is not wise to afford them to potted plants in a crystalized form. It is a safer and better practice to dissolve them as re- quired in water and. to apply them through this medium. Nitrate of soda is a soluble fertilizer of great value. It acts and stimulates growth quickly ; one- fourth of an ounce to one gallon of water is ample. Guano is more or less soluble, its nitrogen acts quickly, it is much safer to use than nitrate of soda, and may be applied at the rate of two ounces to an ordinary two and one-half gallon pail of water. Clay's fertilizer, a most excellent manure for general purposes, may be used in the same proportion as guano. For such stock as geraniums, cinerarias, calceolarias, cyclamen, begonias, prim- ulas, and general florists' stock it is pro- bably unexcelled. Diluted urine and soot water produce splendid results with greenhouse stock. The action of the former is characterized by vigorous growth and the latter by a resultant deep green color of foliage. Clay's fertilizer, Thompson's vine and plant manure, guano, bone meal, soot, finely broken charcoal and dried blood, generally give good results when mixed with soil for benches, borders, or for potting purposes. A five inch pot full of any to a barrow load of soil will be suf- ficient. The first three being standard fertilizers of guaranteed analysis, are complete in themselves. The writer has refrained from mentioning other manu- factured manures ; there are undoubtedly many excellent ones on the market, and while not prejudiced in favor of any, he would, however, ask the grower to guard against using any fertilizer the analysis of which he does not know, or which cannot be guaranteed by the man- ufacturer. Adulterated fertilizers are too common ; there is, however, one consola- tion they are not sold by reputable firms. If the grower is in doubt a slow de- composing fertilizer should be used in preference to one of quick action. A general fertilizer should be well balanced, and should contain nitrogen, phosphor- us, potash and lime. Nitrogen promotes growth, phosphorus aids the production of flowers, fruit and seeds ; potash helps the plant to assimilate the elements of food, or in other words it aids diges- tion, and lime unites with elements in the soil rendering them available for ab- sorption, and also in conjunction with these elements builds up the woody tis- sue of the plant. Whatever fertilizer may be applied, we must remember that the degree of its solubility or of its constituents deter- mines the rapidity of its effects, and the period over which they extend. Those of great solubility and, therefore, quick acting, must be sparingly and judicious- ly used. Happy is he who understands the great natural truth that all substances must be or become inorganic, and as such pass into solutions ere they can be absorbed as food by plants. Soluble fer- tilizers when applied in excess not only injure the plants, but often so change the food constituents of the soil as to render them for a time worthless, or act upon them so quickly as to cause a pre- mature state of exhaustion. Forced strawberries. The soil contained finely applied twice a week.- ^round bonea. Dilut<'rk involved in completely rc-arranging the mailing list of The Canadian Horticuitunst so that the first edition might be sent to fruit growers and the second to amate.ir fruit, flower and vegetable growers, this edition of The Canadian Horticulturist has been delayed somewhat later than usual. Now that this rc-arangement has been com- pleted there will be no occasion for a simi- lar delay irn the future. Readers of The Canadian Horticulturist who have not as \ et advised us which of th" two issues they prefer to receive are renuested to do .'■o at as early a date as possible. The February issue of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist will be our Fourth .Annual Spraying Number. The front cover will de- pict a full page spraying scene. Through- out the issue special illustrations relating to the spraying of fruit, flo-wers and vege- tables, as well as timely interesting articles dealing with the same subject, will be pub- lished. In these amnual spraying numbers we aim to give special information relat- ing to advanced spraying practices. Don't miss this issue. Advertisers are reminded that last year the crush of advertising was so great that it was found impossible to give our best attention to advertisements received at the last moment. Get your ad- vertisements to us, therefore, as early this month as possible. What Horticultural Societies are Doing That many horticultural societies in On- tario are doing exceptionally good work was shown at the recent convemtion of the Ontario Horticultural Association in the re- port of Superintendent J. Lockie Wilson. Among the society reports presented were the following : CLINTON. Interest in the work of the society is growing rapidly. The membership has in- creased from 159 to 180 during the year. The civic improvement movement has met with the enthusiastic approval of members of the society and citizens generally. In the spring the society organized a Board of Health and succeeded in getting the Select Your Issue There are still a number of readers of The Canadian Horticulturist who have not advised us which edition, the first or the second, they desire us to send them. The first edition of The Canadian Horticulturist is de- voted especially to the commercial fruit interests. The second edition is devoted more to the interests of the amateur fruit, flower and vegetable grower. Practically all of our read- ers are more interested in either one subject or the other. Will you kindly advise us, therefore, without delay, which of the two you prefer to receive hereafter and we will arrange to send it to you. back yards in the business portion of the town in a clean and sanitary condition. Premiums were distributed and several barren places in the centre of the town re- claimed, as -well as keeping in order those alreadv in hand. DRYDEN. This is a new society with a membership of 77. Two hundred trees were planted on one of the streets of the town. Special prizes were givem for lawns, gardens, and tree planting on private property, for the best kept street in front of residences, and for beautifving public property. DUNDALK A flower show was held in August, which created great interest and enthusiasm. There were no restrictions as to emtry, and conse(|Ucntly a number of outsiders were se- cured as members. There were twenty-nine classes for flowers in pots, not counting specials, and thirtv three for cut flowers. DURHAM. We held a successful exhibition. Monthly meetings were held where papers on horti- cultural subjects were read and discussed. We planted trees and shrubs around some of the churches arnd distributed plants and shrubs to members. FORT-WILLIAM. Our membership increased from 125 to 136, and there was a marked improvement in the annual flower show, not only in the number of exhibits, but in the quality. At our first show, three vears ago, there were only three spikes of Gladioli on exhibition. this year were entered fourteen exhibits of this flower, of a very fine grade of excel- lemce. Exhibitors allowed their flo-wers to be sold for the benefit of the Patriotic Fund. Under the supervision of the City Council volunteer labor has plowed up all the vacant property obtainable, to be allot- ted to applicants for garden purposes next spring. There are already more than sufii- cient applications for these plots. It is confidently expected that we will have a Garden Citv next year. GALT. Our society planted a number of flower beds in the spring in conspicuous places. These were instrumental in transforming what otherwise would have been unsightly spots into places of beauty, and were a source of pleasure to visitors, as well as to residents of the town. A campaign for beautifying the town has been carried on for the past three years, and has been the means of awakening a keen interest in it here, arnd as a result our membership has increased about thirty per cent. There are now two hundred and forty-one members. Great interest is also shown by the school childien of the town, among whom .1,500 packages of flower and vegetable seeds were distributed last spring. The result of their work, as shown by their display of flowers and vegetables at the annual exhibition, was a great surprise and delight to all who saw it. The interest taken in the school children's flower and vegetable garden plot competition was most encouraging, there being over eighty com- petitors. Some of the designs were most original and artistic. In all, eighty-two dollars were distributed in prizes among the children. GRIMSBY. Each member of our society received two hybrid tea roses, and the Canadian Horti- culturist. A lecture was given in May. We held a rose show in June, exhibits very fine. Last fall the society distributed to each member Narcissus bulbs, which were purchased in Holland. We have a Civic Improvement Committee. GUELPH. Window boxes were placed on the prin- cipal public buildings and in front of the public library. A lecture given by Rev. G. W. Tebbs last spring was very well attended, and created much interest. The meetings of the directors were well attend- ed, and besides the usual business, the in- creasing of assessments on account of landscape improvements was discussed and a resolution in regard to same placed be- fore the city council and published in The Canadian Horticulturist, causing a deal of comment by societies in different parts of Ontario. The membership has been in- creased from two hundred and sixteen last year to two hundred and thirty-eight. As a result of the lawn and garden com- petition, there has been a great improve- ment all over the city in the manner in which lawns are kept, and an increase in floral display, both in quality and quan- tity, and also a better selection of plants. This great improvement is due to the work of the Horticultural Society. 14 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1915 British Columbia Apple Week R. M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist and Scc'y B.C. Fruit Growers' Association Victoria, B. C. DURING the first half of November the Horticultural Branch of the British Columbia Department of Agriculture successfully inaugurated special apple selling campaigns for the purpose of pro- moting the consumption of British Colum- bia apples. These special campaigns were advertised as "British Columbia Apple Weeks," and were held in Calgary, Van- couver, and Victoria. The British Colum- bia Fruit Growers' Association assisted by paying part of the cost in each case. Earlier in the year the association had distributed 100,000 booklets on British Col- umbia Fruit, which brought a very con- siderable response, but were not consider- ed sufficiently specific to meet the particular difficulties of the apple market as it stood in the month of October. Our apple crop was about twenty per cent, greater than in 1913, which had previously held the record. The Prairie markets were very largely on a consignment basis with prices ruling low and American apples being offered at very low prices in the coast cities. The Federal advertising campaign had directed public attention to apples with remarkable suc- cess, but the advantage of the campaign was largely accruing to barrelled apples from eastern Canada. It became obvious, too. in late October, that our apples would not keep as well as usual, and must go into immediate consumption. Under the circumstances, it was a pro- blem to focus the demand on the apples of British Columbia and to secure the niove- ment of our crop at reasonably firm prices. As against the imported fruit there was the opportunity to appeal for support for the Canadian product, and in British Colum- bia, support for the product of our own provinces. This appeal was widely made and heartily responded to. The British Columbia Apple Weeks have left a deep impression on the consuming public and on the trade even outside the radius of the cities which participated. The essential feature of the "Apple Week" idea, as we carried it out, is con- centrated publicity of such volume as to greatly stimulate apple sales and consump- tion,not only for the particular week in ques- ion, but for more permanent results as well. The Okanagan United Growers' through their manager, Mr. R. Robertson, cooperat- ed especially in this work, though all Bri- tish Columbia fruit received a benefit, about fifty per cent, of the apples sold during the Apple Weeks coming from other sources. In Calgary the Markets Commissioner of the Horticultural Branch, Mr. J. Forsyth Smith, was in charge. The successful or- ganization of the campaign, both in general and in detoil, is to be credited to his efforts. The wholesalers and retailers readily co- operated in the plan and especially con- tributed to extensive newspaper advertis- ing, to which the association gave twenty- five per cent. Apple lithographs were used in the street car advertising to excellent effect. The newspapers contributed liber- ally of their news and editorial space. Some Calgary wholesalers estimated their sales at double, others treble normal con- sumption, and sales have been on a high level ever since. Other cities in the Prai- ries have requested similar campaigns next year. The Vancouver Apple Week, November 2nd to 7th, had not only the support of the Department, but was largely supported by the Vancouver Industrial Bureau, all of the wholesalers, the great majority of the re- tailers and Vancouver City Market. News- paper advertising, news items and editorials were here a considerable feature, but even more than in Calgary the retailers' window- dressing competition put the British Col- umbia apples themselves in all their beauty before the eyes of all consumers. The Apple Show staged in the commodious Exhibition Hall of the Vancouver Industrial Bureau attracted tens of thousands of visitors. In the Vancouver City Market 4,500 boxes of British Columbia apples were staged and sold to customers who came to see them. The retailers, thanks to a special effort on the part of the wholesalers, were more generally interested than at Calgary or Victoria. Though Vancouver had been using Amer- ican fruit in the proportion of two to one of British Columbia apples, the Apple Week campaign very largely reversed this. Dur- ing Apple Week itself, British Columbia apples were sold ten to one of American. Im Victoria the campaign was limited to a three-day period, but proved equally suc- cessful and permanent in its results. News- paper advertising was the largest feature, but special features on the programme of a series of patriotic concerts proved most valuable publicity. A retailers' window- dressing competition aroused great inter- est, and an apple parade was an unusual but striking feature. During the week sales of British Columbia apples were as four to one of American, completely re- versing the previous situation. Apple Week advertising has certainly brought home to the average consumer the genuine superiority of the British Columbia apple, and quite aside from any question of patriotic motives, there is a much more pronounced desire for British Columbia fruit than has ever been previously experi- enced. The hearty cooperation of whole- salers, retailers and public bodies to stim- ulate the sale and consumption of British Columbia apples has been a surprise and a most gratifying one to the growers. Such Apple Weeks can be carried out in future years with much less effort for organization and at much less expense, though the ex- pense was comparatively light, and certain- ly with even greater lesults. The editor of the Calgary "Herald" voic- ed the opinion of the general public of all three cities, when he wrote the following ; "The British Columbia Apple Week in Cal- gary was a wonderful success. Never before in the history of this city havi; the people bought apples in such generous quantity, and never before have they been given such splendid opportunity to make their pur- chases. In the results of the exhibition there are at least two lessons not likely soon to be forgotten. So far as the people are concerned, thousands have been converted to the apple eating habit — a habit they will not willingly abandon. As for the apple growers, they have learned a wonderful lesson in the value of judicious advertising. The Apple Week campaign was wisely plan- ned. Every agency necessary for its suc- cess was made use of and there was no skimping at any point. Calgary to-day eats British Columbia apples, and eats them in immense quantities. So long as the grow- ers continue to ship in the fruit and the price is right, Calgary will be a British Columbia apple centre." The Apple Week idea has come to stay. The plan secures greatly increased con- sumption of fruit ; standard prices ; mode- rate margins for retailer and jobber ; every cent for the grower that the market condi- tions will stand., and above all, better health to all consumers and the satisi- faction that comes from eating British Columbia apples. Fruit Packing Schools p. W. Hadgetti, Director •< Horticnltiire, Ttrrato, Ont. I would like to call attention to the apple box-packing schools for which instructors are supplied by the Fruit Branch. Last year we ventured to predict that the season of 1914 would see one of the largest apple crops that America had ever produced, and that, therefore, only the best fruit well packed would bring remunerative returns. This forecast has, in the main, been borne out, and, of course, greatly accentuated by war conditions. For the coming season, even if the war is over, it will in all pro- bability again be a case of only well-packed No. 1 fruit bringing a reasonable profit. A packing school is not a demonstration of how to pack, but an opportunity for those wishing it, to learn how to pack by actually doing the work themselves under a compe- J ^ 1. H^M HI KiT''-- S CUiKHW OCSSERT APPtES !■■> ' k ■ t'"'-- ■'-■' ■■> ^M " —*-;■' ''^ ■ .^ ^-. i»r- ■ ■S&H' il^^— -'-"■• ll ■K ..*■*- P-- Method of Crating Three Single Layer Fruit Ceie*. Note the Iron Clip* on the Side lariiary, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST MID-WINTER SALE CATALOGUE Every page is filled with bargains — every article depeiidable Simpson merchandise mavkGd closer to cost than ever before. To get the most for your money you need this book. Send a post card to-day. Wo pay delivery charg^est We srive a. one-da.y service. ROBERT SIMPSON LIMHED^^ ^_i^_i... TORONTO ^^^m^mt^mm^ SANDER SI SONS ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND ORCHID GROWERS. The Finest Stock in the World. Catalogue on application Useful New Invention Enables Anyone to Play Piano or Organ With- out Lessons A Detroit musician has invented a wonderful new system which enables any person or a little child to learn to play the piano or organ in one even- ing. Even though you kmow abso- lutely nothing about music or have never touched a piano or organ you can now learn to play in an hour or two. People who do not know one note from another are able to play their favor- ite music with this method without any assistance whatever from anyone. This new system, which is called the Numeral Method, is sold in Can- ada by the Numeral Method Music Co. of Canada, and as they are desir- ous of at once making it known in every locality, they are making the following special free trial and half- price offer to our readers. You are not asked to send any money until you have tried and are satisfied with the new method. The Numeral Company is willing to send it to you on one week's free trial, and you will not have to pay them one cent unless you desire to keep it. There are no express charges to be paid, as everything will be sent by mail. Simply write a letter or post card to the Numeral Method Music Co. of Canada, 246A Curry Hall, Wind- sor, Ontario, saying "Please send me the Numeral Method on seven days' free trial." If you are satisfied after trying it, the Method and fifty differ- ent pieces of sheet music will cost you only $5, although the regular price of these is $10. You should not delay writing, as the Numeral Com- pany will not continue this special half-price offer indefinitely. Later on the Method and fifty pieces of music will be sold at the regular price. tent instructor. These schools will be con- ducted on practically the same lines as last year, except that it has been found advis- able to shorten the length of the course from three days to two. At least ten pupils must be guaranteed for each school. It is specially requested, also, that there is not more than twenty pupils taking the course at once. If more than twenty are enrolled, the representative is requested to organize two schools of two days each, or else notify the Fruit Branch in suflScient time so that two instructors may be sent. A fee of one dollar, to be collected by the Government representative, will be charged for each pupil taking the course. The money so collected will be put up in five proportionate amounts as prize money for the five best packers. The last after- noon of the course will be given over to the pupils to pack a box for this competition. The Fruit Branch will supply boxes, wrapping and lining paper, and will pay accounts for hauling and rent of halls. The local district representatives are requested to procure sufficient apples, at least a bar- rel for every two pupils. Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. The American Civic Association The magnetic power of the word Wash- ington was responsible for the presence of six Canadians at the tenth annual conven- tion of the American Civic Association. Several of the Canadian delegates made important addresses. The presence of Mr. Thomas Adams, one of the Canadian dele- gates, late of London, England, who is at present civic adviser to the Conservation Commission of Canada, was particularly ap- preciated. He contributed to the pro- gramme on two out of three of the regular sessions, and in addition delivered several addresses before other Washington asso- ciations. Important addresses were also delivered before the association by Mr. Arnold W. Brunner, Mr. George A. jParker, Mrs. John T. B'. Blackburn, Mr. Mark H. Daniels, Mr. J. B. Harkin (Canada), Mr. Clarence J. Blanchard, and Mr. J. Horace McFar- land, the well-known president of the as- Hardy Plants Grown in Canada Paeonies Irises Phlox Delphiniums Heleniums Hardy Asters Hemerocallis Shasta Daisies etc., etc., etc. JOHN CAVERS |. EHODES DOUBLE OUT, JPEUHIHG SHEAK ^ Cuts from both aides of limband does not bruise the bark. We pay Ex- press charges on all orders. Write tor circular and _ prices. S36 S. Division Ave- GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. RHODES MFC. DUPUY & FERGUSON'S CATALOGUE OF HIGH GRADE SEEDS FOR 1915 will be ready for distribution about th© first of January; the handsomest, most practical and complete seed catalog-ue published in this country. It tells the plain truth about D. & F.'s High Grade Seeds that Grow The descriptions are accurate, absolutely correct and free from exagg-eration and ex- travagant claims. Write a post card for a FREE COPY to-day. 5« FIRST PRIZES were awarded at the Montreal Horticultural Exhibition, Sept., 1914, to Mr. F. S. Watson, on products grown from D. & F.'e seeds. DUPUY & FERGUSON 38 Jacques Cartier Sq. MONTREAL Ifi THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1915, jM^=f^=1F==iP=t=^>=^^-1P=^^ >=«>: PEERLESS POULTRY FENCE Does all you could wish of a poultry fence and more. Built close enough to keep chickens in and strong enough to keep cattle out. Kven small chicks cannot get between the cloflo mesh of lateral and vertical wires. The heavy, hard steel top and bottom wires, together with Intermediate laterals, will take care of a care essly backed wagon, or an unruly animal and spring back Into shape Immediately. The wires are securely held together at every Intersection by the PEEKLESS Lock. Tho Fonco That Savos Exponso s^ It never needs repairs. It Is the cheapest fence to erectbe* cause, owing to Its exceptionally heavy top and bottom wires, but. half the usual amount of lumber and posts are required. Smnd for Utoraiut^ and address of nearest agent. We also make a complete line of farm and ornamental fencing. Agents nearly everywhere. Agents wanted In uuasslgued territory. Banwell Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd. Winnipeg, Manitoba Hamilton, Ontario X Peerless Shipping Baskets Complete with Covers This package is ligtit, strong, durable, easy to pack and load, will carry safely any dis- tance,—contains a suitable quantity of produce for the average buyer, — and is attractive to the consumer, as a handy basket around the home. Write to-day for full particulars to : CANADA WOOD PRODUCTS CO. ST. THOMAS, ONTARIO sociation, all of whom arc cxpt-rts in thci; several fields of effort for better bousinK and living conditions. Kvcry session of the association brought iinto strong evidence the urgent need for the united and persistent effort of such or- ganizations as this one in order to direct aright the daily increasing consciousness, which the public is gradually acquiring, with respect to the terrible folly of allowing any town or village, however small, to de- velop in a haphazard fashion. The conven- tian, in addition to focussing attention on the needs of the growing towns and cities, was fortunately additionally valuable in call- ing attention to the proper development of the natural park, the playground for city children, and national highways, besides other related subjects. Those who were present appreciated the value of the work of the association, as well as of those which are related with it by similar aims, and which were duly represent- ed by accredited delegates, such, for in- stance, as the Ontario Horticultural Asso- ciation, which was most efficiently repre- sented by Mr. J. Lockie Wilson of Toronto, and the Rev. A. H. Scott, Perth, Ont. Other Canadian delegates were Mr. W. B. Burgoyne, St. Catharines, Ont. ; Mr. J. B'. Harkin, Ottawa, Ont. ; Mr. F. E. Buck, Ottawa, Ont. The association elected Mr. J. Lockie Wilson as one of its vice-presi- dents, and Rev. A. H. Scott as a member of the executive board for 1915. The secre- tarv is Mr. J. B. Watrous of Washington, D.C. Enterprise Rewarded Sir George E. Foster, writing in the Weekly Report issued by the Department of Trade and Commerce, quotes the progres- sive policy of Organized Fruit Growers of the Annapolis Valley as an example of what can be done by Canadians in foreign mar- kets when sufficient enterprise is shown. Sir George E. Foster writes as follows : As an instance of what can be done by direct representation the Department has received news from Buenos Aires of a suc- cessful trip made by Mr. Foster M. Chute, a representative of the United Fruit Com- panies of Nova Scotia, Limited. Last year the United Fruit Company made a trial shipment to Buenos .Aires with sat- isfactory results. This season Mr. Chute by his personal visit has bean enabled to open up business relations with the prin- cipal cities of South America for Nova Scotia apples. He has done exceedingly well and has made connections which will be of lasting benefit to the apple trade of Nova Scotia. A shipment of 10,056 boxes, 65 half barrels and 4,683 barrels has been placed at remunerative figures. This is published as a hint of the possi- bilities of the South .American market, and secondly as to the advisability of direct re- presentation. Good stock, well assorted, well packed and preserved, commands good prices in South America for those who are enterprising enough to go after it. BOTH $ WISCONSIN INCUBATOR andBROODER 'f°Jr^ 130 Egg INCUBATOR 130 (hick Brooder! BOTH FOR &nd Duty PAID ordered topethor we send both machinea for only $13.90 and wo pay all freight and duty cbarges to any R. R. station in Canada. We bave brancb warehouses in Winnipog, Man, and Toronto, Ont. Orders shipped from nearest warehouse to your K. K. station. Hot water, double walls, dead airspace between, doable glass dcxirs. copper tanks and ■ oilers, self-rcgTilating. Nursery under cfr*r tray. Kspecially adapted to Canadian cli- oate. Incnbator and Brooder shipped complete with thermometers, lamps, egg testers -ready to use when you get them. Ten year cruarantee— 30 days trial. Incubators fin- ished in natural colors showing the hig-h grade California Redwoon't buy until you do this— you'll save money— it pays to invest- Ifcate before you buy. Remember our price of 913.90 is for both Incubfttorand Brooder and cov- ers freleht and duty charges. Send for KKEE catalog today, or send in your order and save time. 1322 FREIGHT and DUTY PAID WISCONSIN INCUBATOR CO. Box 186 Write Vs Today' RACINE, WISCONSIN, •Don't Delatf U. S. A. January, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 17 Short Courses of Instruction Prof. J. W. Crow, Gnelpli, Ont. A short course in fruit growing and a courst' of instruction in apple packing will Paint Without Oil Remarkable Discovery That Cots Down the Cost oi Paint Seventy-Five Per Cent. A Free Trial Package is Mailed to Everyone Who Writes. A L. Jli<^, a prominent manufacturer of Adams. N. Y., has discovered a process of making a new kind of paint witlioiit the use of oil. He calls it Powdrpaint. It comes in the form of a dry powder and all that is required is cold water to make a paint weather proof, flro proof and as durable as oil paint. It adheres to any surface, wood, stone or brick, spreads and looks like oil paint and costs about one-fourth as much. Write to Mr. A. L. Rice, Mauuf'r., 441 North St., Adams, N. Y., and he will send you a free trial package, also color card and full in- formation showing you how you can eave a good many dollars. Write to-day. C.N%"^tBEE SUPPLIES Canadian and American made foundation. Wax made up. Gasoline engines, honey, wax, bees and queens bought and sold. Canadian agents for "Gleanings In Bee Culture," "American Bee Journal." "Canadian Bee- keeper." and "Beekeepers' Review." Catalog free. Jan- uary discount 4 per cent. THE HOOT CANADIAN HOt'SH. Succ'.ssors to the Charles E. Hopper Co., 183 WRKiHT AVE. TORONTO, ONT. SMALL FRUITS Gooseberries, Red and Yellow; Currants, Red, Black and White: Raspberries, Red, Pur- ple and Yellow; Black Berries; Grape Vines, Strawberries, Rhubarb, Asparagus Roots. etc., etc. Ask for Price List. W. FLEMING, Nurieryman Owen Sound, Ont. be held as usual this year at the Guelph .Vgricultural College. The dates this year will be as follow: Short course in fruit y rowing, January 26th to February 6th ; tirst course in apple packing-, February 1st to 6th ; second course, February 8th to 13th, 'I his is peculiarly a time when many who are engaged in fruit growing and many who intend to become so, are desirous of instruction. If it were necessary to urge upon readers of The Canadian Horticulturist the worth of these courses, we could fur- nish abundant testimonials from those who have attended previous classes as to their very great value. Mr. F. M. Clement, for- merly of Macdonald College, and now Di- rector of the Ontario Horticultural Experi- ment Station at Jordan Harbor, will assist the writ'Cr in the lecture work of the fruit growing course. I would like to have readers of The Can- adian Horticulturist note that the packing schools are largely separate from the lec- ture course in fruit growing. The packing work consists of actual practice at both box and barrel packing, if desired, always under the supervision and instruction of ex- perts. Mr. W. F. Kydd and Mr. Leslie Smith of the Fruit Branch will have this work in charge this year as formerly. The Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Associa- tion will hold their annual meeting at Mid- dleton on Januarv 20th, 21st, and 22nd, 1915. Prof. F. C. Sears, of Amherst, Mass., is expected to address the association on the "Future of the Apple Market." Other subjects for discussion are: "Orchard Heating," "Pre-cooling of Fall Fruit," "Spraying," and "Fertilization." Planet Jr Seeder-Horse Hoe The farm and garden tools that save your time, lighten your labor, and get bigger crops— the longest- lasting and most economical implements made. Fully guaranteed, sNo. 4 Planet Jr Combined Hill and Drill Seeder, Wheel Hoe. Culti- vator, and Plow I enjoy The Canadian Horticulturist, amd find it very instructive. — .^. E. Ward, Oak- ville, Ont. Soon pays for itself in the family garden as well as in the larger acreage. Sows all garden seeds (in drills or in hills), plows, opens furrows and covers them, hoes and cultivates quickly and easily all through the season. No. 8 Planet Jr Horse Hoe and Cultivator Stronger. Iiett^r-made, nhd capahl© of a greater variety of work tlittn any otluT cultivator made. Non- cloKgiii)^ st^el wiK-fl. J»<-ptli-n-irulator and extra-long f raiiift make it run st«ady. Adjustable for both depth and witltli. 72-page Catalog ('^S illustrations) free T>e3iTit.ca r»ri tr-ils irirlilditiK Seeders, Wlieel Hoes, Horse H .es. Hiirrows. Orchard-aud Beet-Cultivators. Write postal for it. S L ALLEN & CO Box 1106G Phila Pa Write for the name of our nearest agency Steele, Briggs' Seeds fh" Best to Sow Write to-day for our New Illustrated Catalog of SEEDS, BULBS, AND PLANTS FOR 1915 In it you will find newer varieties and many sug- gestions on What to Sow and How to Sow. If you are a Market Gardener or Florist, and have not received our SPECIAL TRADE PRICE LIST, write for one, as it contains Special Prices on Flower and Vegetable Seeds for forcing in Greenhouse and Out- door Planting. Onion, S.B. Selected Yellow Globe Use Fertilizer to Improve your Soil and Produce Big Crops STEELE, BRIGGS SEED CO. HAMILTON, Ont. 'CANADA'S GREATEST SEED HOUSE" TORONTO, Ont. LIMITED WINNIPEG, Man. i8 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1515 OKINNER 0 YSTEM OP IRRIGATION THE SKINNER IRRIGATION CO. DEPT.R., TROY. OHIO THE RAIN MACHINE Write for Btx books on indoor and outdoor irri- iratioD. BLACK CURRANTS Last year we sold a large quantity of Black Naples plants to leading fruit growers, and are looking forward to an increased sale for the coming year. We are prepared to sell No. 1 2-year-old plants at .$45.00 per 1,000. We have also a few thousand first- class Lawton Blacliberry plants. J. E. HENRY & SON WINONA, ONT. Strawberries 50 varieties Raspberries 13 varieties Seed Potatoes 10 varieties FREE CATALOG THE LAKEVIEW FRUIT FARM H. L. McCONMELL & SON, PORT BURWELL, ONT. PRUNING With a FAVORITE saw will save you a great amount of time and labor. Leading orchardiats throughout the United States and Canada use them and say they are the handiest tool ever invented. For descriptive circular and prices ' write to our Canadian Agents, Jas. E. Johnson & Bros., Simcoe, Ont. Fruit Growers* Saw Co. SCOTTSVILLE, NEW YORK BARTLETT PRUNING TOOLS are designed on scientific principles, made of the higliest grade materials and sold on tlieir merits. We make a complete line. In- cluding our JOINTED POLE TREE TRIMMER, and will be glad to send catalogue and booklet on pruning upon request. y No. 18, Pruning Saw \ Price $175 No. 777, Two Hand Pruner ^ 26-ia. Ash Handles, $2.00 Your dealer can supply you. If he does not, mall money order to us and we will ship prepaid. No. 18 BARTLETT MFG. CO. No. 77 4 Boydell Building DETROIT, Michigan Fruit Market Reports ' 0. JohoiM, Frnit Commiiiioner, OtUwa Since about the first of October, the fruit commissioner's office has been receiving from various sources and distributimg to the public, frequent tek-Rraphic reports up- on the fruit situation from all points of view. At the centres of production, for in- stance, the Annapolis Valley, the Lake On- tario counties, Georgian Bay, the Okanagan Valley, and elsewhere, services of the fruit inspectors are employed. They were in- structed to acquaint themselves thoroughly with the conditions in these localities, the manner in which the fruit was being har- vested, the grades which were being ship- ped, the likelihood or otherwise of fruit going to waste, in fact, any information which they might consider of value. Similar reports are obtained from reliable sources in some of the states across the lime. In this way the fruit commissioner is contin- ually in touch with the main features at the points of production. Messages are also received from the in- spectors in the large distributing centres. They are in close touch with the conditions in these markets and are able to give in- formation regarding the demand for fruit, the wholesale prices, the grades which are arriving, etc. This information is distri- buted at frequent intervals to the producer, who is in this way able to size up the gen- eral market situation. Besides these re- ports from Canadian markets, cables are being sent from London, Liverpool, Man- chester, and Glasgow. All such messages, whether they be by cable or telegram, are supplemented by frequent amd more lengthy reports by mail, which have been found to be of great use. For the distribution of all this informa- tion, the columns of the daily press have been a most effective medium. Special efforts, however, have been made to send this information direct to all cooperative associations and to larger shippers. Any- one,, in fact, who is desirous of receivimg these reports direct from the commission- er's office, can do so by making appli- cation . Fruit Inspection in Nova Scotia G. H. Vrsom, Chief Inspector for the Maritime Provinces The work of fruit inspection in Nova Scotia was conducted in a different way last vear than in former years. The custom heretofore has been to place most of the inspectors at Halifax, and the fruit was in- spected between the cars and the ship's hold as the former were being unloaded. Last season all but two of the inspectors worked in districts where the fruit was grown and at the fruit houses along the railway lines. Each inspector was allotted a section to look after. He travelled from place to place inspecting any fruit which he found packed and eave instruction and demom- strations in places where the actual pack- inir was being done. During the fall, when the fruit was being gathered, the inspectors visited orchards and packing houses and eave instructions in packing and .grading fruit. Thev also inspected the packages, most of which were barrels. The section assigned to each inspector was not so large thnt he could not go over it everi' few davs. This enabled him to keen verv close tab on the fruit packed and shin- ned from his section. In addition to the .Annapolis Val'ev, which produces the bulk of the Nova Si-otian crop, considerable fruit is growm in the south of the province, in the counties of Lunenburg, Queens, Shel- FREE Our Trappers Guide Supply Catalotr and Price List. Write today, address TO JOHN HALLAM LIMITED Desk F-66 TORONTO I Ship your FURS SPRAY ss h'xpensi 3rjO,000 people use llrowiv' s Aulo Si r . ' to sjvcthein work — iiKJin-y. hii i' -4 Kal- opacity. 40 &\ les and s .c i Write ioT Free Si-ia , , E. C. Bmra Ct.. Bt2H*»(*St .Rtctteiici. N T. AUTO > SPRAYS BROWN'S. MANAGER WANTED Competent Manager and Salesman want ed for the Erie Cooperative Co., Ltd., Leaming'on, Ont. (Growers and Shippers of Fruit and Vegetables). Duties to commence April ist, 1915. Applicants state experience and salary expected, enclosing references. Applications re- ceived till January 30th, 1915. GEO. M. ROSS, Secretary LEAMINGTON, ONT. Earns Many Times Its Cost in a Season ! That's what this 8PRAM0T0R will do oti vour farm. It will earn you a profit th.. very first year. This style SPRAMOTOi! is built to supply the demand for .a g«<>d rig at a moderate price. It is equally suit able for spraying trees, row crops, potri- toes, vineyards, mustard and wec-t- chant. He is a producer, placiiiK on the market a product that has an average valu- ation in Ontario of .$12,<)f)f),()00. .As such he should have a clear kno\\lid.ife of his busi- ness and be in a position to Icmow and know definitely, not only the cost of 'production, but every detail in connection with that business. Business meth ^» 2 » 3 I'' o "^ 5^^*^ ^ ^ "^ I 2;!=-oS2 J Cr^ - =5 5-:=* 3 5-5? N M ;b-p-? a.(B jfcfT P-rti ? t^ ?5*i; ^a CO ^s^H H-a ssg ^-a -a, = a « S ji = S»^£^3 '■i^M *; p* t_,, » 3 ~ . ^ c JQ 2 Q : CO f« - s ^ £•00 — R P ^ 3 ^ 2.ra 2.3 ■ J! '' O 0 « o ^'l^ c *t tr (A „ „ >1 3 = B O = X 3- .^ c03- B) » 9 0) p "■0:3 C PI*? ^ O M. ^ r* ?^S « o o 3 S g a re . re . re.rt re O a.a&s=sg s. 3 — re ?:• .^ 3.^ ., o re reo i-0 S. » "'an _ O _C 3 O* oti^'reoo ? O B^?re^»;^ r* no's Ct ° o CJB'^3. 0 C n ^ ^13 (B fo f^ ft w O = -/) 0.2 S 'i CO SSS * ?«> c ^ ■« -0 3 3- M 2. CO « C N _ ^ c < • <" "< •< H„ 55 J3 3" rt 0 C 5 rt- < £. » O 5* 55 "»"* "^ 3"2 S 2 1 (/> C/1 to 0 * ^ 'ol I O «» «> M -M -M.-M «l «* M ' — "►- 10 *. cn en en ui o 0000 b b b b 0000 r 2- 3. 10 &-3 J- w! w ifk en ^ o 01 tn o ui p ■ b b b b b o o o o o :2.s;«» s-g a. ^ < ?"». , sr" (1 * » JO 3 A S as-l ^^' ?2i (^ 0) 22 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, igif. "Concerning The Shortage Of Potash" •f HAVE have been asked to say a few words to my I farmer friends concerning the shortage of potash. Now, friends, although the European war has put a stop to the shipment of Potash Salts from Germany, here is really no immediate cause for worry. Government experts in the United States and Canada, and the experts in the fertilizer companies, have been busy finding ways and means of overcoming conditions arising from this potash shortage. They have entirely succeeded. And the new booklet on DAVIES' Fertilizers have won a big reputation, and you may prefer to use tJiem. If so, Tiie Ontario Fertilizer Co. will gladly supply you. Harab shows exactly what to do in every case where more potash is needed than the fertilizers contain. Don't mistake me, friend, and think that Harab Fer- tilizers contain no potash this year. You can obtain Harab Fertilizers containing up to 3% potash. Where fertilizers containing above that amount are required, other fertilizing agents are necessary and are obtainable from the Ontario Fertilizer Company. If you will fertilize your crops according to the directions given in this new Harab Fertilizer Booklet, you will get excellent results. If'you will take my ad vice you'll write for a copy right now. ^ ^Uj The Ontario Fertilizers, Limited WEST TORONTO, CANADA the liKhleninjj: of the screw press. Although some apples from refrigerator cars have landed frosted, yet the most frost was seen in the box car. It was a most unusual shipping season for regular steamers. Lack of steamers, and overdue steamers caused by storms off the coast, caused the shippers of perishable fruits most anxious moments. The ship- ments are the smallest since I became am inspector in 1901. An Experiment in Thinning* F. M CItMBt, Viatlud, Ont. .An experiment conducted at the \ ineiand Kxperiment Station during the summer of I9]4, in the thinning of apples, is of special interest. Forty-six trees in our old orchard were admirably adapted to such an experi- ment. The varieties were largely Baldwins and Greenings, and this year as a whole they were heavily loaded. Twenty-six of the trees were selected at regular intervals and thinned, care being taken to leave the fruit well scattered over the tree and in as per- fect balance as possible. .An average of 3,191 apples were removed from each tree. We aimed to leave only one apple to a spur and often not that if there was any likeli- hood of the fruits touching each other when they had attained full size. The work was done from July 8th to 16th, when the fruit was about the size of a shell- ed walnut and smaller. Thinning shears purchased from E. k. Franz, Hood River, Oregon, at a cost of thirty-one cents a pair, were used to cut the stems rather than pull- ing oflF by hand. Five and three-quarters days for two men or eleven and a half days foi one man, were required to do the work, at a cost of one dollar and sevemty-five cents a day. This is an average cost of seventy-seven and four-tenths cents a tree. The fourth of this time was used in pick- ing up and counting the apples, which is equal to nineteen and three-tenths cents a tree, leaving fifty-eight and one-tenth cents net for the commercial thinning of the tree. The twenty-six thinned trees yielded a total of forty-eight and seven-tenths barrels of firsts, including fancy, fifteen and one-tenth barrels of seconds, and twenty and six- tenths of culls. The culls included all the windfalls. This gives an average of 2.46 barrels a tree, which are worth $1.90 f.o.b., or $4.66 per tree f.o.b. The twenty unthin- ned trees yielded 25.4 firsts, 23.6 seconds, and a3.7 culls including windfalls. This again is a.n average of 2.46 barrels per tree. .At $1.90, the return per tree is exactly the same for thinned as unthinned. The firsts sold the seconds, but on an estimate of $2.25 for the first and $1.70 for seconds, we have a return of $5.20 for the thinned trees and $4.86 for the unthinned trees, a gain of 34 cents per tree in favor of the thinned. \ fairly accurate record of the time required ' to pick and pack the thinned trees gave again an average of six minutes per tree in favor of thinned trees, for four men, or twenty-four minutes per tree for one man. This at $1.75 per day is worth seven cents making in all a gain of 41 cents in favor of the thinned. The net cost of thinning was 58.1 cents per tree all told, making af cash loss of 17.1 cents per tree. i Three other factors we must consider: First, .A share of the firsts were fancv and might have been sold for more monev if sold alone ;• second, it is doubtful if it is I'ood policy to put seconds on the market at all this year when there is an abundance of first and fancy. Their value is really less •Extract from an address delivered at the recent annual convention in Toronto of the On- tano Fruit Growers' Association. January, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 23 than I have Riven them. Third, The effect on the crop for another year. This latter factor cannot be answered now but the ex- periment is laid out to extend for a period of years and will be reported on from time to time. Marketing Problems Demand Attention* D. Johnson, Daminion Frnit Commiisiener, Ottawa THK marketing of apples at the con- sumers' end has made no progress in the last fifteen or twentv years. There has been no effort on the part of the producer to get closer to the consumer. This was strongly brought to our attention a few days ago in the city of Ottawa. A carload of apples was bought in Prince Ed- ward county at 25 cents per barrel on the trees. The apples were picked and loaded by the buyer in bulk form on board the car, piling the apples some 2;4 feet deep. They were shipped 150 miles and sold to the retail trade in Ottawa at $1 a barrel. These apples were turned over to the con- sumers at from $2 to $3 a barrel. The fruit arrived in good condition and was just the class of apples that the great majority of the consuming public of our cities are looking for. They would keep well on into the winter and would meet the needs of the great bulk of our consumers ; but the fruit should have been placed' straight to the consumer instead of to the horde of pedlars, hucksters, etc., who largely control the fruit trade of our cities. The great question for the fruit growers in Ontario to consider is how we can bring the products of our orchards to the con- sumer at the least possible cost. Money and energy expended in this way will bring greater results to the province as a whole than large plantings of orchards at the present time. A step forward in the organization for handling our apples should be taken. We took advantage of the opportunity a short time ago of pointing out in the press the chance for municipalities, charitable insti- tutions, factories, etc., to go to the orchard districts and buy their apples direct from •Extract from an address delivered at tile last annual convention of the Ontario Pruit Growers' Association. GREAT CROPS OF STRAWBERRIES And How to Grow Them Is the most beautifully illustrated and most com- plete strawberry book ever written. It teaches the Kelloiid Way of doinK things and tells the whole strawberry story from start to finish. It ex- plains how the famous KcIIokk Pedigree plants are grown on the (treat KelloKK plant farms in Idaho, Oregon and Michigan, and pictures and describes all the best varieties, including the ever-bearing kind. OUR FAMILY STRAWBERRY GARDEN Whether you have a OTnall garden or a big farm, you should grow your own strawberries, Kellogg's Big Red Strawberry garden will produce all the de- licious strawberries your entire family can eat, sum- mer and winter. You can have shortcake, strawber- ries and cream, preserves, jam and canned berries the year round for K-sa than one cent per gallon. Our Book gives full information. STRAWBERRIES Yield more dollars per acre and give quicker re- turns than any other crop. Get our 64-page book and learn The Kei.- Looo Way. and make $500 to $1200 per acre. The Book is FREE, |. ^ R.M.KELLOGGCO.Fl)^ in 570 .Threii Blurt, Mich. *-i^»^ Strawberries Summer and Fall Bearing and all Berry Fruit Plants We are headquarters for Summer and Fall Bearing Strawberry Plants, Rasp- berries, Blackberries, Gooseberries, Currants, Grapes, Fruit Trees, Roses, Ornamental Shrubs, Egga for Hatching. Crates, Baskets, Seed Potatoes, etc. The very finest stock at rock-bottom prices ! 32 years' experience. Onr cat ting contains valuable tJi/ormaiiofi for fruit groovers. Send for it today — it's free. L. J. PARMER, Box 596, Pulaski, N. Y. Now Is The Time of year to think alxjut greenhouses. Spring will soon be here, the busy season for flower growers and the time for propagating. Perhaps you need more room — a niew house. Perhaps your old ones need overhauling, heating or ventilating systems may be" defective or out of date. Look over your plant carefully, and you are sure to see where it needs new life and improvements. < Then get in touch with the Glass Garden Builders Limited. With all thoughts turned to the "Made in Canada" idea, it is well to know that it is entirely a Canadian Company. The members of the Company are men whose names are known throughout Canada as an assurance of the best workmanship and most modern design in greenhouse construction. The Company has already constructed houses for J. H. Dunlopj at Richmond Hill, and many smaller private growers. i Upon request we will gladly furnish you with suggestions) plans, and estimates covering your requirements. Write us. GLASS GARDEN BUILDEBS, UNITED Dept. B 201 Church St., TORONTO / ANNUAL ^A ^S-. 4^ February Spraying Number %^ * PUBLISHED FEBRUARY 1st This is the largest and most important issue of the year, dealing almost wholly with the Fruit interests of Canada. Advertisers should reserve special space and use their biggest and spiciest copy in it. As usual a full page cover design and a splendid selection of special spraying articles are being secured. FORMS CLOSE, JANUARY 15th-25th Send in Copy Early RATES— Pai>e - $42.00 Quarter Page - $10.50 Half Page - $21.00 One Inch - $1.40 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST PETERBORO, ONT. 5:^ <" ^ 24 THE- CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 191 ^ The Fruitland Nurseries are now prepared to book gpring ordere for all klnda of Fruit and Ornamental Treee, Shniba and Vines at loweW priccH. Send for price list. C. M. BILL BOX 42 FIHHTUN8, OM. FREE LAND FOR THE SETTLER IN NEW ONTAfilO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtainable free and at a nominal cost are calling for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regula- tions, and settlers rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director ol Colonization Parliament Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. Dl/FF Minister of Agrioultnre Piarliament Bldgs., Toronto Harab Fertilizers are natural fertilizers, made from animal blood, bones and trimmings, and other recog-nized high-grade fer- tilizing agents. Davies' Fertilizers are also high-grade. It's merely a choice between them and Harab Brand. Either brand will make your soil yield larger profits. The Ontario Fertilizers LIMITED WEST TORONTO, CANADA the producer. These apples could have been placed on board car at the least pos- sible cost, in bulk form, and conveyed to the cities, and given to the consumer at a much lower price than he is paying. Last week the city council of Ottawa imported a car of apples from western Ontario, some 400 miles distant, giving the apples to the consumers at a price of $1.30 for the con- tents of a barrel delivered in their cellars. A single notice in the papers was sufficient to sell the car before it arrived. Thus the producer got a fair price for his apples and the consumer got his fruit at less than half what he was paying for expensive packages when he bought through the re- gular channels of trad*. This year at least twice as many apples could have been used had tra.nsportation charges and the net profits of the producer been the only costs to the consumer. This question opens a great field for operation, and I trust that the thought and energies of our progressive growers and organizations will be concentrated on an effort to eliminate the cost of operation between producer and consumer. Something along the line work- ed out by the city of Ottawa would, I am sure, be worthy of most careful attention. If we do not take some steps to increase consumption, over-production will soon result. Our Cooperative Fruit Growers' Associa- tion made the mistake during its first year of operation of not watching its pack of fruit closely enough. The result was the fruit did not realize more than individual packers were able to obtain for their ap- ples, amd our pack got a black eye, which gave us quite a set-back. The following year we improved our pack and succeeded in obtaining 50 cts. a barrel more than in- dividual packers and our pack was so su- perior to theirs we had no difficulty in dis- posing of it in considerable quantities.— A. E. McMahoai, Aylesford, Nova Scotia, speaking at the last Dominion Fruit Con- ference. A free short course in horticulture will be held at Macdonald College, February 8th to 12th inclusive. It is intended to give prac- tical information on fruit growing and vege- table gardening to business men and far- mers who have not the time to devote to a longer course. In addition to the regular lectures, considerable time will be given to a discussion of different subjects and the answering of questions. NEW COAL OIL LIGHT ^I*r1a\S\7nI'" r^~-^ ^ 10 Days FREE— Send No- Money We don't ask you to pay us a cent until you have Used this wonderful modem light in your own home ten davs, then you may return it at our expense if rot perfectly Batiafied. You can't possibly loso a cent. We want to prove to you that it makea an ordinary oil lamp looK liko a candle; beats electric, crasoline or acetylene. Lights and is put out like old oil lamp. Tests at a number of leading Universities show it TWICE THE LIGHT ON HALF THE OIL :^^Burns 70 Hours on One Gallon 5 common coal oil, no odor, smoke or noise, Bimple, J clean, won't explode. Three million people already • enjoying this powerful, white. Bteauy light, near- g est to sunlight. Guaranteed. $1,000.00 Reward I wni be given to the person who shows us an oil i lamp equal to the new Aladdin inevery way (de- I tails of offer given in our circular). Would we dare I make such a challenge if there were the slightest Idoubtaa to the merits of the Aladd)n7 GET I ONE FREE. We want one user in each local- I Ity to whom we can refer customers. To that per- I Bon we have a special introductory offer to make, I under which one lamp is (iven fre*. Writo ■ quick for our 10-Day Absolutely Free Trial Prop- lositioD and learn how to get ono free. MEN WITH RUK MAKE $100 TO $;iO0 PER MONTH DELIVERING ,hc ALADDIN on otir easyplan. Noprevious experience necessary. Practically yverv farm home and small town home will buy after trying. One fannrr who had never sold anything in his life before writes: "1 sold 61 lampB the firttt seven days. Anothor Bays: "I dispoBed of 34 lampa out of 81 calls." Thousands whoaru coining money endorse the Alao- dinjustaa stroogly. No Money Required We fumisn capital to re- liable men to get started. Ask for oar diatributor a plan, and learn how to make big money In utiOO> copied territory. MANTLE LAMP CO., 408 Aladdin Bids., MMirtsI and WimiiMrCtni LarSMt Manulaeturw* and CNatrfbutora of Coal Oil Mantia Lampa In tha Worid Canada "Johnny-on-lhc-Spot." on okM.^ or on truck, will lake can* o( all your chores — pumpioK. !wpar»tinK creSfii. pulpiDK, rtiurojiiK. waafiiUK, et^ Stop woiittiii): your tinic and rncrp.y in uwletia drudRcry l^i •Johriny-.jn-tbt- Spot** do It — onf of the (unious Cihon ■' Goes Like Siiiy" Lir*c — a hu-h (juality eDKine at a (ow pnc<- WHI'I K I OK CATAI.OOUI: AND FLU. PaUHCU- LARS AM. Sl/J.s Gilson Manufacturing COa Limited 10 York St.. Cuclph, Ontario ^^MiMili/,/./.,, XMAS PRICES FOR FRUIT AND VEGETABLES At this Christmas season our good facilities will enable us to get you top prices for your Fruit, Vegetables and General Produce. We have a large connection on the Toronto market as well as branch warehouses at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane amd Porcupine. Competent men are in charge at each point. Our branches form a ready outlet in time of congestion on the Toronto market. We never have to sacrifice your interests REFERENCES Canadian Bunk of Commerce ( Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies Send lor Shipping Stamp H. PETERS 88 Front St. E., TORONTO, Ont January, 1915 iTHE CANADIAN HOETIC ULTURIST The Use of Capital by Cooperative Associations p. C. Hart, Markets I Branch, Department of Agriculture, Toronto, Ont. AS a class, farmers in the past have shunned borrowing money. A man who borrowed money was apt to be looked upon as iinefficient. This was due perhaps to the fact that expensive modern machinery was not required in farming amd a comparatively large capital unnecessary. With the growth of farming as a busi- ness, however, and the introduction of more and higher priced implements, capital, as it is in any business, became necessary . To wait till this capital is accum- ulated from the annual profits of the farm is a slo'w process, and especially when the machinery for producing extra profits is lacking. And so the farmer to-day, like the business man, borrows money for pro- ductive purposes. This basic principle is that the borrowed capital should be used m such a way as to return not only interest and depreciation, but something over to pay back the capital. In Ontario, farmers are so using large amounts of capital aind have become busi- ness men in the true sense of the word. This is an encouraging fact when we come to consider the formation of cooperative societies for business purposes. When a group of men is formed for carry- ing out the business operations of organi- zations, capital is necessary. There are two ways of securing this capital : First, by gathering together the cash savings from the individuals in the group ; second, by using the credit of the members. The first is accomplished by selling shares in the company or associatioin, the members pay- ing for the same in cash. Joint stock com- panies are formed on this basis. The cash so obtained is put to the uses intended, and the earnings are returned in the form of a dividend in proportion to the capital in- vested. Where capital is raised for a co- operative association in this way the returns on the capital are fixed at the usual rate of interest, and extra profits are returned to the members in proportion to the busi- ness each gave to the association. The second method of raising capital in a cooperative association by the credit of the members is accomplished by taking a joint and several note of the members, or by individual notes. These motes are placed with the bank or other lender, as collateral, and form a line of credit. By this system the actual cash of the members is not used as capital. This presupposes, of course, that the capital so acquired is put to paying uses. The disadvantage of the share system as applied to cooperation is that interest must be paid on the capital whether it is in use or not. The cash has been accepted by the association, amd interest must be paid on it. If this interest is six per cent., and if part of the year the money is lying in the bank at three per cent., a certain loss results. By the note system interest is paid on capital only while in actual use. When the money is mot in use, the notes are redeem- ed. And so long as the association is a paying enterprise, the individual member does not need to have cash in the bank to meet his note : Simply his credit is used. In acquiring capital for cooperative as- sociations, certain factors must receive at- tention. The most important is that the loaii must be repaid. The business for which it is to be used must be productive. If the business to be undertaken is unsafe, it is unwise to borrow capital under any conditions. Another factor of importance is that provision should be made for de- preciation, where the capital is used for tools or buildings which deteriorate. This depreciation account should amount to the full value of the tools or building by the time they would have to be renewed. For instance, if a siirayiii.n outlil tJoug-lYl wrtii such capital will last for ten years, one- tenth of its full value should be put aside each year. ■ In other words, the equipment should pay for itself within its lifetime. A third important factor is the rate of interest. 1 his should be as low as pos- sible. The difterence between five per cent. and seven per cent, is, of course, only two dollars per one hundred dollars a year, but this small difterence is important in any going concern. Under the note system of raising capital, the security offered is of the best, and should command a low rate of interest. Supixise. twenty farmers form ajn association and borrow five thousand dollars. If each farmer has unhampered resources to the value of say eight thou- sand dollars, the security behind the five thousand dollars borrowed would be twenty times eight thousand dollars, or one hun- dred and sixty thousand dollars. Many cooperative associations in Ontario are endeavoring to do business without cap- ital. Where limited tramsactions are under- taken, this may work to their entire satis- faction, but where the business undertaken has been previously carried on by a capital- ized concern, the association may find itself at a disadvantage in the details o't its busi- ness. With eggs, for instance, the store- keeper pays cash on delivery. If the egg circle is not able to do the same, dissatis- faction of one kind or another is sure to result. In either case the eggs must pay a profit on capital, and it is just a question as to whether it is the merchant's or mem- bers' capital that is to be used. Under certain circumstances endeavoring to run a business without capital would appear to be umbusinesslike. When a permanent outfit is required by an association, such as a storehouse by a fruit association, the difficulty is presented of determining the equity each member has in the building. A non-cooperative method of meeting this difficulty is to form a sub- sidary joint stock company to own and control the building. If, however, a co- operative association cannot be so organ- ized as to ow.n permanent equipment, co- operation will not go very far. The diffi- culty could be met by creating .a reserve fund, into which each member pays, irre- spective of when he joins the association. His equity in the equipment is then but a matter of bookkeeping, and if at any time he wishes to withdraw from the association, his share, less depreciation, can be return- ed to him. Im any well-conducted business, capital is necessary. If borrowed, it should be used only for productive purposes. These pur- poses should ensure interest, depreciation, and a return of the principal within a rea- sonable time. Our readers will be gratified we are sure with the manner in W/hich the proposal made im the November issue of .'The Canadian Horticulturist to have "The Apple" recog- nized as the national dish of Canada, has been approved in influential quarters. That it has already met with the sanction of Sir Geo. E. Foster, Minister of Trade and Commerce, of the Dominion Fruit Commis- sioner, the Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation, and the Ontario Horticultural Asso- ciation, means much. Watch the progress of this movement and put in a word for it wherever you can. NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundreds of varieties adap- ted for the Canadian climate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own saving. Catalog: free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. I FOSTER'S i Standako We have a largfe stock of all size FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS ^ AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Orders Filltd Promply Send for Trices THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. FREE Write US, ^^lvl^gsoIlle idea of your spraying- needs, and we will forward, absolutely free, a copy of our valuable illustrated work on Crop ^^ Diseases, also full particulars of a It isn t a SPPAMOTOR un ess we made it best suited to your requirements. We make SPRA- MOTOKS from $6.(K) up. Write us to-day! Made in'Canada. No Duty to Pay. Spramotor^Works, Kin^f,.. London, Can, EUROPEAN SEEDS K Order from ENGLAND NOW ELWAY' QUOTE and CAN DELIVER s Anite Caaliilower Lncerne Rape Beet Celery Mnatard Rntabga Cabbage Kale Pepper Spiaach Carrot Kohl Rabi Raddiih Turnip Vetcb and Flower Seeds If you have hitherto placed jrour ordera in other quarterc OUR PRICE under present circumetaiicee, will compel you to buy from ua. Please write AT ONCE while stocks last for immediate and later delivery : also on contract for next Fall. British Sailing to Canada continues all the time. KELWAY & SON, TJ^SIdT LANGPORT, ENG. THE CANADIAN TTOETTC ULTTTT^ TST January, k)1; FRUIT MACHINERY GO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers >nd a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, when installed by our experienced millwrights are the most practical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable- Writ* for Illustrated Catalogue Ovcr-Production of Apples Threatened* D. Johnson, Dominion Fruit Commissioner, Ottawa Classified Advertisements Advertisements in tills department in- serted at rate of 3 cents a word for eacli insertion, eacti figure, sign or single letter to count as one word, minimum cost, 30 cents, strictly cash in advance. REAL ESTATE AI.I, KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit tarme a specialty. — W. B. Calder, Grimgb.T- NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS. — Before buying it will pay you to consult me. I make a specialty of fruit and grain farms.— Melyin Gayman & Co., St. Catharines. ASK DAWSON. He knows. IF YOU WANT to sell a farm consult me. IF YOU WANT to huy a farm consult me. I HAVE soip^ of the beet Fruit, Stock, Grain and Dairy Farms on my list at riirht prices. H. W. Dawson, Ninety Oolbome St., Toronto. FOR SALE— CONSERVATORY, situate in the town of Owen Sound, in the County of Grey, and Province of Ontario, containing 5 acres of land, 3 g-reenhouses, "^A ft. x 150 ft., fully equiipped and in a splendid location. There is only one other florist in the town, which has a population of 12,000. For terms, apply to W. H. Smith, Owen Sound, Ontario. HONEY WANTED A QUANTITY OF HONEY WANTED— Montgomery Bros., Merchants, Deloraine, Man. POULTRY FREE — We will give free to any person interest- CKi in stock or poultry one of our SO-page illus- trated books on how to feed, how to build hen houses: tells the common diseases of poul- try and stock, with remedies for same; tells how to cure roup in four days; tells all about Eoyal Purple Stock and Poultry foods and remedies. Write W. A. Jenkins Mfg. Co., London, Canada. SITUATION WANTED GARDENER, SCOTCHMAN, wants position. Ex- perienced in all branches and capable of taking charg-e of orchard. First-class references. Address Box 10, Canadian Horticulturist. MISCELLANEOUS 250 ENVELOPES printed with your name and , address, 90c postpaid.— Pearl Card Co.. Olinton- . ville, Ot. FREE FOR SIX MONTHS— MY SPECIAL OFFER ,to introduce my magazine, "Investing for Pro- fit." It is worth $10 a copy to anyone who has been getting poorer while the rich, richer. It demonstrates the Real earning power ot money, and shows how anyone, no matter how poor, ,9an acquire riches. Investing for Profit is the ;only progressive financial journal published. It ,show8 how .$100 grows to $2,200. Write now land I'll send it six months free. H. L. Barber, 1405-20 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago. IJurinjf the past season, it has been my privik'Ke to travel some fifteen thousand miles among tho fruit-growingf districts of Canada and the western States. K great deal of that distance has been covered by motor among the orchards and farms, so that f have had a fair opportunity of judg- ing the extent of our orchard lands. I knew before that Canada had some twenty-five million fruit trees, but had never realized what these figures meant until I came in contact with the orchards. Then it was pressed home to me that, unless consump- tion was greatly increased, there was a day not far distant when Canada would be face to face with over-production. In the famous .4nnapolis Valley of Nova Scotia not more than fifty per cent, of the apple trees are bearing, and those that art- bearing are still young and far from yield- ing their maximum of fruit. The orchards are situated in a valley some one hundred miles long and an average of about six miles wide. In this valley apples are the main product of the land, and the good care that the growers are giving their trees assures us that Nova Scotia will yet pro- duce twice as much, and perhaps four times as much, before many years. New Bruns- wick is also planting, and on the sloping bank of the St. John River are thousands of acres of young orchard that are not yet producing. Quebec is forging to the fronc once more, and many acres of Fameuse and Mcintosh Red are there producing an apple of superb quality and appearance. With conditions in Ontario we are all more or less familiar. Ue know that im some dis- tricts plantings have greatly increased, while in others San Jose Scale had wipe' the orchards out of existence; but I thin; >ou will agree with me that one-half of ou J(),0(K),000 apple trees are not yet bearing It is only necessary to drive up and dowi the concessions of the fruit producing di- tricts to be convinced that our orchard are just beginning to produce. British Columbia was a great surprise to me. I had often heard of the orchard there, but when brought face to face wit'. them, it was a revelation. I travelled houi after hour through solid orchards, kept in a state of perfection seldom seen in On- tario. It is true that they are only pro- ducing some one thousand carloads of apples this season, yet this is only a be- ginning, as two-thirds of the trees are under five years of age. and the other third practically only beginning to bear. The north-west States of Washington. Oregon, and Idaho are in a like position, producing now some fifteen thousand cars. In view of these facts, 1 can only ask you, as I have asked myself time after time : What of the future ? The answer, to my mind, is the extension of markets and the use of modern advertising to increase consump- tion both at home and abroad, and also the adoption of some cheaper method of handl- ing the fruit from producer to consumer in order to give the great bulk of our pop- ulation a chance to eat apples, which is, of course, only another metjiod of increas- ing consumption. Horticultural Work in British Columbia R, M. Winslow, Provincial Out of the grant made under the .Agri- culturist Instruction Act to British Colum- bia for the fiscal year 1913, the sum of five thousand dollars was set aside for demon- stration work in horticulture, and one thou- sand dollars for fruit packing competitions. The department conducted twenty-five schools, giving a course of five days prac- tical instruction in the pruning of tree and bush fruits, and the expenses of the schools at Sardis, Haney, Metchosin and North Vancouver, were met out of the vote. The work of the expert in charge of cold storage, pre-cooling and fruit transporta- tion investigations, was also assisted out of this vote, especially by the employment of an assistant, Mr. J. M. Creelman. In the fiscal year 1914 expenditures on the following objects have been made: Five acre plots have been selected at Lawn Hill, on Graham Island, for the Queen Char- lotte Islands ; at Bella Coola, to serve the Valley of that name ; and at Terrace to serve the Kitsumkalum-Lake District on the Skeena River. On the Graham Island plots special attention has been given to the amelioration of Graham Is- land lands by drainage, liming and fertili- zers, and demonstrations in experimental work in growing agricultural and horticul- tural crops on such land. At Bella Coola demonstration and experimental work with vegetables and small fruits formed the principal activity, and the plot at Terrace has been conducted on much the same lines. An assistant to P. E. French, an assis- tant, to M. S. Middleton, and an assistant •Extract from an address delivered at the last annual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. Horticulturist, Victoria, B.C. to k. H. Tomlinson, are also being paid out of this grant. These under-graduate summer assistants are occupied in demon- stration spraying, pruning and general orchard inspection and instruction work. This grant has also been used to a slight extent, in connection with the fruit packing schools and in carrying out a series of top-grafting demonstrations in the Okanagan A'alley. Prize money has been paid for fruit pack- ing competitions and for exhibits of packed fruit by packing school pupils. .\pple packing contests were held at ten fairs, Vernon, Summerland, Nelson, Sal- mon .Arm, .Armstrong, Creston, Nakusp, New Denver. Cranbrook and Trail. The ob- ject of these contests was to still further stimulate a keen interest in rapid and high- olass fruit packing. The pupils of twenty-four fruit packing schools made exhibits at eighteen different fairs ; each pupil's exhibit consisted of five boxes of apples and five different packs. These exhibits were the objects of special attention bv the fruit judges at these fairs, because it is partly on the results of the same that the fruit packing school diplomas are granted. Prize money provided under the act is an additional incentive to a per- fect exhibit. \ total of four hundred and ten dollars was spent under this section. The Canadian Horticulturist is one of the most concise, practical, and helpful publications that I have ever read.— Jas. M. Brvson, Moore Park, Toronto, Ont. The Canadian Horticulturist is steadily improving, and I do not want to be without it _VV. J. Wilcox. Salmon .Arm, B.C. The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXVIII FEBRUARY, 1915 No. What Lime and Sulphur Has Done for the Fruit Grower Walter E. Biggar, Chief Inspector of Fruit Pests, Hamilton, Ont. ¥ T 0\V do the fruits grown at the it will seldom live for more than three I — I present time compare with those years. Orchards that have been kept •!■ ■*■ .„ t.„<.„t„ „^o,-o orrrv? Thpv ^gjj gprayed , although known to have T 0\V do the fruits grown at the present time compare with those grown twenty years ago? They are absolutely superior in size, color, and in keeping quality. What has brought about this change, and how have we suc- ceeded in getting eighty or ninety per cent, of the fruit No. i where formerly only thirty or forty per cent, would grade No. I.? By the application of scientific methods in treatment, care, cultivation, and spraying. By an intelligent system of pruning, we have increased the size and added to the color of our fruit. By knowing the life history of the insect pests and diseases which affect our trees, we know what remedies to apply and the season to apply them in order to effectually rid our fruit from disease and pests. This leaves the tree free to devote all its vigor to growing the fruit to perfection. We can not expect a tree to grow as perfect fruit when its leaves, which are the lungs of the tree, are riddled and half eaten away by shot-hole fungus, as we would a tree with good healthy foli- age. Neither can we expect pears or apples, which are attacked by scab and dwarfed and cracked by disease, to be of much value. We have learned that the remedy must be applied before the tree has reached a certain stage in the sea- son's growth, for if delayed a few days or a week later, we need expect but little benefit from the remedy used. We can effectually control curl leaf in peaches by applying lime and sulphur spray be- fore the terminal buds swell, but if spray- ing is delayed a week after the buds swell, the remedy fails. The beneficial effects on fruit trees derived from the use of lime and sulphur are wonderful. By spraying with lime and sulphur we not only rid our trees of San Jose Scale, but also destroy tent cater- pillar, canker worm, and oyster shell scale, and also prevent fungus disease from attacking the foliage for a while after. One can easily distinguish from the foliage alone, the sprayed from th«- unsprayed orchard. The foliage on the sprayed orchard will be dark green and will remain on the trees later in the fall ihan it will in the unsprayed orchard. Once an orchard gets infested with San Jose Scale, is neglected and not sprayed. been badly infested with scale fifteen years ago, are good, healthy orchards to-day, free from scale, and bearing good crops of fruit. The kinds of lime and sulphur sprays most extensively used are the concen- trated or commercial lime and sulphur and the home-boiled. The home-boiled lime and sulphur is prepared by using fifteen pounds of sulphur and twenty- two to twenty-four pounds of fresh lime, boiled for one hour or an hour and a quarter. This quantity is sufficient with hot water added to make forty gallons ready to go on the trees, and is prefer- ably used while hot. Orchards where this mixture has been used for a number of years have been found remarkably free from San Jose Scale. The concen- trated or commercial solution can be used for orchards badly infested with scale by adding one gallon to six or seven of water, and for orchards not in- fested with scale one gallon to twelve gallons of water. In order to obtain the full benefit from lime and sulphur, the following rules should be followed : Scrape off all loose bark and thoroughly prune the trees. If it is an old orchard and the trees are tall, prune them to make them low- headed trees. Then spray thoroughly, covering every branch. If the orchard is infested with scale and not thoroughly sprayed, the scale will gradually increase and finally destroy the orchard. In short, work that is but half done is not done at all. Where growers have neglected to spray at the proper time or have not sprayed at all, I have seen plum or- chards almost entirely stripped of their foliage by shot hole fungus, except per- haps a few leaves on the tips of the Ah eaiiily operated, eaiiily moved tvprayiay iiia<;liinf^ useful fop small orchurds. Co., Rochester, N.Y. 2S The K. C. Brown 26 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 5 A Spy tree before dehorniiiff— No. 1. branches. Flemish Beauty pears have been so badly attacked by scab as to render the crop unsaleable. The following is a list of diseases that can be effectually controlled by spraying with lime and sulphur at the proper time : Strawberry and raspberry rust, pear scab and apple scab, mildew and brown rot on grapes, blister mite, gooseberry mildew, cherry and plum rot, shot hole fungus on plums, pears and apples, curl leaf on peaches. The fruit growers of the Niagara dis- trict place great value on lime and sul- phur as a remedy for insect pests and diseases because it has put thousands of dollars in their pockets. It saves the <-rop for the grower when other means fail . It is much better for the tree to put the spray on just before a rain than after the rain has gone. You see, you have to wait three or four days after the rain, and by that time disease may have yot started. A rajn coming at the right time has a very favorable effect when \ou are spraying for leaf curl. — Prof. L. Caesar, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. I have faith in the future of the fruit j industry of Ontario, but if that faith is ? to be justified we must have a greater I measure of cooperation. — P. W. Hod- |i,getts. sprays and Paul Fisher, B.S.A., SPRAYING is an insurance. Some years it pays better than others, but it must be done every year for best results. After spraying for five or six years, we find that each succeeding year the various apple pests are more easily controlled. For instance, during the earlier years of operation we found it good practice to bandage the trees with loose sacking. This was to trap the worms of the codling moth. Of late years we have discontinued this practice because the number captured has not been great enough to justify the trouble. Scraping the trees destroys a large number of insects and facilitates spray- ing. This should be done every third year. We use a rather dull hoe and put on considerable pressure. Before we change from the old stand- bys, lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead, we must have a cheaper or a more effec- tive agent. We have used soda-sulphur for a couple of years and never could see any difference between the trees sprayed by it and those on which lime- sulphur was used. Soda-sulphur is a more active agent than lime-sulphur, therefore is more apt to burn. As I see it, the soluble article has no advantage over the lime, and there is slightly more danger of burning. Where it can be purchased more cheaply than the latter it would be worth a trial. At Burling- ton, both materials are practically the same price. Prof. L. Caesar has ex- perimented to some extent with a mix- ture of soluble sulphur and hard soap for the control of aphids, and has had good results. If future experiments con- firm his results, there may be a market for soluble sulphur. Lime-sulphur is useless for the control of this pest, which is increasing of late years. Black L^af Forty is efficient for this purpose, but very expensive. Of late years arsenate of lead has been put up as a powder. According to Prof. Crow's experiments, it is just as effi- cient as the paste and somewhat easier to mix in a barrel. Mixing is usually a rather difficult business, and this is a decided advantage. We have found that an old churn makes an excellent mixer. We bought our first spraying outfit ten years ago. It lasted six years. At present we have two sprayers, a power and a hand one. We will soon need two power machines. For poles we have found that a quarter-inch gas pipe is just as good as the bamboo rods. The former cost four cents per foot, the lat- ter two dollars to four dollars a rod. The practice of spraying a small tree •Ejrtrtuit from an addrees delivered at a fruit institute meeting held at Port Hope. Out., Jan. 27tii. Sprayings Burlington, Ont. with a long pole instead of a short one is often adopted in order to escape the necessity of buying an extra bamboo pole. A gas pipe is cheap enough to al- low buying plenty of them, of different lengths. We always use angle nozzles. They are the only satisfactory kind. For first spraying we like a nozzle that makes a fine spray. For the second spraying, one with more driving force is necessary. It is impossible to make the second spray- ing thoroughly effective without using a tower. All spraying is made easier by its use. We built our own tower much more cheaply than it could be purchas- ed from the supply company. We have found it an advantage to put a few hand- fuls of loose lime in the spray. It is thus possible to make sure that each tree is thoroughly covered. REDUCING THE CO.ST Filling the tank is an important mat- ter. Anything that will reduce- the time taken for this purpose will materially reduce the cost of spraying. .Xt the re- quest of a manufacturing firm we gave the rotary pump a trial. It works well when it does work, delivering twenty- one gallons a minute. But it doesn't always work. The company had a me- chanic on hand, so the fact that it was The same tree after dehominB~No. 2. Both photographs by R. S. Duncan, B.S.A., District Repreeentative, Port Hope, Ont. February, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 27 A home made scaffold and barrel spray pump in the orchard of W. Ont. L. Hamilton, Colliiifrwood. not always in running order was not due to our inexperience. The trajectory type of pump works more slowly, only de- livering about twelve gallons per min- ute. It is, however, more satisfactory. The first spraying cost us from twelve to fifteen cents a tree and the second from eight to ten cents a tree. It is money well invested. However little spraying you do, it will pay. The more thoroughly you do it, the better it will pay. Improvement of Fruit Through Bud Selection* L. B. Scott, Bureau of Plant IT is not many years ago that well- known investigators were conducting their seed corn experiments and show- ing the results that could be accomplish- ed by careful seed selection. That move- ment, like all pioneer movements, was at first ridiculed, but the investigators kept on, undaunted, and now those who a few years ago ridiculed the idea of care- ful seed selection are among its most enthusiastic advocates. In the field of vegetatively propagated plants, marked improvements in yields and in improved types have been secured by a careful selection of cuttings or buds. Dr. B. T. Galloway, now Dean of the College of Agriculture at Cornell, but formerly of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, and Mr. P. H. Dor- sett, of the Department, have shown that by a careful selection of cuttings, from productive violet plants they can materially increase the number of flowers per plant. They have kept performance records on each plant, counted the num- bers of flowers, and by carefully select- ing cuttings from those plants which pro- duced the greatest number of flowers they have secured a very productive type of violet. Similar results have been ac- complished with roses, carnations, pota- toes, and many other vegetatively or bud propagated plants. Why, then, when corn growers, to- hacco growers, florists, vegetable men, •The results set forth in this address, which was delivered during December before the annual meeting of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, we desire to call to the special atten- tion of Canadian fruit (frowera— Editor. Industry, Washington, D.C. and many others are securing marked improvements in yields by selection, should fruit growers work on the as- sumption that "all horticultural practices are based on the precedent of centuries" and that there can be no improvement of varieties by careful bud selection? For- tunately all fruit growers and all inves- tigators have not worked on that as- sumption. Within the last few years the Department of Agriculture has carried on a series of investigations with citrus and -deciduous fruits, to see if marked variations did not exist, and if by care- ful bud selection, whether or not ' very productive types could be secured. While we have published but very little of our results to date in government pub- lications, Prof. L. C. Corbett, in charge of all the Horticultural and Pomological Investigations of the Department of .'Vgriculture, has given us permission to give, in a general way, a summary of our results, and outline methods whereby orchardists can study their individual tree differences and secure .their own records. The first investigations were commenc- ed with Washington Navel oranges, near Riverside, California. The writer became associated with this work in June, 191 1. In July, 1913, our staff was augmented by Mr. C. S. Pomeroy. In addition to the Department of Horticulture, Michi- gan Agricultural College, Prof. A. V. .Stubenrauch, head of the Division of Pomology, University of California, and a number of prominent fruit growers and nurserymen, both citrus and deciduous, in various parts of the country. The principles we have found under- lying this study are just as applicable to deciduous as to citrus conditions. After <-onsidering the citrus investigations we will take up our deciduous work, and lastly the methods whereby a fruit grower may find out for himself just what his individual trees are doing. OITBUS INVESTIGATIONS We have, roughly speaking, under ob- servation 1,000 Washington Navel trees, 200 Valencia orange trees, 400 Eureka lemons, 200 Lisbon lemons, and 100 -Marsh seedless grapefruit trees. Our work naturally divides itself into three parts : First, A study of the differences as they occur among individual trees under the same conditions. This includes a difference in type and a difference in pro- duction within each type. Second, Can these differences be pro- pagated ? Third, Will these differences be con- sistent from year to year in the budded trees? Let us take up the first part of our work. Formerly, a Washington Navel was thought to be a Washington Navel, a Baldwin apple a Baldwin apple. We have found in the case of the Washing'- ton Navel that instead of one type there are eleven distinct types, and these types are as distinct from each other as the white race is from the black. These types occur as tree sports, limb sports, and individual fruit sports. So far, eleven types of Valencias, five of Eureka lemons, five of Lisbon lemons, and five of Marsh seedless grapefruit have been found. You are not citrus growers and not especially interested in citrus crops, so we will not tire you by a description of each one of these types. We do not, however, want to contrast for you two of the prominent Eureka lemon types. This will show better than any attempt ed definition of ours just what we mean by types. First, take the standard open Eureka lemon type of tree, any time you look at that tree you can see fruit in all sizes from blossoms up to fruits 'ready to pick. That is just the condition you wish to have in a lemon tree, fruit com- ing on during each month in the year. A six-year-old tree of this type will bear from five to six packed boxes of fruit scattered throughout the year. The lemons from this type of tree grade as high as ninety-five per cent, or higher first-grade or fancy fruit. Now, right by the side of this tree is a dense, rank, growing, unproductive "shade tree" type of Eureka lemon. All the fruit comes at one time in the fall. THE CANADIAN HORTICIL PURIST February, 191 5 Two foiir-year-olde at Bethanbreck Orchards, Ltd., Waterdown, Out. old Alexander bearing: thirteen applee. On the riijht is a two-year- just the condition you do not want to have in a lemon tree. A six-year-old tree of this type will bear not more than one packed box of rough, poor quality fruit, and this fruit is all borne at one or two picks in the fall. The lemons from this type of tree grade as low as one per cent, or lower first-grade or fancy fruit, and practically all go with a third-grade or culls. Look at the difference. Both trees are healthy, vigorous ones — one produces live boxes of fine quality fruit in a year, the other, one box of poor, almost worth- less, fruit. We hope we have made our- selves clear on this matter of types. A variety is made up of a number of types, some worthy of propagation, others not. Now, in addition to these variations in types, there is a great individual tre^ variation within each type. Take two standard Washington Navel trees grow- ing side by side. One produces ten box- es of oranges, the one next to it four. These differences are consistent from year to year. Both receive the same care, the same fertilizer, the same prun- ing, thfe same culture. No matter how much attention you give the four box tree you can never bring it up to the stan- dard of the ten box tree. One is inher- ently a heavy producer, the other is not. You will ask, "How have you found out these variations?" They are not the result of "swivel chair observations." We pick each one of our trees separately, grading the fruit, counting and weighing the fruit in each grade. These records are kept in special performance record blanks, following the tree through from year to year, and keeping a yearly ser- ies record. We will discuss the blanks more in de- tail when we take up the deciduous fruit work. We can turn to our notes and show you the actual amount of fruit, the numbers, weights and grades of fruit borne by each of our trees for the last five years. Our work is not based upon theory but upon actual observation in the groves and orchards. Now we come to the second part of our work : the propagation of these differ- ences. In the citrus work we only use or recommend for use for bud wood bear- ing, wood with the fruit attached, be- cause we believe the fruits on a limb can be taken as a guide as to what we can expect the buds from that limb to pro- duce. One or two examples will suffice to show that these differences can be pro- pagated. One striking bud sport that we found was a limb on a standard Eureka lemon tree. This limb produced striped fruits and variegated foliage. Buds have been taken from this limb and show in the bud- ded trees the same variations in fruits and foliage as the original limb. Three years ago at Corona, Califor- nia, the National Orange Company, on whose property some of our experimental work is located, decided to rebud three thousand of the unproductive or "shade tree" type of Eureka lemon out of their 200 acres of Eureka lemon trees. This is the typ>e we referred to previously as being a shy bearer, bearing a few poor quality fruits in the fall. We selected the buds for this rebuilding from as good productive type trees as we could find without having actual performance rec- ords to base our judgment on. These trees came into bearing last year, and every one of them were productive type trees. This year as three-year-old rebuds they are bearing four times as much fruit as they formerly bore as large unproduc- tive trees. Just think what that means. In three years time the worthless, un- productive type has been replaced by a valuable productive type, which bears four times as much fruit as it formerly bore. Now, take the third part of our work. Are these differences consistent from vear to year? We can show you whole groves in which the buds were selected from un- productive trees, and the budded trees have been consistently p)oor producers from year to year. We can show you other groves where the buds were taken from productive trees and the.se budded trees have been consistently high produc- ers from year to year. We have three and four years' records on some of our own budded trees and in every case differences in type and differ- ences in production, could be propagated, and were consistent from year to year in the budded trees, (jfo be continued) A Eulogy on the Apple R. J. Mtistagtr, Lawrencctown, N S. This afternoon I cut an orange in two equal parts crosswise and emptied the contents with a spoon into that region from which food scarcely ever returns. It was a good orange, of just the right acidity and fuller of juice than most. Feeling unsatisfied after this exjjerience, and having no more oranges at hand, I picked up a Northern Spy, and without The Apple— The National Dish The following- resolution was adopt- ed unanimously at the annual conven- tion of the Nova Scotia Fruit Grow- ers' Association held in January : Moved by H. Shaw, Seconded by R. J. Mesenger, "Whereas, there has been during the past year an agitation in the press and elsewhere regarding the necessity of adopting a national dish or edible, and, "Whereas, the fruit interests of the Dominion in various ways have ex- pressed the wish that the apple should be given the place of honor "Therefore, Resolved, that this Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association re- commend the selection of the apple as a national dish or fruit." any preliminaries of peeling or coring, bit into it. Now, when I eat apples, I generally destroy three or four at a sit- ting, and generally choose out the four first before work begins for the follow- ing reasons : I like to begin on the poor- est of the lot and finish up on the best, then as my appetite fails the fruit gets better and my interest and enjoyment keeps up until the end. Now, when I took up the Northern .Spy after finishing the orange, I expect- ed an unfavorable drop in enjoyment, but I was surprised to find that the apple tasted good. In the orange the juice was good, but the remaining pulp was useless. Now, the pulp of the apple remained with the juice through a thorough mastication and lost none of its delicious, spicy juiciness in the operation. Long live the apple. It is healthful, delicious, and appetizing, and forms the best and most eatable part of pies, puddings, dumplings, and sauces that should be a daily part of our menu. It is easy of production, can be kept almost the year around, and is be- ing increasingly appreciated. W'hile the Northern Spy is a leader February, 191 5 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 29 for dessert purposes, the following list in their season is hard to beat : Gravenstein — September - November. Wealthy — October-December. Wagner — November-January. ber-January. Grim's Golden — January-March. Also the Mcintosh. The Great Spy answers for the rest of the season. We are going to raise Bishop Pippin or Bellefleur — Decem- more apples than ever. Cherry Fruit Flics* Prof. L. Caesar, Provincial Entom»Iogist, O.A.C OUR experiments, continued over two years, have shown us that cherry fruit flies can be controlled in a re- markably easy and cheap way by poison- ing the flies before they can lay their eggs. It is fortunate that this is so be- cause no other method seems to give any good results; for instance, cultivation is useless as a control measure. The fol- lowing then are the steps necessary for success in destroying the pest : First, Cut down and burn any cherry trees near the orchard that are growing wild or the fruit of which is not worth picking. This is to prevent the flies from breeding in these. Second, Watch for the first signs of the flies on the leaves. This will be about a week before the Early Rich- monds begin to color, or about June 7th, and, as soon as any are seen, spray all the trees whether sour or sweet, early or late (unless they are very early) with two and one-half or three pounds arsen- ate of lead (paste form) to forty gallons of water sweetened with one gallon, or nearly one gallons, of cheap molasses. Apply the spray to the under side of the leaves and try to cover most of these. Move the rod quickly, as there is no need of making the spray drip. Forty gal- lons should cover both sides of about fifty moderately large trees. Spray, if possible, both sides the same day. In about ten or twelve days give all the Montmorency, Morello, and other lates sour and sweet cherries another appli- cation of the same mixture, omitting this time the early varieties, as these will be getting too ripe. If the spray has been applied to the under surface of the leaves both times, it will stand a good deal of rain without all washing off, but if sev- eral heavy rains should happen to come and remove most of it, it would be wise to give another application. We did not, however, find this necessary either in 1913 or 1914. POINTS TO KEEP IN SQND One thorough application will not suffice for the first year. It is of the utmost importance to make the first application early, just as soon as the first flies appear, or about the end of the first week in June in the Niagara district. The flies have to be killed be fore the eggs are laid, and if the applica- •Extract from a paper read at the last aJinual oanvention of the Nova Scotia Fralt Growers' Aseoclatlon. Guelpk tion is delayed, success will not be ob- tained. It is often wise the first time to spray plums, pears, or other trees in among the cherries, because the flies rest and feed on the leaves of these, especially if they are on the sunny side of the orchard and can be killed there as readily as on the cherries. Try to get your neighbor to cooperate with you if his orchard is near yours, because the flies move about consider- ably. If the work is done well the pest should be completely destroyed in the orchard in two years, and the sprayings may then be omitted for some years uni- til it is found to have come in again from other orchards. In 1913 Mr. G. J. Spencer and I spray- ed one of the worst infested Montmor- ency orchards in the province. Two ap- plications were given with the mixture mentioned at the times stated. As a result, neither we nor the pickers found a single wormy cherry on the hundred trees treated, nor on the few neighbor- ing check trees. The flies from these had flown over to the sprayed trees and been killed. A neighboring orchard, a quarter of a mile away, was so badly in- fested that most of the Montmorencies were not picked. In another orchard of over one hun- dred trees we sprayed half the trees and left half not sprayed. The result was that on the sprayed half from one to thirteen per cent, were wormy, on the unsprayed from ten to forty per cent. This showed that the spraying helped greatly, but it also showed that the flies from the unsprayed half had, when ready to lay eggs, flown over and deposited in the sprayed trees. In 1914 the worst two orchards we had seen the previous year were chosen. Each had over one hundred and fifty trees, most of them late sour varieties. These had been so badly infested in 1913 that very few cherries in either had been picked, hence there were numerous flies to infest them this year. Two applica- tions were given to each. In one of the orchards the sweetening was left out for the second application. In both cases the results were about ideal : The pickers found no wormy cher- ries. My assistant, Mr. Shipton, and I in one orchard found about two dozen wormy cherries on May Duke and Mor- ello, but none on the Montmorency. In the other orchard neither of us found any, but when the cherries were being stored by the owner's wife, a very rare one contained a maggot. So few were these that they would not amount to more than one in a basket, which was less than one-third of one per cent. Neighboring check orchards had from forty to ninety-nine per cent, wormy. It was, therefore, clearly proved that in even the worst infested orchards almost every fly could be killed by the poison. OONOLUSION We feel perfect confidence in recom- mending every cherry grower who has found any of these maggots in his cher- • '^?^ jft '%^, A power spray motor at work witu oue man a Ontario, bove and one on the ground in a St. Thomae, orchard 30 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1915 Spraying the Small Fruit Garden A simple sprayiiiff machine for small orchards. The E. C. Brown Co.. Rochester. N.T. ries to use the sweetened poison in the manner and at the time outlined. If he does this thoroughly he will obtain al- most totally maggot-free cherries. The spraying will also help against the Plum Curculio. Our experiments lead us to believe that arsenate of lead alone will also give good results, but as the cost of adding the molasses is not great and as the flies are known to be fond of sweet substances, it is advisable to sudd this. A test with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead showed that the lime-sulphur in- terfered with the results. We, therefore, recommend not using a fungicide with the poison in either of these sprays. As the result depends largely on having no infested trees near by, we also recom- mend strongly that the useless trees be cut down and neighbors be asked to co- operate in freeing their orchards of the pest. Two years, as we have said, should almost exterminate the flies; in fact, there will be very few after the first year, but they would soon increase un- less they were treated the second year. Our observations show that honey bees are not attracted by the mixture, and that there is no danger to bees of any kind provided that molasses and not sugar is used in making it. We can well afford to have what we call a propagating bed of strawberries, where each spring we can select from the most promising looking plants a few good, strong, vigorous well-developed plants. Set them out, restrict their plant making to a certain extent and grow from them. Their vigor is thus main- tained and they make a strong growth. — W. J. Kerr, Ottawa, Ont. IF you desire to have success in the production of fruit in your garden do not neglect to spray. If your garden or orchard is a small one it is not necessary to buy an expensive spraying outfit. Many of the knapsack spraying devices or barrel pumps are well adapted for use in the garden and often much more than pay for their cost in one year through the increased yield of high-class fruit their use makes possible . Spraying is really a form of insurance. Unless you spray you run the risk of considerable loss. The operation is as essential as any of the other processes necessary to the production of good fruit. Before you commence to spray be sure you- know what you are spraying for. This means that you should try to acquaint yourself with the life history of the pests you are spraying to prevent. The best means of doing this is to write to some of the Agricultural Experiment Stations, such as those at Guelph or MacDonald College, or to the Depart- ments of Agriculture at Toronto and Ot- tawa, or in any of the other provinces, and ask for their bulletins, dealing with the spraying of the orchard and garden. There are a few simple points that should always be borne in mind : Sprays recommended for the dormant season should never be tried when the trees are in leaf. \ever spray when the trees are in bloom. A day's delay at this time will not materially affect the result of the spray. Bees and many other insects are very numerous when the trees are in bloom and accomplish a good work in fertilizing the flowers. A spraying com- pound thrown on them will lessen the amount of fruit set in destroying the honey bees. The amount of spray to apply will vary with the size of the tree. A tree having a spread of twenty-fiVe feet in full leaf will require at least four gallons. The person just learning to spray ordin- arily does not put on a sufficient amount but stops before even half of the requir- ed amount has been given. This is one of the main reasons why spraying is not as successful as it should be in the hands of the beginner. Currants and gooseberries have a num- ber of insect pests. The imported cur- rant worm or currant saw fly, can be easily controlled by the use of arsenicals. Give the first application just before the blossoms appear and again soon after the fruit has set. This should be com- posed of two pounds of arsenate of lead to forty gallons of diluted lime sulphur or of bordeaux mixture. All the inner and lower leaves should be covered. If a second brood is seen to be present use hellebore one ounce to one gallon of water, without delay. Only fresh helle- bore should be used. Green plant lice or aphids often attack the leaves of currants and sometimes gooseberries as well. One of the best means of control is the use of Black Leaf 40, a tobacco extract. It should be used with lime sulphur as soon as the eggs have hatched which is a day or two before the buds burst. A second application, combined with the lime sul- phur or bordeaux mixture, just before the blossoms come out, will mean that these in.sects will give little further trou- ble. Red spiders sometimes cause con- siderable trouble, but are easily con- trolled. The lime sulphur spray is an ef- fective remedy especially when the un- der surface of the leaves is well covered. Raspberries and blackberries are fre- quently troubled with "worms." Spray with lead arsenate, two pounds to fifty gallons of water, up to the time the fruit sets, but after that use hellebore which may be applied either dry or with water. Hellebore may be mixed with three or four parts by weight of flour and dusted on the in.sects or it may be mixed with water at the rate of one pound to twen- ty-five gallons, and used as a spray. Use only a strictly fresh article. Spray strawberries when growth be- gins and later as often as necessary, and again after picking the fruit. Use bor- deaux mixture for rust or leaf spot. Use four pounds of copper sulphate and four pounds of lime for fifty gallons. Grapes should be sprayed more fre- quently than most other varieties of fruit. It is often advisable to spray them when the first leaves are one-third grown, just before the blossoms open, just after the fruit sets, again ten to twenty days after the fruit is set, and possibly a fifth ap- plication ten to twenty days after. For the first spraying for mildews and black rot use Bordeaux mixture. Add lead arsenate four pounds and molasses one gallon to fifty gallons for flee beetles, if needed. On the second spraying use Bordeaux mixture for mildews and black rot. Use lead arsenate three pounds and molasses one gallon to fifty gallons of water, or Bordeaux mixture for grape root worm, rose chafer, berry moth, and curculio, if needed. Use the same sprays for the third and fourth spraying. Prevention is better than cure, and the best way to prevent the worms from getting your currants is to spray with Paris green when they are in blossom, using a teaspoonful pf the powder to a gallon of water. Spray the lower part of the bushes near the ground, as the worms commence to eat as soon as they come out, their first nibble will be their last. February, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 31 Peach Canker* W. A. McCubbin, St. Catharines, Ont. IN order to add the weight of experi- mental evidence to these observations work has been carried on during the last two years by the writer with the object of finding out by the culture me- thod what fungi were present in active cankers and to determine by inoculation whether any of these were capable of forming cankers in healthy limbs. The account of this work is to long to be given here, but will be published later in bulletin form. Briefly, of the half- dozen fungi obtained from cankers only one occurred with any frequency, and it was apparently the Cytospora already mentioned. This was then inoculated in- to peach limbs. At the same time two or three of the other cultures were also used for inoculation, as well as the Brown Rot fungus obtained from rot- ting peaches. .4s was expected, only the two, the Brown Rot and the Cytospora, showed a clear and unmistakeable power to in- duce canker conditions in the limbs, i.e., they killed the tissue about the point of inoculation, set up a copious gum flow, and stimulated a pronounced callus growth around the wound. CAUSE ESTABLISHED It would seem then that the cause of canker is fairly well established to be due to either or both of the two fungi mentioned. It still remains to account for the enlargement or extension of the canker from year to year. There is a good deal of evidence which goes to show that while a canker may be start- ed by one of these fungi, neither is like- ly to extend it after the first year unless the surrounding tissue is first weakened in some way. And the only reasonable explanation which will account for such weakening is that the callus around the incipient canker is stimulated by the presence or by the action of the fungus into late and abnormal growth, and hence entering the winter in^ an unrip- ened condition is killed by winter cold. The fungus is then able to invade the injured area and the canker spreads. The mass of evidence which can be brought forward to support this view is large and will have to be given in detail elsewhere, but I believe that the freez- ing of the immature callus is a very im- portant factor in the enlargement of cankers on the peach. In order to prove beyond question the possibility of this process of canker for- mation, I froze some three or four can- kers in late summer (September 17) with artificial cold, using a cylinder of carbon dioxide for the purpose. In each case the tissue was destroyed and a callus •Continued from December issue. has since formed at the edge of the dead area. According to the evidence in hand at present, the process of canker forma- tion may be summed up as follows : A fungus (either Brown Rot or Cytos- pora) establishes itself in a dead or dy- ing twig, a wound, crack, or borer hole, and kills a small area of the living tissue. There is a stimulation of the healthy tissue around this area which results in the formation of an excessive callus growth. This callus enters the winter in an unripened condition and is killed by freezing. In the following spring the frozen area is invaded by the fungus, and the process is repeated. It is possible that with further study some slight modification may have to be made in this conception of the origin and spread of Peach Canker, but at pre- sent it seems to fit without any disagree- ment all the facts known to me. PREVENTION AND CURE I am unable to state definitely what proportion of our cankers is due to each of the fungi mentioned but I think I am safe in saying that far the greatest num- ber arise from twigs killed by Cytospora. In dealing with this fungus as well as with Brown Rot, it must be remember- ed that though the spring spray will de- stroy all surface spores it will unfortun- ately not reach the fungus in its habitat under the dead bark. It remains here imhurt and forms countless spores in the minute pimply pustules which may be seen on almost any dead peach limb. It is necessary then in clearing an orchard of this fungus, to get rid of all dead twigs and branches as soon as possible. In the same way no Brown Rot or mum- mied peaches should be allowed to re- main on the branches. A little extra care will be needed at pruning time to effect this result. In the light of what has already been said regarding the cause of canker, and the treatment of cankers already formed can be outlined with some confidence. It would be absurd of course to try to treat cankers on the smaller limbs, but where a canker involves a trunk or main limbs it is well worth while to get it to heal up. The main object is to put the canker into such a shape that the callus around it will grow sufficiently hard and mature to resist the winter. The best way to do this is to clean out all the gum, dead wood, and bark, to allow ac- cess of the sun and air, and to keep it as dry as possible. After a rain is a good time to do this, as the gum is then soft, and it should be done early enough in summer so that the wood will ripen before fall. After cleaning it is well to wash or brush out the canker with an antiseptic solution (corrosive sublimate I -1000) and when dry to give it a coat of ordinary lead paint. The corrosive sub- limate destroys all fungi in and about the canker and the paint prevents them from invading and rotting the dead heart wood afterwards. ,This treatment costs for labor and material about five cents a canker, and has given excellent results in the experi- mental work carried on during the last three years by the writer, as well as in actual practice by some of the Niagara peach growers themselves. -^i 1 ^^«.» ■ " V ^ ^ V-:/^^"" £,"A;. JJ^^B B During the "Ap:)le Week" campaijrn conducted fo increase the consumption of apples, prizes w by grocers and dealers in the market. The illus the city 1 recently in Vancouver and other wcetern cities ere offered for the best display of applefl made tration shows the flret prize exhibit made in market. 32 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 5 How much of the mixture really stays on the trees? There's naturally a bie waste, but it can be wonderfully reduced by usinff an even pressure machine with eood nozzles in favorable weather. The illustration shows a Gould power sprayer. Spraying Experitnents in Nova Scotia DURING the last three years Mr. G. E. Sanders, Field Officer in charge of the Dominion Entomo- logical Laboratory at Bridgetown, N.S., has been investigating the life-histories of the Budmoth and Green Fruit-worms and studying methods of control. The Budmoth constitutes the most serious in- sect pest of the apple orchards in Nova Scotia, causing more loss probably than all other insects combined. This inves- tigation is now practically concluded and not only has the best methpd of combat- ting them been determined, but the edu- cational and demonstration work that has been carried on has resulted in a very encouraging increase in spraying with significant results. A publication giving the results of this investigation is in course of preparation ; in the meantime it is desirable to state briefly some of the conclusions. Most of the spraying experiments were carried out in the orchard of Mr. R. S. Eaton at Kentville, N. S. Spraying work under the Branch's direction was also carried out in other orchards. At Kentville, the Budmoth infestation in the check (unsprayed) plots was: 20.5 per cent, in 1912, 47.4 percent, in 1913, and 59.5 per cent, in 1914. The spray mixtures varied and were put on in different series as regards lime of ap- plication. The best results were obtain- ed with two sprays, the first applied three days before the blossoms opened and the second immediately after the blossoms fell ; spray formula used was : Lead arsenate five pounds, commercial lime sulphur two and one-half gallons, and w<> er one hundred gallons. The orchard in which the chief experiments were carried on was close planted with Wagners, a variety very susceptible to Budmoth injury. In 1914 the infesta- tion was reduced to twenty-two per cent. after two years' spraying, the unspray- ed plots showing an infestation almost three times as great ; the spray, there- fore, kills about two-thirds of the insects. The Budmoth, as its name implies, affects the buds and the blossom clusters suffer severely from its attacks, the set being reduced very materially. It was found that the reduction in set due to Budmoth was about thirty per cent. The injuries, however, are not confined tothe buds for in the fall the young larvae fre- quently fasten the leaves upon which they are feeding to the apples and dam- age the latter by feeding upon them, producing scars which reduce the grade of the fruit. A considerable percentage of the apples which would grade Nos. Owner. G. E. 8 Qradee in Noe. 1 and 2. 914 Peroentaees. No. 3 and Cnlls 8.5 9.6 10.3 12 59 43,7 64.6 65.2 Sprays.* 2. 3, 4, 5 1, 2. 3, 4 2, 3** 2, 3, 4 None Grades in No. 1. No. 2. 62.6 28.8 60.8 29.5 80.1 9.4 67 20.4 29.7 31.2 43.7 12.5 17.6 17.6 20.8 13.9 Percentages No. 3. 1.9 2.7 4.3 4.1 23.4 25 13 2 18 Oulls 6.6 L. W 90 3 6.8 G. W. 8 R. J. B 89.5 87 4 6 7.9 W. L. 0 0. G 60.9 56 2 ■ 15.6 18.7 8 35 2 51.4 E. M 34 7 47.2 I and 2 are reduced to No. 3 and culls from the Budmoth injuries. The value of the educational cam- paign for spraying, where none is car- ried on and intelligent spraying where sprays are applied without sufficient knowledge of the methods of attaining the objects in view, was illustrated by a recent examination of the apple pack of one of the fruit companies in the Annapolis Valley, where special efforts are being made by Mr. Sanders to get more f)eople to spray. The results set forth in the table published on this page speak for themselves. Operating for Black Rot Canker Paul Fisher, Bnrliigtoo, Ont. Trees with black rot canker should be treated in the same manner as bad teeth. Remove the diseased parts. Can- ker gets a start in slight wounds and causes the death of many trees. It can be cured by cutting out diseased parts, disinfecting and painting the wounds. We have used coal tar as a paint and disinfectant with good results. How- ever, injurious effects sometimes follow the use of this material. It is safer to use corrosive sublimate as a disinfectant anid paint with white lead. The disease is perhaps our most seri- ous pest. It pays to control it by sur- gical methods. Prof. L. Caesar took a hopeless orchard belonging to the Lon- don Asylum, cut out the cankers, dis- infected the wounds, and it is now like a new orchard. •Spray:— No. 1, Semi-dormant; No 2, Before bloesoms open; lome fall; No. 4. Two weeks later; No. 5, Ten days later. ••This is the beet spray for Budmoth. No. 3, Immediately after bios- The Jonathan is a variety which we find succeeds best in districts with long and warm growing seasons, with high temperatures during the hottest six weeks, and usually on the Pacific Coast, under irrigation. Jonathan, we found, however, to do well, and sometimes very well in districts apparently not nearly so well suited as the most favored ones. In our own Okanagan Valley, where such points as Kelowna have a growing season of two hundred and one days, eleven thousand five hundred and seven- teen heat units, and a temperature for the six hottest weeks of sixty-six de- grees F., the Jonathan is bearing heav- ily and producing fruit of high color and excellent dessert quality. Because of the rather shorter season, the keeping qual- ity is much improved, giving us a sea- son up to the end of January under ordi- nary storage. In cool seasons, however, even in our most favored sections, the Jonathan may be below grade in both quality and appearance. On the whole, our Jonathans would be largely confined to the Okanagan, Thompson River, Similkameeii, and Kettle River districts, and preferably in warm locations and in good deep soils. — R. M. Winslow, Vic- toria, B. C. , Provincial Horticulturist. February, 191 5 33 What House Plants Need to Help them Thrive H. J. THERE is no home lo which some plant is not adapted, and while conditions for its growth may not be ideal, its culture is not impossible. Ignorance of cultural details even in a proper environment has resulted in the elimination of many house plants which otherwise would have endured and be- come a source of attraction and of plea- sure to their owner. Plant culture de- mands the application of intelligence. Commonsense methods are necessary for success. Many times the question has been ask- ed, Are such substances as cold tea, tea leaves, coffee grounds, cigar ash, castor oil, and beef steak of any use as plant food. To all such questions there is but one answer. Their harmful effects more than offset any fertilizing value they may have. They are of no use to the plant until they decompose, and when this occurs the percentage of fertilizing ele- ments is so small as to practically render their use ineffective. They may lie up- on the surface of the soil for weeks, and so prevent aeration. This will cause an unsanitary and evil-smelling condition, and probably an acid condition of soil. All such substances should, for the sake of sanitation and cleanliness, be relegat- ed to the garbage waggon or to the in- Moore, Queea Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, cinerator. If to the latter, the ash, in conjunction with that from the rest of the home garbage, may in small quan- tities be mixed in the potting soil or used as a garden fertilizer. Negligence in cultural details is like- wise a derogatory factor. The rooms must not be stuffy, the windows must on favorable occasions be opened, the blinds should not be drawn until dark, or left down too long in the morning. A fairly even temperature must be maintained. Atmospheric humidity must be created by placing pans of water on the radia- tors, stoves, furnaces, or near the re- gisters. Cleanliness is also essential, neglect of this will result disastrously. Plants breathe through the pores of their leaves, one-half of their food material is absorbed in this manner (carbon). They should, therefore, be sprayed or sponged to remove the dust which clogs the pores, remembering at all times that it is as necessary to clean the under sur- faces as the upper surfaces of the leaves. The surroundings must be cleanly and wholesome. The dictionary indicates that surroundings are but the environ- ment. The scientist says environment governs or influences development and growth. To neglect the foregoing con- ditions must be to court failure, as these Ont. are the things which constitute en- vironment. Much depends upon the selection ol house plants. If they are intended as permanent subjects tho.se of the distinct- ly florists' type should not be purchased. The florist grows certain plants for spe- cial purposes at special seasons. The majority of these subjects will not en- dure long under dwelling-house condi- tions, they have probably been forced rapidly in a high temperature, and humid atmosphere (conditions which cannot be duplicated), to say nothing of abundant light. The florist does not guarantee their permanency, it would be unreason- able to expect him to do so. He will supply you with permanent subjects if you seek his advice. Such plants as cyclamen, cinerarias (senecios). Primula sinensis, P. stellata, azaleas, and Begonia Gloire de Lorraine belong to the strictly florists' class, and are only temporary subjects. Plants of a more permanent character, and, there- fore, more suitable as house plants, are Aspidistra elatior, and A. elatior varie- gata, Ficus elastica (the rubber plant), Araucaria excelsa (Norfolk Island pine), and A. excelsa glauca, Fatsia japonica, Begonia gracilis alba, geraniums, fuch- sias ; many of the cacti, the Christmas This beautiful wall is a feature of thr SJirdcii of Jlr. A. W. Austia, Toronto, Out. On thu wall, which is only two years old, are Virginia creeper, BoBton ivy, English ivy and wild cucumber. The wall is about 1.000 feet long. Other Illustrations of this garden will be published later. .14 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Feb riiary. 1915 This beautiful flower, th« Dictamus Fraxiiiella, is a hardy nerba<»ou8 perennial. The plant h«« to be three years old before it will flower. When rubbed the leaves emit a, line odor. like that of a lemon peel. cactus (Epiphyllum truncatum), Howea (Kentia) forsteriana, and H. Belmore- ana, two beautiful palms ; the Boston fern, Nephrolepis bostoniensis, with many of its charming varieties, such as Scottii and Whitmanii. The foregoing list, although incomplete, will afford an idea of the difference between temporary and permanent decorative subjects, and perhaps preclude disappointment to the purchaser. HOME CARE OP PLANTS Having chosen your plants, observe the following suggestions. Learn them by heart. Light is essential to green plants in that through its influence they are alone able to assimilate their food . Plants can only perform their functions within certain limits of temperature. Keep an eye on the thermometer, there is a temperature called the pKJtimum, at which the absorption of food materials and consequent assimilation (under the influence of light) and growth proceeds more rapidly than at any other time. The most favorable average tempera- tures are 55-60 degrees F. by night, and 60-70 degrees F. by day. Fresh air is necessary , for from it the plant extracts its carbon and some of its oxygen (carbon dioxide) ; without oxygen it cannot perform its life func- tions. Do not forget this, but when opening the windows do not create draughts which chill. It is better for cold air to be warmed by contact with that of the room ere it reaches the plants, therefore, ventilate carefully. Keep the atmosphere charged with moisture ; it prevents excessive transpiration of water through the plant cells, especially at night. Transpiration should be reduced to a minimum at this time, as only dur- ing daylight is it of great importance in promoting growth. Plants rest at night, and while rest- ing their food is digested, the starch they have formed by day is changed in the leaf cells to sugar, this being the first step in the formation of organic food material. Pay careful attention to the many details of potting, watering, spray- ing, and fertilizing ; it is worth while, as it will lead you to a study and eventu- ally to a love of your beautiful plants. Vou will soon understand their require- ments, and learn from experience much more than can be taught by word of mouth or scrawl of f)en. Simple Sprays for House Plants John Gall, Inglewoed, Oil. The necessity of spraying to keep down insect pests in connection with all horticultural pursuits, becomes more ap- parent every year. It is even more so with the house plant on account of the more unnatural conditions of its sur- roundings, such as a dry atmosphere produced by artificial heat and lighting, or perhaps an impure atmosphere pro- duced by gas fumes from stoves or gas jets. The most frequent insect pest of house plants is the aphis, commonly call- ed green plant louse. Then we have the red spider, thrip and many others. For convenience and economy, I would re- commend as a preventative to the ama- teur grower the following sprays: Dis- .solve one ounce of any kitchen soap in a gallon of water. To this add a half cupful of coal oil, keeping this well irri- tated with the syringe while application proceeds. This simple remedy is a won- derful cleanser of foliage. It is a good idea to spray frequently with tepid water under ]>icssurc its a preventative against insect pests. The spraying or syringing of plants should te a distinct and separate opera- tion from the watering proper. If the two operations, watering at the roots 'and spraying, are attempted at the same time, neither of them can be done suc- cessfully. Hither the plants are sodden- ed with too much water or perhaps miss- ed altogether. Water the plants at the roots as required first, then do the spraying after. I have seen batches of small plants and many fine sjjecimen plants badly injured by careless applica- tion of spray. A fine spray, thoroughly applied so as not to miss anv part of the plant, is better than a heavy appli- cation only partially applied. If the foliage of plants in bloom has "to be sprayed, it is best to spray from underneath rather than over the top. The moisture will then reach the part of the foliage where inset^t pests are usually found, and it will not injure the blooms .so much as overhead spraying. An angle nozzle on the syringe that will give an up-cast spray is the best for this pur- pose. For the application of liquid insecti- cides, I would recommend the rubber sprinkler as illustrated. It is one of the best appliances for spraying a small col- lection of plants. It is convenient, works well, and is of moderate price. In spraying operations, as with every- A Simple Spraying Device fcr He vie Flfnl* thing else in connection with horticul- tural of)erations, do not neglect doing it until it is too late. "An ounce of pre- vention is worth a fK>und of cure," and when spraying, spray thoroughly. Garden Reminders This is the time of year the windbreak of evergreen is enjoyed. Blue or white spruce trees on the lawn are attractive now. Have you noticed the cheerful effect of dogwood and golden willow on warm days? Repa.T the sash and frames for hot beds. They may be started up the latter part of February. Put plenty of broken ■ pottery in all pots over four inches in depth when potting or repotting plants. This will ensure good drainage, which is always essential to plant growth. Febtiiaiy, 1915 THE CANADIAN TIORTIC ULTURIST 35 Simple Arrangement of a Hon\e-made Garden THIS is the season when the most of us are making our plans for the gardens that are to be next sum- mer. Fortunate are we if we have had the privilege of visiting the gardens of other successful amateur floral enthus- iasts, and thus obtaining pointers and suggestions for our own guidance. The garden of Mr. Thos. H. Taylor, of Charlton Ave., West Hamilton, Ont,, is one which has given its owner much pleasure and satisfaction of that charac- ter that always hopes for yet better The arrangement of Mr. Taylor's earden. things in the future. In the hope that this garden would furnish inspiration for other enthusiasts The Canadian Horti- culturist herewith publishes a description of its main features : The garden is thirty-five feet wide by fifty-four feet deep, and has a small extra extension at the side of the kit- chen. It has an area of approximately two thousand square feet, and is laid out as shown in the accompanying diagram. This diagram may not agree with all the photographs, some of which were taken before the rearrangement of the garden, as shown in the diagram. A border four feet wide is located along the west and north fences and one three feet viide along the east side. Eigh- teen years ago, when the property was purchased, there was not a blade of grass in the yard. METHOD OF PLANTING The east side of the garden being on the side street, the west and north fences form the background. They are screen- ed by planting close to them lilacs, spir- eas, syringas (mock oranges), and sever- al climbing and vigorous bush roses. In front of these a row of h.p. roses, with a few dwarf growing roses in the fore- ground. In the shaded portions near the house, violets, ferns and columbine are used to fill in other spaces, while in the more open situations, valerian veronica, scarlet flax, white pinks, Scotch pinks, Armeria, (sea pink), Canterbury bells, and sweet william are used. The low growing plants are placed along the edge of the border. At the north-west corner, where the west and north fences meet, a heavier screen of foliage obtains by planting a peach, a purple leaved plum and a Jap- anese tree-lilac. Bed F is located before this mass of foliage and is planted to a large extent with perennial phlox in a number of colors, with several moss and h.p. roses in the background, also lemon and Candidum lilies, paeonies and Yucca in the foreground. The border is of Ar- meria or sea pink, which makes the break between the grass and the plants very nicely. Bed E is somewhat similarly planted but with less prominence of perennial phlox and the addition of several clumps of delphinium. In a general way, the inner beds are planted with moderately tall plants on the centre line, an occas- ional delphinium being used in the wide portion of these beds. Bed A is border- The front view of Mr. Taylor's verandah, uhowins; a bonier of ahruba. The rear walk to the ash house, which Is a grapery. ed with forget-me-nots ; Bed C, with the Scotch pinks. The round bed D has several vigor- ous roses for a centre. Around them are a number of varieties of more moderate growth, with a border of white pinks, alyssum and white candytuft. Any blank spaces in the spring are filled in with snapdragon, mignonette and a cou- ple of double petunias. Bed J, being in the shade of the house, is planted almost entirely with ferns, vio- lets, orchids and columbine. A bush rose, a clump of delphinium and a dent- zia, are used against the brick wall. The border H has .several bush moss and climbing roses, miniature sunflow- ers, spireas and syringa, along the fence, and an inner planting of a half dozen clumps of iris and perennial phlox, also valerian, lemon lilies, paeonies and mille- foil. The circles half way down the diagram comprise a Madame Plantier and John Hopper rose left from previous plans. While it has not been possible to fol- low the usual rules as to planting in all cases, owing to changes from original plans and the inadvisability of moving some few plants or shrubs, nevertheless the general effect is most pleasing. The rose has been made perhaps the (hief feature of the garden, Mr. Taylor ht'ing very partial to that flower. Many flower loving friends, who call yearly, es- pecially in rose time, express their de- light at the scene. One is amply repaid for any trouble taken, when the beauti- ful buds begin to open. All of the plants and shrubs mention- ed have been successfully grown. There have been disappointments some times, a cherished plant would not winter or would die off for some other reason, but 36 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 5 Some of the rose beds which are a feature of Mr. Taylor has bought or planted others or more hardy ones, until after natural growth the shrubs and plants are crowd- ing one another, notwithstanding the fact that friends are made happy each Mr. Taylor's g-ardi'ii. year with baskets of surplus growth. Business interests occupy much of Mr. Taylor's attention, but his garden is ever a source of deep satisfaction and recrea- tion. Feed the House Plant John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. IF you desire a good house plant, you must feed it. In the first place, a soil should be used that will return its feeding properties for some time, and for this purpose bone meal should be used when potting. This dissolves into plant food gradually, and therefore produces a supply for a considerable length of time. Always use the finest bone procurable, and the action will be quicker. Many plants require a loose, open soil, which soon becomes depleted owing to the water easily draining through, car- rying with it the food necessary for the continuance of growth and life to the plant, and in this case other methods must be employed. Occasionally a little household monia in soft water can be used stimulant, but great care must be taken am- as a not to apply it too strong, and only to growing plants in good condition. There are many kinds of plant foods on the market, full directions as to their use are generally supplied on the pack- ages. Never give a plant liquid manure or stimulant when the soil is dry. Never use hard water if possible; rain water is best, and if none on hand use tepid water, not hot. An excellent plan for feeding plants is to soak them in a tub of water, with some liquid manure mixed with it. This gives a little more trouble, but it thor- oughly impregnates* the soil with plant food. Put enough liquid made from old cow manure into a tub of soft water to make it the color of tea. Plunge the pots into this to just below the rim, and allow them to soak for about an hour ; then lift oul and allow to drain for a short time before putting into their re- spective places. They will not require water for a day or two, or even more, according to the temperature of the room. Strong plants can take up much more food, and take it oftener than the weak- er ones ; therefore, be careful not to overfeed the weaker ones. With these injunctions use judgment, and common- sense, and success should be yours. Start Begonias Now B. C. Titlct, HamiltoD, Ost. Some of the finest begonias can be raised cheaply from seed, and if this is sown in boxes now it will produce flow- ers in September. The Soil should be coarse below, with plenty of drainage unjderneath, and very fine and even on the top. It should be firmly pressed down, well watered, and left for twenty- four hours. The seed is very small and should be sprinkled very thinly on the surface and lightly pressed with the palm of the hand. Do not cover it with soil. Cover the boxes with glass to check evaporation. The boxes should be placed in a glass house where there is some heat. The seed takes some little time to ger- minate, but watering should not be ne- cessary until the seedlings appear. The glass should then be raised, otherwise the tiny seedlings are liable to damp off. Plenty of fresh air and light, very care- ful watering, and a fairly high tempera- ture are the chief points in the cultiva- tion of seedling begonias. They may be grown entirely in pots, or about the mid- dle of June planted in the open ground. Lilacs could be trimmed so as to as- sume a tree-like shape. I do not con- sider it advisable to do so, as they are very liable to be broken down by snow and ice storms in winter. They look best grown in a balloon-shaped shrub. Wni. Hunt, Guelph, Ont. A part of Mr. Taylor's perennial border is here shown edsred out with old- fashioned pinks. In the left foreground is a bed of roses. Thie illustration shows a view of another part of the perennial border in which Ml. Taylor takes much delight. February, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 37 I Possibilities of the Hotbed G:o. Baldwin, Toronto, Ont. The location for the hotbed should be facing south and shielded from the north by a fence or hedge. Make your frame of two-inch plank and of such a size as will enable you to use sash six feet long by three feet wide. Make your beds according to the number of sashes required. Procure a sufficient quantity of fresh horse manure and pile it in a heap. When it starts to heat, turn it over into simi- lar heaps twice in six days. Four days after the last turning it should be ready for use. Level it off to a depth of eighteen inches and place the frame on top. Be sure to tramp the manure down well in layers, then put the sash on, and leave it for three days. At the end of that time tramp the manure down again and put six inches of fairly good soil on it, having the top of the soil not more than six inches from the under side of the sashes, sloping the whole six inches in six feet, so that the rain will shed off. In four or five days the bed will be ready for the seeds. Make sure that the heat is not over eighty degrees, then rake it over and level the soil, sowing the seeds in rows four inches apart, run- ning north and south in shallow drills. Regulate the heat by raising the sash a little at the north end. Close up the bed at sundown and cover it with mats or straw at night. See that the frame is banked up to the top with more manure on the outside. As soon as the young plants appear, more air should be given so that they will not become spindly or damp off. Water only at noontime when absolutely necessary. A cold frame is made in precisely the same manner, except that no manure is used. It can be used for the same pur- poses as a hotbed, but germination takes longer. Its principal use is for harden- ing off plants that have been raised in a hotbed or greenhouse before putting them out into the open garden. By starting your hotbed the early part of March you will have good stocky plants by May 24, which is the date for plnnt- mg out. SKEDfi TO ROW The next question is what seeds to sow : 3 kinds of onions — Red, White, and Yellow Southports. 3 kinds of tomatoes— Chalk's Early Jewel, Earliana, and Beauty. 2 kinds of celery — Paris Golden and Rose Ribbed Paris. 1 kind of beets— Early Flat Egyptian. 2 kinds of lettuce — Nonpariel and CIrand Rapids. 2 kinds of cabbage — Henderson's Summer and Glory. I kind of cauliflower — Snowball. I kind of parsley — Curled variety. The tomato plants prown last eprins by Mr. E. S. Hodges, of Simooe. Out., were spaced one foot apart in the row, and in June attained a height of nine feet. ^ They carried fruit from the bottom to tie top, the averaee plant having a dozen trusses. There was about 15 to 18 lbs, fruit to a stem. Has anyone in Ontario beaten this? of I kind of cucumber — White Spine or Long Green. It will assist greatly to transplant the following two or three times in the cold frame lx?fore putting them out in the open — onions, tomatoes, and cabbage. The others will do all right by just thin- ning them out and stirring the soil around them. Outside of the extra work attached to making one's own hotbed, the advantages are vastly superior to relying on florists and corner groceries for what they have got left over. There are also a number of flowers which re- quire to be raised early, such as salvia, oobaea, marigolds, salpiglossis, phlox, stocks, asters, zinnias, petunias, and olhers. If you include satisfaction with lost, the hotbed wins out easily. mixtures result from neglect to watch some one of these three points. So much valuable information is now available in bulletin form on the preparation of spraying mixtures and concerning their application that there is little excuse for any one to go far astray in their use. To destroy asparagus beetles, spray with arsenate of lead after the cutting season is over. For asparagus rust, use the Resin Bordeaux mixture after the cutting .season is past, two weeks later, and again two weeks later. For the cabbage worm use arsenate of lead plus the resin lime mixture whenever the. worms appear, and again before the worms become abundant. The cucumber beetle can be controlled by application of arsenate of lead applied as soon as the insects appear, and re- peated whenever necessary. Arsenate of lead may be used to control tomato worms, and should be applied when the worms appear. For the potato beetle, use paris green 1-50 or arsenate of lead 4-50 as soon as the beetle eggs hatch. Repeat the application whenever neces- sary. Potato blight is controlled by the use of Bordeaux mixture when the plants are two inches high. Give successive applications at intervals of two weeks during the growing period. Sprays for Vegetables To obtain the best results from spray- ing operations, three points must be safeguarded: Use only properly prepar- ed mixtures, use them at the right time, and apply them thoroughy. Most of the failures in the application of spraying I used Soluble Sulphur last .season on an orchard badly infested with scale. It was used on the bare wood with the best of results. After the foliage came on I did not use soluble sulphur, so can- not give an opinion of its value for later sprayings.— J. C. Harris, Ingersoll, Ont. 38 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 n; The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINKD WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUBIST AND BEEKEEPEB with which hat been Incorpornted The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publlihlntt Company. Limited. PKXKRBORO, ONTA.RIO H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director The Only Magazine* in Their Field in the Dominion Official Organs of thr Ontario and Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations AND OF The Ontario and New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associations. REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOCKWELLS SPECIAL AGENCY. Chlcaiio Oflice— People's Gas Buildinic. New York Office— Tribune BuildinK GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountftephen, 3 Regent St., London. S.W. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist is nnblished in three editions on the 25th day of the month pre- ceding date of issue. The first edition is known a« the fruit edition, and is devoted chiefly to the commercial fruit interests: The second edition is known as the floral edition, and is devoted chiefly to the interests of amateur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The third edition is known as The Canadian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several paeres of matter appearing in the first and second issues are replaced by an equal number o! pages of matter relating to the beekeeping interests of Canada 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, $1.00 a year: three years for $2.00. and of The Canadian Horticulturist and Beeketper. $1.00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office). 25 cents extra a year, including postage. J. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- drees is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dressee must be given. 6. Advertising rates. $1.40 an inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager. Peterboro. Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net oaid circulation of The Canadian Hortionlturist for the year ending with December 1914. The figures given are exclusive of samnles and spoiled copies. Most months, including the samnle con- ies, from 1J.000 to 15.000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be intereeted in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January. 1914 ....12,966 Augu,<4t. 1914 11905 February. 1914 ...12.983 September. 1914 ..11.610 March, 1914 12.960 October, 1914 11,622 Apnl, 1914 13,362 November, 1914 ...11,532 May, 1914 13.284 December, 1914 ...11,545 June, 1914 13,073 July. 1914 11,871 Total 148,713 Average each issue in 1907, 6,627 Average each issue in 1914, 12,393 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE • W^e,if»f'rantee that every advertiser in this issue 18 reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horticul- turist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one mouth from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertisement in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not plv iheir trade at the expense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; hut we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes between sub- Bcribers and honourable business men who ad- vertise, nor pay the d»bt8 of honest bankrupts. Oom munications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HOR'nrnT.TnRTflT PBTERBQ^p. ONT, g EDITORIAL ^ THE LIMITED DEMAND FOB FRUIT The more we study this question of find- inif a market for our increased produrlion of fruit, the deeper the problem beromes. At one time the common impression was that if we could only obtain a rapid express and freight service at reasonable rates the solution would be about attained. While much remains to be accomplished in this direction, enoutjh has been effected to re- veal the fact that even if we had perfect transportation arraing:ements the problem of an adeciuate market would continue to be as pressing as ever. For some years the cry against the mid- dleman has been growing. Proof has fre- quently been furnished that there are middlemen who at times, by combining to manipulate' prices and in other ways, have been able to appropriate too large a pro- portion of the sale price of their fruit for their own advantage. Nevertheless, care- ful investigations have revealed the fact that such cases are the exception rather than the rule. When fruit growers have attempted to establish their own distribut- iing agencies in the large cities the ex- pense of operation has generally been so great as to force the abandonment of the enterprise. Retailers, such as Mr. Clark, of Toronto, who spoke at the recent annual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, generally make out a surpris- ingly strong case in proof of their conten- tion that they are not making an unduly high profit oai the fruit they handle. Thus we are being led to look for other factors in the situation. M the Dominion Fruit Conference held last summer a remark was made by Mr. Elmer Lick, of Oshawa, which deserved to receive more attention than it did. Mr. Lick said: "The disquieting feature that confronts us when we attempt to find an outlet for our apples is the large per- centage of the people in our cities who are unable to buy fruit at any price." Mr. Lick was right. Here, then, is a new problem for the fruit grower to face. What is the cause that makes such a large and increasing percentage of the residents in cities in all countries, including Canada, too poor to buy fruit "at any price?" This question can't be answered by point- ing to amy one cause. There are a num- ber of causes. Anyone who makes a thor- ough and careful investigation, however, is pretty sure in the long run to discover that there is one cause that stands out above all others. It is the land question. Without our realizing it, the land in our urban centres has become monopolized. This land year by year is increasing in value enormously. Tn one year the assess- ed value of the land in the city of Toronto alome increased over fifty-five million dol- lars. This is such an immense sum we cannot realize what it means. Where does this money come from ? It does not drop from heaven, as some people would seem to think. Instead, it comes out of the pockets of both producers and consumers. .A laboring man in Toronto earning twelve dollars a week who has a family, has to pay out directly from twelve to fifteen and even sixteen dollars a month in rent. This re- presents one-quaiter of all he earns, even when he is working full time. When he is out of work it means much more, But this is only a small part of the burden he bears. Every time he buys food, concealed in the price he pays for it is a charge made by the grocer or butcher to help him to pay his store rent. Back of that again is ano- ther similar charge added previously .by the wholesaler or jobber. So it is with everything he buys, from clothes to house- hold furniture and medical attendance. It is safe to assume that the average working main pays out more than half of all he earns to those comparatively few men who own the land comprised within the limits of the city in which he lives. How can he afford to buy fruit under such conditions? What is the remedy? Take all possible taxes off industry, such as buildings and improvements, and add them on to land values. In Toronto there are some two thousand acres of vacant land that is held out of use for speculative purposes and immen.se additional acres that arc OJiIy partly used. Were taxes taken off buildings and placed on lamd values ,it would become more profitable to build houses, idle land would be forced into use, houses, stores and factories could be built more readily, more work would thus be created for men out of work, rents would fall to a more reasonable basis, working men would have more money, and the possible purchasers of fruit would be increased materially in number. The more you study this problem the closer you will find it comes home to the fruit grower. A TIMELY APPOINTMENT The Dominion Conservation Commission is to be commended upon the wisdom it has displayed in the appointment of a town planning expert. The number of people w ho desire to see their municipalities grow and expand upon modem lines in which civic beautification is a prominent feature, is in- creasing rapidly. Hitherto these people have not known where to turn for advice and guidance. The Conservation Commis- sion has recognized the opportunity for ser- vice thus presented and has undertaken to furnish the assistance needed. In Europe town planning has been re- duced to a science. Plans for development along approved lines are prepared years in advance amd are follovied with care. In Canada we have begun to realize of late that we have been falling behind the times. It is encouraging, therefore, to see this re- cent sign of progress. The fruit growers of California set an example to fruit growers elsewhere through- out the world in the matter of successful cooperation. The annual report of the Cali- fornia Fruit Growers' Exchange for the year ending .August .31, 1914, shows that the Exchange handled eleven million two hundred and sixty-two thous.nnd one hun- dred and eighty-five boxes of citrus fruits, including over ten million boxes of oranges and one million one hundred thousand boxes of lemons. These shipments made a total of twenty-eight thousand one hun- dred and ninety-three carloads. This fruit sold for nineteen million two hundred and forty-six thousand seven hundred and fifty- seven dollars, or an average of one dollar sevanty-one cents a box, freight on board. The delivered value of the fruit equalled almost twenty-nine million five hundred thousand dollars. The operating expenses, including everything, amounted to only four and one-quarter cents a packed box, or one and three-fifths per cent, of the gross sales. The success of the California Ex- change indicates the possibilities that lie before the apple g^rowers of Canada. AJ- February, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 39 ready our fifrowers are beErinninjf to reach up to them. Many fruit ijrowers sold their apples last fall for lower prices than was at all necessary. They became frisfhtened over the reports of a lartre crop and disorgfamiz- ed markets and swallowed without discount the tales told bv buvcs about the low prices bein.if paid. Thus buyers were enabled to use the old trick of quoting the lowest price one grower was willing to take for his crop and using it to beat down the prices of other growers. Thus prices were forced to a lower level than con- ditions warrapted. This is only another in- dication of the necessity that exists for greater cooperation among fruit growers. The Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' .Associa- tion has given its hearty support to the proposal to have the apple recognized as the national dish of Canada. When the British Columbia Fruit Growers' Associa- tion falls into line — which possibly it has done already — the movement will have spread from coast to coast. What organi- zation will be the next to help the move- ment along? The fruit transportation officer of the Ontario Fruit Growers' .'Association has re- ported that claims made by fruit growers against railway companies for amotints as large as fifteen hundred dollars have re- mained unsettled for as long as five years. This situation is a serious one. The Do- minion Railway Commission should be given power to settle such cases out of court and in a summary manner. PUBLISHER'S DESK The publication of The Canadian Horti- culturist in special editions is meeting with the hearty approval of our readers. Because we are able to give them more in- formation on the subjects in which they are specially interested the change is prov- ing satisfactory both to the fruit growers and amateur flower erowers. This editiom we consider one of the strongest issues of The Canadian Horticulturist we have ever published. We hope our readers will en- joy it as much as we have enjoyed pre- paring it for them. ,\'ext month's issue of The Canadian Horticulturist will have some particularly interesting features. In the fruit section there will be a continuation of the very importamt article in this issue bv Mr. I.. B. .Scott, Bureau of Pla"t Industry, of United States Department of Agriculture. There will also be an article on the planting of trees by Prof. Clement, of the Vineland Experiment Station, one on Inter-cropping in the Orchard, by Mr. W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, and another on the fertilizer situation, brought about by the war, by Prof. R. Harcourt, of the Guelph Agricultural College. In the floral section Mr. J. McPherson Ross, of Toronto, will contribute an article, illustrated by diagrams, showing how small gardens can be laid out to the best advantage. This article will include a description of what three neighbors accomplished bv tearing down their partition fences and imiting their backyards into a common trarden. Mr. Georire Baldwin, of Toronto, will fur- nish an illustrated article deaiinjj;- with the starting of seed under sash and in the window. Mr. John Gall, of Inglewood, will also provide a timely, helpful, illustrated article. As usual the illustrations will be a feature of the issue. There arc a large number of very inter- esting advertisements in this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. Look them over with care. Our advertisers have been en- deavoring to anticipate your needs, and we believe you will agree with us th it they have met with a considerable degree of success. The fine collection of vegetables illus- trated under our departmental head, entitl- ed "Home-Gro\vn Vegetables, " are the pro- duct of the garden of Mr. J. A. Williams. R. R. No. 5. Peterboro, Ont. As the illustration indicates, Mr. Williams has met with distinct success in the growinsr of cauliflower. He trrows mostly the Early Erfurt and Early Snowball. nlSnianiani^TilPnipni SOCIETY NOTES Calgary The Calgary Horticultural Society early this year arranged a nrogramme of meet- ings for the months of January, February. March and .April. These meetings will be held every two weeks, and it is the inten- tion of the directors to have them as prac- tical as Dossible. The 19H Flower Show held by this Socie- ty last August, was the largest ever held in Calgary, in fact in Western Canada. There were 1,263 entries in all classes and prizes to the value of $1,441.00 were of- fered. During the past year a sister organiza- tion oame into existence in the Vacant Lots Garden Club. This club has accomplished a vast good in converting the unsightly vacant lots of the city into profitable gar- dens. There are several hundreds of these lots cultivated and it is the aim of the club to have a thousand such I'-ardens through- out the city in 1915. The Horticultural So- ciety alloted the Vacant Lots Garden Club space at their flower show and the produce staged by them was of a high standard. Our membership is not as large as per- haps some of the Eastern Societies, we having only one hundred and sixty actual members ; however, we hope for greater achievements in the future, and with the cooperation of the afore-mentioned Club we are out to make Calgary a horticultural cen- tre in Western Canada. The annual general meeting of the So- ciety was held on December 8th, when the folowing officers were elected : Hon. presi- dent, R. G. Bennett, K.C.M.P. ; president, C. P. McQueen ; 1st vice-president, A. Cal- houn ; 2nd vice-president. T. S. Purver ; hon. secretary, W. R. Reader: secretary. H. L. Fvfe ; treasurer, Thomas Bellew ; and fifteen directors. Hamilton The directors of the Hamilton Horticul- tural Society have arrainged to hold a series of meetings the third Thursday of each month, beginning with January. .Among those who will address the meetings are: Mr. William Allen, gardener to Sir Ed- mund Osier, The Craigleigh Gardens, Rosedale, who will give an illustrated lec- ture on "Bulbs." Mr. Jas. M. Bryson, gardener to Mr. J. T. Moore, of Avoca Vale, Moore Park, Toronto, who will tfive a/n illustrated lecture on roses; Mr. J. Goat- ley, late head gardener Sutton Place, Lord Northcliffe's noted gardens, whose subject will be "Hybridization and Improvement of Plants." Later on we hope to have Mr. Goatley speak on soils and manures, rais- ing and growin,g plants from seeds, and also other subjects which he is fully com- petent to discuss. The board also announces that Mijs. Hendrie, "Holmstead," will receive the members fo' a garden meeting in the spring, at which gathering it is expected that the Provincial Superintendent, Mr. J. Lockie Wilson will be present. St. Thonas .At a recent meeting of the directors of the St. Thomas Horticultural Society, the use of vacant lots" for gardens was dis- cussed. President Bennett pointed out that much of the vacant property in the city might be converted into gardens in- stead of being left, as at present, a dump- intr-ground for tin cans and growth of noxious weeds. These lots, if placed at the disposal of working men who are not fortunate enough to have garden space, could be improved, and at the same time help to solve the high cost of living. At- tention to this matter was left to a com- mittee. Through the kindness of the Civic Parks Committee, the cut flowers from the Mun- icipal greenhouse have been placed at the disposal of the society and will be sent once a week to the sick, especially the stranger within the city's gates, and those to whom flowers are a luxury. The sue'gestion that the tulip be the so- ciety's official flower, was adopted after considerable discussion. Other flowers were suggested, but on account of the easiness of growing the tulip and its popularity in St. Thomas it was felt this flower was the most acceptable. Dundas The Dundas society had its annual meet- ing on January 14th, with a membership of one hundred to start with, and prospects of adding one hundred more soon. We have sent in the necessary papers to the Government, and now are a regularly con- stituted horticultural society, with the fol- lowing officers : President, F. E. Lennard ; 1st Vice-President, F. D. Suter ; 2nd Vice- President. W. A. Davidson: Secy.-Treas., Jas. .A. Kyle. Directors : Henry Bertram, John Walker, Rev. J. B. Hamilton, Mrs. (Dr.) Bertram, H. W. Simpson, W. F. Moore, C. M. Foster Mrs. S. King, Mrs. John Douglas. — J.A.K. Horticultural Association Officers Some errors having appeared in our list of officers of the Ontario Horticultural Asso- ciation, published in our December issue, we herewith publish the full correct list : President. J. H. Bennett. Barrie : 1st vice- president. Rev. G. W. Tebbs, Orangeville ; 2nd vice-president, Dr. F. E. Bennett, St. Thomas ; secretary and editor, J. Lockie- Wilson, Toronto; treasurer, G. .A. Hesson, St. Catharines. Honorary directors, Rev. A. II. Scott, Perth; W. T. Macoun, Ottawa; H. L. Hutt, Georgetown ; W. B. Burgoyne, St. Catharines. Directors — R. B. Whvte, Ottawa ; W. Jeffers Diamond, Belleville ;' R. Whorley, Haileybury ; T. D. Dockray, Tor- onto ; James Ogilvie, Hamilton ; Wm. Har- try, Seaforth ; R. W. Brooks, Branlford; Dr. j. A, Bothwell, Stratford , J. Mc- thy, Swndwich. 4° February, 191 5 The Prc-cooling of Canadian Fruits' Edwin Smith, Supt., Fruit Cold Storage, Grimmby, Out. THF. pre-cooling of fruit for shipment is commonly supposed to be a prac- tice of recent origin. Pioneers are not often heard about, and this is true with the people who started the work of cooling- fruit before shipment. The first man to develop pre-cooling as a special process in the fruit shipping industry was Mr. Parker Earle, of Cobden, 111. Like all pioneers he met with a great deal of grief in developing new methods for tender fruit shipments. After repeated losses in the latter sixties in attempts to ship strawber- ries to Chicago and Detroit in the then crude type of refrigerator cars, he con- structed a cooling house in his packing shed at Anna, 111. By leaving his berries in this house for twenty-four hours to cool off, then sending them to Chicago by ex- press, he found that they arrived in much better shape than those which were sent as soon as picked. He then went to Chi- cago and secured what was then the best refrigerator car that had been made, the old Tiffany car, built to carry dairy products. After cooling the berries in the cooling house they were placed io the car and sent to Chicago. The venture was a complete success from the start and resulted in plac- ing on the Chicago market more solid and better-keeping berries than had ever before been seen there. The date of this first successful ship- ment was 1872. Rapid development in the refrigeration of fruits for transportation proceeded from this date, but not until after Harold Powell, of the United States Department of Agriculture, started his not- able investigations and employed pre-cool- ing for the shipment of Georgia peaches to New York in 1904 did we commonly hear of the much-used term "pre-cooling." The results of Powell's experimental trials and demonstration in California were so effectively brought to the attention of the railroads and shipping organizations that not only did they start the erection of large pre-cooling plants, but they also took steps to remedy their handling methods so that the possibilities of successful orange shipments to far-off markets mounted to undreamed-of heights and popularized the expression "pre-cooling," so that it has ever since received widespread attention. Since then pre-cooling Las been applied to the shipment of practically all tender fruits from various districts in North America. DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA The need of improving transportation facilities has been felt in various fruit dis- tricts in Canada for a long time. Exces- sive losses in shipping tender fruits from Ontario to the western and maritime pro- vinces, losses in exportation of fall apples and pears from Nova Scotia, losses in prairie shipments of small fruits from the Lower Fraser Valley and peaches from the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, have all called for discussion, investigation, and remedy, in which the word "pre-cooling" has been heard more or less frequently. This has led to early attempts at cooling fruits at Grimsby. Ontario, with various trial shipments to the west; the establish- ment of the St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forwarding Co. took place and started western shipments. In 1912 the Govern- ment of British Columbia appropriated •Extract from an twldreee delivered at the last annual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' AeBociation. funds to carry on pre-cooling investigations amd in 1913 installed a pre-cooling plant having a capacity of two cars per day in the warehouse of the Summerland Fruit Union . Owing to a failure of plans of fruit grow- ers in the Niagara Peninsula whereby a large central pre-cooling plant for the dis- trict was being promoted active attention of the Dominion Government was called in- to this field and by the latter part of 1913 the erection of an experimental cold stor- age for pre-cooling was started at Grimsby, Ont., under the direction of Mr. J. A. Rud- dick. Dairy and Cold Storage Commis- sioner. This plant was completed previous to and initiated during the fruit season of 1914. TYPES OF PRB COOLING PLANTS There are two general types of pre-cool- ing plants using distinctive systems, viz., car pre-cooling and warehouse pre-cooling. With the former a blast of cold air is blown through a loaded refrigerator car for sev- eral hours previous to shipment, while with the latter, or warehouse type, the fruit is placed in a cold storage room, cooled down to from 38 to 40 degrees Fahr. and then loaded in an iced car in a cold condition. With either type of pre-cooling plant one of two general sources of refrigeration may be used — ice or mechanical refrigeration. The modern method of using ice is with the Gravity Brine System, in which the temperature of the brine is cooled to from 0 to 10 degrees Fahr. by rapidly melting ice with salt about the primary coils in an insulated tank. The primary coils being connected with the secondary coils in the cold storage or in the "coil-room bunker." a circulation of cold brine is immediately set up as soon as the brine in the upper or primary coils becomes more dense from becoming cold. The process of mechanical refrigeration is based upon the condensing of a vapor (ammonia, carbon dioxide, or sulphur dioxide) to a liquid by the use of pressure and cold water, and then eva- porating the liquid in coils placed in the cold storage or in the "coil-room bunker." The term mechajnical is derived from the mechanical compressor used to place the vapor under great pressure. WAREHOUSE PLANTS In designing the Grimsby plant the type selected was of the warehouse design us- ing ice as a refrigerating medium in a Cooper Gravity Brine System. The ware- house type was selected for the following reasons: (1) The car pre-cooling plant is not economical since a large part of the refrigeration is lost through connections with the car, leaky car doors, vents and insufficient insulation in refrigerator cars. The warehousfe plant is well insulated, and self-contained, with a minimum loss of re- frigeration through transmission ; (2) The car pre-cooling plant is not efficient be- cause faulty connections and misdirected air currents that are unavoidable in cool- ing a loaded car, result in cooling uneven- ly throughout the car. In a warehouse the cold air is evenly distributed through per- forations in a false floor and false ceiling, so that all fruit is cooled evenly and thor- oughly to from 38 to 40 degrees, with no possibility of freezing fruit in one part of the room and having it at a temperature of from 45 to 50 degrees in another. (3) The car pre-cooling plant causes de- lay between picking and cooling, as the car has to be loaded and shipped to the pre-cooling plant before the cooling can be started. A few hours in the heat before pre-cooling means the shortening of the life of the fruit several days. If too much haste is used to overcome this, the fruit is roughly handled and the car poorly loaded, which will more than undo the benefit of pre-cooling. With the warehouse type the fruit is cooled as soon as packed and loaded while cold. Capable experts who load cars day after day at a pre-cooling warehouse ensure careful and secure load- ing ; (4) The car pre-cooling plant is not wholly adaptable to the cooling of decidu- ous fruits. To cool a car in four hours, it is necessary to have the blast of cold air near 10 degrees. Peaches, plums, and to- matoes will soon freeze at this temperature. If a longer time than four hours is taken, the capacity of the plaint is cut down and congestion follows; (5) A warehouse plant offers the opportunity of assembling cars of fruit during the dull season, making shipments of tender fruits possible that would be impossible with the car pre-cool- ing plant; (6) The warehouse pre-cooling plant is used as an apple and general cold storage after the prc-cooling season. This greatly lessens the heavy overhead expense of a plant which would otherwise be used but a few weeks during the summer. HOW FRUIT IS HANDLED With our present arrangement fruit is brought in from the orchards as soon as picked and packed, loaded from the drays to specially designed trucks, which are then run into one of the four pre-cooling rooms. Each room holds considerably over a carload of boxes or baskets loaded on trucks, and has a perforated floor and ceil- ing through which a circulation of cold air is blown from the coil room by means of large sixty-inch fans. Electric thermo- meters are placed in the bottom and top tiers of fruit packages, and as soon as the fruit is entered the doors are closed, the fans set in motion, and cooling is started. By means of the electric thermometers the temperature of the fruit is taken from the outside, and as soon as sufficiently cooled for shipment (38 to 40 degrees), loading takes place. Fruit once cooled down must not be ex- posed to the warm air until it reaches the market, consequently a cold corridor ex- tends from the pre-cooling rooms with an adjustable vestibule to the refrigerator car door. Through this the trucks of cold fruit are run directly into the cold car, thus preventing exposure, rough and un- necessary handling of packages and great- ly cutting down the work and time neces- sary for loading. THB PAST SEASON Although handicapped by not having a peach crop to handle, the season of 1914 was an active one at the Grimsby plant. The first experimental shipment was made by the Dominion Department of Agricul- ture, July 16th, when 2,277 baskets of Montmorency cherries were pre-cooled and shipped to Winnipeg, arriving there in splendid condition on July 22nd. The fruit was sold on commission by the Scott Fruit Company for 60c per basket. M the same time other sour cherries were selling in Winnipeg markets for from 38c to 42c. This speaks for the superior quality of the pre- cooled fruit. From this time on the growers and ship- pers took advantage of the plant and thirty- five cars of cherries, plums, pears, tomatoes February, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 41 SANDER 81 SONS ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND ORCHID GROWERS. The Finest Stock in tile World. Catalogue on application Save Your Best Flow^cr Seeds We have not raised our prices because we bought this year's seeds before the war — next year they may be scarce. That's why we advise horticulturists to save the seeds of the coming summer's flowers. But you must commence right if you would have something worth saving, and commencing right is having the right seeds. Darch & Hunter Seeds are known throughout Canada — they have been for many, many years — as the most reliable of all. Our combined Catalogue of Flower and Vegetable Seeds is ready now, and is yours for the asking. Darch & Hunter Seed Co. LIMITED BOX 1284, LONDON, ONT. and other fruits were pre-cooled and ship- ped west at freight rates. As a cold storage plant, great savings were made during the whole season. In one case during the raspberry season when the canning factories were unable to re- ceive berries that had to be handled at omce, as much as 4J4 cars of fruit was brought to the plant, placed in a low temperature for two or three days until the factories were again in shape, and thus avoided a certain loss of over 13,000.00. In another instance a shipper, who was exporting Bartlett pears to Glasgow, was unable to get his refrigerator space on the ship ow- ing to the requirements of war shipmefnts. The pears were held for three weeks in perfect condition and the shipment made on a later boat. An interesting experiment was tried in handling Red Astrachan apples. These apples usually go out at a fairly low price, but between their seasom and that of the A FARMER'S Garden ^itiiii iiuiiniiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'iiiii Helps his wife to pian her table in busy times. Saves ■w.'irk j and worry, saves buying so much meat, gives better saiis- | lactioQ to the help. A good garden will be almost impussi' : bte in your busy life without proper tools. They cost little anA <:3vr> mrtrh harH ar(lrlc_ and save much hard work. WHEEL HOES I AND DRILLS: MMCE Vill sow, cultivate, ridge, furrow, etc., better than you can S with old-fashioned tools and ten times quicker. A woman, S boy or girl can do it. Can plant cluserand work these hand s tools while the horses rest. 38 combinations z trom wliich to ciioose at $3.00 to f 14. One = combined tool will do all oi the work, 5 Ask your idealer to show them and s write us for booklet, "Gardening s With Modem Tools" ' 3 free. = The Ba,teman- S WllklDBon Co., : T.imited : 462 Symington : Av., Toronto, Oan. : Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. We shall have our usual stock of high quality Bedding Plants CHINA ASTERS: Queen of the Marlcet, whit*, early, pink, early; Lavender Gem, pale lavender, early; Boyal Purple, rich purple, midseason; Vick's Branching, white late; Crego, ehell pink. All varieties: Each 5c, 10— 25c, 100— $1.25. Not less than 25 of one variety at 100 rate, GERANIUMS: Mme. Buchner, a good white; John Boyle, bri2:ht scarlet; Jean Oberle, .salmon vvitli white edje: S. A. Nutt, the best dark crimson variety; Mme. Salleroi, foliage green bordered white, fine for edging-. All varieties: Each 12c, 10— $1.00. All varieties strong plants for bedding: 10 tor $1.25 per express. SALVIA — BONFIRE: Sase Clara Bedman. brilliant scarlet, a very effective and gorgeous bedding plant, 10c each, 10— 75c. SCABIOSA: Grows 2% ft. high, blooms from July until frost. ExQuisite coloring, mixed colors. 10c each, 10— 60c. STOCKS: Blooms last from July until frost. Cut and come again, 10 weeks. Each 5c, 10— 25c. SNAPDRAGON (Antirrhinium), including Sil- ver Pink. These are becoming very popu- lar for cut flower purposes. Each 10c, 10-60C. Postage as per schedule in spring, 1914, planting list is to be added to above price. JOHN CAVERS ^. ■ ■*..■ ^ =p . ■'' »^f/ •** J '^""'fKyf, THE This rr pressure P( provements to operate, tank and m mounting. IVR FRUI ONTARIO Mo Built for Business lachine represents the highest t DWER SPRAYER, embodying t of the past few years. It is s in fact ail you could desire. Th ay be used for other purposes Satisfaction guaranteed or mone ITE FOR FREE ILLUSTRATED CATa on Spraying and Apple Evaporating T MACHINERl INGERSOLL, ONT. del 2-B ype of high he best im- >imple, easy e engine fills without dis- y refunded. LOG i CO. " ^on Highest Award " j^ ^ The A y I m e r Bronze #% ^T I 4^^ ^% ♦• Sprayer won Highest ^^TJI^ Jf Jl ii A to K Award at St. Petersburg- ■^ against all sprayers from B France, Germany and ^f ^"^k ^^k /^y ^^ Canada, also secured Jl \^ M B. ^/ m^ First at Manchester, Toronto, Ottawa and ^P4^ Halifax. This sprayer is ^^^^^W^#^% ^Lf^^^fl '" every way one of the \^^ I^FA ^J^Jf Tt- M bs^t ever designed. A "^ Medium stroke, easy, constant agitation, throws a penetrating spray which makes it more effective. EXCLUSIVE FEATURES Each Stroke Agitates at point of Intake, Pre- vents Clogging, Instantaneous Back Drainage. The above features areposses-sedONLYby the Aylnier. Ir has made a wonderful reputation during the many years it has been in use among fruit growers and gardeners. Read These Special Offers Sprayer No. 2, Oatfit D Consists of the unrivalled AlymerBronze Spray Pump, with ten feet of liose, brass stopcock, one Y, one long iron cxteii.,.ioii rod. Price, without l£».^a Sprayer No. 3, Outfit E Consists of two lines of hose, ten feet eacii, with couplings attached, four Bor- deaux nozzles, two brass Y's. two brass stopcocks, and two eight-foot extension roils. Price, without ^OO li(\ barrel <^£,£,.iJ\J Barrel $3 extra. Write for catalog, full par- ticulars as to size, capacity, equipment, etc. Aylmer Pump & Scale Co. AYLMER. ONT. Limited 42 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 5 Planet Jr SeederCultivators The farm and garden tools that save your timc.lishtcn your labor, and set bis- gcr crops — the loneest-lasting and most economical implements made. Fully guaranteed. No, 4 Planet Jr Com- bined Hill and Drill Seeder, Wheel Hoe» Cultivator and Plow Soon pays for itself in the family garden as well as in larger acreage. Sows all gar- den seeds (in drills or^ in hills), plows, opens furrows and covrrs them, hoes and culti- vates quickly easily. No. 8 Planet Jr Horse Hoc and Culti- vator Stronger, better-made, and capable of a greater variety of work than any other cul- tivator made. Non-clogging steel wheel. ' No. 72 _ Planet Jr ^ 2-row, 2-horse Pivot- wheel Cultivator Saves a man, a team and a cultivator every day it is used. Cultivates 2 rows of corn, potatoes, beans, etc., at one passage, even if rows are crooked or of irregular width. No wood used except for break pins. 72-page Catalog (168 illustrations) free Descril**'? 55 tools Including Seeders, Wheel Hoes. Horse }hics. Harrows, Orchard- and Beet-Cultivaiors. Write iKMtal for It. S L ALLEN & CO BOX 1 106G PHILADELPHIA PA Write for the name of our nearest agency Watch ForThe Trad£Mark KNOwM&\buGET teEMAN^ fERTILlZERS A SPECIAL FORMULA FOR EVERY REQUIREMENT. Send for price list and full par- ticulars. Agents wanted in un- occupied territory. The W. A. FREEMAN CO., Ltd. 223 HUNTER ST. E. HAMILTON, CANADA ^ Duchess there is a scarcity of early apples. This shipper placed his apples in cold storaffc prior to August 15th, then market- ed them as they were demanded by the trade during the latter part of the month, making a neat gain on the transaction. Similar trials were successfully made with tomatoes, and with the shipping of ripe tomatoes. SCIENTIFIC KXl'Eltl.MKNTS In additiom to the commercial use of the plant the experim<'ntal cold storage labora- tory that occupies a portion of the build- ing has been used for scientific investiga- tions connected with the cold storage and pre-cooling of tender fruits. In this labor- atory we have three different constant tem- peratures, and here we are making records on the behavior of all our tender fruits. The scientific part of our Grimsby work is of great value to the grower. To illus- trate this, I will cite our work with toma- toes. We are running tests on the Earli- ana. Chalk's Jewel, and Danish Export, picked at three different stages of ripe- ness, stored at 32 degrees, .39 degrees, and 45 degrees. These are stored in right different kinds of packages. We have found that the Earliana and Chalk's Jewel are of little use for cold storage. The first variety will store in fair condition for three weeks, while the latter but little over a month. It is use- less to try to store a tomato that is crack- ed or injured in any way. The most of our varieties in Ontario are too subject to cracking about the stem end. A small- sized tomato stores better than a large one. For storage the tom.ato needs to be pick- ed when turned to straw color, earlier than this it will not color before it softens upon removal, and if picked riper it will soon become soft in storage. We have found that tomatoes wrapped and stored in the four basket plum crate of British Columbia keep better than when stored in open baskets. Placing tomatoes in woodwool proved better than wrapping, while storing in a box having a sawdust filler kent the tomatoes in the best shape, especially where they were cracked. The value of this work is to be seen at once when I rite a grower who came to us and wanted to cold store a carload of tomatoes till Christmas time and get the big prices paid for hothouse tomatoes. Our records at the time did not encourage him, aind I talked him out of it. He would have lost the entire car had he stored the varieties of tomatoes grown. Ontario Won the First Prize For two years in succession the Ontario Department of .Agriculture has captured the sweepstakes prize at the New York State Horticultural Society's exhibition for the choicest three boxes of apples grown anywhere on the American continent. The second win took place at the recent ex- hibition of the society held in Rochester. The coveted prize was won against all comers. The prize apples were Northern Spys. grown and packed by Mr. W. L. Hamilton, Collingwood, a member of the Fruit Branch staff. Mr.Leslie Smith, of Wellington, another employee of the De- partment, received second highest score. This sweepstakes competition was the only part of the prize list open to competition from fruit grown outside the State. I like The Canadian Horticulturist better all the time. Its arrival each month is like a visit from an old friend. — Wm. Drum- mgnd, Paris Swion, On;, ROSES over I lo of the Hardiest, Newest and Best Varieties. SHRUBS VINES HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS TREES EVERGREENS BOXWOOD BAY TREES BEDDING PLANTS Send for Catalogue JOHN CONNON CO., Limited Florists and Nurserymen HAMILTON - ONT. MERKYWEATHER'S are noted throughout the world They are Cheap ; they are True to Name ; the Trees are Strong and Sturdy. They defy Competition. ALL THE NEWEST VARIETIES Dwarfs, Standards, Climbers, also Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Ornamental Trees Send for Catalogue, Post Free Henry Merryweather & Sons SOUTHWELL, NOTTS., ENG. Ltd. APPLE TREES All standard varieties, one and tw^o years old ; large, strong and clean ; grown with special care from se- lected buds for our own planting. AT RIGHT PRICES Write IIS for Prices and Information lYNNDALE FARMS SIMCOE, ONT. p. E. ANGLE - Superintendent February, 191 5 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST 43 r2< FRIENDS THAT ARE FRIENDS ^ _, K?

J' rrx 1 M^, TORONTO, ONT. SMALL FRUITS Gooseberries, Red and Yellow ; Currants, Red, Black and White ; Rasp- berries, Red, Purple and Yellow ; Black Berries, Grape Vines, Strawberries, Rhubarb, Asparagus, Roots, etc., etc. ^sk for Price List W. FLEMING. Nurseryman, OVl^EN SOUND, ONT. Write for This Seed Catalog TODAY DUPUY AND FERGUSON'S NEW 1915 CATALOG IS AN AUTHORITY ON SEEDS C V E R Y farmer, horticulturist or planter should *-" have a copy of our 1915 Seed Catalog. It is fresh from the press and will be sent to you FREE upon request. We believe it is the handsomest and most complete seed catalog published in this country. It tells the plain truth about D. & F. high-grade seeds that grow. The descriptions are accurate, absolutely correct and free from exaggeration. D. & F.'s HIGH-GRADE SEEDS ARE THE BEST MONEY CAN BUY You can make no mistake when you choose D. & F. Seeds, They are carefully selected by our experts for strength and purity, and will grow. We guarantee satisfac- tion. Order a sample assortment from our Catalog and test their qualities for yourself. You will always plant D. & F. Seeds for you will find they axe the best that oem be procured. Write for our FREE Catalog to-day and get EEAL seed satisfaction. 56 FIRST PRIZES were awarded at the Montreal Horticultural Exhibition, Sept., 1914, to Mr. F. 8. Watson, on prodoicts grown from D. & F. seeds. DDPUY & FERGUSON, 38 Jacques Cartier Square MONTREAL Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association THE fifty-first annual meeting of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' conven- tion was held at Middleton, Januar>' 21-22. A. E. McMahon, of Aylesford, was made the new president. Many of the old men were absent this year, and for this we were sorry. The necessity of advertisingf the Nova Scotia apple was one of the principal sub- jects of discussion. P. F. Lawson of Ber- wick, who accompanied the first Belgian relief ship, and incidentally made a tour of the apple dealing centres of England, told us that Nova Scotia fruit should be advertised more. Years ago Nova Scotia fruit had a pretty bad name in the English markets, but thanks to the United Fruit Companies in putting on the market a consistently good pack, this fruit was rapid- ly growing in favor. Since the Govern- ment were hard up, he unfolded a scheme whereby the fruit growers themselves could bear the expense of an advertising campaign. He distributed a number of pledges for the members to sign, each promising to give a certain number of barrels of No. 1 apples to be sold and the proceeds applied to a fund to be used for advertising pur- poses. Mr. Lawson was appointed to make a canvass of the Valley soliciting pledges of this kind. Premier Murray, who was present, intimated that the Government would help out the scheme so raised by add- ing to it an equal sum. Messrs. Smith of Ottawa and Flack, chief fruit inspector for the prairie pro- vinces, dealt with the pre-cooling of fruit and state of markets in the west respect- ively. Messrs. Saunders and Brittain, Domin- ion and Provincial Entomologists, gave re- ports of work done during the year in con- trolling injurious insects and plant dis- eases. Beekeeping claimed a session. Mr. Baker of Amherst showed that a good pro- fit could be made from bees by treating them intelligently. He kept his bees in a dark cellar during the winter and fed them on sugar syrup, having taken away all the honey in the fall. He places the hives on their summer stands in April. Mr. Hogan treated the subject from the point of view of the bee as a pollenizer. I'-ivinp' the results of experiments to show that blossoms set much better where there were lots of bees near an orchard. Fruit Commissioner D. Johnson of Ot- tawa gave us a good old-fashioned talk on various topics, commending a vigorous ad- vertising campaign of the apple, and sav- ing that while he considered that there was danger of over-production in Ontario and the west, the condition was not so marked in the maritime provinces because of their nearness to the Old Country mar- kets. He highly commended the efficiency _ of the United Fruit Companies of Noval Scotia. Prof. F. C. Sears, of Amherst, Mass.,j gave us the best and most comforting tali of the convention. The professor labore efficiently for many years in horticultura work in our province, and we were all glal to see him back again. In taking up th| question of the future of the apple Indus try, he cited the large planting of the las ten years. .Against this factor, however he claimed that we should place the los of trees through old age and neglect almost wiping out the score. The populal lion also was increasing, and therefore thl February, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST ^5 consumption was becoming- greater. As an antidote for over-production, he cited the necessity of first grafting or planting better flavored varieties. A man will eat two or more good apples where he would only cat one poor one. Second, a better package; third, better grading: fourth, better distribution to avoid the danger of glutting markets ; fifth, the marketing of better stuff in the local markets ; sixth, giving more attention to by-products, such as the makinir of boiled cider, apple syrup, Spraying the Orchard Many fruit growers on average sized farms find it difficult to get a spraying ma- chine suitable for their purpose. The large, heavy power machine is too large and costly and besides it is difficult to use in the sog- gy ground in the spring. The most satis- factory all purpose machine is a medium priced, light, yet strongly built one that will give every satisfaction in use. One of the most popular sprayers on the market is the Junior I.X.L. Power sprayer, which meets just these requirememts. Al- though only introduced in Canada during the last two years it has already demon- strated its superior qualities and a large number have already been sold. The whole machine is constructed very simply. It can be used on a wagon truck or sled and is easily handled by two men. The most interesting feature is the un- loading valve. It is very simple, consist- ing of only four parts. It is positive in its action and relieves the motor of about 90 per cent, of the load when the spray noz- zles are closed- This sprayer is sold only by the Canadian Sprayer Co. of Trenton, Ont., who will be glad to forward full information upon re- Quest. (advt.) BRUCE'S SEEDS For 1915 Established 1850 I.,ike the Highland Regiments of the British Arniy. of whose glorious record we are so proxid. Brnce's Seeds have established a record "SECOND TO NONE". The name Bruce in connection with Seeds sets the i^tandard for qnality. l-'or 65 years we have served the Canadian Farmer, Gardener, and Amateur so well, that from a small begin- ning this business has grown to large pro- portions, doing business from const to coast, and outside Canada. Our success is owing to our thorough know- ledge of the business and the requirements of this country, attained through our long experience, and to the extreme care exer- cised in every department; to the excellence of our stocks, which are unequalled in qnality, and our high-class growers who have been in the business for generations; also to our thorough testing for germination, ourcareful system of packing and our prompt attention to orders. In seeds more than anythingit pays to buy the best; do not buy Seeds you know nothing about; cheap Seecis are dear, if you obtain them for nothing. Our 113 page Catalogue of Seeds. Plants. Bulbs. Poultry Supplies and Garden Implements, full of valuable information, is now ready and will be mailed free to all applicants. J0HNA.BRUCE&C0.LTD.Hamilt.n,Ont. PURE SEED POTATOES FOR SALE A quantity of Davies' Warrior, Green Mountain, Noxall and Pats Choice. Four of the heaviest yielding main crop white potatoes. Write for Price List PORT ELGIN FRUIT GROWERS' LIMITED PORT ELGIN, ONT. DISSTON Pruning York State — a line comprising styles and sizes for every requirement, all backed by a reputation for Highest Quality and Satisfactory Service. D-24 >!-/ Don't wait until the last moment and then be forced to use what- ever saws your dealer may have left in stock; mal!S RELIABLE y. —hand, barrel and power, $3to$:!00, Dunu ble, non-corrodinpT, easily cleaned. Guar- anteed. Backed by 66 years' pump- making experience. Send today for free book "How to Spray" and aek for expert advice on your requirements. Both free. The Goulds Mfg. Co. Main Office and Works Seneca Falls. N.Y. Brftuches: Chicago, Eontton, BoBton, New York, Atlanta Wi [M ; it fourth spray for fungus spot after it had started. I find that it cleaned up everything I sprayed ; the few trees left unsprayed fungused. This applies to Mcintosh, Snow, and Ben Davis. I will want 1,000 lbs. next year. Yours truly, (Sgd.) L. K. SHOURDS. Como, Que., Oct. 5th, 1914. Niagara Brand Spray Co., Ltd., Burlington, Ont. Dear Sirs :• — In reply to vour letter of the 30th. I must say that I have found your Soluble Sulphur the best spraying mixture I have ever used. We have had the very best of results from it. We have a very large crop of apples, the largest we have had in years, and I am very glad to recommend your Soluble Sulphur as the best spraying mix- ture on the market. I will favor you with future orders. (Sgd.) JAMES HODGSON. Glen Leven, Lome Park, Ont., Oct. 15th, 1914. Niagara Brand Spray Co., Ltd., Burlington, Ont. Dear Sirs : — In reply to your letter of Sept. 30th re Soluble Sulphur. I might say that we used two 100-lb. drums of your Spray mixture this year for the first time and with great success. Those here who have been using the Lime-Sulphur and never had any experience with the Soluble Sul- phur seem to have the opinion that this Spray does not give as good results as the other spray, but I feel convinced that any- one, after using one drum of Soluble Sul- phur, will find no equal in any other spray materials on the market to-day. The cost of freight is so little and the saving of labor is so great that even these two items irive it so many advantages over the Lime-Sulphur. We will again place our order with you for the coming season, and would strongly recommend this mixture as a sure, safe and economical spray for the fruit grower. — I remain. Yours truly, (Advt.) (%d- A. F. MILES. Paris, Ont., Dec. 5th, 1914. Niagara Brand Spray Co., Ltd.. Dear Sirs : — Burlington, Ont. As to Soluble Sulphur. First — We had no burning worth men- tioning, clean foliage, which is mostly on the trees yet, which shows that they must be healthy. Second — The fruit seemed to have a bloom and finish that surprised me a little when we came to harvest it. Third — The apples hung on well and grew to large size. Fourth — As to that new spot that affect- ed the apples this year. I could see no difference in amy of the sprays that was noticeable. One thing about Soluble Sulphur is that it must be applied strictly arrording to directions and like all other sprays done thoroughly and at the proper time, then all things being equal it will give equal or a little the best results. In a word, hap- hazard spraying is about so much time and money wasted. Yours trulv. (Sgd.) C. W. GURNEY. Arkona, OJit., Nov. 25th, 1914. Niagara Brand Spray Co., Ltd., Sirs: — Burlington, Ont. Replying to your favor of 20th inst., re Soluble Sulphur, beg to say that there should be a fair demand here for it next Spring. Any spraying done with it was very satisfactory. We used it on our own peach orchards, and results were good. Yours truly, (Sgd.) BROWN BROS. Winona, Ont., Nov. 28th, 1914. Niagara Brand Spray Co., Ltd., Dear Sirs : — Burlington, Ont. Im replv to vour inquiry re SOL- UBLE SULPHUR. Having just taken over an apple orchard of 14 acres which was badly infested with SAN JOSE SCALE, year 1913, not one apple of the crop which was not peppered with Scale and not fit for sale. Using your SOLUBLE SULPHUR this Spring on this orchard, 10 to 40 and 2 to 40 lbs. Summer spray, I had this Fall nearly 700 barrels of No. 1 apples and sold at a good price. I claim it will control SCALE better, cheaper, and prefer it to all other materials on the market as yet. I intend to use it again this Spring. I would advise anyone having San Jose Scale in orchards to give this a trial this coming Spring. If directions for using SOLUBLE SUL- PHUR are followed out, no fear of burning. I found it much more convenient to han- dle than Lime-Sulphur, amd have found it more effective in every respect. Yours respectfully, (Sgd.) R. H. LEWIS. NOTE. — Mr. Lewis was for years Chief Government Scale Inspector. Georgetown, Ont., Dec. 1st., 1914. Niagara Brand Spray Co., Ltd., Dear Sirs:— Burlington, Ont. Answering vour inquiry just to hand. We used the SOLUBLE StaPllUR as a Fungicide almost exclusively in twenty-one different orchards last Spring, and the re- sults were so satisfactory in every instance that we will use it exclusively next sea- son. It is more convenient and can be used with less waste than the liquid solu- tions. Yours trulv, (Sgd.) A. MALLINSON CO., LTD. A. Mallinson, Mgr. 48 THE CANADIAN HOTITTCULTURIST February, 191 5 NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundredi of yarieliei adap- ted for the Canadian climate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own ^avinj. Catalog free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. PRIZE DAHLIA ROOTS 15 frepaid. or 15 !»v parcol ;)o»t for $115, field irrowii root*. Spex^ial price for lotfl of 100 or morp. GEO. E. EGEHTON 112 Chalmers St. GAUT, Ont. OKINNER 0 YSTEM OF IRRIGATION IRADK MAKK THE RAIN MACHINE Write for six books on indoor and outdoor irri- l^ation. THE SKINNER IRRIGATION 00. DEPT. R.. TROY. OHIO STRAWBERRY GROWERS ATTENTION For choice, w«ll selected stock of all the standard varieties of strawberry plants, send us your order. List Free. ONTARIO NURSERY CO., WELLINGTON, ONT ^^ 0^. d''^ '^o//i'*'iii^etAe /■O'^^ (ire- J' 'r/ud .' "Be Sure to Use Well-Mixed Fertilizers" ONE day a man said to me, "Jones, why don't you tell the farmers to be sure and use well-mixed fertilizers ?" Well, I thought I had done so, but perhaps I didn't do it often enough. You see, friends, it's important to use well-mixed fertilizers. Otherwise, your fertilizers will be strong in some places and weak in others, and crops fer- tilized with it will show uneven growth. Now, I've been at The Ontario Fertilizers Limited 's factory and have seen Harab DAVIES' Fertilizers are preferred by many farmers. They are excellent, well-mixed fertilizers. The Ontario Fertilizers Limited will supply you with either Da vies' or Harab brand. Just state your preference. Also ask for either the Harab or Davies' Fertilizer booklet. Either is free on request. being mixed. I have never seen a more thorough job. Every pound of the fertilizer is in exactly the right proportions. And the ferti- lizer is finely ground and in good dry condition. It is in the very best possible shape for use on the field. Remember, friends, that cheap fertilizers are poor investments. You need the very best you can get. And if there are any better fertilizers than Harab Fertilizers, I don't know their names. The year of 191.5 will be a year of high prices lor farm produce on account of the European war. Make up your mind to make your land yield bigger crops than ever before. That means fertilize. The Ontario Fertilizers Limited, West Toronto, Canada 24 Fruit Trade Conditions "Thousands of b;irrels of apples were left on the trees last fall. At present there is about two weeks' supply of this article in the chief Canadian cities." This statement was made by P. J. Carey, of the Dominion Fruit Division, when speaking at the re- cent annual convention of the Xorthumber- iand and Durham .Apple Growers' .Associa- tion. The chief cause, in his opinion, was that the growers who never paid any atten- tion to the marketing: end of the business were helpless when a buyer didn't come around to purchase the fruit. The old plan of depending: on the local buyer was Riving away to cooperative marketing. Conditions this year should accelerate the transition. Cheaper apples have resulted in an in- creased number of purchasers of apples. This could not help but create a stronger market in the future. The prospect of the export trade is not particularly bright, but the home market can handle all Canadian apples. The quality of workmanship shown in the pack has become poorer of recent years. This is perhaps also due to the fart that more inexperienced men are packing the apples. A neatly packed barrel is a great help in selling the fruit. It should be re- membered that over-packing is the chief complaint of the western buyer. When pack- ing for the domestic trade his rule is to fill the barrel to within one-half to one inch of the top of the stave. Proper rack- ing is ninety per cent, of good packing. British Columbia Packing Schools F. M. WiDtlow, B.S.A., ProviDcial Horticnltaritt Instruction in the packing of fruit under the Department of Agriculture of British Columbia is largely confined to apples, be- cause instruction in apple packing may be given during the winter months when the most capable instructors are free for such emplovment. The general principles of apple packing taught in the packing- schools reacts very favorably and immedi- ately on the packing of the other tree fruits of the same district. .\pple packing schools were first inaugu- rated by the Department in the early months of 1911. and thirteen classes were held. The course of instruction consisted of twelve lessons of three hours each in practical packing, and the number of pupils was limited to sixteen. The local organi- jation which arranged for the school, guar- anteed a minimum of twelve at a fee of three dollars each. The cost of the hall, its lighting and heating is usually borne locally, but the other expenses are carried by the Department. The three dollars fee from each pupil pays about two-fifths of the actual expenses of operation. The plan first of all in use ha.<: been retained since. In 1912, thirty cl.'"==''s wpre held; in 1913 fortv-on'e. and in 1914 thirty-seven. The demand for these instructions has not dropped off as was expected. This is partly icrounted for bv the continual progress being made in fruit packing with which growers desire to keep informed, arid part- Iv to the increasing standard of perfection of the instruction given by the Govern- ment packing schools. Pamphlet Number Nine of the Dominion Experimental Farm on "Hardy Roses," gives valuable information on rose culture. It is procurable free on application to The Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa. February, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 49 Planet Jr. HarrowWheel Hoe Planet Jr. tools save time, lighten labor, and get bigger, better crops at less cost. Designed by a practical farmer and manufacturer with over 40 years* experience. Last a lifetime, fully guaranteed. Planet Jr. 12-tooth Harrow, Cultivator and Pulverizer Stronger, steadier in action, and cultivates more thoroughly than any other harrow made. Non-clogging steel wheel. In- valuable to the market -gardener, trucker, tobacco, or small-fruit grower. No. 16, Planet Jr. Single Wheel Hoe, Cultivator,^ Rake and Plow ^%%^ The highest type of Single Wheel Hoe made. Light, but strong, and can be used by man, woman, or boy. Will do all the cultivation in your garden in the easiest, quickest and best way. Indestructible steel frame. 72-page Catalog (168 illnstrationt) free Describes 55 tools, includinjj Seeders, Wheel Hoes. Horse Hoes, Harrows, Orchard- and lieet-CuItivators. Write postal for it. S L ALLEN & CO Box 1 106G Phila Pa Write for the name of our nearest agency WE PAY HIGHEST PRICES FOR RAW JonnHALUM We receive more ship- ments of Raw Furs than any five houses in Canada ^ HALLAM'S TRAPPERS GUIDE Fre^ich or English HALLAM ' S TRAPPERS SUPPLY CATALOG (Illustrated) and HALLAM'S RAW FUR QUOTATIONS worth $50.00 to any Trapper WESELL ANIMAL kBAITTRAPS GUNSSc '^ LOWEST ^PRICES LIMITED Write To.d3y— Address Desk B66 TORONTO Now Is The Time of year to think about greenhouses. Spring will soon be here, the busy season for flower growers and the time for propagating. Perhaps you need more room — a rrew house. Perhaps your old ones need overhauling, heating or ventilating systems may be defective or out of date. Look over your plant carefully, and you are sure to see where it needs new life and improvements. Then get in touch with the Glass Garden Builders Limited. With all thoughts turned to the "Made in Canada" idea, it is well to know that it is entirely a Canadian Company. The members of the Company are men whose names are known throughout Canada as an assurance of the best workmanship and most modern design in greenhouse construction. The Company has already constructed houses for J. H. Dunlop, at Richmond Hill, and many smaller private growers. Upon request we will gladly furnish you with suggestions, plans, and estimates covering your requirements. Write us. GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, LIMITED Dept. B 201 Church St., TORONTO Wc Solicit Your Consignments Send for Shipping Stamp Good Prices Alvyays For Your Fruit and Vegetables OiJR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegretables, or g^eneral produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto markiet, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge, at SUDBURY, NORTH BAY, COBALT, COCHRANE AND PORCUPINE. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. Branch Warehouaes: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References! The Canadian Bank ol Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. so THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 19115 EUBOPEAN SEEDS K Order from ENGLAND NOW ELWAY'C QUOTE and CAN DELIVER ^^ Ani>e Canliflower Lucerne Rape Beet Celery Mattara Ratabga Cabbage Kale Pepper Spiaacb Carrot KobI Rabi Raddiib Turnip Vetcb and Flower Seeds If you have hitherto plnced your orders in other quarters. OUR PRICK under present circumstances, will compel you to buy from us. Please write AT ONCE while stocks last for immediate and later delivery : also on contract for next Fall. British Sailing to Canada continues all the time. KELWAY & SON, T..^\S' LANGPORT, ENG. GREAT CROPS OF STRAWBERRIES And How to Grow Them IS the moBt bpautifully illustrated and most com- plete striiwtH^rry book ever written. It tcachea the KelloiiA Way of doinfc thinits and tells the whole 8trawl>erry story from start to finish. It ex- plains how the famous Kellogff Pedigree plants are grown on the great Kellogg plant farms in Idaho, Oretfon and Michigan, and pictures and describes all the best varieties, including the ever-bearing kind. OUR FAMILY STRAWBERRY GAADEN Whether you have a small garden or a big farm, you should ktow your own straw btjrriea. Kellogg's Big Red Strawberry garden will produce all the de- licious Btrawberries your entire family can eat, sum- mer and winter. You can have shortcake, strawber- ries and cream, preserves, jam and canned berries the year round for less than one cent per gallon. Our book gives full information. STRAWBERRIES Yield more dollars p* i acre and givequickern - turns than any other crop. Get our 64-page book and learn The Kel- logg Way, and make $500 to $1200 per acre.TheBookisFREE. w ^ R.M.KELLOGGGO.Rbb Boi 570,Three Hinri, Micli ' '**' CENTRAL NURSERIES Etc. Have a Fine Assortment of Trees, Vines, Plants, Ornamentals, For Spring Plantinj^ Direct. For Satisfaction plant HULL TREES. Our prices are right and so are ttie trees. Send for new priced catalogue, also your want list for special prices on Apple Trees. Excellent quality, and at a ver>' reasonable price. Trees grown in Canada. Look over our price list. No Agents. A. G. HULL & SON - ST. CATHARINES, ONT. Good Crops Year After Year Wliat a difference that would make to many a farmiTs bank balance. Well, it's possible— and the SPRAMOTOR can bring it about. We are sole makers of the world's foremost Spraying Machines, the ^M It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless we made it in many styles and sizes, from $(i up. Send us particulars of your spraying needs and wc will for- ward by return mail, absolutely FREE, a copy of our valuable illustrated work on Crop Diseases, also full details of a SPRA- MOTOR that will best do your work. Write to-day : Made in Canaila. No IMiti/ to Pay. SPRAMOTOR WORKS, 2212 King St., LONDON, CAN. SEED WASTED, WHY? Because much seed sold is not carefully selected and is old. Our seed is all ^roum on our own grounds and is very careTully selected and tested by an expert. All our seed is 1914 pro- duction and we can guarantee a germination of over 95 , under proper conditions. TOMATO *'Gautby's Ideal"; a variety not yet introduced into Am- erica, but which has yielded us astonishing results. The fruit is perfect, smooth and does not revert to *'type." The plant is a great heat and drought resister and a heavy bearer. Many years have been spent in perfecting this variety. SWEET PEA All the leading varieties, and novelties not yet intro- duced into America; including Silver Challenge cup and Medal collection (England). Some varieties having three-fold standard I All Canadian grown seed and guaranteed true to colour. You will be astonished with the large and perfect blooms, and the shades of colour will delight. We have blooms from June till end of September, Packets 25, 50 and 75 cents Postpaid. VALUABLE PREMIUMS TO THE Further particulars, see cut etc., on page 37 o' this issue. Packet $1.00 Postpaid. MOST SUCCESSFUL GROWERS (Send for particulars with your order) (MARK WHAT YOU WANT BELOW) Sweet Peas Pkgs Silver Challenge or Medal Special. (Price and Number) • Ordinary Colours Tomatoe; just pit a mark opposite price.... tear this out, with your name and address below. .. .then pin necessary amount to same. Name Address T.>— HILLSIDE FRUIT FARM, Box 646, SIMCOE, ONT. Nova Scotia Problems* F. W. Bishop, President, N.S. Fruit Growers' A»oci*tioi Nova Scotia can and must produce bet- ter apples. Or, to put it another way, \ova Scotia must produce fewer poor apples and must cease altogether from ex- porting: inferior fruit. This is not a mat- ter of sontiment : it is a matter of busi- ness, of dollars and cents. We must begin at the bcjfinninjf to do thinjfs properly. We must exercise srreat care in the selection of our younjr trees. We must plant them in the most desirable locations and as they should be planted. Then we must take care of what we plant. Thrre are far too many neg-lected younjr orchards in Nov.t Scotia, k neglected or- chard is a public menace. We must learn how to prune, how to rspray, how to thin, amd not trust to haphazard methods, .^nd we must learn and should learn at once how to pick and handle our apnles. It would seem that we are so familiar with apples that we do not stop to realize what a delicate organism an apple is. It is not too extreme to sav that apples should be handled as carefully as esKgs, some varie- ties of apples even more carefully than epsrs. We are apt to hire a picker of apples and think we must rush him at top speed to <^pt the value of nur money. It is all right to try and make him work rapidly, but never, under anv consideration, allow him *r, sacrifice care for sneed. It doesn't pay. T earn to be "crankv" about the way your fn'it as handled. Get it to the warehouse in rverfect condition nnd don't be afraid to 'TQ into the warehouse occasionally and see that the careful handlinir is kept up. See thnt the barrels are well filled not over filled), see that they are well shaken down arid that careful, iu'licious pressure is ap- r)lied. Put un a kick if vou sep a head beine driven im with an adze or if you sro a barrel of apples thrown down roughly and eivei a kick which sends it spinning half the length of the warehouse. It will be these little exhibitions of carefulness amoip-st our growers that will help us to f-ompletp the conouest of the apple mar- kets and to hold the p-roumd we attain. T w.tnt to say something about the onck. ^* i<= imnrovin"'. The time was when Nov;i Scotians didn't have a good name as apple packers. Now only some Nova Scotia packers have a bad name. . Oftentimes thr bad pack is not malicious, but it is the rr suit of carelessness. W'e cannot be tof careful. The careless packer is unjust mo- only to himself but to us all. When a manufacturing concern finds that improved machinery and increased skill of its employees makes it possible to doubli its product that concern does not become alarmed, but goes out and m modern busi- ness style forces its way into new markets 1 and builds up and increases the demand! for its goods in the new markets. TheJ Nova Scotia apple industry is in the posi- tion of such a manufacturing concern. There is a great chance to increase th«[ demand of Nova Scotia apples in the ol^ markets and there are new markets to ' reached and developed. The question isl Whose duty is it to bring about that inj creased demand and to discover these men markets ? •Extract f'-om an addres"! delivered at the cent annual convention of the Nova 8coti| Apple Growers' Association February, 1915 THE CAITADIAN HOETICULTURIST Newcastle The following shows the work undertaken by the Newcastle Horticultural Society dur- ing- 1914 : The members were given flowers, fruit, btilbs and shrubs to the value of $1 each. Ordinarily they would pay at least $2 for them. We also distributed about 2,000 bulbs to our members. We planted one hundred trees on the streets. Around the public school were planted trees, and a Boston ivy vine. Shrubs and flower beds were planted at each of the three churches, and Boston ivy vine. Around the Seymour power house were planted some trees. three flower beds and some shrubs. Window boxes were placed on the post office windows. We held a school children's public mar- ket during the summer months every Sat- urday morning. The seeds were donated by Mr. R. S. Duncan, B.S..A., the District Representative. The children received their choice of either flower or vegetable seeds, raised the plants amd sold the pro- duct at the market, keeping the money so earned. The Society judged the things dis- played and gave marks for them. We had seventy-seven members last year, and held nine meetings, including three public meet- ings, which were addressed by Prof. Hutt, of Guelph, Mr. Geo. Baldwin of Toronto, and Mr. Starr of Whitby.— A. Coldwell, Secretary. ROSES ROSES Large assortment of beat rarietiee, none better, none cheaper, also TREES, SHRUBS, VINES, PERE.NNIALS. If not already on our mailing list, let us place you there, our new spring list will in- terest you. Ask for it. A. W. GRAHAM - ST. THOMAS, ONT. Paint Without Oil Remarkable Ditcoverr That Cots Down tke Co- ing. Will cut a limb of reasonable size anywhere between the tip and the tree without injury to the tree. Is durable and light, made of best material, adjusted for loner or short pole. Description and price sent on application. GEO. W. BULL, WIARTON, Ont. PRUNING With a FAVOKITE saw will save you a great amount of time and labor. Leading orchardists throughout the United States and Canada use them and say they are the handieet tool ever invented. For descriptive circular and prices write to our Canadian Agents, Jas. E. Johnson & Bros., Simcoe, Ont. Fruit Growers' Saw Co. SCOTTSVILLE, NEW YORK TilE twenty-second annual meeting- of the PoriiDloL'ical anil Fruit Growing Society of Quebec, was held at Mac- donald CollcKe in December. Among pnpcrs read and addresses given were the following: Distribution of Fruits, C. W. Baxter, Fruit Branch, Ottawa; Lessons from the 1914 Crop, Rev. Father Leopold, La Trappe; Transportation of Fruit, D. E. Mcintosh, Forest, Ontario; Life of Trees of Different Varieties of Apples in the Province of Quebec, W. T. Macoun, Do- minion Horticulturist; Public Handling of Fruit, F. W. Grindley, Fruit Branch, Ot- tawa; Inter-cropping the Young Orchard, Prof. A. MacLennae, Macdonald College; Commercial Lime-Sulphur and Arsenates of Lead, Mr. Newton, Montreal; Experi- ences with Fire Pots, M. E. Davis, Assist- ant to the Dominion Horticulturist ; Pre- serving our Surplus Fruit, D. J. Wood of the Quebec Department of Agriculture. The closing address was delivered by Mr. D. Johnson, Dominion Fruit Commis- sioner. In all the addresses the most salient point emphasized was the great need for more cooperative effort. Much evidence was available to show that the province of Quebec could produce large quantities of valuable fruit, more especially of the Fameuse and Mcintosh varieties of apples, and that to successfully market the pos- sible crops, cooperation was necessary. In the concluding address, Mr. Johnson traced briefly the history of cooperation in On- tario and offered suggestions for the or- ganization of cooperative societies. Efforts were also made to initiate coop- erative work with other societies, so as to secure the holding of a combined exhibi- tion in Montreal, and also annual meetings where each society could conduct its own work and hold joint meetings where general methods could be discussed. This was pre- sented in a motion by Dr. Harrison, prin- cipal of Macdonald College, and Rev. H. A. Dickson of Rectory Hill, Quebec: "That the executive be instructed to ascertain the possibility of bringing about cooperation with the horticultural, florists', and vege- table growers' societies of the province, with the object of holding a provincial Patented Tree Pruners Happy a^ Thought Orchard King Best in Quality. Easy to Operate. Strongly Made. MADE ONLY BY TAYLOR-FORBES COMPANY, Limited, GUELPH, Ont. Ask your Hardware Dealer for the TAYLOH-FOBBES kind flower, fruit, vegetable and honey show in the city of Montreal, similar to that held in Toronto." This proposition was strong- ly approved by the convention and the executive was instructed to take the neces- sary steps, and to prepare a report for the summer meeting. REBOLUTIONB Among the resolutions passed were the following: Whereas, the work in connection with better transportation facilities for fruit, carried on by the Ontario Fruit Growers' •Association, generously assisted by the Omtario Government, has been Dominion- wide in its effect, therefore, be it resolved that the Pomological anH Fruit Growing Society of Quebec desires to bring to the attention of the Honorable Minister of Agriculture and Mr. O. Johnson, Fruit Commissioner, the necessity of federal aid in furthering that work. Whereas, this Society approved of the terms of Bill 85 (respecting the transpor- tation of fruit and other produce) intro- duced in the last session of the Dominion Government by Mr. J. E. Armstrong, therefore, be it resolved that we urge the support of same by the several members of Parliament from Quebec constituencies. Resolutions of regret were also passed on the death of the late Alexander Mc- Neill and the late Dr. William Saunders. A feature of the convention was an ex- hibit made by the Division of Horticulture of the Central Experimental Farm, which included a large number of seedling apples originated and propagated by W. T. Macoun, and an exhibit of corn showing progress being made in the efforts to se- cure an early, hardy variety of sweet com. The officers elected for the ensuing year were: President, R. A. Rousseau, .Acton- vale; vice-president, Prof. Lochhead, Mac- donald College; secretary-treasurer, Peter Reid, Chateauguay Basin ; directors : G. B. Edwards of Covey Hill, C. E. Slack, Abbotsford, J. P. Hitchcock, Massiwippi, Rev. H. A. Dickson, Rectory Hill, T. A. Raymond, St. Vallier, A. Roy, L'Amge Gardien, F. T. Gosselin, St. Famille, Rev. Father Leopold, La Trappe, and R. Bro- die, Montreal. Making Peaches Pay At the recent convention of the New York State Fruit Growers' .Association, held in Rochester, N.Y., Senator Orlando Harrison of Marv'land, spoke on peach growing, and also expressed some original ideas about the conduct of agricultural colleges. He contended that the colleges do harm in this respect that the growers place too much de- pendence in them, and sacrifice their owti initiative. The parchment given the agri- cultural student at his graduation should, he contended, be withheld until the student has had three years' practical experience in state orchards and shown the practicability of his theories. I The epitome of success in making peach- 1 es pay, as given by Senator Harrison is : Right soil, sandy loam, timely pruning, opportune spraying with right materials, proper packing, fruit left on trees until ripe, full packages that are good froni top to bottom, placed on markets where high- grade goods are wanted. „ , • j "Keep culls out of the market," advised Senator Harrison. "In Maryland we urge the use of the soft fruit for Pies and sim- ilar purposes. This idea should be en- couraged by all horticultural bodies. i February, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 53 HARDIE DUPLEX POWER SPRAYER THE HARDIE SPRAYER known in every fruit section of America as THE SPRAYER WITH THE TROURLE LEFT OUT Hardie Sprayers are simply common sense applied in an uncommon way We iirst found out what a Sprayer had to accomplish to be perfectly efficient— next found out what interfered with securing perfect efficiency — and then removed the interfereoice. We knew when we did that and g-ot that fact before the growers, their common eenee, level-headed intelligence and good buying judg- ment would take care of our sa'es. More than 36,000 satisfied users have proved we were right. The Hardie line i8 complete, embracing a full line of Hand and Power Sprayers. Tha best grade of spra.r hose: brass and aluminum lined extension rods: nozzles and other accessories. For 15 years the word "HAl^DIE" has stood for the best of everything in Sprayers. The Hardie Power Sprayers are entirely tree from experi- mental risk and are made in several sizes and styles. They excell not in some little detail, but all the way through from the engine to the nozzle. FRA.MK:— High Carbon Pressed Steel, weight only 85 pounds. 10 times as strong- as common structural iron iised by others. TANKS:— 200 ffallon heart Cypress, the wood eternal. AGITATORS: — Rotary type running in bronze bearings, lubri- cated with grrease cups. ENGINE:— The Ideal, Type "M," without Question the best gasoline engine made in this country. Enclosed crank case. Manganese steel crank-shaft; ground piston; ground cylinder aJid ground rings; large Tungsten Steel Valves, easily sot at for regrinding: special sprayer Carburetor; High Tension Magneto. An engine of high efficiency. Especiall.v designed for spraying by E. E. Olds, the world's greatest gasoline engine expert. PUMP:— The Hardie PumM are made in several sizes. They are the lightest, and yet the most powerful pumps made: so simple and accessible that they cau be taken apart and put together again in a ver.v short time. Our pumps are coristructed of the very best material and workmanship. The plungers' are driven from a Manganese steel crank-shaft. All bearings are babbitted, except the bearings on the crank-shaft, which are phosphor bronze. We do not use set screws, but our gears, pulleys, etc., are fastened with Woodruff Keys They have large bell metal ball valves; plungers that run between two soft packings, which keep the metal of the plunger from coming in contact with the metal of the cylinder. Both our Triplex and Duplex Pumps are made in two sizes— 2 in. and 2% in. PRESSURE REGULATOR:— The Peerless Pressure Regulator used on our pumps is without Question the best device made for the regulating of the pressure. It not only holds the pressure to the dot, but takes the load off the engine when the nozzles are closed. ACCESSORIES:— Our Angle Cut Offs. Stay-There Hose Coup- lings, Spray Hose, Bamboo Kods and Aluminum Nozzles are all the best on the market. We carry in stock at Burlington a full line of these famous sprayers. Also a full line of spray hose, spra.v rods, and nozzles: engine and pump repairs, so that you can purchase a "HARDIE" and know that in ca*^e of an accident there will be no annoying delay in getting repairs. A Post Card will bring the complete Catalog of the HARDIE Line and prices THAT ABE RIGHT THE BIGGS FRUIT & PRODUCE CO. BURLINGTON ONTARIO 54 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 5 Fresh Vegetables From Your Own Garden make the meals so much more tempting — as well as much more healthful and less expensive. But of course for a really successful garden you need the very best seeds. So it's worth while to see that you get Ewings Reliable Seeds They have produced 44 success- ive erops in Canadian gardens and fields — they have rarely dis- appointed— and have so often pleased beyond all expectations. Write at once for our Illustrated Catalogue, and if your Dealer hsisn't Swing's Seeds, order from us direct. Th« William Ewing Go. Limited SEES MERCHANTS McGill Street Montreal Town Planning as means of Civic Improvement TOWN planning and civic improvement were one of the principal subjects discussed at the meetings of the Do- minion Conservation Commission, held in Ottaw.i during: the latter part of Januan.'. One of the most important addresses was delivered by Mr. Thomas Adams, town planning adviser to the commission. Mr. Adams, who is one of the best authorities in the world on town planning, said in part : "My short experience of Canadian condi- tions leads me to think that our chief diffi- culty in improving housing conditions and securing rational town planning will be caused by the system of selling, developing and assessing land which prevails in some parts of the Dominion, and which in the matter of feverish speculation has no par- allel in the older countries. Apart from that, our problem will be a comparatively simple one to deal with. LAND EVILS IN C.4N.*DA "The difference between the value of building lamd and agricultural land is greater in comparatively small towns on this continent than in more crowded and rapidly growing towns in Great Britain. Such high values encourage unhealthy con- ditions and tend to create and maintain slums. They help to lower production by keeping large areas of good farming land in idleness aroumd the fringes of our towns, and bv attracting men oflF the land during periods of boom. "The original owners of the land do not benefit as a whole from these hicrh values, ns it means that the money which is avail- able for investment in land is invested in restricted areas, and a large proportion goes into the pockets of speculators having no permanent interest in the use of the laind. The question of the valuation of land for ratintr purposes is rendered complex and difficult and the provision of improved and extended means of transit roumd cities and towns is discourasred. On all grounds the matter is one which' should be the subject of careful enquiry." MUNICIPAL DEPARTMENT Mr. Adams ureed the creation of a de- partment of municipal affairs correspond- ing with the local government board of Great Britain whereby the best expert ad- vice would be placed at the disposal _ of municipalities and expenditures on munici- pal projects and improvements would be subject to the approval of a central provin- cial department. In .Alberta such a depart- ment . already exists. Such a department is needed in the pro- vinces of Canada to secure uniformity of administration and procedure, the emplot- ment of skilled advisers, the linking up of public health, housing, highway, boundary extension and town planninfir administra- tion, the proper control of public utilities, the framing and application of sanitary and other bylaws on sound principles, wider powers to municipalities, amd the efficient and impartial presentation of municipal ac- counts. The need of city and town councils to proceed with the preparation of topographi- cal and detailed maps of their areas, was urged. In spite of the war, Mr. Adams be- lieves that town planning a.nd housing re- form should go on- — go on with even great- 'T vigor than heretofore. He said : "The incoming stream of emigration has practically ceased to flow, thereby tempor- arily suspending urban expansion ; we are face to face with a slump in real estate, and are free from the injurious effects of gambling in fictitious land values which characterize periods of boom ; and we have presented to us in an unusual degree the evils of bad housing conditions which show at their worst during periods of slackened employment. If only, sufficient attention can be diverted to the subject on the part of pubic men in the provinces and the cities, no time could be more appropriate for getting to work. "The work of town planning would be greatly facilitated and assisted if the com- mission were to have a collection of maps, plans, diagrams, etc., exhibited in different cities throughout the Dominion." Nova Scotia Resolutions At the convention of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' .Association, held the latter part of January, the following resolutions were passed : Whereas, recognizing the great work that is being done by G. E. Saunders at Bridge- town, in the Dominion Entomological De- partment in behalf of the Fruit Growers of Nova Scotia, and, Whereas, recognizing the inefficiency of the temporary building now in use. We recommend the Dominion Govern- ment to erect a permanent building for the carrying on of this work. .\ committee consisting of Messrs. F. H. Johnson, A. E. McMahon and Arthur Har- ris, was appointed to interview the Govern- ment regarding the procuring of a perman- ent entomological building for the Valley, as set forth in the foregoing resolution. Whereas, it is recognized that an oppor- tunity exists in Great Britain, to great increase the demand for Nova Scotia .t: pies. And, whereas, immediate action would take advantage of the great wave of Em- pire loyalty now in evidence. Therefore, Resolved, that the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association appoint a com- mittee of five with authority to collect a fund, and to cooperate with the Govern- ment {if thought advisable), and prosecute a vigorous publicity and sales promotion campaign in Great Britain. A resolution was also passed recommend- ing that the apple be selected as the nation- al dish of Canada. The treasurer's report showed the balance WISCONSIN INCUBATOR andBROODER ^^i^ ^13^ 130 Egg incubator 130(hick Brooder BOTH FOR [I &nd Duty PAID If ordered together we send both machines for only 113.90 and we pay all freig-ht and duty charges to any K. R. station in Canada. We have branch warehonses in Winnipeg', Man, and Toronto, Ont. Orders shipped from nearest warehousf to your B. K. station. Hot water, double walls, dead air space between, double glass doors, copper tanks and boilers, self-regulating. Nursery under egg tray. Especially adapted to Canadian cli- mate. Incubator and Brooder shipped complete with thermometers, lamps, egg testers —ready to use when you get them. Ten year ffuarantee^SO days trial. Incubators tln- ished in natural colors showing the high grade California Redwood lumber used— not painted to cover Inferior material. If you will compare our machines with others, we feel cure of your order. Don't buy until you do this- you'Usavemoney— Itpays to invest- igate before you buy. Remember our price of IIS.IW Is for both Incubator and Brooder and cov- ers freight and duty charges. Send for FREE catalog today, or send ia your order and save time. WISCONSIN INCUBATOR CO. Box 186 FREIGHT I Write Us Today-Oon't Delaf RACINE, WISCONSIN, U. S. A. ebruary, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 55 1 December 31, 1914, was $193.65, compar- 1 with a balance the previous December ■ $32.00. OFFICERS FOR THE ENStTINO TEAR President, A. E. McMahon ; vice-presi- snt, F. A. Chipman ; secretary, M. K. lis, assistant-secretary, F. W. Foster; easurer, G. W. Munro ; auditors, W. M. lack, J. Elliott Smith. Countv Vice-Presidents same as last year ith the exception of the following : Lunen- irg, J. W. Hebb; Yarmouth, H. W. Corn- g-; Ouecns, Jos. Smith. Executive Board— President, Vice-Presi- >nt. Secretary and Messrs. S. C. Parker, . L. Palmer, W. S. Blair and Wm. O'Brien. Publicity Committee — President, Secre- ,rv and S. C. Parker. Representatives to N. S. Farmers' Asso- ation— A. Fitzrandolph, Bridgetown, and . S. Shaw, Berwick. Committee to Work up Advertising Cam- ugn Fund— A. E. McMahon, F. W. Fos- r, S. C. Parker, E. H. Johnson, J. E. laffner. The sum of $15Ci.OO was voted out of the ssociation's funds to secure the services ■ P. F. Lawson to act as Secretary to the dvertising Committee. Niagara Fruit Growers The annual meeting of the Niagara Pen- sula Fruit Growers' Association was held iring January. President Brown in his Idress, referred to the absence of some ■ the directors iat the front. He referred 1 the success of Ontario apples at the New ork State Fair, and to the establishment ■ the Government pre-cooling plant and te Welch Grape Fruit Company, as addi- ons to the welfare of the fruit-growing dustry. Officers were elected as follows : : Presi- snt, R. H. Dewar; 1st vice-president, R. roderick ; 2nd vice-president, Hamilton leming ; 3rd vice-president, S. H. Ritten- )Use ; 4th vice-president, David Allan ; sec- tary-treasurer, Carl E. Fisher. It was decided to hold the annual conven- Dn on February 17, 18 and 19. A commit- e was appointed to prepare a program. Deering TiUage Implements WHEN disked with a Deering disk harrow the ground is so prepared that it stores away and holds the moisture from snow and early rains, liberating it to the roots of your growing crops at the time when they need it most. Deering disk harrows are built to do this work as it should be done. The frame is strong enough to stand up under the strain of penetrating and pulver- izing hard ground. The bearings are as nearly dust and dirt proof as disk bearings can be built. The full line includes every style of disk and smoothing harrow and the best line of drills and cul- tivators built. See the Deering local agent for full information about the line, or send to us for cata- logues. "The Disk Harrow," a book which illustrates and explains the proper preparations of a seed bed, and gives exairiples of the value of disking — 32 pages of valuable information — is yours for four cents to cover postage and packing. Write for it. Interaational Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At Brandon, Cnlcnry, Edmonton, Estevaa, Hamilton. Lethbridge, London. Montreal, N. Battleford, OtUwa, Quebec, Retina, Salkatoon, St. Jobn, Wincipeg, Yorkton PENNIES SEEDS ALWAYS GROW THE BEST VEGETABLES AND THE FINEST FLOWERS CANADA'S OPPORTUNITY— Every foot of fertile soil in Canada must be sown and cultivated to its limit this season. The world needs all the products of the soil we can grow during 191 5. While our supplies are large, we advise ordering seeds immediately in case of shortage, as the demand will be enormous. A Copy of Our New Seed Book- WE ARE AGENTS FOR : -FREE— write to-day Cyprus Incubators " and Brooders " Poultry Foods Cyprus Chick Food " Developing Food " Scratching Food Cyprua Laying Mash " Growing Mash Pigeon Food Short Cut Altalfa Zenoleum Disinfectant Pratt's Poultry Foods, etc. WM. RENNIE CO. LIMITED WRITE FOR PRICES Head Offices and Warehouses: Adelaide and Jarvis Sts., TORONTO BRANCHES : 190 McGill St., Montreal, Que. 1138 Homer St., Vancouver, B.C. 394 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Man. 5^' THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 5 Potato Profits depend largely on how the crop is planted. Every skipped bill is a loss in time, fertilizer and soil. Every double wastes valuable seed. It means $5 to $50 per acre extra profit If all bills ate planted* one piece in each. That Is why mHASE pUnters often pay for themselves In one season on small •creaze. They also plant straight, at rijht depth, 12 to 24 Inches apart. « With or wit Jinut lertilizrrr dis- tributor. Ask your dealer to show you this I'lanter and write us for booklet. I '100 Per Cent Potatc ^Planting"" The Bateman-wilkltison •..Limited. 46S3yniine- ton Ave., Toronto, Can. Brown's Auto Sprays Mean Big Crops Write' For - Free Spraying Guide Finer fniitfi, more, better vege- ^ tables. Auto Spray No. 1— here shown— destroys bugs, prevents blightaitd disease. 4 gal. capacity. Fast working, economical. Throws mist- like sprayor powerful stream. Cannot clog. 40 styles — hand or power. Get low prices -and valu- able Spraying Guide FREE. Address The E. C. Brown Co., 862 Maple SI., Rochester, N.Y. FLOWER POTS ^HtBESTMA"^ FOSTEP'S StandaRP POT We have a Large Stock of all sized FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS 44 AZALEA POTS and RIMLESS PANS Orders Filled Prom ply. Send f»r Pricte. The Foster Pottery Co., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. Catchy Apple Slogans Last fall prizes were offered in Calgary for the best slogans descriptive of British Columbia apples. Hundreds of witty say- ings and rhymes were handed in for con- sideration. The awards were as follow: First: "T-.C. apples for dessert Keep you healthy and alert." —J. G. Innes, 1413 Fourth Street, North- west, Calgary. Second : "Lots of apples, fewer ills ; Fewer apples, lots of pills." — -H. Seal, 707 Thirteenth Ave. \V., Calgary. Third: "An apple a day Keeps the body O.K." —Mrs. C. de Bruyne, 532 Twenty-third .Avenue West, Calgary. Fourth : "Eat B.C. apples, ripe and red. You'll still be here when the rest are dead." —Mrs. A. J. Sketchley, 113 Bellevue Avenue, Calgary. Fifth : "If healthy and robust you'd be. Call in 'Doc' Apple from B.C." —Maurice Spires, 452 Twenty - second Avenue, North-west, Mountview, Calgary. The judges exercised the right to make slight verbal alterations in some of the winning couplets. The general excellence of the contribu- tions will be gathered by the following ex- amples of slogans, that only missed win- ning prizes by narrow margins : "Nature's Health Insurance— the B. C. apple." "B.C. apples, heart's delight, good for breakfast, noon and night." "North and south, and east and west, B. C. apples are the best." "B.C. apples, red and sweet, cure all ills from head to feet." "Apples large and apples small, B.C. apples beat them all." "Apples that in B.C. grow, keep you well from head to toe." "An apple when I go to bed, this paints mv cheeks, the maiden said." "A B.C. apple every night, ensures a break- fast appetite." "Give the hard-worked 'Doc' a rest, eat B.C. apples, they're the best." "Eat more apples, Adam fell for them, why not you?" "An apple at morn- ing, at noon, and at night, makes young and old healthy and happy and bright." "If I could have but wishes three, they'd be three apples from B.C." "If you want rosv, red-cheeked tots, of B.C. apples feed them lots." "The luscious fruit that tempt- ed Eve, was a B.C. apple, I do believe. '| "See Rome and die, eat apples and live.' "B.C. apples, nature's best, will now and always stand the test." "Here's to the apple from sunny B.C., the best that's grown and M.I.C. (made in Canada)." "To rear a boy life's cares to grapple, spare the rod, but not the apple." Apple Trees for Highways A petition signed bv several thousand tax- pavers in Calhoun County, Michigan, was presented to the Board of Supervisors at their October session, asking that $1,000 be appropriated each year for the planting and care of fruit trees along the highways where State Reward Roads have been built This petition was endorsed by the Central Fruit Growers-' Association, the Horticul- tural Societv, and the Battle Creek Cham- ber of Commerce. The Supervisors author- ized a committee of three to recommend a practical plan of planting, and to suggest a variety of fruit trees that would be most ;;dvantageous to the climate. This plan of utilizing the land bordering the highways for the growing of fruit was suggested by the late C. W. Post, founder of the Postum Cereal Co., Ltd., of Battle Creek. His idea was not only to devise a means of beautifying the highways, but at the saite time produce a revenue towards the up-keep of the roads, as the fruit trees would soon produce a fund from the sale of fruit, and in time would be the means of furnishing fruit at a very small cost to the wage-earners in the district. The South American Market The apples sent by the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia last fall to the Argentine Republic have apparently made a big hit. The Buenos Ayrcs Herald has published some interestinar articles con- cerning them. One of these published under the heading "Trade with Canada Promises Well," reads as follows: "Judging by the success which has at- tended recent shipments of Canadian apples to Buenos .iXyres, there should be a big future before the fruit trade between this country and the Dominion. We have re- ceived a sample of a consignmesot of apples shipped to Mr. Brougham by the United Fruit Company of Nova Scotia, and no bet- ter fruit could be wished for, even from the famous orchards of the great apple- growing maritime Province. It is well graded, and packed with due care, the re- sult beine that it has arrived in first-class condition. In reckoning up its wealth th« Province of Nova Scotia counts among it< staples so many million barrels of apples and if the export trade in this fruit is vigorously pushed, so far as South .-Xmeric. is concerned, there is no reason why botl countries should not materially benefit- South America by obtaining regular sup plies of delicious fruit at reasonable prices and Nova Scotia by securing the monei that is available here for the right goods. ' Manitoba The annual volume recently issued by thi Manitoba Horticultural and Forestry Asso ciation is somewhat unique. In forme: years it was the plan of the association t( publish an annual report. During the pas year the association undertook to presen its members with an eight-page bulletii once a month, dealing in each issue witl timely topics in regard to tree, shrub fruit or flower growing. At the same t-"" extra copies of these monthly bulU were reserved to be bound at the end of .. year, together with a business report, inti an annual volume. The year 1914 has beei by all means the best year the associatioi has ever had, the paid-.up membership be ing now over the 200 mark. The secre tary of the association is Prof. Brodrick Manitoba Agricultural Society, Winnii who will be glad to communicate with . one as to membership or other hortu ul tural matters. i Farming in Nnva Scotia does not pi duce millionaires. As in the time of Lo^ fellow's Evangeline, the poor are still rid but when the war stress comes most farm can raise enough mixed produce to mak each farmer comfortable in the actus necessaries of life. The toast farms 1 rich fishing grounds, while the inland are well supplied with hay, grain, fiu. vegetables and poultry. Certainly meat i high, but pigs, cows and sneep are raise for sale, and in some old time farms th women still make the under-clothes fror the fleece of their own sheep, also sock and mittens. February, 191 5 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST The IX L Junior Automatic Power Sprayer Guaranteed for Five Years 100 gal. Sprayer is $150.00 ISO gal. Sprayer $160.00 200 gal. Sprayer $170.00 This Sprayer consists of a 2% h.p. Engine, Cy- press Tank, Gear Driven, Vertical Cylinder Pump, two 25-ft. Leads of Hose, two Variable Spray Nozzles. Com- plete in all detail THE JUNIOR was originally designed to meet the demands of the average farm or small orchard where an investment of from $200 to $300 in a large power sprayer was not thought advisable. It has however, in two years proven so efficient, so economical and so well adapted to large as well as small orchards that it has practically displaced large mounted machines wherever shown. In design it is simplicity itself, all unnecessary parts being eliminated. THE MOTOR. A 2J4 h.p. "Brownwell" air-cooled emgine. It is de- signed with g-Qod care and attention to detail. All the running parts being especially large and strong. All parts are made of the highest grade tool steel. It can be removed from the sprayer in 3 minutes by the removal of four bolts, thus being readily available for all farm work, such as cream separating, churning, pumping water, straw cutting. THE PUMP. Double cylinder, vertical, guided plunger type, driven with worm gears, running in oil. It is silent and smooth in action and ample in bearings. All valves are instantly accessible for removal or cleaning, and the simple pack- ing is indestructible. THE UNLOADING VALVE (Patented). Is absolutely new io principle, consisting of four parts only. It will not clog, and maintains a steady pres- sure. When the spray nozzles are closed it maintains the pressure as well as immediately relieving the engine of 90% of its load. AGITATOR. Belt driven, of the latest double-propeller style. TANK. Is constructed of cypress, furnished in 100, 150, and 200 gallon sizes. WEIGHT OF MACHINE. It weighs from 450 to 600 lbs., according to the size of the tank. It can be readily carried on a stone-boalt or light waggon. As it is compact and light enough to be handled by two men, it can be easily stored when not in use. PUMP CAPACITY. 5 gallons per minute. PRESSURE. It applies easily 1,000 to 1,200 gallons per day at a pressure of from 200 to 250 pounds per square inch. An absolute guarantee accompanies each machine. For full particulars write or wire The Canadian Sprayer Co. TRENTON - - - - - ONTARIO THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1915 FREE LAND FOR THE SETTLER «N NEW ONTARIO Million* of acre* of virgin •oil obtainable free and at a nominal coat are calling for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regula- tions, and settlers rates, write to H. A. MACDONELL Director ol Colonization P&rUamcnt Buildings., TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF Minister of Ag rloultnre Parliament Bldgs., Toronto DAHLIAS GROWN IN CANADA Ten siuiit prizi- winiKTB, Including tile famoiiM 'Jack IU)8o" and "Souvenir de Ous- tave Doazon' for 81.00. Fifteen cliolcc varie- ties, all correctly najned, $1.00. Twenty varietiee, all different. $1.00. Send for pncc list. G. L. DOUGLAS BUCTOUCHE, N.B. GARDENERS' GLOVES Sliei'B-sliin (,'loves, gleam and fireproof BKbestOH Un. Jiisl the riglit elove to protect your tiands during tlie spring work. . , ,n i_ „„• «« 10-in. Kloves. 50o. per pair, prepaid. 10-in. one lin- ger milt, 25c. per pdir ; 4 pairs $1.00, prepaid. 12- n. one finger mitt, gaunUet cuff. 40c. per pair, prepaid. •'/ have used Davidmn'^ glui,f„i and BECAUSE it keeps stock quarters hefhful and prevents infection and spread of disease. An ounce prevention beats a pound of cure any day. It not only pays to spray but it Pajs Jo do it thor oughlv, with first class machinery and with the right machine for each purpose. _ rnHHM SEffiE .'50 gallon capacity , . . . „ -i^-rrrc niimhpr (70) of are built with that choice in view— a large numoer w"^ s vies and combinations, most of which can grow to more convenknt and more efficient uses, and greater power, for future growth in your spraying operations. There are in this line Power Sprayers (50^ lOC^ 150 and 250 gallons). Horizontal Barrel Sprayers (20, 50 and 100 ^al ^sf Ver cal Barrel Sprayers (50 gallon, mounted or other- wise Buclcet, Knapsack and Hand Sprayers, and Traction Spravers for field use in row crops. Outside Pumps, high pressure, bronze ball valves, hemp packing, all parts easily got at, solutions touch brass parts only, thorough mix- ing a fine system of straining sediment, noz- zles that put the spray on as it should be and nozzle strainers for further protection— these things characterize Iron Age Sprayers through- out. We have agencies In all parts of the country with 100 gallon ^ ^ Intelligent dealers. See the nearest one Power Sprayer ^^«^ j ^j^ meantime write us for "Spray booklet arrt'o%''n^^zire? -d . spra^mg guide THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO., Ltd. 466 SymiDglon Ave., WEST TORONTO, 0»t. Traction Sprayer Over- Production a Possibility* D. Jokasoa, Demiaiaa Fmit Cominittieaer, Ottawa I travelled over all the fruit-producing districts of Canada during last year, and was aniazed at the huge plantings which exist. I knew before that Canada had some 29,000,000 fruit trees, but had never realiz- ed what these figures meant until I came in contact with the orchards, and it was pressed home to me that there was a day not far distant when Canada would be face to face with over-production. In the famous Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, not more than fifty per cent, of the apple trees are bearing, and those that are bearing are still young and far from yieldiing their maximum amount of fruit. In this valley apples are the main product of the land, and the good care that the growers are giving their trees assures us that Nova .Scotia will yet produce twice as much and perhaps four times as much before many years. New Brunswick is also planting, and on the sloping bank of the St. John River are thousands of acres of young or- chards that are not yet producing. Quebec is also forging to the front once more, and many acres of Fameuse and Mcintosh Reds are there found producing am apt)le of su- perb quality and appearance. CONDITIONS IN ONT.^RIO With conditions in Ontario we are all more or less familiar. We know that in some districts the plantings have greatly increased, while in others San Jose Scale has wiped the orchards out of existence. Nevertheless, the fact remains that one- half of our 10,000,000 apple trees are not yet bearing. It is only necessary to drive up and down the concessions north of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie and east of Lake Huron to be convinced that the orchards are just beginning to produce. British Columbia was a great surprise to me. I had often heard of the orchards there, but when brought face to face with them it was a revelation. I travelled hour by hour through solid orchards, kept in a state of perfection seldom seen in Ontario. It is true that they produced only some 1,000 carloads of apples last season, yet it is only the beginning, as two-thirds of the trees are under five vears of age and the other third practically only beginning to bear. The north-west States of Washing- ton, Oregon and Idaho are in a like posi- tion, producing now some 15,000 cars. Ln view of these facts, I can only ask you, as I have asked myself time after time; "What of the future?" I do not wish to throw cold water on the fruit-growing industry, but it is time for us to take stock of the future and see where we stand. Unless we can greatly increase consumption , there are enough fruit trees planted in Canada to supply its needs for many years to come. Let us take care of the trees we have, produce the finest grade we can, and I believe there is a fair return assured under normal conditions. Some will not agree with me ; they will say I am discouraging orchard-land booms and depressing the price of land. It may be said that we have many thousands of acres yet implanted. Nevertheless, my advice is to curtail planting until such time as the consumption of fruit increases to meet the plantings of the present day. If we are going to have two or three times as much fruit in the next ten or fifteen years as we have at the present time, it is going to take no prophet to tell the final outcome. •Extract from an addreee deliyered laet fall at a meeting of fruit growers in Lambton county, Ontario. February, 1915 -THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST The Law Covering Weights of Vegetables Attention is called to a recent amend- ment of the Inspection and Sale Act^ styled Chapter 36 of the Statutes of 1914, which came into force on the 1st of Januarv, 1915. Section 337 of the Inspection and Sale Act is repealed, and the following- is sub- stituted therefor : "337. — A bushel of any article mention- ed in this subsection shall mean, unless a bushel by measure is specially agreed upon, that number of Dominion standard pounds of such article which is shown in this sub- section opposite the name of such article : Weight in Dominion Article. Standard Pounds -Artichokes 56 lbs . . Beans 60 lbs . Beets 50 lbs. Carrots 5C lbs . Onions 50 lbs . Parsnips 45 lbs . Potatoes 60 lbs . Turnips 50 lbs. "2. — A bag- of any article mentioned in this subsection shall contain that number of Dominion standard pounds of such ar- ticle which is shown in this subsectiooi opposite the name of such article. Weight in Dominion Article. Standard Pounds Artichokes 84 lbs . Beets 76 lbs. Carrots 75 lbs. Onions 75 lbs. Parsnips 65 lbs. Potatoes 90 lbs. Turnips 75 lbs. Section 19 of the Amendment repeals Section 356 and the following is substitut- ed therefor : "356. — Every person who sells or offers for sale by the bag any of the vegetables mentioned in subsection 2 of'the section 337 of this Act shall, m case any bag of such vegetables sold or offered for sale by him does not contain at least the number of Dominion standard pounds required by the said subsection, be liable, on summary conviction, to a penalty not exceedimg twenty-five dollars for a first offence, and for each subsequent offence to a penalty not exceeding fifty dollars." Copies of the Act and of the Amendments may be obtained from F. C. O'Hara, De- puty Minister of Trade amd Commerce, Ottawa, Ont. PEERLESS PERFECTION is much heavier and stronger than common poultry I netting. Peerless Poultry Fence is built just like I our farm fence It is the best Canada Fence made by Canadians and sold exclusively in Canada. The Fence That's Lockeil Together It's close enough to keep small fowl in and strong' enough to keep large animals out. Securely locked together at each intersection of the wires. It's many times heavier and stronger than poultry netting, and being well galvanized, will last many years longer. Top and bottom wires are extra heavy. No top and bottom boards required. PEERI^ESvS Poultry Fence is built so strong and heavy, that but ,.alf the ordinary number of pasts are required. It gives you real fence service. Think of it— a poultry fence strong enough to withstand the combined weight of two big horses. And that without a top or bottom board either. If you are interested in such fencing, write us. Ajk for our literature. We also manufacture farm fence and ornamental gates. j^gfrits rtc-Lirh everyivhrre. Live agents wanted in unassiened territory. i THE BANWELL-HOXIE WIRE FENCE CO.. Ltd., - Winnipeg. Man., Hamilton. Ont. ^^d^^ ^ Spraying Apparatus from $6.00 Up We make the world-famous SPRAMOTOE, in many styles and sizes, to fit every need If you have felt the want of a SDrayintr outfit, you need a SPRAMOTOR— the machine that won 100 Gold Medals and First Awards all over the world. Here's a straight, free offer that puts you under no obligation whatever, and will benefit you. The VihmmotoP It isnt a SPRAMOTOR un ess we made it catalogue is published with a vahxable treatise on Crop Diseases, fully illtistrated. Write us, giying some partictilars of what you could use a spraying machine for. and we will mail the book at once, tosother with full details of a SPEAMOTOR l>e8t suited to yooir case. Don't tnit it oflf— write to-day. MADE IN CANADA— NO DUTY TO PAY. SPRAMOTOR WORKS, K?V^,.. LONDON. CAN. AT LAST ! Just the Outfit You arc Looking For The Most Practical, Efficient and Simplest High Pressure POWER SPRAYING OUTFIT ever offered "Goes Like Sixty" Light Weight High Pressure Direct Geared No Racking Pump Jack 100% Service Engine can be used for other work all the year round. Truck makes a capital farm wagon. Sills of channel steel, with steel platform. Da not buy a Sprayer until you have inutstigated the "Gaea Like Sixty" Power Sprayer. Sand for Sprayer Catalogue to-day. GILSON MFG. CO., 244 York St., GUELPH, ONT. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191 5 True to Name — Free Fron\ Disease Mr. Fruit Grower, you are looking for the best Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry and Quince Trees you can buy, Kelly Trees are sold at Growers' Prices Shipped direct from our own nurgeriee in Dansville, N.Y., and guaranteed sturdy, free from disease and True to Name. For 3S years we have had the name of know- ing how to srow trees risht. From eeed- ling to froiifht car we watch our own trees personally and know wo are shipping just what you order. We have an up-to-date nursery plant and can ship all orders promptly, as well as srow and ship at a low cost. We give you every advantage on price. Write for our catalogue TO-DAY, and get our prices. KELLY BROS. ^"^"'^JfJ^seHes 305 Main Street, DANSVILLE, N.Y. Voull nei'er rr^et planiing Kelly Trees, The South African Market for Apples D. McKibbin, Canadian Trade Commissioner, Johannesburg, S. A. Classified Advertisenvents AdTertlsements In this department in- serted at rate of 3 eents a word for each insertion, each flgrure, sign or singrle letter to count as one word, minimum eost, 30 eents, strictly cash in advance. REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit farms aepecialty. — W. B. Oalder, Grimsby. NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS. — Before biiyiug it will pay you to consult me. I make a specialty of fruit and grain farms.— Melvin Gaymau & Co., St. Catharines. ASK DAWSON, He knows. IF YOU WANT to sell a farm consult me. IF YOU WANT to buy a farm consult me. I HAVE some of the beet Fruit, Stock, Grain ajid Dairy Farms on my list at right prices. H. W. Dawson, Ninety Colborne St., Toronto. FOR SALE— CONSERVATORY, situate in the town of Owen Sound, in the County of Grey, and Province of Ontario, containing 6 acres of land, 3 greenhouses, 22^ ft. x 150 ft., fully equiappcd ajid in a splendid location. There is only one other florist in the town, which has a population of 12,000. For terms, apply to W. H. Smith, Owen Sound, Ontario. HONEY WANTED A QUANTITY OF HONEY WANTED— Montgomery Bros., Merchants, Deloraiue, Man. POULTRY FREE— We will give free to any person interest- ed in stock or poultry one of our 80-page illus- trated books on how to feed, how to build hen houses ; tells the common diseases of poul- try and stock, with remedies for same; tells how to cure roup in four days; tells all about our Royal Ihirple Stock and Poultry foods and remedies. Write W. A. Jenkins Mfg. Co., London, Oani>.da. MISCELLANEOUS 250 ENVELOPES printed with your name and address, 90o postpaid.— Pearl Card Co., Olinton- ville, Ot. THE experience of one of the largest of the South African importers of Camadian apples should be of value to Canadian growers and shippers of fruit. This dealer's first venture with Can- adian apples was made during- the South African War. The first shipment was a dead loss. The second was a little more encouraging. The third shipment netted a fair amount of profit, and his profits have increased with each succeeding year since then. In his first shipment he was guided by the advice of shippers catering to the London market; and his shipments were comprised largely of the far-famed Nor- thern Spies, Greenings, Baldwins, and Golden Russets. Although these varieties were in favor at Covent Garden among South African consumers they were not in demand. The opinion was expressed that the consumer was at fault and that "what was good enough for London was surely good enough for Cape Town." The Cape consumer should be educated to the super- ior merit of the Spy, the Greening, the Bald- win and the Russet. The second shipment, therefore, was again comprised principally of these varieties, together with a few bar- rels of Kings. Of this shipment the Kings alone were sold. The Spy soon spots and decays when exposed to the humid atmosphere of the South African ports. And in the dry at- mosphere of the up country markets it soon shrivels and depreciates in appear- ance. In a lesser degree the same stric- tures apply to the Baldwin. As for the Greening and Golden Russet, except with regard to the Canadian and American com- munity, which is very small in South Africa, these and other varieties lacking in color have no sale. Guided by this experience, the importer in question made up his next shipment for the most part of Kings, and, as already stated, made a fair amount of profit. His present shipments are comprised of King, Gravenstein, Mcintosh, Snow, Fameuse, Gainey, and Swaar varieties in barrels, half barrels and boxes ; and a few hundred boxes of Baldwins, Ben Davies, and Golden Russets for regular customers. This shipper inspects the fruit on t! trees in the maritime provinces as well ,^ rn Quebec and Ontario. He then buys only that which has been Government in- spected and selects the best quality, for which he pays the highest market prices. That he is able to do this is largely due to the fact that the apples can be landed in South Africa in prime condition, due to the excellent cold storage chambers with which the Canadian-South .African steam- ships are provided, and just at a time when mo other apples are on the market. Prime high-colored varieties of Canadian apples have an exclusive market in South Africa during the months of October, November, December, and the early part of January. The prices commanded range from thirty shillings a barrel at Cape Town to fifty- five shillings a barrel in Johannesburg wholesale. — best Man on the Farm To start the chores ahead of the sun, and keep the work ahead of the seasons — Big Ben. For a good full day's work according to plans, and plenty of time for din- ner— Big Ben. He will get you up and get you out — either way you say — with a steady calljor ten successive half- minute taps. His price is $2.50 in the States; $3.00 in Canada. If your dealer hasn't him, a mon- ey order to "Weslclox, La Salle, Illinois," will bring him to yoo postpaid. The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXVIII MARCH, 1915 Np. Irrigation : With Special Reference to the Skinner System p. M. Clement, Director Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station, Ont. THE practice of irrigation is not a something to take the place of the natural rainfall, but rather a sup- plement to it. Irrigation water must be as carefully conserved as natural water, or the cost of continual applications will be out of proportion to the returns. Water is essential to the growth of all plants. Sunshine, air, and plant food or soil are the other essentials, and if any one is lacking the plant will die. Where the annual precipitation is less than twenty inches, under average condi- tions of wind and sunshine, dry farming practice or irrigation methods are neces- sary for maximum yields. The annual precipitation in Ontario for fifteen years has averaged 30.75 inches, made up as follows : March, April and May, 7 inches ; June, July and August, 8.45 inches; September, October and November, 8.06 inches ; December, January and Febru- ary, 7.06 inches. The best growing months are the months of heaviest pre- cipitation, but still the rainfall is not heavy enough to allow for evaporation, seepage and run off after heavy showers and at tlve same time supply the plant. The rains of spring and melted snows of winter must be saved. .\n effort should be made to conserve to the fullest ex- tent in the soil the maximum amount of water favorable to plant growth. The rains of summer- will supplement this and irrigation water will supplement still further. The Skinner system is an expensive 'one to install, and consequently can be used most successfully only with crops that lend themselves to intensive cul- ture. Some crops, especially truck crops, require more water than others, even more than nature can supply where the best methods of conservation are prac- tised. Celery and other truck crops stand first among the vegetables and strawberries rmiong the fruits. 'Jhe Skinner system being an overhead sys- tem constructed so as to imitate to some extent the natural rainfall necessitates considerable initial outlay. The water must cither Ise elevated to a high rc- sx;rve tank and the supply taken from I here or sufficient pressure must \ie maintained by the pump to ensure a steady flow. Our supply is taken from the farm water system, which is connected v.ith a large underground air pressure tank. The pump, when running steadily, is capable of lifting seventy-five barrels of water per hour and maintaining a uni- form pressure of thirty pounds. This continued for ten hours will supply ap- proxiniately 750 40-gallon barrels, which is a little more than an inch of water to the acre (acre-inch). With thirty pounds pressure, the nozzles will throw a stream of water about thirty feet on a still day, where it breaks and falls like rain. The laterals are consequentlv put at sixty or less feet apart. F'ifty feet is a good average distance. By watching regular- ly and regulating the direction of the water, the whole area may be covered uniformly. COST OF INSTALLATION The total cost of installing the Skinner 'system will vary according to the dis- tance apart the laterals are placed, the materials used for uprights, the size of the underground pipes, etc., but it may be expected to cost anywhere between two hundred and twenty-five and three hundred dollars an acre. This is exclu- sive of pumping plant and mains leading to the system. The one at Vineland cost approximately two hundred and fifty dol- lars an acre, exclusive of labor to install. The following is a detailed outline of the materials used. Tliis does not include labor or freight on the materials: 368 fe«t Z-iii. pipe galvanized under ground at $12.06 per C $44. J8 72 feet IVi-in. uprights at $9.45 per C. 6.80 576 feet 1-in. uprights at $5.78 per C. 33.29 1152 feet 1-in lengths at $5.78 per C. 66.58 -$151.06 288 nozzles at 05c each— 50% duty ....$18.72 9 patent sieve unions at $2.40 each— 30% duty 28.08 72 hangers at .18c each— 30?i duty... 16.84 1 gate valve. 2-in., at $3.80 3.80 9 small valves for end upright at $2 60 . . 23 40 9 elbows' aJid 9 T (20 Ite.) at .190 per lb 3.80 9 bags oement at .40c each 3.60 98.24 $249.29 Some precautions are necessary in ap- plying the water. So far we have had no loss or injury from applications made during the day or in direct sunlight, but we have had loss from over-application. A heavy shower directly following an application of water may cause some in- jury. This was the case with some to- mato plants last year. It is well to make a good application, say one inch, and then do not water again until the soil begins to dry. A small quantity each day only tends to keep the leaves and plants moist and develop disease without being in sufficient quantity to penetrate the soil. Do not, however, let the soil become too dry ; water pene- trates and spreads through the soil much more quickly when it is fairly moist. A pail of water spilt on dry dust mulch The Skinner Irriiration System, as u«ed at Tlir Vnn-larjil (Ont.) lixin-i imtiil biatii)n. is hero shown. The soil is ribbed for earlj, cultivation. In tlic Imckground may be seen the< cherry orchard and Lake Ontario. 57 S8 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191 5 Extending the Niagara District: Peach Tree* on Farm of Peter Hartley, near Milton, Ont., Halton Country Notice the low headins and that strawberries are intercropped. does not penetrate readily, while on a moist surface it is absorbed almost im- mediately. It is well to have the land thoroughly underdrained so that surplus water may drain away quickly. A beginning has been made in this work at the Vineland Experimental Farm, where almost three acres are under this system of irrigation. Besides the vegetable crops, we have growing under it strawberries and raspberries. Check plots are grown on adjoining land, and it is hoped that in the course of a few years we will be able to work out something definite regarding the pro- fits of this system. Methods of Fruit Culture that are Successful p. £. Ellis, B.S.A., Peterboro, Ont. NIAGARA and fruit culture were at one time always spoken of toge- ther. The area where small and teiKler fruits could be grown success- fully on a commercial scale was sup- posed to be limited to small sections of Wentworth and Lincoln counties. This district still holds first place for quan- tity of fruit produced, area considered, but many new sections in Ontario are claiming merit as fruit growing districts. Sections of Essex, Lambton and Huron counties have shown that they can grow tender fruit suc-cessfully. StilJ another such district is located around Dixie, a few miles east of Toronto. Whole farms are there planted out to fruit. Still fur- ther west, near Milton, however, look- ing from a Canadian Pacific Railwav train, one would never dream that they were within easy driving distance of a small community, which, though limited m extent, is being developed rapidly as a fruit-growing district. Four miles from the Milton Station, near the Milton Mountain, is located the home of W. J. Hartley, of Sunnyside Fruit Farm, the leading fruit grower of this district. Mr. Hartley has 100 acres m fruit of many varieties. Cherries, peaches, and apples are' grown exten- sively and successfully. All of the small fruits are gnma by the acre. The number of pickers during the busy season sometimes mounts up to three score. The Hartley fruit farm deserves to be numbered among the most exten- sive fruit farms in Ontario. Still another extensive fruit grower in this district is Mr. Peter Hartley, a bro- ther to Mr. W. J. Hartley. On the oc- casion of a visit last summer, I found Mr. Peter Hartley's farm to consist of one hundred acres of sandy loam, the soil which he considers is best adapt- ed to general fruit farming. When the present owner took charge, some seven- teen years ago, it was an ordinary stock and general farm, with a few apple trees near the road. Mr. Hartley was quick to see the fruit producing possibilities of his district, and he gradually increas- ed his fruit area until now the major portion is in small and tree fruits. He still milks six cows raises a few litters of pigs a year, but these are just rem- nants of the farm as it once was. Mr. Hartley was away from home when I arrived, so I started back through the farm to investigate for myself. A view of the Hartley farm that one secures from the road gives a false im- pression of the real scale of the fruit plantation. Half way back is a steep embankment and a beautiful grove of trees. Back through this grove is the main plantation of small fruits. Here were thirty acres of sandy loam with a gentle slope to the south protected on all sides by mature trees. It was an id'-al situation. There Miss Cora Hart- ley, her father's "right hand man," was found directing a small army of pickers. Having been regretting Mr. Hartley's absence it was a pleasant surprise to find that Miss Hartley seemed to know all details of the business. They had just finished strawberry picking for the day, and the desirability of the various varieties of strawberries first came up for consideration. THE STEAWBEREY PLANTATION "Altogether we have seven and one- half acres in strawberries," said Miss Hartley. "We recommend the Early Michael for a first early lierry. We have tried the Betterwood quite extensively, but do not care for them. They are a nice looking berry but too soon. Pear- son's Beauty is our favorite late variety. The Williams is a prolific bearer, but it has a green top that does not appeal to customers, and makes it a poor preserv- ing berry. We also favor the Glen Marys." TWO OaOPB OF STRAWBEEEIE8 In one respect the manner in which the Hartleys manage their strawberry crop differs from methods in most other commercial plantations. They take two crop of berries from the one patch. In the second year from setting and as soon as the first crop is taken off, they plow up close to the rows and cultivate. Run- ners are sent out, new plants established and, Miss Hartley, informed us, frequent- ly the second crop is larger than the first crop. Still another quirk in the Hartley management appealed to us as being un- usual. As soon as the second crop of strawberries is taken off the plantation is plowed and planted to late potatoes. The soil following strawberries is always rich and in good tilth and a good crop of potatoes is harvested. Hence the Hartleys get three crops from their plan- tation in three years, two of strawber- ries and one of potatoes, instead of only two crops of strawberries in three years as is usually the case. Another source of income from the strawberry planta- tion is the sale of plants in the spring. This source of revenue balances the ex- pense for new plants ; the Hartleys try to change plants each year as they find that the Williams particularly plays out soon. They aim to get their new supply of plants from a farm with a heavier soil than their own. Raspberries are perhaps the most important crop. They have twenty acres. Early Marlborough for early pick- ing and Cuthberts for late. There is a small plantation of thimbleberries, but March, 191 5 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 59 these have not wintered well. At present Mr. Hartley is experimenting with the Early Herbert, which his brother Wil- liam of Sunnyside Farm has found to be earlier and hardier than any of the standard varieties. At the time of our visit the raspberries were just starting to ripen. We re- marked that there would be much pick- ing to be done next week, and asked where the pickers came from. "Oh we have little difficulty to find pickers," was the ready response. "They come from all directions. We have forty that we can call on at any time. Next week we will have over fifty pickers here. We send a team to Milton and bring a load of children from there. Then there are always pickers available in the families of the men who work in the neighboring brick yards. The farm children around, too, like to make a little money picking for us." For cherries the pickers are paid 15 cents for an eleven-quart basket, and one boy has picked as high as seventeen baskets in a day. Strawberries are paid for at the rate of one cent a quart, raspberries two cents, and black currants two cents. Once a raspberry plantation is es- tablished, the Hartleys plan to carry It on for many years. Last spring, for instance, they plowed down a plantation that had yielded fourteen crops. The old canes are cut out each year in Decem- ber or the early spring and all grass is cut away with a raspberry fork. Both strawberries and raspberries are fertiliz- ed with barnyard manure and with com- mercial fertilizer. This year only part of the raspberry plantation got an ap- plication of commercial fertilizer. "I believe that that portion looks twice as good as the unfertilized part of the field," said Miss Hartley. THE TBEE FRUITS Having examined the thirty acre fruit plantation we then passed back to the front of the farm where are all of the tree fruits. Of these, cherries take the place of first importance. The major portion of the plantation is six years old. Having been well cultivated and fertiliz- ed from the first they have made a splen- did growth, and this year yielded four baskets to the tree. Speaking of var- ieties Miss Hartley said: "I heard fa- ther remark that if he were putting out five hundred cherry trees, four hundred and ninety-nine would be Montmorency, and he did not know but what he would make the last one Montmorency too," which would seem to indicate that the Early Richmond, which is also grown, has not proved as profitable a variety as the Montmorency. In addition, there are a few trees of sweet cherries, but these do not yield as profitable crops as the red ones, even when the higher price is considered. The small fruit plantation consists of five hundred bushes of black currants, planted six feet apart each way, and about two hundred bushes of red cur- rants. These latter are not considered so profitable as the black, as the price is always low. THE PEAOH ORCHARD To the casual visitor the most sur- prising part of the Hartley operations is their peach orchard. They have a nice young plantation of five hundred trees of Early and Late Crawford and Elberta. The plantation is too young to produce crops as yet, but the' Hart- leys believe that they can make peach culture profitable. Mr. Wm. Hartley has been growing peaches for many years on his farm a short distance away and has harvested many profitable crops. Another money-making crop with the Hartleys is potatoes, of which they last year had fourteen acres. Their potato planter has a fertilizing attachment ; the Hartleys are large users of commercial fertilizers. This year they found it so profitable to rent their planter to neigh- bors that another year they are plan- ning to get a second one for their own use and rent the one they now have. A digger is owned on shares. Cobbler and Snider 's Early are the early varie- ties preferred, with Dooley's and Rural New Yorker for late. "And how do you like fruit farming?" we asked Miss Hartley. "There's nothing like it," was the enthusiastic response. " I wouldn't chang-e to the city for anything." . Mr. Hartley's success as I see it lay in his ability to see the possibilities of his farm and district. He has developed gradually and surely until now he has a farm profitable enough to ensure him a good living and more to him and his family for the rest of his days; and he does not consider himself an old man by any means. One point he emphasizes —the necessity of capital for the young heaTily ladeD buab of black ourrants Hartley is shown m the third «oene. holdluif a THE CANADIAN TTOT^T 1 C TM>'r l" R I ST March, toi:; An inexpensive, easily operated spraying machine suitable for use in small orchards.— The E. C. Brown Co., Rochester, N.Y. man, or the old man either, who Ls mak- no.se down to the grindstone. With ing a start at farming. He believes capital to start he believes farming to that without it a man must keep his be the choicest of all occupations. Fruit Tree Grafting for the Amateur John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. GRAFTING is usually performed in the spring, about the end of March or earlier if there are signs of spring influence. Grafting is simply the transfer of a shoot carrying several buds, from one tree to another; and this opera- tion may be performed by the amateur with ease if only a little care is exercised. riiere can be no question as to the utility of grafting, for by its aid a poor class of apple or pear may be trans- formed into one which is good. The first point in successful grafting is to secure an intimate union of the parts — not a mere sticking together, but an absolute union. In all methods of grafting the shoot to be transferred is called the scion, and the tree which is to receive it is called the stock. It is of the utmost import- ance, when cutting scions, to select only from trees which \\-avc the desirable characteristics most strongly marked, and by .so doing the individual may greatly iinproxc his plantation by top- grafting with scions from a tree having the desired qualities. It is essential that the cambium layer — that is, a layer of tissue formed between the wood and the bark — of the scion and stock be in contact on at least one side. F'rom this layer, .the new cells are form- ed, which through time unite the parts and cover the wound. It is always ne- cessary to cover the wounds made by grafting to pr<'vont the entrance of rot- B A. Tong-ue grafting, scion and stock prepared. B. Same placed together. 0. Tied. producing spores, and for this pur|K>se wax is used. There arc two simple methods of top- grafting, namely, tongue and cleft graft- ing. Tongue grafting is practised upon young trees and small branches, while cleft grafting is generally performed on branches from one to two inches in dia- meter. In tongue grafting the stock is <-ut with a bevel alxnit one inch long, and the scion cut to fit that tx:\cl. Both bevels are out into slightly and the tongue of one fitted into the other. The cambium layers must be in contact on one side at least. .After the scion is set, the wound should Ix; covered over with wax to exclude the air. When cutting off large branclK's for (left grafting, it is always a good idea to make a second cut, making the first cut five or six inches above the position chosen for the scion. Then cut off the remainder at the desired place, and thus avoid the danger of tearing the bark. 1 I ' .\. C'eft grafting, splitting tile stock. B. Scion. C. Scion inserted in cleft of stock. D. Grafting. chisel made from an old blacksmith's file. ^^'ith a grafting iron or chisel split the branch just far enough to admit the scions, .\void making too deep a split, as this tends to weaken the stock, and the scions will not be held sufficiently firm. It is well not to graft two hori- zontal limbs, one directly above the other, as the tendency of new growths is upward, and the growth from the lower one will come in contact and in- terfere with the other. In branches other than those growing directly upright the split should Ix; made parallel to, rather- than at right angles to, the ground. The scion should l>e made wedge-shaped, with bevel about one inch long, starting at each side just at the base of a bud. Make the scion three buds long, cutting off just ;ilx>ve the third bud. It should be cut a little thicker on the side next to the bud, so that the stock may pinch tightly on that side to ensure a close contact of the cambium layers. Open the cleft with the wedge end of the grafting chisel and in.sert one or two s<-ions, as may be thought necessary. Place the lower bud of the scion to the outside. The scion must not be forced down, but open the cleft with enough leverage on the chi.sel to admit the scion freely. Setting the .scion with the top pointing slightly outward guarantees contact in at least one point. Use graft- ing wax to cover all wounds. March, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 61 Cherry Grooving Practices in Quebec Province^ Rev. Father Leopold, L& Trappe, Que. NOT as many cherries are grown in the province of Quebec as for- merly. Why is this? Have the varieties proved less hardy for our severe climate? I do not think so. It is my opinion rather that we have simply ne- glected to replace the old cherry orchards as their days of existence expired. The cherry tree is, as you know, a short- lived tree compared to the apple and pear tree. Yet the good crops we can get every second year should be a safe rea- son to move us to plant more cherry orchards as in the days gone by. We still find cherry trees flourishing away below Quebec in our most severe win- ters. Cherries are divided into two groups : The sweet and the sour cherry. Sweet cherries are very popular on the markets in Montreal ; but unfortunately, we can not grow them in Quebec. They are somewhat exacting in soil and climatic conditions; in fact, the sweet cherry will not stand extreme cold weather, and when subjected to it, the tree often cracks open and is easily winter-killed. However, in our orchards at La Trappe we succeed in getting a somewhat good stand and fair crops from at least one variety, and that is "Imperatrice Eu- genie." There is no mistaking this var- iety for a sour cherry, as its tall, erect growth identifies it easily with the sweet cherries. Another reason why we can- not grow the sweet cherry in the pro- vince of Quebec is because the sweet cherry trees are early bloomers, and therefore are very subject to early spring frosts. They are thus easily damaged. The sweet cherry prefers a light warm loam. It does not like wet feet, nor does it thrive as the pear in a stiff clay loam. On the other hand, we must avoid too gravelly or sandy soils, as such soils have a tendency to bring on an early bloom in the spring. The sap is also brought into activity too soon, which, with our cold here, is sure to have dis- astrous consequences upon the trees. If we can not grow the sweet cherry, we can produce a good number of varie- ties of the sour type with ease. I do not think that even the sour cherry is grown extensively in Quebec on a commercial basis. But in nearly every orchard we '•an find a few solitary trees that produce well if they are given a little care to pre- vent them from getting "gummosis" or the black knot. With the establishment of canneries, the growing of a considerable area of sour cherries would be a very profitable industry. There will always be a steady demand for canned cherries. Besides this we can always depend on being able to sell our cherries for remunerative prices on our local markets for home consumption. From the small number of cherry trees grown in Quebec it is hard to say what areas would be more especially adapted to the fruit. However, we are sure of this, that the sour cherry will outlive the sweet cherry here, as it is much hardier. It stands much more cold and frost in winter and in the spring. Rainy wea- ther does not seem to damage the blos- soms to such a point as with the sweet cherry. The cherry tree will thrive on the lighter, well-drained loams. This fruit likes an elevated, naturally light, dry, loamy, retentive soil. The sour cherry tree will stand a heavier soil. The management of a cherry orchard is somewhat similar to the apple orchard. I would advise clean tillage until about the time the fruit is picked. In tilling young trees not yet bearing, I would see that ample time is left after the cultiva- tion is over that the trees may mature and season their growth before winter. As the sour cherry tree does not make a very large tree, I would advise plant- ing it sixteen and one-half feet each way, thus making one hundred and sixty trees per acre. I would not attempt to set out anything, but a strictly first-class tree, as all others are too expensive. I pre- fer setting out a tree with a two years' growth from the bud, having the four or five main branches as low as possible, consistent with economical tillage and handlinig of the orchard. Trees headed low are grown usually in the rare or open type. By heading back the trees now and then we prevent their, becoming too high before they come into fruiting. Many leading cherry growers advocate pruning the cherry tree very slightly and in our province subject to severe winter weather, it will be well to delay the pruning until spring, but before the sap is moving strongly. Cherry trees in Quebec are mostly pro- pagated by budding in August on Pnunus Mahaleb or Mazzard stock. Attempts made to propagate the cherry tree on the Choke Cherry (Prunus serotina) prove to be failures, the sorts being too dissimilar in their natures to favor a union. Where- ever it is possible to grow them I would recommend budding on Mazzard rather than on Mahaleb, though the latter is more widely used by nurserymen, as it is easier to bud and free from leaf blight in the nursery row. The Mazzard forms a belter root system, stronger union, a longer lived tree, and is sufficiently hardy. Biudding is perhaps harder to accom- plish successfully than with plum, and certainly harder than with apple, pear, _and quince stock. After trying both me- thods, I find that success will be found to depend largely upon cutting out with the bud a larger portion of the wood than is common with budding other species of fruit. Take out this wood deftly with the point of the blade so as to leave as large a surface of cambium layer in contact with the stock as possible. In this operation I have lost comparatively few cherry buds. Cherry trees can be top-grafted suc- cessfully. This sort of graft will suc- ceed without any difficulty, if it is per- formed early in the spring before the slightest swelling of the buds, and be- fore even the frost has disappeared from •Extract from a paper read at a meeting of tine Quebec Pomoloeical Society. filkraylns potatoea and boys cultivating in the Irish Boys' Home, Hespeler, Out. —Photo by E«T. G. W. Tebbs. 61 THE OANABTAN HO RTT C TTT-T TJRTST March, if>r^ Tomatoes erowine up the side and roof of a greenhouse. Notice the strong stems and large fruit. —Photo from H. S. Hodg<>a, Simooe, Ont. the ground. After this period difficulty will be experienced. I would recommend the following sour varieties, as they are well-known and succeed in many places in the province. We grow them at La Trappe : Early Richmond, Montmorency, Eng- lish Morello, and Louis Philippe. The two first varieties are light red in color, with colorless juice and flesh. The two last are of a darker color and have a darker juice. They are more subject to leaf spot, which is very often serious, especially where the trees are on low ground and the weather damp or wet. Early Richmond and Montmorency ripen early and are comparatively free from the leaf spot, but Louis Philippe and English Morello are more firm and stand shipping better. Besides these four varieties I would recommend, in colder regions, the fol- lowing, which are very hardy: Orel, 24 and 25, Vladimir, Minne.sota Ostheim, Cerise d'Ostheim, and the old "Cerise de France." The cherry is a profitable crop, as we netted this year one dollar twenty-five cents per crate of six gallons, all pick- ing expenses paid, counting from sixty- five to seventy-five cents for the picking. The Use of Fertilizer S. H. RittoilMaie, Jordan Harbenr, 0«t. To fertilize our strawberries we plough down a clover sod in the fall and cover It with stable manure during the early winter months previous to planting the following spring. This system has given us excellent returns. For a couple of seasons we have been getting good results from tomatoes through the use of commercial fertilizers. Naturally it requires more intelligence and careful observation to get profitable results from commercial fertilizers than in the luse of stable manure. We will be forced to change our plans in the near future because of the scarcity of the manure. I look upon the clover crop as indispensable in keeping up fertility. Intercropping Young Orchards* W. T. MacoDD, Dsminion Horticaltnriit IT costs a considerable amount to bring an orchard into bearing. The price of land, cost of trees, their planting and care, and interest on money invested must be considered. To offset this it is important that we get some income from the land while the trees are young. For the average farmer a three-year rotation, consisting of grain, clover and potatoes, is probably the best. Manure should be applied to the clover in the fall. If the land is in good condition., potatoes can be planted oftener. No matter what crop is grown, a strip four feet on each side of the trees should be left. It should be kept cultivated and seeded to a cover crop at the proper time. A good growth should be obtain- ed in the trees every year. The strips should be increased as the trees become larger. When planting potatoes, it is well to remember that the source of the seed is almost as important as the variety itself. Potatoes from districts where the pota- •Ertraot from an address delivered at the annual meeting' held in Port Hope, Ont Jan. 27th, of the Northumberland and Durham Fruit Orowen' Asaooiatloii. toes keep on growing until the frost kills the top make much better seed than those from parts of Ontario where the tubers are prematurely ripened by the tops dying in hot weather. The latter seed is much weaker in vitality. In ex- periments conducted at the Ottawa Ex- perimental Farm, it was found that a crop three and one-half times as large was obtained from western grown seed as was given by seed obtained where hot summers are the rule. These results are from an average of eleven varieties. Late planted potatoes will keep on grow- ing until the frost and make better seed than early planted potatoes. These im- mature potatoes will not sprout as early in the spring, and on this account also make better seed. An average increase of ninety-four bushels an acre was obtained from plots sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture over unsprayed plots at Ottawa. As an in- secticide, a mixture of Paris green and arsenate of lead in the proportion of eight ounces of Paris green and one and one-half pounds of the lead to forty gal- lons of water, has given the best results at the Experimental Farm. The Paris green kills more quickly than the arsenate of lead, but the latter adheres longer. The good qualities of the two are obtained in the mixture. The great- est development of the tubers takes place in the latter part of the summer. If the potato tops can be kept green through- out September, a large crop is assured. Good varieties for the main crop are : Gold Coin, Green Mountain, and Car- man No. I. For the early crop, Irish Cobbler, Rochester Rose, and for extra early the Early Ohio give good results. The last-mentioned variety is a rather light cropper. Davies Warrior is a promising new sort. Another good crop, where the soil is of a warm nature, is field beans. They are now selling at a high price, and are likely to be higher next year. It is very important that no crop that will injure the trees in any way should be planted. Corn, for instance, shades the trees and often causes them to keep on growing too late in the season. The little money to be obtained from an inter-crop will not pay for the injury to the trees. When the land is prepared for straw- Ijerries we use binder twine stretched from one end of the field to the other. A man goes along this binder twine and digs about six inches deep, pressing it over. A boy follows with a basket of fifty plants on his arm with the roots loosened. He shakes the roots out and drops them down the back of the spade, which is held by the man, who draws his foot away and packs the soil firmly about the roots and be careful not to cover the crown. — W. J. Kerr, Ottawa, Ont. March, 191 5 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 63 Fruit Improvement Through Bud Selection" L. B. Scott, Bureau of Plant (Continued from SHORTLY after the beginning of the efforts to improve fruit through bud selection, Mr. A. D. Shamel started some preliminary observations with peaches at South Glastonbury, Conn. Our plots include Carmen, El- berta, J. H. Hale, and Belle of Georgia. Similar variations were found as in the citrus trees, varying from absolute bar- renness to very great productiveness. These differences were consistent from year to year. Work also was started in the J. H. Hale apple orchards near Seymour, Conn. Because of limited time, these trees were not picked, but the crop from each tree was estimated each year. Cer- tain trees were found that were consist- ently heavy producers each year, others that bore a large crop in alternate years and still others that were consistently poor producers each year. It seemed worth while because of the self-evident fact that there was a marked variation among trees of the same var- iety in deciduous fruits, to secure more detailed information on this point. Ac- cordingly, after a survey of a number of apple orchards in the State of Michigan by Professor H. J. Eustace, of the Michigan Agricultural College, and the writer, this last summer two apple bud selection study plots were located, one of Northern Spy and one of Baldwins. The same general plan was followed as in the California citrus work. Each tree had its individual tree num- ber printed on the tree trunk or large main limb with white lead paint. This number includes the plot number, row number, and number of the tree in the row. Thus, number 14 — 18 — 20 instant- ly located that tree as being in plot 14, row 18, and the twentieth tree from the end of the row, always numbering from a certain given point. The fruit from each tree is picked separately and the fruit assembled at the base of the tree. The fruit is grad- ed into first, second, and third grades, and each of these grades can be further subdivided into large, medium and small The fruit in each grade is counted and weighed and the notes recorded in spe- cial blanks. The notes are then trans- ferred to the six-year blanks. Our deciduous fruit work naturally divides itself into three parts, as in the citrus work. fi) A study of the differences as they (Kcur among trees under the same con- ditions. •The results set forth in this address, which was delivered during December before the annual meeting of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, we desire to call to the special atten tlon of Canadian fruit trowera.— Editor. Industryj Washiagton, D. C. February issue.) (2) Can these differences be propa- gated ? (3) Will these differences be consist- ent in the budded trees? We can already distinguish six types of Spy and six types of Baldwin trees. In most cases a difference in the habit of the tree growth is co-related with a difference in fruit. These types in the case of the Spy are : (i) The open productive type. (2) The alternate bearing type. (3) The upright unproductive type. (4) The light-foliaged type. (5) The deeply ridged fruit productive type. (6) The Mcintosh Red type. (i) The open productive type of tree corresponds to our open productive lemon tree, all the branches are loaded with fruit and they bear a uniformly heavy crop each year. You may ask "How can you tell that by one year's observation?" Partly by the old fruit scars, but more so by the owner's testi- mony. The owner of the orchard where our plot is located knows his trees and can tell what a number of them have done in the past. (2) There are a number of trees of the alternate bearing type which bear a large crop every other year. While the.se are profitable trees, they do not represent as great a financial return to the owner as the trees which bear a large crop every year. (3) A very common type of Spy tree in all orchards we have visited is the up- right unproductive. This type of tree is a large upright one, a very lig'ht cropper, and in some cases absolutely barren. Associated with this distinct habit in tree growth is a markedly ridg- ed, flattened fruit. The poorest tree of this type in our plot this year bore one bushel of these poor quality flattened, ridged fruits, as compared with thirty- eight and one-half bushels as borne by the best tree of the productive type. (These trees I am referring to are twenty-two years old.) Just think what that difference means in dollars and cents, one bushel compared with thirty- eight and one-half bushels. (4) The light foliaged, unproductive type shows a distinct variation in foliage, has a spreading habit of growth and bears a fruit somewhat flattened and ridged at the calyx and blossom ends. (5) Another type for want of a better name we have called the deeply ridged productive. The trees are productive, and the fruits resemble a standard Spy, with the exception that they are a deep red in color and markedly ridged. (6) The sixth type we have called the Mcintosh Red type. Probably some other name would be more appropriate. The fruits are flattened, but they have a color resembling a Mcintosh. We have found these types in other orchards. In orchards that were in sod, in orchards that were cultivated, in low- headed orchards and in high-headed or- chards. In the Baldwins we have found at least six types. Some are characterized by differences in production and others by differences in the fruits. These are • (i) A standard yearly productive type There appears to be a marked variation in the color in the fruits borne by differ- ent trees of this type, varying from a brown on some trees to a deep red on others. (2 An alternate bearing type. (3) An upright barren type. An attractire display made by a Vancouver retail fruit dealer last fall during "Apple Week." fi4 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1915 Anple tre<« in Mr. Hamilton's orcliard at I'ort Hope after pruning. (4)) A type which bears distinctly flat- tened fruits. (5) The "York Imperial" type bearing a fruit shaped like a York Imperial in- stead of a standard Baldwin. (6) The "Roman Stem" type, which type of fruit has a distinct protruding segment or tip in the cavity. These types we have found occuring as limb sports, individual fruit sports, and as whole trees. These are the types we are familiar with now. No doubt others will be found, possibly by ourselves, and without question by others in their own orchards. In addition to the variations in types there is a great variation in production within each type. In the Spy orchard in which we were working this year, the average tree production was about four barrels per tree, while some of the best trees in our plot bore over ten barrels. We have not had time as yet to show experimentally that these variations in deciduous fruits can be propagated. However, as we have found just as great if not greater variations in deciduous than in citrus fruits, and as we have been able to successfully propagate these variations in types and differences in production in citrus fruits, it seems a safe assumption to say that these differ- ences can be propagated in deciduous fruits as well. The J. H. Hale peach which ccaurs with great frequency as a limb sportl on standard Elberta trees has been succes.s- fully propagated. In the North Yakima section a sport- ing tree of Rome Beauty has been found. This tree bears a deep red fruit which at maturity shows none of the character- istic Rome Beauty markings. Buds have been taken from this tree and show the same characteristics in the budded trees as in the original tree. A Texas fruit grower has recognized this principle of variation in his trees, and has successfully worked over unpro- ductive types of apples, persimons, and pecans, to productive types. A number of prominent hur.scrymen in Kansas, West Virginia, New York, and many other sections, are propagating their n/ursery stock from select bearing trees and are securing uniformly productive trees, as compared with many unproduc- tive orchards, propagated by the old me- thod of securing buds from other young trees, right in the nursery row. We mention these few instances out of the many we might give of the pro- pagation of these variations in widely scattered sections, simply to show the large number of these variations and al.so that they have been successfully propa- gated. And so, whiPe we have not had time as yet for our own experimental de- ciduous buds to come into bearing, we have already accumulated such a mass of commercial or practical evidence to con- vince any sensible man not only that these variations exist in marked num- l^ers, but also that they can be success- fully prepagated. . Pruning Practices Explained A. D. Mcintosh, B. SINCE no two trees are alike, and since conditions of variety, site, location, slope, climate, soil, and treatment are always a variable quan- tity, no specific rules can be laid down for pruning each and every apple-tree. Each tree is a study. There are, how- ever, general principles of pruning that apply to all trees, especially those in •commercial orchards. In this article, it is proposed to deal with the pruning of trees up to the time of bearing. In the same way that no two trees are alike, no two branches are alike, yet all have some traits in common^ All branches of the apple tree grow from the terminal ; and the buds farther along the branch are stronger than those near the crotch, owing to their advantage in securing more sunlight than the others. It is only this struggle between the buds on a tree that prevents every bud from growing into a branch. The great ma- jority of buds never develop. This is Natural Pruning. Now, since every branch does the same thing as every other branch, it follows that artificial pruning within reason must benefit the remaining branches. Someone has said that "anything which checks the growth of a tree tends to make it produce fruit." This is a pro- vision of nature. It is also a well-estab- lished fact that fruit-bearing (or non- bearing) is a habit of the tree. Some varieties acquire the habit earlier in life than others. E.G., compare the Wealthy and Northern Spy for early bearing. Some acquire the habit of bearing every other year. This is sometimes true of opposite sides of the same tree. Fruit buds in apple trees are separate and are identified by their shape and size, Ijeing larger and more blunt than the leaf buds. In Ontario, fruit buds bear every other year. Differentiation of fruit and leaf buds takes place in the sum- mer, hence only summer pruning may S. A., Stirling, Ont. cause an increase in fruit buds. Remem- bering this, it is well to prune young, unbearing trees in the spring or fall. A very important detail is the kind of cut the pruner makes when at work. A smooth cut, close up to branch, or close to a bud that will send a shoot in the profjer direction should invariably be made. Hence the sharp knife for twigs, the sharp shears for small branches, and the sharp saw for limbs. .A long-handled saw with narrov/, revolving blade is now procurable, and is so practicable for rapid, easy and satisfactory work as to be indispensable where much pruning is to be done. Don't leave stubs. And how about the wound? Since prevention is better than cure, and since it is a fact that several species of bacteria or germs live entirely on cuts and exposed wood of trees, it behoves the orchardist to disinfect and paint the exposed wounds caused by large cuts at least. For all practical purposes lead paint is most satisfactory. Wounds made just before the growing season al- ways heal quickest, henoe spring prun- ing for young trees is preferable, where other conditions make it more prac- ticable. Pruning to make shapely trees does not mean that larger production will fol- low. Thinning of the fruit buds on every limb ensures that those remaining buds will be more vigorous and far more like- ly to be productive of good-sized fruit that will hang on to the parent tree more firmly because of less competition for space. And it must not be forgotten that the effects of pruning are only tem- porary, hence they must be repeated. The growth in length of twig takes place in about five weeks in spring and early summer, while the maturing and filling up of this growth takes the rest of the season. In favorable growing seasons it often happens that too great a grc vth in length takes place for pro- March, 1^15 THE CANADIAN HOBTTCULTUE TS T 6.^ Obtaining an Early Start with Garden Plants H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ont. DO not attempt to raise too many plant and soil bodily to a larger pot; boxes of seedlings in the house. the soil, however, should not be disturb- O not attempt to raise too many boxes of seedlings in the house. A box twenty-four by twelve inches will, if sown in lines or drills, con- tain a dozen kinds, for instance, cab- bage, cauliflower, lettuce, tomatoes, pep- pers, and so on. These when transplant- ed will fill a dozen boxes or more of the same dimensions. In the same manner a dozen varieties of flowers may be rais- ed— larkspurs, stocks, asters, petunias, pansies, pinks, and others of like nat- ure. Twelve boxes of these when tran.s- planted, added to the twelve of vege- tables and fruits, will surely be sufficient for the needs of the amateur. A great mistake is often made in attempting too much and so courting failure through lack of space. If a small cold frame can be requisitioned to contain the boxes the difficulty will be greatly minimized. In fact, an outdoor cold frame is really in- dispensable when large quantities of seedlings are raised in the house. SOWING THE SEED Before sowing the seed, thoroughly clean the pots or other recipients, and so remove spores of mosses and fungi, as these growths are harmful. Afford good drainage, pulverize the soil, and screen it finely, add leaf soil and sand, also finely screened, and so make the whole porous. Always screen a layer of very fine soil on the surface ere sow- ing the seed. Sow evenly and thinly or the seedlings will be weakly. Do not cover small seeds deeply, about their own depth is sufficient. Sow seeds of a mi- croscopic nature upon the surface, do not cover them at all. Types : Calceo- laria, begonia, and gloxinia. Never water surface sown or small seeds by the overhead method ; partly immerse their recipients in water until the soil is sufficiently soaked. Many seeds are washed overboard by careless watering. Exclude bright light from germinating seeds which are sown in- doors or in greenhouses. Darkness favors germination in some seeds, though not in all. Remove the shade when the seedlings are visible, and allow only subdued light to come in contact with them for a few days. Seedlings are directly infliuenced by light, they will grow in its direction. Actual contact with it will retard them. Therefore, when they show signs of weakening, place them near the window or green- house roof, as the case may be. A short jointed growth will thus result. Sow melons and cucumbers in small pots, three seeds to the pot, remove the weak seedlings, leaving only the strong- est in each pot. Do not, unless absol- utely necessary, transplant until the time for planting out of doors. There is of course, no harm in transferring the ed. Melons and cucumbers so started are more quickly and readily brought into bearing, and so commercially are a greater success than those garden-sown. HOTBEDS MAY BE USED All the plants mentioned in this article and many more may likewise be started in hotbeds. Obtain fresh horse manure. Shake out as much straw as possible. Peat or wood litter is not desirable. Pile the manure in a shed, allow it to remain undisturbed for a week, then turn three or four times at intervals of three days each time turning the exterior of the pile inward. If the manure appears dry, sprinkle a little water on it ; this will aid fermentation. Pack the pile firmly to ensure steady and equal fermentation and subsequent sweetening. After the final turning, place the manure in the frame, tramp it down firmly, raise the back slightly higher than the front, and cover with two or three inches of finely screened soil. Place the sash in posi- tion and close the frame. When the temperature falls to 85 the seed may be sown. If sown in drills, greater variety may be obtained from a hotbed than when the seed is broadcast- ed. Thin out the seedlings as necessary. Give air on all favorable occasions. Do not, however, allow the wind to blow under the sash. Water sparingly, but adequately. Close the frame, if open, early in the afternoon, and so conserve the sun's heat, which, after all, is best. The Planting of Shrubs A. E. Thatcher T HERE has always been and pro- bably always will be a difference of opinion as to whether the fall or spring is the better time for planting. If the work has to be done in the fall on account of the rush of work in the spring it is advisable to plant as early as pos- sible when the ground is in a moist con- dition, directly the leaves commence to fall. For my own part, I am strongly in favor of preparing the ground in the fall, letting it lie rough through the winter and planting in the spring. If the work is well done and the requisite amount of attention is given the shrubs afterwards there is small chance of failure. It is very true that we often have a short, dry planting season in the spring, but much disappointment is frequently caused by shrubs which, if planted in the fall, fail to become sufficiently established to with- stand the severity of our Eastern winters. With the ground in readiness and the material at hand the next operation, that of planting shrubs, is perhaps the most important part of their culture. So much depends upon how this is accomplished as to after success or otherwise that too much care cannot be taken to have it well done. From whatever source the shrubs are obtained they should be care- fully unpacked on arrival and the roots thoroughly moistened, and if they can- not be planted for some time, they should be laid in a sheltered place away from the wind. It is a good plan to place a stake with the name where each shrub is to go ; this will expedite matters when the^ planting is being carried out. The best time for planting is when the The Graenhouie of Mr. K. B. Whyte, of Ottawa, a* Photographed in March In this small house Mj. Wihyto haa tried many kindfi of i)lant8. Hie chief show plants ar© thfl bulbs, and never from early winter till late spring i» his house without a be.anutiful display of theae most satisfactory flowers. Freesiaa. narcissi, tulips, hyacinths, form the staple orops. while orocusee, grown in flat pons, also make very effective shows. 66 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191 5 One of the pretty epota at the Guelph Agricul- tural College. The wall in front of the Campus. ground is in a moderately moist condi- tion, as the soil can then be made firm without becoming pasty, and if possible choose a calm day, as wind has a most detrimental effect upon the roots. A hole should be taken out of sufficient size to accommodate all the roots after they have been spread out evenly, so that it will not be necessary to bend any round or cramp them, and having seen that the hole is of sufficient depth, the plant- ing can then proceed. Gut off any broken or damaged roots on the under side with a sharp knife and take great care of the small fibrous ones, as on these the life of the shrub depends very largely, and see that they are quite moist. Then place the roots in the prepared hole and spread out all of them evenly, working in among them some of the fin- est soil, pressing it firmly and adding more until the hole is filled. While the roots should be well cover- ed, it is not advisable to plant too deeply, especially on heavy land, and the nearer the fibrous roots are to the surface the greater warmth do they receive, and consequently start into active growth more quickly than if buried some dis- tance from the surface. When the plant- ing is completed it is an excellent plan to give the shrubs a good mulching of any suitable material at hand, such as decayed leaves or long dressing. This is of the greatest assistance if warm wea- ther prevails, for it keeps the roots moist and cool and prevents surface soil from becoming baked, Hardy Conifers W. T. Macoao, Dooaiaioo Horticultnritl, OtUwa The larches are not evergreen but llicy are conifers and mixed with the ever- green conifers they make a pleasing con- trast to them and are especially attrac- tive in spring, as the bright green foli- age comes very early and relieves the deeper tints of the evergreens. The European larch is perhaps the best spec- ies although the Japanese is very attrac- tive also, but has not been growing long enough in Canada to learn whether it looks as well as the European when the trees are large. The young trees are more attractive than the European. 'Ihe European Larch makes very rapid growth. It is not a wide spreading tree, but its branches are somewhat pendu- lous. The native Tamarack is desirable for contrast with evergreens but is not so attractive as the European or Japan- ese Larch as individuals, as the trees are stiffer in habit. 8ILVEB FIRS The Silver Firs include the Abies and Pseudotsuga of which the best known species of Abies in this part of Canada is the Balsam Fir. The Balsam Fir is a very attractive lawn tree when young but after it has been planted twenty years or so it is liable to become scrag- gy. The fine firs of the Vest coast of America and Europe such as Abies Mag- nifica, Nobilis and Nordmanniana, are not hardy at Ottawa, but there is one fir which is quite hardy which is as handsome as any of these, namely, the White Fir, sometimes called Silver Fir, Abies concolor. This is a native of Col- orado, Utah and Arizona. It is a very striking and beautiful species with large flat, glaucous green leaves. Trees should be obtained from . northern stock as those from its southern range may not be hardy. The Douglas Fir, Pseudot- suga Douglasii, has been thoroughly tested at Ottawa and found to be quite hardy. It makes a very stately tree, more graceful in its habits than most of the spruces and other firs. It is de- sirable to get the trees from the northern or colder parts of its range. Individual trees vary much in the color of their leaves, some having a much more bluish tint than others. This tree grows to a great height in British Columbia. It makes a fine hedge at Ottawa, more satisfactory so far than any of the spruces. ^^^ ^^^^ One or more of the tall and stately pines should be on every grounds large enough for a few trees. We place the native White Pine, Finns Strobus. at the head of the list for beauty and gen- eral desirability. It is better known as a timber tree in Canada than as an or- namental tree, but when it branches from near the ground, and has sufficient space to develop symmetrically it be- comci one ul the most graceful ever- greens, and the leaves which preserve their color well in winter are of a very lively green. It has been found to do well when made into a hedge and makes a very attractive one. A hedge planted in 1890 twenty-four years ago, and now about six feet high, is still in fine condi- tion. Perhaps the next best pine is the Aus- trian, which is quite hardy in Eastern Canada and makes a fine ornamental tree. The native Red Pine looks very much like the Austrian pine but has not made quite so attractive lawn .specimens as the Austrian. Equal, if not superior to the Austrian Pine, is the Blue Pine of the dry districts of British Columbia. The long, glaucous green leaves, some- times twisted into peculiar forms, and its erect habit give it a very majestic appearance. As the tree gets older the bark, which is of a reddish color, is very striking. This beautiful pine should be more planted than it is in Canada. It is one of the most difficult to transplant, rmd should be planted when quite small. Ihe Scotch pine has been a great deal planted, perhaps largely owing to its as- sociation. It is a very hardy species, but at Ottawa the terminal buds have from time to time been injured by in- sects causing the tree to lo.se its natural shape. It is a very rapid grower and grows well in nearly all kinds of drained soils. The Swiss Stone Pine. Pinus Cembra, is a very slow, upright growing species but with foliage much like the White Pine, and is very useful for certain places on the grounds. It has made a good compact attractive hedge at Ot- tawa. The Dwarf Mountain Pine, Pinus Montana Mughus is one of the most not- iceable pines at the Experimental Farm. Some trees which have been planted twenty-five years are now fifteen feet in height and about the same across ; oth- ers are smaller, as the individual speci- mens vary considerably. It is more of a shrub than a tree and makes a very attractive individual specimen on a lawn. As the trees get older it is found that the snow which lodges in them has a tendency to spread them and sometimes to break some of the limbs, but it is one of the most desirable of the pines. My experience has been that ever- greens will transplant . successfully both in spring and fall ; in the spring as early as the ground can be worked, and again in September; with deciduous trees I have had more success with early spring planting than at any other time. — C. F. Clark, Toronto, Ont. Paeonies will thrive in almost any soil but succeed best in deep, rich, moist clay loam. — J. H. Bennett, Barrie, Ont. March, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 67 Your Garden of Dreams DESPITE the inclemency of the wea- ther, despite the earliness of the year, never has the garden been more beautiful to look upon than it is at the present time. — In your mind, of course. As a matter of strict, unpoetic accuracy, the backyard — it is too early in the year yet to accord it the dignity of naming it a garden — presents a singu- larly uninspiring appearance. The bare borders are covered with snow, the beds are untended wastes, and the lawn is a bare expanse, mantled in white. But the seedsman's catalogues have begun to arrive, firing imagination, and making one oblivious to fact. For weeks past they have been coming to hand, and still they are popped into the mail box. They come in all shapes and sizes, uniform only in the vast bunch of won- derful flowers pictured on the outer cover. You satiate your imagination with the catalogues, and then you close your eyes. Immediately there rises before you a vision of your garden made per- fect with the things you intend to grow this year. That bed in the corner, hitherto only producing a crop of sweet Williams by stubborn persistence, shall sport carnations and lilies. That border by the wood shed, where nothing but dandelions will ever grow, shall sprout this summer with the choicest novelties. Of course, you very well know that no- thing of the kind will happen, but the visions continue obstinately optimistic. Year after year you have planned such developments in the garden, year after year fate, the poorness of soil, and the predations of cats and dogs have brought your noble efforts to nought. But still you resolutely plan, for you are convinced that the very best part of gardening consists in making your plans for the coming season. There is no arduous physical toil about it, there are no disasters with spades, no emotional moments with shears that refuse to cut, lawn mowers that decline to mow. You plan generously, for imagination is never mean over a few packets of seed, never hesitates over a dollar. You pur- chase mentally, you sow mentally, wast- ing neither time nor labor. And, with- out any of that dreary waiting, your garden blooms immediately ; and — crowning benefit of planning — if you don't like the effect, you just rearrange it all in a twinkling, and your garden Ijlossoms again on quite a different scheme. The joys of planning a garden ! When the catalogues have set you going pro- perly, you might as well have three or four acres for all the fun you get out of the little pocket - handkerchief space at the back of your house. You mentally plant trees — the fruit trees continuously bearing immense crops — and enlarge the lawn and mask the walls behind wonder- ful creepers. Then comes the reluctant elimination, reducing cost and quantity to accord with the modesty of your purse and gar- den. And then comes the first selec- tion. You gloat over it lovingly, and again you see the garden all a-growing and a-blowing beyond comment. Cats and birds do not exist in that wonderful dream-garden ; the dog never gives way to the avarice of burying bones in the borders ; late frosts and the boisterous winds never visit that fairy realm. Always it is midsummer ,and always you are pointing out the beauty of your garden to some envious neighbors. .'\nd so you go on, dreaming over the garden and altering your visionary plans each time another catalogue arrives. And, finally, the catalogues cease to ar- rive, and you discover that the time for actual performance has come. And then — ah, well ! But, however the experts may sneer at the resultant baldness of our efforts in summer, no one can see a more beau- tiful garden than you see in yours, when you draw your chair a little closer to the stove, and, dropping the newest seed catalogue to the floor, close your eyes for a few moments of horticulture! rapture. Health and a Hundred Dollars — Hoiv I Gained Both Last Sumnver Miss £. M., Quebec I WAS a stenographer with a good po- sition in a near-by city, when the doctor summarily ordered me "back to the land," and sentenced me to a year's hard labor — he termed it "plenty of exercise in the open air" — ^with the option of pain and a nervous break- down as the penalty of disobedience. In this way I was brought suddenly face to face with the problem of how to put in the year salaryless. Any of the many girls who have experienced the happy sense of independence the drawing of a regular salary affords, will realize what it meant to me to have my hands tied and my income suddenly cut off. Soon I was busy trying to devise means of following the doctor's instructions, and at the same time "turning an hon- est penny." Presently an idea came to me ; I spent some days working it out on paper before I satisfied myself that it was a plan worth trying at least. The idea was "sweet peas." In the city where I had been for years employed, I and my friends had bought them at twenty-five cents for a small bunch, even in the height of the season, and many a time I had thought with re- gret of the beauties I used to grow in my Liiium Longiflorum Grown Out-of-door* in an Amateur'i Garden This splendid bed of Liiium Longiflorum was grown by .Mr. Witmer, of Berlin, Ont. It has been cultivated for several years and has withstood the severe winters. The bed is nine feet wide by twenty feet long. The stems grew to a height of four to five feet. r,R THF CANADIAN HOT^TTPTnTTTRTRT Marrh, iqi:; Oimicifupa, the tall, hardy, herbaxMjous peren- nials here shown, are ornamental in character and suited for the baok of planting or for par- tially shaded places in the wild garden. They are faulted by some because of their smell. garden at home. My plan was to grow sweet peas, — the very best that could be grown — and find, or if necessary, make a market for them. If I failed the money loss would be trifling and my time being worth nothing, I would be fully repaid for any outlay in the open-air exercise and the abundance of flowers I should be able to give away if they proved a drug on the marl--et. My plan proved a suc- cess, and this is how I carried it out. Everyone knows that the first point in sweet pea culture is to get the seed into the ground as early as possible. On this account, the ground ought to be well prepared to a depth of three feet the preceding fall and left exposed to the weather all winter. As January was al- ready well along I found that this was not possible so I decided to do the next best thing and have it prepared just as early as possible in the spring. I chose a piece of ground that had been ploughed the previous fall where my father intended to plant corn but he had no objection to breaking a new piece for that purpose, so I felt that something had been done and that there would be a possibility of getting that ploughed strip dug up very early. In the meantime I decided to force the sea- son. I knew that in the height of the season, sweet peas are plentiful and the florists have an abundant supply engaged ahead, so my only chance to market mine would be to have them actually better and, if possible, earlier than those usually on sale. With this in view I or- dered from the most reliable seedsmen the most choice and incidentally the most expensive varieties. About the middle of February I plant- ed a few samples of each packet in sep- arate, small pots and placed them in the cellar w'here they would not quite freeze. They were a long time in germinating but as soon as they were up I transfer- red them to a light window, and has- tened to have a mild hot-bed made for them. By the middle of March they were put into the hot bed but were transfer- red, as soon as the weather made it pos- sible, to a cold frame. They had devel- oped a great deal of root and I changed them to larger pots. The last week in March I began operations on the plough- ed strip where I was to raise my main crop. Part of my outdoor exercise for the last two weeks had been to clear the snow off that piece of ground so that the sun could thaw and dry it more quickly, and now the surface was thawed to a depth of a few inches, though it was ns hard as rock farther down. The hired man had very little to do just then, and I got him to work for me. With pick and spade he lalx>red under my supervision and dug and hewed out nice deep trenches, throwing the half-frozen earth up on the side. The strip was about one hundred feet long and he was able with such assistance as I could give, to prepare two or more lengthwise trenches a day. When eight trenches, about five feet apart, were finished, I called a halt. The next few days nothing more could be done but leave the sun to dry the earth a little to make it workable. I chose this time to hire a couple of boys who understood the art, to cut two large loads of birch pea-brush, paying them one dollar and a quarter a load. I had no idea of buying eight hundred feet of wire fencing when the pea-brush is so much more picturesque as well as more comfortable for the peas. The last day of March I planted the seed. In the bottom of the trenches I put about two inches of manure, working it up well with the soil ; this I covered with five or six inches of the mellowest soil lately dug out of the trenches, press- ed it down with the hoe, and then planted the peas in a double row about three inches apart, covering them with about four inches of earth, which was was pressed down firmly once more with the hoe. The potted p)eas in the cold-frame were now clamoring for attention. They were nearly six inches high and were being drawn up too fast, I thought, un- der the glass, so I removed J:hem one warm day while I prepared the soil in the frame very deep, made it moderately rich, worked in some bone meal and, gently knocking the plants out of the pots so as not to disturb the roots, I set them into the ground, sinking them over three inches lower than they had grown in the pots, thus insuring for them deep roots and sturdy growth. Sweet peas do not mind the cold and I thought I could safely remove the sashes entirely but fearing that, having been started more or less warm, they might sufTer from a severe frost, I left the glass over them, raising it a few inches to give them plenty of ventilation. Now, there was nothing to do but await developments, but I watched for the peas in the trenches and as fast as they poked their heads above ground I covered them over with a little fine earth until they were on a level with the sides of the trench. When the vines were two or three inches high I put up the brush supports, sticking the base of each brush stick well into the ground, one on either side of the row and slanting them to- gether, tent-like, at the tops. Here and there I tied the tops together so that they would be sure to withstand the wind. The vines simply loved these supports and climbed all over them, spreading out so that the sunlight could reach every leaf and twig, and how they throve ! Things began to look promising for a fine crop of splendid flowers and my next care was to find a market. I got the names of all the chief florists in the city, and wrote a short note to each, inform- ing them that I expected to have sweet peas early, and of extra fine quality, and asking them if I might send them'a sample bunch, and if there was any pos- sibility of their giving me an order, if mine proved actually superior to those they usually handled. I wrote to fifteen florists and, of those, ten did not reply, three curtly informed me that their supply was already order- ed ; but two conceded that though they were usually overstocked with sweet peas during the season, still I might send them a sample bunch. I promptly forgot the unlucky thirteen, and was overjoyed with the two mildly encourag- ing replies. On May 20th I hailed with delight the first blossom from the cold-frame sweet peas and by pinching off the tips of the vines and throwing all the energy into a fe^\- blooms I coaxed them to give me on June ist two modest bunches of beau- tiful sfjecimens which I wrapped in cot- ton, in case of still possible frost on the journey, and shipped along with my high hopes to the two encouraging florists. One I never heard from again but the other sent a prompt reply engaging all I could supply, shipped three times a week, provided they were of uniformly hig'h quality. He off'ered twenty-five cents a hundred sprays in bunches of twenty-five sprays apiece of the same color. !My open-air sweet peas commenced to bloom about the middle of June, and by the last week in June I was able to send my first shipment to town. From that time on I shipped them regularly three times a week, prolonging the season of profuse flowering by pinching the tops, March, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 69 keeping them clear of weeds, well bank- ed lup with earth, and well watered ; about once a week I watered them thor- oughly with a very weak liquid manure. In this way I kept them giving me a marketable quantity of bloom averaging about eight thousand to nine thousand sprays every week for six weeks. These, at twenty-five cents a hundred, brought me a nice little weekly income of twenty dollars, which amounted in the six weeks to one hundred and twenty dollars. I cannot say exactly how much of this could be called "net" profit, because the work of the hired man for four days that would otherwise have cost me about one dollar fifty cents a day, or six dollars for the four days, really cost me no- thing. The fertilizers, too, I appropri- ated from the farm supply, but would estimate them at about five dollars, cer- tainly not more. The pea-bush cost two dollars fifty cents and the ninie ounces of seed, some of it tjeing of rare varieties, came to five dollars, making in all a total outlay of eighteen dollars fifty cents or less, so that something over one hundred "dollars was clear gain — not to mention the "outdoor exercise," which did wonders for my overstrained nerves, and the vast amount of enjoyment I got out of mv summer's work. Growing Watercress John Gall, Inglcwood, Ont. ANYONE who has a constant supply, which may be filled however small, of running water may grow watercress. A space larg- er or smaller, according to area at com- mand, should be excavated so that under ordinary conditions the bottom may be covered with from two to three inches of water; but it is advisable to permit of cleaning the beds from time to time, to have some means of temporarily divert- ing or cutting off the water supply. The soil should consist of a very sandy loam or of fine gravel. Propagation is usually accomplished by division of the old roots or by sowing of seed. The best times for planting are in spring and the early fall. Plant the rows in the flow of the stream, not across it. Seed may be sown in pans of light soil in a green- house or frame, keeping it moist, and pricking the plants out into the beds when large enough to handle. Water- cress may also be grown in any constant- ly-moist and shady spot in the garden, and in winter it may be obtained from pans or boxes kept in the greenhouse, giving plenty of water at all times. The illustration shows a somewhat novel method of growing this popular subject. It will be seen that three large but shallow tubs — about a foot in depth — are fixed, step-fashion, one above the other. At the top of the series is a tank, with water either from rain, or by means of the pump, should there be a well in the garden. From this tank just a trickle of water is permitted to run by rpeans of a tap and "bend," as shown, while the over- flow from the first tub fills the second, and that from the second the third. Of course, the tubs are filled about half-full, or rather more, with soil of a suitable character, marly gravel in the bottom, and two or three inches of rather fine, sandy loam on the top. The depth of water is about two inches, or rather more, and a small piece of bent iron tub- ing conducts the overflow from each tub into the next, while the exhaust water is utilized to supply the celery and other vegetable crops, so that nothing is wast- ed. An arrangement of this character might be fixed up in any convenient spot in the garden, its utility where water- cress is in any great demand being too obvious to need comment. ^ The Dictamnus Fraxindla Wm. Hunt, O.A.C., Goelpb, Ont. The excellent illustration of Dictamus fraxinella, published in the February issue of The Canadian Horticulturist, has led to a request for further informa- tion in regard to this excellent class of plants. There are two types cultivated. * ff — 'Ti,T 'V A Simple Mathod of Growing Watercrats — (Seo} Accompanying Article) the Dictamnius fraxinelle alba and the Dictarnnus fraxinelle purpurea or purple- flowered Dictamnus. Both are similar in habit of growth, the only difference be- ing the Color of the flower. I do not consider the purple variety as useful or decorative as the white. As a rule the Dictamnus grows very readily from seed. The seeds are a glossy black color and almost as large as a radish seed. There is so little call for seeds of perennial owing to their propagating so readily from divisions of the roots, that it is difficult to get new seed oftentimes un- less from plants that others have grow- ing or from your own plants. In fact, I consider the Dictamnus one of the easi- est kind of plants to grow from seed. Seeds of perennials are best sown out of doors either in the open ground or in a shallow, flat box outside in June. When large enough they can be transplanted to the border in suitable weather any time before the middle of September or the following spring. The Asparagus Beetle A. GlbiOD, Entomological Division, Ottawa^ Groweo^ of asparagus in tais vicinitv have had much trouble with a sort of bug that injures the young- shoots and foliage of asparagus. It almost wholly destroys the usefulness of the crop. What is it? How shall we combat it?— W. F., Owen Sound, Ont. "The insect is, I think, the Common Asparagus Beetle or the r2-spotted As- paragus Beetle, or possibly both of the insects may have been present. The dark, olive-colored grubs of the Common Asparagus Beetle feed upon young as- paragus shoots, and also attack the foli- age. The yellowish grubs of the 12- spotted species feed, as well, upon the tender shoots and new foliage, and later feed chiefly inside of the berries, when these are of sufficient size. Both of the asparagus beetles pass the winter in the mature state and frequent asparagus plantations early in the season for the purpose of laying their eggs and also, of course, feeding. A simple remedy, if poultry are available, is to allow the chickens or ducks to run about in the beds in spring when the beetles are pre- sent. If this is done, large numbers of the insects vvill be devoured. Probably the most effective remedy is the dusting of the plants every three or four days with fresh air-slaked lime. This adheres to the slimy bodies of the grubs and kills all with which it comes into contact. If you would forward speci- mens of the insects to the Entomological Division, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, as soon as they are noticed next spring, we will advise you definitely as to the species responsible for the injury. Heavy clay soil is said to be the best for sweet peas, but in Toronto we have had fair success on clay loam and even on sandy soil. — Thomas D. Dockray, Toronto, Ont. 70 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191=; The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINKI) WITH THE CANADIAN HOfiTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which hn» been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publishing Company. Limited. PKTBRBORO, ONTARIO H. Bronson Cowan Managing Director The Only Magazines in Their Field in the Dominion Official Oboans of thr Ontario and Quebbo Froit Growers' Associations AND of Thic Ontario and Nkw Brunswick Bbkkeepkrs' Associations. 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For United States and local subscriptions in Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office). 25 oenta extra a year, iuoluding postaee. J. Remittances should be made by Poet Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 6. Change of Address— When a change of ad- drees is ordered, both the old and the new ad- . dresses must be given. , 6. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20tli. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising llanager. Peterboro. Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December 1914. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 13.000 to 15.000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be Interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1914 ....12,966 August, 1914 11,905 February, 1914 ...12.98J September. 1914 ..11.610 March, 1914 12,960 October, 1914 11,622 April. 1914 13,362 November, 1914 ...11.532 May, 1914 13.284 December, 1914 ...11,545 June, 1914 13,073 July, 1914 11.871 Total 148,713 Avera);e each Issue In 1907. (i,627 Average each issue In 1914. 12,393 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this Issue ie reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Hortioul- turi.st are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any - subscriber, we will make good the amount of his lose, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that In writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertisement in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not ply their trade at the expense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns: but we shall not attempt to ad.lust trifling disputes between sub- Hcrihorg and honourable business men who ad- vertiRe, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Oommnniocltions should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTTOTTLTURieT. t>BTBaBOBO. ONT. m EDITORIAL THE QUESTION OF RATES Fruit jfrowers are justified in opposing vigorously the proposed advance in freight rates to be applied in eastern Camada. These are times when the increased cost of living has reached serious proportions. Such an advance as is proposed would affect every producer and every consumer. While lack of traffic, due in part to the war, is one of the reasons given for the increase, the pub- lic is well aware that when business im- proves there would be no reduct'ion in rates. Fruit growers desire to be fair to the railways. They realize that the cost of operation has increased of recent years. They realize, also, that when railways such as the C.P.R., periodically cut "mellons" worth millions of dollars for the benefit of their shareholders, the public should not be expected to foot the bill when hard times threaten to reduce profits. The service furnished by the railways, is most unsatisfactory to shippers, and en- tails heavy losses to shippers each year. Canadian Pacific Railway officials say that it is ridiculous to ask for a speed of ten miles an hour for freight delivery ; yet we find railway companies are penalized in Vir- ginia, Georgia. Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina and North Dakota, if freight is not lifted within twenty-four hours, and carried at a rate of from twenty-five miles a day to twenty miles an hour. The run between New Orleans and Chicago with fruit and vegetable shipments is made in fiftv-five hours, a distance of nine hundred and twenty-two miles, or an average speed of sixteen miles an hour, imcluding stops. For banana trains the schedule between these points is forty-seven hours and thirtv minutes, an average of twenty miles an hour. Fruit trains from Southern Illinois are run from Centralia, 111., to Chicago, two hundred and fifty-two miles, in tem hours and five minutes, about twenty-five miles an hour, and this service has been in effect since 1901, In the districts com- prising Delaware and the eastern shores of Maryland and Virginia, which ship nine- ty per cent, of its production north of Phila- delphia, fruit growers have the accommo- dation of specially constructed cars for fruit, and a freight service almost on pas- senger schedule. From Wilmington, N.C., to New York, fruit trains average better than sixteen miles an hour. Florida, like other southern states, is provided with a special fast freight service for the trans- nortation of fruit, trains making the run from Jacksonville to New York, including stops at a rate of over seventeen miles an hour. .All through the different fruit pro- ducing states a similar service is provided. From the Jacksonville, Palestine and Tyler districts in Texas, to New York, a service is given of fifteen hundred and twenty- three miles in five days, and sixth morning deliveries of peaches and cantaloupes are made in Montreal. It is thirtv-two hun- dred miles from Southern 'California to New York, and for this distance a service of thirteen miles an hour is provided. Oregon, Washington and Idaho, competi- tive States with Canadian producers in Western Canada, with an apple orchard area of 435,000 acres, also have a special schedule during the heavy movement, and in some cases carload fruit shipments are handled on passenger trains. This advantage, coupled with the blanket rate under which these latter states cover the western mar- ket west of Winnipeg, at from eighty cents to one dollar and twelve and a half cents on soft fruits, and from sixty-five to eighty- five cents on apples, makes this question of improved service in transit of vital im- portance. When our railway companies make an adequate improvement in their service, they may be justified in asking for an advance in rates, but not before. THE SOCIETIES' OPPORTUNITY The horticultural societies of Ontario have an exceptional opportunity this year to encourage gardening on vacant city lots. Conditions created by the war have pinch- ed many families. Thousands of people who never did so before are thinking of starting gardens in which it will be pos- sible for them to produce at least enough vegetables for their household needs. Hor- ticultural societies who recognize this con- dition arrange their option lists accordijngly and let it be known that they are prepared to assist these would-be gardeners, by the providing of suitable literature, and in other similar ways should meet with a hearty response on the part of the public. Speaking on this point recently. Dr. C. C. James, Agricultural Commissioner for Canada, made some remarks, to which many of us should pay heed, when he said : "This task of increasing production is not limited to the farmers. There is a task laid upon towns and cities. These have been growini^ and expanding, extending- their boundaries, until to-day there must be at least one hundred thousand acres lying idle, unproductive, but cultivatable, in our towns and cities. Living nearby are tens of thousands out of work. Schemes have been suggested of taking the landless men out to the manless lands to grow wheat. That would probably cost two dollars to grow one dollar's worth of wheat. It would not be economical, but a waste of men and money. Why take these men in thousands to the land to grow crops about which they know nothing when right at their doors are vacant lands that will produce food ? Surely the cities can secure the use of this vacant land, and set some of the unemployed at work growing potatoes and other vege- tables, crops that require labor all through the summer. Under proper supervision men with little or no farming experience can be used to produce food of this kind. It seems so easy now to organize commit- tees for relief work abroad. Why not turn some of this organizing energy and en- thusiasm into relief at home along these lines. Committees of this kind should have people of experience on them." There is no organization so favorably situated to undertake this work as our horticultural societies . The Late Robert Thompson The universal expressions of regret that have been placed on record in the leading fruit districts of Canada in reference to the death of the late Robert Thompson, .bear eloquent testimony to his worth as a man as well as to the value of his services to the Dominion. Few men have the qualities of energy, perseverance, courage and capacity for public service, as well as the ability to make and hold friends, to the extent enjoy- ed by the late Mr. Thompson. Years ago, when the Niagara District, more particularly the St. Catharines section. Mnr<'i, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 7' was suffering- from over-production of fruit, due to faulty methods of distribution, Mr. Thompson grappled with the situation and by the formation of the St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forwarding Co., was able to develop distant markets. Thereby he help- ed to save the situation. Elsewhere on this page reference is made to the value of Mr. Thompson's services to Canada. Suffice it here to say that many hearts have been made sad by his loss and that his absence in the circles where he customarily moved, will be felt for years to come. THE DUTY ON FERTILIZERS The Dominion Government will display wisdom if it decides to pay heed to the pro- tests being showered upon it by fruit and vegetable growers against the increase in the tariff on fertilizers. Practically the onlv native fertilizer material is tankage. At this time when the government is urging increased production it is only reasonable to suppose, now the matter has been drawn to its attention, that it will decide to rescind this duty which otherwise will militate con- siderably against the production of larger crops. Australia assists her farmers in the pur- chase of fertilizers to the extent of advanc- img five and a half per cent, of the pur- chase price. The German Government has issued a decree making fertilizers "prefer- red freight," and furnishes tarpaulins free to cover shipments in open cars. The United States and most other countries do mot charge any duty on fertilizers or fertilizer material. To impose a duty of seventeen and a half per cent, on fertilizers imported into Canada under these circumstances, will place a burden cm Canadian growers as well as tend to greatly restrict the use of fertiliz- ers. The early removal of this duty will be in the best interests of both producers and consumers. Robert Thompson — An Appreciation Officers of cooperative fruit growers asso- ciations throughout Canada have heard with pleasure of the decision of the Supreme Court when it recently awarded damages to the extent of $844.00 to the Oakville Fruit Growers'.Associationinits action against one of its members. The member in question had broken the rules of the .'Vssociation by selling his apples to an outside buyer. The rule of the Association required that mem- bers should pay the Association fifty cents a barrel for all fruit thus sold. Justice Middleton awarded damages on this basis. This decision should be made widely known because of the influence it will have in strengthening the work of cooperative asso- ciations. PUBLISHER'S DESK Year by year the interest taken in modem methods of spraying is increasing, and we receive a growing demand for information dealing with this subject. Our front illus- tration this month shows a modern power spraying machine at work in a young or- chard. Such machines make it possible to cover a large area in the least possible time and with a minimum of manual labor. « » » The arrangements for our great Fourth ANNUAL SPRING GARDENING AND PLANTING NUMBER next month tare about completed. As we look over the list of articles we have on hand, it is evident By W. H. Bunting, The sudden death of the late Robert Thompson, which occurred on Tuesday, February 9th, came as a distinct shock, not only to the Niagara peninsula, where he was best known, but also throughout the length and breadth of Canada; as his name had become during the past few years al- most a household word wherever the grow- ing and shipping of fruit has engaged the attention of our rural population. Mr. Thompson's career is a striking ex- ample of what can be accomplished in any walk in life by a man who will throw him- self entirely and with his whole soul into his chosen life work. During the past few years, a large num- ber of those who have been pioneers in the fruit industry of Canada, and who have as- sisted in securing for this country an en- viable reputation for the production of splendid fruit, have crossed the bar and passed into the beyond ; but not one of them will be more sorely missed throughout th» wide circle of the community whose lives he touched, than Robert Thompson. His was a life of singular and unselfish activity. Notwithstandiftg the fact that for some years he was far from being a robust man, yet up to the last hour of his life he was actively engaged in the work of assisting his fellows in improving their condition, and in laying the foundations for greater achievements in the fruit industry. Pub- lic spirited to an unusual degree, he prac- tically gave his best efforts for others, and it is only now, when his familiar figure W'ill be seen no more at the various gatherings and conventions which he was wont to at- tend, and in whose deliberations he took so active a part, that the severe loss to the community will be realized. St. Catharines, Ont. Mr. Thompson has received at the hands of his fellow fruit growers and the public, many tokens of the esteem in which he was held. In 1894 he was selected by the Pat- rons of Industry and the Liberals of Lin- coln as their standard bearer for the Pro- vincial Legislature, and although not elect- ed as a member of the House, for many years his advice and counsel was generally sought in matters of public interest, .'^s a member of the Ontario Horticultural Com- mission at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 he was indefatigable in upholding the merits of Ontario fruit in competition with the great States to the South. Elected President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' As- sociation, the Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers, and many other organizations of a kindred nature, he served the public faithfully and well. The most outstanding feature of his life work, however, has been his achievements in connection with his direction of the co- operative work of the St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forwarding Company. As President and General Manager for many years of this successful cooperative fruit as- sociation, Mr. Thompson was known from coast to coast. The development of the shipment of tender fruits cooperatively from the St. Catharines district to nearly every important point in Canada east of Calgary, was largely due to his energy and persever- ence. Called suddenly in the midst of plans and projects for the advancement of fruit grow- ing in this critical period, a void has been created which it will be almost impossible to fill. He has left the record of an un- selfish, public spirited, energetic life, and his works do follow him. that this, our April issue, is going to be the strongest issue of the kind we have ever published. From cover to cover the articles are going to be exceptionally good. As it will be a special gardening number, articles relating to gardening are to be given special prominence. This year, ow- ing to the cry for increased production, as weJl as in part to the lack of employment, thousands of people are thinking of start- ing gardens in their back yards who never did so before. These people are asking for information to show how they should set about it. Realizing this situation, we have asked Mr. W. T. Macoun, Canada s noted Dominion Horticulturist, to contri- bute a special article on this subject, de- scribing what some city people he knows have accomplished and how they have done it Mr Macoun has consented to give us this article, and it will be one of the feat- ures of the issue. Our readers who enjoy the article in this" issue by Mr J. McPher- son Ross, of Toronto, describing the ar- rangement of different gardens, will be pleased to hear that Mr. . Ross will have another article in our April issue showing another garden plan suited for the aver- age citv residence of persons in moderate circumstances. Mr. Ross will also have another article describing plants suitable for shadv places, and how some unpromis- ing sites for gardens have been transform- ed bv their use. A feature of the floral pages will be an illustrated article describ- ing the garden that won the first prize in the horticultural competition in the city of Ottawa in 1914. This is a small gardes, but it is full of interesting features that will be described in the article. An illus- trated article will show how lawns are made, while still another illustrated article, this one by Mr. John Gall, of Inglewood, will describe how amateur gardeners can obtain and apply needed fertilizers to their gardens with a minimum of effort and ex- pense. Would you like to have a water garden this year? ' If so, you will find ano- ther article in our April number, describing how it may be done. There are other feat- ures we have planned for this issue, but space does not permit of our describing them all. In the Fruit Pages of our April issue will appear articles full of interest to fruit growers. The third and last article by Mr. L. B. Scott, of the Bureau of Plant Indus- try, Washington, D.C.. will be used. This article will explain, by means of charts, how records of the yields of individual trees may be obtained and recorded. The shortage of potash this year has consti- tuted quite a problem for many fruit growers. Prof. R. Harcourt, of Guelph, will contribute a special article describing sources of potash for agricultural purposes. Prof. F. M. Clement, of the Vineland Ex- perimental Station, will discuss the merits of fall vs. spring planting of fruit trees, while Prof. A. H. MacLennan, Macdonald College, Que., will deal with the inter- cropping of young orchards. One of the best articles in the issue will outline a specialist's success in celery culture. This article, which will be illustrated, will de- scribe one of the largest celery farms in Ontario. It is an issue every fruit grower and amateur gardener should receive. ^2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1915 Apple Ad vertising : How the Movement Started AT the Dominion Fruit Conference held in Grimsby, Ont., last summer, Mr. W. Grant Border, the secretary of the apple advertisers of America, was to have spoken on the subject, "AdvertisinR the Apple." Unfortunately he was unable to be present. Since then The Canadian Horticulturist has obtained the following definite information regarding the move- ment from an article by Mr. L. 3. Nolley, of New York, and other sources. The campaifirm to extensively and sys- tematically advertise the apple which is bcinjr wasred by the Apple Advertisers of America is one of the most novel and most powerful ever brought out for an American product. For this reason a brief resume of the apple advertising- movement may be of interest. In early December, 1911, a roug-h draft of an article calling- attention to the im- portance of advertising the apple was re- ceived by R. G. Phillips, secretary of the International Apple Shippers' Association. The name of the sender and writer have now been forgotten. In fact, so novel was the proposition at that time the writer himself, in a letter accompanying the manuscript, stated that he was merely passing it on, and did not know whether or not it possessed interest. Perhaps if made lat another time the suggestion would have attracted little at- tention. Fortunately, however, it was made at the psychological moment, for it so hap- pened that George Walding, now dead, Mr. Phillips, and several other active members of the Association had been talking of advertising for some time before it was received, especially in connection with that year's crop, which was large and moving slowly at low figures. The manuscript brought things to a head. It made this little band of men feel that they were on the right track and that the time and conditions were opportune to "start something." Accordingly, the ar- tirle was published, and the apple adver- tising ball was started rolling. Certain portions of this letter are worth quoting here, as comment which they called forth ultimately led to the formulation of systematic plans of advertising. The writer states : "Advertising the apple is a half-century behind the times. Yes, a century behind, because it has never even started as a sys- tematic enterprise. About the only ad- vertising the apple has received is the wrong kind. In the summer and fall the press is usually full of scare headlines on how short the crop is amd how high the price will be, and in the winter, if anything is said in the press, it is usually along the lines of how poor the fruit is and how the middleman is robbing the people and cheating the grower, doing no work and growing rich in idleness. "The way (to advertise properly) is plain. The trail has not been only blazed, but it has been beaten down ,dug out, bal- lasted and covered with asphalt, and down its broad lighted course the wise merchant rides in his automobile, free from care and enjoying the cool of the day. But the apple men, where are they, growers, dealers? Why, part of the time fighting about the size of the crop and cursing out whether the contract calls for a half-bushel of cider apples to every package or only a peck and a half. We spend the rest of the time hoping that Providence will in some way bring it to the minds of the people that apples are a good thing to eat. Providence doesn't do it, and then we have a set-to with Providence." Several replies to this article wCTe re- ceived. The most enthusiastic, however, say these gentlemen, was that of Mr. U. Grant Border, of Baltimore, who was ac- cordingly asked to contribute an article on . the same subject. Mr. Border consented, and his article was duly published. A PLAN ADOPTED Herein, for the first time, was actually suggested a definite, tangible, workable plan for advertising the apple and placing the industry on a basis worthy of its great importance. It was the plan which was later adopted by the International Apple Shippers' Association. It is the plan which, with certain modifications, is now being followed by the Apple Advertisers of America. The gist of the plan was con- tained in these significant paragraphs : "Now, we are all agreed on two essential things : First, we have a commodity worthy of the highest praise ; second, the need of -a judicious, effective and persistent adver- tising campaign. How is this to be brought about ? "An effective advertising campaign can- not be conducted without a' liberal money expenditure. "Every apple association and individual shipper or grower should be brought to realize the great importance of contributing to a general, fund in proportion to the vol- ume of their shipment. To raise this fund stamps should be issued, similar to the Red Cross stamps, to be sold in quantities and each shipper place a stamp on each package." About this time the executive committee of the International Apple Shippers' Asso- ciation met and the question of advertis- ing was brought up as offering a subject for a valuable address. The committee was impressed with the possibilities which it offered for bringing the matter promi- nently to the attention of the membership, and Mr. Border was selected to make it. The address produced the desired effect, and the advertising movement was officially adopted by the Association. An advertis- iner committee was appointed, of which Mr. Border was made chairman. This committee found itself face to face with a bic problem. True, some adver- tising had been done, but it had been done in a scattered way and amounted to little both in quantitv and results. The need of a country-wide publicity campaign was apparent to all anole men, but how was such a campaign to be financed? Mr. Bor- der's answer to this question was "The Stamp Plan," which he had already out- lined some months before in the article nuoted. The committee agreed that the plan was practical and adopted it. With the inception of this publicity work Mr. Border sought the counsel of the Nol- ley Advertising Agency of Baltimore and New York, and since that time he and the .Agency have been working in close co- operation. While much hard work has been done and remarkable progress made, it soon became apparent that those inter- ested in apples who were not members of the Association hesitated in supporting the advertising proposition because it was an association affair. This inspired the for- mation of am organization that would be more universal in scope, and so during the first week of March last, at the Hotel Im- perial, New York, the Apple Advertisers of America was formed. Into this new organization was merged the former ad- vertising committee HOW THE STAMPS ARK ISSUED The stamps are issued in two denomi- nations— one-cent and two-cent. A one- cent stamp is to be placed on every box of apples shipped ; a two-cent stamp on every barrel. In addition to this, every dealer or retailer when he receives either boxes or barrels of apples without the stamps is to place the stamps thereupon. Everyone, evem those remotely interested in the successful issue of the campaign, such as boxmakers, nurserymen, makers of fer- tilizers, etc., are asked to place stamps up- on all of the letters which they send out, not only to help swell the advertising fund, but to popularize the idea. The entire issue of the stamps is in the custody of the Equitable Mortgage and Trust Co. of Baltimore, which acts as a depository for the fund. This company, through the many banks that are its agents in various parts of the country, sell the stamps to every grower, shipper, or dealer who ap- plies for them. The stamps may be bought in person or by mail. The advantages of the plan are manifold. In the first place, it will provide the means for carrying on a continuous, country-wide advertising campaign, through newspapers, magazines, printed matter, and other media, that will acquaint the masses of the United States and Canada with the great food and health-sriving value of the apple; with the fact that it is open to a wider range of uses than any other product, eas- ily prepared, easily digested, and appetiz- in"- to all ; and with the further fact that, when bought in substantial quantities, is one of the most economical of foods. It settles equitably the question as to the amount it is proper for any one individual to contribute, since it provides that each man shall contribute in proportion to the size of his output. Thus, the man who has fifty packages of apples to market buys fifty stamps, while he who has 1,000 pack- ages, buys 1,000 stamps. In this way the largest and smallest cooperate in the move- ment according to their ability, and share equally in the benefits. Rough Handling by Railways G. E. Mclntoth, Ferett, Ont., Traffic Expert for tke Onttrie Fmit Growers' Aisociatios Rough handling of shipments by employ- ees of railway, steamboat and express com- panies, is causing heavy losses to nearly every shipper of fruit in the Dominion, and he has absolutely no redress except through the rough and dangerous channel of a claim against the carrier. It is another griev- ance over which the Railway Commission has no jurisdiction, and no provision is made in the criminal code for punishing the guilty ones. I have seen barrels of apples utterly ruin- ed by rough handling at Montreal before they reached the boat. I have had barrels opened after they were permitted to fall the height of three or four tiers of barrels, and have taken from such barrels, apples burst in halves. Five carloads of British Columbia boxed apples in one shed alone were piled on the bilge. Barrels were piled two high on end in the shed, and when loading on the boat the top barrel turned over and dropped to the cement floor, while in the hold of the boat the sling carrying six barrels very often is permitted to drop heavy enough to slack the barrels. I understand there are cargo inspectors at export points, but apparently there are not enough of them to do the work thoroughly. March, 191 5 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 73 SMALL FRUITS Gooseberriei.Red and Yellow; Currants, Red, Black and White; Raspberries, Red, Pur- ple and Yellow; Black Berries; Grape Vines, Strawberries, Rhubarb, Asparagus Roots. etc., etc. Ask for Price List. W. FLEMING. NufMryman 0\ven Sound, Ont. DAHLIAS GROWN IN CANADA Ten giajit prize wimiera. including the famoTis "Jack Rose" and "Souvenir de Gus- tave Boazon" for $1.00. Fifteen choice varie- ties, all correctly named. $1.00. Twenty varieties, all different, $1.00. Send for price list. G. S. DOUGLASS BUCTOUCHE, N.B. TOWNSENDS 20th Century BERRY BOOK The Leading AMERICAN PLANT CATALOGUE tells the plain truth about TOWN- SEND'S Thorough-bred pedi- gree plants. Such as I would gladly buy myself were the position of planter and grower reversed. My aim is to supply only the quality of plants that I know will prove a success to my cus- tomers. The kind that will please them so well that they will come back with their repeat orders, and bring their friends _ with them. That my business has increased l'i0O0% in the past five years is convincing proof that I have pleased my people. While it is not the price that I hold out as an in- ducement to buy my plants. You will And them quoted from J4 to 1/3 less than many large growers ask for plants of a lesser quality. This book fully describes and illustrates the leading varieties such as — JOE JOHNSON, (the best late variety I have ever seen); Townsend's Late, Chesa- peake, Mascot, Candy, Klondyke, Early Ozark, Aroma, Baltimore, Kellogg Prize,, Progressive (ever bear- ing), and over 50 other good varieties. Gives the 20th century method of growing and caring for them. Tells why certain varieties soon run down and how they may be built up; all is easy sailing the Townsend way. You can't go wrong with a copy of my book before you. IT'S FREE. Also my services. Write for your copy to-day — only a few thousand left. E. W. TOWNSEND, Strawberry Specialist ' - 500 Vine Street -:< Saliabury. Maryland One week spent at Montreal, closely watch- ing- the handling- of apple shipments from the car to the shed and then to the boats, .s.-itisfied me thoroni>^hiy that the export trade for the fruitmen of Canada can novur be- come the success which our fruit can de- mand under reasonoble conditions, on the foreign market, unless the handling at these points is done with more care amd consideration, under government inspection. Legislation compels the growers, under penalty, to pack their fruit to a certain standard, but just as socm as it is shipped it is at the mercy of the carrier. This is a gap that has been left open, through which losses running into thousands of dollars, have passed. In justice then to the growers and shippers, legislation should be brought about, that while they are liable for the proper pack, the handlers be made liable for improper handling. The same condition exists with express shipments of fresh fruits. I know this to be a fa';t, that at nearly every fruit shipping point in On- tario, at least, growers have stood on the platform and seen their shipments of peaches rendered practically unmarketable before the train pulled out. It is most discouraging to follow the fruit special through the Niagara district during the heavy shipping season, and see WAQE Riding Cultivators haveth.it accuracy and ease of contrul tliat fits every coii- diiion of soil and growth of plants. Everytliingisat your finder t'ls — easily shifted, ad- justable for all kinds of work. Lever controlling width of cul- tivation does not chanpe angle of teeth — vew important. Steel frame. Guiiled by ball-bearing pivot wheels.excellent for hill-side work. Parallel gang shitt, high and low ■wheels, dust-proof bearings, etc. One or two row. Ask your dealer to show them and ■write us for free booklet, "Two Horse Riding and Walking Culti- vators. " Tht Batcmai-WlIkingOD Co. ,Ltd. 467 Sym)DEt«D Avc.Tor9nt«,Cai. Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. DAHLIAS SINGLE: Ami Barillet, crimson-scarlet with golden disc: very distinct. 20th Century, rosy crimson, shadine to white at the edg«s and a ligrht halo around the disc. CACTUS: Countess of Lonsdale: a Ijlending of amber and salmon pink; a free bloomer: very popular. KriemJiild©: Outer petals pink, shadius to a. white centre of beau- tiful form; a favorite sort. J. H. Jackson: Brilliant crimson maroon. DECORATIVE: William Agnew, brilliant soar- let; a ereat favorite. 0. W. Bruton: Golden, yellow; very large blooms. SHOW: Grrand Duke Alexis, maseive larg-e quilled flowers, ivor,v white tinted pale lavender. Red Hussar: Brilliant cardinal red; a good cut Sower sort. A. D. Llvoni: Clear pink, quilled petals; one o.f the beet for cut* flowers. All varieties: Each 15 cts., 10— $1.25. Postage as per schedule is to be added. N.B. —The Dahlia plants that wo offer are from strong cuttings grown in pote until in- cipient tubers are formed. No old tubers are offered. JOHN CAVERS PRIZE DAHLIA ROOTS 15 for $1.00 by express not prepaid, or 15 by parcel post for $1.15, field grown roots. Special price for lots of 100 or more. GEO. E. 112 Chalmers St. EGERTON GALT, Ont. YOU Have Many Uses For This Machine! We are frank in telling: you that a SPRAMOTOR, rightly used, will earn its cost the first season and pay you a handsome profit besides. Our SPRAMOTOR is a very adaptable machine — one that will benefit you in many ways. It saves orchard trees and row crops with equal certajinty, destroys weeds, kills rot, bliglht, canker, lice, beetles and all parasites. It throws paint or whitewash on to buildings twemty times as quickly as by Used with disinfectant it protects horses and cattle from biting, tor- The SPRAMOTOR stands unequalled in the whole world as an effective spraying machine. It has w'on over 100 Gold Medals and First .Awards against all comers. Twenty dis- tinct patented improvements on the SPRAMOTOR that no other machine can have. Prices run from $6 up to $350— dozens of styles and sizes. Let us send you FREE, our valuable illustrated treatise on Crop Diseases. Post card brings it quickly. No Duty to Pay. SPRAMOTOR WORKS, 2412 Ring St., LONDON, CANADA hand, and does a better job, menting flies and lice. A It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless wc made it reduces the pcuonta.L;c of loss in fruit over 80 per cent., as shown by Government tests In 19 different orchards. Used on potatoes a SPRAMOTOR has increased a yield of almost nothing to 400 bushels an acre. Made in Canada. 74 THE TANADTAN H O R T T T C !/r r T? T R T Mhh I), rqi5 Queens BRED IN CANADA from the best Italian stock. Let me Book Your Order Now. One Dollar Each Six for Five Dollars. P. TEMPLE 4S8 Gladstone Ave. - TORONTO BEE SUPPLIES Write for Bee Supply Catalogue Write for Spraying Catalogue Write for Poultry Supply Catalogue Write (or Dairy Supply Catalogue MORGANS SUPPLY HOUSE LONDON, CANADA YOU ARE INTERESTED IN BEES THKX T.MvE THE AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL Some SPECIAL FEATURES for 1915 are a series of articles by FRANK C. PEL- LETT on "Honey Flora" and C. P. DAD ANT'S articles on his trip abroad and"Queen Rearing- in Italy." We have many of the world's best bee writers as contributors J. L. BYER conducts our Canadian Department. DR. C. C. MILLER writes edi- torials and answers questions. 6 Months' Trial to NEW Subscribers, 40c. Write to AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, Hamilton, III. COMB FOUNDATION Made by the "Weed Patent Process" The Weed Foundation Sheeter. FOUNDATION made by this process excells all other in strength of texture. This combined in nice, straight uniform sheets, with good cell walls and thin base, gives it world-wide reputation for general excellence of quality. So much better than the ordinary, and costs no more — Try n Customers' Wax made up by "Weed Patent Process" Beeswax taken in payment of n\aking at trade prices, if desired THE HAM & NOTT CO., Limited BRANTFORD, ONTARIO peaches piled ten baskets high, and bas- kets tossed on top of this to the car roof. On one occasion this special consisted of two Grand Trunk box cars, two Canadian F^xpress cars, two Grand Trunk refrigera- tors, two .\rms horse cars. Many of these cars were loaded as mentioned. I 'selected one consiifnee, the Cherney (irocerv- Co., Windsor, and later called upon them. Their report was that not one shipment dirring the season had reai hed them in a proper ' iindition. Effect of the New Duties The iii;inner in which the ^ncw duties and war taxes will affect fruit growers was dealt with at length in a recent issue of The Cooperative News by A. E. .Xdams. secretary of the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia Ltd. Mr. .Adams estimates that his company will have to pay $2,494 a year extra, and that if jt had not suc- ceeded through several months' efforts in having all duty removed off sulphate of ■nicotine the extra cost - would have been $4,048 a year. Mr. .Adams writes in part as follows : "The tariff charges are of such a sweep- ing and iiniversal character that practically every citizen will be called upon to bear his share of the burden. We cannot dis- guise the fact, however, that the tariff changes will seriously affect us. as most of our requirements have to be imported. "The all-round increase of 7% per cent. affects mearly every material we handle, and the imposition of 7 '4 per cent, on all goods that w-ere originally on the free list, with a few minor exceptions, also brings under tariff such commodities as bone meal, muriate and .sulphate of notash, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, sulphur, soda, amd various other chemicals, while the duty on such articles as acid pfiosphate, mixed fertilizer, arsenate of lead, lime-sulphur, etc., is increased by 7% per cent. "The stamp dutv on cheques, receipts, bills of lading, bills of exchange, letters, etc., will also affect us. Now let us cal- culate approximately what increased ex- penditure on the part of our members, these changes call for. "From June 1st to December 31st, your central office mailed 11.500 letters. We can, therefore, estimate that up to the emd of our financial year another 9,500 w-ill be mailed, making a total for the year o*' 21,000. We can, therefore, estimate that in one year the new one cent war stamp will cost your central office about .$210 00 "Your office issues about 2,000 cheques a year, so that the new war stamp will cost about 40 00 "The cost of the same stamp on drafts and bills of exchange will be about 20 00 "The extra duty on fertilizers will be approximately 2786 25 "On sulphur 292 50 "On arsenate of lead 450 00 "Sundry other articles imported, 250 CO $4048 75 "It will be understood that the above figures only include the extra duty and do not take into consideration existing duties. "Now, that $4048.75 represents what you would have had to pay extra had there been no Central Association, but, having a Cen- tral Association, it will not cost you so much," Continuing, Mr. Adams explains that his company will save $2,492 through the re- moval of the old dutv on sulphate of nico- tine, leaving the net increase in cost due to the duties and taxes at $2,494. March, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 75 BEES FOR SALE For Sale — Early swarms, 1 lb. bees $1.50, f.o.b. here. Add price of Queon it wanted. Untested Italian Queens, 75c each, Teeted Italian Queens, $1.25 each. These are bred from best honey-gathering strain- No dis- ease. Safe arrival and satisfaction I guaran- tee to any Express Office in Man., Ont. and Que. This is undoubtedly the best way for Northern honey-producers to incresise and improve their stock. I>elivery begins about April 5th. Capacity, 40 swarms per day. You will get your beee vhen wanted, or money back by return mail. Early swarm gets the honey. W. D. ACHORD. FITZPATRICK, ALA., U.S.A. BEES and QUEENS Ours are choice stock and Northern Bred, are more desirable for Canadian Beekeepers. Ask for Catalogue B. Bee Supplies— We sell Root's goods only. Let us quote you prices on what you need. Ask for Catalogue A. Berry Baskets, ask for Catalogue 0. M. H. HUNT & SON • LANSING, MICH. BEES FOR SALE Italian Bees, lb., $2.25; 5 lbs., S10.50; 1-L Frame, $2.00: 2 Fr. Nuc, $3,00; All with Queens. Italian Queens, 75c each ; 6 for $4.00. Complete Catalogue Free. THE DEROY TAYLOR CO. BOX C ■ NEWARK, N.Y.. U.S.A. IF GOOD QUEENS ARE WANTED I have the goods. The pure throe-banded Italians and the pure Carniolians, both races from imported mothers. Prices, untested, each 75o, doz. $8.00; Tested $1.25 each— $12.00 doz. Circular Free. GRANT ANDERSON SAN BENITO, TEXAS The Bcc-Kccpcrs* Review Is out on a hunt for new subscribers and has a special offer to make to those subscribing at the present time. The regrular subscription price of The Review is $1 a year. Our special of- fer is to give the last nine months of 1914 and all of 1915 at the regular an- nual price. The nine months of 1914 contain all the valuable papers read at the National Convention at St. Louis, Mo., last February, including one from Prof. Morley Pettit, and one from Prof. F. W. Sladen, of Canada, besides many from over the border. Twenty-one months for a dollar. A bargain worth considering. No ex- tra charge for Canadian postage. Address, with remittance. The Bee- Keepers' Review, Northstar, Michi- gan. THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE Successors to THE CHAS. E. HOPPER CO., 183 Wright Ave., TORONTO, Ont. Every want of the beekeeper supplied. Canadian and American goods. New friction drive Extractor, Gasoline Enginee, Hot-bed Sash. Quality counts. Catalogue free. Sub- scriptions for Bee Journals taken. BEEKEEPERS! Send for our new Cata- logue describing our Improved Model Hives — one of the best hives in use for our climate. Weed Process Comb Founda- tion, Beet in Pound Packages and a full line of Bee Sup- plies. Write us il yon have any BEESWAX to offer F. W. JONES BEDFORD, QUE. Bee Ware "Made in Canada" goods, double walled and single walled dove- tailed hives- — Canadian standard In width, power outfits, ex- cluders, frame jigs, ventilated escapes, smokers, sections, Fdn. fasteners, shipping cases, bees, queens, honey, wax, comb foundation. Scores of different articles manufactured here. Everything for the Beekeeper. All our woodenware is a marvel of accuracy and finish. Our whole products bear the imprint of thought an(d care, even in the smallest detail. This is because we are PRACTICAL APIARISTS. Protection Hive- -the hive that is making a clean swreep every\vhere. How about your i lb. combless package of bees? The most econ- omical method of building up your apiary we know of. Owing to the shortage in bees this spring, a big demand ig certain. Already the rush is on. If handled properly they will give a handsome return the same sea.son. The Bees should ix; on the combs before Fruit bloom. That means early orders. All orders filled in rotation. Satisfaction guaranteed. .See Catalogue for information. PROMPTNESS IN SHIPPING: We ship same day order is received. No delay — fac- tory is at our rear. CHAS. E. HOPPER 81 CO. 126 SIMCOE STREET - TORONTO, ONT. Twenty-flue years of knowledge and experience we giue you in euery order. I lb. Combless Package of Bees, Queen included. The modern wray to ship bees. THE C A NAD TAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191-; PURE SEED POTATOES FOR SALE A quantity of Davies' Warrior, Green Mountain, Noxall and Pats Choice. Four of the heaviest yielding main crop white potatoes. Write for Price L/st PORT ELGIN FRUIT GROWERS' LIMITED PORT ELGIN, ONT. r "Grow Bigger Crops During the War" THIS is the Canadian farmer's golden harvest-time. With wheat selling over the dollar mark, and other grains and vegetables bringing war-time prices, farmers should do their utmost to grow as big crops as possible this year. This, friends, is the time of all times to enrich your soil with H ara b It is the sure way to make your soil yield bumper crops and make more money for you. By usingthe proper fer- tilizers you can greatly increase your yield at no extra cost of labor or seed. Would it not pay you to grow the maximum from your soil? DAVIES' Fertilizers If you've been in the habit of using Davies' Fertilizers, keep on using them. They are excellent fertilizers. It's mere- ly a matter of choice between Harab and Davies' . The Ontario Fertilizers Limited supply both. If Harab Fertilizers were not exceptionally profitable to use, I don't think there would be such a great and growing demand for them, do you? But perhaps you would like to read the new ferti- lizer booklet that describes them fully. If so, just drop a card to The Ontario Fertilizers Limited, and say "Please send me your new Harab Fertilizer booklet." They have prom- ised me to send my friends this booklet promptly without charge. The Ootario Fertilizers Limited, West Toronto, Canada 23 Growing Food on Vacant Lots W. W. Aadrcwi, Rcfio*, Suk. "Our method of handlin>f vacant lots in rfina is by a committee, of which I am chairman. Our secretar>' finds out from owners if they are reasonably sure that they will not build on their land during the cominp- season, and if they are willing to lot us have the land for our purposes. Then we arrange to plough and harrow them. This costs us ninety cemts a lot. (It cost us much more at first.) We charge two dollars and fifty cents for use of lot, plow- ing and harrowing, and wc give some flow- er seeds to be sown in the ten feet near the street. Some of the lots were ver>' beautiful We formed a cooperative society among ll. gardeners and they bought their seeds cl operatively. We carried on a series of lec- tures and talks on the conditions of success in western gardening. These were held in the schoolhouses and were the first social centre work in the schoolhouses. These meetings were well attended and the discus- sions were interesting. We pay our seen tary fifty dollars for his trouble. We have now one hundred and sixty lots ready for the spring. We had some city property which is now used by the city for pursery purposes. Next year we expect to add a large number of lots to our list. We were able to run a small market of our own — cooperatively managed, and this move led with the cooperation of the ladies' association to the re-opening of the city market. We hope to reduce somewhat the fee of two dollars fifty cents. It is very small, considering the results the gardens vield. I had one garden and so also had som others of our committee. My little twenty- fivc-foot lot kept our table supplied all summer with abundance of green stufF, let- tuce, Swiss Chard, spinach, peas, beans, tomatoes, corn, onions, carrots, turnips, celery, potatoes and cabbage, enough to do us all winter. The soil here is wonder- ful in its fertility. We used the newspapers freely. Our secretary was most indefatigable. The chairman and secrctarv necessarily do most of the work. Some of the stores gave plants, tools, and special seeds af reduced prices to all who presented one of our cards. We have decided to recommend all our gardeners who use hotbeds and cold frames to eschew glass and to use factory cotton instead. It costs less, does not grow so hot during the day nor so cool at night. The plants get more air and are in every way harder and stand transplanting better. One edge of the factory- cotton we tack to the higher side of the frame and the other edge is tacked to a lath or roller. The cotton is in this way easily rolled up, and when spread over the frame the weight of the roller keeps it in place. Lath may be used as rafters to keep it from sagging during a rain and injuring the plants. K movement has been started in the Pro- vince of Quebec favoring the holding of a provincial horticultural exhibition similar to the one which has been held in Toronto for the province of Ontario during the past eight years. The province of Quebec needs such an exhibition. Nothing would do more to unify the horticultural interests and at the same time advertise the fruit re- sources of the Province. The first few ex- hibitions would naturally be small but in time they should become an important an- nual event in the affairs of the Province. ^tarch, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST T? Nova Scotian Methods That Succeeded At a meeting: of the directors of the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotiaj Ltd., held early in February, Secretar\'- treasurer A. E. Adams presented a lemg-thy report, covering the operation's of the com- pany during the past season. Extracts from this report arc here given : It was realized by your Board of Man- aq-ement at the commencement of the finan- cial year that unusual difficulties were to be oTicountered on account of the great crops reported from all sections. When a little later, Europe, our greatest market, was plunged into a fearful devastating war, those difficulties were increased tremen- dously. Your management were quick to understand and take advantage of the fact that these very difficulties but provided opportunities for cooperative cemtralization to accomplish useful work and to demon- strate to the world what could be accom- plished by the united efforts of a com- munity banded together for mutual assist- ance and protection. When war was declared it was recognized that the price of feed and flour would ad- vance considerably, in fact if evidence were needed of what would happen it was quick- ly provided for by local feed and flour mer- chants who promptly advanced their prices. The action, however, of your central office in immediately securing some forty-five car- loads of feed and flour and promptly plac- ing about twenty cars at various points throughout the Valley, quickly had an effect and caused traders to revert to reasonable prices and to be content with a fair profit. In all, 105 cars have been handled since August at a cost of $94,500. Every carload of this has been passed on to subsidiary' companies at a price far below market value . METHODS COMPARED I wish at this point to trespass om your patience for a few moments while I com- pare the manner in which the apple crop of the three great producing provinces has been handled. British Columbia, although organized in- to cooperative companies and also enjoying the benefits in a measure of cooperative centralization, cannot claim to have made a success of her efforts in the marketing of her crop. It is not my intention to criticise her methods, for in a certain direction we have a lot to learn from British Columbia, but what I do want to direct your attention to is the fact that the British Columbia crop has only netted for the grower 27 cents per box. Bearing in mind that only the very finest specimens are packed and that land is much higher in price there than here, that labor A FARMER'S Garden «llllll ■■IllllllllllltllllllllllllllllllllllllH ■■lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllt* Helps his wife to plan her table in busy times. Saves work g and worry, saves buyiui; so much meat, gives better siiiis- 5 [action to the help. A good garden will be almost impossi- S ble iD your bii.sy life wiUiout proper tools. They cost little S and save much liaid work. dk = WHEEL HOES I AND DRILLS! mUAQE will sow, cultivate, ridge, furrow, etc.» better than you can 5 with old-fashioned tools and ten times quicker. A woman, 5 boy or girl can do ft. Can plant closcrand work these hand S tools while the horses rest, 38 combinations s Irom ■whi. h to choose at $3.00 to f 14. One s coml'iited tool will do all of the worlc, ^ Ask your idealer to show them and : 'rife us for booklet, "Gardeninif s kVith Modem Tools" and "Iron \ Age Farm and Garden News" 5 both free. \ The Bateman- :: WiUlnnon Co., , Limited /462 BymlnKtonj 'i.v., Toronto, Oan.l ,on| Landscape Gardening ®A oouTse for Gardeners, i lonstB and Home-makers, taught by Prof. Beal, of Cornel] University. Proereesive Florists recog-- nize the growing imiK>rtance of a knowledge of Lajidscape We also offer a practical course in Floriculture, in- cluding Greenhouse Construc- tion and Management. Send for Catalogue. Address THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL DEPT. C.F. . SPRINGFIELD, MASS. RENNIE'S Garden Seed BOOK ^■^^ For 46 ye.irs the leading ^^"^ Nnuf authority on Vegetable, Cni- "«•" Flower and Farm Seeds, TUI D«« J.. P'^"'-'* ■'""'' Bulbs. You need* nf f- IfeSOyit. Setid fjr free co/Jy— 1315 to-day. ALACRITY TOMATO An Extra Early Red Variety Developed by Experts at the Central Ex- perimental Farm, Ottawa. Reported to be the earliest variety in existence and espec- ially adapted for Canada, being Northern Grown. Full size packet, ISc. Wm. RENNIE Co. Umitea, Adelaide and Jarvis Streeti, TORONTO LET CANADA BLOOM DESPITE THE WAR What a consolation a flower garden will be this year ! Of course, more people are going to grow their own vegetables this year, but just as many should retain the touch of beauty. Our new illustrated catalogue will help you decide what kinds to plant. A postcard will bring it. DARCH AND HUNTER SEED CO., Limited BOX 1284, LONDON, ONT. I '^a Ferguson's— Non Plus Ultra, white Turnip and scarlet white tip. Pkt. 5c; oz. 15c; X lb. 40c; lb. $1.00. High-Grade Seeds To ■ O insure Bumper Crops " thia year you cannot be too careful about buy- ing the Best Seeds. Owing to tie present war it is expected there will be a IS/r'Thf besT^od-'u^c^^"- ^" -^^ - -eTuV"^^s^!^^d^Vr"LSe^t^-r The Best Is None Too Good With our experience and Itnowledge of True Oualitv Seeds -^^ ^ ^ ^ pfct^l^'v/ib'T^^^^ib^'s^^'*"^ <'^''«" p<^- Giobi^,^ pki^'T^r v." ''°^'"^'' " ^'"^^ Pkt*''l^^'i/rof I?^°o'f ^^"^-^- ^-k-t. lOc'^f.kllc'.'^'iT'V'^^'^ ''^'^'"'- ^*- Sp'ine'.''^k"'?6c.^S^^^'^'« ^"'^^ ^""^ ^h»- o^'m^"*^^' ^^^'^^on's Peerless. Pkt. lOc. Hte."^^^'' ^"^^'8 Wayahead. Pkt. ONION: Ferguson's Excelsior. Pkt. 25o y. iKioc^T'irsl' "^"^"^ ^*~"^- ^^^- 1"°' 5c!'o"'l".' ^'''■^^"'« White Icicle. Pkt. ^JOMATO: Ferguson's O.K. Pkt. 15c. % oz. UCT^r^T^r, ^ „ '^"''' •'"'' "'"' *'«' Catalog FREE. SEEDS OF KNOWN QUALITY" DUPUY & FERGUSON 39 Jacques Cartier Square MONTREAL 78 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1915 CENTRAL NURSERIES Have a Fine Assortment of Trees, Vines, Plants, Ornamentals, Etc. For Sprlnc Ptantln^j Direct. For Satisfaction plant HULL TREES. Our prices arc right and so are the trees. Send for new priced catalogue, also your want list for special prices on Apple Trees. Excellent quality, and at a ver>' reasonable price. Trees ^rown in Canada. Look over our price list. No Agents. A. G. HULL & SON - ST. CATHARINES, ONT. It Pays to Spray Proper Spraying yields Big Returns. Unsprayed fruit is liable to be a drug on the market. A Good Spray Outfit will soon pay for itself and Adds to your Profits. The Masscy- Harris Sprayer ha* Double Cylinder Vertical Pump with Brojize Plungers-— Tank is made of selected Cypress— -the Agitator is operated from top of the Tank— no Sprocket Chains or other "trappy" Parts. Made in a large range of sizes from the hand power outfit on skids, shown above, to the large power outfits for the large fruit farms. Complete catalogue which contains valuable hints on spraying, free on request. MASSEY-HARRIS CO., Ltd. Head Offices: - TORONTO, Canada Branches at Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Swift Current, Yorkton, Calgary, Edmonton. AGENCIES EVERYWHERE is also more expensive, I feel sure that you will ajfree that a return of 27 cents per box is totally inadequate to pay for production. Ontario, which is the larKCSt apple rais- inff province of the Dominion, is hardly in a much better position. True, Ontario has many cooperative fruit companies, but she lacks a central association. The result has been that lackinjf the Ruidinx hand of a central, lacking the courag^e that a centra! can always inspire the various cooperative companies and the individual growers of Ontario have almost thrown their crop away. Dependent almost entirely on the spec- ulator, even as Nova Scotia would be but for its central association, the Ontario grower found that he was leaning on a rotten reed for the apple speculator in .August and September last was not imbued with a great amount of courage and refus- ed altogether to have any dealing with those out of whom he had in the past made handsome profits. CoDsequently the growers, thrown on their own resources, flooded the western markets with their apples absolutely with- out regard to the requirements of that mar- ket. Prices were slaughtered, and that portion of the crop that was harvested was thrown away, nearly half of the crop, how- ever, was never harvested and was allowed to rot on the ground. To-day, Ontario is without apples, and her usual markets are bare, crying for the very apples that have been thrown away, and Nova Scotia is taking advantage of the opportunity thus afforded, and is plac- ing her products on the markets that On- tario previously considered her own. Who will say that a similar state of affairs would not have existed in Nova Sootia had there been no central asso- ciation ? At the commencement of the sea- son hundreds of growers cancelled their orders for barrels and lacked the courage to pick their fruit. With the high freight rates that would have been demanded but for our efforts to prevent them, it would have required considerable courage to have shipped across to a country involved in a K'^reat war, and I say that Nova Scotia would liave done exactly as Ontario did. It was the central association that fur- nished the courage that caused the growers of the Annapolis V.alley to harvest and pack their crop, a^nd it was the central associa- tion that regulated the shipments so that the growers in spite of the dark clouds of war .are receiving a fair return for their fruit. Perhaps I cannot do better at this stage than tell you just what your fall fruit has done. The average for Ribstons is : $1.50; No. 2, $1.38; No. 3, $1X3. Blenheims, No. 1. $1.54; No. 2. Co. No. 3, $1.00; No. 3, 98c. Kings, No. 1, $2.04: No. 2, $1.75; Co. No. 3, $1.30; No. 3, $1.02. Compare those returns with the returns received by the growers in any of your competitive provinces, and I claim you have all Canada beaten. No. 1 $1.30 WISCONSIN INCUBATOR ahdBROODER BOTH $ 1322 130 Egg INCUBATOR 130Chick Brooder BOTH FOR and Duty PAID ordered together we send both machines for only $13.90 and we pay all freight and duly charges to any R. R. station in Canada. We have branch warehonses in Winnipeg, Maa, and Toronto, Ont. Orders shipped from nearest warehouse to your K. H. station. Hot water, double walls, dead air spuce between, double glass doors, copper tanks and boilers, self-regulating. Nursery under egf: tray, Kspeeiully adapted to Canadian cli- mat4>. Incubator and Brooder shipped complete with thermometers, lamps, egg testers —ready to use when you get them. Ten year guarantee— 30 tiays trial. Ineubators fln- ished in natural colors showing the high grade California Redwood lumber used— not painted to cover Inferior material. If you will compare our machines with others, we feel sure of your order. Don't buy until you do this— you'll save money— it pays to invest- Igate before you buy. Rememberour price of (13,90 1b for both Incubator and Brooder and cov. era freight and duty charges. Send for FREE catalog today, or send In your order and ^avetlme. WISCOWSIW INCUBATOR CO. Box 186 , Write Vs Today— Ooti't Delity RACINE, WISCONSIN, U. S. A. March, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 79 THE GEORGIAN BAY TREE PRUNER Is made for better pruning- and less climbinfi;. Will cut a limb of reasonable size anywhere be- tween the tip and the tree with- out injury to the tree. Is dur- able and liRht, made of best material, adjusted for lonp or short pole. Description and price sent on application. GEO. W. BULL, WIARTON, ONT. APPLE TREES All standard varieties, one and two years old ; large, strong and clean ; grown with special care from se- lected buds for our own planting. AT RIGHT PRICES Write us for Prices and Information lYNNDALE FARMS SIMCOE, ONT. p. E. ANGLE - Superintendent As our Gravenstein average is affected very much by our operaticms in the Can- adian West, I will deal with the western business next. Owing- to the panic to which I have already referred, the western busi- ness was very difficult to handle. With the nearby Ontario g-rowers ready to accept any price for their fruit with British Columbia - flooding the west with their crop all on consignment it was a fairly tough pro- position for any representative to sell Gravensteins at any price. Mr. Morse succeeded, however, in the face of such a state of affairs in selling 29 cars at from $1.90 to $2.00 for No. I's aind No. 2's. After he had secured that business he met other competition much harder to overcome, namely, the competition from his own province. The unorganized growers selling their Gravensteins to speculators at $1.00 to $1.25 enabled those gentlemen to quote Gravensteins on the western market at $1.35 to $1.40 per barrel. A bad feature of this competition was that our competitors were quoting coopera- tive pack. The .speculators found that buyers -uere demanding cooperative pack, and that little attention was paid to their quotations, even if lower tham ours. They therefore organized cooperative companies of their own so that they could use apples thus obtained to undersell the organized farmers and thus ruin your markets. I consider the action of the speculators in thus organizing cooperative companies the finest compliment that could be paid to our organization and a standing testimony to the success of our movement. Thus the farmers' own organization endeavoring to obtain for the Annapolis Valley a fair re- turn for its crop was balked in that en- deavor by the action of those who will not cooperate. It is safe to state that but for that senseles.s competition double the quantity of Gravensteins would have been placed on the western market and the Market Gardeners Before buying your Seeds this Spring we Want you to see our Price List of rm Keith's Seeds are right seeds at right prices and will posi- tively and absolutely give you satisfaction. Write Us About Yonr Wants Srrd Merrhafits since iS66 GEO. KEITH 81 SONS 124 KING ST. EAST - TORONTO '*rolitB nor "free excursions" to middlemen— PAGE Fence is the bigerest actual fenoe value you can buy. We make but one grade — the very best. We have no "8kimi>ed"-gauge light-weight fence as "bait." Our wire is ALL full Imperial Gauge. Even the knots are full No. 9 gauge. (Because the knot is the vital part in any fence — ajid no fence is stronger than its weakest knot.) PAGE weave is perfect- Every lateral of uniform length. Every upright correctly spaced- The PAGE knot is slip-proof- PAGE Gal- vanizing is the beet money can buy- Every rod of PAGE Fence is sold under this iron-clad guarantee — " Satisfaction — or your mone.v back." Out of 15.(X)0 ehip- meuts last yeai^not one came back He are official supplier of fencing, gates, etc., to Granges and other members of the United Farmers' Cooperative Com- pany. Memlxrrs should apply to the head office of the United Farmers' Cooperative Company, 100 Church Street, Toronto, for particulars. Write tor FREE copv of big PAGE General Catalogue. High- BTade Farm and Household neccflsitiee at Wholesale Prices DKPT. 4M PAGE WIRE FENCE CO. LTD. 1137 King St. Weat, TORONTO 87 Church St., WALKERVILLE 8o TKE CANADIAN H ORTIC ULTU RTST Mjir'-h i')i : Results Prove Spramotors Best! No other spraying' machine baa been rrajited tho iKitcrils for Improvemont that you'll find on tho SI'HAMOTOR. No other makor has been bo long .risriiirc-d in the exclusive manufacture of spraying rnacliinee. Thise are the foots that count when it f comee to service-glTinif and. remilt- Kettine. We make t""" II isn t a SPRAMOTOR un e<>s we made it ill dozens of styles and nizfH. from $6 up — operated by hund, horse and gaeoline power. Outfit shown here is our HAND SPRAMOTOR mounted on one-horse cart supplying twelve nozzles under hiph pretsure. Gives perfect spray for row crops, trees and viiievardB. also weed killing. Four to eight nonclogging nozzlee do the work. Wheels ad- justable in width. 54 in. to 72 in. nozzlee from 26 in. to 36 in. also in height. A flrstKslaas nioderate price outfit. rnrr Write u.s giving some idea of your spraying nteds, and wo will send absolutely free rilLLand without obligation to you. our fully illustrated valuable work on Crop Diseases. MADE IN CANADA - NO DUTY TO PAY. SPRAMOTOR WORKS, 2215 King St., LONDON, CAN. Spraying Pays Tor gardens, lenetrat'ing- power SOLUBLE SULPHUR has been used by thousands of fruit growers now for three years with the hifrhest satisfaction. It positively will do the work. A trial will convince anyone. DON'T PAY FREIGHT ON WATER. Let us send you full particulars. NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., Limited, BURLINGTON, ONT. 82 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1915 BRUCE'S SEEDS SPECIAL COLLECTIONS (Prices Prepaid) Bruce'8 Collection Floral Gems, 1 P^*- each G variflics, I'ine Annuals, each separate, m;iny colors, for 26c* Brnce'B Peerless Collection Tall NastiirtinmB, 1 pkt, t.ncli of (i finest varieties, separate colors, tor iJ,")c. Brace's Royal Nosemay Collection Swtet Peas, . 1 pkt. each 6 superb sorts, separate colors, for 25c, •h, Bruce'e I'eerlcss Collection Dwarf Nasturtinms, 1 pkt. ench of 6 finest .sorts, ::epar;ite colors, for 25c, Brnce's Knipire Collection Asters, 1 pkt. each of 4 magnificent varteties, separate, all colors, for 25c. Brnce's "A" Vejtetable Collection, 6 pkts. different varieties, our selec- tion, for 25c. , . , , Brnce's "B" VeBetable Collection, 12 pkts. different varieties, our selec- tion, for 50c. ,.„ ... ,, ,, Brnce's "C" Vcaetable Collection, 11 pkts. different varietie.5 and >i-lb. each, Beans, Corn and Peas, our selection, for 75o, •> D e Cr Our haniiaomely lllustrateil 1 IS-papo caUlogue of VocetaHe. Farm nn.l Flower Seeds. mCC J'laiits. Bulbs. Poultry Supplies, Garden Implements, ele.. for WiU. Send for It. John A. Bruce & C-O., Litd. Established sixty-five years. Figure what your fence costs you per year That is the only right way to figure the cost of fence— the only real way to determine value. Judged on that basis the so-called "cheap " fence becomes the dearest you could buy. For example— FROST FENCE at a reasonable cost will give you twenty years of service. A "cheap" fence put up at the same time, costs one-fifth less, but doesn't last half as long. Is there any question which fence is the cheapest? For the man who want.s good, true, .solid value, FROST Fence is the only logical buy. Have you ever noticed that users of Frost Fence as v/e\l as dealers are invariably quite prosperous and up-to-date? Consider this, and also the all-important fact that we make our own wire. This advantage alone is easily sufficient to place Frost Fence First Every foot of wire used in FROST FENCE is best full-gauge No. 9 Hard Steel Wire. Then the galvanizing is extra thick and heavy— won t scale off or succumb to the attacks of rust and weather. . There is extra reserve spring in the laterals to meet future contraction or expansion. The lock, which is the crowning feature to FROST Fence, is wrapped around both stays and laterals with a never-yielding grip, endmg in a doubly secure tie below. Write us direct if you can't get FROST FENCE. We may need an agent in your locality. 66 Frost Wire Fence Co., Limited, Hamilton, Ont. Fruit FJics ; Mr. R. Morrill, of Mirhigam, who dealt with peach j^rowinjf ; Prof. T. D. Jarvis, who spoke, on the Marketing of Fruit, and by F. Johnson, who dealt with Grape Culture. The following day the convention was continued in St. Catharines. Mr. W. A. McCubbim spoke on the control of Peach Canker and Brown Rot, Prof. Jar- vis urged the use of express by small pro- ducers instead of sending by freight. An address- on vineyard conditions and manipulation was givem by Mr. J. H. Burk- hard of St. Josephs, Mich., who among other things 'urged the spraying of vines, whether they needed it or not. The speak- er advocated the use of fertilizers. Domin- ion Fruit Commissioner, D. Johnson, favor- ed the use of advertising as an aid in dis- posing of the fruit crop and intimated that the Dominion Government purposes endeav- oring to promote the consumption of peaches. In reply to a number of questions relat- ing to the fruit lands of Florida and Cali- fornia, Mr. Morrill advised his hearers to stay at home. .\ peach orchard owned by him in Texas had caused him somewhat heavy losses. Mr. Burkhard advocated the adoption in Ontario of a law to prevent the shipment of immature grapes. Such a law is in force in Michigan and has given sat- isfaction. Other speakers during the meet- ings were Dr. C. C. James, Dominion Com- missioner of Agriculture ; Prof. R. Har- court, Guelph ; F. C. Hart, of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, Toronto ; and F. M. Clement, Vineland Stn., Ont. Following the convention of the Central association a ser- ies of local meetings were held at Fonthill, St. Davids, Jordan Station, Beamsville and Stoney Creek. British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association Special emphasis was laid on three points at the annual convention of the British Co- lumbia Fruit Growers' .■\ssociatioin held in Victoria, B. C, Januan,' 26 and 27. These were the taking of action to obtain an in- crease in the tariff which would prevent the dumping of fruit from the Pacific Coast states on the markets of British Columbia, the perfecting of the methods of cooperation followed throughout the province and the reduction of expense, both in the orchard operations and in marketing methods as well. President W. C. Ricardo, of Vernon, ad- vocated the use of improved methods dur- ing 1915. He said that the 1914 crop had been 20 per cent, greater thain that of 1912. During 1915 it was going to be possible for the growers to obtain their boxes at a lower cost. Secretary R. M. Winslow, of Victoria, B. C, reported that the executive committee had devoted special attention to obtaining publicity for British Columbia fruits. The general returns had been the lowest record- ed im recent years, due largely to the large crop in the United States and to war condi- tions. There had been an improvement in transportation conditions. The membership of the association was 876. Sir Richard McBride, Provincial Premier, strongly advocated an increase in the tar- iff on fruit. He claimed that the peach and apple market in Vancouver was often shot to pieces by the slaiughtering of Washington State fruit on the Vancouver market, when the Seattle market was overstocked. Similar views were expressed by Hon. Price Ellison, IMinister of Agriculture, and by W. E. Scott, Deputy Minister of Agriculture. An ad- Nfarcti, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 83 dress on transportation comditions was giv- en bv F. W. Peters. Mr. Forsyth Smith, Markets Commission- er, described his efforts during the year to stimulate trade with the prairie provinces aid Eastern Canada. He pointed out the different requirements of eastern markets, esp.ecially those of Toro.nto and Montreal. Trade in apricots and cherries was some- what confused last year, and more adver- tising was recommended. In order to ob- tain publicity for British Columbia fruit he advocated the appointment of salesmen who would carry samples of the various fruits, and give lectures wherever they went. .4in address was given by R, Robertson, manager of the Okanagan United Growers, on the subject "Cooperation in the Okana- tran." Mr. Robertson advocated the mak- ing of efforts towards the amalgamation of shipping imterests. RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED The following resolutions were adopted : 1. "That the full pint hallock and crate be adopted as a legal and a standard pack- an-e for berries, thus eciualizing competition with imported fi-uits, particularly berries. 2. "That the dominion governmemt be re- auested to enact legislation compelling dealers receivipBf fruit on consignment to make returns to the shippers, showing com- dition of fruit on arrival : to whom it was sold, the buyer's address and the price re- ceived therefor and that returns be made at least once a week." OFFICERS F.LECTED VV. C. Ricardo, president ; Thomas Abriel, vice-president ; R. M. Winslow, secretary. R. D. Nicholson, R. M. Palmer, James Rooke, W. S. Foggo, Hon. Price Ellison, Minister of Agriculture, W. E. Scott, Depu- ty Minister of Agriculture, ex-ofhcio, mem- bers of the Executive Committee. Directors: Victoria, W. F. Somers ; Dun- can-\anaimo, R, M. Palmer; Lower Main- land (south of the Eraser) George I. Thorn- ton ; Lower Mainland (north of the Eraser, Mission and east) F. M. Shook; Lower Mainland (north of the Eraser, west of Mis- sion) J. C. Metcalfe; Salmon Arm, Arm- strong, F. D.Nicholson ;Vernoin-Coldstream, W. C. Ricardo ; Okanagan Centre-North Kelowna, J. E. Reekie; Kelowna (south and east), W. C. Pooley; Summerland, R. V. Augur ; Vernon-Long Lake, W. S. Foggo ; Penticton, E. \V. Mutch; Similkameen, J. J. GARDENERS' GLOVES Slieep-sliin kIovus, gleam and fireproof asbestos tan. .lust tlie right glove to protect your hands during the spring w ork. lO-in. gloves. 50o. per paij". prepaid. 10-in. one fin- ger mitt, 2.TC. per pair ; 4 pairs $1.00, prepaid. 12-in. one finger mitt, gauntlet cntf, 40c. per pair, prepaid. *'/ havg used Dai-id>^oii' -^ x^irt5iriiu,itmvcrr. LET us HELP YOU PROTECT YOUR ORCHARD If your deiiler will not supply 5'ou \vith"Hhiok Leaf 40", send us P. O. Money Order for $2.50 and we will send you, express prepaid, u 2 pound c:in that will msike 200 gallons of etlective spraying solution. If you are in doubt about the insecticide you need, write us, send specimens, or give descriptions of your insect enemies and we will help you to And tht^ proper insecticide. KENTUCKY TOBACCO PRODUCT CO. Dept. E, Louisville, Ky. INCORPORATED Armstrong; Kettle River, James Rooke ; .Arrow and Slocan Lakes, Thomas AbricI ; Nelson and Lower Kootenay, James John- stone; Kasio and Upper Kootenay, E. Nor- man ; Cresto and East Kootemay, James Compton ; Gulf Island, .Mex. Law; Lytton to Kamloops (including West Lillooett, C. E. Barnes; Peachland-Westbank, J. L. Vicary. Manitoba The annual comvention of the Manitoba Horticultural and Forestry Association, he'd in Winnipeg-, February 18 and 19, was the most successful annual gathering ever held by this organization. The managememt of the Manitoba .Agricultural College, where all the session but one were held, made ex- cellent provision for the accommodation of the convention, and the attendance, espec- ially at the women's session, was gratify- ing. Mrs. V'ialoux, of Charleswood, occu- pied tne cftair during the women's sessiou, while the president. Dr. H. M. Speechly, presided at all the other "sessions. The re- port of Secretary-Treasurer Brodrick, was particularly satisfactory. Apple Shipments The shipment of apples from North Amer- can ports for the season up to February 15th, amounted to 2,101,792 barrels. Last year for the same period shipments were 1,598,327 barrels, and the vear before 2.521,- 650. ... Liverpool has been the principal receiving port both last year and this. Liverpool in the present season has handled 860,000 bar- rels, London coming next with 478,000, and Glasgow with 442,0CO. New York has been the chief port from which shipments were made, 700,000 barrels going from that port, 584,000 from Halifax, and 365,000 from Boston. Items of Interest Reports presented at the annual meeting of the Welland County Fruit Growers' As- sociation, held at Marshville, Ont., showed that the members had averaged $2.10 a bar- rel for their total pack. Most of the fruit was exported although some was shipped to the west. Reports from the Niagara District indi- cate that the peach trees have come through the winter in excellent condition. It is hoped that last year's light crop will be fol- lowed by a large yield this year. A deputation of fruit 8'rowers from the Niagara District waited on the government at Ottawa during February, and asked the government to see that purchases of jam for the British army are made from Cana- dian factories which have a large surplus on hand. Unless disposed of this surplus will affect the prices of fruit this year par- ticularly black currants. One canning fac- tory has reported that it has enough jam on hand to last for five years. The annual meeting of the directors of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Associa- tion for the presentation of financial reports and the election of officers, was held in February. The secretary reported "encour- aging progress in membership and a satis- factory financial condition. The following officers were elected : President, F. F. Reeves, Humber Bay ; first vice-president, J. J. Davis, London ; second vice-presi- dent, C. McCoonell, Aylmer; secretary- treasurer, J. Lockie Wilson, Toronto. March, T915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST «5 Potato Profits mtiM depend largely on bow the crop Is planted. Every skipped hill is a loss in time, fertilizer and soil. Every double wastes valuable seed. It means $5 to $50 per acre extra profit if all hills are planted, one piece in each. That is why 100 Per Cent Planters oflen pay for themselves In one season on small acreajEC. They also plant straiglit, at rizht depth, j to 24 inches apart, ^ With or withoutfcrtilizerdi*.- thbutor. Ask your dealer to sliow you this Planter and write us lor booklet, I '100 Per Cent Potalc TheBateman-WlIklnion '..Limited. 4653ymJng- ton Ave., Toronto, Can. SWEET PEAS Should be planted soon: we get ours to bloom from June till the' ^nd of Septenilx»r! All Canadian ^rowu seed, g-uai-anteed true to color and a g-ermination of over 95?o- Send for list of the beautiful colors and varieties NOW. _^ "OTAMOT" "G-autbys Ideal, " a new variety which is un- doubtedly the finest eatinp tomato in America — a very heavy bearer of perfect fruit and a great drought rraister. Turn to page 50 of the February issue and drop a postal RIGHT AWAY for full particulars, and get in before our COMPETITION closee. HILLSIDE FRUIT FARM, SIMCOE. ONT. GROFFS MODERN GLADIOLI " America " Grofl's 119 is now the leading variety in commerce, wherever Gladioli are grown. Grojf's "Peace" will have as large a sale when equally well known. We have over one thousand varieties of Groff'a Hybrids under test, and ma,ny of thera will become permanent additions to the list. We also grow in quantity. Dahlias, Cannas. Paeonies, Hardy Perennials and General Nur- sery Stock. Catalogues on Application. CAMPBELL BROS., SIMCOE, ONT. EUROPEAN SEEDS K Order from ENGLAND NOW ELWAY'O QUOTE and CAN DELIVER \^ Anise Cauliflower Lnceme Rape Beet Celery Mnitard Rutabga Cabbage Kale Pepper Spinach Carrot Kohl Rabi Raddiih Tnmip Vetch and Flower Seeds If you h;ive hitherto placed your orders in other quarters, OUR PRICK under present circumstances, will conioel you to buy from us. Pleane write AT ONCE while stocks last for immediate and later delivery : also on contract for next Fall. British Sailing to Canada continues all the tin\e. KELWAY & SON, SEED GROWERS I, to the TRADE LANGPORT, ENG, The Question of Overproduction* Prof. F. C. Sears, Amherst, Mass. Kven in as fine an industry as the orchard industry it is worth while to look ahead oc- casionally and see where we are going". Whether we are coming- to a point where there is to be over-production. If there is any dangfer of coming- to that, there is cer- tainly nothing- more vital for us to consider. We have heard, on our side of the line at least, a lot of talk from various men in whose judgment wc had every confidence, that we were approaching a point where there is bound to be over-production. While statistics are dry things, it is worth while to consider a few. The report of the Trade and Commerce Department at Ottawa, on the 31st March, 1914. shows that the average shipments of apples from Can- ada to Great Britain amd to the United States and other countries, for the ten years from 1893 to 1902, were something over SOd.OOO barrels, and the average shipment the next ten years, 1,200,000; that is, there was a 50 per ceint. increase in shipments. The last Uniteociation. BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS Prizes Ne.v York State Fair, 'ioronto Ex- hibition and other places where shown, about 20 varieties. All shades of color Plants 81.00 per 100 hv express, $1.10 by mail. Sate de- livery guaranteed. Special prices to Horti- cultural Societice. C. MORTI.MER BHZZO ■ BERLIN, C.VNADA BOOM Your Spring Business By ,\(U-mpany of Canada, Ltd Hunilton, OnL OtUwa, Out LondoD, Ont. Quebec, P. Q. MoDtreal. Qne. SLJeliii.N.Bi The Economic Handling of Fruit* \ F. H. Gria^tjr, Froit Divitlra, Ottawa ONE of the main problems before fruit Krowers is that of eliminating- some of the expenses which are incurred during- the various stages of market- ing fruit. The question has been threshed and re-threshed in all parts of the country. To-day we are very little nearer a solution then we ever were. We still have the mid- dlemen and their supposed profits, we still have the high prices to the consumer and the comparatively low price to the growt-i After all, the middleman has his place. H- is largely responsible for the distribution of our fruits in the markets. We would bi in a sorry plight without him. \nA listen Few wholesalers are growing rich, few rt tailers are making the outlandish profits with which we have been wont to credit him. Fruit costs so much because our system of marketing is wrong. It is too expensive. There are consumers who are willing to pay the ordinary market price of fruit who. in fact, give little or no regard to its cost. That class of people will always exist, and we need give them no special concern. The class to which we must give attention is the poorer class, the laboring class, the aver- age man on the street, the consumer who is willing to do his share in bringing about ' a more desirable condition of affairs. These people are not in a position to pay high prices for fruit. Nor have they been able to buy fruit this year when it has been cheaper than usual, for the simple reason that dollars have been as scarce as the proverbial hen's teeth. The consumers and producers must find some means of getting closer together and removing unnecessary expenses. If the consumer wants his fruit in barrels he can have it in barrels. If he wants it in boxes, the producer must put it up in boxes. But the grower cannot do everything. He has done much by the organization of co- operative associations, by giving the public a uniform pack and by giving the members of these associations a better price than their independent neighbor. The consumer is still acting as an individual, is still pay- ing his four or five dollars a barrel to the retailer, who in turn is supplied by the wholesaler, and so on back to the pro- ducer. And here is this same consumer putting up his wail against existing con- ditions. If he wants cheap apples he can get them. The average price this year to the grower was seventy-five cents a barrel on the tree for No. I's, 2's and 3's, and practically the same amount of money -will pick and pack and market the fruit within a reasonable distance. An additional forty- five or fifty cents must be allowed for the barrel, if shipped in barrels. But the consumers must organize just as the growers are already organizing. Un- less they do so, they must pay what the trade demands. The wholesaler is making no outrageous profits on his turnover, the retailer has his expenses to meet, his de- livery wagons to keep up, his employees to pay. Let the consumers pet together, organize themselves into associations with executive officers capable and willing and broadminded enough to make some effort in their own interest. Then they can get apples in any conceivable manner. They can get them with the city crest printed on them if they want to. The whole problem is in the hands of the consumers them- selves, with the cooperation of the pro- ducers . •Eitract, from a paper read at the last annual convention of the Quebec PomologicaJ Society. March, 191 5 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 87 GLADIOLUS GROWN IN CANADA Send for Circular We are offering: a variety said to be the most beautiful of all g-Jadioli. H. P. VAN WAGNER H.K. No. 5 Hamilton, Ont. Gardening for Pleasure and Profit deni£tnds careful selection of seed, for unless you plant the very best seeds you are partially wasting your soil and fertilizer, as well as your time and labor. The safe selection is Ewings Reliable Seeds — the favorites throughout Canada for over Forty Years. Market and amateur garden- ers alike prefer Ewing'sSeeds because they show a very high percentage of germin- ation,and produce uniformly vigorous plants of the choicest strains. If you have any place at all for it, be sure to put in a garden this spring — and be sure, too, that you plant the right seeds — Ewing's. Write for our Illustrated Catalogue and if your dealer hasn't our seeds, order from us direct. 42 The WiliiamEwing Co. Limited Seed Merchants McGILL ST. MONTREAL This does not mean that the middlemen will be boycotted. They will still have their legitimate field in which to cooperate. It simply means that more fruit, much more fmit, will be consumed. The threatening danger of over-prodnction will be lessened. People will be able to buy apples who have hitherto regarded them as a luxury beyond their reach. Others will benefit who have been securing their supply of fruit from hucksters and pedlars at fifteen cents a gallon in small quantities, which is at least three dollars a barrel. Some of these ped- lars, it is true, may be put out of business. But what of that The cities would be bet- ter off without them, and the consumers to whom they cater will get equally good fruit for half the price. Last fall there was a great deal of fruit which went to waste, particularly in west- ern Ontario. This was because the de- mand was largely lessened, the export mar- ket for early and fall varieties was cut off, and there were few itinerant buyers in the field. Be the seasons what they may, fruit was never harvested in some orchards and was frozen on the tree Realizing the situation, the city council of Ottawa tried an experiment with apples shipped in bulk, to supply the poorer classes in that city. Two cars of mixed varieties — Baldwins, Russets, Greenings, and Spies- — were brought into Ottawa. The fruit was of good quality, tree run, arrived at destination in first-class condition, and was delivered at the doors of the consumers im bags at $1.30 for 140 pounds, which is equal to the contents of one barrel. So great was the demand for this class of fruit that a single advertfsement in the Ottawa papers was sufficient to sell a car, and one enthusiast went so far as to say that fifty cars could have been sold in a similar way in Ottawa alone. In every large town and city there are public institutions, charitable organizations whose duty it is to look after the needs of the people. Through them much good can be done, if someone will take the initiative and point out to these bodies the bemefits of such a scheme. Or, as perhaps a better alternative, it would be feasible for the cooperative associations at the producers' end to have representatives in certain cities to supervise the distribution of their crop. At any rate, we in Ottawa are satisfied with what the city council has done, those in the council who organized the work are satis- fied, and certainly those who were fortun- ate enough to secure some of the fruit are satisfied. Last fall was an exceptional season, and had apples not been shipped in bulk they would probably never have been shipped at all. Still the principle is right, as if you can sell apples direct to the consumer in bulk you can sell them in other ways without going through all the ordinary channels of commercial marketing. What can be done with loose fruit can be done with barrels, with boxes, with cartons, or with what you will. The additional cost will be the cost of packing and packages, and nothing more If the whole fruit industry attempts to market direct to the consumer, if a demand is created in the cities and towns for cheap apples, if all these efforts are made to lessen the price of fruit, some may ask where is the producer's profit, where the need for cooperative fruit growers' associ- ations, where the necessitv for careful grad- ing and pracking? What I have briefly sug- gested snould in no way interfere with thv, good work which is being done along coop- erative lines. The growers must still cater to the needs of the better classes in our own Planet Jr. No. 4 Planet Jr. Combined Hill and Drill Seeder, Wheel Hoe, Cultivator and Plow Soon pays for it«elf in the family ear- den a« well as in larger acreage. So-ws all garden seeds (in drills or in hilla), olows, opens furrows and oovere them, hoea and cultivatee Quickly and easily all through the season. Planet Jr. quality tools are the greateet time-, labor-, and money.«avers ever in- vented for the farm and garden. They pay for themselves in a single season in bigger, better crops. Built BO well they last a lifetime. De- signed by a piractical farmer -and manu- facturer with ■ over 40 years' experience. Fully guaranteed. No. 1 1 Planet Jr Double Wheel Hoe Cultivator, Plow and Rake A single and double wheel-hoe in one. Straddles crops till 20 inches high, then works between. The plows open furrows and cover them. The cultivator teeth work devp or shallow. The hoes are won- derful weed-killers. The rakes do fine coil- tivation and gather up trash. Unbreak- able steel frame. The greatest hand-cul- tivating tool in the world. No. 8 Planet Jr Horse Hoe and Cultivator Stronger, better-made, and capable of a greater variety of work than any other cultivator made. Non-clogging steel wheel. Depth-regulator and extra long frame make it run steady. Adjustable for both depth and width. A[*w 72-page Catalog, Free Contains 168 illustrations and deeoribes over 55 tools for every farm and garden nted, including Seeders, Wheel Hoes, Horse Hoes, Harrows, Orchard- and Beet-Oulti- vatora. Write postal for It nowl S. L. ALLEN & CO. BOX II06G PHILADELPHIA, PA. 88 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, h)!^ NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. ted for the Canadian climate Hundredt of varietici adap- Perennial and Own saving:. Catalog^ free. perfectly hardy. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. The Pruitland Nurseries uro now prepared to book BprinB orders for ail kinda of Fruit and Ornamental Treep. HhrubH and Vines at lowest price*. Send for price list. G. M. HILL BOX 42 FRUITLAND. Ont. "Sprayed 16,000 Trees— No Repairs" A '? 'Hi — so says one of our thousands of satisfied customers. Mr. J. A. Bingaman Pillow, Pa. He did the work with a Goulds "Pomona" Sprayer, shown below. This two hose, four-tiozzle sprayer can't be beaten for use in small orchards, and where labor is cheap. Is used in large orchards— several machines taking the place of a large power outfit. Wearing parts are of solid bronze. Large steel air chamber gives uniform pressure. Easily adjusted and cleaned. Fits any barrel. It's only one of 50 styles and sizes of hand, barrel and power sprayers, made at the largest pump works in the country. ,ji\;v'..i,',,..vJw4'»4''i'''^?"'''''^ RELIABLE «3f>ZC>V^SrZSX«.i9 w are guaranteed ; backed by 65 years' pump- roaking experience. Write our nearest office for valuable 44-page book, 'How To Spray." It is free. Send for your copy today. THE GOULDS MFG. CO. Main Office and Works : SENECA FALLS. N. Y. Branches : . New York Atlanta Chicago i Houstoi Boston Apples o! Quality CAN ONLY BE GROWN WHERE PUMPS WITH POWER ARE USED The Bean pumps are fam- ous from Coast to Coast for their power, pressure, capa- city, durability, and effi- ciency. These are necessary elements for «ucicesfrf"nl spraying. When a g-rower l>uys a Bean pump, his troubles are oyer and his expense- and cost of main- tenance are reduced to a minimum. Bean Pumps are not de- sig-ned for a minimum sale price. They . are permanent perfect sprayers, built to do hard work every day and all day. They are equipped with the highest grade of equipment possible. Built in all sizes — from the most powerful power outfit for large orch- ards to the ba.rrel pump for small orchards. All have the same exclusive and patented features that are found only on Bean pumps. The Sooner You 0>vn a Bean Pump, the Quicker and Larger Your Profits. We are hea-dtiuartcrs for all spra.vi.,^ . ^.... . Lime-Sulphur, Soluble Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead, Sulphur and all Accessories We will be pleased to quote you on your reduirements \8k for our c^italof^ue. upplies : NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., LIMITED BURLINGTON - ONTARIO markets, thc-y must continue to feed the i \- port market with hijfh-class fruit and thi new and wider markets which are evem n bein- exploited. .-Ml this must be done, Ijui let us consider, too, the poorer classes, let I's interfere with the pedlar trade and jfi"" their customers better fruit at more !• sonable fitfures. .As lon>f as the kxow •- vets a fair price for his product, a price that will pay him for his fruit and for his labors, it matters little to him what couj it follows after it leaves the orchard. We are told that even now there is a dan- K-er of over-production in Canada, that un- less new markets are found, conditions will rapidly become more and m're unsatisfac- tory. Make an effort, then, to increase consumption at home by sellin^r some of our fruit through more economical chain- nels, and by catering to a class of people who have either considered fruit as a lux- ury when they have boujfht it, or who have never been able to buv it at all. The Control of Orchard Pests .Speaking at the recent convention of the N'ova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association, Prof. Brittain, provincial entomologist, said: "The problem of fruit growing to- day is largely the problem of ecomomic control of orchard pests, which take a heavy toll each year of the farmers' profits. Fire Blight or Pear Blight has been discovered in W'olfville, Starrs Point, Port William.-, and Annapolis Royal. Timely and con- certed action may bring it under control. It is one of the most serious problems con- fronting the fruit grower. It appears in four forms, viz.. Blossom Blitrht, Twig Blight, Body Blight, and Hold Over Blight. Blossoms affected with the disease take on a scorched appearance. It spreads to buds, twigs, branches, which when affected, carry small heads of a yellowish fluid which ooze through the bark and cankers filled with yellow exudate may eventually appear. The best cure is effected by cutting off several inches below the affected part and burning the twigs. The knife used should be kept disinfected or the disease may be aggra- vated and spread worse than before. The cut surface, too, should be disinfected. Corrosive Sublimate tablets dissolved in water make a good disinfectant for this purpose. The handiest method for using this disinfectant is to carr\' a sponp^e, wet with the solution, attached to one's wrist by a string, and use it as a swab when- ever a cutting is made. The false Tarnished Flamt Bug is ano- ther of the fruit growers' enemies. It looks like a laro-e over-grown .^phis. It is very active and appears in the spring about the time the blossoms fall. It pricks the leaves, scars the twigs, and proturbances appear on surface of apples attacked and the inside becomes punky. Pears affected become corky or woody. The young insects are wingless and they do the most harm. From 50 to 75 per cant, of the crop is affected in sOTie orchards. It is a very active carrier of Fire Blight. The best control for the False Tarnished Plant Bug is a spray of Black Leaf 40, three-quarters of a pound to one hundred gallons of water when the blossoms are falling. Prof. Brittain outlined the success of the campaign rirainst the San Jose Scale in. the Vallev. The results were most grati- fying and showed the wisdom of the legis- lation enacted on the importation of young trees from sections badly infested with the scale. Following is a record of the trees jN[;m-h, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Idcstroyed since the beginning- of the Scale Inspection work in Nova Scotia: When Destroyed in Planted 1912 1913 1914 1910 7 0 0 1911 339 6 1 , 1912 377 45 2 1913 ........ 0 6 0 1914 0 0 0 Totals 723 57 3 In regard to orchard spraying, Prof. Brittain had conducted an investigation to find the percentage of people who spra\- and the percentage of orchard area spray- ed. He showed a chart containing a lot of statistics from which were gleaned the following : Percent, of Per cent. People Orchard Countv Who Sprav Area Sprayec! Kings ." 74 87 Hants 12 32 Amnapohs E. . . 43 67 Annapolis W". . . !) 49 Digby 3 7 Work has also been done with the Green Apple Aphis, and it was found : A spray of Lime-sulphur 23 Be, Black Leaf-40 (i-I5C0) and flour paste applied at the time the blossom buds are showing pink killed 100 per cent, of the Aphis. A spray of Lime-sulphur 28 Be and Black Leaf-40 "(1-900) applied at the time the blossoms are showing pink, killed 100 per cent, of the Aphis. A spray of Lime-sulphur 28 Be, Black > Leaf-40 (1-1500) and flour paste applied whem the leaf buds are half open killed 98.24 of the Aphis. It was found that the Green Apple Aphis produced fourteen generations in one sea- son. They produced their first young when ten days old. The period of production covered 10.6 days. The average life of the Aphis after producing their last young was 2,09 days. Average number of young produced by single Aphis, 44.09; average number of young produced in one dav, 3.05; average total life of Aphis, 28.08 days. Apple Shipments to Australia During- the .Australian fresh fruit im- porting season of 1914 — from September to December — the Vancouver and San Fran- cisco steamers landed 122,015 cases of ap- ples at Sydney, N.S.VV. In comparison with the similar period of 1913 the ship- ments of apples landed in .Australia from tiic two ports were as follows : From Vancouver— 1913, 64,999 cases; I9H, 6pU St., Roche«ter,N.Y. MERRYWEATHER'S are noted throughout the world They are Cheap ; they are True to Name ; the Trees are Strong and Sturdy. They defy Competition. ALL THE NEWEST VARIETIES Dwarfs, Standards, Climbers, also Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Ornamental Trees Send for Catalogue, Post Free Henry Merryweather & Sons SOUTHWELL, NOTTS , ENG. Ltd. Deering Manure Spreaders ^ 'T X T'HEN I bought my first manure spreader, ' *^ I was thinking more of my horses than I was of my land. I bought a 'Hght weight' machine. It went aU right empty, or with a half load, but it warped and jammed so after a few fall loads that soon the horses couldn't move it. A spreader must have some weight if it is to do good work and last any length of time. The spreader I own now is what some might call a heavy machine. The beauty of it is that it neither warps nor jams and it works as easy when fully loaded as it does when nearly empty. As my neiglibor said when he bought one like mine, 'I could spread soft coal with it.' I find it is much better for the horses, better for the land, and better for my pocketl)Ook." This farmer owns a Deering manure spreader built for efficient work, and field-tested in every feature. The weight is iiut into places where weight counts. It helps to make the machine stiff and strong. It prevents jamming, twisting, warping and sagging. See the Deering local agent who liaudles these machines and let him show what the features on Deering sjireaders are put there for. Or, write us for iuformatiou and we will give you our agent's name. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd Hamilton, Oot. London, Oct. Montreal, Qne. Ottawa, Ont. Quebec, P. Q. St. Joka. N. B. These nucliuies are built at Hamilton, OnU VIII, THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1915 RENNIE'S he name that assures the best quality in SEEDS, PLANTS and BULBS. ALACRITY TOMATO An Extra Early Red Variety Developed by Experts at the Central Experi* mental Farm, Ottawa. Reported to be the earliest variety in existence and especially adapted for Canada, being Northern Grown. Full size packet, 15c. Write for Catalogue. Wm. RENNIE Co. Limited TRAnn MARK —Wilkinson * RiiGisri:id house, barn and chicken houses. Property carrying- .$3,500 mortKage. Enauir, E. C. Morris, itidgeville. Ont. POULTRY f REE— We will give free to any person interest- ed in stock or poultry one of our 80-page illus- »-rated books on how to feed, how to huild hen houses; tells the common diseases of poul- try and stock, with remedies for same; tells how to cure roup in four days; tells all about our Royal Purple Stock aJid Poultry foods and remedies. Write W. A. Jemkins Mfg. Oo., London, Oanada. BEES AND QUEENS OOLDEN AND 3 BAND ITALIAN, also Car- niolan Queens. Tested each $1.00. 3 to 6 95c. 6 or more 85c. Untested 75c. 3 to 6 70c. 6 or more 65c. Bees per pound $1.50. Nuclei per frame $1.60. — C. B. Bankston. Buffalo, Cjeon Oo.. Texas. ITALIAN QUEENS, also the Golden Beauties and Carniolans. Tested $1.00. Untested 75c each. For Ijees by the iK)und and queens in lots write for prices.— Page Bankston, Buffalo, Texas. BEES AND QUEENS- Pure bred Poultry, prize winners, stock and eggs. Rose Comb Brown I/iffhorns and Blacii Minorcas. White Rocks. Black Langshans. White Minorcas. — W. P. Collins, Boulder. Col., U.S.A. ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS reared for Cana- dians. Hardy, winter well. Send for circular. .Standard Ix-e hives shipped direct from fac tory in Iowa at $1.20 each. — Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. BEES FOR SALE. Apply W. Walton, Scarboro Jctn.. Ont. ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS as advertised on page 75. Catalogue free. — Deroy Taylor Co., NewaJ-k. N.Y. SAMPLE QUEENS— To introduce our Moor's strain of Leather colored and Golden Italian Queens, we will send one to each applicant at 40o each, cash with order.— Ogden Bee & Honey Co.. Ogden, Utah. Timberline Riggs, Breeder. EARLY QUEENS — ^Those who desire early queens can be supplied by sending orders to us. Only three-band Italians stand the severe test against diseases, and our bees are clean. Un- tested queens, $1.00 each; $4.25 for six: $8.00 per dozen. Always safe arrival and satisfaction to Everybody. If you desire queens in large lots ,early, better let us I>cok you as soon as con- venient, and money can be sent when queens are wanted. Your check is good, or any way you wish to remit.— The Rialto Honey Co.. Box 73. Rialto. Cal. QUEENS — California queens, nuclei, and bees, bred from the best DooUttle stock, ready for plupment at once. Queens, untested. 75c; per flozen. .$8.00: tested. .$1.25: per dozen. $12.00: mismated. one year old, 50c; per dozen. $5.00: tested, one year old. 75c; per dozen. S8.0O: nuclei, two-frame, $1.50; three-frame. $2.25; flve- frame, $3.00; ten-frame colony. $4.50 Bees by pound: One-half lb.. 75c : 1 lb., .$1.00. Add prices Of queens desired to all above prices of bees and nuclei. Delivery guaranteed. No disease. Address Spencer Apiaries Co.. Nordhoff, Oal. lower mainliiiud prccooIinK strawberries for express shipments. By means of thcrmo- Kr:i|)hs 1 secured the iiverajfe temperatare of the express cars travelling between that region aind the prairie markets. Berries were then cooled to various temperatures from forty-five degrees up till they were shipped at the same temperature as taken from the patch. On the market an in- spector detcrminid the score of the fruit and percentage over-ripe. The results showed that cooling was beneficial to the average cooled five degrees below thi; tem- perature of the express cars. Whon cooled lower t^an this the berries suffered on ar- (ounl of the condens-ation of moisture on removal from the cooling ch;unber, with the resull;int growth of mold, which was as bad or worse than when shipped hot from the patch. CU.^RD ALL POINTS But whatever method of precooling is used successful shipmcints are impossible if other points in handling are neglected. Pre- cooling is not a panacea and will not make over-ripe or injured fruit arrive in good condition. This was admirably illustrated during the past season when two cars of fruit were shipped the same day to the same firm in a prairie city. One car was delayed and arrived twenty-four hours later than the other. The delayed car was in ideal shipping condition, with fruit at am CLASSIFIED— Continued BEES AND QUEENS QUEENS — Our early queen Ijireeding- location is a long narrow oasis in the desert of Southern Nevada, which is crossed at Moapa by the Salt Lake and Loh Ang-elos R. R. Write for our cir- cular which gives prices of queens, bees by the pound, nuclei, etc. Booking- orders now.— Ogden Bee & Honey Oo., Oprden, Utah. Timber- line Rig^, Breeder. BEE SUPPLIES CALIFORNIA REDWOOD HIVES, one 8tue of the leading oelery irrowera of Powell's methods are deecribc-d in the article on tJjis page. Canada- Ht. QO THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1915 Factors of Success in Fruit Growing F. M. Clement, Director of Horticultural Station, Vineland Stati Harvesting the Celery Crop An Illustration obtained In the celery field of Mr. J. W. Powell. Thedford, Ont. November. Boys and men are hired by the dozen to help harvest the crop dur- ing the last thirty days' rush, and even then they are almost sure to be caught with a little out yet when the frost settles down for the first real freeze. Last season Mr. Powell harvested about seventeen carloads. As celery is worth around five hundred dollars a car, you can estimate the value of his 1913 crop. Of course, all this is not profit, by any means, as hired help, seed, equipment, and loss must all come out of this, but even at the worst it returns a vastly better living than his old veterin- ary practice used to do. The celery is shipped out all winter as required b'^ big wholesalers in Toronto and Mon- treal, and in order to prevent freezing, refrigerator cars are used. The supply often lasts into the early summer. Other growers besides Mr. Powell are doing well on the rich muck soil of the old swamp. Mr. J. W. Paisley, with eleven acres, is the next largest grower, with Mr. Allan Stubbs and Mr. Humphry Ross coming next. Many growers have from a half-acre to two or three acres, and it is these who go to make the grand total of forty-six acres of celery grown and harvested in the swamp every year. Thirty-four cars were harvested in all last season, and this season should see between forty and fifty cars shipped from this small but important producing .section. A garden is a piece of land where plants and people grow and love each other. THE factors of success in fruit grow- ing naturally fall into three divi- sions : The basic or foundation factors, production factors, and the wonomic factors. In the first division we have to take into consideration such factors as location, situation, soil, site, choice of varieties, and such other fac- tors as form the basis or foundation of the industry. These are largely deter- mined by the grower when he buys a farm and plants, it. They are considera- tions that are often, but should not be, lost sight of, for on them the degree of success largely depends. In the last division, we must consider such factors as markets, transportation, distribution, and sale. These are questions that the grower must face without flinch- ing. Between the foundation and econ- omic factors we have a long step, that of production, but one that determines largely the final profits. Without good fruit properly packed, sales at remuner- ative prices are unlikely. Five operations enter into production : Pruning, fertilizing, spraying, cultiva- tion, and thinning. The finished pro- duct, the fruit is judged on five points also: Color, size,, freedom from blem- ishes, quality, and uniformity. For the sake of convenience the following table is arranged, and it is under these heads that I wish for a few minutes to discuss production. Pruning — color. Fertilizing — size. Spraying — freedom from blemishes. Cultivation — quality. _ Thinning — -uniformity. Pruning stands first in the production of No. I and fancy fruit. Color, the first result of pruning, is often, the de- ciding factor between a No. i and a No. 2 and color is also an indication of ma- turity. Pruning regulates the size of the fruit ; and also to a large extent the quantity. Pruning is the first step in the control of blemishes, and especially Apple Scab and Ink Spot or Sooty fun- gus. Spraying is only a supplement to pruning for the control of scab. Nature's remedies, sunlight and air circulation, stand first as disease controllers. Spray- ing is only supplemented by man to as- sist in or to complete the work. Only well pruned trees can avail themselves of nature's remedies, and it is useless to expect best results if the first principles are neglected. Pruning also in this way improves the quality of the fruit by col- oring and keeping free from blemishes. The first step in uniformity is in prun- ing, shaping, and balancing the tree. •Extract from an address delivered before the Northumberland and Durham Fruit Growers' Aesooiation. ■on, Ont. Fruit evenly distributed is much more likely to be of equal size. 'Fertilizing might be discussed in con- junction with cultivation. By some, cul- tivation is placed first and fertilizing dis- cussed as a supplement to it. A fertile soil produces large fruit. Size within the variety is more variable than quality within the variety, and consequently, though in practice cultivation precedes fertilizing, fertilizing is of most import- ance. The two operations are, how- ever, interchangeable. A starved tree produces small apples; a well nourished tree larger apples. Fertilizing also affects the vigor or health of the tree, .md makes it better able to resist disease. Spraying is a special operation and is done with one main object in view, that of completing the control of fungus dis- eases and pests on both fruit and trees. It is a step in the improvement of the appearance of the fruit. CULTIVATION AND QUALITY J Cultivation is being held responsible 1 for quality (within the variety). By cul- tivation is meant not necessarily clean cultivation followed by a cover crop or sod mulch, but any form of soil treat- ment that tends to make the trees thrifty and bear good fruit. Quality is a little harder to define. It is largely firmness . or brittleness and taste or flavor. Cul- I tivation is our best means of conserving moisture and plenty of soil moisture tends to turgidity in fruit, leaf and branch. Quality may also be extended , to include keeping quality. Experiments show that keeping qualities are extended from one to two weeks by judicious clean cultivation methods. Cultivation, on the other hand, when carried to the extreme. is destructive to color and maturity of the fruit and to maturity of the tree. Thinning, though last on the list, is there only because it was the last of the five productive operations to be taken up by the orchardists. With the advent of the box package thinning for uni- formity is imperative. For the barrel package, it is helpful but not essential. Uniformity of size from thinning might also be extended to include uniformity of celor, a factor extremely essential to the best appearance of the fruit. Pick- ing, grading, and packing are produc- tion factors aLso, but not being included in those operations which are always di- rectly under the control of the grower, are not dealt with here. No one factor alone will lead to suc- cess, but all-basic, productive and econ- omic factors linked closely together will make a strong chain. The chain, how- ever, leading to success is no stronger than its weakest link. April, 191 5 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 91 Sources of Potash for Agricultural Purposes Prof. R. Harcourt, O. THE chief source of potassium salts of commerce for both agricultural and industrial purposes in Canada, ind indeed in all parts of the world, has cen the Stassfurt mines in Germany. Unfortunately, one of the evil effects of the disastrous war now raging in Europe is the cutting off of this supply. The potassium salts we have been importing were mainly the muriate and sulphate of potash. Both of these compounds con- (.lin approximately fifty per cent, of pot- ish in a very soluble form. Being both ich in potash and soluble, they were an xcellent fertilizer material either ap- plied directly or for mixing with the non- potash bearing animal refuse of our meat lacking houses in the preparation of the . arious grades of mixed fertilizers on the market. Before dealing with our natural sources of potash, it may be well to point out that most of our soils contain very large quantities of this important plant- food constituent. During the last two years we have analyzed a large number of samples of sandy and clayey soils, and we find that they contain from one to two per cent, of potash. Even some sands, as for instance, those of Norfolk county, carry nearly two per cent, of total potash. Or to put it another way, there is about forty thousand pounds of potash in plough depth over one acre and plenty more below that. One per cent, would be equivalent to about twenty thousand pounds in one acre plough depth. When we remember that good crops of cereals do not take up more than fifty pounds of potash per acre and that mangels, our heaviest pot- ash consuming crop, do not use more A.C., Guelph, Ont. than three hundred pounds of this con- stituent and that the greater parts of this is in the tops which are usually left on the ground, we see that we have potash enough in the soil to last for a long time. Nature has left this im an insol- uble form so that it cannot be wasted ; but she has also provided the means of bringing it into an available form. The three main factors to be taken into consideration are good cultivation, abundance of decaying organic matter, and lime. The cultivation assists the decay of the organic matter which fur- nishes certain acid materials which break up the potash compounds of the soil and brings the potash into an available form. The lime neutralizes any excess of acid and also acts as a liberator of potash. It is well to bear in mind that most of our soils contain an abundance of potash and that the farmer's first object should be to bring as much as possible of it into an available form. For our light potash consuming crops, such as wheat, oats, and barley , there should be no need of applying potash ; but for such crops as mangels and pota- toes, which use comparatively large amounts of this constituent, we may not be able to bring enough potash and other plant-food constituents into an available form to ensure a maximum crop, here is where manure is needed, or as we are dealing with potash, where it may be applied. What has been said about mangels may also be said regarding all big fleshy-leaved plants, as they all re- quire large quantities of potash. The point we want to particularly remember is that our chief source of potash is in the soil itself and that we ought to strive to make full use of what can be got from this source before purchasing supplies. There are, of course, some soils par- ticularly poor in this constituent, and to ivhich, especially if used for market gar- den purposes, potash will have to be applied. OTHEE SOURCES OF POTASH All vegetable matter contains potash gathered from the soil, and consequently whether we burn it and save the ashes, plough it down, or feed it to animals, we still have potash. The animal retains very little of the potash in the food eaten so that it nearly all appears in the man- ure . Farmyard manure is thus an im- portant source of potash. A large per- centage of it is in the urine, however, and a part of it may be lost unless plenty of absorbents are used. WOOD ASHES Wood ashes naturally contain potash, as they are derived from plants which absorbed it as an essential plant-food constituent. Good pure unleached ashes should contain about five or six per cent, of potash. It is present in a very sol- uble form and probably in the very best form to serve immediately as plant-food. In this respect it is better than the Ger- man potash salts. In addition to potash, ashes contain one and one-half to two per cent, of phosphoric acid and from twenty to thirty per cent, of lime which still further increase their value. At any time, but especially under present condi- tions, every effort ought to be made to save all wood ashes. This is not only regarding the ashes made where wood is burned as a fuel, but the brush ob- tained from the trimming of trees should be burned where the ashes may be re- covered or on land under cultivation. Wood ashes are especially valuable for orchards, grapes and legumes on sandy Thoroueh cultivation is one of the secrets of success In strawberry culture. This crop is increasiner in popularity, more particularly In Southern Ontario 92 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 191 5 A p(>ach tree in bloom on the ranch of Mr. T. W. Palmer, ltash in the plant cannot be performed by any other material, con,sequently there can be no substitute for potash as a food for plants. Certain materials, however, tend to bring the inert stores of potash in the soil into available fornis and thus act as indirect sources of this constituent. The calcium or lime compoimds are the most important in this respect, [-"resh slaked lime is perhaps the most active, but it aI.so cau.ses rapid decay of the organic matter and should Ije used with caution, esfjccially ufKJn sandy and gravelly soils. Thoroughly air-slaked lime and ground limestone rock are very useful and safe forms of lime to use. This form of lime does not unduly hasten the decay of organic matter, and it p>er- forms all the numerous beneficial func- tions ascribed to lime in general. That is, it improves physical conditions of lx>th sands and clays, it corrects sour- ness or acidity in soils, and liberates pot- ash, (iypsum, also a lime compound, has all the.se useful fun^ 164 317?-^ 1.58 1-75 1. 41 299 278 1385^ Tree 4 — i . 27 222 1-34 2I6J4 Tree 5—1.34 Tree 6 — i . 27 216 209 1-43 1.58 161 1^ 274 Total... 7. 53 Aver. . . 1 . 255 I3I7 219-5 9.09 1-515 . I3673X 227.9 We are dynamiting this fall and set- ting the trees at once in part of the ex- periment, dynamiting now and setting the trees in spring and in part dynamit- ing and setting the trees at once in the spring. This should give us a fair idea of the value of the practice. The soil Autumn Planted Fall of 1912 Diameter of New Growth, 1914 266^ Trunk 1.66 1.66 1.58 1.66 1-75 1-75 10.06 1.676 338 255 274>^ 237 266 y^ 1637^ 272.9 The trees are yet too young to bear fruit, but the growth of the longest planted trees this summer is a fair indi- cation of the value of the one time of planting over the other. No trees have been lost in thefall plant- ed rows and only one in the spring planted ; none in the dynamited. In connection with this experiment we have also been testing the value of dyna- miting holes for fruit trees. The table gives the results to date. At present the trees are smaller and making a little slower growth than either the fall or spring planted, but I do not care to draw any conclusions as yet. We are con- tinuing the work again this fall and coming spring. I attribute the smaller growth of the trees in the dynamited holes to the fact that the holes were dy- namited and the trees set at once. The soil was well shattered as it should have been, and consequently dried out badly, the trees suffering- a set-back, from which they have not yet recovered. is a heavy clay, with a very stiff blue and red clay subsoil. How Wc Made Our Spray Tank J. F. Werden & Son, Picton, Oat. In the spring of 1913 we bought one of the large sized hand spraying ina- chines of a leading make. It is ar- ranged for power also. We used it the first year with a single barrel as a- sup- ply tank. As we ran only one line of hose this did not work too badly, but it was rather slow. Last spring we decid- ed to add another line of hose and put two men on the pump as we like plenty of pressure, we decided that we must have a larger tank. We priced them, and decided to try an idea that we had had in mind for some time. We bought three oil barrels of about fifty gallons capacity. They should be the .same size. We took a truck wagon we had on the farm and used it as a spray wagon. On it we put first two planks, one on each side out against the stakes. They should be at least four- teen inches wide and twelve feet long. On these we put two pieces two by six. They would be better if they were three inches thick. We went to our plumber and got him to cut two pieces of inch and one-quarter galvanized pipe. On each piece we got him to cut a thread at least an inch and a half long on each end, and fitted them with two lock nuts on each end and one washer of rubber packing on each end. In the first barrel wc bored a hole just large enough to let this pif)e in. It should be down on one side as close to the staves as it can be bored, but be sure to leave room enough to get your lock nut up tight. The other bar- rels were bored in the same way. The middle one, of course, had a hole in each end. Care was taken to get them ex- actly opposite. The rear end barrel also had a hole in it so as to drain the tank when necessary. We cut a hole in the barrel about four inches square right beside the bung of the barrel so as to get our arm in to put the washers and nuts on the ends of the pipe inside the barrel. These need to be put only the length of the thread inside and then tightened on the outside. On the waggon we put a two inch on the front bolster to give the tank a slope, then cut the two-by-six pieces so as to fit the bulge of the barrel as much as possible. The barrels were placed in position and the lock nuts screwed as tight as we could get them. If you try this, get your blacksmith to make you six rods, long enough to go up over each end of the barrels and down through the planks. If they are fitted right and .screwed up tight the barrels will be perfectly rigid. The success of the tank depends on this. Now take some short pieces of scantling and build a frame work so as to build a platform over the top of the barrels. Ours does not touch the barrels, and our observa- tions lead us to think it is better for them not to. Put your pump on this platform with the suction hose in the lowest barrel, and you are ready for the orchard. Your agitator should work in all three barrels, but this will depend on how the pump you have is arranged. Notes on Fertilizers W. F. Carpenter, Grimsby, Ont. The annlvsis is the important factor in artificial fertilizers. They are most beneficial for use on sandy and light soil where it is not necessary to have a mulch. On the heavier soils a mulch is required, and fertilizers will not show the same result. In fruit trees it is difficult to notice the result when fertilizers are used, although I am satisfied they are a benefit, especi- ally to growth. If heavy in potash they greatly assist the maturing of all fruits. In other crops fertilizers are most bene- ficial, and the difference in quality and growth is easily noticed. April, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 95 Board vs. Wire Fences E. C. Dyer, iLIKE Ruskin. He could see beauty in an ordinary lump of earth. For years I have been looking for "beauty" in board fences. True, board fences have color, but I think Ruskin would agree with me that the shades are dreary, dull, and monotonous, and that board fences in the average town and city are unsightly and an abominable nuisance. They harbor refuse, rubbish, and decaying vegetation, and consequent- ly attract vermin and create unhealthy conditions. My sun room overlooks backyards for a whole block. I can see that every owner takes great pride in his home. They are well painted, and every care and attention is given the residence, yet these beautiful homes rise above sordid surroundings. With the exception of my own yard, the ugly board fence is everywhere in evidence. My yard is comparatively clean and dry. In one yard I see three barrels, a dog kennel, old baskets, decayed apples, orange peel, etc., all piled against a board fence. Some yards still have banks of snow, because the air and sunshine cannot get at it. At this time of the year, March 20th, no yard looks very presentable, yet it affords me considerable delight to notice that my yard is conspicuous by its ab- sence of winter accumulations. The il- lustration showing the two sanitary wire fences and rustic furniture gives some idea of the pleasure and restful enjoy- ment our little "park" affords parents and children alike. I merely knocked the boards off, cut down the posts, re- Toronto, Ont. placed the top rail, and put on the wire. Not figuring in my lalDor, it cost me eighteen cents a foot for material and paint for sixty feet, or a total of ten dollars and eighty cents. The second illustration shows where I took down eight board fences and erect- ed a sanitary lawn fence. The work of removing the old boards and supplying the fence was done at an expense of twenty-five cents a foot. The movement for sanitary and the more attractive wire fences is growing rapidly. One private concern in Tor- onto, The Dovercourt Land Building and Savings Co., under the direction of Prof. H. L. Hutt, now head of their Horticul- ture Department, are doing more than the city itself to promote civic improve- ment. This year the company will dis- tribute over one thousand dollars in prizes. Prof. Hutt condemns board fences, and in his address before a large Toronto audience, he illustrated with lantern slides the dullness and gaunt hideousness of bare board fences as con- trasted with attractive wire fences and the luxuriant growth of flowers and shrubbery where sunshine and air have free access. In theory, every citizen supports the movement for a clean city, but all do not bring home to themselves the fact that to achieve it means individual responsi- bility. Let him contemplate his back yard, talk with his neighbor, and if it exists, remove that hideous back fence from blighting their observation. Erect in their stead the health-giving, joy-pro- moting lawn fence. Make your home "show" what you think of it. A hun- dred people see the "outside" of your place to a dozen who get "inside." "Why don't they keep their yards a little cleaner?" You ask with deep annoyance not undue. "Why don't they keep the lawns a little greener?" Did you ever stop to think that "They" means YOU? The Art of Transplanting Wm. Hunt, O.A.C., Gnelph, Ont. To harden plants to outdoor condi- tions, give air to them as freely as pos- sible at all times without injuring them. About the first or second week in May, if the v\eather is at all mild, the boxes or pots may be set out of doors where they can be given protection if the wea- ther turns cold, or be brought indoors on cold nights. Shade the plants from the sun after setting them out for a few days. Most of the plants for the peren- nial border may be set out about the end of May or early in June, except the sal- via, ageratum, and lobelia. These should not be planted until about the second week in June, not until all dan- ger of frost is over. Salvias, pentste- mons, petunias, verbenas, and snapdra- gons should be set about fifteen inches apart. Ageratum and the other dwarf growing kinds about ten inches apart. Set the plants out in dull, showery wea- ther if possible. The plants named can be grown from cuttings as well as from seed, but as I hey are all more or less difficult to win- ter over in a dwelling-Jiouse or green- 96 THE CANADIAN HORT I CU LTU R ISI April, 1915; ' i^m ml Back yards made beautiful. In this case seven board feople who with little ex- perience find the growing garden with its supplies of fresh vegetables, a great solution of the question of dear living. The Planting of Shrubs A. E. Tbatcker Many people are under the impression that newly planted shrubs should be copiously watered at the roots. This is unnecessary and oftentimes detrimental. If a good wateritig is given immediately after they are planted, which will settle the soil about the roots, and a mulching is applied, very little water will be need- ed for some time by the roots, but it is an excellent practice to spray them over- head frequently. This keeps the wood moist and greatly assists the buds to develop. In planning the garden for next year get it as close to the house as possible. Flan to sow a few common flowers in a part of it for cut flowers during the summer. A simple garden plan for an average city residence. (See aooompajiyinff article). The Planting IPlan of a Prize Garden THE garden that won the first prize in the horticultural competition in the city of Ottawa in 1914 was owned by Mr. J. B. Spencer. It was a small back yard, thirty-four by sixty feet. In the summer of 1909 it was reclaimed from a low, white sand waste, growing At the left hand of the illustration will be noticed a number of rose bushes. In the spring of 1913 a dozen of the choic- est varieties of perjjetual bloomers were secured from Ireland, and a small im- portation was made the following spring. So far, not a plant has been lost, and This shows Mr. Spencer's prize-wiinin^ garden as photographed in May, 1914, a few scrub willows. That year it was filled in with the best available soil, se- cured from cellar excavations. Much ot this, however, was of an exceedingly poor quality. In the spring of the following year a perennial border was put in along the west fence, and the remainder was plant- ed with vegetables, with a few sweet p)eas along the eastern fence. In the autumn of that year the owner was re- warded with a second-class medal in the Lady Grey Garden Competition. The following year about half the ground was sodded and the remainder laid out according to the plan shown in the illustration. In the autumn, a first- class medal in the Lady Grey Competi- tion was the prize secured. From the beginning of July until frosts came, the table for a family of four was fully sup- plied with green vegetables, and a suffi- cient crop was harvested of carrots, beets, onions and parsnips to last until the following spring. In the spring of 1910 an asparagus bed, consisting of three rows twenty feet long, was planted, and, commencing in 191 2, the household has each year en- joyed an abundance of this toothsome vegetable. From the beginning, the owner has made a specialty of tomatoes, which are shown in the illustration grow- ing on stakes. About two and a half dozen plants have been grown each year, and have never failed to supply an abund- ance of tomatoes from August until win- ter, besides sufficient for canning to last most of the winter. from the middle of June until the frosts have sealed up the ground, there \\ave always been roses to cut for the table. The varieties were recommended by ex- perienced growers, and include Mrs. John Laing, J. B. Clark, Frau Karl Druschki, Clio, Ulrich Brunner, Hugh Dickson, and Alfred Columb. There has also been planted, here and there, climb- ing roses, including Climbing Tausend- schon. Crimson Rambler, Philadelphia Rambler, and a few other well-known sorts. The perennial border shown at the right side of the illustration is about five feet wide and fifty feet long. It was planted largely from premiums secured from the horticultural society and gifts from gardeners in the neighborhood. After two years this border was seen to be much too thickly planted, and the plan was not satisfactory. In the autumn of 1913 it was completely dug up and laid to one side. The bed was given a heavy coat of well-rotted manure, which was deeply dug in. A plan was then made according to the Experimental Farm border, and last year it was the admiration of all who saw it. The border consists of three irregular rows. The row next the fence contains hollyhocks, delphiniums, and perennial heliotrope. These are planted in groups of threes and fours, so as to make in each case a feature. The next irregular row consists largely of the following : Phlox, perennial poppies, iris, anemones, Canterbury bells, Shasta daisies, colum- bine, and sweet william. The low-grow- ing plants in front of and between the rows include daisies, pinks, alyssum, stonecrops, and a number of others. In order to maintain a perpetual show of bloom, annuals were planted in vacant places and to succeed early bloomers. At the side of each Oriental poppy was planted two cannas, "Pillar of Fire." Early in the spring a five cent package of Shirley poppies was scattered from end to end of the bed. Here and there were put in small groups of scarlet phlox Drummondi. These several varieties pre- sented a general scarlet glow during the entire season from midsummer to the middle of September. Another plant that was made use of in filling spaces was purple candytuft. This was planted near the border and presented a very striking effect during the latter part of July and August. Bits of sweet alyssum were This illustration shows Mr. Spencer's garden as 97 it lookixl in AuffUHt. Soo a4XH)mpaiiyiu^ article. 98 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1915 A bed o£ tuberous beeonias at the side entrajice to Mr. Spencer's garden. also introduced here and there as a "peacemaker" between strong; contrasts in color. It will te seen, therefore, that what is termed a perennial border is not entirely so, but license must be given the amateur to depart from any hard and fast rule in order to secure what he con- siders the most desirable effect. When the bed was re-pianted, the spaces between the plants were filled with tulips and other bulbs. The tulips con- sisted largely of Darwins of the differ- ent shades, but a very large number of Cottage and other early blooms were also put in. These are planted in groups according to color. Groups of daffodils here and there added brilliance to the ef- fect. A year ago a large number of tril- lium bulbs were secured from the woods, and this spring will tell whether or not these have succeeded in living through the winter. The main portion of the garden, across the border, was a mixture of flowers and vegetables. Flowers bordered the walk, first a row of sweet alyssum, then phlox Drummondi and snapdragon. The next row was carrots, with here and there a poppy plant, which had the effect of blending the flowers into the vegetables. To avoid bare spaces, a dozen and a half •^f asters were preserved in pots, and were planted in the early pea ground as soon as the crop was picked. By regular cultivation and occasional watering, even the vegetables in their straight rows were very attractive, more especially after the abundant crop of to- matoes on the stakes commenced to ripen. Behind the tomatoes were the roses, and covering the fence behind these were sweet peas. As shown in the picture, there appears a circular bed of cannas, and at another point at the left of the garden, not seen in the illustration, there is a small bed of peonies and iris of the finest varieties. Between these are planted lilies. This combination would be hard to surpass for its beauty throughout the season. Along the eastern fence, from end to end, is a space two feet and a half wide, which last year was planted with snapdragons, as- ters and gladioli, in front of such vines as scarlet runners, sweet peas and nas- turtiums. J'here were also grown in this border a small number of dahlias. Close to the back veranda, not seen in the pic- ture, was a row of roses interspersed with low bedding plants. One of the most beautiful beds in this garden last year and the year before, was one of tuberous begonias that occupied a shady position between the house and the neighbor's dwelling. This had a bor- der of alternanthera. The ground for this was richly prepared and magnificent bloom was secured. At the front of the house, in addition to shrubs and vines, there was an oval bed of sweet alyssum, pyrethrum and prince's feather. Being in competition this garden was well looked after. The grass was cut regularly about three times in two weeks, the edges carefully trimmed each time. The soil between the plants was stirred about once a week, dead bloom was re- moved as it appeared, and unsightly plants were replaced, where practicable, by something fresh. To enter a garden competition means work ; to win a prize requires persistent and earnest effort, but apart from the award, one has the ut- most satisfaction in possessing a beauti- ful adjunct to a comfortable home. The Amateur's Water Garden THOSE who have not the advantage of a lake or pond may still grow several of the most charming water lilies in tubs, choosing varieties which are not of a too vigorous growth or large- growing nature for this method of cul- ture. The tubs should be fairly large, a diameter of three or four feet being very suitable in most cases, though ordinary coal oU casks, sawn in two (with the inside burned out well, of course) will do for some of the smaller growing sorts. Put a little rough material in the bot- tom of each tub, and then a moderate quarjtity of good, loamy soil, with a little leaf mould, rather than manure, added ; then set out your plant on a slight mound in the centre, and fill up with water nearly to the rim of the tub. This is to be done in the spring, of course ; amd a hole should be bored in the side of each tub, near the bottom, and fitted with a plug, so that the water may be drawn off occasionally and re- placed by fresh. In the sketch at A may be seen the section of such a tub as described, with the soil and the plant, or root, in place, but otherwise empty, while at B appears the same thing, but filled with water. and the plant at full growth. C shows a plant placed in a basket, ready to lower into the water of a lake or pond, which is generally accepted as the best method of planting, while D gives a rough idea of a fully-expanded flower on the surface of the water. Decidedly the best kinds of water lily for tub culture are two Chinese species, known as Nymphaea Pygmaea Alba and Helveola. The flowers of the former are white and those of the latter pale yellow. Both are real gems. Ellisiana with flowers of the richest rose color, and Laydekeri Lilaoea, with a few others, may also be successfully cultivat- ed. When more than one tub is used, a very ornamental effect can be produced by leaving a space between the tubs to be lused as a miniature rock garden. Suitable Garden Tools Many a backache might be avoided, or ) at least greatly lessened, and much hard and unpleasant work saved, by a judi- cious selection of tools for the garden and adapted to the work on hand, or by choosing those which are light as well as strong when making purchases. A most handy and useful tool, which is not met with in gardens nearly so often as it ought to be, is the Crome. Have you an old veteran of a digging fork which has seen its best days, and is worn down to possibly half its original length? Take it to the blacksmith and let him bend the prongs down so as to be at April, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 99 right angles to their original position ; put on a four-foot handle of ash or some other lighter wood if desired, and you have a tool which will probably be found more handy for a variety of uses than any other in your collection. For loosen- ing soil between cabbages, for breaking over roughly dug ground ready for plant- ing, or for seed sowing, for raking up litter, and many other purposes, it is an invaluable labor saver. Much labor may also be saved by us- ing light tools. Unnecessarily heavy ones mean energy wasted and less work done, whether the labor be one's own or hired. How often are spades, forks, etc., much heavier and clumsy than need be ! In this matter the hardware dealer is often at fault, for his stock is fre- quently badly selected; some tools are unduly heavy, some are weak and badly made; still, satisfactory tools are to be found for the seeking. Light steel hoes are very useful for a free working soil, but on stiff land, es- pecially when dry and hard, they are almost useless. Here the position is reversed and a heavier tool is required. Many other cases of unsuitable and labor-making tools in general use might be cited, but I think enough has been stated. To sum up — Get tools strong but light, and such as are adapted to the requirements of your soil and the strength you may have to wield them ; then not only will time and energy be saved, but the pleasure of gardening be intensified. Vegetable Gardening for Town and City Lots W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa, Ont. THERE is practically no part of Can- ada in which there are settlements where at least some kinds of vege- tables cannot be grown. The great var- iety which it is possible to grow suc- cessfully, even in the coldest districts, is a surprise to many. There is a growing demand for fresh, well-grown vegetables, and a call for them in greater variety, but in many parts of Canada the people do not yet get a plentiful and varied supply. If more vegetables were eaten there would not be the same need for the more expensive kinds of food, and if the vege- tables were grown at home the saving would amount to a considerable sum at the end of the year. While this article is written mainly for the use of amateurs, it may be that the market gardener will find some informa- tion that will be of use to him. While it is not jx)ssible for some per- sons to grow their own vegetables, there is a large proportion of the population who could easily raise an abundance of these palatable, delicious and nutritious food products if they cared to do so. In the country there is plenty of room for a good vegetable garden, and even in cities, towns, and villages there is usu- ally a suflficient area on the lot at the back of the house to grow enough vege- tables to supply a large family during the summer months and to give away some to other people. eiTUATION OF THE GARDEN In cities and towns there is, of course, no choice in regard to the situation of the garden, as one has usually no alter- native but the back of a lot. If large trees surround this lot or are even along one side of it, gardening will be more difficult and much less satisfactory than where there arc none. Trees exhaust the soil of moisture and plant food, and their shade often affects the crop adversely. Even where there are trees, however, fair success may be obtained with short season crops, such as lettuce, radish, and spinach, which can be grown early in the spring or in the autumn when the g[rowth of the trees is not very active. In the country the garden should be as near the house as possible, and warm, well-drained soil should .be chosen, if there is such. It is usually the women of the household who look after the gar- den in the country, hence things should be made as convenient for them as pos- sible. However, it 'is better to cultivate a few rows of garden vegetables in the fields with the root crops than to have no garden at all. PREPAKATTON OF THE SOIL To get the best results the soil should be brought into good tilth. When begin- ning gardening in cities and towns it is often found that many difficulties have to be overcome before the soil is in really good condition. Old cans, stones, bricks, pieces of wood, broken toys, and many other things must be removed or buried so deep that they will not be troublesome. Then it often happens that the subsoil from the cellar of the house has been thrown over the yard in order to level the ground. This is sometimes of great depth. This subsoil is usually either a stiff clay or sand. Clay, while it will give more hard work, is usually a much better material to start with than sand. If there is much coal ashes in the yard, most of them should be removed alto- gether or buried in one corner of the yard. A little ashes mixed with the clay will help to make it more friable or more open, but there is little plant food in coal ashes, and there should be a minimum of them in good garden soil. A mixture of sand and clay will help to make the soil of a better consistency than is either one of these alone. An ap- plication of lime to clay at the rate of about two tons per acre or about one hundred pounds to a garden twenty-five by forty feet in size, or even half that quantity, and thoroughly mixed with the clay will help in breaking it up, but the most important thing of all is the man- ure, preferably rotted manure if it can be obtained. Fifty tons per acre is none too heavy a dressing. When spread on Product* of the garden of T. a. PHfTW. O&lf^y, Albert*. T»»t« tadic^t** ff*#^ tb* West oeM 4q, lOO THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 191 S Lavender and white crocuse= grown in the house. the ground before digging in, it can be from three to four inches thick without there being too much. This should be well worked through the upper foot of ground, whether it be good soil, clay, or sand. If the manure is strawy it should be well dug in so that the straw will not be pulltd out when the soil is raked. With a heavy annual application of manure, even the poorest soils can be made to give good returns, providing there is sufficient moisture in the soil, which in many cities and towns can be applied artificially. Where no water is available, very strawy manure applied to light .soils i.s apt to make them too loose, and they dry out easily and seed does not germinate well, hence well-rotted manure is much better for such soils if it is available. The rolling of light soils where strawy manure has iKXjn used will Ik- found use- ful in bringing the moisture lo the sur- face and hastening the rotting of the straw. The great aim should be to eventually get the soil into such a con- dition that it will neither bake nor Ix;- come hard In ,1 dry time nor dry out readily, and both of these conditions will be brought aliout by the liberal use of manure, which adds plant food in an easily available form and helps to form humus, which is so essential to a good physical condition of the soil. Clay soils should not be dug when they are very wet, as they will bake badly, but by waiting until they are fairly dry they can be worked much "better. A spade, a hoe, a gard<;n rake, and a manure fork are the four chief tools need- ed in gardening. Narrow hoes and rakes are best in small gardens, or well-made children's tools, but with long handles. In stiff clays it may be found necessary to use the hce after the soil has been dug in order to break it down so that the rake can be used advantageously. The rake is now used to level the soil and to pulverize it still more. The surface soil should be made as level, smooth, and as fine as possible. If the soil for two or three inches down is in good condition, a quick germination of the seed will usually be assured. HoAV to Make a Law^n John Gall, I LAWNS can be made either by sow- ing seeds or laying turf, the for- mer method, although occuping more time, giving by far the best results. Where the subsoil is of a porous nature, drainage is but seldom necessary, but on clay and other retentive soils it is always advisable to provide some means for disposing of the superfluous water. l„yJM-\ ; i ^ ;_ \ \"' < ...J--. *^ _-.— - — \\-/5 ^ -Vv - /Sf^"^ \\ w ^^OuJ&d nglewood, Ont. Unless the quantity of water is very ex- cessive, the following method of drain- ing will suffice : Trenches about ten inches wide should be excavated across the ground, as shown on the accom- panying diagram, from twelve to fifteen feet apart, and to a depth of a foot be- low the subsoil. These trenches are fill- ed with cinders, brickbats, and similar material, to the top of the subsoil, and the soil replaced, as shown in the sec- tion. Any surplus moisture will drain into the trenches. Should the ground be very wet, agricultural drain pipes must be laid, as shown in the diagram, at a depth of about three feet, the main pipe being led to a well or other outlet. .Aifter being drained, the ground must be carefully levelled and given a dressing of thoroughly-decayed manure, which should be well dug in, all stones, roots, weeds, and rubbish being picked out as the work proceeds. This section of the work should be done a few weeks before it is time to sow the grass seeds. It is a great mistake to sow the grass .seeds too early, as there will most likely be several soft places which will settle, and these can be refilled iMjfore the sowing is done. Crass seed should always be sown thickly, or a good, close turf can- not be produced. One pound of the best lawn grass .seed should l)e sown every thirty square yards of ground. Cheap mixtures, as a rule, consist of coar.se gras.scs entirely unsuitable for the pur- pose in question. Before sowing the .seed, the ground should be rolled and made jx;rfectly level and evei, so that a thoroughly fine bed is secured. \ quiet, calm day should be chosen for sowing, and after scratching the ground over with a rake, it should be pegged out in- to sections of thirty yards square each, sowing one pound of seed to every sec- tion, and distributing it as evenly as possible. After sowing, the surface should be covered with finely-sifted soil sown by hand at the rate of three bushels to everv thirty square yards, the whole Lawn mailing implements: 1— -Agricultural drain pipe. 2— Turfing iron. 3— Turf cutter. 4 and 5— Grass or tnrl beaters. being carefully and thoroughly rolled — the tighter the better. Some protective means, such as scares and cotton, should be provided to keep birds away until the young grass plants have grown to a height of about two inches, at which time the lawn should be lightly rolled, and after an interval of eight or nine days it may be lightly gone over with a sharp scythe, the cut- tings being allowed to remain on the surface to protect the young plants from the sun. Every week the scythe mowing should be repeated, the old cuttings be- ing first swept off, and as soon as the plants have taken a firm hold of the ground the roller must be used, and the mowing machine take the place of the scythe. Frequent and continuous rolling and cutting are indispensable to the April, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST formation of a 'good lawn, and during drv weather this work should be done in the morning, spraying water on as often as required. It is better to mow moderately close twice a week than to cut once a week with the knives of a machine set too close to the surface. As stated, a lawn formed with turfs can be brought into use much sooner than when seed is sown, but special at- tention must be given to the selection of the turf. That containing or consist- ing of coarse grasses and weeds should ^our li^ J^ JWtA€ last annual con- vention of the British Columbia ' Fruit Growers' .Association. This means that the leading fruit growers' associations of Can- ada, including those of Nova Scotia, On- tario, and British Columbia, arc in favor of this movement. One of the best methods of leadine the public to accept the apple as Canada's national dish will be for fruit trrowers' associations of all kinds to men- tion the apple wherever possible as our national fruit. Should another national ad- vertisiintr campaig'n be conducted next fall, an excellent opportunity for advertising- the apple as our national dish will be present- ed. It could be made a central theme of the advertisements and the idea would soon meet with ready acceptance by the public. Thus the object aimed at by our fruit rtow- ers would be accomplished. The benefits that will be derived throug-h increasing the popular sentiment in favor of the apple are worthy of our makino- the necessary efFort. Splendid work is being accomplished by the Schools Division of the Ontario Experi- mental I'nion in encouragrinp- the teaching' of horticulture and agriculture in country schools. This work is being promoted throug-h school gardens, school fairs, and other similar agrencies, as well as by "-ain- ingr the interest and support of trustees and teachers. Helpful literature is freely provided. This is well worth writing- for bv all interested in this movement. This is an issue of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist which we feel should accomplish much good in promoting- a greater interest in horticulture. From our front cover, which shows an informal row of tulips in the Allan Gardens, Toronto, through all of the reading- pa8:es, an efFort has been made to furnish illustrations and articles both timely and interestintr at this season of the year. Those people who are planninp^ to start vegetable srardens for the first time will be helped by Mr. Macoun's article as well as by much of the other information that has been furnished by other contri- butors. Mr. Gall's articles on the laying out of the lawn and on fertilizers are prac- tical and helpful to an unusual deg-rec. One article which we planned to publish in this issue, entitled "Plants for Shady Places," was unfortunately crowded out at the last moment. We expect to use it in our next issue. Horticultural societies in Ontario, of whom there are a few, which do not sub- scribe for The Canadian Horticulturist for all of their members, which would like extra copies of this issue for distribution among- their members are invited to write for terms. Those societies which take The of the annual meeting- of The Horticultural Canadian Horticulturist and who employ Publishing: Company, Ltd., which publishes canvassers to obtain members, would do The Canadian Horticulturist, The Bee- well to see that their canvassers are sup- keeper, and The Canadian Florist. The plied with this issue of The Canadian Hor- directors of the company are all men di- ticulturist when calling: on prospective new rectly interested in horticulture. Practically members, as it should assist them in ob- all of them have national reputations taining their membership. Fruit irrowcrs through their connection with some special will recognize the value and importance of branch of horticulture. One explanation of the many articles which are of special in- the success which has attended the publi- terest to ihem. cation of The Canadian Horticulturist may ■ — be found in the character of the men who KIsewhere in this issue appears a report control its policy. Patriotic Vegetable Gardening Competition W. T, Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist THE British Empire will need all the ment and uniformity, and any other factor food that can be made available in that effects the value of the product, except 1915. Everyone in . cities and towns that of palatability, for the judg-e will not with vacant land can produce some be expected to test the eating- quality of food if he will. By growing vegetables for the vegetables. household use you will release food for Hv assortment is meant the number of someone else that would have been sold to kinds of veg-etables grown. There should you. By g:ro\vine- vegetables for your own be a fair proportion of each kind, use you will also savi- most of the money The judge will take into consideration that you would otherwise have paid for the difficulties which each competitor faces thrm, which you can give to the many when beginniniJ- his e:arden operations. If needy war funds should you care to do so. one competitor has many difficulties to Vegetables fresh from the garden are much overcome he will receive a high score under more appetizing than those which have this head, but another competitor with been g-athered for some time. You will, if fewer difficulties will get compensaticm in you Rrow your own, find that you will eat other ways. more vegetables than you have been accus- Freedom from weeds, insects, and dis- tomed to, and will have less desire for the eases, good cultivation, and straig:ht lines more expensive kinds of food. come under the head of cleanness and order. RULES OP THE COMPETITION or in Other words, the p-eneral appearance To encourag:e the utilization of vacant of the g:arden will be considered, land in this way, patriotic vegetable gar- The judg:e or judg-es should furnish dening- competitions might be held. The pamphlets free, g:iving information on the rules g-overning- the competition have been best varieties of veRetables to olant, the made as simple as possible, so that every- general preparation of the soil, a suggested one whether he knows little or much about arrangement of veg:etables in the garden gardening- has a chance to win a prize. It (which need not necessarily be followed), is presumed that many will enter who have directions for controlling: injurious insects never gardened before, and whose vards and diseases, and cultural directions for are at present in a very roug-h condition, the different kinds of veg;etables. It is This was taken into consideration when the expected also that irrformation not covered rules were made. by the pamphlets will be cheerfully sup- SIZE OP G.tRDENS olied by the committee. Gardens entered for the competition are [UaueTUe[lje|i;e[Ueiuen;ci!lJ5[UaU5IUe|y5n^ to be l.OTO square feet in area. In other SllaTlSBanlailailPiTlSll&ilSTlafflanlanla^ words, they should be 50 by 20, 40 by 25, 30 ^ ^r%mT^T'-V ISirk'TP'Q. ^ by 33>2. or any other shape that will give nje »jvJv.1E< 1 Y INU 1 C/O nra the required area. Potatoes are excluded Si^ „ - 3^ from the general garden but may be grown ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ aIon,gside, and, if possible, a special prize or prizes given, based on the same points GuclpK as for the general garden. There is no The option list of the Guelph Horticul- rostnction as to size of plot for potatoes. jural Society this year is an unusually at- TIME8 OP jtTDGiNG tractive one. Members of the society are The gardens will be visited six times by offered twenty-nine options, included in all the judge or judges, once before any work of which is a year's subscription to The is done and then once a month in May, Canadian Horticulturist. Two of the op- June, Tilly, August, and September. tions include books on horticultural sub- Each month after the first visit, there jects. A third is a certificate which credits will be a possible maximum of the following the owner with fifty cents towards the pur- points, a, total of 500 points for the season. chase of garden tools at any hardware store At the first visit the noints for difficulties in the city. The society this year will con- (to be) overcome will be the only ones con- duct a vegetable parden competition for sidered. full notes being taken on the con- working people only, a window and veran- dition of the land. The score will be made, dah box competition for members of the at the second visit, from the notes takoti society only, and a working people's lawn at the first, and from the improvements and flower garden competition arranged by which have been made. districts. It is distributing seeds, also. Points among the school children for use in home Quantity and value of vegetables... 20 gardens. Officers of other societies may Quality of vegetables 20 write to the secretary, Mr. J. E. Brit- Assortment of vegetables 20 ton, O.A.C.. Guelph, for a copy of the Difficulties overcome 20 society's options. Cleanness and neatness 20 Vl^alkcrtoiV 100 The Walkertocn Horticultural Society last The quantitv of vegetables grown will be year improved the grounds around the new decided both from the observations made Carnegie Library. It held a flower show by the judge and by a signed statement at which the prizes awarded were paid in from the householder, showing how much bulbs and plants. In the spring and fall of each kind of vegetable was gathered and plants and bulbs were distributed to the the approximate value of the same. members. Each member received The Can- By quality is meant condition of develop- adian llurticultuiist. to4 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1915 Better Methods of Marketing Required* C. W. Baxter, Fruit IT is doubtful if there is any product of the soil as valuable as the apple, which shows so (Treat a lack in practical busi- ness methods of marketinsr and distri- bution. It offers so many speailative in- ducements ; it has reached the stage of beinjr termed by some a "crarable." Many Rrowcrs contend that the apple business is unlike any other business. This of course, is true to some extent, but to mo trreater extent than various other lines of business. There are certain business principles which must be followed and which are essential to the success of every busi- ness. The same principles are practical in creating- a demand for and sellinsr and distributinsr the apple as are used in the distribution of the product of amy factory. To speculate with ' bananas is practically an impossibility. This is also the case with oranRos. Each of these fruits are con- trolled by a sellinfi: and distributine- organi- zation. In them the apple meets its great- est competition. The fact that no specu- lation is permitted in the sale of bananas and oransres, as well as the various adver- tising schemes which have been used to find an outlet for these crops togrether with the machinery employed for the proper esti- mating- of the total crop, enables the sell- ing- force to so determine prices that it has created a tremendous increase in the con- sumption of these fruits, even to_ the ex- tent of moving- the whole crop with little or no waste. This last factor, the elimination of waste, is one which is commanding the attention of all st"dpnts of economy. Those of us whose privilege it has been to move about the apple growing districts of eastern Can- ada during- and after harvest time, and view the piles of "culls" left in the orchards, know that this feature ofthe apple industry should be seriously -considered. Scientific men tell us that it costs the tree as much to produce a cull as it does a number one apple. The waste we see in the product of the tree is, therefore, also a waste of the productive element of the soil. By the adoption of proper spraying-, cultivation, prunino- and thinning methods this waste can be largely eliminated. Com- mercial orchards in British Columbia and the Pacific Coast states have produced for several years in succession from 90 to 94 per cent. No. 1 fruit. The marketino- organizations of the orang-e growers of California are a tre- mendous success. We are constantly being reminded of this by the display of oranges in stores, large and small, in the cities and towns from coast to coast, even in very out-of-the-way places. The success of the cooperative organizations of the California orange growers, the unsatisfactory returns to individual apple n-rowers, and the ruin- ous competitive methods of different associ- ntions, induced the growers of the Pacific Coast states to form the cooperative sell- ing and distribtttino- 6rganization knowe as the North Pacific Fruit Distributors-. It is a sellifng machine absolutely owned, con- trolled, and manag-ed by the prowers. "Necessity is the mother of invention." This has been so with the fruit growers of the western coast states. They realized that, beimg situated so far distant from the larger marketing centres and their great disadvantage in fj-eight rates, it would be impossible for them to successfully com- pete with the eastern fruit grower with the same product put up in the same way. The methods employed by these growers •Extract from a paper read at the last annual ooDTention of the PrpY^nce of Quebec Fruit Grow- ers' A8800J«t4ftT». Division, Ottawa are of the most up-to-date character. The result is that a very large percentage of their fruit is clean, well colored, and of first quality. They have adopted the box as the package to be used in marketing the apple. This package was unpopular at first. It has since- becortie practically a standard package. It is o-reatly desired by the trade. Cooperative associations were formed and as during the time the greater number of the young orchards were comine into bear- inp- the total product was not large. Very high prices were realized. However, in 1912 the growers found themselves with a very large crop of annlcs -. in fact, by far the largest thev h.ad had. To market this was a big problem. Various methods were used. Cooperative associations were com- petine" one with the other. Some members withdrew from associatioms to which they belonged, and tried to market their fruit individually. This resulted in most un- satisfactory returns, and in many cases ruinous prices. Growers at once set about to find a means to remedy this condition. The result was that over sixty ner cent, of the growers agreed to cooperate in market- ing through a central association. CAPABLE MEN EMPLOYED In the formation of this cooperative sell- ing organization, only men of the highest degree of efficiemcy and business manage- ment were engaged. These were men in whom the growers had perfect confidence. Thev were men who had already made suc- cessful business records. Wherever we go we see evidences of the s-uccess of this or- ganization whose growers have justly claim- ed to be"the most perfectly equipped sellin^' machine in the dicidious fruit business of the world." The success of this system of distribu- tiom can be seen by its invasion of our eastern markets in the spring months, with such varieties as the Missouri Pinpin, Wine- sap, and the much-despised Ben Davis. These we find on the tables of our eastern hotels, dinino- cars, and sold by railway newsagents amd fruit dealers at what seem fabulous prices. The claim of this organization that the grower is permitted to see the whole his- tory of his fruit from orchard to market is made possible by the uniting of the local cooperative associations in a sub-central organization governed by the p^rowers di- rectly, or through representatives of the locals. A trustee is elected by each sub- central. . These trustees constitute the gov- enning board of the central. The growers of each district also elect two of their num- ber, who together constitute an auxiliary board, with power to review the acts of the trustees. The books and records of all branches— -in. one fin- ger mitt, 2.ic. per puir : 4 pairH $l.no. prepaid. Viln. one flriKor mitt, K*uritlet cuir, Uk:. porpnir, prepaid. "/ have used Dat'idton'^ f^lrrfrs and hafr found llirm suprrhir I,} allnlh.rs." JOHN GAIL. H'l-sUm. N. P. DAVIDSON, Man'-r'r., ING cwnoo, Ont. Landscape Gardening A course for Gurdcnorn. Kloriste and Home-makers, taught by Prof. Beal, of Cornell University. Progreesive Florists reoog-- nize the growing importance of a knowledge of Landscape art. We also offer a practical course in Floriculture, in- cluding Greenhouse Ckinstruc- tion and Management. Send for Catalogue. Address THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL DEPT. C.F. . SPRINOIIKI.I), MASS. Growing Potatoes for Profit THIRST, get good seed. -*■ Next, a good seed bed, as good as you can make it. Then, make every seed piece count, one in every space and one only. You save seed, at least a bushel per acre. Now cultivate often and just the rijrht way to suit your conditions. Fertilize economically, in the row where it does the most srood- Spray often with the rijjht material.^ and a good machine — one with plenty of pres- sure or it won't do any good. Dii>: by machine fast and safely, when the crop is ritfht and the market readv. Low Pivot Wheels Steel Seed Box 100 Per Cent Planters place one seed piece in every space and one only, save at least one bushel of seed to every acre, spread the fertilizer so it won't injure the seed, and carry no infectious disease. Sold with or without ferti- lizer distributors in two sizes. Plants 8 to 24 inches apart in the row. Riding aJid Walking Culti- vators are exactly axljust- able to proper working of the potato crop at all atage«, havfe high or low, pivot or fixed wheels, with dust proof grease cup hubs, parallel motion of teeth when you .shift, etc. Four or Six Row Sprayers, 55 or lOO gallon cypress tanks, double acting pumps, hemp paclcing, bronze ball valves, easy to get at, no corrosion. For one or two horse«. Takee practical orchard attach- ment. Diggers, four styles to suit your conditions. Plenty of I)ower and elevator room. Close adjustment of plow to get the potatoes, but not too much ground, and perfect separation crop and vines. The follovniig booklets are at your disposal: "100 Per Cent Potato Planting." "Two Horse Riding and Walking Cultivators," "Spraying" (ajid spraying guide). "Modem Potato Diggers." Shall we send one or all? Your local dealer will bo glad 'to show you these tools. The Bateman-Wilkinson Co., Limited 4«S .Symington Avenue - TORONTO, Canada Makers also of Horayiiia- Maehlmry (all kinds). Garden Tools, etc. MNAQE Potato Machines are made with just these points in view — made by people who grow potatoes for profit — made with variety in style and equipment to meet condi- tions in all potato growing sections. Don't buy without studying planter, cultivator, sprayer and digger— the selec- tion may decide profit or no profit. It costs no more to fertilize, culti- vate and spray a perfect stand— so it i s naturally Four Row 55 Gallon Tank of ground, 22 in. Elevator 32 in. Wheels every m a n's ambition t o . plant that way, and it pays big in yield and bet- ter growth. We will be very glad to answer any questions i n regard to potato growing or about the necessary ma- chinery- For heaviest conditions Bulletins and Reports Lack ol space has prevented us from pub- lishing reviews of a large number of inter- esting books, bulletins, and reports dealinjf with horticultural subjects that have reach- ed The Canadian Horticulturist durinsr the past few months. Some of these we are able to mention only by name. Those of our readers who are interested in the sub- iejcts mentioned will be able to write direct for these. Othrrs we <<■ ■< ■» n little srreater length. Amonif the Iwoks arc " I n< I'mik iples of Fruit Growini;" and "Plant Hr8, Horse Hoee, Harrows, Orchard- and Beet-Culti- vators. Write postal for it now! S. L. ALLEN 81 CO. BOX II06C PHILADELPHIA, PA. to advance them duriner the winter the ne- cossaries of life. Naturally this meant a shortened demand for fruit. Rie-ht from the bcsrinning- of the fruit season, when strawberries were moving-, it was noticed that there was a shortened demand for pre- serving' fruits, due, I sunnose. to the finan- cial depression and the consequent desire on the part of the consumer to be as econ- omical as possible with what so many un- fortunately re.B:ard as a luxury. This situ- ation affectins?- the retailer affected also the wholesaler.' who found it necessary to carefully restrict its de.ilincrs. CHEAPEa P.ACK.AGES "There has been a o-reat deal said recent- ly abou^ a cheaper pack for apples. This is a move in the ritrht direction. Unfortnn- at''lv. in the nast we have been somewhat misled bv the falsp analocv between our Dosition and that of our .A.merican competi- tors^_ man\{ assuming that the eovernins' conditions in the two sections are similar, "ithout remembering- a very important and fupdamcrtal difference. The Americans have a high-class, carefullv graded, weH colored, expensively packed, and special product in every way. and we have felt that we must have the same, without realizing that the Americans have in their own coun- try verv manv large cities which create the demand for this high-cl.iss fruit. This con- dition does not prevail on this side of the line where towns with populations of 50 000 are verv limited. The prairie has often been spoken of as a high-price market, and it is brougrht into comparison with the Van- couver market._ But the prairjp market for apples is eminently an undiscriminating market : they want a good sound fr\nt, but thev are not wi'linn- to nav fancy prices for what thev consider as frills. "We must adapt ourselves to conditions and srive the prairie farmer what he is will- ins- to pay for. He is ouite willinc- to accept our farcy fruit, but he is not willing to pay a fancy price for it. The bulk of the prairie demand is quite satisfied with the apple of the American 'C grade. A great bulk of our crop has to p-o to supply this iindiscriminatinp- demand, and a rheap pack is necessary for that. As far as I have been able to ascertain, a crate iumble pack will ni-obably meet the needs of the situation. There would be a certain advantage in our sticking to a distirrtive pack. THE SE\ son's outlook "Rec-ardino- the prospects for the coming year, we can not perhaps feel very opti- mistic. _ Nevertheless, there are some en- couragincr signs. Although, on account of the new acreage coming into bearing we will probably have a larger output, as will also the American North-west States, yet it i.-; improbable that there will be a repeti- tion of the tremendous crop which there was last year. Even though the war con- tinues, the export market has been tried out. and we know that a certain quantity of apples can be marketed in the Old Coun- trv. Ao-ain. the prairie peonle are nutting- in larare crops of wheat. This will make for better conditions, and. even though the actual returns from the wheat may not be received bv the time most of our fruit is movir"- the state of optimism that is bound to be created in the minds of the farmers will affect their purchasing power. Further, we have to look forward to the possibility of the assistance of a protective duty. People who have been as hard hit as the growers in British Columbia, and on the other side of the_ line, will be forced to verv carefully scrutinize everv feature of handling their business. This scrutiny must produce a very definite improvement. Our American competitors have appointed a Board, consistins: of three men who have been invested with full powers, and who are i..^^v2 Inns- ll!»F.!lMMf:SI . SMMI!SMrsr.!U!SMMI Ulitt 'I iniiitii»iiiiiii[iij iiitfitimmiiKKiiiimiiititM ' ■ ■' •"••"■"% i«rati ;; tiiiiiHiiiiratmiiimHiHtmtiut imttitiic iHtfrnufimiiniiiifiHifliifti m w ood or I ire — hich Board Fences Mast Go Thoy cast too much and tiiey're ugly. Tlicy kev,\> ott' good ..^unligbt and so cbeck gi-owlh. lietler to have a Dyer Sanitary Lawn Kcncc, Loolc at these prices. Style "F'* as here shown, galvanized, freigiit paid in old On- tario on lOU ft.or over. 36 ft. high . 8c. per ft. 42 ft. •• . 9c. " 48ft. '• .10c. '■ Walk Gates to match . $3 2S 10 ft. Drive Gates $7.50 Write for prices on farm, lawn and Iron fencing. Dver lias largest range of Iron and Wire Fencing for every pur- pose. ■^,i,, E. L. DYER, The Fence Man 47 B, East Wellington St. , TORONTO, Ont. f Turns the soi7 beiter'i Because of their shape, plates of " Bi s s el 1 ** Orchard Harro-.vs turn over soil cleaner, better than you ve been accustomed to have it done. Attach winfisand Harrow extends out 12 ft. or more to cultivate under linT'S of trees — closes up narrow enough to cultivate between grape vines. Combination Harrow too— reversible from "Out Throw" to "In Throw." Low seat, well-hriieed frame. Ask your dealer for information or write Oept. N T. E. Bissell Co. Ltd.,Elora. Ont. ' True to Name — Free From Disease Mr. Fruit Grower, you are looking: for the best Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry and Quince Trees you can buy. Kelly Trees are sold at Growers' Prices Shipped direet from our own nurseries in Dansville, N.Y., and guaranteed sturdy, free from disease and True to Name. For 35 years we have had the name of know- ing how to srow trees rigrht. From seed ling to freight car we watch our own trees personally and know we are shipping just what you order. We have an up-to-date nursery plant and can ship all orders promptly, as well as grow and ship at a low cost. We give you every advantage on price. Write for our cat;,!osrie TO iJAi:, and get our prices. KELLY BRCS. ^i^"'"*" ^^ —^-^..-rwF. Nurseries 305 Main Street, DANSVILLE, N.Y. J o»7/ nrvfr regret planting Kelly Trees. no THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 191: The Government Slogan: "PATRIOTISM and PRODUCTION. Plant RENNIE'S SEEDS Send a postal for a catalog'ue to-day. Wm. RENNIE Co., Limited, ADF.LAIDE and JARVIS STREETS, TORONTO, ONT. Also at Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver. Roses Roses Large aasortment of best varieties, none better, none cheaper, also TREES, SHRUBS, VINES, PERENNIALS. If not alrea be the umpires of the selline- sraine. Thi^ Hoard will .nccomplish much in the prevei tion of consignments, and auction sales an.: price cutting. It is proposed to establish an f.o.b. zone on the other side of the line, .iikI Canada is to be included in this zone. Ml fruit which fails to sell at a price fixed on the day of shipment will be passed through the f.o.b. zone and sold in the large city markets of the east. This will mean, to a large extent, the cutting out of consigned American fruit. All these things ( ticourage us to hope that there will be no repetition this (oming season of the havoc which was created in our markets last year. Better Methods of Marketing Required (Continm d jiuiit paije 10.j> lor this barrel of apples. What did you give for it " This barrel of apples was shipped to Winnipeg, land the consumer re- plied that he paid $5.50 for it. This in- cident was recorded vn the newspapers in Winnipeg and started a controversy which was taken up by newspapers from coast to coast. Growers and dealers in the east en- deavored to place the blame on the westeri dealers, both wholesale and retail, until th' responsibility was finally placed upon th' retailer, who was branded as an "extor- tioner." It is not necessary to go further into thi details of this incident. However, there are two points which might be of interest. First, the individual grower claimed to to have received only 50 cents a barrel for his fruit, while numbers of organized co- operative associations received from $1.25 to $1.95 net per barrel for their fruit sold on the same market. These prices are, of course, for unpacked fruit only. Second, we might note the custom, which has be- come an annual affair, of abusing the dis- tributor whom producers are compelled to use to market their product. The public discussions and controversies on the question of the high cost of living, and the great difference between the price paid to the producer and the price paid by the consumer usually terminate with the responsibility being placed upon the re- tailer. Is this public condemnation of the retailer justified ? Does the producer gain anythino- by it? Such a policy is contrary to present-day business methods. Large corporations and manufacturers do every- thing possible to gain the sympathetic co- operation of the distributors who handle their goods, at the same time retaining the control of distribution, and to a great ex- tent the price. They make a special study of the trade requirements and endeavor to please, knowing the value of a satisfied customer in creating a greater demand for their product. The Dominion Department of Agriculture has issued Bulletin 234 by S. C. Johnson, Vegetable Specialist, entitled "Greenhouse Construction." It has also issued Bulletin 226, entitled "Plum Culture in Ontario," by F. M. Clement. B.S..A. Foreign bulletins include the following : "Comparative Cooking Qualities of some of the Common Varieties of ."Xpples Grown in Orerron," and "Windbreaks, Hedges and Ornamentals for Irrigated Sandy Soils of Eastern Oregon." both issued by The Ore- gon Ap-ricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon. The Ohio .Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Wooster, Ohio, has issued circulars 148 and 149, entitled "Spraying the Farm 1 Orchard by the Club Plan," and "A Spray- ing Program for Orchards wi'h the Conibin* anions Reg<3mTOende(J," April, 1915 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST III Growing Early Cucumbers J. L. Hilboni, West Sammeiland, B. C. We plant the seed for KTOwing- early cu- cumbers and cantaloupes about April 20th in bats, the same way as for tomato seed, except that we use pure sand, as we find we Ket better plamts by usins: sand. As soon as the plants are well up, we trans- plant them to other trays, usinsr ordinary soil at this time, spacins: the plants about two inches apart either way. They are kept here tintil the tomato plants are planted in the field, which s:ives us plenty of empty trays, also greenhouse and cold frame space in which to develop the cucumber aiid can- taloupe plants. For this last plantiner we srrow eight or ten plants to a tray. The land on which these are to be grown should be prepared some time in advance of time of setting. It should be fairly well enriched, as these crops require much more fertility tham is the case with tomatoes. We attempt to get the plants hardened off, before they are removed to the field, by giving frequent and thorough ventila- tion. Even although the weather may ap- pear mild and warm, the sudden change from a confined atmosphere to the open field will almost invariably cause a serious check to the growth of these plants. We usually remove them to the field the first week in Jume. Much, however, depends upon weather conditions. It is better to wait a few days than to hurry them to the field before the weather is sufficiently warm. We plant in rows, about five feet apart, setting the plants about three feet apart in the rows, using onlv one plant in a hill. With these crops, as well as all other varieties of early vegetables of which I have any knowledge, thorough and frequent cultivation is necessary to secure best re- sults. A soil that is kept fairly well pul- verized, and stirred at least once a week, is always warmer and produces better growth than soil not so frequently stirred. If a person has no greenhouse or glass cold frame in which to start the plants, ordinary seasons a fair crop may be ob- tained by planting in the field, if the grower has fairly warm soil, warmly situated. By this I mean land sloping to the south and sheltered from northerly winds. The diffi- culty with growing these crops im this way is that, while a very good crop may be produced, with proper care, it invariably comes into the market too late to secure satisfactory prices. Of the great quantities of varieties of cantaloupes which I have tested, I am now getting best results with Hoodoo and Ford- hook. These varieties are small, with firm yellow flesh of good quality. For anyone wishing to grow a few for home use. the Emerald Gem, while smaller and too soft for distant markets, is the sweetest can- taloupe that I have seen, and is considered by all to be of best quality. Ome growing cucumbers for market should always use varieties of the White Spine type, which do not turn yellow when held for some time before reaching the con- sumer. Of these, the Arlington is gener- ally conceded to be as good as any. Ontario Horticultural Exhibition A meeting of the directors of the On- tario Horticultural Exhibition was held dur- ing the latter part of March. Last year's officers were re-elected, they being : Presi- (fent, Wm. Couse, Slreetsville ; 1st Vice- president, T. Manton, Eglinton ; 2nd Vice- president, H. G. Sibbald, Claude; Trea- surer, Hermann Simmers, Toronto ; Secre- tary, P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto. It was decided to hold the exhibition next fall during the second full week in Novem- Gladiolus Good bulbs, best varieties, lowest prices. Price of majiy varieties one-half to one-tenth of those of seedsmen. 100 Corms, 25 ea«h of four etandard varieties. $1.00. Express charges paid by purchaser. Fine varieties, 5c each. 50o dozen post jmid. Send for circular. Dahlias, our selection, lOo each H. P. VAN WAGNER H.n. No. 5 - HAMILTON. Ont. Weighs from3o0to6o01b.s. Suitable for rolling any soil. Special features for Fruit Growers and Gardeners. Mmiuf acta fed only by T. E. Biisell Companr Ltd., Dtpt. N., Elora, Ort. A Crop-Saver and Moncy-Makcr That's what every 8PEAMOT0R is to Its owner. The outfit shown here Is only one ot many styles and sizes. It will do all kinds of sprayint:, whether trees, row crops, potatoes or weed killinif. The horse does all the work and you simply direct the spray. As many as twelve nozzles may be used, and you get 150 Ibe. pressure. With this moderate-prioe outfit, orchajd trees can be properly sprayed. We are sole makers of the Made in Canada It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless wc made it No Duty to Pay We make BPBA- and have concentrated on spraying outfits onlv for the oast 20 years. MOTORS from $6 up to $350, to operate by hand, horse or gasoline i)ower. The SPBAMOTOB won Canadian Government Sprayins Contest at Grimsby, Ont., against eleven other makes. It wins every year in field and orchard against all JS^^t^ other makes. Whether you buy a SPRAMOTOR or not, you are entitled to a copy of fe^B our valuable treatise on Crop Diseases, fully illustrated, absolutely free. Tells how £^| to spray, what to spray and when, griving facts, figures and photos. Write us to-day and get your copy by return mall. If .vou will state briefly your spraying needs, we will send details of a SPBAMOTOR that will fit your re- Quirements exactly. SPRAMOTOH WORKS 2408 King Street, LONDON, CANADA sow FERGUSON'S High Grade Seeds Now is the time to sow seeds that will grow and you cannot do better than purchase from our tested stock. Here are some specials sent prepaid anywhere in Canada. Pkt. BEANS: Ferguson's Sure Crop Strlnglcss Wax. Pkt. 10c, Va lbs. 20c, 1 lb. 30c. BEET: Ferguson's Detroit Bound Beet. Pkt. 5c, oz. 18c. CABBAGE: Ferguson's Copenhagen Mar- ket. Pkt. 10c, '/a oz. 35c. 1 oz. 6O0. CORN: Ferguson's Early Malcolm. Pkt. 10c. Vi lb. 25c, 1 lb. 40o. CUCU.MBERS: Ferguson's Extra Long White Spine. Pkt. 10c. oz. 25c. LETTUCE: Ferguson's Wayahead. 10c, oz. 30o. ONION: Ferguson's Excelsior. Pkt. 25c. PEA: Ferguson's World Record. Pkt. lOo. 54 lbs. 30c, 1 lb. 50c. RADISH: Ferguson's White Icicle. Pkt. 5c, oz. 15o. TOMATO: Ferguson's O.K.' Pkt. 15c. % oz. 75o. SWEET PEAS: Ferguson's Exposition, 1915 Collection Eight of the best new and large varieties in the collection, 75c. ELFRIDA PEARSON: Pale rose, very large. ILLUMINATOR: New color, clear cherry salmon. MRS. CUTHBERTSON: The best bi-color pink and white. KINO EDWARD SPENCER liant red. Large bril- KINO WHITE: New white, very large. MARGARET ATLEE: New Rose Cream. NEW MARGARET MADISON: The finest pale lavender. NUBIAN: The finest brown, very large. Note: We ofl'er special prizes at the Montreal Horticultural Show in August for these flowers. Complete details on request later. I). & F.'s WAVED OR COUNTESS STRAIN, a splendid assorted collection, Pkt. lOo, oz. 25o. Vi lb. 60c, 1 lb. $1.50. Write for our big FREE Catalogue -on "SEEDS OF KNOWN QUALITY " DUPUY 8L FERGUSON MONTREAL 39 Jacques Cartier Square tI2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1915 HANDIESI IMPLEMENT YOU CAN HAVE You'll find a hundred uses for the BIssell Steel Stone Boat. Every Fruit Grower needs oife. Made In several styles and sizes. Stiff, durable, unbreakable. T. E. BISSELL Co. Ud., ELORA, ONT. Wrilr Depi.N\ for Folder to-day ,^^^'=>-=e>c> THE GEORGIAN BAY TREE PRUNER Is made for better pruninj? and less climbinsr- Will cut a limb of reasonable size anywhere be- tween the tip and the tree with- out injury to the tree. Is dur- able and liRht, made of best material, adjusted for Ions' or short pole. Description and price sent on application. W. BULL, WIARTON, ONT. Plant Your Garden WITHI KEITHS r ' ? ' THIS SPRING Keith's Skeds are right seeds at right prices and will 'posi- f.ively and absolutely "five von satisfaction . Write Us About Yoor Wants Seed Meychanf'i since /AiVi GEO. KEITH 81 SONS 124 KING ST. EAST - TORONTO Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when wntii.K- Well Fed Plants get the greatest part of their feed, and their growth, from the soil. If you give the crop you sow the exact Plant-Food it re- quires to grow and ripen, you can count on a strong stand and a rich harvest. Nothing can be more exact in its re- sults than the use of the right quan- l>«^ tity and ■ the right brand of Starved If years of cropping have used up the Plant- Food in the soil, you must supply commercial Fertiliz- ers to replace it. Do you understand how to do this profitably? "Bumper Crops" is just the book to show what Plant-Foods to use for each crop and how to use them, to get the best re- turns. FREE if you use this coupon. ur-crop ber. The association has a balance on hand of $1,3C0 and expects to receive liberal as- sistance from several quarters. As no show was held last fall, an effort will be made to make the Exhibition next November the largest and best yet held. The West Indies Market WatsoB Grifiia, CaBadua Trade Caamittoacr The apple is not nearly so well known in the VVest Indies as the potato, but a Rrocer in Gcorsretowrr, British Guiana, after having- purchased some British Columbia apples, arranjftd with an East Indian coolie to peddle them in the East Indian settle- ments and on the plantations where East Indians arc employed. The result was sur- prising. The peddler came to him again and again for fresh supplies of apples. A black woman who was peddling apples in Port of Spain, Trinidad, said that she had a very good sale for them. She car- ried them on her head piled on a large wooden tray. She said she bought them from a grocer. If associations of apple growers in Can- ada could arrange for the effective introduc- tion of their product into the West Indies, large sales might be made. As yet pi bably very few of these people know ti. taste of a Canadian apple. At the present stage of development it would be useless to send most of them a book of recipes for cooking apples in a variety of ways such as has proved so popular in Canada. It is de- sirable that the apples should iro from the farmers in Canada to consumers in the' West Indies without the expense of too . many middlemen, as they must be sold at . moderate prices. The apples should be sent regularly and frequently, but not in large quantities except where first-class cold storage facilities are available, as they quickly deteriorate in the climate of the West Indies. .4FPLBS .\ND COT.D STORAGE In Georgetown, British Guiana, a grocer showed some British Columbia apples that had been in cold storage for three months. They were in excellent condition and of fine flavor. The superintendent of a large cold storage warehouse in Georgetown stated that he had kept British Columbia apples in cold storage for nine months and found them in perfect condition at the end of that time. He said the chamber containing them was never opened during the nine months. He found that apples in a cold storage chamber which was opened frequently to get supplies could not be kept in good con- dition for more than three or four months. None of the rolonies show imports of apples in their trade statistics. They are classed with "Fresh fruit," or "Fresh fruit and vegetables." The quantity imported is very small, but if the masses of the people were made acquainted with the flavor of Canadian apples the demand would greatly increase. The apple is the only fresh Canadian fruit that could be sent to the West Indit but a , sale of dried and canned frur and vegetables mitrht be developed. i; would probably be possible to create a large general demand for dried or evaporated apples, if the people were made acquainted with their merits. They could be placed on the market more cheaply than canned fruits, and that is a very important con- sideration in these colonies. The following catalogues have been re ceived by The Canadian Horticulturist : Dupuv & Ferguson, Montreal, Que.; A. G. Hull & Son, St. Catharines, Ont. : Perrs''^ Hardv Plant Farm, Enfield. Eng., J. A. Sim- mers,' Toronto, Ont. ; H. L. McConnell.Port Burwell, Ont. ; O. A. Cwller, Judsonia.Ark. ; Carter's Tested Seeds, Toronto, Ont. April, 191 5 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Fruits for the Prairie Provinces 1""'REE fruits have been jfiven a thorough test at the Experimental Farms in the prairie provinces, and while the ideal apple has not yet been obtained for general culture on the prairies, continuous jirogress is being: made. When the Indiain Head farm was estab- hed in 1888, it consisted of a treeless ■tea of land. Trees were at once planted as shelter belts, but it was some years be- fore they afforded much protection. In X888 there were 60 varieties of apples plant- ed on the open prairie, represented by 2C0 trees ; 30 trees of 8 varieties of plums ; 34 trees of 7 varieties of cherries ; 20 trees of 7 varieties of pears ; and 3 peach trees. Most of these made erood e:rowth that year. One hundred and twenty-five apple trees survived the first winter, but only one pear tree, 11 plum trees, and three cherry trees. :ii the spring- of 1889, 43 varieties of Rus- sian apples consisting: of 342 trees were planted, of which 257 were alive in the autumn. There were also planted 109 crab apple trees of eig:ht varieties. The winter of 1889-EO killed a large proportion of the apple trees planted in 1889 and only six crab trees were alive of those planted in 1839. It is interesting to note that among the few varieties which were hardy to the tip in 1890 were the Duchess and Hibernal, which have since been successfully fruited in some parts of the prairies. In 1890 there were 600 Russian apple seedlings planted. These stood the winter of 1890-1891 without loss, but in the winter of 1891-1892 every tree was killed, one Red Siberian crab apple tree planted in 1888 beinp- the sole survivor in 18S2 of the apple and crab apple trees planted. Seven varieties of Russian apples planted in a sheltered place in 1892 suc- cumbed the following winter. A wild crab apple, Pyrus, baccata, the seed of which had been obtained from St. Petersburg, Russia, having proved hardy, Dr. William Saunders, then Director of the Experimental Farms, conceived the idea of crossing this with the larger apples in order to, if possible, obtain hardier cultivated varieties, the work being begun in 1894. Many hundred crosses resulted ; the trees were later sent to Indian Head, and by 1899 the trees began to fruit, amd to-day the varieties Charles, Silvia, Jewel, Tony, and others are proving reliable varieties for Indian Head and many other parts of the prairies. It is true the fruit is small and crab-like, but these fruits mark a step in advance. These crosses were again crossed by Dr. Saunders with the larger fruited, though tenderer, varieties of apples, with the re- sult that fruit from two to two and a half inches in diameter has been obtained. Trees are now being propagated for test on the prairies, and it is expected that some of them will prove hardy. At the Lethbridge Station the conditions are more favorable for apple culture, and apple trees have fruited durint^ the past two years and there is every evidence that the trees will continue to prove hardy. At the other prairie farms the climatic condi- tions are little if amy more favorable than at Indian Head, except at Brandon, which is somewhat better. At none of the farms, however, with the exception of Lethbridge, have apple trees survived for any length of time without protection. Some fifty thousand Russian and other hardy apple seedlings are now being grown in nursery rows at the prairie farms with the obiect of subjecting them to several winters before they are put out in orchards, bv which time the hardiest will be known. Bv growing trees in well protected places, protecting the trunks and main branches y^^ (Style "S" — Short bowed stay In lower half, exactly as shown.) ^^y Beauty, Economy, Perfect Weave These and complete satisfaction you get in Frost Improved Lawn Fence, because — (1) — It is perfectly woven on the latest automatic power machine, the only one in Canada. The spacing is only 1-3,8 inches, and the fabric is tightly and uniformly woven throughout. Every stay stands straight. (2)^The material is all our own make best quality heavily galvanized Frost Hard Steel Wire. Laterals ara two No. 13 wires tightly cabled, with the deeply crimped No. 9 uprights firmly interlaced. (3) — Our heavy zinc coating (galvanized) is more durable than paint (which quickly cracks and peels off) aid enables us to sell our improved fence at lower prices than the h^nd-wjven, painted fences. FROST IMPROVED LAWN FENCE can be erected on wooden or iron posts. It adds beauty and value to any private property or public buildings, church yards, etc. We make three different styles of fabric, and gates with filling to match as shown above. Frost Angle Steel Picket Fence is widely used for Cem- eteries, Manufacturing Plants, Public and Private Grounds, etc. Write us for two-color illustrated folder. SI *ife Frost Wire Fence Co,, Ltd., Hamilton, Ont. Jf Apples of Quality CAN ONLY BE GROWN WHERE PUMPS WITH POWER ARE USED The Bean pumps are fam- ous from Coast to Coast for their power, pressure, capa- city, durability, ajid effi- ciency. These are necessary elements for snocessful spraying. When a grower buys a Bean pump, his troubles are over and his expense and cost of main- tenance are reduced to a minimum. Bean Pumps are not de- signed foi a minimum sale price. They are permanent perfect sprayers, built to do hard work every day and all day. They are equipped with the highest grade of equipment possible. Bnilt in all sizes — from the most powerful power outfit for large orch- ards to the barrel pump for small orchards. All have the same exclusive and patented features that are found only on Bean pumps. The Sooner You Own a Bean Pump, the Quicker and Larger Your Profits. ^'^'IDE MARK— REOISTEREO A(k for our catalogue. We are headquart<>rs for all spraying supplies : Limc-Sulphur. Soluble Sulphur. Arsenate of Lead. Sulphur and all Accessories We will be pleased to quote you on your requirements NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., LIMITED BURLINGTON - ONTARIO 114 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 191 5 his Book Will Help You To make your home look worth while — and worth more. Lovers of Roses will find many suBgcsUoiia in its list of 115 hardy varietiO'i. It alHO llfits many variotica, new and old, of ShnibK, VincB, Herbaceous Perennials. Trei« and BcddinK Plants. The Book Is Free to readers of the t'anadian Horticulturist. Send for it today. JOHN CONNON CO. Limited HAMILTON, ONTARIO with sackiino- in winter and usinjc only the hardiest varieties, such as Charhimoff. Duchess, and Hibernal, apples can be and are beins: produced in .many places on the prairies, particularly in Southern Manitoba where so much protection is not necessary. What is needed are varieties of apples as hardy, or nearly as hardy, as the oiativ trees and shrubs, and it is the duty and ci deavor of the Experimental Farms to obtai such varieties, and it is with confidcm that ultimately such apples and other fruii will be found that the work is continue from year to year. Demonstration Orchard Work in Ontario p. W. Hodgetts, B.S.A., Director Fiuit Braach, Toronto, Ont. D TRADE MARK Plough s--WilkinsoD U.S.S. Soft Centre SteelMoldboards, highly I temperedandguaranleedtocleaninanysoil. '* Steelbeams.steellandsidesandhiuhcarbon steel coulter. Clevises can be used either stiSor swing. Each plough is fitted especi- ally with its own pair of handles— rock elm, long and heavy and thoroughly braced. The long body makes it a very steady runiiinK plough. Shares oi all widths — specials for stony or clay land. The plough shown turns a beautiful furrow, with minimum draft »nd narrow furrow at finisli. Ask for catalogue. Tbe Bateman - WUklnson Co., Limited 461 Srmincton Ave. Xoronto URING the year 1914, twenty-three demonstration orchards in various parts of the province were conducted by the district representatives of the Ontario Department of Agriculture, under the supervision of the Fruit Branch. These orchards were thoroujrhly pruned, sprayed, and cultivated. The pruning: was in most cases done by men specially sent out by the Fruit Branch. The sprayim? was left almost entirely in the hands of the repre- sentative, and the cultivation was done by the owner of the orchards under the direc- tion of the representative. Demonstration orchards were located in the counties of Brant, Bruce, Dundas. EI- «^in, Essex, Glengarr\'. Hastings, Kent, Lambton, Leeds and Grenville, Middlesex. Ontario, Peel, Prince Edward. Simcoe, and Welland. In addition to the above demon- stration orchards, many pruning- demon- strations were held throusrhout the fruit dis- tricts of the province. For the comin"- season it is expected that at least as many orchards as for the past year will be taken over by the Department of Agriculture for demonstration purposes. Special experiments in pruning-, one of which is to determine what months of the year bearing apple trees can be safely pruned, are also to be conducted and con- tinued. This experiment has been carried on since September. 1914. { SEEDS RENNIE'S ALWAYS GROW- THE FINEST IN THE LAND. Catalogue FREE. Sold by beat dealers. Wm. REN N IE Co. Limited ADELAIDE and JARVIS STS., TORONTO, ONT. Also at Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver. Ln the demonstration orchard work, .t usually carried on in the past, the expend of pruning-, spraying materials, and pai: of the labor for spraying has been supplied by the department, either directly from the Fruit Branch or by the district representa- tive. The owner of the orchard was re- quired to do the plowing and cultivatin.4. manuring and teaming as required, and to assist with the spraying and similar work The harvesting and marketing of the crojj was entirely in the hands of the owner. Last year, however, a new phase of or- chard demonstration was undertaken by thi^ Fruit Branch, in which three orchards of upwards of four acres each were leased out- right for a term of years. In these or- chards, demonstrations and experiments in pruning, spraying, cultivation, fertilizatioii marketing, etc., are to be carried on for sufficient number- of years to ensure a fairl^ accurate result. Various spray materials, clean cultivation with cover crops versus sod culture, and different fertilizers will b thoroughly tested on a commercial scale The harvesting and marketing of the fruit will also be done by the Fruit Branch. The organization, advertising, etc., of public meetings, in conjunction with the work being carried on in the demonstration orchards, is left entirely in the hands of the district representative, the speakers be- ing furnished by the Fruit Branch. Below is tabulated the financial statement for 1914 of a Government demonstration or- chard in Dundas county. The orchard in question consisted of about IM acres of Mcintosh variety. These figures serve to show conclusively how old neglected or- chards may be made very profitable indeed. Orchard of Earnest Farlinger, Morrisburg Expenditure Cultivation : Disking, 1 dav man and team $3 50 Cover crop. 1% bu. grain at 50c.... 75 Sowing cover crop, H dav at $3.50, 85 Manure, 12 loads at $2.00 24 00 Pruning : 20 davs at $2.50 per dav 50 00 114 days scraping at $2.00 per day.. 3 00 1 day painting cuts on trees, etc. ... 2 50 Spraying : 4 davs at $2.00 per dav for nozzle man 8 00 Wc Solicit Your Consignments Send for Shipping Stamp Good Prices Alvyays For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, veg-etables, or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge, at SUDBURY, NORTH BAY, COBALT, COCHRANE AND PORCUPINE. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto Relerences: The Canadian Bank ol Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. April, tqie, THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 115 4 days at $3.50 per day for man and team 14 OC Thinninsr: 5 days at $2.50 per day 12 50 Picking: : 2 men, 5 days, at $2.00 per day 20 00 I Packing- amd Grading- : men, 8 days, at $2.50 per day. . . . 40 00 Cost of Spray Materials (four applications) : jralls. lime-sulphur at 18c 15 12 01 lbs. arsenate of lead at $9.00 per cwt 7 29 6 lbs. Black Leaf 40 at $1.25 6 25 Packages : 311 apple boxes at 15^c 48 20 Wrapping: paper, etc 17 OC 19 bbls. at 45c 8 55 60 lbs. nails at 3c per lb 1 50 $283 01 RAfifilots 3 bbls. No. i'localiy at' $3.bo! '.'..'.. ' $h"oO 64 boxes No. 1 Ottawa at $2.00 108 00 94 boxes No. 1 Toronto at $1.25 117 50 145 boxes No. 1 Montreal at $1.4Ci. . . 203 00 20 boxes No. 2 Montreal at $1.15... 23 OO 19 bbls. No. 2 locally at $2.50 47 50 81 bus. Windfalls at 50c 40 50 33 bus. Windfalls at 25c 8 25 $556 75 Expenditure 283 01 Net profit $273 74 In the foreg-oing- figrures two or three items should be specially noted. The value of the manure to the land will be distribut- ed over a number of years. Similarly the prunino- charg-es are hig:h, as the orchard had been neg-lected for a number of years. Prices also for Mcintosh apoles were not so g:ood as usual during: 1914. The num- ber of culls, too, 114 boxes, is very hig-h, due to a windstorm just before the fruit was ready to pick. Concerning- two demonstration orchards in Middlesex county, Mr. I. B. Whale, the District Representative there, writes as follows : 'Our most marked results were in Mr. Caverhills orchard, with twenty-five trees of Mcintosh Reds. These trees were some- thinif over twenty years old, and according- to Mr. Caverhill, they had not produced fruit that was marketable, the scab ruining the fruit and destroying- the leaves many years. A year ag-o I do not think I saw as scabby-looking- fruit or as small leaves. Mr. Caverhill intended g:raftinfi: these last spring- to other varieties, but after some persuasion he allowed Mr. Kydd of the Fruit Branch, and myself, to use them for demonstration work. We Rave these trees four sprayings of lime-sulphur, using 45 gallons of limesulphur in all and 55 pounds of arsenate of lead. Figuring the cost of man labor at fifteen cents per hour aind horse labor at ten cents per hour, the total cost was $11.50 besides the pruning. While the scab was bad in other trees of the same variety as well as other varieties, our twenty-five trees produced 38 barrels of apples, 33 of which were No. I's, the re- mainder No. 2's, which shows the results which have been obtained in one year, due to pruning and spraying. The orchard was cultivated during the summer. It was from no marketable fruit in previous years to about 87 per cent. No. I's with the treat- ment. The twenty-five trees in the old or- chard which were pruned and sprayed were free from fungous diseases and insects of all kinds. "With Mr. Sadler's orchard of ninety trees, set out forty-four years ago, we have his statement that up to two years ago he had never marketed over $100 worth of fruit in one year, but with the first year's prun- ing and spraying, the orchard gave $200 International Harvester Wagons MEN who build wagons of first grade quality, throughout, work for a reputation. To many buyers all wagons look alike, nor is it possible even for an expert always to pick the better wagon of the two after a wagon is put together and painted. This is why a good reputation is a most valuable asset to a wagon. Their good reputation practically assures the buyer that he will get his money's worth in a Petrolia or Chatham wagon. In order to keep tho reputation of the Petrolia and Chatham wagons up to the point where it belongs, all wood used is carefully selected, and then air-dried under cover. The lumber dries for at least two years, most of it three years, some of it — particularly the pieces for the hubs, which receive special attention — even longer. Air-drying produces tough wagon lumber because the sap dries naturally with the wood and binds its fibres together. It is this right drying of good wood which gives Petrolia and Chatham wagons the qualities necessary to live up to their repu- tation. I H C local agents can furnish you with catalogues giving a great deal of valuable information about these wagons. If you had rather get it direct from us, drop a card to the nearest branch house. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At Brandon. Calvary. Edmonton, Estevau,^ Hamilton. Letllbridse, London. Montreal, N. Battleford, Ottawa, Quebec, Regina, Saskatoon, St. John, Winnipeg, Yorliton Bezzo's Famous Prize Asters Prizes wherever shown — New York State Fair, Toronto Exhibition, and many other places. All shades of color in about 20 different varieties in early and late branching : Royals, Mikadoes, Rochcsters, Cregas, etc. Truly the Aristocrats of the Aster Family. Plants $1.00 per hundred by express; $1.10 by mail. Packed and labelled, in wet moss and safe arrival guaranteed. Express charges prepaid on orders over 250. Special prices to Horticultural Societies. All plants cold frame (not hotbed) grown. Order early. Bezzo's Aster Plant Food, 10c per lb. by express. Remit by Money Order. C. MORTIMER BEZZO - BERLIN, Can. Horticulturists Known By Seeds They Sow For a good plant bringeth forth good blooms. Particular men and women among the world of flower-lovers, like our seeds for the results they get. Varieties are illustrated in our 1915 cata- logue which is now ready and for those who wish to try new varieties they have never grown before, the gardening hints will be found very valuable. Write for it to-day. DARCH AND HUNTER SEED CO., Limited BOX 1284, LONDON, ONT. ii6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST ] April, 19151 P^^f^tP'-^ff^HI'— 1^=fP===ffc^^ PEERLESS POULTRY FENCE Does all yoa could wish of a p'juUry foncc and iiior*-. BuUt cIo.Mj enough to kcrp chicki'im In ami Hironif t-iiouKli to keep eatUo out. KvtMi wiimll chlckH cannot jrnt luitwcim the closo mcch of lateral and vertlcfti wires. The heavy, hard Kteel top and bottom wirtjs, together with Iniennedlato latei-iils. will take care of ft care essty hacked wai?on, or an unnilv anliniil aodBprlnKhacklntOHhapelininedJately. The wires are neeurcly lield together at every InterHectlon by the rKKlM.lvSS Lf»ck. Tho ^onco That Savos Expanse It never needs rppalrw. It is tlie clieappft frnee to ereethe* cauBC, owing to Its cxeeptionally heavy lop anti hottoni vlrefl, but half ithe usual umouat of lumber and ponts are reqt Irud. SentS foF SJtBratuFB and address of nearest aprent. We also make a complete lino of farm and ornamental feneinf?. Atjents nearly everywhere. Agents wanted In uuasBlgned territory, Banwell Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd. Winnipeg, Manitoba Hamilton, Ontario I Use Less Land IT COSTS TOO MUCH to chase a crop all over ten acres of land when five acres will do the trick. Get ten acres' yield from five and save handling the extra land. Bradley's Fertilizers in connection with good farming, sensi- ble rotation and occasional liming when necessary will help you do this. They furnish the available plant food for big crops, and bring them along quickly and improve their quality. Prices sliould be good. The Breeder's Gazette says : " If there ever was a time when bumper yields were sought, it is this year". For this reason, use Bradley's quickly avail- able fertilizers and get your big money crops in 1915. Crops won't have to wait for their plant food to become available. Booklets and circulars mailed free to any address. Drop a postal card to The American Agricultural Chemical Co., 92 State Street, Boston 2 Rector Street, New York Buffalo, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Etc. I\ returns. This year with the pruninsr and ; sprayinjf, the orchard had returned ovei j .$400 worth of fruit, sold on an opan mar- ■ ket when prices were dull. Mr. Sadler ' now counts his orchard the best payinsr ' part of his farm, and firmly believes that the returns can be increased one-half as much ai^ain by fertilizing: the orchard and by continued care." The War and Imported Nursery Stock It was expected that there would be a very serious diminution this season in the quantity of nursery stock imported from Europe. The decrease has been much less than was anticipated. A lar>re amount of the Belgian stock was shipped in the early days of the war, and as it happens the nursery section is not in that portion of Beljrium that has been the scene of the most active military operations. The Hol- land shipments have suffered very little and the Dutch nurserymd Jacket, Downing, Pearl, Houghton.— Cprrants, Perfection! Perfection!! Ruby, Cherry, White Grape. Lee's Prolific, Champion, Black Naples, Black Victoria, Boscoop. — Raspberries, Herbert! Herbert!! Herbert!!! Cuthbert, Marlboro. Brinckle's Orange, Golden Queen. Strawberry - Baspberry. — Garden Roots. Aspara^is. Rhubarb. Write tor Catalogue. WM. FLEMING, NurierymaD, 496 - 4th Avennt W;, OWEN SOUND, ONT. Not Stand in the Way! price prevent you from owning a SPRAMOTOR make a SPRAMOTOR as low as $6, and from that all the way up to $550. Our $6 outfit is as good value in proportion ae the $550 machine. There's a inMBkHJ:M;i.'^^.ifjnwfgfyjjr.' TSTtBfr^ \iw pvcry need — the sm.'ill farmer and the thousand-acre man. The knaps!ick outfit at the left is all high-grade and sprays at high pressure. We guarantee it to snray paint, whitew.i.sh and chemicals. The SPRAMOTOR ia all brass with dashing agitator around .acreen. automatic plunger, brass ball valves and patent hand valves. The price is $12 with 5-gaI. galvanized tank or $16 with 5gal. brass tank. Barrel outfit consists of all-brass N6. 2 SPRAMOTOR with two lO-feet lines of hose, couplings attached, patent hand valves, two bamboo extension rods with brass cupped ends and patent drip guards, two double-nozzle clusters, complete and guaranteed. Price $26. Can be used for all kinds of work. Write us giving som« idea of your spraying needs. In return we will mail you without charge a copy of our valuable illustrated treatise on Crop Diseases, also details of a SPRAMOTOR best soitid to your requirements. FREE Made in Canada. No Duty to Pay. SPRAMOTOR WORKS 2409 King St., LONDON, CAN. ri8 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 191 5 ^"Sprayed Nine Years Without a Mishap'^i BO writes E. C. Bowers. State Horticultural Inspector. Harrisburg. Pa., ^ reitardinK his Goulds Sprayer used for heavy demonstration work. The thousands of Goulds Sprayers in use are givinK the best of results— ^^'p) and there's one for every purpose. The Goulds "Monarch" outfit ^^K;'.,V> . shown below is specially adapted for high pressure work not ^K'M'''. v needing a power outfit. Operates 4 leads of hose— 8 nozzles; ^HK>^/ V outside packed plungers — no leather; only one of the 25 ^BfKj styles of i^^^^^ss^SB^a ^m^%,. RELIABLE —hand, harrt-'land powor. $3to$300. Dura- ble, non-corrodinjr.eaKily cleaned. Guar- anteed. Backed by 65 years' pump- makin? experience. Send today for free book "How to Spray" and ask for expert advice on your requiremente. Both free. The Gould* Mfg. Co. Main Office and Works Seneca Falls, N.Y. Branches: Chicago, Houston, Boston, New York, ^' f' Atlanta Special' - -Effective February 12th "BLACK LEAF 40" DUTY FREE IN CANADA [What will if costYoU( Not to spraii For Aphis? APHIS INJURED PERFECT The U. S.Dep'tof Agric. Says $30,000,000 I is the anniml damage done to the American truit crop by insects. Aphis caust'S a considerable part of this loss and the standard in- secticide roconimendt'd by experiment stations and spraying ex perts /or this and many other orcijard pests is "BLACK LEAF 40*' ^ Guaranteed to contain 40% Nicotine Wi THIS IS THE TIME TO SPRAY "BLACK LEAF 40" is not reeom- for Apple Aphis— just as the leaf mended for iJl insects; but for buds show giwn. Don't delay Aphis, Pear Psyla. Hop Louse, till tl.p foliage gives the Aphis .-^ ■nnnc nthor inft h.wiipdsuck- protctiun. Use "BLACK LEAF and many other soft-bodied suck 40" wlien buds are like the one 1"E insects it has proven to be a shown in this picture. Write us highly effective and a very eco- lor Apple Aphis Bulletin. nomical insecticide. Black leaf40 ■■■■■ '^ niCOtlNE-SUiPHATC 2 Pounds Pritt$?51 HAKES 200 GALS- IFFECTtVE SPRAY. UKalucliylbBiuifhiducb D u>in5 VI ux. ( errrucirr. LET US HELP YOU PROTECT YOUR ORCHARD If your dealer will not supply you with "Hhick Leaf 40". send us P. O. Money Order for $2.50 and we will send you, express prepaid, 'i 2 pound can that will make 200 gallons of effective spraying solution. If you are in doubt about the insecticide you need, write us, send specimens, or give descriptions of your insect enemies and we will help you to find the propel insecticide. KENTUCKY TOBACCO PRODUCT CO. INCORPORATED E., Louisville, Ky. Scotia fruit, often considerably less than for fruit shipped in the Ontario barrel, is due to the smaller barrel. The Ben Davis was largely represented in the shipmcmt on the s.s. Melville. They all arrived in ifood condition, allhouffh some of the apples were not so red as the buyers would like them. The Quebec Snows, ow- inff to the poor keeping- qualities, are al- ways a doubtful shipment, but this year more than usual were shipped from Mon- treal; thev arrived in splendid condition, and for the first few days sold very well but later it was found harder to dispose of them. The R-radinR of hU fruit seen here this year could not be improved on. With re- gard to the packing, however, there is room for much improvement in the shipments of all Eastern Canada fruit, especially in the case of boxed apples. The Kings, a var- iety which is an old favorite in South Africa, arrived in the best of condition, but like the Ben Davis, a good many were not colored enough. There were not many Wagners on the Melville, although for late shipment this variety is always in good demand. All of this brand were in splendid condition and well colored. Both Ontario and Nova Scotia shipped a considerable quantity of Ganos apples in barrels. This variety is preferred to the Ben Davis, and this year's shipment was highlv colored and in the best of condition. SOUTH AFRICAN .4PPLE MARKET The export to this market of Canadian apples c?n easily be doubled if a serious effort is made to secure the trade. The demand is for a hardv medium-sized highly coloured red apple The season for dehverv in South Africa is October, November, and earlv December: this means shipping at the end of September, October 15th and October 30th at the latest, or two shipments — one about October 5th and the other October 25th. All Canadian apples must be sold at the very latest by January 10th, as from that date the South African apple comes on to the market as well as other local fruits, in- cluding pears, peaches, apricots, and grapes. The box apples should be wrapped separately in paper, and should average from 140 to 180 a box. If possible, all fruit should be shipped over rail to the steamer in refrigerator cars. Canadian apple grow- ers and shippers who are satisfied that they can fill orders in accordance with these demands are .requested to communicate early in the year, and they will be placed in touch with South .African firms who are anxious to handle Canadian fruit. Organizing a Central Association* A. E. Adams, Berwick, N. S' I would like to give a few dom'ts for the benefit of any fruit growers who may feel inclined to attempt the organization ■ of a Central Fruit Growers' Association: ¥ Don't attempt to obtain legislation with- out first explaining to responsible members of your local legislature the objects of the bill, amd enlisting their support. Don't attempt to organize a Cooperative Central Association without the aid of a man thoroughly experienced in such work. Don't employ any officials who are not thorough cooperators. Don't attempt to run your business with cheap men ; get the best men procurable, and pay them well. ♦E.xtra<;t from an addreee delivered at the last Dominion Fruit Conference. April, igi-; THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST "9 Don't employ any figureheads; they are unnecessary, and are a drain on the re- sources of the compamy. Don't employ any man who is not pre- pared to give the whole of his time to the business of the company. A man cannot work for two masters. Don't promise your membership more " aan you can accomplish. Many will think that these "Don'ts" Ire too obvious to need mentioning but I five you them out of my experience of ^hat has and does happen when farmers' Doperative companies are formed. Cooperation has been successful in the :inapolis Valley for three reasons: ' 1st. We have cheapened the cost of produc- lon by the cooperative buying and dis- ributing of the essentials of the farm. 2nd. We have increased the return to the .rrower by eliminating all unnecessary mid- llemen and placing the bulk of our produce .lirectly in the hands of the wholesalers. 3rd. This has been accomplished by ap- plying business experience to cooperative I'tinciples. How to Deal with Over prodution* Prof. F. C. Sears, Amberst, Mass. WHETHER we are afraid' of overpro- duction or not, we ought to do all we can to increase the consumption of apples and to better our mar- kets. First : We oug-ht to grow better quali- ty varieties. You will at once think of the Baldwin amd that if you grew anything bet- ter than that you would lose the most pro- fitable variety you have. But I know when I was here that nobody ate Baldwins, you shipped them all to England. And I do not believe that you can expect the English to keep on eating what you won't eat your- selves. It seems to me the question of quality is much more important than we appreciate. A man eats one good ap- ple, and he wants another one ; but if he eats a poor one he does not care if he waits a week before he eats another. I am sure we do not appreciate the practical impor- tance of this. A Boston paper recently re- marked that nowadays when an American feels like absorbing an apple, he stops at a fruit stand and buys for ten cents a highly polished masterpiece which looks like per- fect joy amd tastes like cotton batting. Second: We ought to have better pack- ages m which to market our apples. The barrel, with all its good points leaves much to be desired. At our Massachusetts meet- ing in Worcester last week, we had on ex- hibition a package that had been shipped from Virginia to Brockton, and then from Brockton to Worcester, It was one of those paste board cartons which hold one hundred apples, and the man paid five dollars for it. Of course that was too much. He took out four layers and then sent us the rest, and even after they had been shipped around the country in this way, you prac- •Extract from an address delivered at tho ro- oent annnal conventio-n of the Hova Scotia Fruit lirowprs' Association. BRUCE'S SPECIAL "BIG FOUR" FIELD ROOTS BRUCE'S GIANT WHITE FEEDING BEET— The most valuable Field Root on the market, com- bines the rich qualities of the Sugar Beet with the long-keeping, large size, easy- harvesting and heavy-cropping qualities of the Mangel, lilh. 10c, J41b. 18c, lib. 30c, BRUCE'S MAMMOTH INTERMEDIATE SMOOTH WHITE CARROT— The best of all field Carrots. ■ilb. 30c, Jilh. r»c, 1 lb. SI. 00. BRUCE'S GIANT YELLOW INTERMEDIATE MANGEL— A very close second to our Giant White. Feeding Beet, and equally easy to harvest. }^lb. 10c, J^lb. 18c, 1 lb. 30c. BRUCE'S HEW CENTURY SWEDE TURNIP— The best shipping variety, as well as the best for cooking; handsome shape, uniform growth, purple top, ^Ib. 12c, J^lb. 20c, 1 lb. 3oc. Prices are at Hamilton- .\dd for postage, }ilb. 5c, J^lb. 10c, 1 lb. 15c. Each additional pound lOc— Where there are Express Offices this is cheapest way to senci all orders of 5 pounds and up. ■JO 17 p O^ir handsomely illustrated 112 page catalogue of Vegetable, m VEbCa Farm and Flower Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Poultry Supplies, Garden Implements, etc., for 1915. Send for it. Inkn A Rwitf^o. X, C^n I tri HAMILTON, ONTARIO UOnn M. DrUCe QL K^O.^ UXa., Established sixty-five years. CENTRAL NURSERIES Have a Fine Assortment of Fruit and Shade Trees, Vines, Plants, Ornamentals, Roses and Shrubs, Etc. For Spring Planting Direct. For Satisfaction plant HULL TREES. Our prices are right and so are the trees. Send for new priced catalogue, also your want list for special prices on Apple Trees. IHxcellent quality, and at a very reasonable price. Trees grown In Canada. Early Seed Potatoes. No Agents. A. G. HULL & SON - ST. CATHARINES, ONT. Highest Type Spraying Machine in the World CnCC Write us a short letter, rlcri* giving some idea of your sprayine needs, and we will send you free, a copy of our valuable Illustrated work on Crop Diseases, also full details of a SPEAMOTOR that will beat fill your requirements. Pretty big- claim that, btit fully justified by the facts. At the Canadian Government Sprayinjar Contest, Grimsby, Ont., the SPRA- MOTOR took first prize with ease from eleven competitors. That puts SPRAMOTORS in the lead amons: all makes. The outfit illustrated here is our giasollne-power model, the best machine we make, therefore "the highest type spraying machine in the world." We m.ake SPBAMOTOES in many styles and sizes, for the largest farm and for the smallest, at prices from $6 up to $350 — every one the best outfit for the money. We are sole makers of the and have been making nothing else for the past twenty years. Over 20 patents . covering features you can get in no other machine but the SPEA- MOTOR. We have won over 100 Gold Medals and First Awards in all parts of the world. The next best machine isn't good enough for you. Made iix, Canada, No Duty to Pay. SPRAMOTOR WORKS, 2407 King St., LONDON, Can. WISCONSIN INCUBATORahdBROODER BOTH ^ 1322 130 £gg incubator 130(hick Brooder BOTH FOR and Duty PAID If ordcrort togolhor wo send both raachinos for only $13.90 and we pay all f might and duty charfffs to any U. U. fsiation in Canada. Wo 'lave branch warehouKcs in Winnipeg, Ma.i. and 'I'oronto. Ont. Ordora shipi)«d from nearest wari'hous«^ to your li. U. station. Hot wattT, double walls, dead air space betwoen, double iflPSci doors, copper tanks and boiiers. seif-regnlatinif. Nursery under ogf: tray. Especially adapted to Canadian cli- mate'. Incubator and Brooder shipped complete with thermometers. lamps, egg testers - ready lo use when you tret them. Ten year r uaranteo— 30 days trial. Incubators fin- ished in natunil colors showing the high grade California K(!dwood lumber used— not painted to rover Inferior material. If you will compare our machines with others, wo feel sure of your order. Don't buy until you do this— you '11 save money— it pays to invest- Iwate b*?fnre you buy. Itememlieronr price of $i.'1.90 1h for both Incubator and Brooder and e<» v- erHfrelebtandciuty (^barges. Send for FItKKcatalOK today, or send In your order and Bavetlmo. "Write Vsloaay-^Don'i Delay WISCONSIN INCUBATOR CO. Box 186 , RACINE, WISCONSIN, U, S. A. I20 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 191 S The Pruitland Nurseries are now prepared to book epring orders for all kinds of Fruit and Ornamental Treed, 8hmbfi and Vlne» at lowest pricen. Send for price Uet. G. M. HILL BOX 42 FRUITUND. Ont STRAWBERRY GROWERS ATTENTION For choice, well eelwsted etock of all the Htandard varieties of strawbirry plants, send 118 your order. List Frep. ONTARIO NURSERY CO., WEM.INOTON. ONT Strawberries 5° varieties Raspberries ■, varieties Seed Potatoes 10 varieties FREE CATALOG THE LAKEVIEW FRUIT FARM H. L. MtCONNELL & SON, PORT BURWELL, ONT. FRUIT MACHINERY CO. INGEHSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, wlien installed by our experienced millwrights are the most practical, sanitiry and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogue Frost Fence- Made in Canada and sold Canada -Wide Tt would be impossible to find a community in Canada, however remote, that has not heard ot FROST FENCE, and tew where FROST FENCE is not used. Canada leads the world in many particulars, and is certainly not behind in the matter of wire fence, with the famous FROST FENCE works located right in her borders. The new slogan "Buy Goods Made-in-Canada" is having a splendid effect upon this country's industrial situation. It applies with particular force to Frost Fence because not only is Frost Fence Made-in-Canada, but the wire from which it is made is of Canadian manufacture too, which is more than can be said of the majority of other wire products. THEREFORE, whether you buy on the basis of greatest quality or upon the grounds of good Canadian patriotism, your choice should be frost Fence First WE MAKE OUR OWN WIRE. For one thing, it helps to keep Cana- dian workers employed. During the year passed we paid $.30,000 to those workmen who made our wire. This stayed in Canada Other firms go to the United States for their wire. Then again, it's the only sure way we know of to get the quality we insist upon (or FROST FE.NCE. With extra quality wire as a starter, we are putting out today a fence second to none in the world — an article that we eladly and proudly label as "Made-in-Canada" from start to finish. Write for our fence catalogue If you can't get FROST FENCE, get in touch with us. We may need an agent in your locality. 58 Frost Wire Fence Co., Limited, Hamilton, Ont. tically rould not find a sinfje apple that was damaffed in the least. These packages can be had for 2S',i< apiece, and I believe they are to be one of our cominK packages. This man wrote us he had bouifht apples parked in the western style and he had found all the apples bruised more or less, while these apples which had been shipped from Virginia were absolutely perfect. The third point is better grndinK. Even vou do not do perfect Kradin(<: yet. p'ourth : There ou^ht to be better distribo tion. We need better distribution both iti time and place. Fifth : We ouRht to do more to develop our local markets. I remember nobody used to ship anythincr to Halifax that was fit to eat, and Halifax is a city of 50,000 or more. There is no reason why they should not consume a tremendous lot of apples if you would treat them decently. I believe if you shipped them good stuff you would get good prices. Sixth : We ought to pav more attention to bv-products ; the manufacture of all sorts of things out of our lower grade apples that otherwise go to waste or go into the middle of the barrel, and go somewhere else. There is an almost unlimited market for these different line of things. In our part of the coumtry you can buy cider apples for abou' twelve cents a bushel ; and you can sell the vinegar produced for ten or twelve dollars, where it cost you five dollars to make it. Then there is boiled cider ; they figur' twelve cents worth of these apples will makr seventy-five cents worth of boiled cider. This question of by-products is worth consider- ing. Seventh : We ought to cut out the middl. man. Last year Professor Waugh and 1 had a fine crop of Wealthy apples. We put them up in the ordinary type of peach bas- ket, and took them to Northampton, erne of our small cities, and went to various stores. At one store the owner took five baskets, and said, "When you come next time I will take fifteen." When the team went back it went to him first, and he took the whole of the seventy-five baskets. I hap- pened to be in the store that afternoon and I saw these apples on sale. He had taken them out of those big peach baskets and put them into those little Georgia till bas- kets, and he was charging thirty cents for those : that is, he was getting $1.20 for what he paid us fifty cents for. Eighth : Fruit growers ought to do more mixed farming. I believe that the time is coming when a little more mixing of our farming will be considered as a good thing. Mv last point is advertising. It is one of the biggest questions that faces the fruit man of to-day if he is to avoid over- production. In the first place I believe that we ouo-ht to advertise more generally the healthfulness of apples. People do not ap- preciate what a fine thing an apple is to eat. Just imagine what would hapoen if a man in the patent medicine business had a thing that looked as fine as an apple, was as wholesome as it is, tasted as good, and had a really hit^h food value added. Any man who could cornet a patent medicine with anywhere near that collection of good points would be a millionaire inside of six months '. Yet we farmers do not advertise them at all, or at least not to amount to anything. The Canadian Horticulturist is eagerly looked for and diligently read in our gar- dening family.— A, Lucas, R. R. No. 7, Lon- don, Ont. \pii!, tqiq THK CANADIAN HOBTTC ULT U RTST Vll. What Our Railways Might Do Geo. E. Mclotoili, Forest, Onl., Traffic Expert for tke Oatarie Froit Grower*' AttociatioD II may bt: true that many transportation companies are beginning- to appreciate agriculture as a source of income, and are giving some attention to its development, but this is not nearly so evident in Canada as in the United States. This is probably because while we have become ardent ad- vocates of production we are pillars of salt so far as transportation requirements are concermed. In this connection it is inter- esting to note just what the railways of the United States are accomplishing through extending a comparatively small amount of assistance to agricultu>ral people along their lines. One company reports that for eight years has been engaged in organizing farmers' ,i:%.sociations in the districts through which j it runs, until now there is hardly a town of I three hundred people on that line which ii has not an active association of farmers for the promotion of diversified crops. The result has beon that in 1904 the road hauled in ninety days three thousand five hundred cars of truck and fruit, as against none five or six years before. Another company states that through similar efforts, fruit and truck growing has increased fully ome hundred per cent, in the last five years. Another company says: "The result of the work has been an increase from almost nothing in the way of fruits and vegetables to many hundreds of cars annually." Im one locality specially adapted to the growing of "strawberries a railway company furnished plants and sent an expert to in- struct the farmers how to plant and grow this fruit. Eight acres were put out the first year and the yield was nine carloads. This has developed, until last year that road hauled something over six hundred carloads. One company publishes for distribution among its patrons a monthly magazine, whrh contains accurate information as to the character and condition of the mar- kets iin the several cities, and gives the rates of freight from the various points along its lines to these cities . Another company has organized thirty- five farmers' institutes and truck growers' associations, with an aggregate member- ship of five thousand persons. Eight companies have established experi- ment amd demonstration farms to show the capability of the soils and climate of the districts where they are located. A road in the south has organized fruit and truck growers' associations at many points, and issues printed circulars and bulletins of information. Sevcm years ago another railroad com- pany selected a farm on sandy land gener- ally regarded as worthless. Last year there were grown on this farm over three hundred different kinds of vegetables and fruits. Limitless areas have been transformed into fruit farms amd the railways themselves have become objects of wealth in the land whose value they had helped to create. It is worthy of note that all of the companies that have been active and directly engaged in thus assisting agricultural people, de- clare their purpose to continue their aid. It is evident, therefore, in order that a railway compamy may profit to the fullest extent from the fruit or vegetable growers contiguous to its lines, it must do more than construct tracks, run trains, and carry RENNIE'S Garden Seed BOOK ^^^ For 46 years the leading ^"^^ Nnilf authority on Vegetable, Cnr nuw Flower and Farm Seed.? ^01 |i__ J.. Plants and Bulbs. You need ^ tn rr Keadyit. send /or /,ee «/>)— 1315 to-day. ^^^^^^^ ALACRITY TOMATO An Extra Earljr Red Variety Developed by F;xperts at the Central Ex- perimental Farm, Ottawa. Reported to be the earliest variety in existence and espec- ially adapted for Canada, being Northern Grown. Full size packet, 15c. Wm. RENNIE Co. Umited, Adelaide and J«ryi« Streett. TORONTO A FARMER'S Garden llllllllltK* Helps his wife to plao her table in busy times. Saves work s and worry, saves buying so much meat, e>ves better saiis- g faction to the help. A good gardea will be almost Impossi- S ble in your busy life without proper tools. They cost little S and save much hard work. JSOMCE WHEEL HOES I AND DRILLS! Vill sow, cultivate, ridge, furrow, etc., better than you can S with old-fashioned toots and ten times quicker. A woman. = boy or girl can do it. Can plant closer and work these hand s tools while the horses rest. 38 combinations S from which to choose at J3.00 to $14. One 5 combined tool will do all of the work. S Ask your idealer to show them and | write us for booklet, *'Gardenin(ir s With Modem Tools'* and "Iron = Age Farm and Garden News" s both free. = The Bateman- i: Wilkinson Oo., = , Tjimlted / f 462 'Symington! xornnto.Oan.! ^yn^/?^^'^^de'i/^ A /?^eauty and grace f'lr years to come and slKiiild not bo confused with the cheap, shoddy fencing 1 offered. Peerless fence is built of strung, stiff wire which will n 15 cents an hour .... 17.65 Fertilizer and seed for cover crop 18.25 Cost of spraying material 11.25 Cost of 267 barrels at 30 cents 80.10 Branches cross-grafted to prevent breaking. 122 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1915. Old wounds in need of treatment. — No. 1. Picking and hauling to warehouse, three miles, at 15c 40.05 Total cost $191.50 Average cost per barrel for orchard No. 1—71.7 cents. Orchard No. 2 — About five acres, one third in full 'bearing, the remainder about equally divided between ten and fifteen year old trees. Crop last year — 209 barrels. 120 man hours at 20 cents an hour .... $24.00 165 horse hours at 15 cents 24.77 Fertilizer and vetch seed for cover crop. 18.25 Cost of spray material 12.00 Cost of 209 barrels at 30 cents 62.70 Cost of picking and hauling to warehouse at 15c 31.35 Total cost $173.07 Cost per barrel Orchard No. 2—82.8 cents. Orchard No. 3. — -About twenty-five acres, all commercial sorts, fifteen acres full bearing, remainder ten and fifteen years set. Crop last year — 1,124 'barrels. 353 man hours at 20 cents an hour $70.60 443 horse hours at 15 cents an hour .... 49.45 Cost of fertilizer and vetch for cover crop 85.00 Cost of spraying material and gasoline . . 50.00 Cost 1,124 barrels at 30 cents 337.20 Picking and hauling to warehouse at 15 cents 168.60 Total cost $760.85 Cost per barrel Orchard No. 3 — 67.6 cents. Prom these figures, the average cost per barrel on the three orchards on the combined crop of 1,600 barrels is 70.3 cents. While packing in the warehouse there is a shrinkage of a'bout sixteen per cent., that is, one hundred barrels tree run will pack on the average about eighty-four barrels. These slack six- teen barrels are credited back to the grower at twenty-five cents a barrel, and this should be credited to the orchard account. In this particular in- stance the sixteen per cent, slack bar- rels will reduce our cost ju.st four cents a barrel, making the average cost 66.3 cents. The reader will notice that in this account no charge is made for man- agement, interest on money invested in equipment, and repairs and renew- als or depreciation of same. For in- stance, the power sprayer cost three hundred dollars, and at least fifty dol- lars a year should be charged the orchard for wear and tear and interest on the cost of this sprayer. Repairs on the sprayer this past season cost twen- ty-two dollars, 'but the machine did outside work for the neighbors, and earned twenty dollars in this way, so that account was about squared for this one season. If fifty dollars was charged the orchard for the use of this sprayer, the cost of raising the 1,600 barrels on the three orchards would be increased about three cents a barrel. Another item in the cost not consid- ered here, but which always should be considered, is that of interest on cap- ital invested. A fair value to place on orchards such as these under con- sideration is five hundred dollars an acre. Then against the year's crop of J, 600 barrels should be charged the in- terest on thirty-two and a half acres at five hundred dollars an acre, or six- teen thousand two hundred and fifty dollars at six per cent. This amounts to nine hundred and seventy-five dol- lars, or 60.9 cents a harrel. The aver- age operating cost of the three orch- ards under consideration is 66.3 cents a harrel; allow five cents a harrel for interest and depreciation on tools and equipment, and we have the full ac- count as follows: Cents. Labor cost, fertilizer, spraying, cover crop, etc 66.3 Interest on tools 5. Interest on Inveatment 60.9 Total cost per barrel \ 132.2 While these figures are interesting, still they do not answer the question asked at the head of this article — "What does it cost to grow a barrel of apples"? for they are only based on one year's production. One should have five years' accounts to follow as a guide. The average here given for the three orchards should give, however, a fairly accurate answer, for the size of the crop in apple growing will cause & great difference in the cost per bar- rel. While the cost for barrels and picking will remain constant, the charges against each barrel for spray- ing, fertilizing, pruning, cultivating and interest will vary greatly. To il- lustrate this point: In 1911 the orch- ards under consideration produced 2,700 barrels. Spraying, cultivating, etc., cost practically the same as last year, so if we charge the same rate for barrels and picking, and five cents a l/arrel for interest on equipment, we find a total cost, including interest on five hundred dollars an acre valuation, of only 97 cents a barrel, as against a cost of 1.32 cents a barrel when only 1,600 barrels were produced. From this we might reasonably draw the conclusion that the latter figure would be considerably higher than the five- year average.' Right here another question natur- ally comes to mind : Is there a profit in growing apples at these figures? The prices received for the past four crops will give some light on this question : In 1911 the price received was $1.33 a barrel net In 1912 the price received was $1.60 a barrel net. In 1913 the price received was $2.01 a barrel net. For last year, while the account has not been altogether made up at this date, the probable net price will be about $1.15 a barrel. This shows a loss, one year in four. Paint and Concrete in the Orchard H. Arnold Haigh, Stamford, Ont. ALTHOUGH all large wounds made by the saw in pruning should be painted over, nevertheless, the paint brush is rarely taken into the orchard. This is because the re- sults of neglecting this operation are not apparent for some time, and in many eases the wound closes over and no harm results. A paint of white lead, with linseed oil and no driers, is as good as any- thing. Three coats are absolutely safe. One coat is hardly sufficient, but is bet- ter than none. Creosote or tar oil are also very good. If pitch is used, it ^ould be applied hot. It has a ten- dency to run when the sun strikes it. Look over a block of, say. King trees, thirty or more years of age, where painting has been neglected, and note the percentage of large pruning wounds that have rotted, often right through the body of the tree to the roots. The King is particularly sus- ceptible, but many varieties of apple and other fruits are more or .less so, and there is a big risk with all. If the rot has started, there is nothing for it but to clean it out, even though you have to cut the tree open to the ground. The first of the accompanying illus- trations shows a tree with two old wounds, one just above the crotch, the other just below it. Gouge and chisel were taken to this tree, and every par- ticle of rotten or dead wood was cut away. The result is shown in the second illustration. Living wood had to be cut away down the body and up b May. 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 123 the limb to get at the rotten parts. Having cleaned the holes out thorough- ly, the insides were disinfected with a ^solution of formalin, and a mixture oc "two to one sand and cement put in. The mixture was made just wet enough enable it to be worked with a stick j;o all parts of the hole. To hold this in jlace until set, thin boards were tacked icross the holes. Tar paper, or several thicknesses of brown paper, or even lewspapers tied over the hole with 'twine, will answer the same purpose After a few hours, the boards were taken off and the concrete faced with a mixture of fine sand and concrete (1 :1) applied with a brush. The latter operation was not necessary, but made the work look neater. The third illus- tration shows the work finished. This particular case was a fairiy bad one. Often the rot extends only tliree or four inches from the surface, when little cutting will be required and the concrete can be put in without the us(, of forms. As regards tools, I find that two gouges, one a'bout a half-inch and the other one and a half inches, and one chisel about one inch, are the most con venient cutting tools. Gouges and chisels with curved shanks are very handy in some places, but are expen- sive unless you have a lot of trees. In buying gouges for this work, be care- ful to have the bevel on the inside. A brace and a small bit, or a small auger, are sometimes useful to find the direc- tion in which the rot runs, as it is often expedient to open up the side of the tree away from the wound or source of trouble. This work can be undertaken suc- cessfully by anyone who can handle a chisel, and the life of the tree will hi prolonged for some years. If your orchard is young, and this rotting has not started, you will find painting cheaper and much easier. Spraying Cherry and Pear Trees E; F. Palmer, Assistant Director, Fruit Branch, Toronto, Ont PROBABLY e-very reader of The Canadian Horticulturist realizes the importance and value of I spraying the apple orchard to control ! the codling worm, apple scab, and simi- lar pests, but possibly not all give to their cherries and pears the same atten- tion. Yet spraying these fruits is as essential to success as spraying the apple. Spraying ordinarily will con- trol the brown rot which annually causes great loss to cherry growers, especially those with sweet varieties. Shot-hole fungus on cherries in some 3-ears and in certain localities is so bad vVwund.s cl*^Miur(i i>ut, ready lor liUiny. — N(j. Z. as to almost defoliate the trees. The cherry fruit-fly, of whidh we are just now hearing so much, infests some otherwise good orohards so badly that the fruit cannot be picked. Frof. L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist, esti- mates that the loss to cherry growers from the cherry fruit-fly a'lone must amount to thousands of dollars each year, though less some years than others. The pear slug is equally as troublesome on the cherry as on the pear. The total loss from these and other less important insect pests and diseases of the cherry and pear must amount to many thousands of dollars each year, yet each insect pest and dis- ease can, with the exception of the pear blight, he effectually controlled i)y proper spraying, and thus many thousands of doillars saved to the cherry growers of Ontario. Spraying the Cherry. Of the insects attacking the cherry, the Cherry Fruit-fly is perhaps of the most importance. The adult insects are two-winged flies, about two-thirds the size of the house-fly, and with the wings conspicuously marked with dark erossbands. These flies lay eggs just under the skin of the cherry, and the larvae which hatch are full grown by the time the cherry is ripe. We are told that "What the eye does not see- the heart shall not grieve," but when wormy cherries are shipped on to the market and the consuming public get ,1 taste of them, the market for good cherries is injured. People are afraid to buy them, hecause it is almost im- r,ossihle to tell whether a cherry is wormy or not until it is opened. Wormy cherries, too, are subject to The wounds filled with concrete. — No. 3. brown rot, and help to spread this dis- ease to sound fruit. Spraying to Control the Cherry Fruit-Fly : From experimental results obtained in the Niagara district. Prof. L. Caesar recommends the following : Spray with two or three pounds arsen- ate of lead (paste) to forty gallons water, sweetened hy the addition of one gallon of cheap molasses. The mo- lasses should not be added to the water until the day the mixture is to be ap- plied, because it will soon ferment in liot weather and cause the arsenate of lead to be precipitated in a lumpy con- dition. Spray first as soon as the flies begin to appear, which, in the Niagara district, will he about the end of the first week in June, and in colder dis- tricts a few days later. This will be about the time the early Riehmonds are showing the first signs of a red blush. Spray again ten or twelve days later, or just before the Montmorency cher ries begin to color. None of the early varieties .should be sprayed at this second application because of the dan- ger of the spray remaining on until picking time. When applying the spray the trees should he given a moderately thorough application, so that nearly every leaf will lie lightly covered. Varieties like Early Riclvmond and early sweet cherries are almost exempt from attack by the fruit-fly. The later sour and sweet varieties, especiaWy Montmor- ency and Morello, are all attacked. The treatment advocated will effectu- ally control this pest. The adult flies suck up the poison spray from the leaves and die hefore laying their eggs. The cost of spraying is small, Prof. 124 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1915 v: A power sprayer at work In the orchard of Egbert Smith, Winon;i, Ont. Caesar estimating that five cents per tree should cover the total cost for two sprayings on trees fourteen years old. The Plum Curcvilio, which stings the cherries, causing them to drop, can be controlled by spraying either with con- centrated lime-sulphur, specific gravity 1.009, or Bordeaux mixture, with three pounds of arsenate of lead added to every forty gallons of water. The ar- senate of lead controls the curculio, while the lime-sulphur or Bordeaux as- sists in the control of brown rot, shot- hole fungus, and powdery mildew, Another spray, using the same mater- ial and strength as for the above, should be given a'bout two weeks later to further assist in the control of these diseases and the curculio. For the shot- hole fungus or leaf spot, as it is often called, it will sometimes be found neces- sary to spray again just after the fruit is picked. For sweet dherries it would perhaps be advisable to use Bordeaux mixture for all but the first spray, as sweet cherry foliage is tender, and is liable to be burned by lime-stflphur spray. However, several growers use only the lime-sulphur sipray, with excellent re- sults. If the pear slug is bad on either cherry or pear trees, spray with arsen- ate of lead, two to three pounds to forty gallons of water, whenever the slugs are numerous enough to warrant it, unless the fruit is beginning to ripen. Apply- the spray to the upper surface of leaves, as it is there that the slugs feed. Dusting with heillebore, air slaked lime, or almost any finely divided dust, will also destroy most of the larvae, which are very readilj killed. It is, of eour.se, too late now for pears to receive the regular first spray — concentrated lime-sulphur one gal- lon to seven gallons of water, applied just before the leaf-ibuds burst. If this spray has not been put on then later sprays are all the more important. The second spray, concentrated lime- sulphur, one gallon to thirty to thirty- five gallons water, with two or three pounds arsenate of lead to forty gal- lons of liquid should be applied just before the blossom buds burst. This, and the next or codling moth spraj- are very necessary in the control of the scab, and if this disease • is unusually bad, these sprays should never be neglected. Spray again, with the same mixture and strength as for the above spray, just after the 'blossoms have all or nearly all fallen. This application as- sists in the control of the scab, and is also the codling worm spray. It is important that it be applied just after the blossoms have fallen, and under fairly high pressure, driving the spray, particularly into the calyx-end of the young fruit, as it is at this point that the majority of the worms enter. Add Black Leaf forty to this spray at the strength recommended on the cans, to control the Pear Psylla, if this pest is sufficiently serious to warrant it. If the variety of pears grown is one very subject to scaJb, such as Flemish Beauty, they should receive another application, the same as that given, ten days after the Codling Moth spray. If the Pear Slug is bad, spray as for the slug on the cherry. Spraying will not controil the blight. The only way to control this disease ig by keeping the infected parts cue out. Cut out carefully in winter all lilighted branches and twigs, cutting a foot or more below the diseased part. If the trees are too severely blighted to save, cut them out completely and burn them. Throughout the growing season watch for and cut out promptly all blighted twigs as they appear. Burn Jill prunings. Disinfect pruning tools and cuts with corrosive sublimate, one to one thousand. Preventatives in the Vineyard* Grape vines are not often subject to attacks by scale insects, so there is sel- dom need for a spraying with strong lime-sulphur before gnnvth starts. Do not use the diluted lime-sulphur at any time for grape spraying. It stunts or checks the growth of the berries. Use the Bordeaux mixture. Downy mildew, commonly called "Red Grape," was very destructive last season, and caused large financial losses to growers who did not spray. Black rot has b^en a serious disease in recent seasons. Growers cannot afford to risk the loss it may cause by neglect- ing to spray. These diseases and others will be prevented very largely by spraying as follows: When the shoots are about eight to ten inches long, spray with Bordeaux mixture for black rot and dowTiy mil dew. Just before blooming spray again with Bordeaux mixture for black rot and downy mildew, and to every fifty gallons of Bordeaux add two or three pounds of arsenate of lead to poison the grape berry moth and the rose- chafer. If this latter is serious use stronger poison even up to five pounds to fifty gallons. A pint of the cheapest ■molasses added may help. Just as the blossoms are falling, make another .spraying like the above. About ten days or two weeks later, it may be necessary to make another spraying like the two previous, but this will depend upon the weather condi- tions and the amount of rot and mildew prevalent. If later sprayings are thought to be necessary, some material should be used that will not stain the fruit, such as weak copper sulphate solution. Flea-beetles may appear at any time, but are most likely to come as the buds open in the early spring. Spray with Bordeaux mixture and a strong poison, three or four pounds of arsenate of lead to every fifty gallons of the Bordeaux, if eariy in spring. Later use less poison. For ciimljing cut-worms, use cotton bands or bands of sticky mixture. On tender growtb these can be put on strips of paper. •From the annual report of the Michigan Stati- Board of Agi-iculture for 1914. May, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 125 Preparing the Vegetable Plot I H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria THE pi-eparatiou of the soil for the suuisequenit planting of vege- table crops is one of a serdes of important and interesting operatioins of which aJl have their uses, and upon which depends success in the culture of any garden crop. When the soil is ' thoroughly pulverized in advance of planting, then, and then only, will it be possible to harvest abundant crops of first quality. A soil that is but half dug or merely scratched with a disc or cultivator will not produce maxi- mum crops of any kind. Tap rooted crops like carrots, parsnips, beets and turnips, will invariably fail. If tap rooted crops are to be grown to per- fection, that is, to exhibition quality and shape, the soil must be thoroughly and deeply worked, the necessary ma- nure being incorporated during the operation. Fall is the best time to dig or plough vacant lots or gardens previously un- cropped, as during winter the sod will partly decompose and so supply or- ganic matter or humus. If this was not done last fall the alternative is to plough or dig at once, burying the sod about a foot deep. It is not well, how- ever, to plant many varieties of vege- ta'bles upon a lot broken for the first time and previously unculti- vated, therefore plant potatoes and a few cabbages and so obtain good crops. Potatoes do well upon freshly broken ground. The houselhoMer must take the soil as he finds it. He must remember, however, tlhat upon its phj'sioal condi- tion depends the treatment it ought to receive. A heavy clay must be light- ened and aerated, a light sand should, by the addition of good soil and or- ganic matter in the form of mamire, be made mor(« retentive of moisture, and so more productiive. Many garden soils are too heavy or too light to be profitably cropped. There is, however, a way of making even the worst kind of soil yield good returns, namely, trenching. Many gardens Avould prove a source of greater remuneratio'n and pleasure to their owners were they trenched in the making, and subse- quently every fooirth year. By this operation it is possible to deepen and to aerate the tilth, thus favoring the admission of warmth and oxygen, and the conversion of many poisonous sub- stances into plant foods. Trenching. Having selected your lot or portion of land to be cropped, spread rotted manure over its entire surface, dig out a trench three feet wide and about fif- teen inches deep, and deposit the soil Park, Niagara Falls, Ont. from the excavation at the far end of the plot in a straight line, to be used in filling the final trench. With a garden line mark off another three feet, and invert the top spit into the trench. Now if the lower spit or subsoil is verj' heavy simply invert it one spade deep in the bottom of the trench, at the same time mixing in a considerable quan- tity of manure. Upon this again iu- vext the surface soil, repeating the operation until tihe work is complete. In this inamner you will deepen your tilth and render it more fertile, in fact sometimes to such an extent that when you again undertake to trench your ground the lower spit may be safely re- moved and deposited on the surface. In proper trenching the lower spit or subsoil is brought to the surface, the surface soil being deposited in the bot- tom of the trench. It is a practice to l)e commended wherever the subsoil is not likely to deleteriously affect tlhe crops. In any ease, however, under the influence of sunshine and air coupled with cultural operations even a poisonous subsoil may be so amelior- ated and improved as to produce the best of crops. When trenching always pare the sod and weeds from the surface and bury them in the bottom of the trench. Keep the trenches straight by means of the line ; this will ensure every square inch being thoroughly worked and will give the appearance of neatness which char- acterizes the true gardener. Always have a barrow or box at hand to re- ceive tap rooted weeds like dandelions, or other undesirables, such as couch grass (twitch or spear grass), or wild convolvulus, also sticks and stones. It is a cleanly and economic practice, as apairt from appearance it precludes much labor in collecting these things when the work of trenching is finished. All harmful weeds should be burned, otherwise they are liable to reappear. Whether you have thoroughly trenched or simply dug your lot in the ordinary way v-ou will now be con- cerned with the seed bed. Seeds of all kinds require a well worked and finely ■broken soil. Break every clod, not merely upon the surface, but through- out the entire tilth (that portion which plants grow in). It is thus better to fork rat'her than spade .the area to re- ceive the seeds, especially the smaller kinds. A small quantity of finely screened wood ashes, or stable manure, will oft- times greatly benefit seedlings, if worked into the soil. It is, however, unwise to apply soluble, artificial or special manures to the seed bed or to small seedlings which are intended as transplants. For permanent crops the soil should be richly manured. In this category are carrots, turnips, beets, parsnips, peas, beans and similar crops. These occupy their positions from seed time till harvest, and are, therefore, dependent upon the soil in which they are originally sown. Transplants are not. The reader should bear in mind that the degree of success in garden- ing is measured In' the degree of thor- oughness exercised in the preparation of the garden to receive its subjects. Anemone (2) thalictrioide.s (Rue Anemone), domesticated, and growing: in a Hamilton garden. 126 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1915. A portion of the perennial border in the garden of Mr. T. H. Taylor, Hamilton, Ont. An Amateur Rose Garden R. Brodie, Montreal, Que. ALTHOUGtH in our severe cli- mate, with its cold winter and hot, dry summer, we can't grow roses to such perfection as they do in the OM Oounrt;ry or on' the Pacific Ooast, yet with care we can have an abundant supply of roses in June and July, with a fair supply through the summer months till frost touches them. Last summer, when in Victoria, B.C., I spent a pleasant hour in the beautiful rose garden in front of the Parliament Buildings. There was a great variety of color, and the plants were labelled with the name of their variety, which made the display very instructive and interesting. Rioses do best in a good, strong soil, well underdrained. If it is a light, sandy soil use well rotted cow manure in beds. Place hybrid perpetuals in rows three feet apart and two feet apart in the row, the first row two feet from the side of the bed. For hybril teas use ro'ws two feet apart and eigh- teen inches in the row. In planting out budded or grafted rosbs cut them back to within a few buds of the stock and plant deep enough to almost cover the tips of the ' branches. If t)he season is dry wfiter often arid oultivate. The first year 'will give a number of blos- soms. . For the winter protection of roses we gather the branches together with binder twine, dig a sipade full of soil away from side of the plant and bend over and pin to the ground. Lay the bushes all one way. The first few years I coivered with earth from be- tween the ro'ws, but now the bu^es are too large, so we nail boards to- gether A shaped and cover the bushes with them. The winter of 1913-14 was a very severe one, yet our roses came through in good condition. Our first plantation contained over 100 bushes, mostly hybrid perpetuals, al- though we still had a number of the old varieties, set out by my grand- father, like lihe old Moss Rose, the Cali- bage or Province, the Maiden's Blush, etc. The following are my favorite varie- ties: White: Frau Karl Druschki, Mabel Morrison, Margaret Dickson, Mdm. Plantier. Pink: Baroness Rothschild, Mrs. John Laing, John Hopper, CapL. Christy. Red: Ulrich Brunner, General Jac- queminot, Alfred Colomb, Capt. Hay- ward. Dark Red : Prince Camille de Rohan, Baron de Bonstetten. Yellow: Soleil d'Or, Gloire Lyon- naise, Persian Yellow. Hybrid Teas: La Prance, Pink Kil- larney. White Killarney. Pick Sunny Spots for Shrubs A. E. Thatcher All hardy shrubs, except those which are naturally more at home beneath the shade of trees, succeed best in an open sunny position where they receive the full benefit of light and air. This is par- ticularly true of those grown for their floral beauty. It is important, therefore, to select if possible a position which, while being sheltered from rough and cold winds, is fully exposed to the bene- ficial influence of the sun. This enables the wood of the current season's growth to become thoroughly ripened and con- sequently much better able to pass through the winter without harm. Having selected the position, it is of paramount importance that the ground be properly and thoroughly prepared, first by seeing that it is well drained, as very few shrubs will succeed in a water- logged soil, and then by having it well broken up to a depth of at least two feet. If the soil is naturally very heavy it is a good plan to freely incorporate decay- ed leaf mould and sand, but if very light and dry in character nothing is better than a good heavy loam. Well decayed manure will prove of much benefit to the shrubs if it can be worked deeply into the ground, but not otherwise. All hardy shrubs will succeed in a loamy or peaty soil, providing it is well drained and deeply worked. It may seem to some that it is unnecessary to prepare it so deeply. It is, however, highly im- portant, even if the expense is some- what larger, for the difference between shrubs planted in ground which has been properly prepared and those in poorly worked soil is remarkable, and no one will question the advisability after seeing its results. Making Garden Walks Arthur Waller, Cobourg, Ont. This is the way my garden walks are made: Along the edges I place a row of stones about the size of a person's fist. Ashes are then spread and raked off level. Some fine ash dust is then sifted over the surface, sprinkled with water, and rolled. After a few rollings I have a good walk that is easily kept free from weeds. I keep the walks rolled after every rain. Floral Reminders Pergolas or summer-houses may be made not only beautiful but useful by growing the Avild grape or Beta grape over them. Use plenty of manure in the garden. Good cultivation and plenty of plant food is responsible for most of the "good luck." Many ttoweriug annuals, such as petunias and portulacas, may be sown in the open ground as soon as it is well warmed. It is easier to put up the pea trellis before the peas come up. There is still time to do some top- working and to set out some orna- mental plants and shrubs about the house. To get a succession of gladioli, make several plantings of the bulbs. Do not prune spring-flowering shrubs until after they have flowered. Gladioli and dahlias may be set out the latter part of the month. Protect and shelter the birds as much as possible. A few windbreaks or thickets of brush give the birds a nest- ing-place, and they pay for it by catch- ing many injurious insects. i» May, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICUL.TURIST Growing Dahlias in the Home Garden 127 I' I ' HE introduction of the Cactus type I I gave an impetus to dahlia eul- ] ture that was undreamed of by :€ven the most sanguine, and awakened an interest that is world-wide and of [growing influence. This type is the J most popular, and bids fair to remain [so indefinitely. Hybridizers the world lover are devoting much attention to it, and the results achieved are commeur- surate with the efforts put forth. Among other types of dahlias we have the "Decorative," the "Quilled," the "Singles," and the latest, the paeony-flowered type. The single type was the original dahlia, and it must be admitted that its development by hybridization has been sensational. The small star- shaped flowers have been replaced by the large round-petalled sorts of to- day, with rays overlapping, color in- tensified, and symmetry of form which demonstrates man's ideal has been in- delibly stamped upon them. Soil and Preparation. Dahlias will succeed in any soil that will produce good corn or potatoes; but if one can make a choice it would be better to select one rather light, well-drained, and fairly rich. More flowers, and of a better quality, will be By Henry Gibson produced in such a soil than on a heavy one with a clay bottom. In fact, the latter kind of soil is most unsuitable for the cultivation of dahlias. Should such a soil be all that is available, the subsoil will need to be broken up by trenching or double digging, and coarse sand or coal ashes added to the top soil to lighten it. Early in spring, or preferably in the fall, put on well- rotted barnyard manure, two or three inches deep, and dig or plough it to thoroughly incorporate it with the soil. Previous to planting, break up and smooth out the soil as much as pos- sible— a very important cultural item for most crops. Situation. The situation is a matter of prime importance. Never plant dahlias in close proximity to large trees which would shade them and rob the soil of its fertility. Avoid the shade of buildings also. Dahlias will grow and give some blooms under such condi- tions, but the results from planting in the open ground away from shade are more satisfactory. For general planting, and for those whose facilities for taking care of the green plants previous to planting out are limited, I would recommend field- grown roots. Green plants (rooted cuttings), if kept growing right along without a check until planting time, give good results; yet it not infre- quently happens in some way or other they are neglected, become pot-bound, and dry out two or three times. They then become hard and stunted. A stunted ..dahlia is absolutely useless, and to plant such is to invite failure and disappointment. In selecting tubers, choose only those of medium size, plump and clean. Only one tuber is necessary; but if there is danger of cutting too near the "eye," the second one may be allowed to re- main. The cut surface should be im- mediately dipped in a saucer of flowers of sulphur, and any that sticks allowed to remain, but do not rub it in. Any bruises or abrasions may also be sprinkled with sulphur. Local conditions have a good deM to do in determining the exact time to set the plants out. In the warmer sections of the country, planting can be done much earlier than where late frosts are prevalent. As a general rule, early planting is advisable, but late frosts are to be guarded against, as dahlias are tender plants. The first of June is This atone fence, surrounding the garden of Mr. A. Austin, is one of the most beautiful in Toronto. On the wall are Virginia Oreeper, Boston Ivy. English Ivy and Wild Ououmber, which have draped themselveB on the chains. The wall is about two years old and 1,000 feet long. The large vases are thirty-six Inches in diameter. At the bottom of each vase is a receptacle for water from which a galvanized iron pipe runs up to the earth in the vase and helps to keep it moist. 128 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1915. h- r -jfv- i ^v>wl^ ••♦->J A 1 Many of the Pentstemon flowers here shown were over one and a half inches in diameter. These flowers should have as dry a situation as possible, as they suffer more from wet than from cold. They are very beautiful, but tender. (Photo by Wm. Hunt, Guelph, Ont.) soon enough to plant out in Canada, and it would be better to defer the planting of young green plants that have been carried along in the green- house a little later than this. Planting Distance. The minimum distance apart for all dahlias (save the Pompom varieties, which may be planted from two to two and a half feet apart) should be from three to four feet, and if space is avail- able an even greater distance is de- sirable. In planting it is always good practice to set the stakes that are to support the plants first. These should be stout and, if possible, square, insomuch as a square stake takes a firmer hold of the ground and is not so likely to work loose, as does a round one. For dormant tubers, dig a hole at the base of each stake about one foot square and eight or nine inches deep, taking care to have all the holes on the same side of the stakes the length of the row. This not only serves as a guide for digging the tubers in the fall, but saves damaging them while cul- tivating between the rows. When the holes are all dug out, put a double handful of pulverized sheep manure into each one and thoroughly mix it with the soil ; then pour in a large pail- ful of water. When the ground has settled, all is in readiness for the actual planting. Plan to have the tubers five or six inches below the surface when the hole is levelled up. We find it a good plan to just barely cover the tubers and fill up the balance as growth proceeds. A few days after planting, young shoots will appear, and with these be- gins the work of pruning and disbud- ding. A single stem to a plant is to be preferred; branches not being allowed to form nearer than twelve to fifteen inches from the ground. Of the shoots that start, the best-placed and most promising one should be selected, and all others be rubbed off. Never hesitate to cut away side branches and superfluous growths from about the base of the plants. It may seem like losing a good deal of bloom to do so, but the result will be a better crop of first quality flowers if you sharpen your knife and harden your heart. Disbudding is an essential feature of the growing of first-class blooms. The buds usually are formed in groups of three ; the two side ones should be pinched out, and the central one allow- ed to remain. This should be done as soon as the buds are large enough to get hold of. These two items are of first im- portance in the successful cultivation of dahlias, and are so closely allied to each other that we can well treat them under one heading. The main object to aim at once the plants have started to grow is to keep them growing. Never let them get a check, or they will become stunted, and we have stated before in this article how utterly valueless is a stunted dahlia. Keep the surface of the soil from becoming baked by frequent stirring with the hand or wheel hoe, going from four or five inches into the ground. Stir round the plants carefully so as to avoid injuring them. As the plants commence to bloom, do not go so deep, but don't fail to keep the surface loos3. Frequent applications of fertilizers are necessary to promote free growth. Sheep manure used alternately with some of the other highly-concentrated fertilizers that are on the market is beneficial. Sprinkle a little "Bon Ar- bor" around the plants every ten days, and after a similar lapse of time apply a dressing of air-slaked lime and rake it in. Lime corrects any acidity of the soil and also releases the latent pro- perties of the fertilizers that have been applied. Two weeks or so after this., a dressing of bone meal sihould be ap- plied and pointed in with a spading fork, thus breaking up the surface- feeding roots, checking the rampant growth and causing the plants to set buds. Basket Gardening John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. IN the limited space of a small garden, the owner should try and have as much color as possible. Over the front doorway, prohably, arrange- ments can be made to suspend two or three baskets of growing flowers. Although the handy man can make his own wire baskets, it scarcely pays, as these receptacles can be purchased for about twenty cents. Some people stand pots amongst moss inside their baskets, but the plants do not thus pre- sent a pretty appearance. The best plan is to obtain a piece of turf free from weeds and full of fine grasses. Line the basket with this material, so that the grass faces outward. The second method of lining a basket is with green (live) moss. Of course the sides are always lined as well as the bottom. Whilst ordinary garden soil is likely to be a success, the ideal compost would be half and half of leaf soil, or peat fibre, and fibrous loam. To this might be added a trifle of well-rotted horse manure. The leafy substance in the leafy soil, the peat, and the manure, is retentive of moisture, and continual dampness is very desirable, seeing that the quantity of soil within the baskets is so small. Always buy pot plants. Loose roots must find difficulty in catching hold in the peculiar soil con- ditions. Always water with a can which is furnished with a fine rose, to avoid washing the compost ou.t of the baskets. Twice a day is not too often for watering during the hottest wea- ther in a sunny position, since the drainage is unfortunately too perfect. Do not water around mid-day, rather make time before breakfast and of an evening. With regard to suitable plants, the fuchsia, erect and trailing, is pre- eminently a basket flower. Foremost among its merits is that the blooms face the ground. Then its habit of growing is so neat. The culture is easy, and the season of flower continuous and lasting throughout the summer and early fall. Fuchsias alone would fur- nish yoTir baskets, planting an upright variety in the centre of each, and two or more hanging ones around. Another beautiful sight is baskets of ivy ger- aniums. There might be a couple of small central plants. A shoot could be allotted to each supporting wire, several stems should be trained erectly to sticks, whilst two or more ivies ought to be planted for falling over the edges. An uncommon and very showy arrangement for an entrance or porch is a basket of antirrhinums. The J dwarfer varieties could be used for the ^ middle, and the somewhat modern, creeping antirrhinums for hanging down. Similarly can fibrous-looking begonias be planted. The blossoms of this class of the begonia incline to the grooind. Plant a trailer or so around an erect-growing variety in the centre. May, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 129 Plants for Shady Places J. McPherson Ross, Toronto d NQUIRY is often made in regard to planting places frequently in promi- nent positions that are partially and often densely shaded by trees and build- ings. Though mostly all plants require sunlight and plenty of it, yet there are many that require a cool, shady spot, while others, though they may not par- ticularly thrive there, still grow and keep green enough to furnish some charm to an otherwise unlovely place.. Many a corner or nook by the house in constant view may be made pleasing and attractive by planting it with certain shrubs and plants that will succeed there sufficiently to warrant a little trouble and care. It must be a very dark corner where ferns will not grow if kept suffi- ciently moist. To procure them may re- quire a little effort and sundry excur- sions to near-by woods. Such trips in early spring are always pleasurable and instructive to those who observe the vari- ous plants in their natural situations and normal conditions of shade and moisture. I am prompted to write this by a re- collection of a delightful little garden ar- ranged in the most unlikely situation and unharmonious surroundings. It was made by an old lady acquaintance with her own hands and the assistance of her daughter. Their first labors had trans- formed an ugly corner of the house on the north side. The space was about five feet by twenty, beginning at the house proper and ending at the kitchen door and under view from the dining- room and kitchen window, and separated from a high board fence by a narrow slat walk. An irregular row of stones formed the edge of the bed, serving to hold the soil and preventing reckless grocer boys from injuring the plants. The place never got the slightest glimpse of sunshine, yet it made the loveliest miniature wild garden imaginable. In the extreme corner the soil was piled a foot or two higher than the main bed, and was retained in place by a log covered over with wood moss. A couple of tall shield ferns occupied this niche, while polygonums, aspidum, maiden hair and other wood ferns thickly filled the bed. One or two Thalictrums, Colum- bines, and a couple of fuchsias in bloom also graced the scene, while in conven- ient crannies were stuck dogtooth vio- lets, Clintonias, and wood violets and Tiarellas. The whole formed a picture of greenness and grace you would never tire of admiring. It was so suggestive of the woods and nature that as you looked at it you could easily fancy you heard the sad note of the vesper thrush or the tup-tup of the woodpecker. Many such corners exist around our homes that could be similarly beautified by a planting of ferns, columbines, peri- winkles, lily of the valley, trilliums, primulas, and other shade-loving plants. Another plant that does well on the north side of buildings or under trees that are not too dense in shade is Mahonia Aquifolia or Holly-leaved Barberry. This is one of the best of the few, too few, hardy broad-leaved evergreen shrubs we have in Canada, and is not as gener- ally planted as it should be. Of a low spreading habit, with sturdy branches thickly covered with dark green, shiny, holly-like leaves, it bears clusters of bright yellow blossoms, followed in the fall with dark blue grape-like berries. In clumps of six or more plants, it has quite an effective appearance. They thrive in moist, shady places, particu- larly on the north side of buildings,, and though it winters well, it helps the foli- age to throw a few pine branches on it in severe weather. The foliage in the fall that is exposed turns a deep purplish brown, and makes effective decorative designs for Christmas. The vinca or periwinkle succeeds in shady places, and if left undisturbed soon makes a bank of growth from which springs in summer bright star-like flow- ers of blue. The variegated variety Is extensively employed by florists in hang- ing baskets and window boxes. Symphoricarpus Vulgaris, a high- sounding name for a modest shrub, sometimes called Indian currant or coral berry, is a neat, pretty-foliaged shrub that will thrive in places so shaded that nothing else will grow. It is exceeding- ly popular with landscape gardeners for massing, as it holds its foliage late, while its stems are massed with bead-like berries late in fall. The sister shrub is the snowberry, so named from the gleam- ing white berries with which it is orna- mented in early winter. Trilliums, vio- lets, spring phlox, pansies, and forget- me-nots can be used to decorate bare, shady spots in early spring before dense shade comes on from overhanging foli- age in later summer. In partial shade the lovely tuberous begonia forms very showy beds. Its large sheet-like blossoms in every tint of color make it one of the most popular of bed- ding plants. The day lilies also relieve many a dark, shaded situation with their abund- ant grass-like foliage. Unsightly cor- ners may be often hidden by a fringe of evergreens planted across them, but not under trees, unless it is merely a temporary arrangement, as the drip from trees overhead is always fatal to ever- greens. The best ever green to grow in shady places is the hemlock. Use of shady places is often made by gardeners to rest outdoors their palms, ferns, azaleas, and so forth. Many other plants do well in shady places, but enough has been said, if acted upon, to improve many a neglected corner that is vacant because it is taken for granted that nothing will do there. Tulips and all spring flowering bulbs will do well in the most shaded places if shade is caused by deciduous trees, as their flow- ering season is generally past before the dense foliage is on. Trilliums, growing on the side ot Mount Albion, near Hamilton. The central part of the bacii- Bround wa.s a moss-covered stone. 130 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1915. A portion of the perennial border in tlie garden of Mr. J. B. Spencer, tjttaw.i. -v description of this garden was published In the April issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. Vegetable Gardening for Town and City Lots W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa, Ont. IT is desirable to plan the gar- den some time in advance in order to be able to lay it out to the best advantage. It should be planned to provide for a good assortment of vegetables, for a regular and continuous supply, and for the great- est quantity from the land available. The appearance of the garden should also re- ceive some consideration. Certain kinds of vegetables only take a comparatively short time in which to mature; some kinds succeed best in the cooler parts of the season, either in spring or late sum- mer; others need the hottest weather to reach their greatest perfection; while others require both the cool weather of spring and the warm weather of summer to complete their growth. The seed of some kinds of vegetables may be sown as soon as the ground is dry enough in the spring, while the seed of others should not be sown until dan- ger of frost is past. In order to get the best results, the seed of others must be started in a hotbed, greenhouse, or ordi- nary house and the plants well advanced before they are set outside. Warm soil is just as essential to the success of some , vegetables as freedom from frost, and even if protected from frost they will not do well unless the ground is warm. Some vegetables, such, for instance, as celery, require considerably more mois- ' ture than others. Seed to be sown (early in spring) : Beets, carrots, lettuce, onions, parsnips, peas, radishes, kohl-rabi, garden cress, salsify, spinach, parsley, and leeks. Seed sown (in hotbeds, but plants will stand some frost) : Cabbage, cauliflower, celery. Seed to be sown (after danger of frost IS over, unless protected): Beans, corn cucumbers, melons, potatoes and squash. (Seed of late cabbage is not sown until May, but the plants will endure frost, and seed of Swede turnips should be sown late, though turnips will stand frost). Seed sown in hotbeds, but plant will not stand frost: Melons, egg-plants, peppers . Some plants require a much longer season than others, hence in planning the garden this should be taken into con- sideration . As previously stated, a small garden should be arranged with a view to hav- a good assortment and a continuous sup- ply. It should be planned so that vege- tables having a long-growing season, such as beets, carrots, parsnips and on- ions would be grown at one side or end of the garden so that there will be no rows scattered here and there to make the garden look patchy during late sum- mer. A small bed of asparagus and some rhubarb roots are desirable if the garden is to be permanent, and these should be put about a foot and a half from one of the boundaries so that they will not in- terfere with the vegetables planted every year. Vegetables can be planted much closer in a garden than under field culture, where most of the work is done with horses, hence a foot or fifteen inches is far enough apart for the rows of a good many kinds. Following is a suggested arrangement of a small garden, about thirty-three by thirty feet, but many other plans could be made. No provision is made for paths, but if a narrow path is found necessary, it can be put in where seems most convenient. The seeds of the kinds to be sown earliest are sown in one part of the garden and the later sowings and plantings in the other so that the ground can be newly worked if necessary for the later sowings. For best results the surface soil should be kept loose and free of weeds during the summer, by means of the rake and hoe. Fertilizing Made Plain John Gall, Inglcwood, Ont. It would be worse than useless to give liquid manure to tender plants, such as young seedlings, or newly potted plants in which root action has made very little headway. Never use liquid manures when the soil is dry or parched. For example, if it be desired to stimulate the growth of sweet peas in dry, hot weather, it should be the rule to thoroughly soak them a day previous to that on which liquid manure is to be applied to the roots. This rule applies equally to greenhouse plants as to the stronger- growing plants outside. Study the requirements of your plants which you desire to stimulate ; give stronger doses to gross-feeding subjects than to weaker-growing plants, and, above all, stop the use of stimulants as soon as the highest stage of maturity is attained. The Vegetable Garden Don't sow seed on poorly prepared land. It means more work and often poor returns. Plan severa;! sowings of peas, beans, spinach, com, radish, and lettuce. Cabbage, cauliflower, and kohl rabi may be set out early in May. Hard«n off all plants before setting in the open ground. This is done by re- ducing the amount of water given and giving more air to the plant. It is simply a hardening of the tissues to withstand field conditions better. Swiss chard, or leaf beet, makes ex- cellent greens and will last muoh later in the season than spinach. Treat all potatoes before planting with corrosive sublimate or formalin for scab. Then plant on clean land. A planting of sweet corn should be made as soon as all danger from frost is over. Late cabbage may be sown in the cold frame or open ground. Keep the cultivator busy in both garden and orchard. It pays. Keep a sharp lookout for the cut worms. They will soon be active. Plant spinach, radish, lettuce, onions, peas, and other early garden vege- tables. Start a few muskmelons, cucumbers and watermelons in pots or bo"xes m the cold frame. The hop vine, wild cucumber, car- dinal climber, and morning glory are good annual vines to use as screens. Cut asparagus just below the surface of the ground rather than break it. Breaking is apt to injure the crowns. May, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 131 Potting Plants B. C. TiUett, Hamilton, Ont. ONE of the most delightful branches of gardening work is potting plants. Perhaps one reason for [ this is that this work can often be car- ried out when the weather does not permit of work out of doors. Those wlio have a glasshouse or shed can en- joy this occupation under cover and derive much pleasure from it. There is a right way and a wrong way to pot a plant, just as there is a right way and a wrong way to put one into the ground, and a little skill is required in the operation. Experience is the best teacher, and if a few golden rules are observed the necessary skill can readily be acquired. Fig. 4. — The right Fig. 5. — The wrong way to pot an Amar- way. The roots are yllis. The roots are all bundled together, spread out evenly all round. Whatever the size of the pot, it will always be wider at the top than at the bottom. The object of this is that there may be a greater bulk of compost where the feeding roots require the food and moisture, and also that the ball of soil and roots may be the more readily removed from the pot. Newly- purchased pots sihould always be soaked in water before they are used. If this is not done, the moisture in- tended for the plant will soak into the dry pores of the new pot and the plant will make little progress. Old pots which it is intended to use again should be well scrubbed out with hot water before being used. By so doing, any disease or fungus clinging to the inside will be destroyed. For glasshouse plants, it is well to have a little store of the soils common- ly used, such as peat, leaf mould, some well-rotted mauure and some loam, as well as a small supply of sand and charcoal. One of the most important things to remember when potting plants is the drainage. To secure pro- per drainage, every pot is provided with a drainage hole, and over this, so as to prevent the soil from being washed down and closing the hole, sliould be placed a crock. Pieces of an old broken pot make the best crocks. One of these should always be placed over the hole so as to form an arch. Where cuttings or seedlings of ordin- ary bedding plants are being potted, one crock placed over the hole is suf- ficient. If t;he cuttings ot seedlings are of choice plants, then one large crock should be placed over the hole, with several smaller pieces over it. It is a good plan, after the crocks have been put in the pot, to add a little dried moss or some fine broken twigs or soil siftings, as this will still further assist the drainage. The best compost is made by mixing together the soils already mentioned. The peat and loam should be broken up until quite fine. The best method with the leaf mould and manure is to crush it through a sieve. Mix them all well together and add a little fine char- coal. The charcoal helps to keep the soil porous and sweet. A few pieces of charcoal may be placed over the crocks. Roots cling to charcoal and derive bene- fit from it. When potting, hold the plant with the left haoid, while with the right hand the roots are carefully and evenly spread out, taking care that the plant is exactly in the centre of the pot and upright. The soil should be filled in witih the right hand, the left hand still holding the plant until it is within half an inch of the rim of the pot. A piece of wood should be used to ram the soil down firmly once the roots are well covered. A gentle tap on the bench will help to settle the soil around the roots. Having filled in the soil to within half an inch of the top of the pot, level it neatly on the surface, so that it is firm, and the operation is finished. Soft-wooded plants, such as the ger- aniums, cinerarias and primulas, which have a free growtli, do better when planted in a somewhat larger pot than is used for hard-wooded plants, such as azaleas. Azaleas and all hard- wooded plants, moreover, require extra eiire in planting, as the top of the ball of soil must be only slightly covered when repotting, and' the soil must be firmly rammed. A simple way to take a plant out of a pot when repotting, provided the plant is one which can be held in one hand, is to place the left hand over the rim of the pot so that the stem of the plant is between the first and second fingers. Then turn the pot over, plant down- wards, and give the pot a gentle tap on the rim on the edge of the bench. Be- fore repotting, the roots of the plant should be given a good watering. It is a good plan to give a plant it is in- tended to repot a good watering an hour or so befoTchand. All old roots should be cut away and the plant re- potted in a pot just large enough to contain the roots and a little soil, which must be firmly rammed down. If a grower of gladioli discovers that he has scabby corms it is good precau- tion to soak them for twenty minutes just before planting, in a solution of formalin, one pint to thirty gallons of water. — John Cavers, Oakville, Ont. The erounda of the Litt e Lake Cemetery Comp any, Poterboro, Coat., a portion of which are hert, Bhown. are beautifully laid out Too many am all towns and citi« n^lit Z ImpFoyrtW cemeteries, which thus become eyesores rather than beauty spots ""p™™ ^"^''^ 132 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 191G. The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINED WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which has been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publishing Company, Limited, PETERBORO, ONTARIO H. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director. The Only Magazines In Their Field In the Dominion Official Organs of the Ontario and Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations and of The Ontario and Nuw Bruns- wick Beekeepers' Associations. REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY. Chicago Office — People's Gas Building. New York Office — Tribune Building. GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 3 Regent St., London, S.W. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist Is published in three editions on the 25th day of the month preceding date of issue. The first edition is known as the fruit edition, and is devoted chiefly to the commercial fruit interests. The second edition is known as the floral edition, and is devoted chiefly to the Interests of ama- teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The third edition is known as The Canadian Horti- culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first and second Issues are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping interests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, $1.00 a year; three years for $2.00, and of The Cana- a, the Southern United States, and other distant centres. Invariably we advise them that the probabilities are that they can do as well, and even better, ,in some of the leading fruit districts of Canada. An indication that this advice is sound has reached us recently in the form of a letter received from one of our readers now located in TL.ouisiana. The author of this letter describes how he was induced to take up fruit growing in the South, and declares that his venture has proved an almost complete failure. He urges us to warn other Canadian fruit growers against making his mistake. In part, his let- ter reads as follows: "This is no place for a Northerner except to get rid of his money. Conditions are so different here it takes the best man from the North at least five years before he can begin to know how to farm successfully. Weevils, CEtterpillars, and other pests, as ■well as drouths, are the curse of the grow- ers. There are about a dozen weevils and bugs for everything you plant. Part of the The Duty on Fertilizers The success of the campaign which was conducted recently to induce the Dominion CFovernment to rescind Its proposal to In- crease the duty on fertilizers raises the ques- tion of why there should be any duty? Some countries spend considerable sums of money to encourage the use of fertilizers. One country defrays part of the purchase price. The government of another country has ob- tained special low rates from the railroads for the transportation of fertilizers. Why, then, should Canada, instead of helping, make It more difficult for fruit growers and others to obtain the fertilizers they need? It is not because the Government needs the revenue, as the total revenue derived from this source is less than $50,000 a year. The tax of ten per cent, on fertilizers amounts, on an average, to about three dol- lars a ton. It is practically a tax on fertility. Thus it is a positive check to greater pro- duction. The check to production being ex- perienced in Europe is likely to lead to a world-wide scarcity of foodstuffs. This tax, therefore, should be removed. Last year a number of horticultural socie- ties in Ontario assisted in the planting of trees along the boulevards in their towns and cities by defraying a portion of the ex- pense connected with the planting of each tree. The citizens living in the houses in front of which these trees were planted de- frayed the balance of the expense. As the cost of planting amounted to considerably less than $1 a tree, it was not found difficult to induce private property owners to contri- bute their share of the outlay. It is not too late for this work to be pushed by a much larger number of societies this year. Why not enlist the support of your local papers. interest your school children, and have a real, old-time celebration of Arbor Day? The public will be quick to respond to and commend such an evidence of public spirit. Although the Government of the Province of British Columbia has been even more short of funds than most of our provincial governments, its treatment of the fruit in- dustry has, under the circumstances, been most liberal. This will be seen at a glance at its appropriations for agriculture for 1914- 15, which Included the following items: Board of Horticulture, travelling expenses, $1,500; fruit handling and pre-cooling inves- tigation work, $3,000; fruit packing schools, $4,000; spraying demonstrations. $5,000; British Columbia Fruit Growers' Associa- tion, $6,500; suppression of fruit diseases, $15,000; inspection of nursery stock, trees, plants, fruit, etc., $30,000; fruit exhibitions and general publicity work, $40,000. The other provinces of Canada, including On- tario, may well note these appropriations. May, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 133 An interesting example of tlie benefits tliat follow from co-operative effort conduct- ed on a large scale has been furnished re- cently by a series of advertisements that have been appearing in the Fruit, Flower, and Vegetable Trade Journal. This journal has a large circulation among the apple deal- ers in England. It seems that the pack of the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, Limited, has already become so well known on the English markets that the dealers, when they have any of this fruit to sell, are anxious to make the fact known. The con- sequence is that different dealers have been announcing recently in this journal the re- ceipt of consignments of this fruit. Natur- ally they have lauded its merits, and thus have helped to make these merits still better known. Thus the enterprise of the co-opera- tive fruit growers of Nova Scotia is meeting a reward which could hardly have been fore- seen when their co-operative movement was first launched. It Is difficult, if not impossible, for the ,iverag:e fruit arrower or shipper to become thoroughly familiar with the railway or ex- press tariffs and their many supplements nnd changes. Therefore, it would be in the interests of the industry from a Dominion- wide standpoint for the Dominion Fruit Division to take up this line of work, keep the shippers advised of their existing- privi- leges under the tariffs, and see that fair and reasonable concessions are obtained from time to time as traffic warrants. 'Wi'mmmmmmmimmmimmmmmtm PUBLISHER'S DESK mmmmmmm¥mmmmmmrmmm/m The efforts of The Canadian Horticulturist to have the apple recognized as the national dish of Canada have met with such a hearty response from the Atlantic to the Pacific we have decided to offer a prize of $10 for the best piece of poetry, not over four verses in length, extolling the merits of the apple and referring to it as Canada's national dish. We liopp, for the good of the cause, that many of our readers will take part in this competi- tion. It will close on June 20. If you have any friends who are gifted in this line urge "them to take part. The Canadian Horticulturist has subscrib- •ers in all parts of the world. We are sur- prised every now and then to find the remote corners of Europe and Asia to which The Canadian Horticulturist penetrates. Re- cently we received a letter from one of our readers, Hans Rasmussen, in Progress, Mars- lev, Denmark, in which Mr. Rasmussen wrote as follows : "It interests me very much to see how our fellow fruit growers on the other side of the ocean are working. In fruit growing our m'tethods are far behind yours. I have about ten acres in fruit, mostly apples, and my orchard is one of the largest in the country. There is not a fruit cold storage plant in Denmark." Mr. Ra.smussen asked for certain information relating to fruit conditions lin Canada, which we took pleasure in sending him. Recent reports issued by the Ontario De- partment of Agriculture, Toronto, include "The Cherry in Ontario," by E. F. Palmer, B.'S.A., and "Vegetable Growing," by S. C. Johnston, B.S.A. Both reports are illus- trated, and contain valuable information on the sublects mentioned. The annual reports of the Ontario Fruit OroTvers' and Vegetable "Growers' Associations are also being dis- tributed. mmmmmimmMj.!mmmmmmmmum. SOCIETY NOTES mYmmmmmmfmimmmm/m WMiwm Flower Shows Dr. F. E. Bennett, St. Thomas, Ont. Successful flower shows have been held for some years by the St. Thomas Horticul- tural Society. We do not offer many prizes for flowers at these shows, giving instead first, second, third, and fourth prize cards. At the spring flower show last year a cup donated to the society, which has to be won three times, was offered for the best display of tulips. At the rose show we gave a cut- glass vase for the best bouquet, and anotner for the best individual bloom. At the fall flower show we gave bronze and silver med- als for the best general collections of fall flowers. When giving prizes • we always select articles that are useful, of good qual- ity, and of a horticultural nature. Our shows are generally held in the win- dows of a furniture store, which are very large, but we have outgrown these quarters. When we hold a one-day show on a Satur- day we receive entries from eight to ten- thirty in the morning. All entries are made by number, but we place the exhibitor's name on the prize card. We solicit entries a few days ahead by telephone. A personal invitation is worth half a dozen circular let- ters and away cheaper. We do the same when calling a meeting. We own our owri bouquet receptacles — all glass vases, of dif- ferent shapes and sizes. Our ladies auxiliary are always on hand at the exhibitions. Stratford During 1914 the membership of the Strat- ford Horticultural Society increased from 187 to 500. Over fifty flower beds were planted throughout the city. The society planted and took charge of the flower boxes in front of the city hall and post-office and planted 6,000 tulip bulbs in public beds. Four hundred shrubs and six thousand five hundred bulbs were given as options. Flow- er shows were held during the year — in May for daffodils and tulips, in June for roses, and in August for zinnias, salpiglossis, sweet peas, and asters. Three prizes were given in each class, consisting of hyacinth, daffo- dil, narcissus, and tulip bulbs. In connec- tion with the August exhibit a sale of the flowers was held, which netted the sum ot twelve dollars, which was turned over to the Belgian Relief Fund. The flowers from the other shows were sent to the General Hos- pital. Entries for the children's home gar- dens were numerous. These were graded in two classes, and bulbs were given as prizes. An exhibit for the children's home gardens was held in September, bringing out one hundred and thirty-eight entries. Three prizes Jn bulbs were awarded for each of the following: Beets, carrots, onions, zinnias, asters, salpiglossis, and a prize for the best collection. Ottawa The Ottawa Horticultural Society has an- nounced the prizes and conditions govern- ing the summer garden competition. The rommittoc of judges. Messrs. W. G. Black. John Graham, and Thomas E. Davis, will examine each exhibit once each month dur- iinir Tune, July, and August. The awards will be made on the total number of points scored. The list of prizes is as follows : For the best and most artistically arranged garden. as seen from the street, with lots not ex- ceeding 66 feet frontage — 1st, $30; 2nd, $25; 3rd, $20; 4th, $15; 5th, $12; 6th, $10; 7th. $8; 8th, $7; 9th, $6. For the best flower box, not exceeding five feet in length— 1st, $9; 2nd, $8; 3rd, $7; 4th, $6; 5th, $5; 6th, $4; 7th, $3; 8th and 9th, $2. The basis for judging will be the same in both classes, namely : For the arrange- ment and artistic effect, 50 points ; for neat- ness and cultivation, 25 points ; for floral display. 15 points ; and for quality and var- iety of plants, 10 points. A competitor may enter in both classes, but one competitor will not be awarded more than one prize. The competition is open to all within the city limits, without fee or charge. St. Thomas Already this year the St. Thomas Horti- cultural Society has passed its last year's membership mark of 1,100. Its membership now is 1,200, and still growing. The society has imported 3,000 European roses of 45 varieties. Within less than a week of their receipt the roses were gone, and about 400 more secured and distributed. The society this year has specialized .in roses, selling them to its members at practically cost. The stock was excellent throughout. In ad- dition 20,000 gladioli were ordered of the best varieties. As many as seventy-flve were given to a member as an option, and mem- bers had the privilege of purchasing more at 1% cents each. The society this year will import its bulbs direct from Holland. An expert landscape gardener has been engaged to look after the society's public bed on the boulevard, where fifty additional beds are being put in and filled with flower- ing shrubs and roses. The society intends to try and make Pinafore Park the equal of Highland Park, Rochester, N.Y. This year it has donated one hundred roses to the park, and in the fall one hundred varieties of peonies will be planted there. Walkerville Ten flower beds were planted in promin- ent places around the town last year by the Walkerville Horticultural Society, in which were a total of 2160 plants. The town coun- cil kept men at work all summer keeping' the boulevards rolled and grass cut, which greatly enhanced the appearance of the streets. Shade trees were well looked after, and trees planted in new sections of the town, including six hundred large elms. Messrs. Hiram Walker & Sons, who take a great interest in the town, donated prizes for garden competitions. In all $274 were given, fifty prizes eoing to tenants, and forty-two to owners. Roses, bulbs and plants were distributed to the members, and 11,200 tulips set out in public flower beds. Napanee 'Civic improvement is earnestly promoted by the Napanee Horticultural Society. In the town there are prominent church and school grounds and public buildings, such as the court house and post-office. The society has promoted the improvement of these grounds and those surroundiing public build- ings, and, besides this, has taken care of the flowers and shrubbery in a small park in the heart of the town. Through its efforts Bos- ton Ivy is now growing on nearly every church and flower beds have been estab- lished about them. Some improvements were carried out In a cemetery on the T>ank of the river. No exhl- bitlon was held, as there is no suitable place. This work not only beautified the town, but furnished object lessons to the citizens. 134 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May. 1915. Concerning Future Production of Apples A MEMORANDUM has beem prepared for the British ColumT)la Fruit Growers' Association touching on some of the ess«ntlal conditions affecting the success of Canada's apple industry. The points covered Include: Firstj the produc- tion of apples In the United States; second, the possibilities of Western Canada as a market for apples; third, the influence of United States apples In Canadian markets; fourth, Canada's orchard Industry; and, fifth, Brltisih Columbia's apple industry. Thp bulletin was prepared with the object of showing the need for greater protection for Canadian apples. As the points touched upon are of almost as great interest to ap- ple growers in the other fruit-growing provinces of Canada as they are to those ol British Columibia, the following extracts from the memorandum are here given: Production in the United States. In the period 1900 to 1910 the average coamnercial production of apples in iih?* United States was about 35,000,000 barrels, which, in relation to the demand, usually ensured fair prices to producers. The In- dustry naturally began to expand, and by 1912 it was evident that production had overtaken demand. In 1914, the total pro- duction, according to the United States De- partment of Agriculture, equalled 86,300,- 000 barrels, of which albout 45,000,000 went into commercial channels and much of the balance went to waste. Prices declined to a low level in 1912, and to a point disastrous to the grower In 1914. In conjunction with the general increase in the United States production and decline in prices there must be noted tihe phenom- enal development of apple-orcharding in the four north-Tvestern states — Washington, Oregon, Montana, and Idaho — -which sec- tions are special competitors of British Columbia. The north-Tvestem states were almost negJigible in apple production even as late as ten years agOj Tremendous areas had 'been and were being planted, however, estimated by the state departments at about 550,000 acres of apples; and though only i. small portion of this is yet in bearing, the - commercial production of 1914 was about 14,000 carloads. T(he most conservative es- timates of those intimate with the facts placed the estimated production at the present rate of increase in these States in 1920 at 40,000 to 50,000 car-loads. The United States, generally, is evidently reaching a period of very heavy pfoduction of apples, and In the north-fwestern states there will be a heavy overproduction In re- lation to normal markets for these apples in the United States. While prices were low in 1912, they were disastrously so in 1914. In the past season the north-western states consigned to west- em Canada hundreds of car-loads, either without any guarantee as to minimum price, or with a guarantee of 30 cents a box on the cars at .shipping point. Quite aside from all the costs of growing the apples, the 30 cents does not equal the paoKlng and ship- ping costs. Western Canada as a Market for Apples. It is in the four western provinces that the British Goliumlbia apple crop must be largely marketed. In 1913 the American .shipments into this district aggregated nearly 2,000 car-loads, and in 1914, despite tremendous crops In Ontario and British Columibia, they still equalled 556 car-loads; the total consumption of the four western provinces was about 3,475 car-loads in 1914. The proportion of fruit from the different sources of supply does not even suggest the effect which the American supply has had. and will continue erver-increasingly to have, unless the evil ibe remedied on the price. It is true that, as to quantity, we have more than heild our own. At a disastrous sacrifice of value our apples have been sold and put into consumption. The American fruit, however, sets the price, and that with the "C" grade article, which must be kept off the United States markets for higher grades, and which is siurplus stock. The American fruit-grower is prepared to let that surplus stock go outside his own besf markets at any price calculated to equal his out-of-pocket dliarges. These apples are consigned or dumped to get something back; preferably they are dumped on Cana- dian markets. There is a sufficient surplus to fill the whole of our market. Under present conditions the figure at which the American will let this stuff go sets the price. This figure is never fixed, dropping lower and lower as the American stock in hand gets more congested and as the American loses confidence in his ability to move it. In these conditions and against these figures we have to market our entire crop. Our growers have done so, com- pelled to meet the slaughter-price quota- tions, and unable in time to make fixed con- tracts as to prices, an intolerable market condition. Having disastrous American prices for dumped fruit quoted against us daily. It has taken all our energies to dis- tribute our stuff and get it into the market in preference to American. Had we at- tempted to secure reasonable prices, there Is an ever-ready supply of American apples loaded on the cars to go on our markets. Canada's Orchard Industry. Notwithstanding the considerable im- ports of American apples, Canada has within her own, borders an ample produc- tion of apples to meet all demands. Accord- ing to the census of 1911, there were in Canada 14,830,492 apple trees, of which about 60 per cent, only were in bearing. The average prodiuction is about 5,000,000 barrels per year, equal to 15,000,000 boxes. ' Canada exports about 1,250,000 barrels per year. The capital invested in the orchard industry of the Dominion in 1910 was es- timated by W. W. Moore, Chief of the Mar- kets Division, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, at $127,000,000. British Columbia's Orchard Industry. Encouraged by both the Governments and by the favoraible market conditions prevail- ing up to 1910, there was a general develop- ment of the orchard industry in British Columbia, increasing, according to the cen- sus, from 8,100 acre-s in 1900 to 33,606 acres in 1910; and In 1913, according to the Pro- vincial orchard survey, to 38,200 acres, an increase In thirteen years of 372 per cent.; 73.6 per cent, of the trees are apples, and in 1910 the percentage of those of bearing age was only 28.3 per cent. The value of Brit- ish Columbia fruits In 1900 was $436,000, and in 1910, also according to the census, was $1,000,335. The Provincial Statistician in his report values the British Columbia fruit crop, 1913, at $1,022,216; the crop increased about 25 per cent. In 1914, but its total value was only $996,071. The Department of Agriculture has es- timated that the capital directly invested in our orchard industry amounts to over $20,000,000, while there are directly inter- ested some 2,500 to 2,800 orchard-owners. The British Columibia apple crop is steadily Increasing In quantity: 1912 being 430,000 boxes; 1913, 477,000 boxes; and 1914, 685,- 000 boxes. Tlie statements of orchard areas and pro- duction show amply that all of Canada's apple consumption can readily be supplied from within our own borders. British Columibia has always looked to finding an ample market in Western Canada for the product oif our rapidly growing orchards. The destructive and eminently unfair American competition is the only essential reason why we should not get the market. It is true that we can market our apples by accepting low prices. But this means ruin to our growers, and the destruction of our orchard industry would be a serious thing for our province. The orchard indurs- try is a fundamental one, and it is of the greatest consequence to our mercantile life that it succeed. If the failure of the fruit industry would be bad for British Columbia, it would he equally bad for tihe prairie provinces. Brit- ish Columibia buys annually from the prairies about $12,000,000 of grain, flour, meat, hay, and other agricultural products. This is a valuahle asset for the prairies, especially Alberta. Interprovincial trade- - trade within Canada — we all desire to fos- ter. Its advantages are great, and the ques tion, in this aspect, is a national one. In another way. the consumers of the prairies and of British Columbia are vitally interested in the success of our industry The wholesale fruit trade Is highly organ- ized, and dominated by a powerful, almost monopolistic, organization, known as the Nash houses or the American ring. The supply of imported fruit in our markets and its price rests with the wholesalers. The records of the Department of Agricul- ture show tliat, as long as there is no British Columibia fruit of any certain kind on the market, these houses hold down the importations and hold up the prices. Brit- ish Columibia fruit brings down these price.t at once, and the quantity increases. Were there no British Columbia fruit, the jobbers would join together to control entirely the supply of imported fruit, and increase the r.ate of their profits. The consumer would be liand.'capp<>d permanently in h:s efforts to get a liberal supply of fruit at a moderate price. The demand Is for increased protection This Increase must be to the point of suffi- ciency— adequacy. The present duty Is 40 cents per barrel and 13 1-3 cents per box. These figures were originally fixed by the rough-and-ready method of considering tho quantity of the contents of the package — rougihly, a barreJ contains three times as much fruit as a box — without taking into consideration the quality and greater rela- tive cost of production (as to packing and package) of the boxed article. That the in- crease in the duty be adequate is essential. Ontario is responsible for the suggestion that the figures should be $1 per barrel and 33 1-3 cents per box. If $1 be taken as the proper figure for the barrel, it s^iould be 40 to 50 cents on the box. Meantime, to avoid possible contention, Brltisih Columbia would concede that 35 cents per box would be adequate. "The Disease Resistance of Potatoes," is the title of Bulletin No. 179 of the Vermont Ag-ricultural Experiment Station. Burling- ton, Vt.. The Virginia Polytechnic Insti- tute. Blacksbursr. V.-\., in Bulletin 306. de- scribes the "Preparation of Nicotine Ex- tracts on the farm." The Connecticut Ex- periment Station, New Haven. Conn., de- scribes "Snrav Treatment for Orchards" in Bulletin 184. and "Tests of Soy Beans" in Bulletin 185. The University of Florida, Gainesville. Fla.. in Bulletin 125 deals with "Tomato Insects," "Root-Knot," and "White Mould." The Iowa Collesre of Ae^riculture, Ames. Iowa, ii^ Bulletin 153. K-ives the results of "An Apple Orchard Survey of South Mills.'" May, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 135 1 liiiiii IHHHIiM' JJUM 1l!!!l!!{!S! lii •;li!!!ll!l!lili!i!!J;iiii!!llill!i!l| Surround Your Lawn, Gardeo and Yards With PEERLESS Lawn Fencing QRNAMENTAL fencing j ^ a double purpose. It not J serves : purpose. It not only enhances the beauty of your premises, but airo protects it and your children and property as well. It keeps out marauding animals and k trcBpaasers. It protects your lawns and flowers \ and always gives your home grounds that or- |derly, pleasing appearance. Peerless Ornamental Fencing is the result of ypara of fence building. It is built to last — to rclain its l-eauty and grace for years to come aud should not be confused with the clicap. shoddy fencing I offered. Peerless fence is built of strong, stiff wire which will not sag and the heavy galvanizing plus the heavy zinc enamel is the best possible assurance against rust. Send for Catalog Shows many l>eautiful designs of fencing suitable for lawns, parka, ceme- teries, etc. Agencies almost everywhere. Active agents wanted in unassigned territory. THE BINWELL -HOIIE WIBE FENCE CO.. Ud., Winnipeg, Man. Hamilton, Ont. ^^^Gladioli 5S; The Gladiolus is one of the most satisfactory flowers grown, because it blooms continuously when it is cut and put m water, Just as well as when in the ground. There is no reason why every family cannot enjoy this grand flower, for the simple reason that it is as easy to grow as the potato. You can have them in bloom from July to Host It you plant a few bulbs each month from April to July. For only one dollar we will send 50 bulbs of our GRAND PRIZE mixture, which covers every conceivable .shade in the Gladiolus kingdom. Last year we sold 50,000 of the bulbs and have received hundreds of testimonials as to their merits. ORDER TOUR BULBS NOW, so as to have them to plant when you begin making your garden. Write to-day and secure this splendid col- lection of Gladiolus bulbs for only $1.00, pre- paid to your home, anywhere in Canada, with our 1915 Spring Catalogue. Dupuy & Ferguson 39 Jacques Cartler Sq. MONTREAL Marketing the Peach Crop. C. W. Baxter, Chief Fruit Inspector for Eastern Ontario and Quebec. OWING to the increased planting of peach trees in Ontario during the past few years, many of which will come into bearing this season, and owing to the antici- pated large yield from the older trees, it is expected that the 1915 peach crop will be large. The killing of the peach buds during the winter of 1913-14 was followed by an excel- lent growing season. The result was that the trees went into last winter under ideal conditions and with a large increase in the number of fruit spurs. Reports received up to date show that the trees have wintered well. There has been no killing of the buds by frost, and should nothing of a serious nature occur it is reasonable to predict a peach crop which will be the largest in the history of Canada. The peach growers of Ontario experienced difficulties in marketing the large crop of 1913, and many marketed their fruit at a loss. It is necessary, on account of the very perishable nature of peaches, that the crop be moved quickly, and it is obvious that some provision should be made to ob- tain a wider and more systematic distribu- tion if the difficulties experienced In 1913 are to be avoided in 1915. With this object in view, the writer was Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. Gardens MISS S. L. BOND, Horticultural Graduate 93 Homewood Ave., Toronto Gardens planned, planted and attended to. Plans and instructions for small gardens — plants, shrubs, etc., selected and supplied. Perennial borders and roses a specialty. Phone North 7595. Hardy Plants Grown in Canada We name below a few things that we de- sire to emphasize, viz.: Anemone Japonica, "Alba" and "Mont Rose," each 15c, 10 for $1.25; Aquilegia (Columbine), each 15c, 10 for $1.25; Arabis Alpina, each 15c, 10 for $1.25, 100 for $10.00; Artemisia Lactiflora (new), each 25c; Asters, hardy (Michaelmas Daisies). 12 varieties, each 15c, 10 for $1.25; Delphiniums (Gold Medal Hybrids), each 20c, 10 for $1.50; Helenium, "Riverton Beauty" and "R. Gem," each 20c; Hemero- callis, 3 sorts, each 15c and 20c, 10 for $1.25 and $1.60; Kniphofla (Tritoma) "Pfitzeri," each 15c, 10 for $1.25; Pansies, in separate colors, 10 for 45c; Shasta Daisies, 3 sorts, each 25c, 3 of each for $1.80; Dahlias (plants only), 10 sorts, each 15c, 10 for $1.25; China Asters, grown in pots, 6 sorts, 10 for 2oc, 100 for $1.25; Antirrhinums, including Silver Pink, 10 for 60c; Salvia, "Bonfire," each 10c. 10 for 75c; Hollyhocks, 5 sorts, each 20c; Hardy Garden Pink, "Mrs. Sinkins," each 20c; Digitalis (Foxglove), 4 sorts, 1-year plants, each 20c. Geraniums, Scabiosa, Stocks, Gladioli. Please add postage, as per schedule, when remitting. JOHN CAVERS When you write to advertisers, tell them you saw their advertisement in The Cana- dian Horticulturist. Improve the Front of Your Property both the appearance and value than a neat Frost Irfiproved Nothing will add more to of private or public property Lawn Fence. It is very artistic in its ss^nmetrical design, and has the strength and quality for long, long service, because we make it throughout of special standard Frost Hard Steel Wire, made and heavily galvanized in our own mills. Proper proportions and perfect fabric are ensured by weaving on the latest automatic power machine — the only one of its kind in all Canada. FROST IMPROVED LAWN FENCE is based upon the "Quality First" idea from start to finish. The heavy zinc coating it receives is more durable than paint and will not crack an J peel off, besides being fully rustproof. Laterals are formed of two No. 13 wires tightly cabled. Stays are evenly spaced, uniform and straight-standing. Can also be erected on iron posts with pipe railing. m Write for illustrated lawn fence booklet in two colors, free. Frost Wire Fence Co., Ltd., - - Hamilton, Ont ^ r 136 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1915. 'eerlcss Lrick," whk'h will witlistanil &H sudden ilmcks e itralDKf yet reorless IViuUry Fvnco can be cre<-te(l on tlie most hil . and uneven ground without buckling, snapping or kinking. Tho lieavy^ rmcps. VVeal*u tiuild Futb and Ornftroental Fancini: knd ^tn. W rlta fur ckl3U«. NKARI.T EVEnVWIIKKE. LIVB A'iENTS WA.N'Tf.HIN L■^■AS.Sla^ED TKUinT'iKT. "" TIIK IIAJIWF.I.L-H0X1K WIHB VESCV. CO., Ltd., Winnipeg, Man., llamlHon. Obi BARGAIN PRICES IN APPLE TREES. Baldwin, Tolman Sweet, Blenheim Orange, Stark, Wolf River, King, Pewaukee, etc., while they last, at $10.00 per hundred, $6.00 per fifty, $3.50 per twenty-five. Al.so .some dandy Kieffer Pears at $15. These are all first-class trees in every way — 2 and 3 years. And a ilne block of Silver Maples at right prices. Seed potatoe.'i, "Early Six Weeks," and others. A. G. Hull & Son, Central Nurseries, St. Catharines, Ont. Growing Potatoes for Profit FIRST, get good seed. Next, a good seed bed, as good as you can make it. Then, make every seed piece count, one in every space and one only. You save seed, at least a bushel per acre. Now cultivate often and just the right way to suit your conditions. Fertilize economically, in the row where it does the most good. Spray often with the right materials and a good machine — one with plenty of pres- sure or it won't do any good. Dig by machine fast and safely, when the crop is right and the market ready. Perfect Planting Steel Seed Box 100 Per Cent. Planters place one seed piece in every space and one only, save at least one bushel of seed to every acre, spread the fertilizer so It won't injure the seed, and carry no infectious disease. Sold with or without ferti- lizer distributors in two sizes. Plants 8 to 24 inches apart in the row. Riding and Walking Culti- vators are exactly adjust- able to proper working of the potato crop at all stages, have high or low pivot or fixed wheels, with dust proof grease cup hubs, parallel motion of teeth when you shift, etc. Four or Six Row Sprayers, 55 or 100 gallon cypress tanks, double acting pumps, hemp packing, bronze ball valves, easy to get at, no corrosion. For one or two horses. Takes practical or- chard attachment. Diggers, four styles to suit your conditions. Plenty of power and elevator room. Close adjustment of plow to get the potatoes, but not too much ground, and perfect separation of ground, crop and vines. The following booklets are at your disposal: "100 Per Cent. Potato Planting," "Two Horse Rid- ing and Walking Cultivators," "Spraying" (and spraying guide). "Modern Potato Diggers." Shall we send one or all? Tour local dealer will be glad to show you these tools. The Bateman- Wilkinson Co., Limited 465 Symington Avenue - TORONTO, Canada Makers also of Spraying Machinery (all kinds) Garden Tools, etc. mONASE Potato Machines are m.ide with just these points in view — made by peo- 'ple who grow potatoes for profit — made with variety in style and equipment to meet conditions in all potato grow- ing sections. Don't buy with- out studying planter, culti- vator, sprayer and digger — the selection may decide pro- fit or no profit. Four Row Gallon Tank 22 In Elevator 32 In. Wheels It costs no more to fertilize, cultl> vate and spray a perfect stand— so it i s naturally every man's ambition t o plant that way, and it pays big in yield and bet- ter growth. We will be very glad to answer any questions 1 n regard to po- tato growing or about the necessary ma- chinery. instructed by Mr. D. Johnson, Dominion Fruit Commissioner, to visit the peach grow- ing sections in the state of Georgia, to en- quire into the methods employed In market- ing Georgia peaches, and to secure any other Information which might be applicable and of value to fruit growers in Canada. Although much has been accomplished by co-operative associations, and although some individual efforts have proved success- ful, yet there is not to-day in Elastem Can- ada a central organization specially engag- ing in marketing tender fruit When the peach crop is Jieavy, the large consuming centres are usually flooded with fruit, which means ruinous prices to the grower. At the same time many of the smaller towns and villages are paying such high prices that the consumption is materially lessened. To successfully market a large crop of peaches it is necessary to make an early estimate of the total crop, to employ methods which will increase consumption, and to take the necessary steps to secure a wide and even distribution. The Georgia Fruit Exchange has accomplished these and other things for the peach growers of that State. This organization is an Incorporated body, organized primarily for the purpose of selling and marketing fruit and vege- tables, but, owing to the great increase in the production of peaches during the past few years, efforts are now practically con- fined to the marketing of that fruit. In 1910 the Georgia Fruit Exchange mark- eted in only 80 cities. In 1914 this number was increased to 197. Previous to this ex- tension of markets over 80 per cent, of the total crop was shipped to three centres, which were overstocked, little or no profit was returned to the producers. In 1914 the same organization handled 68 per cent, of the total crop. The fact that 197 cities and towns were supplied, enabled individual shippers to obtain much better prices at the three centres mentioned. For example, 29 per cent, of the total crop was shipped to New York City. Of these ship- ments only 18 per cent, were made by the Exchange and 52 per cent, by individual shippers. Forty-three per cent, of the total crop was shipped to three other cities, and of this fruit 28 per cent, was shipped by the Exchange and 76 per cent, by private Indi- viduals. Wider distribution is essential In the marketing of the Canadian peach crop. It PRICE LIST of Three Banded Red Clover Italian Queens Bred from Tested Stock Untested Queens, $1 each, $5 for six Selected untested, $1.25 each, $7 for six Tested Selected Guaranteed Queens, $2 each Cash With Order W. R. STIRLING Box 214 RIdgetown, Ont. For heaviest conditions. SUGAR When ordering further sup- plies of sugar for your Bees BE SURE rO SPECIFY DOMINION CRYSTALS OUR REPUTATION stands behind them for every purpose, and you will find them all PURE SUGAR, therefore the very best obtainable for your Bee feeding. They are sold by all the leading grocers throughout Canada. ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR PRESERVING Correspondence solicited. DOMINION SUGAR CO , LIMITED Wallaceburg and Berlin, Ont. May, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 137 Northern Bred Italian Queens Guaranteed as can be had. Leaflet, "How to Introduce Queens," 15c; "How to In- crease," 15c; both, 25c. E. MOTT, GLENWOOD, MICH. BEES FOR SALE ^m. Italian Bees, lb., $2.25; 5 lbs., $10.50; 1-L, ■■Frame, $2.00; 2 Fr. Nuc, $3.00; all with ^TQ"®^"^' Italian Queens, 75c each; 6 for $4.00. Complete catalogue free. THE DEROY TAYLOR CO. BOX C - NEWARK, N.Y., U.S.A. CANADIAN-BRED, LEATHER COLORED, ITALIAN QUEENS Untested Queens, $1.00 each, $10.00 dozen; warranted Queens, $1.10 each, $12.00 dozen; tested after July 1, $1.50 each; breeding Queens, $5.00 each. Place your orders early. I gruarantee you a square deal. JOHN A. McKINNON - St. Eugene, Ont. THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE 185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont., successors to The Chas. E. Hopper Co. Full line of Root Co.'s goods; also Made-in-Canada goods; also Dadant's Foundation. Extractors and Engines; Gleanings and other bee jour- nals; Prairie State Incubators, Get the best. Catalogue and price lists free. THREE BANDED ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS Bred from good, hardy, indus- trious stock in a locality where disease has never been known. We have a large, well-equipped queen rearing yard, and can usually fill all orders promptly. Purity of mating, safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Heady in May. Untested Queens, $1 each; 6, $5; 12, $9. Tested, $1.50 each. Select tested, $2.50 each. Breeding Queens, $5. '/a lb. package of bees $1.50 each 1 lb. package of bees $2.50 each Add the price of Queen if wanted. Prices for larger quantities furnished on application. Send for a price list. H. C. Short, Rt. 2, Winchester, Ohio, U.S.A. Bees and Queens Ours are choice stock and Northern Bred; are more desirable for Canadian Beekeepers. Ask for Catalogue B. Bee Supplies — We sell Root's goods only. Let us quote you prices on what you need. Ask for Catalogue A. Berry Baskets, ask for Catalogue C. M. H. HUNT & SON LANSING - - - MICHIGAN Early Queens Italian and Carnio-ltalian Vigorous queens from clean, healthy colon- ies. Safe delivery at your post ofBce guar- anteed. Dozen, untested, $10; tested, $15. The HAM & NOTT CO., Ltd. Brantford, Ont. Three- Banded Italians Twenty years' selection and breeding is why Murry's queens are better. A trial order will convince you. Safe arrival and Satisfaction guaranteed. Prices after May 1st: 1 6 12 Untested 75 $4.00 $7.50 Tested $1.25 6.50 12.00 Bees, by the pound, $1.50. Better let me book your orders now. H. D. MURRY MATHIS TEXAS CARNIOLANS Only Carniolans build up fast in the spring. Are very pro- lific, very gentle, cap honey very white, enter comb honey supers readily, gatlier almost no propolis, and are the best of honey gatherers. Untested Queens, $1 each, $9 dozen; Tested Queens, $1.50 each, $12 dozen; 1 lb. package, with Queen, $2.50. Delivery after May 15, depending on the season somewhat. ALBERT G. HANN CLINTON, N.J. U.S.A. The Bee-Keepers' Review Is out on a hunt for new subscribers and has a special offer to malce to those subscribing at the present time. The regular subscription price of The Review is $1 a year. Our special offer is to give the last nine months of 1914 and all of 1915 at the regular annual price. The nine months of 1914 contain all the valuable papers read at the National Convention at St. Louis, Mo., last February, including one from Prof. Morley Pettit, and one from Prof. F. W. Sladen, of Canada, besides many from over the border. Twenty-one months for a dollar. A bargain worth considering. No extra charge for Canadian postage. Address, with remittance. The Bee- Keepers' Review, Northstar, Michigan. YOU ARE INTERESTED IN BEES THEN TAKE THE AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL Some SPECIAL FEATURES for 1915 are a series of artices by FRANK C. PEL- LETT on "Honey Flora," and C. P. DADANT'S articles on his trip abroad and "Queen Rearing in Italy." We have many of the world's best bee writers as contributors. J. L. BYER conducts our Canadian Department. DR. C. C. MILLER writes edi- torials and answers questions. 6 Months' Trial to NEW Subscribers, 40c. Write to AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, Hamilton, 111. IF GOOD QUEENS ARE WANTED I have the goods. The pure three-banded Italians and the pure Carniolans, both races from imported mothers. Prices, untested, each 75c: dozen, $8.00. Tested, $1.25 each; dozen, $12.00. Circular Free. GRANT ANDERSON, SAN BENITO, TEXAS Miller's Strain Italian Queens By return mail, after June 5th to 10th, or money refunded; bred from best red clover strains in United States, in full colonies, from my Superior Breeders, northern bred for business, long tongued, three-banded, gentle, winter well, hustlers. Not inclined to swarm; roll honey in. 1 untested, $1.00; 6, $5.00; 12 $9.00. 1 selected, untested, $1.25; 6, $6.00; 12, $11.00. A specialist of 18 years' experience. Safe arrival and satis- faction guaranteed. I. F. MILLER, Brockvllle, Pa., U.S.A. ueens BRED IN CANADA from the best Italian stock Let me Book Your Order Now. ONE DOLLAR EACH Six for Five Dollars P. TEMPLE 438 Gladstone Ave. TORONTO Bee Ware A full line of Beekeepers' Supplies, includ- ing our Justly celebrated Double-walled Hive. The pound package our specialty. "We have a few choice Colonies of Bees not sold yet. We want Bee."! Wax. Have you got our handsome catalogue of "Perfection Brand" Goods? It's free. Chas. E. Hopper & Co. 126 Simcoe St., TORONTO, Ont. 25 years of knowledge and experience we give you in every order. Beekeepers Everything in the line of bee supplies. Weed process comb foundation, Bingham smokers. Porter bee escapes, improved model hives, etc. Bees by the pound package. The best way to make increase. Hardy Canadian-bred Italian stock; sure to please. Full instruc- tions for handling with each shipment. Prices, including an untested Italian Queen: July 1 to June. Sept. 15. 1-lb. package $.'!.50 $2.50 2 -lb. package 4.50 3.50 3 -lb. package 5.50 4.50 Tested Queen Included with above, 50c ex- tra. Select tested, $1.00 extra, or best breed- ing Queen. $4.00 each extra. Best Italian Queens, untested $1.00; tested Queens, $1.50, and select tested, $2.00 each. Usual dis- counts by dozen or more. Write us if you have any Beeswax to offer. Catalogue upon application. F. W. JONES, Bedford, Quebec 138 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1915. I RENNIE^S ALWAYS GROW THE BEST IN THE LAND. Catalogue FREE. Sold by best dealers. Wm. RENNIE Co. Limited ADELAIDE and JARVIS STS., TORONTO, ONT. Also at Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver. QKINNE R YSTE M THE RAIN MACHINE OF IRRIGATION Trade Mark irri THE SKINNER IRRIGATION CO. Write for six books on indoor and outdoor ation, DEPT. R., TROY. OHIO SANDER & SONS ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND ORCHID GROWEFS. The Finest Stock in the World Ca'alogue on Application HOW ABOUT YOUR GREENHOUSES? Are they sufficient to meet the demands of your business? If not, and you are con- templating using more glass, we would be glad to furnish you plans and estimates. Are your present greenhouses perfect and up-to-date in every respect? A thoroughly modern plant means more efficiency, less running expense — a little bit of money spent on your greenhouses now may save a great deal in the course of the next year. A little overhauling of your houses, improved ventilation or heating, or perhaps a new house or two may make a great deal of difference in the year's profits. We will be glad to give you any information we can, or suggest what we think would help your plant if you will write us. GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, LIMITED Makers of Greenhouses, Heating and Ventilating Apparatus, etc. Dept. B, 201 Church Street, Toronto P. O, Box 1042. Montreal will result in better prices for the producer and will be a guarantee of lower prices to the consumers, as a whole. A pamphlet dealing with the marketing of peaches in Georgia will shortly be Issued by the Fruit Commissioner's Branch, and will be mailed free to any grower request- ing it. Losses Caused by Insects I Prof. L. Caesar, B.S.A., Guelph, Ont. It is nothinjf but the merest of jfuess worlc to attempt to jfive an estimate of the damage done to the Canadian fruit crop by insects in 1914 in the form of dollars and cents. As a rule the jfreat mass of people who have small orchards seldom Bret any- thine: worth speaking- of for their fruit. This is as much because they do not know how to sell it, even if it were clean, as because of insect injuries. Three years asro I passed through the county of Oxford, when there were at least ten thousand bar- rels of good fruit lying on the ground. This was because the people did not know how to reach the markets with it, and there were no buyers sufficiently interested to think it worth while to purchase them. The great mass of our best fruit is put on the market by men who are spraying their orchards, cultivating and giving them the necessary care. In these orchards, in many cases, not more than five per cent, of the apples are injured by insects. I know of many an orchard in Ontario where the insect injury is not even five per cent. Iin unsprayed orchards, especially in the Niagara District and the warmer parts of the province, the insect injury may amount to as high as eightv or even ninety per cent., and in the colder parts, where the Codling Moth is not nearly so abundant and there is no San Jose Scale, the injury- amounts to from five to fifty per cent. The last few vears this has been chiefly due to Codling Moth and Tent Caterpillars. The Plum Curculio is also a great pest and sometimes damages a high nercentage of not only plums, but of apnles and pears and other fruits. The probability is that in unsorayed orchards, taking the province as a whole, fiftv per cent, of the fruit would be remdered culls by insects. There are, of course, a number of orchards that are sprayed and in which the insects are not at ail satisfactorily controlled, because the owners do not know how to spray thor- oughly and do not take the necessary pains to learn how. Such orchards might be classed amonp- the unsprayed. Another difficulty in arriving at an esti- mate of the amount of injury from insects is that in the fruit area, especially with apples, the fruit is made unsaleable both by insects and by disease; in fact, Apple Scab is probably a much greater foe in the fruit area to the fruit grower than any of our insects, that is, taking the province as a whole. An apple will often be infected both by an insect and by disease. In such a case it is unfair to attribute the injury merely to the one cause, because it would exist without the insect. I do not know what the percentage of injury from insects would be in Nova Scotia or in Quebec, but think it would be smaller than the averap-e for Ontario if you will take the neglected orchards into account in Ontario. The Codling Moth is not nearly so serious a pest in Nova Scotia. The Bud Moth, on the other hand, is a more serious pest. Aphids are more trouble- some there than here, but Apple Scab is the great bugbear in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia diseases are much more important than insects except that Aphids are a great trouble in parts of that province, and are likely always to be a greater trouble than in Ontario. May, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 139 Prairie Dealers' Comments on the Fruit They Handle A FARMER'S GARDEN KEEN competition has developed during the past few years among the fruit- growing sections of Canada and the United States to capture as large a share as practicable of the prairie markets. The *llorwing comments from firms on the airies that handle considerable quantities apples each year, in reference to the ap- ples— ^moTe particularly those from Ontario — are full of interest: Plunilcett & Savage, Calgary, Alberta: "T.he Calgary market prefers apples packed in iboxes. The size of the box does not matter very much, but it is our opinion that you can ipack and make a more attrac- tive package of the 18% x 11% x 10%, which is the Washington standard box. These are put up in attractive style, papei- Ilned, and all fruit wrapped, which is a help to the apples for long keeping. "Our trouble with Eastern apples has been to get an honest pack. We have handled thousands of barrels from Ontario, and, with possibly tiwo or three exceptions, none of the stock has turned out satisfac- torily. Apples, many times, when leaving the east, appear to ibe very nice, but within a month or six weeks there is a dark fungi gro-svth and decay starts, giving the fruit a bad appearance and practically stopping its sale, excepting at a low price. "Attractive fruit of good keeping quality and color will always demand a good price In the west. Until such time as the prov- ince of Ontario can put up such fruit, their chances of getting in on this market are very small. "British Columtiia is a strong contender in the western market. They are putting up their stock better every year and are going in for imore hardy varieties and less soft varieties than formerly. The experi- mentaa stage is now past as far as grow- ing is concerned: they are dofwn now to ■well-known, staJble varieties. For instance, we will give preference to British Colum- bia on Mcintosh, Gravensteins and Weal- thies over any other section in Canada or the Northwestern States that we know of, for the reason that these three varieties grow to perfection, particularly the Mc- intosh and Wealthies. We cannot say as much for their Spies and Baldiwlns; they do not appear to have as good color as the east, ibut on account of the fruit being large, it is attractive and is very desirable." The Regina Trading Co., Regina, Sask. : "Ontario fruit is holding its own on the Regina market although we receive large quantities from British Columbia and Wash- ington. For flavor and general appearance, there is nothing to equal an Ontario North- em Spy. The packing and style of the Ontario apples (in ibexes) compares favor- ably with the districts mentioned. The boxes 18% x 11% X 10% are the best for this market. "There is a demand for Ontario ibarrel apples in the country, but in the cities the trade requires boxes. While there is stiil a call for barrels in the city, the demand lessens each year. The grade of Ontario apples in former years has been poor. The pack has been poor. The barrels of No. 1 apples were in nearly every case No. 2 in the centre of the 'barrels. We handled four cars of Ontario apples one wee'k last year, and only one came up to the standard. It was a Norfolk pack. The general outlook for Ontario fruit in the west was never better than it is to^iay. The smaller fruits — plums, peaches, and pears — are in great demand. "In the case of plums, tomatoes, ana pears, the baskets in too many cases aro broken. We would advise packing in the best baskets possible. One improvement last year was the netw top for the baskets, instead of the ordinary net top." Sharp Criticism. Campibell, Wilson & Home, Ltd., Leth- bridige. Alberta: "Ontario apples have prac- tically lost their sale on this market. The last Ontario fruit we received was in 1911, Although ibought for No. 1 grade, it was very poor quajlity and did not compare with either British Columhia or Washington fruit. "The Ontario fruit packed in boxes that we have received has been all right, as far as the packing goes, in comparison with other districts. The standard boxes that are put on this market are supposed to con- tain .fjO net of apples. These are the most satisfactory. We advise all Ontario apples to be packed in hoxes for this market, as they usually arrive in m.uoh abetter condi tion than those in barrels. "The last Ontario fruit cars we received did not compare in quality nor were they of the same uniform sizes as those we i'e- ceived from packers to the weSt of us. The fruit was scabby and did not hold up, and we nearly lost a couple of cars by the Pro- vincial Inspector. Unless a radical im- provement is made, the time will come when it will be almost impossible for On- tario fruit to compete out here with other districts. We also believe that it will not be many years hence when apples are grown in the district surrounding I^eth- brldge. A nuTOber of trees are already bearing here and also in Magrath and Stir- ling." Ill ■IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIDIIIIIIII lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllt* Helps his wife to plan her table in busy times. Saves work g and worry, saves buyingf so much meat, gives better satis- - faction to the help. A good garden will be almost impossi- S ble in your busy life without proper tools. They cost little g and save much bcird work. WHEEL HOES i AND DRILLS! mHAQE ivill sow, cultivate, ridge, furrow, etc., better than you can S ■with old-fashioned tools and ten times quicker. A woman, S boy or girl can do it. Can plant cluser and work these hand s tools while the horses rest. 38 combinations E irom which to choose at $3.00 to $14. One a combined tool will do all of the work. 3 your idealer to show them and S rite us for booklet, **G:;rdening £ With Madem Tools" and "Iron \ Age Farm and Garden News" £ both free. 5 The Bateman- = WilklnBon Co., | , Limited / /462 8ymington| ^AVog^oronto.Oan.l Peerless Climax Fruit Baskets Heaviest, Strongest and Best In the market. Especially suitable for long distance shipping. Protect your requirements by ordering EARLY Canada Wood Products Co. St. Thomas, Ont. WHITE & CO., Ltd. Church & Front Streets TORONTO ONT. As one of the largest and oldest commission houses on Front Street, we have a claim on your confi- dence and favor possessed by few others, The two things — perhaps there are three — that mat- ter to you are: (1) the reliability of the house you deal with; (2) the ability to sell consignment quickly; and the third matter of importance is the ability of your commission agent to get top prices. We are 100% efficient in regard to these three items. We can and Correspond with us first, if you wish. Ship without waiting to write, if your matter is urgent. Shipping Stamps and Market Re- ports supplied on request. MAY 1915 WILL SELL YOUR FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. 140 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1915. Strawberries so varieties Raspberries u varieties 10 varieties Seed Potatoes FREE CATALOGUE The Lakeview Fruit Farm H. L. McConnell «. Son, Port Burwell, Ont. Landscape Gardening A course for Gardeners, Florists and Home-makers, taught by Prof. Beal, of Cornell University. Progressive Florists recog- nize the growing Importance of a knowledge of Land- scape art. We also offer a practical course in Floriculture, In- cluding Greenhouse Con- struction and Management. Send for Catalogue. Address THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL DEPT. C.F. - SPRINGFIELD. MASS. Bezzo's Famous Prize Asters Prizes wherever shown — New York State Fair, Toronto Exhibition, and many other places. All shades of color In about 20 different varieties in early and late branching: Royals, Mikadoes, Rochesters, Cregas, etc. Truly the Aristocrats of the Aster Family. Plants Jl.OO per hundred by express; $1.10 by mail. Packed and labelled, in wet moss and safe arrival guaranteed. Express charges prepaid on orders over 250. Special prices to Horticultural Societies. All plants cold frame (not hotbed) grown. Order early. Bezzo's Aster Plant Food, 10c. per lb. by express. Remit by Money Order. C. MORTIMER BEZZO BERLIN, Canada Deering Haying Machines ALTHOUGH the weather and the hay crop are beyond your control, your success at haying time in getting the crop safely into barn or stack depends largely on methods and machines. Many years of trying out in many fields have proved that you cannot do better than to make your choice from the Deering line of haying tools — mowers, rakes, ted- ders, side dehvery rakes, windrow hay loaders, etc. Deering haying tools are carried in stock or sold by I H C local agents who can take care of (f you quickly in case of accident. It is their business to see that you are satis- fied with the Deering haying machines and tools you buy from them. Write to the nearest branch house for the name of the nearest dealer handling Deering haying tools, and we will also send you catalogues on the machines in which you are interested. ^'K IHC MACHINES International Harvester Company of Gmada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At BranJon, CabaiT, Edmonton, Estevan, Hamilton. LeHibridse, London. Montreal. N. Battlciord. OtUwa, Quebec, Resina, Satkatoon. St. John. Winnipef, Yorktoa Resolutions Passed by British Columbia Fruit Growers IN addition to the resodutlons passed at the last annual convention of the lirlt- Islh Columbia Fruit Growers' Assoclii- tion, some of the more Important of whicn were published in the March issue of The Canadian Horticulturist, the following le.soJutions were adopted: That whereas the American product ta apples i.s getting too great a proportion of the Canadian north-west and Pacific coast markets to the exclusion of British Colun b!a fruit: "This Association, while appi. elating the assistance that has In the past been given by the British Columbia Govern- ment, would urge on them that this Indus- try, as yet In its infancy, is in urgent need of financial help, and more particularly Iti advertising (so as to reach the consumer) for fruit grown in British Columbia." Resolved. That this Association heartily endorses the advertising campaign insti- tuted by both the Dominion and Provin- cial Governonents, and in the opinion of this . Association the system of. advertising should be continued and extended. . Co-operation of Selling Agencies. Whereas the great growth of the fruit mdustry both in Canada and the United States has caused It to he more difficult to get profitable markets; and whereas It has been pretty well proved and is gener- ally agreed that the cutting of prices, In order to obtain sales by agents, dealerF, and others, including growers themselves, has greatly lessened the amount of money that rai^i'it have been received for the fruit; and whi^reas the getting together of tliose handling fruit at least in some way that will keep prices from being unnecessarily low- ered, to the ruin of the grower and injury of fhe whole papulation. Is necessary: Be- it therefore Resolved, That all Fruit- growers' Associations, Farmers' Institutes. Boards of Trade, husiness^men, newspapers, and the Government of the Province be asked to help create such a public senti- ment tlhat will demand that fruit be not slaughtered by unseemly competition. And be it further Resolved. That the British Columibia Fruit-growers' Association ap- point a committee to seek to solve this problem and to help to bring together the heads of the various sedling agencies. Tariff. Resolved, That this Association should make the strongest possible representa- tions to the Dominion Government as to the pressing need of increased protection by duty on apples. Cheap Money. (1) Resolved, That in the interests of the fruit-igTowers tliere should he some moans of procuring loans at a cheaper rate and on ibetter terms than is possible imder pre- sent conditions. (2) Be it therefore Resolved, That we unite with other agricultural bodies in ask- ing the Government as speedily as possible to arrange for loans to settlers at a low rate of interest, for improvements to farms, purchase of stock, etc., and that the funds should be administered by an impartial non-political Commission. Control of Fruit Pests. Resolved, That we hereby commend the Department of Agriculture and the Govern- ment for their efforts to keep fruit pests out of the Province and to clean out the blight, and we hereby pray that their ac- tivities 'n these lines may continue, and w3 pledge ourselves to co-cxperate with them in this as far as possible. Reciprocity With Australia. Whereas Canada is in a position to sup- ply the apples required by Australia during the montlhs of September, October, Novem- May, 1915. iili 'i2iiiiiiiiii; ■III iiiiiiiiiiii Kiiifiii I' imiiiiiwiiiiiiiiii lllllilll ' IHIIIfltllllllllFIIII IIIIIHII l: KllllllliilfUIIIIIIC THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 141 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii .iiiiififumiiiuuiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiii w ? ? ood or ire — hkh • Board Fences Must Go They cost too much and they're ugly. They keep off good sunlight and so check growth. Better to have a D Y E R ^ Sanitary Lawn Fence. Look at these prices. Style ** F " as here shown, flralvantzed. freight paid in old On- tario on 100 ft. or over. 36 in. high. .8c. per ft, 42 in. •• . .9c. •■ 48 in. " ..lOc. " >^i>IkGate>toina/^TTI7'Tn?I> FERTILIZER CO. LJ\J VV JViClyrV 43 Chatham St., Boston STRAWBERRY GROWERS ATTENTION For choice, well selected stock o( all the standard varieties of strawberry plants, send us your order. List free. ONTARIO NURSERY CO., Wellington, Ont. HANDIEST IMPLEMENT YOU CAN HAVE You'll find a hundred uses for the Bisael Steel Stone Boat. Every Fruit Grower ntedi one. Made in aaveral slyles and ftizes. Stiff, durable, unbreakable. T. E. B SSELL Company Limited, ELORA, ONT. FREE LAND For the SETTLER in NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain- able free and at a nominal cost are call- ing for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regu- lations, and settlers rates, write to H. A. Macdonell Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings, TORONTO HON. JAS, S. DUFF, i.iinister of Agriculture Parliament BIdgs., Toronto Ball Valvee Hemp Packing Easy to Don't Stop Spraying It is easier to keep up than catch n\\. It takes two years for trees to bear after the fuliage is destroyed. Heinember, too, that dormant soraying is import- ant, and in some states spraying is compulsory. ^ . , Sprayed fruit is good fruit, and uucsme g^^^ f^yj^ aj^pays brings a good fumps price in any season. Bronze _^ _ « _ _«. . mONAQE Ka-kat, B.vrrel, Power i*nd Trac- tion Sprayers in- clude 70 combina- tions for orchard, tield, garden, ptmltry house and home uses. Our ' 'Spray" booklet sliows how you ran buy barrel ur bucket Sprayer now and build to larger uses when you need it. Ask your dealer to show thisline and ww r i t e us for ^"Spray" booklet /and our spraying Use in any wagon. ^'d«- Both free. The Bat em an- Wilkinson Co.. Limited 464 Symington Ave. - - Toronto. Can. Annapolis Valley Notes The spring Is not an early one In Nova Scotia. To this date, (April 20th) the buds on the apple trees have not begun to swell. Pruning is about finished, and except In very early land the farmer has time to take a long breath before the general rush of work that will begin after a few days of drying weather. Apple prices are still re- ported steady in the Old Country markets. This is very satisfactory to the Coopera- tive Companits, for this winter they have extended their shipping season much later than usual, because the Australian crop, which usually comes to England about April the first, was a failure. The irregular boat service from Halifax made a shipping season of unusual difficulty that is now drawing to a fairly .successful close. Very few apple trees are being planted this spring, but spraying will be more gen- eral than ever; the attitude of the fruit grower being to sit light and take good care of what he has. Considerable attention Is being given to strawberry culture, the high prices of the last few years will Increase the planting until a big crop sends the price down. The United Fruit Companies are ad- vising all their members to plant potatoes this summer, prophecying high prices in the fall. Their business, opened in Halifax last month to handle all kinds of farm produce grown by their 1,500 members, has already gained a' large trade, and is reaching out to other parts of the province, making new connections and forming a very short link between the producer and the ultimate consumer.— Manning Ells. Methods of Advertising Apples Prof. F. C. Sears, Amherst, N. S. ADVERTISING is one of the biggest questions that faces fruit-growers to- day. Here are just a few sample schemes for advertising: First, use advertising displays in store windows. Here is one plaiTi that we worked out down in Massachusetts. In the town of Brockton, about the size of Halifax, the Board of Trade became interested last autumn and thought it would be a fine thing to offer prizes to ail their store keepers for the best advertis- ing window, using apples for display. The first prize, I think, was $100, and others in proportiom. It was really wonderful what they did, the forty or fifty competitors. Some of the windows were really works of art. The man who got second prize thought he would do a little advertising the week be- fore, so he made up a window, and as a re- sult of the advertising of that window, the week previous to the campaign he sold all the apples he had on hand and had to lay in a new stock. And the day the prizes were awarded this man sold sixty-seven bar- rels before one o'clock, and he had a com- paratively small store at that ! A friend of mine who had charge of a big orchard estate near Newburyport, got S. S. Pierce & Company, in Boston, to let him have the use of ome of their win- dows and put out an exhibit. It was a very attractive exhibit. One barrel of Green- ings was tipped out, another of Baldwins tipped out, both showing the fine quality of the fruit. Then there were fancy pack- ages, and orchard scenes and so on. As a result of that exhibit being there only a few days this man got over five hundred in- quiries from people who had seen it, aoid wanted to know where they could buy such apples. .\t Filenes, in Boston, we put in a little exhibit in one window, and the po- lice actually had to make them take it out, ♦Extract from an address delivered at the re- cent annual convention of the Nova Scotia. i?Ytiit Growers* Association. May, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 143 the people stopped the traffic so. Second : Another thing which the indi- vidual grower could do is to send out small individual cartons with a single apple in each. Put in your card saying you are will- ing to ship this kind of apples at such and such a price, and send to a list of possible customers. I believe this could be done so as to develop a large trade and a particu- larly profitable one. Third : We ought to do more demonstrat- ing. If we show a person anything he is much more likely to take to it than if we merely talk to him about it. Down in our part of the country you will find demonstrat- ing going on in one store or another all the time, demonstrating Jell-O, or Aunt Je- mima's Pamcake Flour, or somebody's soap or somebodyelse's tea. But did you ever see anybody demonstrating apples ! I never did except once out at Spokane, Washing- ton, at their National Apple Show. They had a room fitted up and the whole thing put in charge of the Domestic Science De- partment of the Agricultural College. There were a lot of gas ranges along one side of the room and girls cooking every sort of thing you can imagine and a great many that you can't, all of apples, apples, apples. And then they had the best looking girl of the lot going around and selling a pamphlet on "One hundred and Ninety-Seven Ways of Cooking Apples." This is a serious question, a question worth looking into — what can we do to induce people to eat more apples? Fifth : My last point I will merely men- tion. It is that we ought to advertise more in the papers. We have some interesting information as to what has been done in this line by the citrous people. The mana- ger of their association determined to take up the question of what could be done in the way of increasing the consumption of oranges by advertising in the local papers. 1 hey selected four of the middle western states, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri and Iowa CI think It was, amd put attractive advertise- ments in the local papers, and as a result of this they increased their sales in that section between two hundred and three hun- dred per cent. That shows what ran be done in one single line of newspaper ad- vertising. Bulletins and Reports The Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, Madison, W.iscon.sin, is circulating Bulletin 248, entitled "Strawberry Culture In Wisconsin." ^ Circular No. 151 of the Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Wooster, Ohio, is entitled I Methods of Sod! Sterilization tor Plant 'Beds and Greenhouses." The best tree fill- ings and wound dressings for orchard and shade trees are outlined in Circular No. 150, issued by the same station. 'The Gypsy Moth" is the title of Bulletin 186, published by the Connecticut Experi- ment Station, New Haven, Conn. The Michigan Agricultural College, East Lansing, Michigan, has issued Bulletin 273, tentitled "The Utilization of Muck Lands." Rose growers will be intere.sted in BuIIe- 1 233 of the 'Maine Agi^cultural Station, urono, entitled "Maine Aphids of the Rose '.Family." The Ontario Department of Agriculture -^ issued Bulletin 224, bv S. C. Johnston, ' 'getable Specialist, entitled "Greenhouse Tnnstruction." It has also issued Bulletin Strawberry Plants stocky and well rooted plants. Care- fully packed. Free catalogue and price list. S. H. Rittenhouse, Jordan Harbor, Ont. NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundreds of vari- eties adapted for the Canadian cli- mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own savingr. Catalogue free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. IMPORT BULBS Import yout bulbs direct from Holland for less than half price. Get our import catalogue at once. Orders must be in by June. Morgans Supply House London, Ont. FRUIT MACHINERY CO. INGERSOLL, ONT. lyiannfacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evapcratirg Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, when installed by our ex- perienced millwrights are the most prac- tical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogue. Implements for Orchard and Vineyard Spring Tooth Harrows 10, 15, or 17 Teeth The 10-Tooth size is in one Section and can be fur- nished with handles for vineyard work when so ordered. Spraying Outfits Small outfits on skids — large out- fits on wheels. Vineyard Plows Both Walking and Riding Plows especially built for orchard and vineyard work. Orchard Disc Harrows REVERSIBLE To throw the dirt to or from the trees or vines. ADJUSTABLE Ganigs can be adjusted as re- quired. Extension can be furnished for working under branches. Cultivators A great variety — for cultivating small fruit — for vineyards — for orchards. Grape and Berry Hoes, etc. TORONTO MONTREAL MONCTON WINNIPEG R E G I N A M as sey-H arris Co., Limited SASKATOON YORKTON SWIFT CURRENT CALGARY EDMONTON It m THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1915. For That Big Monday Right after that Sunday rest-up— for a running start at that job Monday morning with plenty of time at noon and the work all done by sun down — Big Ben. Set him for any hour you wish. He will have you on the job at any time you say— with one straight five-minute ring that can't miss fire or with ten gentler taps every other half minute for ten minutes. Big Bfn stands seven inches high with a clear, deep-toned bell, large black hands and bold numerals which show up clearly in the dim early light. His price is $2.50 in the States-$3.0C in Canada. Ste hiir. at your dealer's. If not there, a money order to his makers, "Wistchx. La Salle, Illinois," will bring him to your addrejs— postpaid. RENNIE'S Sold by leading merchants. Catalogues FREE. Wm. RENNIE Co. FARM AND GARDEN LIMITED \ TORONTO MONTREAL WINNIPEG VANCOUVER No. 226, entitled "Plum Culture in On- tario." by F. M. Clement, B.S.A. Foreign bulletins include the following. "Comparative Cookinsr Qualities of Some of the Common Varieties of .'Xpples Grown in OrcR-on" and "Windbreaks, Hedues and Ornamentals for Irrifjatcd Sandy Soils of Eastern Oregon," both issued by the Ore- eon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Ore- gon. Bulletins 171 and 172 of the New Hamp- shire Agricultural Experiment Station, Dur- ham, New Hampshire, are entitled respect- ively "The Apple Map-o-ot," by Mr. W. C. O'Kane, and "Mendelism in Melons," by David Lumsden. Both bulletins deal fullv with the subjects mentioned. The University of Illinois, Urbana, 111., has issued the following: Bulletin 174, ".An Efficient and Practicable Method for Con- trolling Melon Lice," by C. E. Durst, Bul- letin 175. "Experiments in Onion Culture," by John VV. Lloyd, Bulletin 176 "The use of Commercial Fertilizers in Growing Carna- tions." hv H. B. Dorncr. F. \V. Munrie, and A. H. Nehrling, and Circular No. 176, "Practical help on Landscape Gardening." bv Wilhelm Miller. Bees Increased the Crop Many rema.rttable facts have been noticed by fruit inspectors, while on their regular toTirs of Inspection, regarding the impor- tance of bees in orchards in spring during the apple-iblossoming period. In the county of Middlesex, Ontario, there were compara- tively few apples one season. Practically the only exception was an orchard ol twelve or fourteen acres, the proprietor of which was also an extensive bee-keeper. The ex.planation given was that, as the bees were kept in the orchard, they were able during even the short periods of sunshine, to fertilize the blossoms fairly -well. Bee-keeping Is a paying and profitable occupation; one that should receive much more attention than is given to this very- Important industry. Fruit blossoms of neariy aU kinds depend almost exclusively upon insects for their pollenization. The wild bees include about fifty per cent, of the insects useful to the fruit grower for this purpose, but in large plantations, such as orchards, plantations of strawberries or bush fruits, the large number of blossoms coming in at the same time overtax the usual number of wild bees in the neighbor- hood, so that it is advisable to have a spe- cial stock of honey bees to supplement them. More than this, tame bees kept in the immediate neighborhood, or directJy in the fruit plantations, are more useful than wild bees, which may, in many cases, have to fly long distances, and cannot reach the orchards during the mild spells between showers. Fruit and Vegetables Solicited Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp WE GET YOU BEST PRICES OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with com- petent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcu- pine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your Interests. H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Cana- dian Bank of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies May, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Major Kimmins Killed in Action. The announcement of the death, during the recent severe fighting ,in France in which the Canadian troops played such a conspicu- ous part, of Major Albert E. Kimmins, of Winona, Ont., was heard with great regret by the fruit growers of the Niagara District, MAJOR ALBEKT E. KIMMINS by practically all of whom he was known personally. -A memorial service was held .in the English Church, Winona, on April 27, at which the loss felt by the community was clearly revealed. Major Kimmins was manager of the Irult purchasing and selling department of the well-known firm of E. D. Smith & Son, Lim- ited, w.ilh which he had been identified for twenty-one years. During the frequent ab- sences of Senator Smith he acted as general manager. Writing to The Canadian Horti- culturist about Major Kimmins since his death. Senator E. D. Smith speaks concern- ing him as follows: "Twenty-one years ago, when Major Kim- mins came with us, he was a bright, smart young man. Wages at that time were low. He got the first year thirty dollars a month. His energy, honesty, and business ability soon enabled him to merit and get from us advances in pay from year to year, until last year his salary reached nearly ten times the figure that he got the first year he was with us. I do not know that I can pay any greater tribute to his business ability than that. "He was a man who hated shams, cheats, and frauds, and as such no doubt made an occasional enemy, for he was outspoken and candid, but for every enemy he made a score of friends. Those who knew him best liked h.im best. He was one of the noblest charac- ters 1 have ever known. While practising temperance principles of all kinds, I believe to the extent of total abstinence from either drinking or even smoking, he never obtrud- ed his opinions upon others, though a man vigorous in speech and action. He had a strong musical bent, and was one of the fading members of the famous Blgar Choir, Hamilton. He was leader of the choir In our little English Church in Winona, which he attended regularly, practically every Sun- day, and most of the time at both services, mom.Ing and evening, as leader of the choir. As a soldier it would be difficult to conceive Flowering Bulbs GLADIOLUS These are most effective in the flower garden, the colors are magnificent and they are easily grown. Prices are here— we offer : Choice Mixed-lOfor 30c, 25 for C5c, $2.00 for 100. Groff s Hybrid Seedling Mixed— 10 for 40c, 25 for 75c, $2.50 for 100. Bruee's White and Light Shades— 10 for 60c, 25 for SI .00, Sf3.!i0 for 100. Childsi Mixed— 10 for 60c 25 for $1.25, S4.50 for 100. Bruee's Superb Mixed — tnade up by our- selves frora all varieties— the best, 10 for 60c, 25 for $1.35, $5.00 for 100. If to be mailed add Postage at rate of 10c. for 10, 20c. for 2h, and 50c. for iS). Named Varieties— any color (see catalogue) 10c. to 50c. each; Postpaid. DAHLIAS Splendid Named Sorts— all colors— 20c. each, 3 for 55c, $2.00 for 1 dozen. Ordinary Varieties— Mixed 10c. each, 3 for 30c, $1,00 for 1 dozen. If to be mailed add Postage at rate of 5c. each, 50c. dozen. Where there are Express Offices, Express is cheaper than Mail for lots of over 6 Dahlias or over 35 Gladiolus. FH rp Out handsomply illustrated 112-pagecatalopue r IXMltllt of VetretaMp, Flower aud Faj-m Seeds. Bulbs. Plauts, Poultry Supplies, Garden Implements, etc. Write for it. JOHN A. BRUCE & CO., LIMITED Established 1S50 HAMILTON, ONT. When writing advertisers kindly tell them that you saw their advertisements in The Canadian Horticulturist. McCormick Haying Machines V7"OUR haying tools must be strong and steady; -■• they must work easily and smoothly; they must get all the hay and put it into the best shape pos- sible. That is why you should consider McCormick haying machines — mowers, rakes, tedders, side delivery rakes, windrow hay loaders, etc. — for I H C hay machines have never been beaten for good work in the field or for durability, at any time or place. McCormick local agents sell these machines. When they sell you a McCormick machine for the harvesting of your hay crop, they sell you the best in hay machine design and construction that the market affords. Canadian farmers have called McCormick standard for many years. You buy a machine that you can depend upon; that will give you perfectly satisfactory service. I Drop a line to the nearest branch house and we will direct you to the nearest agent handling our machines, and will also send you interesting catalogues ou any of these machines you may be interested in. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At BranJon, Calgary, Edmonton, Estevan, Hamilton, Letliiiridge, London, Montreal, N. BatUeiord, Ottawa, Quebec, Regina, Sasiiatooa, St. Jotin, Winnipeg. Yorltton THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, I'Jl Classified Advertisements Advertisements in this department inserted at rate of 3 cents a word for each insertion, each figure, sign, or sin- gle letter to count as one word, mini- mum cost 30c., strictly cash in advance. REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS — J'rults farms a speci- alty. W. B. CaJder, Grimsby. NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Before buyins, it will pay you to consult me. 1 make a specialty of fruit and grain farms. Melvin Gaymon & Co., St. Catharines. BEES AND QUEENS GOLDEN AND 3-BAND ITALIAN, also Car- nlolan queon.s. Tested, each, $1.00; 3 to 6, 95c; 6 or more, 85c. Untested, 75c; 3 to 6, 70c; 6 or more, 65c. Bees, per pound, $1.50. Nuclei, per frame, $1.50. C. B. Bankston, Buffalo. Leon Co., Texas. TtaLIAN QUEENS, also the Golden Beauties and Carniolans. Tested, $1.00. Untested, 76c each. For bees by the pound and queens in lots write for prices. Page Bankston, Buf- falo, Texas. BEES AND QUEENS — Pure bred Poultry, prize winners, stock and eggs. Rose Comb Brown Leghorns and Black Minorcas, White Rocks, Black Langshams, White Minorcas. W. P. Collins, Boulder, Col., U.S.A. ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS, reared for Canadians. Hardy, winter well. Send for circular. Standard bee hives shipped direct from factory in Iowa at $1.20 each. Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS as advertised on page 137. Catalogue free. Deroy Taylor Co., Newark, N.Y. SAMPLE QUEENS — To introduce our Moor's strain of Leather colored and Golden Italian Queens, we will send one to each applicant at 40c each, cash with order. Ogden Bee & Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. Timberline Riggs, Breeder. QUEENS — Our early queen breeding location is a long narrow oasis in the desert of Southern Nevada, which is crossed at sloapa by the Salt L?\e and Los Angeles R. R. Write for our circular, which gives prices of queens; bees by the pound, nuclei, etc. Booking or- ders now. Ogden Bee & Honey Co., Ogden, Utah. Timberline Riggs, Breeder. QUEENS OF QUALITY— I am booking orders for early queens now. Three-banded Italians only. Circular free. J. I. Banks, Dowelltown, Tenn. BEST ITALIAN QUEENS AND BEES at most reasonable prices. J. H. Haughey, Berrien Springs, Mich. BEES AND QUEENS — During spring and sum- mer months we requeen all our two thousand colonies to prevent swarming. The queens removed from these hives are only one year old and of best Italian stock. We offer these queens at 50c each, $5.40 per dozen. Satisfac- tion guaranteed or money back. No disease. Spencer Apiaries Co., Nordhoff, Cal., U.S.A. BEES AND QUEENS — California queens, nu- clei and bees, bred from the best Doollttle stock. Our customers say they are hustlers. A sample order will prove It to you. We can fill any sized order at once. Queens, untest- ed 75c, dozen $8.00; select $1.00. dozen $10.00; tested $1.25, dozen $12.00; select $1.50, dozen $15.00: tested 1 year old 75c, dozen $8.00; se- lect $1.00, dozen $10.00: nuclei, 2 frames, $1.50; 3 frames, $2.25; 5 frames, $3.00; 10- frame colony, $4.50. Bees by the pound. '/2-lb. package, 75< ; 1-lb. pkg., $1.00; 2-lb. pkg., $1.75; 5-lb. pkg., $4.00. Add price of queens desired to all above prices of bees and nuclei. Special discounts on lots of 100 or more. Any one of the above queens free, or 10 per cent, discount from your order, if you will send us the names and addresses of your neighbor beekeepers. Delivery guaranteed. No dis- ease. Spencer Apiaries Co., Nordhoff, Cal. GOLDEN 3-BANDED ITALIANS, also Carni- olan queens. Tested, $1.00 each, 6 or more, 85c each. Untested, 75c each. 6 or more, 65c each. Everything guaranteed to reach you in Food Shane. No disease. I. N. Bankston, Buffalo. Texas, Box 135. of one better fitted to be a leader. Being absolutely fearle&s, and possessing bound- less energy and conspicuous ability, he was a most excellent officer. I can Imagine see- ing him leading his men to talie tlie enemy's guns." Thus died, in the cause of his country, "one of nature's gentlemen." NIAGARA DISTRICT PROSPECTS. Seldom have the prospects for a large crop of fruit been as brigiit in the Niagara Dis- trict as they are this year. Th« profusion of bloom has been practically unparalleled in Uie history of the district. Every tree, even the smallest, iias been crowded with buds. Out oldest fruit growers spealt of the prospects as being most unusual in charac- ter. iPractically all varieties of fruit are equally promising. What You Want in a Sprayi n The first essential is thorough spraying efficiency, then freedom from defects, durability, service and dollar-for-dollar value. All this and more you get In the It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless we made it The supremacy of the SPRAMOTOR in every class is unquestionable. Every machine bearing the name is built to endure. Its exclusive patented features will compel you to pronounce it the best you ever saw. Write for free booklet to-day. Made in Canada N Duty to Pay SPRAMOTOR WORKS 2422 Kill St., LondoD, Canada CLASSIFIED— Continued BEES AND QUEENS KEYSTONE GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS will please you for honey gathering; healthy brood and nice gentle bees; also Red Clover queens, bred in 8 different yards, 5 miles apart. Queens, $1.00; $9.00 per dozen. Will H. Carl, Elysburg, Pa. QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL— When you need queens by return mail we can fill your order. Three-band Italians only, bred for business. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Tested queens, $1.00 each; untested, $1.00, $9.00 per dozen. J. W. K. Shaw & Co., Lor- eauviUe, La. BEE SUPPLIES CALIFORNIA RED WOOD HIVES— Single storey, 85c; supers, 25c; frames, IHc each; 10 per cent, discount in lots of 100 or more of any of above. Special 5 per cent, discount on all supplies. Let us show you some of our bargains by sending our catalogue. It's free. Also a fine hive scraping tool, by mail, free if you will send us names and addresses of your neighbor beekeepers. Spencer Apiaries Co.. Nordhoff, Cal., U.S.A. SEEDS AND~PLANTS' READ ABOUT BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS on page 140. C. M. Bezzo, Berlin, Ont. EARLY IRISH COBBLER POTATOES— Speci- ally selected and Government inspected for seed. One dollar per bushel. Cash with or- der. Special price in lots. Have only lim- ited quantity. H. W. Dawson, Brampton, Ont. MISCELLANEOUS 1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors, any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. Pearl Card Co.. Clintonville. Conn. Western Marketing Methods. At a meeting of the fruit growers who are members of the Okanagan United Growers, held about the first of April, the following policy was adopted: That earnest efforts be made to arrange a working basis with our competitors as to selling policy and prices. To have one warehouse on the prairie and one or more representatives, the number to be increased as business warrants, and that at Vancouver we have our own representa- tive, with necessary equipment to be ob- tained as required. That we sell our own goods. That garden truck and early soft fruits be placed direct with the retail trade by our own salesmen so far as possible. That we sell our main carload crop chiefly to the regular wholesale trade on an f.o.b. shipping point basis. That no goods unsold be shipped out ex- cept to our own salesmen. That cheaper packages be used especially in handling orchard run or off varieties of apples. Baskets will also be used in mak- ing experiment shipments of soft fruits, early apples and crab apples. That our export markets be extended. Open Packages. That this Association approves, at least for its own use, the adoption of an open package for apples and plums, of such a nature that the fruit may in most cases be packed in the orchard. In the case of apples the contents to be "orchard run," (without culls) of the net weight of about 40 lbs., and to be a distinct package from that used for cookers or No. 3 and this be done only suificient to try it out this season. We recommend the marketing of our crop without the use of brokers and wholesalers as far as possible. A Minimum Price. That it shall be considerea a part of the duty of the executive to fix for fruit and produce of all kinds and grades a minimum price below which such fruit and produce shall not be sold without warning to the locals of the state of the markets; such minimum price to be such as will leave a small margin to the growers, after all aver- age cost of picking, hauling, packing and selling have been taken into consideration; and that when market prices are approach- ing this minimum or the markets are glutted and unsettled and the prices ruling low, warning shall be Immediately sent to every local which shall notify its associated grow- ers in such way as it may deem best and thus throw upon the grower the responsi- bility of deciding whether he will continue the harvestingof his crops. TORONTO Eig^hteen streets were selected for street improvement last year by the Toronto Hor- ticultural Society for each of which one sil- ver and two bronze medals were given as j prizes. In the working- man's homes com-j petitions there were two districts : River- dale and Wychwood. Cash prizes were giv-^ en in each. In the poorest parts of the city 12,220 packages of seeds were distributj ed to 887 families. Sixty-five per cent, of these turned out well ; fiftecfn per cent. fairJ and twenty per cent, failures — half of thf latter owing to removals. Exhibitions wera held as usual in May, June, July and \\A gust. The School Children's Home Gar4 dens and exhibitions were a great success.] Cash prizes and medals were awarded. The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXVIII JUNE, 1915 No. (3 The Methods of a Veteran Fruit Grower. ONE of the most pleasant places lu ©astern Canada is the village of Waterville, in King 's County, Nova Seoitia. Everybody there grows apples. The eye of tihe visitor is gladde n e d at this season with rich foliage and a profusion of ibloom. Among the prosperous residents is Mr. W. W. Pineo, one of the vet- eran orchardist-j of Canada. Mr. Pineo began to plamt an or- chard forty years ago, and has planted a few acres every spring since that time. He now has one hundred and eighty acres under apple trees, of which about twenty acres are in full bearing. His orchard contains 9,000 trees, and he is setting out five hundred additional trees this spring. The varieties represented in his or- chard include Gravensteins, Kings, Blenheims, Northern Spies, Baldwins, W. W. Pineo. Ben Davis and Starks. He finds Kings and Ben Davis to be the most profitable varieties. "The Tompkins King," he said to a representative of The Canadian Hoirtieu'lfturist, ' ' is perhaps the quickest selling of any of the standard varieties grown in this province. It is in strong demand in the English market around Christmas. It was introduced into th's country about sixty years ago, and ovy- ing to its size and beauty became rapid- ly popular. The King is fond of a warm soil, well drained, and likes early cultivation. The claims of the Ben Davis to popularity are based on its lonig-keeping qualities eomibined with its excellent yields, and the demand that exists foT it among the English cos- termongers in March and April. More- over, it blooms late, and that is an ad- vantage in this climate." The soil of a part of Mr. Pineo 's or- chard is a sandy loam, and part is a gravelly loam, with a clay subsoil. Mr. E'ineo obtains the best results from a gravelly soil. He thinks this is due as much to the depth and natural drain- age in such soil as bo any other cause. ' ' In Nova Scotia, ' ' continued Mr. Pineo, "apples are successfully grown on nearly all kinds of soil from light sand to heavy clay. The sandy soils, when supplied with plant food and humus, be- come useful for orohard purposes. It is, 'however, on some kind of loam that most of the orchards in this province are grown. Personally, I prefer a northern slope for apple trees and a site if possible somewhat higher than the adjoining land. On such a situation there is, of course, less chance of injury from frosts, owing to the drainage of the cold air to lower levels. Moreover, I find that a northern slope tends to re- tard 'blossioming until after the period of late spring frosts." Mr. Pineo claims that young trees from a local nursery, if well grown, are preferable to imported ones. The pur- chaser has the advantage of inspection before ^buying, gets stock with roots subjected to a minimum amount of ex- posure, and local stock is less apt to in- trodnce insect posts and diseases. He uses both two-year-old and three-year- old trees, paying from twenty to thirty cents for them. He prepares the soil thoroughly be- fore setting out the trees. This pre- paration is begun at least one season ahead. A root crop is generally grown, bo which is applied a liberal supply of barnyard manure. He has never util- ized sod land for orchard purposes. The giiMMHHr^ T.] -•"■' --^^ - .... ™- -' ' - - — '■ ■■ ■...,.....'--: e!^^ ^^m 1 1 Et^^'mHI m m H "^^" '- ■'^^Tf f^™- ' ■'^v^ _^ ^^^^||^.~ ^''^ " ^M ■*■■ ' ■" : ■ *5l| i. > °X' g '^ ^^1 V •a-*; '■' ^ m- ^ i ; l^^{.". S---W . " 1 '^'' i'M'U '■>■' 1 Hk^ p \ ^9 Wi ^.i 1 i 1 mm k ii 1 „ ^ ^■■m ' ^^^iwMmm ^***.*_ m 1 ^ The re.sldence of W. W. Pineo, In pleasant Watervltle, Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia. 146 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1915. Spraying: is onv ol tlie ot>ei*aUaii^ LliaL Mr. I'liit^u inriists must not be negieelt-d. Tliis siiows his power sprayer at work. land is always plowed and harrowed in the fall, amd again in the spring before the trees are planted. The trees are set out as early as pos- sible in the spring, as Mr. Pineo has found that early planting allows the roots to develop ahead of the buds, so that later on tJie roots are able to sup- ply the moisiture evaporated from the leaves. He sets ooit the trees thirty feet apart each way and does not use fillers. In digging the hole, the top soil and subsoil are often placed in separate piles. In replacing this material, a shovelful of the surface soil is put in first, the tree placed in position, and the remaining top soil filled in around the roots. The subsoil is placed on top. The earth is worked in well around the tree. As soon as the trees are set, the land is given a most thorough cultiva- tdooi 'by both plowing and harrowing. Until the trees begin to bear, the inter- A'^ning ground is planted to potatoes, corn or roots. When the trees come into bearing, the land is cultivated with the harrow or cultivator every wee)\, and after every rain, until the first of July, when a cover crop consisting of clover or buckwheat is sown. "I am cutting out commercial fertil- izers as much as possible," said Mr. Pineo, "and using barnyard manure in- stead. It ihas been my experience that not much money can be made in this country in raising apples if the grower has to depend altogether on commercial mannres. I use siome of the straiglit fertilizers — nitrate of potash, nitrate of soda and bonemeal. I have not found it pi'oifita'ble to use mixed fertilizers. We are told that in countries where arti- ficial fertilizers are used in enormous quantities the use of mixed fertilizers has been almost entirely given up. Many groiwers in the Nova Scotia fruit belt, where the greatest quantities o C commercial fertilizers are consaimed^are getting more and more into the way of applying fertilizers, such as acid phos- phaite or muriate of potash, by them- selves, according to the needs of their orchards, or of mixing these together at home when they wish to apply all the elements of plant food. I believe it would 'be well if more farmers would adopt this practice. " Conditions vary very much. It would be impossible to describe a fer- tilizer which would be suitable for a certain crop under all conditions, as there are too many factors to be con- sidered. A farmer, to use manures or fertilizers intelligently, must keep in mind the nature of his soil as well as the character of the crop. I keep a large number of live stock and have about eight hundred tons of manure available from that source. In adddtion, I buy yearly about three hundred tons of tlii's fertilizer at from a dollar and a half to two dollaTs a ton, according to the st^ite of preservation. "We are told that a ton of barnyard manure well saved is worth in compari- son with commercial fertilizers two dol- lars and ninety -seven cents a ton. I'ut too often under the ordinary farm con- ditions the manure available has de- preciated in value. Farmers are learn- ing, however, that a manure heap may lotse more than half its value in a few months throngli leaching and fermenta- tion. But too many of them do not realize that out of a total value of two dollaTB and ninety-seven cents a ton the liquid part is worth two dollars and six c(;n,ts, and the solid jwirt but ninety-one cents. Our provincial Agricultural De- partment is doing excellent work in ad- vising the use of tighter barn floors to l)revent leakage, the use of more straw, earth, muck and other material to ab- sorb the liquids and the storing of manure, whether indoors or oiit, in a place from which drainage is impos- sible. The manure heap should be kept level and as compact as possible. An uneven snirface allows an easy circula- tion of adr and, in consequence, rapid fermentaitaon. The manure from horses, sheep and poultry, being hot, should, if l)08sil)le, be mixed with the manure from the cows and hogs in one common heap. The heap should be thoroughly and frequently tramped down. The ap- plication from time to time of quantities of dry earth is useful, as the earth ab sorbs nitrogen and other organic gases w hioh would otherwise be lost. "I do not use more than ten tons of manure to the acre in my orchard. iVIore than this sometimes causes an over-'.s'timulation of wood growth." Pruning Methods. Mr. Pineo prunes lightly from the out- .side every June. He prunes the young stock so as to develop symmetrical, welPbalanced trees. Bearing trees are pruned so that the tops are opened up for sunlight and the height kept con- venient for spraying and picking. The only fungicide employed is lime-sul- phur. The proportions used are six gal- lons of oommercial lime-sulphur to two hundred gallons of water. About two pounds of arsenate of lead are ineorpor- aited with every forty gallons of the mixture. Spraying is begun just before the fruit buds burst. The young leaves are well covered with the spray and pro- tected against scab until the second ap plication, just after the blossome fall, can be given. Two and often three ad- ditional sprayings are applied with in- tervals of ten days between. Care is taken that a fine spray is produced. N^evertheless, the trees are very fre- quently drenched. The proportions ised, however, admit of drenching with- out injuring the foliage, and it pays better to waste lime-sulphur than ap- ples. A power sprayer is used at a pressure of two hundred pounds. Sprays Thoroughly. "I believe in the gospel of thorough sprajang," said Mr. Pineo. "We mu.st grow clean apples — ^nothing else counts. The orchardist who is content to grow only spotted apples is on the road to the j>oorhouse, and the more apples he grows the sooner he will arrive there. Soalbby apples will not be worth any- thing in the very near future. Apples can be kept clean in the woi"st season if the grower knows his business. Many June, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 147 peopl-e, when they spray, have in mind only the aeeessity of keeping the apples clean, free from diseases, so that they may look more attractive, keep better and fetch a higher price. But spraying does more than that. It prevents the premature dropping of fruit and keeps the trees in good liealth, so that they not only produce more fruit but actually destroy the scale insects that suck the life-blood out of the trees. We can understand how the destruction of these pests increases the vitality of the or- chard." "While the orchard represents Mr. Pineo's prime interest, he recognizes that there are other means of making a liveliliood on the farm. He has an aver- age of forty acres under oats, thirty under cotu, forty under rye, seventy under hay, and ten acres under roots. He keeps one hundred head of cattle, seventy-five hogs, and ten horses. He uses a pure-bred HoLsteiu bull with his herd of high-grade Holsiteins, and the resulits are most satisfactory. His cows are giving an average of from thirty- five to sixty pounds of milk per day. "The cry about over-production of apples does not worry me," said Mr. Piueo, "or I shouldn't be setting out ten additional acres under apple trees this year. But there is no good reason wliy an orchardist should Jiot have more than one string to his bow. Dairying and orcharding fit in very satisfactoTily together. The fruit grower who keeps live stock has an immediate, a conveni- ent, and a profitable market for his culls. A large quantity of manure is produced and returned to the sod. Moreover, while the beginner is waiting for the young orchard to grow, the cows help pay the bills. Then, by rais- ing some cas-h crops, such as small fruits and potatoes, he is enabled to make a fair living, and when the trees begiji to bear the apples seem to come almost like a present. The combination oC dairying and orcharding enables the grower to furnish steady employment to his -mein during the entire year, thus solving the help questioaa in a measure, for it is when men are idle in the winter moniths that they become restless and wish to get away to some other coun- try." Mr. Pineo keeps careful records of his farming operaitions. By reference to his books he was aible to furnish the writer with the following statement of his ycvarly expenditures and receipts per aci'e of bearing orchard : Kent of land $30.00 Value of fertilizer used 20.00 Hauling and spreading manure. . 3.00 Sowing fertilizer 1.00 Discing and harrowing 2.00 Seed for cover crop 2.00 Sowing cover crop 25 S-praying 3.00 Barrels 27.00 Picking, packing and truckage. . . 25.00 Other expenses 1.00 $114.25 Bach acre of full bearing orchard yiekls an average of about one hundred and ten barrels. This, at two dollar*, gives him a gross income per acre of two 'hundred and twenty dollars, and, less the expenditure, gives him a net income of one hundred and five dollars and seventy-five cents. Mr. Pineo has several times picked three hundred and fifty barrels from one acre in a season. Those were, of course, exceptional crops. His average crop over a large acreage is as stated. His average total crop per year is 5,000 barrels. It must be remembered that this is not a bit of farming on paper, but the concrete re- sults that follow the intelligent efforts of a skilled orchardist. Pruning Principles Simplified PRUNING is one of the oldest of orchard practices, and a very es- sential one; but without soil fer- tility, spraying, and cultivation, pruning will be of little value. Our object in pruning is to make the plants vigorous ; to give them some desired shape ; to strengthen the framework of the trees; to make them fruitful; to allow sunlight and air and to regulate the heat and sunlight so as to prevent sunburn ; to aid in such orchard work as spraying, thinning and harvesting. In situdying pruning, we must make • Pnper read at Grand Forks Farmers' Insti- tute. \ A four-year-old peach tree before pruning. ourselves acquainted with the general principles, and we should make a spe- cial study of the buds. In many cases heavy top pruning will produce heavy wood growth, and have a tendency to rejuvenate the tree. Too heavy prun- ing may develop a strong growth of watersprouts, which is an indication of a lack of balance between top and roots, and causes one part of the tree to live at the expense of the other. The growth habits of trees vary a great deal. Some have a close and up- rig'ht habit of growth, while others are spreading growers. Some are strong and others are weak growers. These factoids must all he considered in prun- ing the difl:"erent varieties. Fruit bear- ing becomes very much a habit with trees. We are able to change this habit to some extent by pruning. Summer pruning, if done at the right time and moderately, will have a ten- dency to produce fruit buds, while on the other hand, winter pruning has a tendency to produce wood growth. Summer pruning is usually practiced on young trees which are producing excess wood growth at the expense of fruit spur formation, up to about the sixth year. The time to summer prune will depend upon the different varieties and the length of the growing season, as we find some varieties grow much later than others, and also our trees will grow much later one year than in another. We should aim to summer prune just before growth stops, by pinching back or cutting back part of the ter- minal. Pruning at this time tends to produce fruit buds. If you summer prune too early, you will get second 148 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1915. The same peach tree after pruning. Note the pruning tools used. growth, which is tender and will freeze back. If you summer prune too late after growth is stopped, you have lost yoiu- aim, and summer pruning then be- comes a case of early winter pruning. In pruning young trees, such as ap- ples, pears, plums amd cherries, whioh bear their fruit on spurs, it is best to use the semi-pyramid form or shape of tree. "We find that fruit trees of this type will carry a crop much easier and of more uniform size and color than the vase or pyramid form of tree. The vase or open tree is a very good form to use for peach trees. The peach tree bears its fruit on one-year-old wood. Thus, in order to keep good strong bearing wood low down on our trees, we muiit prune our trees hard and to an open top. The success of our orchards will de- pend a great deal upon the early train- ing of our trees. Endeavor, when pos- sible, to secure one-yeax-old branch trees. The lateral branches on these trees are growing at right angles to the trunk. Head the tree to about twenty-four to thirty inches from the ground, and select three or four of the best side branches ; cut them back to a bud on the top side and about eight or ten inches from the ground. The one-year-old straight or whip tree, w'hen planted, should be cut back to a bud about thirty inches from the sur- face of the ground. If good growth takes place, we will get five or six side branches out from the trunk the first year. The lower branches grow at much wider angles to the trunk than those nearer the top; so remove one or two of the limbs pear the top, so as to eliminate the weak crotches; start the first side limb about fifteen inches from the ground, and select three or four of these side branches well spaced on the trunk, and growing as near as ppssible at right angles to the trunk. This will form the framework of the tree. Then cut the side branches back to a bud on the top side, and about eight to ten inches from the trunk of the tree. Prune the leader to a bud to- wards the centre of the tree. The leader should not be allowed to become more than a foot longer than the side by cutting back to a weak side limb. The pruning of the trees after the first year, and the amount of growth to cut back, will be determined by the pruners. No fixed rule can be followed in their habit of growth. With young trees, up to about the sixth or seventh year, aim to prune to strengthen the framework of the tree and to encour- age fruit spur formation. We always find in our trees a num- ber of small lateral branches which are a foot or less in length. By allow- ing these small branches to grow from the terminal bud and not pruning them back, a large portion of the side buds will develop into fruit spurs. By this practice we can force our trees into bearing much earlier. Sometimes we can let our young trees go for one year without pruning back any of the ter minal growth, and encourage fruit spur formation all along the main branches. These main branches can then be strengthened by pruning them back the next year. After the trees commence to bear, prune to keep the trees well open to allow the air and sunlight into them to strengthen the tree and tociosum rubrum is another exceedingly handsome variety and very hardy. Lilium candidum, often called the Annunciation, or Madonna lily, is one B. C. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont. of the handsomest of the pure white lilies, in fact, it seems to impress one with a sense of refinement by the pur- ity of its wax-like flowers. June sees it in aill its glory, and three or four plants of this lily in full bloom make an ex- ceedingly effective addition to the bor- has this advantage, that the blooms can be 'brought on a/t almost any time of the year, at Christmas or midsummer, Easter or November. If potted in August, flowers can be had in Novem- ber, and a succession of blooms ob- tained from thence on till May, with Lilium Auratum, tlie golden banded lily of Japan, is a white lily, spotted with gold and with golden ribs. It is considered by many the most beautiful of the lilies. der. It is also another of the hardy kinds, and once well established in a border s'hould he left undisturbed. Planted early in autumn, leaves will soon appear, and the stems often bear as m'any as twenty blooms. Lilium longiflorum is another of the snow-white lilies, the chief characteris- tic of which is its long, trumpet-like flowers, from six to eight inches in length. It flowers in June and July, and, like speciosum, is well suited for pot culture. In a somewhat .shaded position, pre- ferably among evergreens, a striking feature can be made with a single bulb of lilium giganteum, the Easter lily of Bermuda. Towerimg to a height of eight ^T ten feet on a strong stem, and throwing out a dozen wax-white blooims. n'othing could be more effect- ive. This is a lily which produces a surprising number of blooms, and it the use of a cold frame. The flowers, are delightfully fragrant, and if cut when only partially open, will keep for two or three weeks. Bulbs of this grand lily are very reasonable in price and can be purchased for twenty cents, each. Give Grood Drainage. The great secret of success with lilies is proper drainage for the bulbs. If this is secured, the cultivation of all the 'hairdy kinds is very simple. Lilies require a very rich soil, slightly sandy. Where the soil is too clayey or loamy,, it can he brought into suitable condi- tion by adding a few shovelfuls of wood or coal ash, and sand or fine gravel, with a good heavy dressing of leaf mould well worked in. There is no better material with whicih to enrich soil for lilies than well rotted stable manure, the older it is the better. In addition to this, some good bone dust 300 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1915. Liiiuin Longiflorum, another snow-white lily with lonp June and July. trumpet-like flowers, which appear in should be thrown into the soil. Cheiiii- cal fertilizers and fresh manure should "be avoided, as they are liable to injure >the bulbs. If the soil is naturally light, the best \s ay to prepare a place for the bulbs is lo trench a piece of ground about two feet square, to a depth of about eighteen inches. After the soil has been taken out, a foundation for the bed should be made with pie«es of old broken bricks and stones. Over this place the prepared compost consisting of good loam, leaf mould, and well rot- ted stable mamire, bringing this up to within six inches of the top of the hole. On this give a good sprinkling of sand ind everything is now ready for plant- ing the !>nlbs. Place these in the hole at distances of fourteen inches apart, putting under each biilb a handful of sand, and another handful or two around the bulb. The compost may then be gently filled in, taking care not to disturb the position of the bulbs, and firmly pressed down buit not ram- med. An important point to remember when planting lilies is that some va- rieties have two sets of roots, one at the base of the bulb and the other at the base ot the stem. To distinguish this kind they are usually called stem- rooting lilies. They include 1. auratum. 1. longiflorum. 1. speciosttm, 1. tigrinum, etc. All these shoaild be planted at a depth of six inches, or so that the top of the bulb is at least five inches from the s\irfaee. Those having roots at the base only, need not be planted quite so deep and four inches from the surface "will be sufficient. Many growers plant auratum eight inohes deep, and an ex- ception to the rule is 1. candidum, which is not stem-rooting and must not 'be planted more than three inches deep. iMueh depends upon the soil, for in light soils the bull)s may l)e put an inch or so deeper than in a heavy one. In damp situations it is a good plan to plant the loosely-formed bulbs — ^among these are oandidium and speciosum — on their sides. If the bul'bs are to be planted in a hardy border or shrubbery, it is not always practicable to trench the bed, and the better way to proceed is to dig a hole large enouigh and deep enough to contain a sihovelful of sand or gravel at the bottom and over this several inches of the compost above mention- ed, surrounding the bulb with sand when planting. If a single bulb is be- ing planted, a large enough hole can be made with a trowel or post-hole dig- ger, treating the hole in the same wav •with sand and compost. The roots and stem will easily find their way through the »and and this porous wall will pre- vent standing water, manure, ferti- lizer, or other injurious substance in tJie soil from reaching the bulb. Where it is intended to grow lilies in a collection or to obtain effect from a mass there is no better plan than making a raised bed and edging it vvitii turf. This will both show them off to the best advantage and ensure good drainaffe. October is the best month for plant- ing most of the lilies, but the iladonua lily, testaceum, and auratum, should i)e put in not later than August or Sep- tember. Once planted, tiie bulbs do not need to be disturbed, and each year become more valuable through the iu- crejising .s])ikes they bear. If left uu- distiirbed the lilies will remain for yeans, and, if desired, the stock can be increased by saving the small bulbs or "off.sets" whioh are formed every year. These may be planted out in the flower Irorder. All that needs to be done is to give a mulch of dead leaves every win- ter when the first frosts .set in, and the groiuul all al)out the bed should be well covered to the depth of a foot. A little soil may be sprinkled over these to keep them in place. "When spring comes round this mulching should be gradually taken away, and when all has been removed, a little bone dust or old niauure may be dug in. After the plant has finished flowering and the steins have begun to drv 1h<»se sli'^'il'l l>r- <-uf off. It would be impossible to coiiciutic without a reference to a few other choice kinds— Chalcedoniusn, with its vivid scarlet flowers on tall slender stems; Hansoin, with its deep yellow flo-wers mottled with black; Lancifoli- um rubrum, an exquisite kind, with bright rose-colored flowers dotted with crimson spots, and what is perhaps the prettiest of all the small kinds, Tenni- folium. '"•ith its small brilliant crimson flowers and delicate foliage. Tomato Growing for the Amateur John G»H, Ingiewood, Onl. Neither the farm house nor the town lot should be without tomatoes for home use. They are easily grown, but good seed and good cultivation are the chief factors which lead to success. I would recommend Earliana as the variety to grow. It is extremely early, prolific, smooth, large, of the richest scarlet color, and is not prone to rot before ripening. Generally speaking, it is more satis- factory to raise your own plants. Vou will then know what variety you have, and not be disappointed that the "big red kind" which you bought at the greenhouse, proves to be late and a poor bearer. Anybody can easily grow the plants in the house window, shifting into large Dots as necessary, and find the work en- joyable. In transplanting to the gar- den, always set them deep. Roots will form wherever the stem t;omes in contact with the soil, thus deep planting not only secures firmer anchorage and more num- erous sources of sustenance, but the deeper the roots sink into the soil, the greater will be the resisting power in time of drought. June, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 151 Dahlia Culture Henry Gibson It is a much-mooted question among dahlia growers how much or how little water should be given. As a general rule, under a thorough system of cul- tivation, we are of the opinion that enough moisture will be found in the soil by the roots of the plants. It is advisable, however, to watch your plants closely during periods of pro- tracted drought, and should they show unmistakable signs of needing water, give it freely ; enough to penetrate a foot below the surface. Superficial waterings, on the little and often plan, are worse than useless with any crops, and equally so with dahlias. Observe the principle of irrigation, i.e., give water in plenty when needed, and let that suffice until needed again. As soon as the surface dries, stir it up again. Keeping the Flowers Fresh. Dahlias should always be cut early in the morning, when they are full of sap. Cut just above a joint, split the stem up to the first joint, and place in cool water in a cool place away from draughts. When it is desired to keep the blooms for several days, it is best to place the freshly-cut stems an inch of their length in hot water and allow them to remain until the water cools, then place in cold water. Charcoal placed in the water helps to keep it sweet ; but it should not be used, as the flowers quickly droop when removed to a warm room. Insect Enemies. Like almost all other garden plants, dahlias are subject to the attacks of various forms of insect pests. Chief among these are the Plant Tarnish liug (Lygus Pratensis), the cut worm, thrips and white fly. The first named does its damage by making large gaps in the petals, spoiling the appearance of the flowers. This same pest is also partial to asters and chrysanthemums that are grown outdoors. There ap- pears to be no known method of deal- ing efi'ectively with the little pest. The cut worm usually commences operations at the time the young growths penetrate the ground. A little corn meal with just enough paris green to color it slightly, placed near each plant at night when there is no likeli- hood of rain, will soon account for him. Aphine is one of the best remedies for use against attacks of thrips and white fly. It is advisable to spray oc- casionally all through the growing sea- son to keep down these pests. The Vegetable Garden M. B. Davis, B. S. A., Ottawa, Ont. Cut worms will soon be preying upon .young cabbage plants, cauliflowers, peas, etc. They may be controlled by the use of poisoned bran made as fol- lows: Bran 5 lbs. Paris green 4 oz. amd a little molasses to sweeten. Mix thoroughly with small amount of water. The bran is simply sprinkled around the base of the plants and is eaten by the worms when they come up to feed. This is the best method for the control of cut worms. The cabbage maggots which will soon be in evidence can only be prevented. Here is a case where an ounce of pre- vention is wo-rth a pound of cure. The maggots are hatched from eggs laid at the base of the stems of ithe plants by the small white butterfly which is seen flying about in early summer. If this butterfly can be prevented from laying her eggs on the plants, there will be no maggots. This is prevented by either covering the plants with a cheese oloth cover as soon as the butterflies appear, or by the use of a tar felt disc which is fitted around the stem of the plant at the time of setting out. This disc is simply a square piece of tar felt (not ordinary tar paper), with a slit in it, through which the stem is passed. This prevents the moth from laying her eggs at or very near the base of the plant. The salt should have been put on the asparagus bed some time ago, but if not done it would be well to apply it at once. If it is intended to keep on cut- ting the rhubarb, and if good yields are desired, it should be fed with liquid manure if possible. If this is not ob- tainable, a little nitrate of soda dis- solved in water wall be a great help if applied from time to time. The Planting of Shrubs A. E. Thatcher If shrubs of standard form are planted they will need some support until they become well rooted, and for this purpose nothing is better than a straight stake, sharply pointed and driven firmly into the ground as near the stem as possible without injury to the roots. The shrub can be secured to it by wrapping a neat piece of cloth or rubber around the stem and tying to the stake firmly with string, but care should be taken that no injury A border cninii- ■ H Bleeding Heart, his. .n:;'i>- -m , wii i."\ser.s in the garden of Mrs. (Dr.) Gowan, Peterbopo, Ont. It includes Ribbfwi Grass. Columbine, Larkspur, Golden Glow, Honeysuckle and Tiger Lillies. Mrs. Gowan is an earnest advocate of protection being afforded by our authori- ties to wild flowers in their natural state before many of the best may be lost forever. 152 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1915. A bed of Perennials as grown by Mr. Baldwin. (See accompanying article.) is done to the shrub as the bark expands with growth. Many beautiful American shrubs are notoriously fond of peat, and if condi- tions are not naturally favorable for their cultivation, liberal additions of this ma- terial should be incorporated when pre- paring the ground, if it can be obtained. Peat, however, is not always available, neither is it absolutely necessary, for many peat-loving subjects will succeed admirably in a mixture of fibrous loam, decayed leaf mould and sand. An Attractive Perennial Border Geo. Baldwin, Toronto, Ont. The flower bed shown in the accom- panying illustration consisted princi- pally of perennials of tall, medium and dwarf growth. It was in bloom prac- tically the whole season and needed very little attention. The places for tall perennials are many, and tall perennials are many, yet tall ones that just fit their places are all too seldom seen. Some idea of the height of the hardy, graceful flowers shown in the illustration, with their long backs and lovely faces, may 'be gained from the fact that the porch door is the regula- tion seven feet. The boy stands five feet eight inches. The high cluster on his left consisted of Chrysanthea Uli- gdnosum, Helianthns Rigidus, and Heli- anthus Miss Mellisih, in front of which is the Lilium Portunei. The tall group in the centre of the bed is the beautiful though little known Coreopsis Testa- cium. In front of this is the well- known Ooreopsis Lancelota, with here and there a clump of Rudbeckia New- manii, or "Black-eyed Susan." This is a very showy plant for a large bor- der. It blends nicely with the several shades of pink, rose and white colors of the perennial phlox. This bed started off in the spring with tulips, narcissus, and siimilar plants, which were followed by several varieties of German iris. In succes- sion came early blooming phlox and d few roses. Two or three oannas were inserted in the bed to give it a better foliage effect, and a few bright colored annuals were dotted in here and there where roCm could be found. This bed was the admiration of every one who came to the garden. It consisted of a very cheap variety of flowers, for which reason it could be copied by any flower lover, be he rich or poor. Success With Sweet Peas ^ Arthur Waller, Cobourg, Ont. I grow sweet peas as follows : As scon as the ground is fit in the spring, I use a Planet Junior hand cultivator and plow out a furrow about nine inches deep. 1 then put in some well-rotted manure, sprinkle it with some fine mould, and sow the peas, covering them with about two inches of fine earth. This is pressed down firmly. As soon as they begin to grow, I keep the gr*ound well cultivated. I hill them up till the ground is level again. The main point about growing sweet peas is the watering. All through the growing period I give them plenty of water. I always try to have my sweet peas as near to the hydrant as possible. I place a lawn sprinkler amongst the rows 'and let it run for two or three hours till the ground is thoroughly soaked. Watering like this once or twice is sufficient. 1'he space between the rows is used for lettuce, spinach and radish. They are done by the time the peas begin to climb. I then spread lawn clippings between the rows. This helps to keep the ground moist. Possibilities of a City Garden Mrs. H. D. Gibson, Ottawa, Ont. We were surprised last year to find how much can be raised on a small area of land and the delights which the grow- ing of one's own vegetables bring to the gardener. Our plot is about thirty feet square, and until last year had been an ash heap and grown up with weeds so that it did not give a very good start for amateurs. We had one corner about twelve feet square in corn, half of which was early, and the rest in a later var- iety. From this we had corn from the last week in July until the end of August. We picked eighty ears — all a very good size. We had all the green onions, let- tuce, and radishes a family of four could use. We planted a couple of rows of each of these about two or three weeks later, so when the first were finished we had the second planting coming in fresh and young. In another corner we tacked chicken wire over the fence and trained our cucumbers over it, as they take up too much room on the ground. We had all we could eat and use for pickling. I have no idea how many we had alto- gether. One morning I remember pick- ling a dozen just a nice size for eating. We had peas and beans and all the car- rots and beets we could use and two gal- lons of carrots to bring in when the frost came. We had one and one-half dozen topiato plants from which we got lots of tomatoes to use and picked two and one-half bushels just before the frost came. W'e planted seed onions, but these were not a huge success on ac- count of the maggots. A dozen cabbage plants which were planted too close were rather a failure. We grew all this in less than half of our thirty-foot plot, as our first intention was to have a flower garden, with a few vegetables as an experiment. We enjoyed having them picked fresh; and picked just when they were ready made such a difference in the flavor. In the flower garden we had nearly four hundred gladioli bulbs, which were beautiful from the end of July until the frost came. We had also six dahlias, pansies, Shasta daisies, phlox, mignon- ette, larkspur, asters, nasturtiums, sweet peas, and a perennial border along one fence. We took a great deal of enjoy- ment out of this little garden, and this year hope to remedy some of our mis- takes. See that garden tools are in good re- pair and sharpened. June, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 153 Cultural Hints on Vegetables J. H. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls WHEN this article appears in print, the ambitious amateur gardener may have his garden fully cropped. If so, so much the bet- ter. His work does not necessarily end here, however; he must concern himself with the proper cultivation of his soil. One of the best ways to culti- vate and so conserve moisture in the soil is to hoe or rake the surface. A good dutch 'hoe, six inches or eight in- ches wide, and a steel garden rake are two of the best tools a person can use. The former must not be mistaken for the ordinary draw hoe, a mistake which is quite common. The draw hoe is like a rake with a solid blade in the place of teeth; a dutch hoe is like a pitch- fork with a flat blade on the end of the prongs or tines. A dutch hoe is a good cultivator, is easy to handle, it is a splendid weed eradicator, and as it breaks the surface quite evenly it prevents the moistur(; from escaping, and so conserves it for the use of the crop. In use, the dutch hoe is so operated that a person walks backward, thus the cultivated ground is not tramped. With the draw toe, the reverse is the case. Do not mis- understand me, the draw hoe also has its uses, namely, for making drills or for hilling crops of various kinds ; but as a cultivator it is only a good second. Even in the ease of a garden fully cropped, the thought of a succession of crops will occupy the mind of the owner, aaid those who unfortunately have as yet not cropped their lot will also ibe thin'king of what they shall plant. Succession crops of peas, let- tuce, radishes and spinach may be sown. It is not too late for beans, corn, beets, carrots and turnips. There is still time for a late crop of potiatoes, provided they are planted at once. Last year the writer planted potatoes on the first of July and harvested six bushels from three square rods. Late cab- bages and cauliflowers, also celery, melons and cucumbers, may be planted. Buy large plants of these as it is too late to sow seed. The Cauliflower Bed. Last year perhaps you were dis- couraged with your cauliflowers. Many people fail with these because they do not realize that very few plants re- quire as much moisture for their de- velopment. Its large leaves give out enormous quantities of water vapor, and if a sufficient supply is not given at the root, gnarled and dwarfed plants will result. Plant three feet apart and three between rows, so as to ensure free eultivation. Many of the large kinds, like Carter's Autumn Giant, will even touch each other at this distance. Between the rows of cauliflowers a little intensive eultivajtion may be prac- tised, in that quick-growing crops, such as lettuce and radishes, may be sown and harvested ere they interfere with the main crop. Cauliflowers do well on a heavy soil made porus by gener- ous applications of stable manure. Celery requires even more moisture than the cauliflowers, therefore plant it Peonies and Iris Germanica in the garden of Mr. J. R. Thomp-son. Hamilton. Ont. in trenches in either single or double rows. Make your trench two feet wide, and at least nine inches deep. Care- fully fork the bottom of the trench, at the same time working in a barrow load of well rotted stable manure to every fifty feet. Plant the rows one foot apart, and allow one foot between the plants in the rows. If your row is single, the trenielh should be only one foot in width. As the plants develop, gradually earth up with fine soil. This will favor even blanching. Boards are sometimes used for this purpose, but soil itself is natiire's material, and has for ages given unsurpassed results. Soil will completely exclude light, and when your plants are lifted they will be crisp and toothsome. Celery loves a deep, rich and moist soil. It is almost impos- sible to kill it with stable manure. Cultural Hints. A few cultural hints will now be timely. Success in the cultivation of carrots, parsnips and other tap-rooted crops, depends greatly upon the aera- tion of the soil. These crops will now be ready for thinning. Thin parsnips to five inches apart and carrote three to four. Fork carefully between the rovys to prevent undue hardening of the soil. In this respect, try a little experiment. Fork a certain area and compare its produce with that of an unforked area of the same size. Especially in the case of the parsnip, thorough deep cultiva- tion is worth while, and is a necessary factor if large, well-shaped roots of good quality are desired. Only through its agency will air be admitted to the lower soil strata to which the plant reaches, and from whioh it takes its mineral food. Use the hoe and rake freely among all crops. If you desire your vegetable plot to be a source of real pleasure and profit, cultivate incessantly. Cultiva- tion is better than watering, although at times the latter is very necessary. A good dutch hoe or small cultivator, and a good garden hose with the necessary water supply, make a very 'happy eom- biniation. ^ Pithiness in Celery John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. The pithiness in celery is not due to a hot, dry season, wrong time for seed sowing, to light soil, or similar causes as many growers seem to think, but to the use of a cheap, poorly grown seed. Pithi- ness is a characteristic of some varieties and strains of celery, just as much as form and color, and like form and color, is transmitted and reproduced generation after generation. The seed from stalks producing pithy plants will give pithi- ness in the offspring, while the seed from solid stalks will produce solid stalks re- gardless of the land on which the plants are grown. J5( THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST The Canadian Horticulturist COMniNHU WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which hns been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publishing Company, Limited, PETERBORO, ONTARIO H. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director. The Only Magazines In Their Field In the Dominion Official Organs of the Ontario and Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations and of the Ontario, Manitoba and New Brunswick Beekeepers* Associ- ations. REPRESENTATIVES IINITED STATES STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL, AGENCY. Chicago Office — People's Gas Building. New York Office — Tribune Building. GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 3 Regent St., London, S.W. 1. Tlie Canadian Horticulturist is publislied in three editions on the 25th day of the month preceding date of issue. The first edition is known as the fruit edition, and is devoted chiefly to the commercial fruit interests. The second edition is known as the floral edition, and is devoted chiefiy to the interests of ama- teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The third edition is known as The Canadian Horti- culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first and second issues are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping interests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, $1.00 a year; three years for $2.00, and of The Cana- dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions In Peterboro (not called for at the Post OfBce), 2.') cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances sliould be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. Change of Address — When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both tlie old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 5. Advertising rates, $1.40 an inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Cnt. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December 1913. Tlie figures given are exclusive of samples and .spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample copies, from 13.000 to 15,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo- ple known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1913 ...11,570 August. 1913 12,675 February, 1913 ..11,550 March, 1913 11,209 April, 1913 11,970 May, 1913 12,368 June. 1913 12,618 July. 1913 12.626 September, 1913 .13,729 October. 1913 ...13,778 November, 1913 .12,967 December, 1913 .13,233 Total 150,293 Average each Issue In 1907 6.627 Average each Issue In 1913 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti- culturist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise- ment In The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex- pense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes be- tween subscribers and honorable business men who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THE CAN.\DIAN HORTICULTURIST. PETERBORO, ON'T. Canada's Seed Supply Last year when the European war hroke out the public was advised that there was little danger of there being a shortage this J ear in our supply of seeds, of flowers and vegetables, owing to the fact that for the most part these had been procured before the outbreak of hostilities. We were warned, however, that should the war continue for more than a year the situation in 1916 would be more serious. It appears to be evident that the war is likely to last much longer ihan was at first anticipated. The public is beginning to resign itself to the conviction that Lord Kitchener's prediction that the war would last three years may prove to be not fai from the mark. This makes it important that attention should be given this year to the growing of vegetable and flower seeds so that we may be ready for all contingen- cies. The Dominion Government is to be commended for its action in issuing a bul- letin dealing with this subject. Those who would like to undertake the growing of field root, vegetable and flower seeds, will find much helpful information in this bulletin. It is bulletin No. 22, issued by the Central E.xperimental Farm, Ottawa. Eliminating the Middle Man So much has been said of late years and so little apparently has been aocompliihed in the direction of eliminating the unneces- sary middleman in the marketing of the fruit crop there is a natural tendency some- times for a feeling of discouragement to as- sert itself on the part of the individual fruit grower. Nevertheless, the problem may be nearer a solution than many suppose. The fact that the prices received by fruit growers are often so small whereas the sums mulucted from the consumers are often so high as to be practically prohibitive, has ied to this problem being attacked from dif- ferent angles. Fruit growers are organizing co-operative companies to eliminate ex- pense in the marketing of their crop, while consumers are forming co-operative socie- ties in order that they may be able to pur- chase their supplies more cheaply. In some cases fruit growers have opened up stores in nearby cities where consumers are able to purchase their fruit direct. Recently the United Fruit Growers of Nova Scotia Ltd., opened a store in Halifax which deals in all lines of farm supplies as well as in fruit and which already has worked up a large trade. In Toronto the Labor Unions have been working for some time to estab- lish direct connection with the producers. The land question, as we have pointed out before, is a factor which must be considered before a final solution can be reached. It is gratifyins, however, to note that the in- terest in this subject is now so general. Spare the Native Flowers The rapid disappearance in many sec- tions of Ontario of some of our most beauti- ful native wild flowers calls attention once more to the need for uhited action being taken by responsible organizations for the preservation of our native plants. Several states of the American Union have enacted laws prohibiting the removal of some of the most attractive and delicate wild flowers from wa.-5ic oi v\Lti7U"ru laiids. ijio ujj^ging up of pfcrennial roots and the plucking of Uie flowers of annuals have been made ciimlaal offences. Every spring there is a stampede by msuiy t^wn and city people to the adjacent woods to pick the first wild flowers. This tendency IS a natural one, although it cannot be com- mended. Did the people who pick these flowers realize the damage they were doing they might be restrained from actions, the final result of which is the destruction of the very things they love. Lovers of wild flowers can perform a valuable educational work by writing to their local papers asking for the protection of these beautiful deni- zens of our woods and dells. The local horticultural societies of Ontario, acting through the Ontario Horticultural Associa- ^ tion, might well bring pressure to bear upon the Provincial Government to have suitable legislation enacted in Ontario. Mothers' Day The observance of iMothers' Day this year was more general and successful than ever before. Seldom, if ever, has the observance of a general custom sprung into such hearty favor and widespread acceptance as has been the case with Mothers' Day. The de- mand for flowers has grown so rapidly that florists find it a difficult matter to obtain a large enough supply to meet the require- ments of the public. This year this led in some centres to quite a demand for wild flowers which were picked by children and sold or itreet corners. It is pleasing to note that on the whole, florists appear to appreciate the spirit of the day and have not shown an undue tendency to ask un- reasonable prices for flowers. A regrettable tendency was noticed this year in some sections to use artificial flow- ers. Where patriotic organizations sold flowers on Mothers' Day artificial flowers were sometimes used to augment the supply of real flowers even before the latter had become exhausted. Such action is not likely to meet with public approval. If one's love for one's mother is such as to lead to a desire to evidence it by the sending or wearing of a flower, the natural impulse of the heart must be to secure the best obtainable. Naturally, this cannot partake of the arti- ficial. The use of artificial flowers for such a purpose should be discouraged in every possible way. Dominion Fruit Commissioner Johnson is doing things in Ms Department, and the things he is doing are receiving the hearty commendation of fruit growers. Two im- portant moves he has made lately provide for the inspection of baskets used by fruit growers, as turned out by the different bas- ket factories, and the inspection of fruit packages by the fruit inspectors for im- mature fruit. Action along both lines has been required for some years. It is gratify- ing to know that an improvement may be expected during the coming season. .A rather striking custom has sprung up in English society since the outbreak of the war. It is the wearing of purple pansies by people who have had an intimate friend or relative wounded at the front. English society has pou'-ed out the best of its young manhood for the defence of the Empire. The result is that there are few people in English society who have not had at least a friend and more often a relative. who has been wounded in some of the many engage- ments. At some of the fashionable gather- ings practically all the women of late have worn these flowers. June, 191o. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 155 m PUBLISHER'S DESK Our front cover illustration this month shows a section of the paeony bed at the Guelph Agricultural College. These beauti- ful flowers are becoming more popular every year. They deserve to advance in public favor. We take pleasure in welcoming a new horticultural publication in Canada known as Garden Life, the first issue of which ap- peared in March and which is published in Montreal. The publishers have selected as its field the interests of amateur gardeners and poultry keepers. The subscription price is $1.00 a year. The issues of this new publication that we have seen are well il- lustrated and contain well written articles by leading authorities. The cause of horti- culture in Canada should be advanced by the advent of this new publication. Last month we announced that in view of the success of our efforts to have the apple recognized as the national dish of Canada, we had decided to offer a prize of ten dol- lars for the best piece of poetry not over four verses in length, extolling the merits of the apple and referring to it as Canada's national dish. This contest is to close on June 20th. Some contributions have already come to hand. We would like to sceive many more. If you are a local poet er know of any who might be interested in this contest we will appreciate it if you will take part or draw it to the attention of others. The unanimous opinion among fruit grow- ers that the apple shall be recognized as the national dish of Canada has naturally led to the suggestion being made that we should select a national flower. Already sugges- tions have been advanced that the paeony, the pansy, and certain other flowers should be chosen for this purpose. We would like to receive from readers of The Canadian Horticulturist a number of brief letters stat- ing which flowers they would like to see selected and their reasons for their choice. The Canadian Horticulturist desires to in- crease its circulation and for that purpose would like to obtain the assistance of ener- getic, capable representatives in the An- napolis Valley, the leading fruit districts of Ontario, and in British Columbia, as well as in some of our leading cities and towns. In the latter centers a canvass might be made among amateur flower growers. We have a liberal proposition to make to all who may be interested. Agents must submit sat- isfactory recommendations. Let us hear believe have impressed our readers favor- from you. Have you noticed the improved type we are using in the headings of The Canadian Horticulturist and the general improvement In the typographical appearance? Starting with the May issue, we made some impor- tant innovations wliir-li we have reason to ably. A slight error crept into the article en- titled, "The Growing of Cabbage," by A. W. Cook, of Vittoria, published In our April Is- sue. The article stated that those who had cabbasps had made a good profit last year. The article was one which had been in type .for nearly a year. The words mentioned re- ferred to the crop of 1913-1914. The Prairies' View (Farm and Ranch Review) The British Columbia fruit growing in dustry presents a problem. It is not a pleasanjt task to state this problem or i,j discuss it, but nothing is to be gained by concealing the facts. Briefly stated, it is that fruit growing has been unprofitable and promises very little for the immediate fu- ture with the present range of labor ex- penses, transportation charges, commis- sions and consuming capacity of the natural market. Consumers of apples on the prairies do not like to think that the fruit growing in- dustry is in such a bad state or that it can be cured by so simple an expedient as a higher tariff. Consumers naturally claim they had no part in the senseless overcapi- talization of British Columbia fruit land, and object to paying any part of the losses so incurred. They further claim that they have objected to the imposition of the tariff which has added to the cost of the produc- tion of British Columbia fruit. It Is quite plain, however, that there has been waste and loss in establishing the fruit growing industry, and that there is not sufficient op- portunity to recoup that loss from consum- ers. The single tax would have prevented such loss 'by removing the incentive to speculate, and the free trader denies the right of anyone to place the burden of the lass on consumers by means of a high tariff. Prairie people are, to a large degree, disciples of Henry George and Richard Cob- den and this makes the solution of the fruit growing^ problem much more complicated and difficult. The natural solution of the problem would be to let the burden rest upon the owners of ithe land and orchards (including those who sold the land to pres- ent owners at high prices) until such times as the prairie market becomes large enough to take all the British Columbia fruit at the then current prices. In time such a market will develop and the fruit lands of British Columbia will not be too extensive for the market hut for the time being the fruit growing industry is like many other thing.s, rather overdone for the volume of trade im- mediately available. wmimmmmmmwAmwmiimmmmim SOCIETY NOTES rmmmmmm^mmrmwmmm/mmm Vacant Lot Gardening The vacant lot garden work in Regina has made satisfactory progress. Before the end of April 538 lots were taken up, and it was expected that the 600 mark would be pa.ssed before the planting season closed. Dr. Andrews, in writing concerning this work, states that "the Bureau of Public Welfare is planning to take two blocks of lots for the use of families that they have had to help. They will advance them the seed and pay for the plowing of their lots. The Bureau will hold their leases and expect to be re- couped when the garden stuff Is ready to be sold. In most cases the Bureau may take it off their hands at a valuation and credit the gardeners with it, for their winter supplies." Dr. Andrews states that "general interest in gardening will mean about 2,000 more gard- ens in the city than last year. Many back lots are being dug up which were never cultivated before. Many of the best citizens are taking vacant lots to supplement the home garden in the back lot." Horticulturists Visit Rochester The deputation of members of horticul- tural societies in Ontario, organized by a special committee of The Ontario Horti- cultural Association, composed of J. W. Burgoyne of St. €atharines, F. E. Bennett of St. Thomas, and J. Lockie Wilson of To- ronto, which visited the famous parks of Rochester, New York, on Sunday and Mon- day, May 23 and 24, had an enjoyable trip. The party comprised excursionists from Toronto, iSt. Catharines, Hamilton, Grimsby, Brantford, Stratford, Guelph, Cayuga and St. Thomas. Sunday, May 23rd, was Flower Day at Rochester, and it was estimated that 30,000 to 50,090 people visited the famous Highland Park of that city. Rochester is a noted floral centre. In its Highland Park may be found a wonderful assortment of the leading shrubs and flowers of the continent, as well as many varieties imported from Japan, China and other foreign countries. Flower Day is held at one of the most favorable seasons of the year for seeing the Park to the best advan- tage. The excursionists from Ontario had a most profitable trip. St. Thomas The St. Thomas Society recently received an extra shipment of i20,000 gladioli from Holland, the result of a mistake in cabling. Ten thousand were disposed of to the Stra'.- ford and Windsor societies and other places, and the remaining ten thousand to local members, making a total of 30,000 bulbs planted by our members, of such va- rieties as Faust, Baron Hulot, Willie Wig- am, America, Lily Lehman, Halley, and Princeps. Two flower shows were held in May. The first was for early tulips and other spring flowers. About one hundred and fifty va- rieties of tulips were exhibited and about five hundrfed entries were made. The Darch & Hunter silver cup for largest and best exhibit was won for the second tim'J by Dr. F. E. Bennett, with an exhibit of 125 distinct varieties of early tulips. Mr. Frank Arnold won a cut glass vase for the best six bouquets of tulips of six blooms each. The show was for two days. An orchestra was present on both evenings. It was held in the Library Auditorium, and from an educa- tional standpoint was the most successful show ever held. All the tulips were classi- fied and named so that visitors to the show could select the varieties that they fancied and order them through the Society latei on. The second show was for Darwins only, some sixty varieties being shown. Among the largest exhibitors were J. C. Crowbie with about 25 varieties. F. E. Bennett with 49 varieties, and Frank Arnold with 15 varieties. This show was purely educa- tional. No tickets were awarded nor judg- ing done. It was held for two days and placed in a store window. The interest' created was even greater than with the early tulips, and St. Thomas' reputation as the Tulip 'City will be well earned next spring. Eighteen large cement urns of artistic design, four feet high, with a bowl 22 inclies across, are being put on the street corners at suitable places on Talbot St. They are being filled with the choicest geraniums, vines, coleus, etc. In the Niagara District, in spite of two heavy frosts which injured the strawberries and early tomato vines, the fruit crop pro- mises to be a large one. 166 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1915. Better Methods of Marketing Required C. W. Baxter, Fruit Division, Ottawa Is the retailer's profit on apples exces- sive, and does he control the situation In the matter of Increased consumption? I am convinced that in too many cases the profit on apples is exorbitant and much in excess of many articles which the retailer sells. Under our present system the retail- ers control the situation to a great extent. Apple growers have devoted their time to production. Few have studied market con- ditions. They are unorganized, and have done nothing to create a demand or to in- crease consumption. If we can increase the demand and obtain better distribution, we can secure better prices. Although we are convinced of the excessive profit frequently made on apples, we are also convinced that the net profit of the retailer (with special reference to the grocer) is anything but great. In fact, the net profit is less than on most lines of business which requires so much hard work. And the question here presents itself, does the apple grower con- tribute to the cost of selling other pro- ducts? If it costs the retailer, for example, 18 per cent, to do business and he is sell- ing other lines which the organized efforts of manufacturers and keen competition com- pel him to sell on a 7 or 10 per cent, ad- vance, the difference must be made up on other goods. All too frequently the profits on apples, I believe, do contribute to this deficiency. It is not the fault of the retailer, but the system, and the remedy is in the hands of the grower. Another important feature connected with the retail end of apple selling is the ques- tion of waste. The waste is altogether loo great and the retailer must protect himself against this. Whether the fruit has been sold f. o. b. cars or in the orchard unpack- ed, the distributor must take all chances against waste, and owing to the very care- less methods of handling the fruit in pick- ing and packing, the waste is enormous. The practice of picking and packing a few windfalls, which at the time appear to be undermarked, with hand-picked fruit which in winter varieties is bound to fall down in a short time, is responsible for a portion of this waste. Overpressing is another reason for waste. I am satisfied that over- pressing is responsible for three-quarters of it. In the course of our inspection work we frequently find long keeping varieties with apples split open, one-third down in the barrel. Just so long as this condition of packing exists. Just so long will the re- tailer provide for this waste. We have mentioned some of the evils of the industry from the point of production to the consumer and can only conclude that the fault does not lie with the producer, nor yet with the distributor, but with the sys- tem. The remedy for most of these evils is in the hands of the growers. Just as a number of the evils of the mar- keting and distribution of the fruit of growers in Nova Scotia and the Pacific Coast states have been overcome by the organization of a central body, the same business methods applied to the industry in Ontario and Quebec would bring about similar results. In order to obtain this, growers must first organize into local as- sociations. A central selling organization of the fruit growers of the province of Que- bec may seem to be impracticable, but local conditions are excellent for local organiza- tions, and if this were done a central body would surely follow. In British Columbia there are certain varieties of apples which grow better there than anywhere else. It is the same in On- tario and the Maritime Piovinces. Nowhere can the famous Mcintosh Red and Fameuse apples be grown as well as in the province of Quebec and eastern Ontario. These two varieties, admittedly the best of all des- sert varieties, are of the highest commer- cial value. Has the grower of these varie- ties received a fair share of the price paid for them by the consumer? Compare the price the consumer is paying to-day for these varieties, with the price the grower received. Some may say that the difference is due to the unsettled condition of the mar- ket, but 80 far as these varieties are con- cerned, this year does not differ from any other, for the reason that the supply has not been equal to the demand at the pre vailing prices of other good varieties, and the consumer is prepared to pay a higher price. Organization has not yet overcome all the evils connected with the marketing and distribution of fruit. We have, however, excellent examples of the great advantages it has over individual efforts. The solvinji of these problems is too great a task to b(- accomplished by the individual grower. The only remedy is through systematic co-opera- tion, and the adoption of twentieth cen- tury business methods, which will give tin grower control of his fruit from orchard to market and a more equitable division of the profits. Fruit Refrigeration Investigation at Grimsby J By Edwin Smith, B.Sc, in Cold Storage Experimental Plant, Grimsby, Ont. " IT has for a long time been believed that refrigeration facilities located in country points for the use of fruit-growers and shippers in the pre-cooling, assembling or cold storing of tender fruits, offered great possibilities for the improvement of the fruit trade. Many of these possibilities were demonstrated and their value realized in practical use last season in connection with the experimental pre-cooling and fruit stor- age warehouse at Grimsby, Ontario. The total failure of the peach crop in this part of Ontario greatly cut down the fresh fruit shipments, but even with cherries, plums, tomatoes and pears the plant operated at about one quarter full capacity. Thirty- nine cars of pre-cooled fruit were handled, many of which were assembled over three or four days. Many growers held medium or small lots of tender fruits for a few days for better markets. Blockades in transpor- tation and marketing that often cause heavy losses in tender fruits were met by holding fruit a few days in cold storage. During the winter the warehouse was used for the cold btorage of apples, pears and cabbage. The project is having its greatest effect in a demonstrative way. In many instances from $50 to $200 per car was gained by tak- ing advantage of this plant. In the case of the raspberry crop, which is not important in this district, $3,000 was saved the vicinity in a single week. During the winter and spring the Grimsby equipment has been put into shape to oper- ate at full capacity during the coming season, in view of the present prospects for a heavy fruit crop. The services of Mr. J. M. Creelman of Guelph, have been secured as scientific assistant. Mr. Creelman has had a wide experience in handling fruit in Ontario, British Columbia and California. The work during 1915 will be carried on in three divisions: (1) Commercial Service; (2) Experiments and Demonstrations in Shipping; (3) Scientific Records on Fruits under different Cold Storage Conditions. The first division will cover the pre-cooling and shipping of fruit for shippers and grow- ers in a strict commercial manner, charging fixed rates for the service. The second will take up the handling of fruit as well as its refrigeration; experimental shipments in carload lots will be carried out, using pack- ages and methods that are not now in vogue in the Niagara district, but which are satis- factory in other fruit districts and markets; a study of the costs and returns from these methods and packages; the effect of careful handling upon long distance shipments; methods of loading and icing refrigerator cars; the rate of pre-cooling and its effect on fruit, etc. Government Pre-cooling .'ind Cold Storage Plant at Grimsby, Ont. The refrigerator capacity i.s 50,000 cubic feet. The space on the ground floor is divided into four rooms, each large enough to handle two carloads of fruit at the same time. June, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 157 Under the third division comes the ex- periments with small lots of the leading varieties of fruits under different cold stor- age conditions, carrying on the work started last year which covered the following: — Strawberry— Williams. Cherries — Governor Wood, Early Rich- mond, Montmorency. Gooseberries — Columbus (European), Downing (American). Black Currant — Prince of Wales. Red Currant — Red Dutch. Blackberry — Lawton. Blueberry — Canada. Raspberry — Cuthbert. Plums— Bradshaw, Washington Gage, Yellow Egg, Reine Claude, Grand Duke. Tomatoes — Earliana, Chalk's Jewel, Dan- ish Export. Grapes— Niagara, Concord, Agawam, Lindley, Wilder, Catawba, Vergenne. Canada's Fruit Exhibit Win. Hutchinson, Canadian Commissioner General The Canadian Palace at the Panama Ex- position in San Francisco, Cal., Is a rec- tangular building 330 x 210 feet, and a weld- ing of New-Greek and Colonial architecture. Impressive British lions guard the main entrances, and numerous huge columns all around the building contribute to give It an imposing and stately appearance. Gar- dens surround the majestic edifice. The ma- terials used in the construction of the pa- vilion are wood, plaster and cement. Perhaps Canada's boldest display is in her fruit, for here she brings her strawberries, her pears, her peaches, her apples and all her native fruits to compete with the great products of California. Here Canada beards California in her own den, as it were, and YOU WILL BE SORRY If, next fall, you have to pay reg- ular prices for your bulbs, when by ordering them now you could get them for half the money. Get our import bulb catalogue at once. Orders must be sent in this month. Morgan^s Supply House London, Ont. FREE LAND For the SETTLER in NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain- able free and at a nominal cost are call- ing for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full Information as to terms, regu- lations, and settlers rates, write to H. A. Macdonell Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings, TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF, Minister of Agriculture Parliament Bidgs., Toronto the display of fruit she makes is an admir- able one. The blush of nature has not yet left it and it looks very fresh, very inviting and very beautiful. In one corner are shown the orchards from which all this delightful fruit comes. These orchards placed among fields of blue grass are inhabited by men, women and children in miniature, busily engaged In gathering apples, pears, plums and peaches. On the ground are seen hundreds of baskets of real fruit, put there to show the world the sort that Canada grows. In another part, in Jars, is a display of table fruits and jams Quebec's Demonstration Orchards Prof. T. G. Bunting, B.S.A., Macdonald College THERE have been a number of demon- stration orchards established in the better-iknown fruit sections of this provmce, which have t)een under the man- agement of the Department of Agriculture and the Pomological and Fruit Growing So- ciety, and these have been successful in encouraging the taking of greater interest in the many old orchards of these respec- tive sections. In recent years there has been a very keen demand for information and instruc- tion in apple growing in some sections where apple growing has not been put on a firm basis. Realizing this, the HorUculture Department of Macdonald College has lieen holding orchard demonstrations in pruning, spraying, grafting, and management of orchards in various districts. These meet- ings have been held in orchards at the fol- lowing places:— Ayer's Cliff. North Hatley, Smith's Mills, Rootobnm and Shawville, and at other points as opportunity oc- curred. In addiUon, it has (been deemed wise to estaJblisTi a numlber of illustratiom orchards at central points in sections out- side of the better-known apple districts. At Lennoxville and at ShaiwviUe, small ap- ple orchards of 50 trees of Mclntoslh and Fameuse have heen planted, and it Is the intention to add more varieties to these In the near future and also to establish other plantings of a similar nature elsewhere. Only those varleUes that are perfectly hardy and most likely to be satisfactory are being planted. The orchards are Intended to ^be a gathering place for meetings In the future as well as a demonstration of just what may be accomplished in apple groiwing in these sections. The two orchards already planted are un- der the management of the Macdonald Col- lege demonstrators located at ShajvFville and Lennoxville, and *oth of these orchards have done exceptionally well during the past year. Plans are now heing made for the planting of several more orchards in the spring. British Columbia Fruit Prospects R. M. Winslow, Victoria, B.C., Provincial Hirliculturist The general outlook is for a fruit crop in British Columbia slightly in excess of last year. There has been very little winter ti- jury and only slight injury from spring : frosts. Soil moi.sture conditions are gener- ally favorable throughout the interior, but unusually dry weather In all Coast and Island sections to date makes considerable rain necessary for normal yields. Orchards are generally receiving care, at least as good as previously, while generally better care Is noted In most Interior sec- tions. Dormant sprays were applied on about 7.5 per cent, of cared-for orchards in the Island and Coast sections, while about 25 per cent, of Dry Belt orchards were given tile dormant spray. In the Interior humid Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. Hardy Plants Grown in Canada We name below a few things that we de- sire to emphasize, viz.: Anemone Japonica, "Alba" and "Mont Rose," each 15c, 10 for $1.25; Aquilegia (Columbine), each 15c, 10 for $1.25; Arabis Alpina, each 15c, 10 for $1.25, 100 for $10.00; Artemisia Lactlflora (new), each 25c; Asters, hardy (Michaelmas Daisies), 12 varieties, each 15c, 10 for $1.25; Delphiniums (Gold Medal Hybrids), each 20c. 10 for $1.50; Helenium, "Riverton Beauty" and "R. Gem," each 20c; Hemero- callis, 3 sorts, each 15c and 20c, 10 tor $1.25 and $1.50; Kniphofla (Trltoma) "Pfltzerl," each 15c. 10 for $1.25; Pansies, in separate colors, 10 for 45c; Shasta Daisies, 3 sorts, each 25c, 3 of each for $1.80; Dahlias (plants only), 10 sorts, each 15c, 10 for $1.25; China Asters, grown in pots, 6 sorts, 10 for 25c, 100 for $1.25; Antirrhinums, including Silver Pink, 10 for 60c; Salvia, "Bonfire," each 10c, 10 for 75c; Hollyhocks, 5 sorts, each 20c; Hardy Garden Pink, "Mrs. Sinkins," each 20c; Digitalis (Foxglove), 4 sorts, 1-year plants, each 20c. Geraniums, Scabiosa Stocks, Gladioli. Please add postage, as per schedule, when remitting. JOHN CAVERS Peerless Climax Fruit Baskets Heaviest, Strongest and Best In the market. Especially suitable for long distance shipping. Protect your requirements by ordering EARLY Canada Wood Products Co. St. Thomas, Ont. ir.s THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST JUli Northern Bred Italian Queens (itinrnntced as good as can bo had. Leaflet, "How to Introduce Queens," 15c; "How to Increase," 16c; both, 2Bc. E. E. MOTT, GLENWOOD, MICH. THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE 185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont., successors to The Chas. E. Hopper Co. Full line of Root Co.'s goods; also Made-ln-Canada goods; also Dadant's Foundation. Extractors and Engines ; Gleanings and other bee Jour- nals: Prairie State Incubators. Get the best. Catalogue and price lists free. Three-Banded Italians Twenty years' selection and breeding is why Murry's queens are better. A trial order will convince you. Safe arrival and Satisfaction guaranteed. Prices after May 1st: 1 6 12 Untested 75 $4.00 $7.50 Tested $1.25 6.50 12.00 Bees, by the pound, J1.50. Better let me book your orders now. H. D. MURRY MATHIS - - TEXAS THREE BANDED ITAUAN BEES AND QUEENS Bred from good, hardy, indus- trious stocli in a locality where disease has never been known. We have a large, well-equipped queen rearing yard, and can ' usually fill all orders promptly. Purity of mating, safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Ready in May. Untested Queens, $1 each; 6, $5; 12, $9. Tested, $1.50 each. Select tested, $2.50 each. Breeding Queens, $5. ut scab sprdying is mucii more general. iTuit pests are in evidence. Varioas insects, especially aptiis, are more in evidence ttian usual, and mucti peacli leaf curl is reported in the Liower OKana- gan. Fire Blight is only oc^sionally active as yet, wiiicli is promising. Strawberries. — The bearing acreage is about equal to 1914. In the Coast sections rain is needed to give crops equal to last year. Dry Belt strawberries usually pro- •) niise a much better yield, while In the West Kooteuay the yield Is likely to be lighter than last year. Riaspberries. — The bearing acreage has increased slightly, and all districts report plantations as promising for good yields. Sour Cherries. — The condition is about the same as last year, with prospects for abo'ut the same production, or slight in- crease. Sweet Cherries. — Generally in fair condi- tion, with prospects for practically as large a yield in the interior but a considerable de- crease on the Coast. Peaches. — In the Okanagan many trees have been cut out and a serious amount of peach leaf curl is present, but the set is ex- ceptionally heavy with prospects for ship- ments much greater than last year. Plums. — In nearly all sections there are prospects tor a plum crop ju.st aboitt equal to last year, occasionally heavier, but in the Okanagan a yield of two-thirds of last year is to be expected. Pears. — Blossomed heavily in all districts, and usually a crop equal to last year and increases up to 25 per cent, greater are reported. Apples. — The Coast apple crop seems like- ly to equal 1914, the winter varieties being in best condition. In the Thompson River section the yield will not equal last year, the present prospect being for 60 per cent. In Salmon ArmiArmstrong district the old trees are generally rather light, and the total yield will he somewhat less than last year. In the Okanagan, Vernon is reported as having a very fair increase in prospect, while Lake Points show a slight decrease. Total shipments may siightly exceed last year. In the Boundary, the apple crop will be slightly less than last year, while in the West Kootenay the increase will be very considerable. While the season is gener- ally reported as a week or ten days ahead of normal, prospects are still far from defin- ite, and this report gives only the most gen- eral outline, which may be modified very considerably before the end of June. Northwestern States. — It seems certain that the apple crop of the Northwestern States will fall short of 1914, especially in Yakima and Spokane. Wpr.atchee expects much the same apple crop as last year. Marketing Immature Fruit D. Johnson, Fruit ConimisMonor. Ottawa The Dominion Fruit Inspectors will be Instructed this season to pay particular at- tention to tlie matter of maturity of the dif- ferent fruits as they come upon the market. Objections have been rais-ed in the past to the packing of grapes, for instance, before I hey were properly mature. Some shlpipers have even gone so far as to over-face their baskC'ts, placing well-ripened grapes on the top TOW, while underneath the fruit was so green as to be unfit for use. Practices such as those described have | had a very depressing effect upon the mar- l;et, as the consumer who once bought a hasket of such fruit would not buy again. Our InsipeotoTB are being instructed to take special precautions to see that no such fruit goes on the market this season. Any cases June, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 159 of over-facing arising from the paclcing of immature fruit will be followed by prose- cution for violation oif 'Section 321 (c) of the Inspection and Sale Aot, Pant IX. NOVA SCOTIA SHIPMENTS. Shipments of last season's crop of apples were made by the United Fruit Growers of Nova Scotia, Ltd., as follows: 'London 155,813 barrels Liverpool 83,704 ■Glasgow 25,087 " Manchester 36,138 " Newfoundland 7,912 Western Canada . . . 22,351 " Local Sales 41,836 " Local Consigned . . . 18,356 " Boston 2,096 " South Africa 1,008 South America 12,000 " Total 406,301 iPotatoes 64,405 470,706 In 'the figures given boxes are included, reckoned as three for a ^barrel. The frost in the Baldwins caused a tremendous shrinkage, and also caused many thousands of barrels to be packed under individual names, as the Company prevented, as far as possible, any fruit thus affected bearing the U.P.C. Brand. Recent bulletins and reports which have reached The Canadian Horticulturist in- clude the following: "Marketing Georgia Peaches," by C. W. Baxter, being circular No. 1 of the Dominion Fruit Division, Ot- tawa. "Manures and Fertilizers,"' by Frank T. Shutt, being circular 'No. S of the Domin- ion Experimental Farm, Ottawa. The Cen- tral Experimental Farm has also issued a Summary of Results in Horticulture for 1914. It tells the story of results experi- mentally achieved in all parts of the coun- try and under varying conditions in the cul- tivation of many species of vegetables, fruits, trees, plants and flowers. Results of hot-house as well as outdoor experiments are detailed. Two other bulletins of tha second series distributed by the Central Experimental Farm are entitled: "The Planting and Care of Shade Trees," by P. E. Buck, B.iS.A.; and "Growing Field Root, Vegetable and Flower Seeds in Canada," by M. O. Malte, Ph.D., Dominion Agrostologist. and W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist. An interesting annooincement contained in this latter bulletin is that the Dominion Government is wiling to aid seed growers by cash subventions, particulars of which may be obtained from the Seed Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. SUGAR When ordering further sup- plies of sugar for your Bees BE SURE TO SPECIFY DOMINION CRYSTALS OUR REPUTATION stands behind them for every purpo.se. and you will find them all PURE SUGAR, therefore the very best obtainable for your Bee feeding. They are .sold by all the leading grocers throughout Canada. ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR PRESERVING Correspondence solicited. DOMINION SUGAR CO , LIMITED Wallaceburg and Berlin, Ont. IF GOOD QUEENS ARE WANTED I have the goods. The pure three-banded Italians and the pure Carniolans, both races from imported mothers. Prices, untested, each 75c; dozen, $8.00. Tested, $1.25 each; dozen, $12.00. Circular Free. GRANT ANDERSON, SAN BENITO, TEXAS BEES FOR SALE Italian Bees,- lb., $2.25; 5 lbs., $10.50; 1-L Frame, $2.00; 2 Fr. Nuc, $3.00; all with Queens. Italian Queens, 75c each; 6 for $4.00. Complete catalogue free. THE DEROY TAYLOR CO. BOX C - NEWARK, N.Y., U.S.A. Miller's Strain Italian Queens By return mail, after June 5th to 10th, or money refunded; bred from best red clover strains 'in United States, in full colonies, from my Superior Breeders, northern bred for business, long tongued, three-banded, gentle, winter well, hustlers. Not inclined to swarm; roll honey in. 1 untested, $1.00; 6, $5.00; 12 $9.00. 1 selected, untested, $1.25: 6, $6.00; 12, $11.00. A specialist of 18 years' experience. Safe arrival and satis- faction guaranteed. 1. F. MILLER, Brockville, Pa., U.S.A. PRICE LIST of Three Banded Red Clover Italian Queens Bred from Tested Stock Untested Queens, $1 each, $5 for six Selected untested, $1.25 each, $7 for six Tested Selected Guaranteed Queens, $2 each Cash With Order W. R. STIRLING Box 214 Rldgetown, Ont. The Beekeepers' Review The Beekeepers' Review is now ju.st beginning to publish those valuable papers read at the Na- tional Beekeepers' Convention at Denver last February. If you were to begin your subscription with the May number none would be missed. We will be pleased to receive your subscription for the last eight months of the year for an e.'en 50c, post-paid to Canadian subscribers. In remitting, say begin with the May number, so as to miss none of those valuable papers. Those papers are only a part of the valuable material we have on hand that will appear during this year, so we are very sure you will receive your money's worth by subscribing for the Review at this. time. The Review is Owned and Published by the Honey Producers Themselves, conse- quently is published wholly to our interest. Kinlly remit by postal note, not stamps, as we can- not use Canadian stamp.s. Address, with remittance. The Beekeepers' Review, Northstar, Mich. The Beekeepers' Review, Northstar, Michigan THOROUGHBRED QUEENS Three-band and Golden Italians my stock. I secured the best stock obtainable, unexcelled for honey gathering and very gentle. No bettor queens to be had, no matter what price you pay. May 1st to July 1st. July 1st to Nov. 1st. 1 R 19 1 R 19 Untested $1.00 $5.00 $9.00 $.75 $4.00 $7.75 Select, untested 1.25 6.00 11.00 1.00 5.00 9.00 Tested 1.50 7.50 12.00 1.25 6.00 10.00 Select, tested 2.00 10.75 18.00 1.75 9.00 16.00 Breeding queens 5.00 = Nuclei— 1 frame 1.50 8.00 15.00 Nuclei— 2 frame 2.50 12.00 22.00 When ordering Nuclei select the queen you wish from the above list and add price to same. No foul brood or diseases. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed to all in the United States and Canada. Address L. MORRISON, R.M.D. No. 1, Argenta, Ark., U.S.A. YOU ARE INTERESTED IN BEES THEN TAKE THE AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL Some SPECIAL FEATURES for 1915 are a series of artlces by FRANK C. PEL- LETT on "Honey Flora," and C. P. DADANT'S articles on his trip abroad and "Queen Rearing In Italy." We have many of the world's best bee writers as contributors. J. L. BYER conducts our Canadian Department. DR. C. C. MILLER writes edi- torials and answers questions. 6 Months' Trial to NEW Subscribers, 40c. Write to AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, Hamilton, 111. Power Honey Extractors Friction drive or with special cut gears, smooth and easy running. Speed control is per- fect and simple. If you are thinking of purchasing a power outfit, write us at once. The Ham & Nott Co., Ltd. BRANTFORD, ONT. 160 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1915. Wilkinson Climax D REGISTIikh*) Ensilage and Straw Cutter Our "B" machine, built especially for the farmer. A combination machine — it will cut and deliver green corn into the highest silo or dry straw or hay into the mow. 12-inch throat, rolls raise 6 inchci and let close to knivci — solid, compact cuttins aurface. Can change cut with- ciii stopping. Can be reversed instantly. Direct pneumatic delivery. Knife wheel carries fans. No lodging, everything cm, wheel always in balance. Steel fan case. Made in twosivtes— mounted oA]nmounIempl>cllAvt. Toronto, C.D.d. The Entomological Division of the Do- minion Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, is distriOruting bulletin No. 9, entitled: "The Army Worm," by Arthur Gibson, Chief Aas.is1.ant Entomologist. The habits of the worm and methods of destroyiag It are de- scribed. The Annual Report of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario for 1914 is being dis- tributed by the Ontario Department of Agri- culture. SANDER & SONS ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND ORCHID GROWERS. The Finest Stock in the World Calalogut on Application HANDIEST IMPLEMENT YOU CAN HAVE You'll tinil a hundred met for Che BisRel Stei'l Stone Boat. Every Fruit Grower nteds one. Made in seTeral BtyleK and sizes. Stiff, durable, unlireakable. T. E. BISSELL Company Limited. ELORA, ONT. ■.^fc..'a>..^fc.-^:^.'^. Make Your Farm PAY WITH a good prospect of high prices for farm products in sympathy with the advance now taking place in wheat and grains, the coming year should be a good one to crowd production, and make your iaxra.pay. You Can Do It With Bradley's Fertilizers They have been for over fifty years the standard by which other fertilizers are judged. They have always brought good crops and improved the soil. They are "crop producers and cost reducers." Old friends will continue to use them. We in- vite new ones to investigate their merits. Send for descriptive booklet. The American Agricultural Chemical Co., 92 State Street, Boston 2 Rector Street, New York Buffalo, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Etc "Experimental Results in Young Or- chards in Pennsylvania" is the title of bulletin No. 134, Issued in April by the School of Agriculture, State College, Penn- sylvania. The Wisconsin Agricultural Ex- perimental Station at Madison, Wis., has issued bulletin No. 252, entitled: "Potato Seed Certification In Wisconsin," by J. G. Milward. British Columbia Considerable attention is being given by fruit companies in the Summeriand Dis- trict to the export trade with Australia, New Zealand, The Orient, South America and South Africa. One firm has received more foreign orders than it will be able to fill. The executive of The United Growers in the Summeriand District has decided to make a change in the method of grading apples. Summer and fall varieties will be packed in different groups. The O.K. brand of the main crop will be reduced to twelve varieties and graded Nos. 1, 2 and 3. These varieties are: Delicious, Grimes' Golden, Jonathan, Molntosh Red, Winter Banana, Yellow Newton Pippin, Northern Spy, On- tario, Wealthy, Wagner, Spitzenburg and Winesap. The other varieties formerly marketed under this brand and the best varieties marketed last year under No. 2 special wil! form another brand similarly graded into Nos. 1, 2 and 3. All others will be shipped as orchard run under a third brand, probably "Economy." • It is probable that a veneer box with solid ends will be used for No. 3 apples, and a slat crate for orchard run. Inspector Cunningham stated recently that the financial stringency and low prices obtained for last year's crop have not pre- vented orchards being kept this year in even better condition than they were a year ago. In the Summeriand District 90 barrels of Lime Sulphur were used in the spring as compared with 20 barrels during the same period last year. Much of this spraying was against the Peach Borer, which caused heavy losses last year. Peach Leaf Curl is prevalent In some orchards. As a result of the change In the duty on Black Leaf Forty, the price this year has been $12.50 a can as against $18.50 last year. The Coldstream Estate has discontinued its nursery. This will mean a considerable loss to the fruit interests of the Province. Mr. Randall, who was the horticulturist at the Coldstream Estate for a number of years, has been appointed to succeed Mr. Treese as Inspector for Summeriand and Naramata. A conference of Union managers was held in Vernon about the middle of May with Mr. .Jackson, the new Manager of the Cen- tral Agency, and with former Manager Robertson. It was decided to reduce the wages paid fruit packers. The price paid for packing apple iboxes will be five cents instead of six cents as formerly, and peach crates two and a half cents instead of three cents. iBasket packing will be done by day work Instead of by piece work. Some ex- perimental shipping will be done in connec- tion with baskets for plums, cherries, prunes, peaches, grapes, apricots and crab apples. The baskets will be four, six and eleven pounds, the latter being almost equal to the ordinary peach crate or box. If they prove successful tor the soft fruits they mav be more largely used in future. The crate will be introduced for orchard- run apples, replacing the box. Thus the cost of orchard-run apples will be made as low as possible. No. 3 apples will also be shipped In crates. Arrangements will pro- bably be made so that both orchard run and No. 3 will be packed in the orchards June, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 161 instead of at the packing houses, tor the sake of economy. Some of the very early apples soich as Red Astrachans, Yellow Transparent and Early Harvests, will be shipped in the eleven pound baskets. NOVA SCOTIA PRICES. The followinig average prices on last yeair's apple isihipments -were realized by members of th© United Fruit Growers' Co., Ltd., of Nova Scotia: Co- No. No. 1 No. 2 op. No. 3 bbls. Btenih€ims $1.54 $1.30 $1.00 $ .90 6,451 Baldwins 1.76 1.50 1.08 .90 58,510 Bishop Pippins ... 1.38 1.11 .89 .75 5,580 Gravensteins — 1st averaging .. . 1.80 1.41 1.50 .90 9,860 2nd averagring . . 1.16 .90 .67 . . 55,714 Mean averaging. 1.31 1.05 .75 . . ... R.I. Greenings ... 2.00 1.50 1.00 .90 8,231 Kings 2.04 1.75 1.30 1.02 32,1'J7 Pewaukee 1.70 1.38 .90 .90 2,422 RLbston 1.50 1.33 1.03 .. 31,604 Starfcr..: 1.75 1.51 1.14 .90 12,061 Seeks 1-85 1.40 1.25 .85 1,485 Twenty Ounce ... 1.70 1.46 1.13 .90 1,403 Wealthy, list aiver. 1.86 1.63 1.02 . . 20b Wealthy, 2nd aver. 1.30 1.03 .70 .70 998 Wagner 1.60 1.40 .90 .80 3,171 wtmnltoA 1.82 1.40 1.20 .. 2,184 ITEMS OF INTEREST. A heavy frost was experienced practically all over Ontario the night of May 26th. It vas one of the worst frosts experienced at that season of the year in twenty-five years. In some districts the fruit crop will be af- fected. Reports from Buffalo concerning the dam- age to fruit and vegetables caused by the heavy frost of May 27th place the damage for eight western New York counties at $2,- 000,000. The temperature dropped as low as 26 degrees. Some districts suffered heavily, while other nearby sections escaped. The executive of the Niagara District Fruit Growers' Association will conduct an advertising campaign in about 250 papers, located in the chief consuming centres of Canada. The first fruits of this year's crop will be sent to invalided soldiers of Canada on overseas service for the Empire. The Canadian Express Company has is- sued instructions to its agents to sell ship- ments of fruit which miss train connections and which would be likely to deteriorate if held over for later trains. In all such cases the agents at the shipping points must be notified by telegram. This action has been taken after consultation' with many of the shippers .in the Niagara District. The death occurred recently in Toronto of Mr. Ernest T. Cook, F.iL.S., F.R.HjS. Mr. Cook was a well-known author on horticultural subjects, and for some years was the editor of one of the leading horticultural maga- zines in England. Since coming to Canada a few years ago he succeeded in forming the Ontario Rose Society, of which he was the first president. Protecting Vines Against Frosts A system of protection against spring frosts was organized In the district of Sauternes (Gironde) In 1913, with good re- Bults. The land of each commune was di- vided into a number of section; in each commune one of the growers volunteered to give the alarm; he issued a notice at night- fall if a frost seems likely, and when the fires were to be lit, and again In the morn- ing when the temperature rose above freez- ing-point. Fire places were fixed in the alleys of each section at intervals of ten to thirty yards. What a Million Mothers Avoid More than a million careful mothers have intuitively known the dangers of poisonous fly destroyers. They have known that such preparations contain arsenic in deadly quantities. They have realized the peril to little children that accompanies the use of fly poisons. But for those who have not learned of these dangers, we quote from a recent issue of the Child Betterment Magazine, which com- ments upon 35 cases of children being poisoned last year: "The danger to children is great, and the danger to adults Is by no means inconsiderable." In the December issue of The Journal of the Michigan State Medi- cal Society, an editorial on the same subject cites 47 cases, and goes on to state: "Arsenical fly poisons are as dangerous as the phosphorous match. They should be abolished. There are as efficient and more .sanitary ways of catching or killing flies. And fly poisons, if used at all, should not be used in homes where there are chil- dren, or where children visit." T ANGLEFOO The Sanitary Fly Deitroyer' Noo-PoUouoas T Catches the Germ with the Fly Made in Canada by THE O. & W. THUM CO, Dept. 271 Walkerville, Ont. American Address: Grand Rapids, Micb, Deering New Ideal The Binder for Your Fields A Deering New Ideal binder will give you the best possible results at harvest time. How- ever lodged or filled with green undergrowth your crops are, the Deering binder harvests all the grain. The Deering binder elevator, open at the rear, dehvers the grain properly to the binding attachment. Because tlie elevator projects ahead of the knife it delivers grain to the binder deck straight. A third discharge arm keeps the, bound sheaves free from unbound grain. The T-shaped cutter bar is almost level with the bottom of the platform and allows the ma- chine to be tilted close to the ground to pick up down and tangled grain without pushing trash in front of the knife. Either smooth section or serrated knives can be used. The Deering knot- ter needs no recommendation. The Deering local agent will show why Deer- ing New Ideal binders and binder twine are always satisfactory. See the agent, or, write to the nearest branch house for a catalogue. Internationa! Harvester Gimpany of Canada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At BranJon, Calfsnr, Edmonton, Etteran, Hamilton, Lctlibridce, London, Montreal, N. Bsttlelord, Ottawa, Quebec, Rciiua, Sailutoon, St. John, W'mnipei, Yorkton 162 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June. 1915. NEW AND RARE SEEDS Uni^oo(^.tho.§pot A huflLy trouble rhft«er. Will pump water, churn. Pepar.to gfT."'»hwS; freRm. run urind^tone HUtt do other fruck. Sl«e» t-hore». Lengthen jo"r^j»^ f^^^ uato 15 H.P. days by litthteninK >om Iftbors. Write for rata togue. Sitesupto )5H.P. Oilaon Mfg. Company 5 York .-^i Giifiph. Ciiiiiiihi. Apple Box Shooks Use the package which gives the best results. -:- WRITE US FOR PRICES Wilson Box Co. Ltd, St. John, N. B. Mills at Fairville, Weitfield and Bonny River, N. B. It it not a question of " Do you wash clothes?" but "How do you do your washing? " On the game okl- faahioned b a c k - breftking rul) board ': The results never can warrant the hard slavery thlR entails when the CONNOR Ball-Bearins WASHER will do the Washing in less than half the time, in the most modern anil least fatiguing way, and without any wear and tear on t lie clothes. Why net let as tend you oar ^•klet OD this machiac? We caa tnpply a macbiae anywhere in Canada Write to-day to J. H. CONNOR & SON, Limited Established in 1881 OTTAWA, ONT. Let Us Figure on Your Next Greenhouse There are so many uses for a greenhouse on the farm that we feel sure this hou.so will fill a real need. As the demand for the food supply of Canada Increases, so is it necessary to keep up with that demand bv havins sufficient glass under which to grow veg-etables out of season and beddinsr out plants for the TRUCK FARM. By building- now you can have your house ready in good time for winter. "Procrastination is the thief of time," and nowhere is this more true than in the management of a commercial garden. The above type is built entirely for efficiency rather than appearance, and con.se- (luentlv is comparativelv inexpensive to erect, though it is of the very best materials and design throughout. This is a small size, but we have built hou.ses of this type 61 ft. X 400 ft. Further Information about it and other greenhou.ses is contained in our booklet B, which we would like to send jou. GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, LIMITED Makers of Greenhouses, Heating and Ventilating Apparatus, etc. Dept. B, 201 Church Street, Toronto P.O. Box 1042, Montreal 164 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1915. Horticultural Demonstrations in Prince Edward Island L. Tennaiit, B. S. A., King's County THE grant made to Prince Edward Island under The Agricultural In- struction Act has enabled the local Department of Agriculture to do consider- able demonstration work along horticul- tural lines. This work included pruning, spraying, grafting, instruction in the general care and cultivation of orchards, and demonstrations In the grading and packing of apples. Many of the Island orchards were set out some years ago, and in several instances these orchards have became un- profltaJble, either on account of lack of care or the tact that many of the trees are of poor varieties. The question of the renova- tion of the orchards of the Island Is, there- fore, an important one. Many orchard owners have rather hazy ideas regarding the pruning of an apple tree. Too frequently they measure tlie success of their operations by the quantity of wood which is removed from the tree. The oibject of pruning is not to cut out a large amount of wood, tout to leave as much bearing wood as possible, to have this wood evenly distributed throughout the different parts of the tree, and to give each branch and twig sufficient light and air so that the fruit It ibears will mature and color pro- perly. In our wofk the cutting out of largo branches was avoided as tar as possible. The pruning largely consisted in thinning the outer twigs and branches. In some cases where the trees had been neglected for some time It was found necessary to T! Wilkinson Plows MK oldest line of steel beam pUiwsinthe JJdrniiUdii, made in the old Wilkinson Plow Go's factijry, by old Wilkinson Plow Co. experts— every one of them men who know their business. It is the standard line of plows and includes 25 or more styles to choose from. U. S. S. Soft Center Steel Moldboards, highly tempered and guaranteed to clean in any soil. Steel beams, steel landsides and high carbon steel coulter. Cle- vises can be used either stiff or swing. Each plow is fitted especially with its own pair of handles — rock elm, long and heavy and thtjroughly braced. The long body -, « '^^Bfefc-^ "^^^^^^t^ makes it a very steady running plow. Shares of General ^^^^^^^H^^'**'^ *^^ widths — specials for stony or clay land. purpose, lighty medium, and heavy, »ide hill, «od, drill or one horse plows The plow shown turns a beautiful furrow, with minimum draft and narrow furrow at finish. A sk/or new booklet. The Bateman- Wilkinson Co., Limited 46 i SyminRton Avenue, Toronto Canada ■W Repairs for all Wilkinson Plows —always on the Job Big Ben is known as the watchlike alarm clock with a human brain — a clock smart enough to call just when and as he's told. He's ringing up more than three million families each day of the year- some with a steady five- minute call, and some on the "installment" plan. Big Ben stands seven inches from tip to toe— big, faithful and exact— with bold numerals and clean-cut hands which show plainly in the dim, early morn- ing light. The next time you go to town cull at your dealer's and ask to see Big Ben. If your dealer hasn't got him, send a money "'■'I" for $3.00 to his makers Weslclox, La Salle, Illinois— aai he'll come to you preoaid. remove large branches, but whererer this was done the cut was made as close to the main limlb as possible, and the wound wa^ covered witlh a good paint. Here and there were found trees thai would be very liable to split In a high wind, or when carrying a heavy load of fruit. To prevent this, the main branches on oppos- ite sides of the tree were tied together. Screw eyes were placed In these branches between two and three feet from the crotcli Thes« screw eyes were Joined together b a loop of heavy galvanized wire, which wa twisted tight. By this meanis the tree wa,s supported and the danger of splitting avoided. A small amount of grafting was done in a couple of orchards. There are several in.^tances in whJch top grafting could b' done quite profitably. A considerable num bar of .trees in many orchards are either early varieties, or varieties that do not. find a ready sale. By changing these trees over to varieties that are in demand and that will keep well, the returns from a larp number of orchards would be material!; increased. Demonstration work In si)raylng wa done in several localities last year, and wa attemded wit)h good results. Home^mad concentrated lime-sulphur and arsenate o lead were the materials used. The or- chards on the Island were all fairly fre«j from insect attack last year, so that there was not much difference in this respect be- tween .sprayed and unsprayed orchards. In a few unsprayed orchards the Oyster Shell Baric Louse is quite bad. In the control of scajb, however, there was a big difference between the sprayed and unsprayed or- chards. In the sprayed orchard a large per- centage of the fruit was No. 1, but in the unsprayed orchard the bulk of the fruit that was marketed was of No. 2 grade, and the percentage of culls often ran as high as 35 to 40. A large quantity of home- made concentrated lime-sulphur was manu- factured at Charlottetown and sold at cost. Glass vs. Cotton Referring to the use of cotton Instead of glass for covering cold frames and hot beds. Dr. Andrews, of Regina, Sask., writes, "Glass has its uses. But many of our gardeners leave home in the morning, which may be cloudy, clearing up by nine o'clock and our hot sun is apt to raise the temperature too high. Cheesecloth quilted double by sewing across every twelve inches is preferable. It is like ventilated underclothing, open but warm on account of imprisoned air. "Hard cotton Is of little use, or rather of less use than one more open. We are simply using the same protection and means of ventilation which is making the cotton window so satisfactory In some of the pub- lic schools, and in sleeping rooms during the winter. I hope many will try the new de- vice. The plants are hardy, and stand trans- planting well. The cost of cotton is so low that one can afford to have a large area of cold frames and hot beds for melons, squash, tomatoes and bush beans and protect them from autumn frosts." The Commission of Conservation r Canada at Ottawa is distributing- a littU booklet dealing- with "Town Planninjr." It is beine a special issue of their magazine, entitled "Conservation of Life." The Tournament of Roses is an annual event conducted in California that has at- tracted wide attention. A special booklet dealingr with this event and beautifully il- lustrating this ereat event and beautifully illustratinfir it has been issued by the Pasa- dena Daily News, Pasadena, Cal. June, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Okanagan Valley, North Chas. Webster, Armstrong, B.C. Fruit trees were in bloom quite three weeks earlier than last season, and blos- soming time was unusually free from frosts. Sweet cherries, which are not widely grown here because of their susceptibility to frost, are in most cases well set. Apple orchards bearing very heavily last year, are, as a rule, much lighter this season. Altogether, the fruit prospects are equal to a year ago. Mr. F. T. Jackson, until lately partner and manager in the produce firm of Daykin & Jackson, of Armstrong, has taken the place of Mr. R. R. Robertson, as manager of the Okanagan United Growers, at Vernon. The growers hope for the pursuance of a policy which will leave more returns with them, and less with the fruit brokers and whole- Halers. A slatted crate is to be tried out this season for shipping a portion of the apple crop to the prairie markets. The package will be less costly than the usual one-third barrel box, and packing a little less elabor- ate. This is another effort on the part of the growers to place apples with customers at a price that will not restrict consumption. By the way, if consumers were making as earnest efforts to deal more directly with the grower as growers have for years been en- deavoring to have their fruit sold to the public at a reasonable margin above what they receive, plus transportation charges, there would be more hopes of closer rela- tions. Several public markets have been opened at places on the prairies, some of which I understand are not as well patron- ized as was expected. Okanagan fruits and vegetables would certainly reach these markets ii the people were there to buy them. Perhaps one result of these war times will be less frequent shopping by phone, less patronizing of the palatial but expensive down-town fruit stores, and more attention to the public markets, where one can see what is offered, get a good knowledge of values, and the growers get there almost directly to the buyers. Smith & Gorham, of the HuUcar Nurseries, Armstrong, have, in spite of the depression in orcharding, found a steady sale for their stock in northern Okanagan, Salmon Arm, etc. Their trees being grown under unirrigated conditions, find favor in these districts. A large area has been gradually getting into alfalfa around Enderby. A plant was erected some time ago for the production of alfalfa meal for poultry, etc. The output has had a good reception throughout the province. British Columbia The following grants for horticultural purposes are called for in the estimates of the British Columbia Government for the year ending 31st March, 1916: — Board of Horticulture — expenses of mem- bers attending meetings, $500.00; Crop competitions in commercial fruits and vege- tables, and garden and vacant lot competi- tions and demonstrations, $2,000.00; Demon- stration orchards and experimental trees, $2,000.00; Demonstration spraying, $1,500; Fruit-handling, cold-storage, and pre-cooling investigation work, $2,000.00; Fruit-packing Schools, $2,000.00; In aid of British Colum- bia Fruit-growers' Association, $5,000.00; Inspection of nursery-stock, trees, plants, etc., $20,000.00; Suppression of diseases af- fecting fruits, vegetables, plants, etc., $15,- 000.00. BASKETS We supply hand-made fruit basketS; crates, etc. Well made, strong and guaranteed to give every satisfaction. Let us quote you prices this season. Can supply any quantity. Hewson & Farrell Box 244, Grimsby, Ont. Landscape Gardening A course for Gardeners, Florists and Home-makers, taught by Prof. Beal, of Cornell University. Pro^essive Florists recog- nize the growing importance of a knowledge of Land- scape art. We also offer a practical course in Floriculture, in- cluding Greenhouse Con- struction and Management. Send for Catalogue. Address THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL DEPT. C.F. - SPRINGFIELD, MASS. '•^EBpTMADt foi|tep'S staijidaro POT We have a large stock of all size FLOWER POTS FERN OR BOLB PANS % AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Orders Filled Promptly. Send for Prices. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAIVIILTON, ONT. FRUIT MACHINERY CO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEIVIS for evaporating, when installed by our ex- perienced millwrights are the most prac- tical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogue. McCormick Binders PRACTICAL farmers who know what harvesting -•- difficulties must be overcome in Eastern Cana- dian fields, urge the use of the McCormick binder. Ask them. You will find the McCormick has an unusual number of good, strong points that insure as complete a harvest as it is possible to get, even under worst field and grain conditions. For Eastern Canadian fields the McCormick binder is built with a floating elevator which handles varying quantities of grain with equal facility^ The binder guards are level with the bottom of the plat- form so that when the machine is tilted to cut close to the ground there is no ledge to catch stones and trash and push them ahead of the binder to clog the machine. These and otlier features you will appreciate. Look for the same high-grade workmanship, tlie same famous I H C quality, in McCormick twine and in McCormick mowers as well as bind- ers. Make the most of your crops. See the agent for catalogues and full information, or, write the nearest branch house. International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At Brandon, Calffary, Edmonton. Eitevan. Hamilton, Lethbridfc, London. Montreal. N. Battleiord, Ottawa, Quebec, Regiaa, Saikatooa, St. John, Winnipec, Yorktoo vi THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 19ir) CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS Advertisements in this department inserted at rate of 3 cents a word for each insertion, each figure, sign, or single letter to count as one word, mini- mum cost 30c., strictly cash in advance. REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS— P'rults farms a speci- alty. W. B. Calder, Grimsby. NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Before buying, It will pay you to consult me. I make a specialty of fruit and grain farms. Melvin Gaymon & Co., St. Catharines. BEES AND QUEENS GOLDEN AND 3-BAND ITALIAN, also Car- niolan queens. Tested, each, $1.00; 3 to 6, ll5c; 6 or more, 85c. Untested, 75c; 3 to 6, 70c; 6 or more, 65c. Bees, per pound, $1.50. Nuclei, per frame, $1.50. C. B. Bankston, Buffalo, Leon Co., Texas. KEYSTONE GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS will please yo.u for honey gathering; healthy brood and nice gentle bees; also Red Clover y. J. H. Haughey, Berrien Springs. Mii* FOR SALE — Three bandctd I'taJian queens, from the be«t Jioney-giatlheiing strains, that are haixiy and gentle. Untested queens, 76c.; 6, $4.25; 12, $8.00. Tested queens. $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00. .S<'lectcd quevns, add 25 ots. each to above prices. Breeding queens $3.00 to $5.00 each. For queens in larger quantities, write for prices and circulars. Robert B. ^picer, Wiiarton, N. J. IMPROVED three banded red clover ITALIANS, biHjd for business. Untested $1.00, dozen $10.00; Select $1.25, dozen $12.00; Tested $1..')>. eacih. Beea in 9 and 10 frame Langstiruth Hives, $9.00 each, price of queen to be added. Safe arrival guaranteed. Charlton & Jonc.« Co., Ltd., Walsh, Ont. QUEENS OF QUALITY — Our Hand-Moore Kti-ain of 3 -banded Italians are beautiful and good honey gatherers. Secured 223 ."seotion-s oomlb honey from best colony 1914 season. Oniy drones from iseiected queene near mat- ing yiaixl. Bi'eed .strictly for busineiss. Un- tested, 75c; half doz., $4.00; Select, $1.00. Queen.s niaikxi ^promptly ma.^ Horticultural Society, among his tulips. At a sprinir exhibition this year Dr. Bennett showed 125 varieties of tulips, winning a silver cup tor the second year in succession. 172 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1915. How the Clematis Jacmanll Flourishes In Northern Ontario. This vine was grown by Mr. MacMillan, the president of the Hailey- bury Horticultural Society. kept daily to see that there is no return of it. It is most prevalent during June and July, and again in October. Green and brown aphis, commonly known as rose bugs, are not nearly so troublesome as another parasite of the name. The green and brown fly usu- ally attacks the young growth and leaves during June and July, and does not, apart from its unsightly appear- ance, do much harm to a rose, unless it becomes chronic, when a sticky mass is formed, composed of millions of aphides and their secretions. The most simple remedy for a small collection is the garden hose fitted with a fine noz- zle and supplied with the necessary pressure, which not only washes them off, but the force of the water, if the hand is held at the back of the part being sprayed, kills them. Whale oil soap applied at the rate of a half pound of soap to five gallons of water cold with a sprayer will not only kill the aphis, but it imparts a gloss to the foliage which in a rose is very desir- able. There are various kinds of sawflies. Some cause the leaf to curl up, others eat away the leaf or part of it, leaving nothing but its structure, which soon dies and drops off. Others, again, puncture the leaves with holes. The remedy is hellebore powder, one ounce to four gallons of water, with a little molasses mixed in to make it adhere to the foliage, and applied with some strength with a coarse syringe. The rose beetle is an insect which attacks the young buds. It is also called the bud worm. Hand- picking is the only remedy lor this ])e8t, as it is also for any form of tlie worm or cate)'i)illar. T li e d i seases which I have mentioned are the most common amongst outdoor roses, although there are many others, which are not so trouble- some. It must be borne i n mind that any rose, ir- respective of type or variety, is li- able to attacks from these pests, but badly-culti vated and sickly bushes more read- ily succumb to at ■ tacks 0 f black spot and mildew The grower must strive at all times to keep his bushes in a vigorous and healthy state. Avoid over-feeding and stagnation, which are caused by over-watering. At the first sign of anything being wrong with the roses, the remedy must be at once sought for, applied and persisted in until the attack is beaten off and sub- dued. By good cultivation and strict attention to detail, it will be found that success in the culture of the queen of flowers is not a difficult thing to ac- quire after all. Flower Pointers Leave no vacant places in the garden. Replant for fall use. Sow perennial flower seed early in July for next season's flowers. Stake gladiolus plants unless they have been planted very deep. Early summer-flowering shrubs may be pruned just after flowering. Keep sweet peas, pot marigolds and other annuals picked if you would have good flowers all summer. Lime of sulphur dusted over rose bushes or other plants that are begin- ning to mildew will often stop the trouble. No one should be without a few iris and peony plants in the yard or garden. Probably no two perennials give more satisfaction in their season, year after year, than these. They both come in a wide range of color. The Sweet Pea- H. M. Ijiy, Walkerton, Ont. Nearly all varieties of sweet peas are benefited by shading during the height of summer. Even in England this is found necessary for such varieties as the Orange and Scarlet. For some of these a very short exposure to the direct rays of the sun is sufficient to disfigure the bloom. Our awnings are made of light weight factory cotton sold at about seven and a half cents a yard, and a yard wide. By means of brass rings sewn on both edges about three feet apart it is ar- ranged to slide on stout supporting wires. These are arranged over the row by means of cross bars with screw hooks to hold the wire. The cross bars are attached to the stakes supporting the trellis work at an angle of about twenty degrees and so that the west side from which the hot afternoon rays of the sun will strike the row, will get most protection. On the approach of rain, of course it is most necessary to slide off your awning, which can be done in a few minutes. Insect Enemies. The only serious insect enemy the sweet pea has is the green fly, and he can be kept in control by spraying with whale oil soap and water or in bad cases with kerosene emulsion. A twenty gal- lon barrel mounted on wheels with a spray pump attachment, such as is ad- vertised by the manufacturers of spray- ing supplies, enables one to polish off Mr. Aphis with comfort. Two or more rows can be sprayed in one trip down the rows and the whole plantation covered in a very short time. Cutting Sweet Peas. In cutting: the blooms of sweet peas a pair of fairly long sharp scissors should be used and a supply of thread rubber bands is handy for bunching. If on cutting a spike it is found that the flowers are more or less wound round with tendrils from adjacent vines, do not attempt to pull the spike by the flow- er end, for in most cases you will break the spike. Seize it by the butt end and pull steadily when it will be found that in most cases the impeding tendrils will break without damage to the bloom. When To Cut. Peas should be cut early in the morn- ing or in the late afternoon and if possi- ble when there is no dew or rain upon them. Place in water as soon as cut. If it is intended to ship some distance by rail, allow them to stand over night or for several hours in water. When ready to pack wipe the stems dry ; by no means attempt to wrap the stems in any wet material of any kind. The water the •Extract from a paper read at the last annual convention of the Ontario Horticultural Asso- ciation. July, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST stems have absorbed will be sufficient to keep them fresh for several hours, but the blooms will assuredly be spoiled, es- pecially in hot weather, if allowed to be wet. Therefore, pack them perfectly dry. Simply wrap the ends of the stalks in a little oiled paper and wrap your bunch in half a sheet of tissue paper. Pack in a wooden box with sufficient firmness to prevent movement in transit. It is well to have the boxes labelled con- spicuously on top. "This side up," and "Cut Flowers, with care," You may then despatch your treasured blooms, praying that the express company's em- ployees will not stand your boxes on end or place them in an uncongenial neigh- borhood in the car. A year or two ago I was sending some boxes of flowers by express for exhibition in another town, and of course could not keep away from them while changing cars. My feelings can better be imagined than described when I saw my delicate "Queens" and "Countesses" being loaded on a truck pell mell with enormous boxes of white fish and salmon trout fresh from Lake Huron. The ice alone might not have been too bad, as it was a day when the thermometer stood at ninety degrees in the shade, but I had horrible visions of the drippings soaking through, and the aroma of the fish did not appear calculat- ed to improve the perfume of my flowers. Vegetable Reminders Keep flowering stalks off of the ■rhubarb. Another planting of string beans may- be made. Try one more planting of sweet corn. Rutabagas may be sown now. New land is the best to use. Celery plants may be set out for a late crop. Tie tomato vines to stakes. Better not let more than one or two stems grow. Plow your old strawberry bed and set the late cabbage, or sow rutabagas on it. It is often a good plan to pinch back musk melon and cucumber vines to make the fruit grow more rapidly. Are the onions growing nicely? Hen manure or nitrate of soda may be sown broadcast over the field or cultivated in if they appear to be standing still. vincingly that it is a good policy to keep the plants off the ground. A simple method of training tomatoes. See article. Training Tomatoes Geo. Baldwin, Toronto, Ont. The variety of tomato shown in the illusitrabion on tiiis page is the well- known Chalk's Early Jewel. It is one of the three best varieties for a back garden which is circumscribed by the usual unsightly board fence. There are many systems of training and attending to tomatoes. I have tried training them in al- most every conceivable manner and have proved to my own satisfaction that the system here shown is the best method. Four stakes are driven into the ground at an angle of about 75 de- grees, outwards, about six inches from the root, and four feet six inches above the ground. The vine is tied to the stakes with raffia every eight inches up the stake. All laterals and suckers are removed as soon as they come. The fruit is picked as soon as ripe. The roots arc kept moist and the foliage dry, and the leaves snipped off a piece at a time wherever they keep the sun from get- ting at the fruit. T recom- mend the rake for culti- vation instead of the hoe, as with the latter there is a tendency to in- jure the roots which grow close to the surface. Thirty-six and a half pounds of fruit were tak- en from this one plant. accompanying mi.- i. u This should prove con- Peeling Vine Rods B, C. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont. Should vine rods be peeled? Some growers make a practice of peeling all loose bark from the rods, others leave the loose bark on. Some even go so far as to entirely remove the bark so that the green and white wood of the vine is exposed. Having been privileged to watch an expert pruner at work, I am able to say I never saw him do more than remove such loose strips as could be readily removed by a mere rubbing of the hand along the rod, and such as were unsightly. If bark is removed I would recom- mend that only loose bark be removed. If a vine is free from insects and clean there is really no good purpose served in removing the bark, but when infested with insects it is a good plan to remove it and apply one of the approved sprays. When vines are pruned rather late in the season, as is sometimes the case, they are liable to bleed badly when the sap rises. To avoid excessive bleeding the cut ends should be painted with knotting or styptic as soon as the prun- ing is finished. Ginseng Growing Wm. Gilgour, Peterboro, Ont. It is less than twenty years since some interested men studied the theory of how to grow ginseng successfully under cul- tivation. Since then, there have been small gardens planted over different parts of Canada and the United States. Occasionally we hear of men having made fortunes by growing ginseng by the acre. This is nonsense. It is a question if there are fifteen acres under cultivation in Canada and the United States. Men who are in a position to know, say there are not ten acres, and it is a well-known fact that so far as the Northern United States and Canada are concerned, the wild root is nearly exterminated. When we consider that we have to depend on these gardens for our future supply of dry roots and stocks for planting and the long time required from when the seed is planted until it matures, those in the business need have little fear of a fall in prices for the next thirty years at least. Take time to visit the nearest park or a neighbor who has been successful in growing trees, fruits, or flowers and study his plants and methods of grow- ing. It is not a difYicult matter to have an attractive home yard and it adds much to the pleasure of living. 174 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 191D. The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINED WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which has been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publishing Company, Limited, PETERBORO, ONTARIO H. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director. The Only Magazines In Their Field In the Dominion Official Organs of the Ontario and Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations and of the Ontario, Manitoba and New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associ- ations. REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY. Chicago Office— People's Gas Building. New York Office— Tribune Building. GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 3 Regent St., London, S.W. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist Is published in three editions on the 25th day of the month preceding date of issue. The first edition is known as the fruit edition, and is devoted chiefly to the commercial fruit Interests. The second edition is known as the floral edition, and is devoted chiefly to the Interests of ama- teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The third edition is known as The Canadian Horti- culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first and second Issues are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping Interests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, Jl.OO a year; three years for $2.00, and of The Cana- dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions In Peterboro (not called for at the Post Oflflce), 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post OfBce or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. Change of Address — When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 5. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December 1913. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months. Including the sample copies, from 13,000 to 15,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo- ple known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1913 ...11,570 August, 1913 12,675 February, 1913 ..11,550 September, 1913 .13,729 March, 1913 11,209 October, 1913 ...13,778 April, 1913 11,970 November, 1913 .12,967 May, 1913 12,368 December, 1913 .13,233 June, 1913 12,618 July, 1913 12,626 Total 150,293 Average each Issue In 1907 6,627 Average each Issue In 1913 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser In this Issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti- culturist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it Is reported to us within a week of Its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It Is a condition of this contract that In writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise- ment In The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex- pense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes be- tween subscribers and honorable business men who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, PETERBORO, ONT. Effects of the War The great war which .is raKing not only ia Europe but In portions of Asia and Africa as well Is proving a most disturbing factor in business circles. Naturally, fruit growers are wondering to what extent the price of fruit will be affected by it next fall and win- ter. To our mind, trade will not be greatly aifected iby it during the next year, if the war lasts that long. The serious effects of the war are not likely to become apparent until the war has lasted for a couple of years or more or until .its close, when ever that may be. Some optimists contend that the war is bound to prove a blessing from a commercial standpoint to Canada. They base this claim on the ground that Canada will have to pro- duce those things which the warring nations will require, and therefore that our Cana- dian trade is sure to be maintained at a high level. This reasoning does not satisfy us. lit neglects to consider certain factors that control the situation. Over 20,000,000 men in Europe are fighting under the flags of the different warring na- tions. In addition several million men are engaged in the manufacture of war supplies of one kind or anothe: which presumably will soon be destroyed in the conflict that is raging. A year ago these men were en- gaged in profitable production. Some were farming and thus producing necessities of life. Others were engaged in mercantile and manufacturing industries and thus were providing such essentials to our comfort as boots, shoes, clothing, and other needed articles. Now all this useful labor has been stopped. Already a shortage of these essen- tials is becoming apparent in a number of lines and prices are advancing. This ten- dency will develop with increasing rapidity the longer the war lasts. Sooner or later, if tbe war continues, prices for «ia.ny articles will advance beyond the reach of the poorer classes. Thus if the war continues indefii- nltely hard times are certain to develop. IShould the war end soon, it will be diffi- cult if not impossible to avoid at least a brief period of commercial depression while conditions are readjusting themselves. Lines of trade which have been broken cannot be reestablished in a few weeks or months. The moment the war ceases thousands of fac- tories which are now engaged in the manu- facture of war supplies will have to close or will operate on short time while picking un the tangled skein of former business activi- ties. iHundreds of thousands of the men now engaged 'n war wiil find it difficult to obtain profitable employment. While it is true that there may be a demand for the ETOods which Canada should be able to pro- duce, there is a strong probability that the people who would like to buy these goods will not be in a position to pay for them. Thus for a neriod at least a certain degree of commercial depression appears to be inovitaible. The truest oatiiotism is that which strives to look conditions in the face and then to deal with them on their merits. Fruit grow- ers will do well to do this. Courage and faith in the ultimate outcome are what are required. The agencies of production are now so enormous we venture to predict that within a short period after the war closes business will begin to reestablish Itself on sound lines. Any period of depression there may be will be shortened It we plan now to prepare for it and strive to .Improve our methods of business in every way that lies within our power. A New Factor in Fruit Growinji Fruit growers throughout Canada as well as In the United States are (>eginning to launch out into the broad sea of advertising. This sea is a much larger one than most people realize. It has many shoals and rocks which have wrecked numerous com- mercial enterprises and only pilots of knowu experience and ability should be engaged to navigate its many cross-currents and treacherous tides. The great success which has attended many vessels which have navigated this sea and which have unloaded large cargoes In markets where they have realized fancy prices is apt to prove a lure to the unltiated. Always and ever there are those who are quick to jump to the conclusion that because some people have done certain things in certain ways everybody can follow their ex- ample and prove equally successful. This is not the case in the field of advertising. Of iate years advertising has been reduced to a science. The principles of advertising practice are now being taught In a number of universities. They are outlined in several hundred books and magazines. Most mis- takes in advertising ventures have occurred through the neglect of the advertisers to consider advertising In relation to other fac- tors connected with it. For instance, much depends upon the style of copy used, and the mediums selected. Many ventures have failed because of a neglect to prepare suit- able follow-up material to place in the hands of the people replying to the advertisements and thereby convert their enquiries into sales. One of the greatest defects has been due to the neglect of the advertiser to furnish a product equal to the expectations of the buyer. Thus, repeat orders have failed to materialize. Elsewhere in this issue appears an article by Mr. Grant S. Peart, who emphasizes the Importance of fruit growers endeavoring to market a strictly high-class product. Unless this is done by associations and individuals who undertake to create a demand for their goods through advertising much of their ex- penditures for this purpose will ultimately be wasted. Now that our fruit growers are commencing to advertise they should plan to adopt brands for their product and then see to it that nothing but high-elass fruit is sold under their brands. In this way their brands will ultimately acquire a commercial value of great importance. Much of the success which has attended the efforts of the fruit growers of California to advertise their fruit has been due to the fact that they lost no time in adopting trade marks which, like the "Sunkist" brand of oranges, now have a national reputation worth millions of dollars. By all means, let us advertise our fruit, but let us also see that the responsibility for doing so is placed in the hands of men of good jud.ement who un- derstand the essentials of advertising suc- cess. Recent decisions of the Dominion Railway Commission as announced elsewhere in this issue by Mr. Geo. E. Mcintosh, traffic expert ; for the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, : will Impress the public as being eminently reasonable and in the interests of the public, while not being unfair to the railway com- panies. It is just as fair that railway com- ; panics who have once iced cars should not be held responsible for damage to the fruit carried in tliese cars which is caused by the failure of the fruit grower to load the cars July, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 175 promptly, as it is that railway companies shall not escape responsibility for acts with- in their control, even although they may have succeeded, through bringing pressure to bear on the grower, in Inducing him to agree not to hold them responsible for such losses. The Dominion Board of Railway Commissioners is one of the most popular judicial bodies in Canada. This is because It has established a reputation for brushing technicalities and superficialities to one side and dealing with each question in a broad way and on the merits of the points in- volved. PUBLISHER'S DESK ^ Some o£ these readers have advised us that they have never missed an .issue all that time. Two readers whom we have in mind are 'Robt. MdLagan, of Stratford, Ont., and Mr. Daniel IB. Hoover, Aimira, P. O., York County, Ont. We would like to get in touch with as many of these old readers o£ The Canadian Horticulturist as poss.ible aud would appreciate it if they would send us their photographs and a few notes advising us of the conditions under which thev sub- scribed and ai)out their connection with the horticultural interests of Canada. We hope to hear from many of our old friends. Let us have a good-fellowship meeting. Our front cover illustration this month shows a bush honeysuckle (.Lonicera) in bloom. Such shrubs have formed beauty spots in many €anad.ian gardens within the past few weeks. * * • Our contest for the best piece of poetry not over four verses in length extolling the merits of the apple and referring to it as Canada's national dish closed on June 20th. A number of contributions were received. These are being judged. The results will be announced in our August issue when the winning poem will be published. * » * Subscription agents for The Canadian Horticulturist are able to obtain such satis- factory returns in the leading fruit districts and flora! centres of Canada we would like to se« more at work. Any of our readers who have time that they can devote to this work are invited to write us for particulars. We have some good openings lor representa- tives in the fruit districts of Ontario and in the Annapolis Valley. * « « Are there any subjects that you would like to see dealt with in the columns of The Canadian Horticulturist? If so. write and let us know what they are and advise us if possible of parties whom you would like to see discuss them. We desire to make each i.ssue as interesting and instructive as pos- sible and invite suggestions from our read- ers. * * * The September issue of The Canadian Horticulturist will be our Fifth Annual Exhi- bition and iFall I'acking Number. We are pl-anning to make it the best we have yet issued. It is going to be representative of the fruit districts of Canada and, as usual, well illustrated. We will tell you more about it in our August issue. * • « -Many of the readers of The Canadian Horticulturist have kodaks and delight to secure illustrations of beauty spots in their gardens and orchards. We would like to secure some of the best of these illustrations for pmblication in The Canadian Horticultur- ist. If our readers who have photographs of this character will suibmit them to us we will have an enlargement made from those we accept for publication and will return the enlarged photograph as a premium to those sending us the illustrations. Readers who would like to have their films returned are requested to so state when tliey forward their illustrations and their request will be complied with. » • * (Every now and then we experience the pleasure of receiving letters from old readers of The ('anadian Horticulturist who have been taking The Canadiaji Horticulturist ever since it was first published in 1S78. Horticulture in Alberta (ieorge Harrourt, B.S.A., Deputy Minister of Agriculture Alberta has no orchards or vineyards, or fruit plantations — ^nothing but possibilities — and they are so full of poteatialities that mo one can foretell the great things that may come out of these possibilities. The wild gooseberry, currant and rasp- berry grow profusely wherever there is shel- ter, while the wild strawberry is found practically everywhere. In addition to these universally known fruits there is the blue- berry, high and low bush cranberry and the saskatoon. The latter is peculiar to the prairies and responds to cultivation readily ibut the fruit is flat tasting and not held in very hig^h esteem. Wliere the wild fruit grows it is generally conceded that the tame or cultivated variety will succeed. It may take a little time and numerous experiments to find just how'to attain success, but sooner or later a way will be found. iSmall plots of cultivated strawberries are to be found from one end of the province to the other; while here and there a more enterprising pioneer has large sized plots and is placing strawberries on the market. The black, red and wliite currants and raspberries are to be found in hundreds of gardens but have not been grown as yet for sale in any quantity. So uniformly successful has the effort beem to grow all of these fruits that there is no excuse for any farmer not having all the strawberries, raspberries, currants and gooseberries needed in the farm home. Windbreaks are necessary and the plants have to be held back in the spring by win- ter mulching to guard against late spring frosts. Praictlcally all the varieties of the small fruits that have proven most desirable in Eastern Canada have given best results here also. Of the larger fruits a less hopeful report must be made. It is said where the wild plimi, the pin-cherry and the choke- cherry are to be found the apple, pear and plum will grow. The two varieties of cherry are to he found growing in practi- cally every ravine or coulee where there is a good shelter of trees. This would indi- cate that where a shelter hviilt of trees is grown it may ibe possible to grow hardy apples. That there are possibilities in this direction amid that these possihilities de- serve most careful study is indicated by the fact that there are apple trees growing and bearing in the province even as far north as north of Edmonton. SOCIETY NOTES | MARKDALE. The Markdale Horticultural Society last year conducted a campaign to beautify the town. The flrsit step was to plant trees along the principal streets. The owner of the pro- perty in front of whose place the trees were planted had to pay forty cents for each tree. The society paid the remainder. The society planted seventy-flve itrees, the majority of which are living. The work of tree-planting is to be continued this year. NEWCASTLE. The Newcastle Horticultural Society last year planted one hundred young trees in the spring on the streets. Trees and vines were planted on the High School, church grounds, and power-house. Window boxes were placed on post-office windows. A children's public market was held every Saturday during the summer months. The Government supplied and gave them the choice of flower or vege- table seeds, and the children raised the plants, which were sold on the market, and kept the money so earned. The society judged the display and gave them marks. On the flnal market day pnizes were award- ed for vegetables, flowers, bouquets, and de- signs. A group of members of Ontario horticultural societies who vLsited the famous parks of Roches- ter, N.Y., on May 23 and 24, to obtain helpful pointeis. A number of well-known Ontario enthu.slasts are shown. 176 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1915. Demonstration Work in B. ( . H. Thornber, Assistant Provincial Horticulturist OWING to the many and varied condi- tions met with In British Columbia by the fruit grower, a large amount of demoastratlonal and experimental work hats been found necessary. This work has served a doulble purpose; first, It advances the Industry at a more rapid pac« than when left to the observations of the «rult grower, and, second. It prevents many costly mistakes from being made iby the fruit growers in their attempts to grow opohards. While the few pioneer orchards located at various points in the province have been of some value in determining the proper varieties for those districts wherein they are located, they have often served to mis- lead growers as to the exact value of some of the most imiwrtant varieties. To-day, many mistakes are ibeing discovered regard- ing varieties, and many of them can t)e attrihuted to otoservations made on the re- sults in these orchards. Previous to 1900, little authentic informa- tion regarding the best varieties for eacii district had "been compile'd. There was also a great diversity of opinion regarding the selection of nursery stock; the proper distances for planting; proper methods of pruning; when and how to spray; how to culUvate; and last tout not least, prajctically nothimg was known regarding the cost of these various operations. During the past fifteen years, and especially since 1909, much definite information has heen col- lected on these subjects. The origin of the greater portion of this information has been from deanonstratdons ajnd experiments in old orchards and from the results of the orchards under the supervision of the Gov- ernment which were called Demonstration Orchards. These orchards were started in 1911. At present there are sixteen, located at the following points:— JCowichan, Nanaimo, Hammond, Aldergrove, Lower Nicola, Wal- hachln, Shuswap, Salmon Arm, Willow Point, Rossland, Birchibrook, Waldo, Win- dermere, New Denver, Wardner and Golden. There is also a small-fruit plantation at Chilliwack which is under management similar to the orchards. The area of each of these orchards is about five acres, and it is set aside tor the use of the Government for five years. The owner agrees to clear and fence, to provme and maintain the irrigation system; to (bear the cost of cultivation; furnish all neces- sary implements; keep records of the cost of each operation, and, if requested, make reports on the progress of the orchard from time to time. The Government provides the trees, plants and prunes them, and gives instruc- tions, through the district horticulturist, re- garding tJie care of the orchard; and pays any outside expenses in excess of those necessary for the actual management of the orchard. At the expiration of the agreement, the orchard 'becomes the pro- perty of the owner. These orchards contain the most suitalble varieties for the respective distTicts. As a rule, fillers are used. Some of these or- chards are intercropped with small fruits, potatoes or root crops, while others are cultivated during the ^summer season and seeded to a cover crop in the fall to aid in ripening the trees and to improve the soil. The pruning is done by the local horticul- turisit in order to demonstrate different systems and to ensure uniformity. At various times during the year these orchards are used for demonatration work in spraying, pruning, etc., and the orchard is open to the Inspection of tho public at all times. The public meeWiigs are arranged through the Farmers' Inatltute or by the horticulturist In charge. The attendance at these meetings is usually jrood, aind much interest Is taken by the noighiboring or- chardists as well as by the owners. Otiier forms of orchard demonstration work are being carried on also. Among these, packing, pruning, spraying, thinning and fertilizing demonstrations and tests are the most important. The Apple Packing Schools were inaugur- ated In 1911, when thirteen were held. This number Increased to 30 in 1912, and to 41 In 1913. In 1914 the numJber of classes de- creased to 37, and in 1916 only 25 have been requested to date. This decrease does not indicate a decline in the interest taken in packing, hut shows that a sufficient num- ber of packers has ibeen produced to handle the bulk of the crop. In 1914 it was estim- ated that 75 per cent, of the crop was packed by pupils of the Government pack- ing schools. The packing schools consist of twelve 3-hour lessons extending over six days. The minimum number of pupils is 12, and the maximum numljer allowed is 16 for each school. A fee of $2.00 Is charged for admission. These schools have been very success- ful and have been adopted in parts of Aus- tralia and Tasmania, as well as in Nova Scotia and Ontario. Aside from the numerous pruning demon- strations 'Which are held imder the direc- tion of the Farmers' Institute in the Demon- stration Orchards, and in the orchards of fruit growers, a distinct line of pruning in- struction was installed in the spring of 1914. This resulted from the fact that sufficient ■ information regarding pruning could not ibe given in a single demonstra- tion. These "Pruning Schools," as they are called, were patterned after the Apple Packing Schools, and are conducted by the assistant horticulturists. Briefly, they con- sist of ten 3-hour lessons extending over five days. A minimum of eight, and a maxi- mum of twelve pupils is allowed for each school. The admission fee is $1.00 for each student. Last year, 26 pruning schools were held, and this year, at the present writing, over 55 have been applied for, and more applications are coming in every week. Spraying demonstrations have also been given at various places in the province. These have heen divided into two generpl classes. First, demonstrations liave been given under the auspices of the Farmers' Institute, to show how to mix and apply the siprays; and the value of the different nozzles with various sprays. Second, ex- periments have Ibeen made to test the value of the different sprays. The three sprays mainly under consideration were Lime Sul- phur, Soluble Sulphur and Bordeaux. These were used last year for Apple and Pear ScaJb in orchards at Salmon Arm and Har- rop. As high as 97 per cent, clean fruit was secured Iby the proper use of Lime Sulphur. Similar results were secured by Bordeaux, ibut a considerable amount of russetting was noticed which was not pre- sent when Lime Sulphur was used. The Soluble Sulphur gave fair results, hut until further tests are made, It cannot be recom- mended for general use. Other spraying ex- periments have also heen made by the In- .spectlon Branch of the Department of Agri- culture, with good results: One experiment was made In thinning apples. The increase in favor of thinning was between 130 to 150 per cent, over the un thinned trees. More experiments in thinning will be conducted in the future, and If they give such promising returns as these have in the past, it will become a much more general practice. Fertilizer ex- periments have also been sUrted. but from the nature of the.se no results will be pub- lished for some time yet. Transportation Matters G. E. Mcintosh, Trau«iMjrlation Agent for the Ontario Fruit Growers' Ai>sociation As the fruit sTiipping season approaches and with it perhaps unusual difficulties, owiing to market conditions, Ontario grow- ers are requested to advise me of any mat- ters whicli In their opinion should be un- dertaken to improve transportation service for the coming season. The following in- formation may be of value: The express merchandise receipt form was recently the subject of di.scussion be- fore the Board of Railway Commissioners as a result of complaints made by the ship- ping public. It was stated that the expresa companies had sought refuge from payment of certain claims behind the wording of subjection (C) of section 5 of the receipt, which provided that the company would not be liable "for any loss, damage or de- lay caused from conditions beyond Ita control." Complainants held that the express com- panies had taken the position that acts of the railway company occasioning loss, dam- age or delay were "conditions l>eyond Its (the express company's) control. As the Commission states, the express company engaging to perform the contract of car- riage agreed to, has the right to do it In any way it pleases so far as the shipper is concerned, as long as the method adopted does not damage the shipment or cause the shipper loss either by undue delay or for any other caiiee. The Commission has ordered that the re- ceipt be amended by substituting for the present protested conditions a phrasing under which the express companies will not be permitted to relieve themselves from li- ability for acts or default of the railways over whose lines they operate. Double Charges. The Commission has also dealt with tne question of collection of express charges at destination on prepaid shipments, and has ordered that in future the companies shall firmly affix to every shipment a label which will clearly show whether or not the charges have been prepaid. Shipments composed of two or more packages may be dealt with by affixing a label to one of the packages, providing the label states how many pack- ages are in the shipment. A complaint was made by W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines, against an increase by the G. T. R. in the rates on manure in car- loads, from Toronto, for Cajiadian Northern orders that the rate of 3% cts. per 100 lbs. he disallowed, and the rate of 2% cts. per 100 libs, previously in effect be restored, .subject to a minimum carload weight of 60,000 lbs. Loss and Damage Decisions. A shipper of peaches who should or- dinarily have loaded a car In 10 hours took 34 hours to do it, by which time the ice which had filled the bunkers melted so that it would no longer protect the shipment. The carrier receipted for the peaches as in apparent good condition. As soon as the car was loaded, it was taken to a re-icing station. The Commission held, that when the carrier sent the car fully iced to thH July, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 177 shipping point they haxi ftilfiUed the duties incumbent upon them, and, if the shipper unnecessarily delayed the oar until the ics had melted below the safety point, the car- rier cannot be held lia;ble for the results. The Commission has ruled that a carrier is not entitled to either demurrage or freight charges on a shipment destined to a con- signee who has a private sidetrack, until the shipments are actually placed on such track, thus completing the transportation. It is the duty of a carrier to apprehend that at certain seasons of the year ship- ments of perishable produce are liable to freeze. The Carrier Liable. A carrier is liable for injuries caused by freezing in spite of the fact that the ibill of lading contains a notatiom that tihe ship- per assumes the risk of freezing, where the shipment was delayed four days in transit, as the carrier cannot exempt itself from li- abilities through negligence. A carrier cannot excuse delay in trans- porting freight on account of shortage of cars and unprecedented amount of business, where it accepts a shipment without notice of those facts to the shipper. It is firmly established that a common carrier may by special contract limit its li- ability, at least against all risk but Its own negligence or miscomduct. The duty of the carrier is to exercise reasonable care and diligence in transportation, to transport in a reasonable time, without unnecessary delay, to prevent so far as Is reasonable and practicable any loss or dam- age which may be occasioned by delays In transit. What is reasonaJblo diligence, where reasonableness is the standard, must depend upon the circumstances of the par- ticular case. Fruit Inspection Statistics The following figures indicate the ratio between the number of packages of fruit inspected by the officials of the Dominion Fruit Division In the season of 1914-15, and the total number of packages in the lots inspected. These insipections were made by the staff of Fruit Inspectors, temporary and permanent, numbering about fifty in all. The figures also show the total num- ber of mspectlons wihich were made: °i Si Variety. t> w o u p-tj fi «> •^>i a ° Q Q a. 0 a 1914-16. n a «2 M i- r- g" Apples, barrels .... 8,926 765,445 59,602 boxes, . . 2,769 457,055 36,118 baskets . 191 29,476 3,994 Crab apples, boxes 38 2,443 951 Pears, boxes 894 91,121 9,760 Peaches, boxes . . 735 183,952 10,035 " 'baskets . . 147 17,797 2,422 Plums, baskets . . . 643 180,154 12,294 Tomatoes, baskets. 305 103,742 12,171 Small fruits, quarts 1,162 1,529,598 151,559 Grapes, baskets . . 244 308,728 22,394 The Chinese Market for Apples One of the representatives in China of the Canadian Department of Commerce re- ports that selected apples were recently being sold on the Hankow market under the description "Finest American." On In- vestigation it was found that these apples were grown in the Okanagan Valley of Brit- ish Columbia. Other apples available oa the Chinese market are imported from the United States, Australia and Japan. Aus- tralian apples do not compete with Cana- dian, as their season is different. The price of British Columhia apples — Mexican 112.00 to 114-00 per cas«— Is pro- hibitive to general use. Japanese apples of good quality are sold for Mexican 13.50 to $5.00 per caise. If Canadian apples could be sold for Mexican $7.00 to $8.00 per case they would, owing to their superior quality, be in great demand. Ontario Basket Factories A second visit has recently been made, by a representative of the Dominion Fruit Branch, to the basket factories of Ontario. At the time of the first inspection — ^men- tion of which was made in the June issue of The Canadian Horticulturist — ^there was a great lack of uniformity in the sizes of packages which were then being made. The manufacturers were shown where alter- ations and improvements were necessary. The last inspectiion showed that practi- cailly all fruit packages now being made are of correct dimensions and of strong ma- terial. The managers have corrected their previous mistakes and the result is that . no discrimination can be shown by growers in favor of any one particular factory. In order that this state of things may con- tinue, frequent inspections will be made by the government throughout the year. A Well Managed Concern The general manager of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange claims that the selling costs In the case of fruit dealt with by the exchange are lower proportionately than in the case of any other agricultural product in any part of the world. The ac- tual working expenses of the exchange or- ganization, including office expenses, sal- aries, legal exipenses, the cost of the daily telegraphic service and a share of the ex- penses of the Citrus Protective League, amounted to 4% centj per box, or 1 3-5 per cent, of the gross sales. To this must be added 1% cents per box spent by the ex- change in advertising the products which it sells, although this expense is to a large extent an investment made to ensure the sale of future crops. But even if this whole amount be added to the working ex- penses the selling costs per box amounted to 5% cents, and the total selling costs to 2 1-5 per cent, of the gross, sales. These figures relate to trie working ex- penses of the Central Exchange and the seventy agencies maintained by it. They do not include the expenses of the District Exchanges, which act as intermediary or- ganizations between the growers and the Central Exchange. The average cost of maintaining the District Exchanges amounts to less than one cent per box. During the year 1913-14, the members of the Exchange purchased through the Fruit Growers' Supply Company — an association which, though it has a separate organiza- tion, is in effect a branch of the Exchange — packing material, fertilizers, fungicides, heaters, oil and sundry orchard supplies to the amount of $3,319,000, an amount which represents an increase of 50 per cent, upon the business done in any previous year. The directors of the Excliange are faced with the need of finding new markets for their fruit, or Increasing the demand in existing markets. By regulating the ship- ments from California in such a way that each market is supplied strictly according to its needs, the Exchange ensures that consumers in every part of the country have a constant supply of fruit of good quality at reasonable piices. This alone increases the demand, and the per capita consumption of oranges and lemons in the United States has in fact increasied enor- mously during the last ten years. But a still greater Increase must take place If Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. We have a surplus stock of some sorts of Irises growing in our Gardens. We offer this surplus, some 15,000 plants In 28 varieties at much reduced prices for all orders received in the month of August next — ach; Breeding Queens, $.5.00 e.ioh. I guaranty o you a square deal. JOHN A. McKINNON St. Eugene ... Ont. When good queens are wanted I have the goods. I'ui-e Itali.'in.s from iiiip<)rted mothtrr.s. Al.'JO pure Carniolan.s and Caucasians from imported mothers. 75c each, $8,00 per dozen. No disease. GRANT ANDERSON RIv Handa Texas Queens "Reared in Canada" from the best Italian stock ONE DOLLAR EACH Six for Five Dollars P. TEMPLE 438 Gladstone Ave., TORONTO, ONT. Leather Colored Italian Queens Bred for Honey Production Queens are reared from .select mother.s, record breakers, taken from our honey pro- ducing apiaries of over l.OUO colonies. ' We guarantee our queens to live as long and to give as good or better satisfaction than any of the so-called "Hardy, northern bred," high priced queens. We invite closest com- parison with the best. iTnlested queens, 60c each, $6.00 per dozen Warranted purely mated, 75c each, $8.00 per dozen. Tested queens. $1.10 each. $12.00 per dozen. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. No disease. BROWN & BERRY. Hayneville, Ala. Power Honey Extractors Friction drive or with special cut gears, smooth and easy running. Speed control is per- fect and simple. If you are thinking of purchasing a power outfit, write us at once. The Ham & Nott Co., Ltd. BRANTFORD, ONT. THOROUGHBRED QUEENS Three-band and Golden Italians my stock. I secured the best stock obtainable, unexcelled for honey gathering and very gentle. No better queens to be had, no matter what price you pay. May 1st to July 1st. July 1st to Nov. 1st. 1 6 12 1 6 12 Untested $1.00 $5.00 $9.00 $.75 $4.00 $7,75 Select, untested 1.25 6.00 11.00 1.00 5.00 9.00 Tested 1.50 7.50 12.00 1.25 6.00 10.00 Select, tested 2.00 10.75 18.00 1.75 9.00 16.00 Breeding queens 5.00 Nuclei— 1 frame 1.50 8.00 15.00 Nuclei — 2 frame 2.50 12.00 22.00 When ordering Nuclei select the queen you wish from the above list and add price to same. No foul brood or disease. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed to all in the United States and Canada. Address L. MORRISON, R. M. D. No. 1, Argenta, Ark , U.«.A. The Beekeepers' Review The Beekeepers' Review is now just beginning to publish those valuable papers read at the National Beekeepers' Convention at Denver last February. If vou were to begin your subscription with the May number none would be missed. We will be pleased to receive your subscription for the last eight months of the year for an even 50c, post-paid to Canadian subscribers. In remitting, say begin with the May number, so as to miss none of those valuable papers. Those papers are only a part of the valuable material we have on hand that will appear during this year, so we are verv sure you will receive your money's worth by subscribing for the Review at this time. The Review is Owned and Published by the Honey Producers Themsselves. consequentlv is published wholly to our Interest. Kindly remit by postal note, not .stamps, a.s we cannot u.se Canadian stamps. Address, with remittance, The Beekeepers' Review, Northstar, Mich. The Beekeepers' Review, Northstar, Michigan California grower.s are to find an outlet for thedr rapidly Intneaslni? production, and the CallfoTola Fruit Growers' Exchange carries on an active advertising campaign with the oibject of popularizing the consumption of oranges and lemons "by nmking known their valuable food properties and instructing the pubHc in the many different methods of preparing them. The directors realize that unless by some such means the dr-"'-"'' can be made to keep pace with the incr. production due to the tact that y Kroves are now reaching the bearing stage, the stability of the wTiole industry will be seriouiily threatened by the fall In prices which must inevitably result from an over- abundant supply. They are preparing to meet this situation when the time comes. Manitoba W. C. McKillican, B.S.A., Superintenden, Brandon Experimental Farm Some of the hardiest varieties of standard apples are being tested at the Brandon Ex- perimental Farm, but the situation does not seem favorable and the results up to Uie present are not encouraging. Good results have been obtained with cross-bred varip ties originated by the late Dr. \Vm. Saur ders Who was for many years Director o: the Experimental Farms. These were i>ro- duced by crossing standard varieties with (Pyrus (baccata), a native of Siberia, very hardy but producing small astringent fruit. Some of the hybrids originating from these crosses have proved to be of great value for prairie conditions. Many trees of this type fruit abundantly at Brandon each year. The fruit is about the size of an ordinary crab apple and makes delicious preservi^s and jellies. A new line of experimental work has been taken up in recent years In the hope of developing hardy varieties of standard size and quality. Thousands of seedlings of the hardiest standard apples are being grown in nursery rows. At present about 11,000 of these seedlings are under obser- vation at Brandon. It is hoped that greater variation and consequently greater oppor- tunities for selection will be gained by the use of large numlbers. These seedlings wi'l first be rigorously selected for hardiness, th€>n the most hardy will be brought to the fruitage stage, while the nursery rows will be filled again with fresh thousands of seed- lings. It is hoped in this way that out of the many thousands of seedlings with the great variations that seedlings show, that a variety may be found that will be hardy under the most rigorous conditions, and yet bear fruit of good size and quality. Plums. The different varieties of pltnns that are recommended for western conditions such as Cheney, Aitken and the numerous varie- ties originated by Professor Hansen of South Dakota, are being tried at Brandon. These all succeed well, but none are so sat- isfactory on the whole as some of the best strains of Manitoba Native plum. One of the best and earliest of the latter has been called the Major plum. Further work is being done in developing and isolating im- proved strains of the native plum. Bush Fruits. Currants, gooseberries and raspberries all succeed well. Experiments are being con- ducted in testing out the different varietie.^ of bush fruits. Different methods of mulch- ing and winter protection are also being tried. Strawberries have been grown with grreat success for many years. Experiments with varieties and winter protection are being conducted. July, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 179 LAST CHANCE to import your Bulbs. Next fall you will have to pay regular prices for your Bulbs, when, by ordering them now, you get them for half the money. Get our import Bulb catalogue at once. Orders must be in by July 10th at the latest. Morgan's Supply House London, Ont. Bee supply catalogue free. LEATHER COLOR ITALIAN QUEENS Bred for Business Untested, $1.00 each, $9.00 per dozen. No disease. A. E. CRANDALL & SON, Berlin, Conn. QUICK SHIPMENT OF QUEENS of 3-band stock, reared for honey gather- ing qualities. Untested, June $1.00, later 75c. Tested $1.50, select tested $2.00. Send your orders now and be assured of having queens when you want them. R. A. Shults, Cosby, Tenn. Northern Bred Italian Queens Guaranteed as good as can be had. Leaflet, "How to Introduce Queens," 15c; "How to Increase," 15c; both, 25c. E. E. MOTT. GLENWOOD, MICH. THREE BANDED ITALIANS Twenty years' selection and breeding brings Murry's queens above the average. Untested, 75c: 6, $4.00; 12, $7.50. Tested. $1.00; 6, $6.50; 12, $10.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction ^aranteed. H. D. MURRY, MATHIS, TEXAS. BEES FOR SALE Italian Queens and Bees, lb., $2.25; 5 lbs., $10.50; 1-L, Frame, $2.00; 2 Fr. Nuc, $3.00; all with Queens. Italian Queens, 75c each; 6 for $4.00. Complete catalogue free. THE DEROY TAYLOR CO. BOX C - NEWARK, N.Y., U.S.A. YOUR OPPORTUNITY to start in bees, make up winter losses, and increase your apiary cheaply by placing an order for a pound package of bees. Price, in- cluding a choice young Italian queen and full directions how to handle, $2.50; six for $13.00. Choice young Italian queens, each 75c, six $4.00, 25 for $15.00. Satisfaction guaranteed. Reference, DuBois National Bank, DuBois, pa. J. B. HOLLOPETER, Box 156, Peniz, Pa. MILLER'S STRAIN ITALIAN QUEENS By retarn mail or money refunded; bred from best red clover .strains in United States, In full colonies, from my superior breeders; northern bred for business, long tongued, three-banded, gentle, winter well, hustlers. Not Inclined to swarm; roll honey in. One untested, 75c; 1 select untested. $1.00; 6 untested, $4.00; 6 select untested. $5.00; 12 untested, $7.50; 12 select untested, $9.00. A specialist of 18 years' experience. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. \. F. MILLER, Brockville, Pa. U.S.A. Queens of MOORE'S STRAIN of Italians PRODUCE WORKERS That fill the super quick With honey nice and thick. They have won a world-wide reputa- tion for honey-gathering, hardiness, gen- tleness, etc. Untested queens, $1.00; six, $5.00; 12, $9.00. Select untested, $1.25; six, $6.00; 12, $11.00. Safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. Circular free. 1 am now filling orders by return mail. J. P. MOORE, Queen-breeder. Route 1, MORGAN, KY. The Root Canadian House 185 Wright Ave. TORONTO, ONT. Quality counts. Try our Queens; three banded, golden Carniolans or Caucasian, from best U.S.A. breeders; also from our own yards. Everything in Bee Supplies, Root's Goods; also "Made in Canada" Bee Journals and Books. Catalogue Free. Honey Pails & 60Ib. Cans. Glassware & Shipping Cases. Bees. Queens. Honey. Wax. CHAS. E. HOPPER & CO. 126 Simcoe St, TORONTO, ONT. LEININGER'S STRAIN OF ITALIANS have a record of 30 years. Our experience in the queen-rearing business dates back over 30 years. They are excellent honey gatherers and gentle to handle. We will sell queens from this famous strain during July and Augrust at the following prices: Tested queens (one year old), $1.00 each; 6, $5.00. Untested queens, 75c each; 6, $4.50. Satis- faction guaranteed. Fred Leininger & Son, Delphos, Ohio. PRICE LIST of Three Banded Red Clover Italian Queens Bred from Tested Stock. Untested Queens, $1 each, $5 for six. Selected untested, $1.25 each, $7 for six. Tested Selected Guaranteed Queens, $2 each. Cash With Order. W. R. STIRLING Box 214 Ridgetown, Ont. Bees and Queens Ours are choice stock and Northern Bred; are more desirable tor Canadian Beekeepers. Ask for Catalogue B. Bee Supplies — We sell Root's goods only. Let us quote you prices on what you need. Ask for Catalogue A. Berry Baskets, ask for Catalogue C. M. H. HUNT & SON LANSING MICHIGAN Beekeepers Everything in the line of bee supplies. Weed process comb foundation, Bingham smokers. Porter bee escapes, improved model hives, etc. Bees by the pound package. The best way to make increase. Hardy Canadian-bred Italian stock; sure to please. Full instruc- tions for handling with each shipment. Prices, including an untested Italian Queen : July 1 to June. Sept. 15. 1-lb. package $3.50 $2.50 2-lb. package 4.50 3.60 3-lb. package 5.50 4.50 Tested Queen Included with above, 50c ex- tra. Select tested, $1.00 extra, or best breed- ing Queen. $4.00 each extra. Best Italian Queens, untested $1.00; tested Queens, $1.50, and select tested, $2.00 each. Usual dis- counts by dozen or more. Write us if you have any Beeswax to offer. Catalogue upon application. F. W. JONES, Bedford, Quebec NOTICE TO QUEEN BREEDERS If you want to sell Queens and Bees advertise in the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. Read what some of our advertisers have to say about the pulling power of our adver- tising pages. We have advertised in the American Bee Journa,l for thirty years. Have always found it a good advertising medium. — J. W. K. Shaw Co., Loreauville, La. My advertisement brought all the orders I wished for. In fact, more than I was able to supply — quite a number of orders had to be returned. — J. A. Simmons, Sablnal, Texas. The Reasons are self-evident — a good bee paper is taken by live and wide-awake beekeepers, and these are the kind that are always in the market for good bees and good Queens. Rates on space are not high. Display at 15c a line, or $2.10 per inch. Classified, 15c a line. Send In your order with copy to-day and get rid of your surplus Queens. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, Hamilton, III. GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS Reared from superior mothers, mated with select golden drones, 3% miles from three- band apiary. These queens are large, vigorous and proilflc; the bees gervtie and hustlers, and are noted throughout the U. S. as a disease-resisting strain. Purity of mating, safe arrival (U. S. and Canada), and satisfaction guaranteed. July 1st to November 1st. QUEENS. 1 6 12 Untested $ .75 $ 4.00 $ 7.50 Select untested 1.00 6.00 9.00 Tested 1.50 8.00 15.00 Select tested 2.00 10.00 18.00 After July 1st, $60.00 per 100. Breeders, $5.00 to $25.00. BEN. G. DAVIS, - Spring Hill, Tenn. ISO THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, ]:n: THE COMMISSION MAN Under-noted are Canadian and British firms wishing consign ments of fruit and vegetables. Correspondence is solicited. NICHOLSON & DEMPSTER 88 Col borne St., Toronto, Ont. Receivers and shippers of local and car- loads lots Potatoes, Apples, and Mixed Vegetables. WANTED — Consignments of tomatoes, peaches, cherries, grapes, and all kinds of fruit and basket apples, also oarlot apples. Centrally located; convenient to all car tracks. LAING BROS. Wholesale Fruit Merchants 307-309 Elgin Ave. : Winnipeg, Man. HERBERT PETERS 88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont. Wholesale Fruit and Produce See advertiseaient on page vii. SIMONS FRUIT CO. David L. Dick, Manager 27 CHURCH ST. : TORONTO, ONT. Representatives: Simons. Shuttleworth & Co. Liverpool and Manchester. Simons, Jacobs & Co. Garcia, Jacobs & Co. Glasgow, Scotland London, England. Receivers of Apples and Pears. H. J. AS H 44-46 Church St. TORONTO . ONTARIO Consignments of fruit and vegetables so- licited. We give personal, consistent and reliable attention to every consignment. Shipping stamps furnished on request. The Oldest Commission House -.olC.'Y in Toronto cVt'^ ^C^ Send your Consignments. This space costs $1.40 or 5s. 9d. per insertion Order it now for the next 5 months ANNAPOLIS VALLEY NOTES. Manning Ells. iNever did the orchards of the Valley show more abundant bloom than this year and the weather on the whole has been favorable for pollenlzatlon. Early varieties especially seem to be setting well and from present prospects we should harvest sixty per cent, more apples than last year. Black spot is showing on the leaves of uu- sprayed orchards and with perfect weather to date for its development it may be a seri- ous factor In determining the number of liarrels of marketa'ble apples that w.Ul be gathered in the fall. To date tliere are no serious Insects pests more numerous than usual. The bud moth showed up strong early in the season, but the two sprays be- fore the blossoms opened pretty well wiped them out. They have done a good deal of damage on young trees, howerer, where spraying Is not practised. Strawberries are setting well. We will have the best crop for some years. There was no frost anywhere and the rains have kept the plants growing vigorously. Plums promise half a crop. Other small fruits are all that could be desired. The only people with long faces .in the Valley this season are the tree agents and the nurserymen. Practically no commercial orchards are 'being planted and this after only two or three years when the demand for trees seemed unlimited. Nurserymen who set heavily the past two years are left with a serious loss as this crop must be sold when ready and no one can tell when the grafts are set -what the demand will be when the trees are ready to sell. The bugbear of over-production seems to be in every one's mind and it will probably be some time be- fore the planting of apple trees w.Ul be taken up strongly again. CHOICE APPLE BARREL STOCK Staves, Hoops, Heading, Head Liners Coopers' Nails For Packers who are unable to get barrels made, we can arrange to furnish them with Apple Barrels at lowest prices for first-class Barrels. THE SUTHERLAND-INNES CO., Ltd. CHATHAM ONTARIO July, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 181 Central Annapolis Valley Eunice Buchanan The spraying of orchards seems to be undergoing a phase of transition in the Berwick vicinity. Many are using soluble sulphur just after the buds burst, while others use it entirely on a portion of the orchard only. There have been cases of leaf burning from this spray, probably due to using it too strong. A few orchardists have gone back to the Bordeaux mixture, while the majority continue to use lime- sulphur. Aphis have made their appearance in some orchards, particularly on the Blen- hiems. Blossoming was late; the Graven- stiens opened on June 3rd. Later the wea- ther was ideal for the flight of insects and pollenization. On May 16 we had a severe frost, buti vegetation was too backward to be affected. On May 27th there was a snow storm and our last frosts (we hope) occurred on May 29th and June 2nd, but they were so slight that only the tender shoots on wild plants in low lying places were hurt, and as far as we can learn no serious damage was done. Now that the anniversary of last year's se- vere frost is past, June 4eh, people are be- ginning to breathe freely; never before has there been such promise for an enormous apple crop. Oherry (blossom is heavy, but plums are lighter. Wild strawbeirrics, usually the first to suffer from frost, have an abundance of perfect blooms. Prevention of damage by frost with fire pots is as yet in the experimental stage here. On the night of June 2nd Mr. S. B. Chute had a block of orchard protected with them. Mr. Chute says that by put- ting one hundred pots to the acre the tem- perature can be raised eight degrees; but he thinks that forty pots to the acre would be sufficient in a favorable location. The pots are made locally, costing eight cents 3ach. Crude oil is used, one gallon to each Dot, costing eight cents per gallon, or with abor ten dollars ($10) per acre. Ontario Horticultural Exhibition The directors of the Ontario Horticultural ilxhibition are anticipating that it will be )0.ssible to hold the exhibition this year as isual. The only thing which may interfere s the difficulty of obtaining a suitable build- ng. Last year's exhibition had to be post- HANDIEST IMPLEMENT YOU CAN HAVE You II tiMd a hundred usps for ihe Bissel Steel .Stone Heat. Every Fruit (irower neeila one. Made in several atyles and sizeB. Stitr. duralile, uobreakalile T E. BIS3ELL Company Limited, EuORA, ONT. Uetl. N for to- dan ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Qr ^^^^^'^.^^NCiw Landscape Gardening A course for Gardeners, Florists and Home-makers, taught by Prof. Beal, of Cornell University. Progressive Florists recog- nize the growing importance oi a knowledge of Land- scape art. We also offer a practical course in Floriculture, In- cluding Greenhou.se Con- struction and Management. Send for Catalogue. Address THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL DEPT. C.F. - SPRINGFIELD, MASS. THE SUGAR THAT GIVES ■■ PERFECT PRESERVING RESULTS Remember, that Sugar plays a very important part In your Preserving. On Its purity and even granulation, depend the success of your Jellies and Jams. This is why it Is so important that you demand LANTIC SUGAR Insist on having this pure Cane Sugar in original packages, and your preserving success Is assured. Your grocer should have LANTIC SUGAR In 2 and 5 pound cartons, and in 10, 20 and 100 pound bags. FRUIT JAR LABELS, FREE Send us the small Red Ball Trademark cut from top end of carton or from 10 or 20 pound bags, and we will send you, free, a Book containing 50 gummed pre- serving labels for your fruit jars. Lantic Sugar Addr Atlantic Sugar Refineries Limited Dept. E. Montreal Cabbage Worms Destroyed by Dust- '"g ^'t^ Hammond's Slug Shot So used tor 30 years. SOLD BY ALL SEED DEALERS. For pamphlets worth having", write B. HAMMOND, Fithkill-on-Hudion, New York. Kelway & Son SEED GROWERS and NURSERYMEN LANGPORT, ENGLAND Announce that their Mil. H. A. NALDRETT has just arrived for an extended business trip throughout the United States and Oanida Mr. Naldrett's address wliile in this country will be in care of Messrs. T. Meadows & Co. 8 1 0 Bridge Street, Battery Park, New York 182 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1915. Protect Your Fruit BY USING WARNER'S APPLE BARREL PADS A pad placed in each end of the bairel holdt the apples firm and abfolutely prevents them from being bruUcd when heading the barrel and shipping. It costs very little and pays well. R. B. Warner, inwood, Ont. —PRESERVE- Your l-'niit IhiH B(:ison with DOMINION CRYSTALS A sugar that is absolutely pure and fully guaranteed. If you are buying sugar to feed BEES, be sure to get Dominion Crystals. Ask your Grocer for It. DOMINION SUGAR CO., Ltd. Wallace burg and Berlin, Ont., Can. 'Ht BEST MAOt FO|tjrEPS STAiilOAf?P POT We have a large stock of all size FLOWER POTS F(RN OR BULB PANS % AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Orders Filled Promptly. Send for Prices. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. poned because the buildings on the Exhibi- tion Grounds, where it was proposed to hold the exhibition, were in use by the militia. It is not certain as yet whether or not any of these buildings will be available this year. At a meeting of the directors, held June 25, the secretary was requested to ii-scertain if any of the buildings on the Exhibition Grounds could be obtained for the purpose of the exhibition. If It is found that these will not be available, the man- ager of the exhibition will ascertain if any other building, such as the Arena, can be secured. In the fruit section this year It is proposed to discontinue offering prizes for barrel ex- hibits. Prizes for cones of apples will be offered again this year after having been discontinued for a few years. There will be very little, if any, change In the vege- ' table and flower prizes. It is probable that there will be an especially large exhibit of honey and of good quality. Mr. Manton suggested that this year the prize winners be asked to contribute their prize money to the funds of the Ked Cross Society, as it was proposed to do last year. Action was deferred until the different or- ganizations represented under the manage- ment of the exhibition could be consulted on this point. A feature of the meeting of the directors was the presentation of a handsome leather arm chair to Mr. E. T. Reed, the capable and well-liked manager of the exhibition. The presentation was made by Messrs. Hodgetts and Manton. Words of hearty appreciation of the good work that has been done by Mr. Reed as manager were ex- pressed by all the directors present. ^^ , 'VI^MJ V^HUmM°fl|^^B^^^^^^B K^?M Look Over Your Greenho uses Methods of greenhouse building have changed radically in the last few years. Steel construction, throwing less shade, and a single large house in place of several small ones, have resulted in greatly increased efficiency and economy in every way. Are they large enough to accommodate all your needs? Are they up-to-date and efficient in every way? Would a new house or an overhauling of your old ones save you money in operating or give you better growing facilities? Every day, almost, brings forth new ideas in greenhouse construction, tending to more economical operation and better growing. The plant which keeps up with them is the money-making plant. Remember that to-day's expenditure is to-morrow's saving. Write us for booklet B and further information. GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, LIMITED Makers of Greenhouses, Heating and Ventilating Apparatus, etc. 201 Church Street, Toronto P.O. Box 1042. Montreal Niagara District As a result of investigations made by W. A. McCubbin, of the Laboratory of Plait Pathology, at St. Catharines, it has been reported that powdery mildew has appeared jn the vicinity of Jordan and Vineland on strawberries. The disease generally is not serious, but owing to favorable w^eather conditions has assumed considerable im- portance this year. The Vineland Experi- ment Station is experimenting with reme- dies. The fruit inspectors this year, in accord- ance with the instructions sent out some time ago by the Dominion Fruit Division, have been watching carefully for shipments of immature fruit and improper packing, and as a result a number of growers have had their shipments returned. The heavy frost the latter part of May caused more damage than was at first an- ticipated. Strawberries suffered heavily, as have grapes and the more tender plants and vegetables. The published report that large orders for jam have been placed by the British Government with Canadian jam manufac- turers was welcome news. Most of the factories have been carrying considerable stocks of jams. This condition has not im- proved the demand from the factories for fruit. The staff of the Vineland Experiment Station has been increased by the addition of two graduateo of the Ontario Agricul- tural College in the persons of Messrs. A. G. Harris and O. J. Robb. Mr. Robb is suc- ceeding the late Mr. Lund in the conduct of the vegetable department. Ontario Crop Prospects Fruit crop prospects in Ontario were de- scribed as follows by the Ontario Depart- ment of Agriculture, Fruit Division, the last week in June: East of Toronto, including the counties of July, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 183 GILSON jobms^ A husky trouble chafer. WiJI pump w»ier. churn, separate ^ «(ne. Skidor 1 1-3 H. C^isoUne Ei cream, run grindstone aod do Other fruck. Slie* • hores- Lenifthen >ou'' a j •* ^^ up to 15 H. P. days by lidhteninK )our3)4/,OU labors. Write for rata- ^ -^ loBua. Sizeaup to 15H.P. Oilson Mfff. Company. 5 York St ■* Giifiph, Citrmila. THE RAIN ,!JLWS MACHINE OF iHRiQAxioN Write foi six booki on indoor and outdoor irrigatioD. The Skinner Irrigation Co.,^3*iWaurSt..Tr«y,o* NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundreds of vari- eties adapted for the Canadian cli- mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own saving. Catalogue free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. SANDER & SONS ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND ORCHID GROWERS. The Finest Stock in the World Calalogttt on Application FRUIT MACHINERY CO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, when installed by our ex- perienced millwrights are the most prac- tical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogue. TRAUi; MARK ^^l» «^ Wilkinson ClimaX D Ensil£ige and Straw Cutter Our "B" machine, built especially for the farmer. A combination machine — it will cut and deliver green corn into the highest silo or dry straw or hay into the mow. 12-inch throat, rolls raise 6 inches and Ml close to knives —solid, compact culling surface. Can change cut with- out stopping. Can be reversed insiantly. Direct pneumatic delivery. Knife wheel carries fans. No lodging, everything cut, wheel always in balance. Steel fan case. Made int wo styles— mounled or unmounted. We also niakelarKcrtype machine for custom work. Ask your dealer altout this wcnknowti machine ami write us lor new catalog showing all styles. THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO., LIMriED I 4R8 CimpbellATC. Toronto, Canada What a MiUion Mothers Avoid More than a million careful mothers have intuitively known the dangers of poisonous fly destroyers. They have known that such preparations contain arsenic in deadly quantities. They have realized the peril to little children that accompanies the use of fly poisons. But for those who have not learned of these dangers, we quote from a recent issue of the Child Betterment Magazine, which com- ments upon 35 cases of children being poisoned last year: "The danger to children is great, and the danger to adults is by no means inconsiderable." In the December issue of The Journal of the Michigan State Medi- cal Society, an editorial on the same subject cites 47 cases, and goes on to state: "Arsenical fly poisons are as dangerous as the phosphorous match. They should be abolished. There are as efficient and more sanitary ways of catching or killing flies. And fly poisons, if used al all, should not be used in homes where there are chil- dren, or where children visit." f ANGLEFOOT "TlicSles shipped In car- load lots. The British Columbia Pruit Growers Association is distributing 20,000 copiies ol a fruit booklet In the Prairie Provinces to stimulate the consumption of British Colum- bia fruit. It gives 225 recipes tor the use of different varieties of fruit, and includes Illustrations of the best-known varieties of apples, witn explanations as to the months when they can be usad for culinary and des- sert purposes to the best advantage. Methods of preserving fruit without sugar are described. Provincial Horticulturist, R. M. Winslow, has predicted that the apple crop of the Okanagan Valley wul be fully as large as PACKER'S "SAFETY" FRUIT WRAPPER PAPER Recommended by Government Inspect- ors. Used with perfect results by largest growers. This paper is specially made to wrap fruit. The rough side in against the fruit protects it. The smooth side out ex- cludes moisture. It is strong enough to handle with- out breaking, yet its soft texture per- mits folding the paper close to the fruit better than with harsher papers. In stock — 8x 9 — 10c. per ream 500 sheets. 10x10— lie. 12x12— 15c. 18x24— 45c. 20x^0— 60c. 24x36— 80c. 30x40—11.10 Also in stock- Lace box tops, 11x20, per 1,000, $10.00. Lace barrel tops per 1,000, flO.OO. Lace paper, white and colored, 12 pieces, 10 yards each to box, 40c. Corrugated box tops, 11x20, per 1,000, $8.50. Corrugated barrel tops, per 1,000, $12. White pulp board, barrel tops, per 1,000, $7.00. White pulp board layer boards, 11x20, per 1,000, $4.00. Box Lining, cut to any size, from white or colored paper. Also wrap- ping papers, twines, manilla tissues. Buntin, Gillies & Co. ^— ^— — LIMITED — — — ^— HAMILTON, - CANADA Berry Boxes, Baskets, Etc. The Arkona liasket VaitOTy can supply you with the article that holds and helps to sell the fruit. Order now to secure prompt delivery from the old reliable, THE ARKONA BASKET FACTORY Samuel Rivers Arkona, Ont. FRUIT BASKETS Eleven-quart, 9-quart, 6-quart, 4- quart and Pony sizes, with or without leno covers. For favorable prices and a good article address Gull River Lumber Co. Ltd. Lindsay, Ontario Canadian Ginseng Pure Canadian Ginseng stock for sale. Order early for October planting. Booklet free. HURONIA GINSENG GARDEN BOX 341 BLYTH, ONT' BASKETS We supply hand-made fruit baskets, crates, etc. Well made, strong and guaranteed to give every satisfaction. Let us quote you prices this season. Can supply any quantity. Hewson & Farrell Box 244, Grimsby, Ont. Wilkinson Plows THE oldest line of steel beam plowsinthe Dominion, made in the old Wilkinson l*low Go's factory, by old Wilkinson Plow Co. experts— every one of them men who know their business. It is the standard line of plows and includes 25 or more styles to choose from. U. S. S. Soft Center Steel Moldboards, highly temp>ered and guaranteed to clean in any soil. Steel beams, steel landsides and high carbon steel coulter. Cle- vises can be used either stiff or swing. Each plow is fitted especially with its own pair of handles — rock elm, long and heavy and thoroughly braced. The long body « I ^^^fesss... ^Ci^"*!*,^ makes it a very steady running plow. Shares of vieneral ^^^^^^^H^^***^ *^ widths — specials for stony or clay Una, purpose, lignty medium, and heavy, side hill, sod, drill or one horse plows The plow shown turns a beautiful furrow, with minimum draft and narrow furrow at finish. A sk/or new bookltt. The Bateman- Wilkin son Co., Limited \ j , Symington Avenue, Toronto Canada W Repairs forall Wilkinson Plows PEERLESS POULTRY FENCE A Hmal Fntcm-Hot Hatting Strongly mtida and closely Epocrd— mftkitiK it a completa barrier against largo animals as we^U as small poultry. Top - J aud bottom wires No. 9 — inttTiiiediates No. 12 wire— made/ f by the Open Hearth process which time and other tests have f ■ proret) to b« lh»b»tl. Kend for Otato^.Aek khoyt our fu-m ■Diiomainetitkl I r fencing, A(rMioiMn#«l J fTM^hera. Ajtect* wtutM !n usufifmrd tCTritorj.u The Banwsll* HoKle Wire F«nc« Company, Ltd., Wlonipeir, Has., Hamilton " ' J-Jly, 1!>15. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST HONEY CONTAINERS If you are in the honey business, you will find it in every way wise to have attractive containers. Especially should you have a container bearing your own name or brand. In this way you build up a preference for your honey that will express itself in repeat orders year after year. Send for our It will show you the possibilities in the direction cf a container of your own. It will also give you prices and suggestions. But remember this — you ought not to postpone the placing of your order. Every year we get very crowded with hurry-up ordeis. This means delays and disappointments. Let us make up your order now. Containers won't cost less later on. Be ahead, not behind, in your selling plans for 1915. Macdonald Mfg. Co. Ltd. Cor. Spadina Ave. and Richmond St. - TORONTO 1 1 lustrRted ^^^s AAA**w%«» ^*%»^^^* Your name orin Catalogue Your name printed free in 100 iots assorted sizes ClilNhols aACKhU x-lLIKD STEELE, Hamilton, Ont. DELIVERIES MAY DISAPPOINT unless you arrange now for your supply of EARLY BULBS Send us your list of requirements and we will make you special prices on : Lilium Harrisii Roman Hyacinths Paper White Narcissi Freesias Chinese Sacred Lilies And Dutch Bulbs in variety. Candidum Formosum Giganteum The demand for Perennial Plants is increasing yearly. Sow at once and get a good line on next spring; our new season's supply of seed of Hollyhock, Delphinium, Fox- glove, Perennial Poppy, Candytuft, etc., is now to hand, and we solicit your orders. BRIGGS SEED tfZrTo Toronto, Ont. Winnipeg, Man. VI THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1915. CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS Advertisements in this department inserted at rate of 3 cents a word for each insertion, each figure, sign, or single letter to count as one word, mini- mum cost 30c., strictly cash in advance. REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruits farms a speci- alty. W. B. Calder, Grimsby. NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Before buying, It win pay you to consult me. I make a specialty of fruit and grain farms. Melvln Gaymon & Co., St. Catharines. FARMS — AU kinds, all sizes, for sale, fruit stock, grain and dairy farms. Let me know what you are looking for. H. W. Dawson, Brampton, Ont. BEES AND QUEENS GOLDEN AND 3-BAND ITALIAN, also Car- niolan queens. Tested, each, $1.00; 3 to 6, 95c; 6 or more, 85c. Untested, 75c; 3 to 6, 70c; 6 or more, 65c. Bees, per pound, $1.50. Nuclei, per frame, $1.50. C. B. Bankston, Buffalo, Leon Co., Texas. GOLDEN 3-BANDED ITALIANS, also Carnl- olan queens. Tested, $1.00 each, 6 or more, 86c each. Untested, 75c each, 6 or more, 65c each. Everything guaranteed to reach you in good shape. No disease. I. N. Bankston, Buffalo. Texas, Box 135. BEST THREE BANDED ITALIAN QUEENS— June to October, mothers selected from more than 100 oolotnies and reared In hives run- ning over with bees, according to the latest scientific methods. Every queen a dandy. Satisfaction guaranteed. Each 75c, per dozen $7.20, per hundred $50.00. Also bees and honey. J. H. Haughey, Berrien Springs, Mich. ITALIAN BEES AND QUEEN'S as advertised on page 159. Catalogue free. Deroy Tay'or Co., Newark, N.T. FOR SALE — ^Three banded Italian queens, from the best lioney-gatherdng strains, that are hardy and gentle. Untested queens, 75c. ; 6, $4.25; 12, $8.00. Tested queens, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00. Selected queens, add 25 ots. each to above prices. Breeding queens $3.00 to $5.00 eaich. For queens in larger quantities, write for prices and circulars. Robert B. Spicer, Wharton, N. J. ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS, reared for Canadians. Hardy, winter well. Send for circular. Standard bee hives shipped direct from factory in Iowa at $1.20 each. Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. HARDY NORTHERN QUEENS — Moore's strain of Italians. Untested $1.00 each, 6 for $5.00. Less in large numbers. P. B. Ramer, Harmony, Minn. BEES AND QUEENS— Why not re-queen your bees this fall with the best of Doolittle stock? We offer special prices of 75c each, $7.20 per dozen, or $54.00 per hundred. It will pay you to give this stock a triaL Spencer Apiaries Co., Nordhoft, Cal. ITALIAN QUEENS— For sale at 60c each, $7.00 per dozen. Safe arrival guaranteed. T. J. Talley, R.R. No. 3, Greenville, Ala. QUEENS BY RETURN MAI L— Three-band Italians only, which have been bred to a high standard of excellence, to which leading bee- keepers in Canada can testify. Tested queens $1.00 each; untested, 75c; $7.00 per dozen. No disease, and satisfaction guaranteed. J. W K. Shaw & Co., Loreauvllle, La., U.S.A. MOORE'S STRAIN AND GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS, untested, $1.00; 6, $4.50; 12 $8 00- 50, $32; 100, $60. Carniolan Caucasian, un- tested, $1.25; 6, $5.00; 12, $9.00. Tested, any kmd, $1.25; 6, $7.00; ,12. $12.00. Choice breeding queens of any kind. $6.00 each. Circular free. W. H. Ralls, Orange, CaU- fornda. QUEENS OF QUALITY — Our Hand-Mooro eUain of 3-banded Italians are beautiful and good honey giath«reT«. Secured 223 sections corab honey from best colony 1914 seajson. Only drones from selected queens near mat- ing yard. Breed strictly for business. Un- tested, 76c; half doz., $4.00; Select, $1.00. Queens mailed prom-ptly or money returned. W. A. Latsha-w Co., Clarion, Mich.' SEEDS AND PLANTS WOULD LIKE TO EXCHANGE mushroom spawn for bedding stock or cuttings, plants or bulbs. Canadian Mushroom Growers, Lim- ited, Lindsay, Ont. MISCELLANEOUS 1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors, any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. Pearl Card Co., Clinton vllle. Conn. last year. The peach crop will be about equal to last year. Fire Blight has made its appearance In a considerable number of orchards In the Southern Okanagan. Fnilt growers have been urged to watch for It and to cut out affected wood immediately upon its appear- ance. There is a possibility that the pre-cooling plant in the Surameriand District may not be operated this year. The Government has offered to rent .it to the fruit growers at a rental equal to six per cent, interest on the capital Invested. The growers have claimed that this charge is too high. They have offered to operate it if they can obtain it at what they consider a nominal rate. One of the pioneer apple exporters of Ontario in the person of Daniel L. Simmons died at Colborne, Ontario, on June 15th. Mr. Simmons is said to have been the first Can- adian to ship apples to the English markets, where his D.L.S. brand has been well known for a third of a century. The success of his initial shipments encouraged a greater production of apples in Ontario. Implements for Orchard and Vineyard Orchard Disc Harrows REVERSIBLE To throw the dirt to or from the trees or vines. ADJUSTABLE Gaags can be adjusted as re- quired. Extension can be furnished for working under branches. Cultivators A great variety — for cultivating small fruit — for vineyards — for orchards. Grape and Berry Hoes, etc. Spring Tooth Harrows 10, 15, or 17 Teeth The 10-Tooth size is in one Section and can be furnished with handles for vineyard work when so ordered. Spraying Outfits Small outfits on skids — large out- fits on wheels. Vineyard Plows Both Walking and Riding Plows especially built for orchard aiid vineyard work. TORONTO MONTREAL MONCTON WINNIPEG R E G I N A Massey-Harris Co., Limited SASKATOON YORKTON SWIFT CURRENT CALGARY EDMONTON The Canadian Horticulturi^ Floral Edition Vol. XXX VI [I AUGUST, 1915 No. 8 Winter Injuries in 1915 W. A. McCubbin, M.A., Field Secretary, Entomological Division, St. Catharines, Ont. SU many cases of damage due to winter conditions have come un- der my observation during the past two seasons that a few words on the subject may be of interest. The term winter injury may be used to in- clude those injuries due to winter sus- tained by plants which are either dor- mant, are about to become so, or which are emerging from the dormant condi- tion. It should be noted that while 'extreme cold may at times cause dam- age it is where the low temperature is associated with other factors that the greatest injuries occur. Among these contributing factors there are several important ones from the point of view of the general grower. Varia- tions in temperature, especially if sud- den and extreme, are to be considered. A tree which would be uninjured by a week's zero weather if during the pre- ceding and succeeding weeks the tem- perature gradually fell to and rose from the low level, would be badly hurt by a very cold week suddenly fol- lowing a warm spell or a warm period abruptly ensuing after a very cold period. There is also the protection of the tree to be considered. In the natural state a tree would have a humus-filled soil, an old sod, or a matting of weeds and old leaves around it which would modify very materially the effects of frost. In cultivated orchards where ■ the bare soil is left freezing takes place more suddenly and extends more deeply, while thawing is more rapid in the spring. This is especially true of hard and earthy soils which lack humus, and in such cases freezing of the roots may be expected. The most important factor, however, is the dryness of the plant tissues. When a tree prepares itself for winter growth ceases and the tissues undergo certain changes, associated with which is the drying out of the surplus water. Every effort is made to keep as little water as possible. Here again our methods of cultivation sometimes in- '•rfere Math nature's processes and our wees are hindered from getting rid of water, when, of course, they are not fit to meet the cold of winter, and are frozen. We commonly speak of this as "ripening" of the wood in the fall, and while the presence of too much water is the main factor which prevents proper ripening, there are others which also hinder the process to some extent. Among these may be mentioned severe summer pruning, which stimulates a late growth and leaves unripened wood to face the winter. Similarly defolia- tion by insects or fungi may start the tree to putting out new leaves and shoots which are liable to be immature when winter comes on. Also young, newly-set trees which do not have an early start in spring may not get a proper chance to ripen up in the fall. In many trees which are unhealthy the growth processes are slow and an early cold wave may damage them before their wood has had time to become mature. In a climate like ours, where there are such variations and sudden changes, we can scarcely hope to en- tirelj' banish winter injuries. We can, however, help our trees to pass the win- ters with more security than has been customary in the past by paying- some attention to the factors concerned ui the problem. One might sum up the general methods that may be followed to assist nature in bringing the orchard safely over the winter, as follows : — 1. Plant trees known to be hardy for the localit}'. ' 2. Keep the orchard vigorous and healthy. 3. Avoid late growth of the orchard.. Give it every chance to ripen the wood in the fall. Especially see that it haa not too much water in fall. 4. Protection measures may be use- ful. A humus-filled soil is good insur- ance against collar rot. A mulch of straw or stra\\'y manure or even a heap of earth will in some cases modify the sudden changes to which an earthy soil is liable. Dieback of Shoots: This is a very common form of winter injury. It may be seen in almost any orchard. The shoots are killed back from the end.-J for varjang distances. It is extremely frequent among tender trees like the peach, and among trees not quite hardy for the locality, as for instance, >4 '',-%'*> \jjj * '*'M\.. Indian women picking groo.seberrles. which have been grown as fillers between the fruit trees, in the orchard of Mr. Bell, of Burlington. Ont. im; THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Bdltlon. ^^^^*^ ^1, ^j^^^py^^^ ■■-■■ '9HK The Skinner Sprinkler System as used in his celery patch by Mr. Buck, of Freeman, Ont. The pipes can be turned to throw water to either side. the mulberry in the colder parts of Ontario. It raight be noted that this dieback is only a mild form of what occurs normally in many of our perennials, where all the top above ground dies back each fall. Bud Killing:: This is very common also. The buds, and especially the flower buds, are frozen and drop off. In many cases only the delicate stamens and pistils are destroyed and the flower opens but remains sterile. June Drop: Each year after the fruit has set a large number of fruit.s, especially among peaches, plums and cherries, drop off in June. Sometimes this is only due to a natural pruning which nature gives to a large crop. A weak tree, or one which bore heavily the preceding year, will suffer in this way. In many cases noted in 1915, however, the June Drop was due to a lack of fertilization brought about by very cold weather during the blooming season. Spotting of Plums and Cherries: This effect of late spring frosts was very noticeable this year. It was fre- quently mistaken for Brown Eot, and while spots were brownish in color they did not increase in size as the fruit . ripened. In many cherries ex- amined the spot on the outside had a small counterpart on the pit directly beneath it. Sun Scald: This term is used to denote the long dead areas on the trunks of apple, pear, plum and peach trees. Plums are especially troubled in this way and whole orchards may be seen in which every tree has a dead ' strip on the south or southwest side of the trunk. In this case the trouble seems to be due to sudden changes of temperature in March and April. A calm, bright day raises the tempera- ture on this side of the tree and starts a little growth. The sudden fall of the temperature at night is then too much for the tender tissue and a strip on the exposed surface dies. A board loosely nailed on the south side of the tree, a coat of whitewash on the trunk, or a cylinder of building paper loosely wrapped around the trunk have been used to prevent Sun Scald. These, of course, should be put on in the late fall. "When the damage is already done, sun scald areas should be cleaned out and the wood painted to prevent de- cay. Crown or Collar Rot: These names are used to denote a killing of the stem of a tree at the ground or below it, and it often involves the roots as well. Very many orchard trees of all ages die annually from this trouble, which is the direct result of freezing of the part below ground. Such trees in spring may put out leaves and flower and then suddenly wilt and die. More frequently, however, the girdling is not complete and the tree lives foi- two or more years after the injury was sustained, the small living connec- tion with the roots sufficing to keep it alive. Such trees are characterized by small and yellowish leaves and many dead twigs. When one side of the trunk only is frozen in this way the branches above it may be unhealthy and the rest of the tree normal. If not too badly injured the tree may recover, but when such freezing takes place at all it is usually bad enough to kill' most of the way around the base of the trunk. One can easily determine how bad the damage is by cutting into the bark of the underground stem. The nonnal bark is greenish white, while the dead tissue is quite brown clear to the wood beneath. Collar rot is pre- valent on low, wet soils, especially if these lack humus. It has also been found that a mulch of straw or barn- yard manure or a heap of earth around the trunk helps trees to pass the win- ter without this root freezing, pn- sumably because they tend to prevei" sudden changes of temperature in tlr soil. It may be noted here, also, that where a budded tree is used and the stalk grows faster than the scion, or is imperfectly united to it, the liability to injury of this kind is greater than where the two parts of the tree are uniform in size and there is a perfect union. There is a strong suspicion also that the stock used in certain cases is one that does not possess the hardy qualities that ought to be ex- pected of it. Black Heart: One often meets with fruit trees in which the whole of the heart wood has taken on a brown or dark color and to these cases the name Black Heart has been given. They are due to winter injury also, and it is a very unwise proceeding to plant out nursery stock affected in this way. Apple, pear, plum and peach trees are all subject to this form of injury and experience shows that if such trees live at all they make little growth for the first two or three years. When the in- jury occurs on a tree that is estab- lished it may not do much harm unless the injury is very severe, and flourish- ing orchards can be seen Avhieh years ago had their heart wood browned and darkened by some exceptional winter. It is advisable, however, to examine nursery stock and see that it is free from Black Heart, for nothing but dis- satisfaction will come from planting out an orchard with trees affected by this sort of winter injury. Strawberry Root Killing: A grent many complaints have been made th summer of the death of plants in strav. - berry beds. They usually looked Avell in spring, and put out leaves and flow- ered in a normal way, but when the soil dried out they shrivelled up and died out singly and in small areas all over the bed." This killing was vari- ously assigned to the use of too strong manures, to the strawberry mildew which was unusually prevalent this season, or to the "white grub" which has recently done considerable damage to strawberry plantations in varions districts. It was not due to these, how- ever, but to the freezing of the stra-w- berry roots, possibly in early spring after growth had begun. In the plants which are beginning to wilt the root s^'stem can be seen to be brown and dead. In older plants the outside or cortical part of the roots brown nor- mallv in winter more or less, but in Augu&t, 1913. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 18T these the central part is also dead and, of course, useless. The lower part of the crown tissue above the roots also shows in most cases a like discolora- tion. Chlorosis or Yellowing of Grapes: The foliage of a very large number of grapes shows this year a pronounced yellowish tinge, due to early spring frosts. Wordens have been noted as especiallj' troubled in this way. The strips or areas most affected by the dis- astrous frost of May 27 now show more of this chlorosis than the rest of the grape district. It is not thought that any permanent yellowing will result, but that it is a temporary condition only that will disappear next year. Asparagus Curl: Many of the late asparagus shoots come up curled and dwarfed with a brownish streak on the inner side of the curl. This also was due to the late spring frosts which slightly injured the shoots on one side near the growing point and brought about an irregular growth when the shoot elongated. Success in Strawberry Growing UNUSUAL success has attended the efforts of Mr. Geo. Johnson, of Peterborough, Ont., as a grower of strawberries. His start was made almost by accident. While busily occu- pied a few years ago farming ninety acres of land, he yielded to the sug- gestions of his family and put in five rows of strawberries at one end of a small field, "just for family use." That was four years ago. The small family-sized plot of berries proved a pleasant revelation to Mr. Johnson of the possibilities of intensive cultiva- tion, as the five rows which had been intended to supply only the require- ments of the family yielded an addi- tional revenue of $104 from berries sold. The following year, Mr. Johnson set out half an acre. This also proved pro- fitable, with the result that the next year he had one and one-half acres in bearing. Markets favored his new venture, and all of the crop was sold at prices ranging from twelve cents to eighteen cents a box. From his one and one-half acres, Mr. Johnson picked 5,100 boxes. When the boxes had been paid for and picking expenses de- ducted, he found that he had realized $670 from the small area in fruit. In 1915 the market was not so fa- voi*able, and equally satisfactory re- turns were not realized, but still they compared to advantage, considering the labor and capital expended, with the returns from the remainder of the farm, on which general farming was still practiced. Herbert raspberries have been added, and have proved almost equally satisfactory with the strawberries. "Senator Dunlap and Parsons are my favorite varieties," Mr. Johnson informed a representative of The Canadian Horticulturist who visited him in the picking season this summer. "We set the rows three and one-half feet apart, and the plants two feet apart in the row. We allow the run- ners to run freely, and all the training they get is that given by the cultivator. Of course we aim to cultivate the same way each time. We aim to take two to three crops off a bed. I have made more money by following this practice than by plowing down after the first crop has been harvested." In one respect, Mr. Johnson's methods differ radically from the methods of other fruit growers in his section. "Many have the idea," he said, "that the strawberry plantation should be kept clean the first year but not touched the following spring until the crop is off. We followed the com- mon practice at first, and one year the weeds stood a foot high over the whole bed, but we did not dare to pull them. That year was the first cropping sea- son for the bed, and we should have got a maximum crop. Instead, we got a poor crop. The next year we cleaned that bed thoroughly in the spring, and the result was larger pickings through- out the season. ' ' The cultivator is kept going con- stantly in the Johnson plantation, even during the picking season. "Moisture conservation is an absolute necessity to a good crop of berries," said Mr. Johnson. "Rain will spatter more sand on the berries than the scuffler ever does." Barnyard manure is the staple fer- tilizer. Mr. Johnson plans to grow roots the first year, applying a good coat of manure to them. Berry plants are set the folloAving spring, and they receive a second and equally heavy coat of manure. Factors which have contributed to Mr. Johnson's success have been the fact that the soil on his farm is par- ticularly suited to small fruit culture, while one of the best markets in On- tario, the city of Peterborough, is only a couple of miles distant. These con- ditions have enabled him of late to se- cure a larger return from his what are now five acres in small fruit than he formerly obtained from his farm of ninety acres. The Berry Patch What treatment should be given the raspberry plantations which have borne berries this season? The best treatment is to cut out the old canes as soon as they are done bearing. The new canes should also be cut to '.he proper number in each place, usually about five. The material which has been cut out should be carried out of the patch and burned. In this way mucli decay and other fungous trouble will be avoided. There are also many insects in the various stages from egg to adult which are destroyed by this practice. Another thing that is gained is the better development of the canes which are to bear next year. They get more sunlight by such a plan. When the canes have been cut out and burned, it is a good plan to cul- tivate between the rows. Stir up the ground which has been tramped by the pickers and thus put it in condition for the continued growth of the plants. The strawberry patch from which Mr. Johnson, of Peterboro, has obtained his profitable re.sult.s. A group of highbush cranberries in the back yard not only adds color to the yard in autumn, but also furnishes a good jelly material close at hand. !- a neglected orchard have been revealed, among others, bv F. H. Johnson, of Bridgetown, N.S., who foi- some years has obtained an average profit of one hundred dollars an aero from a reclaimed orchard, Thes^ re- sults have been accomplished by the thorough application of the principles* of orchard practice frequently de- scribed in the columns of The Cana- dian Horticulturist. Mr. Johnson's orchard comprises ten acres, five of which are in full bearing. When he purchased his farm in 189f). the orchard contained 300 apple tree.=;. The trees had been badly neglected, having been left in sod, seldom pruned and never sprayed. They were cover- ed with a growth of moss, and had a starved and stunted appearance. The annual .crop was about one hundred barrels of inferior apples. As soon as the land was fit to work, the spring after he took charge, Mr. Johnson plowed up the orchard and kept the ground thoroughly cultivated until the first of July. A cover crop M-as then sown. Meanwhile the trees were sprayed regularly. In the au- tumn his efforts were rewarded by three hundred barrels of clean fruit of good'.size. The orchard now contains 1,000 trees, one-half of which yield an average crop of 800 barrels of first- class merchantable apples. When asked by a representative of The Cana- dian Horticulturist for details of the methods by which these results had been reached, Mr. Johnson readily responded. "I attribute," he said, "what suc- cess I have met with to four operations : First, spraying; second, cultivation: third, fertilizing; and fourth, pruning. The best soil for an orchard is a light or a gravelly loam. Mine is a light loam. My orchard is situated on tho crest of a hill and slopes to the north, west and south. So far as I can see, the slope of the orchard does not make any difference in this part of the coun- try. Of course we are not troubled with spring frosts here. It is possible, perhaps, that where these are pre- valent a northerly slope would possess slight advantages. "I have practised thinning for ten years with good results. About the first of July I go through the orchard for this purpose. This practice gives me larger fruit, more even in size and better colored. Moreover the fruit can be handled much more quickly in picking and packing. Thinning is one of the important operations in growing first-class fruit. The superintendent of the Dominion Experimental Station has directed experiments in thinning in my orchard. The Blenheim variety was selected for the test. Five trees M-ere thinned and these were compared with seven trees unthinned. The trees were uniform in size and were equally well set with fruit. About seventeen per cent of the apples were removed from the thinned trees on July 15th. The apples were counted when picked and were packed by the Co-operative Fruit Company of Bridgetown. All the barrels were marjted so that the shipment could be traced to the selling point. The apples were sold on their merits and the purchaser knew noth- ing of the nature of the experiment. The number one fruit from the thinned trees sold at thirty -four cents per bar- rel more than for the same grade from the unthinned trees." Cost of Production. Mr. Johnson values his bearing or- chard at fivft hundred dollars an acre, which at six per cent, is a rental of thirty dollars. He has kept complete records of his expenditure and receipts. The fertilizer used per acre averages eleven dollars and 50 cents. Sowing the fertilizer costs one dollar an acre, discing and harrowing five dollars, seed for the cover crop two dollars and fifty cents, barrels thirty dollars, sprays ing twelve dollars, and picking, pack- ing and truckage thirty dollars. The total outlay per acre of bearing or- chard he places at one hundred and twenty-two dollars. For the past num- ber of years he has averaged one hun- dred and twenty barrels to the acre, and his average price for all varieties has been one dollar and eighty-five cents a barrel. This gives him a gross income per acre of two hundred and tAventy-two dollars and a net profit of one hundred dollars an acre. These returns show an encouraging improve- ment over those formerly obtained from this land. August, 1916. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 183 An Amateur's Homemade Greenhouse F. E. Ellis, Peterboro, Ont. THE two and one-half dozen to- mato plants growing in our backyard garden wei-e started by a neighbor of ours in a simple green- house of his own construction. They are even more vigorous and promising this year than those we grew last j'ear, although then we had a bumper crop. Our asters, which will soon show a beautiful bank of bloom on two sides of the house, have also made an, unusualh- satisfactory growth. The cold weather that we have had does not account for their success this year. We attribute it also to the exception- ally strong plants which we secured from this same neighbor. Our neigh- bor is Mr. A. McKenzie. The story of his success with his greenhouse is an interesting one. Mr. McKenzie is a foreman in one of the big factories of our city. Gar- dening has always been his favoritq hobby. His backyard has always pro- duced abundantly of the many good things that gardens grow when given intelligent management. Last winter times were dull and the foreman and men of the factory in which Mr. Mc- Kenzie was employed, were working on part time and short pay. Mr. Mc- Kenzie decided, therefor^, to turn his hobby to profitable account. In the time that would otherwise have been idle on his hands, he constructed a 10 X 15 foot greenhouse in one corner of his backyard. Much of the material was obtained from odds and ends around his house. In this he installed a small jacket heater and ran a couple of wires from his residence to light the greenhouse. The completed house, as seen in the illustration herewith, cost about fifty dollars for materials. As soon as the house was completed it Avas put into use. During the lats winter and early spring, thousands of plants of such vegetables as tomatoes, caulitlower, cabbage, onions and pep- pers wei;e grown and hardened off in six cold frames which had been built in conjunction with the house. Plants of such annual flowers as asters, car- nations, stocks and lobelia, were also grown for sale. Geraniums and foliage plants were also grown to a limited ex- tent. Mr. McKenzie took the very best of care of his greenhouse stock, hard- ening it carefully in the cold frames. When he started he did not know where he was going to find a market for his stock, but customers came readily and naturally and he disposed of it all among his neighbors and could have sold many more plants had his producing capacity been greater. Mr. McKenzie plans to start his greenhouse earlier in the season next year. If others who purchased plants from him have had as good success as we have had, he again should have no trouble in disposing of his stock. This year, of coui-se, Mr. McKenzie had a considerable outlay in building his greenhouse and it will add but little to his income. Next year, however, with- out further capital expenditure to make and as a result of experience gained this year, he expects to find his green- house a source of considerable revenue as well as a pleasant hobby. Garden Reminders for August J. McPherson Ross, Toronto, Ont. IHIS month is the clearing house for the garden, for our successes and failures are so well defined by this time as to enable us to profit by this year's experiences in next year's operations. A garden diary is a useful thing to keep, as the mere act of writing down sundi-y notes of the different operations or certain facts in regard to the -various plants serves to impress them on our mind, and adds to the store of knowledge which time and experience gives to the most skil- ful of gardeners. While our garden now is at its best, with its flowering results, we can see how best to make changes for the bet- ter another year. By changing such a tree or shrub, creating a new bed here, or a border there, we can im- prove on the picture the garden now presents. We cannot too strongly ad- vise the garden maker to plant in masses or groups whenever po.ssible. A simple Breenhou.se, erected at an expen.se of about fifty dollars, by Mr. A. McKenzie, of I'eter- boro, Ont., who may be seen in the doorway. (Note accompanying article.) While every plant or shrub is desirable in itself, still a dozen plants in bloom of one variety in color has more efi'ect than a dozen plants each different in kind. For instance, the African tamar- isk is a dainty shrub with fine heath- like foliage, with spikes of delicate pink flowers. It grows into a tree-like shrub, most graceful in character, and is always beautiful. As an individual shrub, best plant a dozen of them in a row, or in a group, and it makes a pic- ture indescribably beautiful, calling forth loud expressions of admiration from the least observant. This is the time to stimulate your dahlias with copious waterings of liq- uid manure, or failing that, place a liberal mulch of well rotted manure around the base of the plant in a sau- cer-like depression made in the soil to hold the water. Sow seeds of all the biennials and perennials. If this is done in the early part of the month you will have plants strong enough to prick out into a cold frame or well prepared bed of good .soil. Pansies, daisies, campanulas, fox- glove, sweet william, pyrethrum, and many other garden favorites may be thus reproduced by the hundred for permanent planting in the borders. In the latter part of the month one can get a border ready for planting during September of such varieties of perennials as they desire. In order to have good lasting I'csults it will pay to do it thoroughly by trenching it. Trenching is a term used by garden- ers when they dig the soil at least two spades deep, incorporating at the same lime a liberal coating of well rotted manure. Sueh a spot, of course, .should lie well drained. Preparing the ground this way is particularly useful if of a stitif or clayey nature. Breaking up 190 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. ^^ A type of greenhouse thait is being constructed in considerable numbers. Note the curved eaves. Lapped glass is here used. the hard pan beneath allows the roots lopenetrate deep in the cool, loose sub- soil, and to draw moisture from be- neath, giving luxuriant foliage and abundant bloom, even though the weather may be particularly dry. Paeonies, phloxes, hollyhocks, and iu fact all the garden favorites luxuriate under such conditions. As soon as the border is ready you can commence plantmg your paeonies, cutting off the foliage down to a couple of inches of stein. The old roots may be carefully divided if you want more plants; if not, plant the old roots whole. All your herbaceous plants will be the bet- ter if replanted into a new bed if they have been growing for several vears in the one spot. As a generarrule, plant the latest growing at the back of the border, or if it is in the centre of . the garden, in the middle, and grade down to the lowest, which should grow by the edges. The charm of a border is in the contrasts of color and forms of foliage, so plant in groups or masses as before advised. So much is to be said about planning changes in the garden that one can hardly mention everything in a short article, but do not overlook having some evergreens in your garden some- M'here. Of late years many gardens have been enriched by the planting of the Colorado blue spruce, juniperus, Vir- giniana glanea, abies veitchii garden cedars, and the beautiful retinosporus. The latter evergreen requires a little protection from strong winds and the winter sun until it gets well estab- lished._ They do best in a moist situa- tion; in fact, they are an evergreen that requires a lot of water, in common with their American cousin, the com- mon white cedar. If you have not suc- ceeded with this class of evergreens try growing them in a moister situa- tion. Insects have been a great pest in gardens this summer, particularly the aphis. For the common green aphis spray frequently with kerosene emul- sion. For the black aphis, which both- er the heleniums and rudbeckia, use a solution of nicotine, a preparation from tobacco, sold by the seedsmen, and par- ticularly useful in destroying these pests outside and in greenhouses. Any time no^\- make cuttings of ger- aniums and other soft wooded plants, placing them in a mixture of soil and sand in shallow boxes called flats. Put them in thickly to allow for failures, and place the boxes in some shaded, sheltered corner. Water whenever dry. They will root and make good plants for early potting when you start up your greenhouse in October. The Vegetable Garden M. B. Davis, B.S.A., Ottawa, Ont. In the potato patch attention to the potato bug and to the late blight will still be necessary. The ravages of the potato bug will, of course, be fairly well over, but in case they are not, spray the foliage with some poison. Spraying for late blight of potatoes should have been commenced as soon as the plants attained a height of four or five inches. For the late blight Bordeaux mixture is recommended, and by adding paris green or arsenate of lead the potato bugs may also be con- trolled. To properly guard against the blight frequent spraying at say intervals of about two weeks will be necessary. The formula to use is: Blue stone, five pounds; lime, four pounds; paris green, twelve ounces; water, forty gallons. The blue stone is dissolved in twenty gallons of water, and the lime is gradu- ally slaked in the same quantity of water. After both are thoroughly in solution and in suspension they may be poured together and the paris green added. This should be used at once. If it is desired to keep same on hand, keep the two stock solutions of copper and lime separately but not mixed to- gether. If troubled M'ith celery blight, bordeaux mixture of the strength of four pounds blue stone, four pounds lime, and forty gallons of water is good. Spray frequently and thoroughly. August, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 191 Prep aring Violets For Winter B. C. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont. CERTAIN delicate varieties of vio- lets, such as the Neapolitan, that fragrant variety with lav- ender color flowers, and other choice kinds, repay the grower for the little extra trouble of growing them in frames. This affords them just that protection which they need from the heavy rains or frosts experienced in the fall and the severe cold of the win- ter months. Plants sheltered in frames or in the greenhouse for preference, produce finer and more fragrant flowers. The plants should be placed in the frames in September. August, there- fore, is the month when the frames must be prepared. The frames should be in the most sheltered position which can be selected and, if possible, with a south aspect. The finest bed on which to put the frame is one made of leaves. These should be well trodden down, so that when firm the frame is about three feet from the ground level. Having placed the frame on the leaves, fill in to a depth of eight or ten inches a com- post of loam and leaf mould, and let it be well mixed and firmly trodden down. The compost should consist of one part leaf mould to three of loam. Before taking up the plants for the frames it is advisable to give them a good watering. If this is done a good ball of soil can be taken up with the plants, so that the roots are not dis- turbed. The plants must not be placed too closely together in the frame and not nearer than nine inches — ^twelve inches is better if we want the best results. Violets vary in growth, and those of a more vigorous growth necessarily demand more space. After all the plants are set out, give a sprink- ling of coarse sand, but take care not to let any soil get into the crown of the plant, and finish up with a good watering. Shade the plants for a few days. It is advisable, when fixing the frames, to give them a decided pitch to the south. In this way they will secure a maximum of warmth from any sunshine there is. The grower's chief concern during the winter months will be to keep the plants in a healthy condition and free from insect pests. Should the plants show any signs of unhealthiness, insects or mildew will probably be found to be the cause, and if so the plants must at once be given a dusting of sulphur and plenty of air. In severe weather frames will need to be well banked up and covered with a good la.yer of straw or litter; in fact, they may be completely covered over with litter, so as to afford the plants still greater protection. Care mvist, however, be taken that the plants do not become too dry, and to avoid this a good watering should be given be- tween the rows if the soil appears to be getting dry. The morning is the best time for this. Summer Preparations For Winter Flowers H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ont. T 'HE work of preparing and of pro- pagating garden plants for housing during the winter should now be given attention. Sometimes frost suspends growth very early, therefore from late August onward ad- vantage should be taken of every op- Th..s hydra.igta, In the garden of Dr. J. M. F.>r bes. Caledonia, Ont., Is 30 to 40 years old. nyuiai gea, ^^ ^^ 6^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ across, and blooms profusely every year. portunity to propagate all kinds of bedding plants. If you OM'n a small greenhouse, cut- tings of the following and many other subjects may be taken and inserted in the propagating bench — geranium, fibrous bedding begonia, ageratum, coleus, ire.sine, pentstemon, antir- rhinum, telanthera of various kinds, abutilon, shrubby veronica and mesembryanthemum, trailing plants for window and verandah box decoration such as vinca, ivy leaved geraniums, Senecio scandens, and choice lobelias. A careful selection of cuttings of sub- tropical bedding plants should also be made, in fact this class should be pro- gagated first as the plants usually take longer to develop to a serviceable size. Progagate shrubby evergreens, like broad leaved laurel, and Acuba, gi'cen and variegated euonymus, and box wood of various kinds. Many of these will make compact bedding plants by June of the second year, and the fol- lowing winter may be used for green- house or for home decoration. When propagating, the choicest and most delicate plants should be first selected, as more time will thus be afforded the grower to increase his most desirable stock. Without a greenhouse the grower is at a disadvantage. There is, however, nuieh that may be done to increase and so carry over the stock of the hardier perennial garden plants. Make a cold frame at once, have it slightly higher at the back than at the front,, see that the sash fits snugly (double glass sash is preferable for this work) select a 192 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. a joint as near the base as possible and upward through the joint. The stem is then bent so that the incision rests on a small mound of finely ijrepared soil, and it is secured in place by means of a suitably bent piece of wire. The incised part of the stem is then covered with a mixture of finely screened sand and soil. When the layers have rooted sufficiently they may be severed from the parent, be potted into small pots, nr planted in the cold frame in which, with proper protection, they will sur- vive the winter. Many kinds of seeds may now be sown in the cold frame to be used as flowering subjects for next year's garden. Whether the stock is raised A banana tree grown in an ordinary living room by Walter T. Ross, Picton, Ont. See page 193. sheltered position and place the frame on light ground if possible. Ascertain carefully that the position is high and dry enough to escape the rains of early fail, and the thaws of spring. Remeni- ber that plants winter better when soil and atmosphere is fairly dry. Having placed the frame, carefully fork the ground inside, at the same time adding and mixing fifty per cent, of sand, rake the surface finely, and finish it off by smoothing with the back of a rake or board. Your propagating bed is now complete. In this you may insert cut- tings or divisions of pansies and violas, arabis, hardy chrysanthemums, aubre- tia, and a host of similar subjects. Many rare herbaceous plants may in this way be propagated and preserved. Remember that propagation must be done while the temperature is still favorable for growth, therefore you cannot do it too quickly. See that the right method is pursued, as for instance in the case of the pansy and hardy chrysanthemum. In these cases the choice of cuttings is the most important factor. Cuttings of these must be taken from the base of the plant or those portions Avhich spring directly from the ground. The thick aerial stems are usually hollow, therefore in- ferior and almost worthless. If por- tions of rooted plants are available they will make equally as good plants as those which strike as cuttings, provid- ed that the portions are young and vigorous. How to Layer Carnations. If you have a collection of valuable border pinks (carnations) which are liable to be killed by winter frosts, layer them at once. Layering is a simple operation and consists in selecting strong grass (growths which spring from the ground) not the flowering stems. An oblique incision is made at from seed or bj' other means provision must be made to protect the contents of the frame from frost and at the same lime allow sufficient light for the wel- fare of the plants. During winter manure banked against the sides of the frame and a layer of straw on th'- sash with a heavy mat as covering will usually suffice for the purpose. The mat and straw may be removed at any favorable time to allow of light and air being admitted. Try the experi- ment of raising plants in this way, and see how many beautiful and choice sub- jects may be raised, which to buy, in thr case of many amateurs, would be im l)ossible. (To be continued in the September issue.) Conservatory and Greenhouse Construction GREENHOUSES may be built for either a few dollars or for sev- eral thousand dollars, depending upon their size, form of construction and the purses of those who own them. Small greenhouses, constructed largeli^ out of window frames and old lumber, and heated by stoves, have been erected at an expense of not over twenty-five to fifty dollars, and have given surpris- ingly good results, under the watchful, earnest care of their owners. From simple starts such as these some of our largest greenhouses in Canada have arisen. Up-to-date greenhouses and conservatories of modern construction, and with proper ventilating and heat- ing facilities, cost from hundreds to thousands of dollars, and are worth the money. A greenhouse differs in construction from an ordinary house. Its purpose is different. An ordinary building is de- signed mainly to provide comfortable shelter from the elements. A green- house is required to not only furnish shelter for tender plants, but the most favorable environment possible for de- velopment and growth. In fact, it is designed to overcome the laws of na- ture, as without its aid nature would prevent the production of tender plant.s and vegetables in our cold climates at the seasons of year when greenhouses are in use. Thus it is essential that the greatest care shall be taken to ensure obtaining the highest possible degree of efficiency in the new greenhouse, when the construction of one is under contemplation. Whether one desires to build a large greenhouse or only a small one, which may be enjoyed as a family luxury in the modest home, the points to be con- sidered are much the same in character. Aim always to use the best available materials, to install a reliable heating system, provide for thorough ventila- tion and look carefully to the interior arrangement so as to facilitate work among the plants, and reduce labor after the greenhouse has been com- pleted. The Scriptural warning a gains* building a house on sand applies to the foundation of the greenhouse or con- servatory. See that it is made of sub- stantial material. The frame work can never be depended upon if the founda- tion is not secure. The best materials are stone, brick or concrete. Local con- ditions should determine which of these it is desirable to use. See that the ma- terial is not skimped, and that the work of construction is well done. If your means permit, erect an iron or steel frame. They are more durable, ^^nthstand the elements better, admit the light more freely, and in every way give better satisfaction. Where it is deemed necessary to use wood in the . frame, excellent results may be ob- \ tained from the use of cypress. This ■ wood wears well and is admirably suit- ed for such a purpose. See that th.^ stock is carefulh' selected. The construction of greenhouses has become such an important industry that information concerning the best ^ methods of construction and cost are readily available. It is not safe to trust the work to an ordinary carpenter or architect. They probably have had lit- tle or no experience in the construction of such houses. They are seldom will- ing, however, to confess their ignor- ance, and generally will undertake to build a greenhouse when asked to do so. Their lack of knowledge of tho importance of light, ventilation and modern bracing methods, generally leads them to construct buildings of too heavj' material, and lacking in many of the essentials of a good green- house. It is possible to purchase the necessary materials, with such com- plete plans for its construction, that it is a comparatively simple matter for even an amateur to erect a greenhouse Avhen the materials have been received. This method saves much time and worry to the would-be builder, where August, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 193 i his means permit of his adopting it. ' Any of the greenhouse firms who ad- ( vertise in The Canadian Horticulturist will furnish estimates of the cost of constructing such a house, willingly, upon application. Nothing has been said about the im- portance of selecting a convenient and suitable site. This should be the first point considered. If the greenhouse is to be constructed near a house or garage, a different form of structure may be required, owing to the shade from the buildings, or other similar considerations, than would be where it is to be erected in the open. Ifone is living in a large centre, where it is possible to visit a number of conserva- tories or greenhouses, much benefit can be derived by so doing. The Cost of a Greenhouse What does it cost to erect a greenhouse or smaU conservatory? — H. L., London, Ont. A small greenhouse need not cost much to erect beyond the price of the necessary lumber and glass. To make it reasonably permanent a yery_ little iron work is required. With it the necessary plans for erection are sup- plied. The worst feature to overcome, both as regards expense and trouble, is the heating system. Any person has got to have more than an ordinary love for flowers, who will get up in the middle of a cold winter's night to take note of the temperature in their green- house and make up fires to suit. Ne- glect to do this, however, on even one occasion may mean the total loss of the growing plants, or a disastrous chill, with consequent sick plants to nurse through to health. A well kept conservatory is a lux- ury mainly for the wealthy who can afford the expense that goes with it. Xotwithstanding this, there are some who keep a small greenhouse or con- servatory without pajdng for help, but they have to be enthusiasts of a special kind, which it is hard to find. Again there are those who, having no chil- dren to raise, are prepared to adopt the next best thing and adorn their homes with buds of another kind, and for which, to nurse up to maturity, a conservatory is required. For those desiring a rough estimate as to cost of a small greenhouse we give the following example : The material for a greenhouse out- lined and proportioned as shown below, fourteen feet wide, can be supplied for about three dollars and twenty-five cents a lineal foot of house. The ends extra are twenty dollars each. This allows for light curved iron eaves, sup- ported on iron posts, to be cemented in the ground, and iron cross tied to- gether, so making the house reason- ably permanent. It has also continu- ous ventilation the whole length of the ridge, operated by a hand wheel. The cresting at the ridge is not included in this price. The superstructure may be set on a brick or stone foundation, but the price includes the usual house sid- ing and sheething from wall plate to the ground. Should the greenhouse be in connec- tion with a dwelling or building hav- ing a pit or basement, the heating boiler may be located therein, or the greenhouse may be served from the house boiler if of sufficient size. Should the greenhouse be separate from any other building, a very efficient and simple arrangement is shown in the illustration. A few feet, sufficient for a work shop or potting room, may be partitioned off from the main structure, and a leanto extended on a line with the roof, as shown, to cover a boiler pit and coal bin.- — Answered by R. W. King, Toronto, Ont. A Canadian Banana Tree The illustration of a banana tree on page 192 shows a most remarkable growth in an ordinary living room. The picture was taken about six months ago. The tree is much larger now, with a shoot or sprout about two and one half feet high, which takes the place of the old tree. The banana tree only yields one bunch of fruit. It is then cut down, the shoot forming a new tree for the next sea- son. The leaves are three and one half feet long, and about two feet wide. The growth of the tree shown in the ilhistration seems healthy and vigorous. The variety is the dwarf Cavendish. It attains a height of only six to eight feet. There is no sign of fruit yet. The tree is growing in the office of Mr. Walter T. Ross, Secretary of the Picton Horticultural Society, Pieton, Ont. Saving Tomato Seed John Gall, Inglewood If you wish to save your own tomato seed from a few large fruits for an- other season, break up the fruit into a dish of cold water. In a day or so the seeds will sink to the bottom and may be transferred to the seed packet as soon as dry. When the first frost threatens, cover a part of the vines with straw or paper. I'uU up others by the roots and hang them in a cool place in the cellar. The green fruit will thus continue to ripen, a few at a time. Note the freudurn of obstruction to light in tliis type of house. Tlie cost of its construction is outlined on this page. 194 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Editiou. The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINKD WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which has been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publishing Company, Limited, PETERBORO, ONTARIO H. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director. The Only Magazines In Their Field In the Dominion Omcial Organs of the Ontario and Quebec Krult Growers' Associations and ot the Ontario, Manitoba and New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associ- ations. REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY. Chicago Office — People's Gas Building. New York Office— Tribune Building. GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 16 Regent St., London, S.W. 1. .The Canadian Horticulturist Is published In three editions on the 25th day of the month preceding date of issue. The first edition is known as the fruit edition, and is devoted chiefly to the commercial fruit Interests. The second edition is known as the floral edition, and is devoted chiefly to the Interests of ama- teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The third edition is known as The Canadian Horti- culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first and second issues are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping interests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, $1.00 a year; three years for $2.00, and of The Cana- dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions In Peterboro (not called for at the Post Offlcej, 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. Change of Address — When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 5. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December 1914. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months. Including the sample copies, from 11,000 to 13,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo- ple known to be Interested in the grrowlng of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1914 ...11,570 August, 1914 12,675 February, 1914 ..11,550 September, 1914 .13,729 March, 1914 11,209 October, 1914 ...13,778 April, 1914 11,970 November, 1914 .12,967 May, 1914 12,368 December, 1914 .13,233 June. 1914 12,618 July, 1914 12,626 Total ." 150,293 Average each Issue In 1907 6,627 Average each Issue in 1914 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser In this Issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti- culturist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise- ment in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex- pense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes be- tween subscribers and honorable business men who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THB CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, PETERBORO. ONT. The Single Tax One of our valued correspondents in British Columbia takes us to task in a friendly way elsewhere in this issue for laying, what he considers, undue emphasis on the importance of taxing land according to its value and thereby minimizing the necessity for co-operative efforts among fruit growers in the direction of marketing and handling fruit on a more profitable basis. We hope that this view is not held by any considerable number of our readers. A careful perusal of the columns of The Canadian Horticulturist, including the edi- torial page, would show that it is not Justi- fied. The Canadian Horticulturist was one of the earliest advocates in Canada of the use cl co-operative methods by fruit growers. Practically since the inception of this publi- cation nearly forty years ago this question has been urged consistently and con- tinuously. Scarcely an issue has appeared in which co-operative effort in one form or another has not either been advocated or commended. At present, for instance, we favor the fruit growers of Ontario uniting in a large central agency similar in scope and character to that of The United Fruit Growers' of Nova Scotia, Ltd., and of the Grain Growers' Grain Co. of Manitoba. For similar reasons we have supported all ef- forts by fruit growers to deal unitedly witt transportation and other similar problems. While we believe in and advocate the ex- tension of these movements we are, how- ever, not among those who believe that they will ever permanently solve the problems they are primarily intended to dispose of unless the land question is dealt with in connection with them. A careful investiga- tion extending over some years has satisfied us of the correctness of this belief. Taks as an example, the country of Denmark. Nowhere in the world has the principle of co-operation been worked out so success- fully as by the Danes. Co-operative organiz- ations in one form or another not only assist the producers in the purchase of their sup- plies at the lowest possible cost but facilitate the marketing of their products to the best possible advantage. Nevertheless the farmers of Denmark are not as prosper- ous as a class as the farmers and fruit growers of Canada. This may surprise many of our readers, because of the widespread publicity which has been given to the suc- cess of co-operative enterprises in Den- mark, but it is a fact which is susceptible of proof. Tn DpriTnark ppph new success in the direc- tion of co-operative effort has been follow- ed in a short time by an increase in land values, until land which years ago could be purchased at reasonable prices has ad- vanced in price until It costs seyeral hundred dollars an acre. These prices and the rentals charged are so high that the men who work the land are not on the whole as prosperous as our Canadian farmers, who still are able to obtain land at reason- able prices. Over two hundred thousand Danish farmers have petitioned their gov- ernment to increase the tax on land values. Space does not permit of our dealing with this matter fully. Suffice it to say that we hold the view that fruit growers, as a class, while introducing co-operative methods should at the same time work for those re- forms which will tend to remove an in- creasing proportion of the burden of tax- ation from improvements to land values. This will tend to check undue speculative Increases In land values and at the same time ensure the people who cultivate the land receiving a larger return for their labors. The subject is being given more and more consideration by those who have been led to realize its importance. Spare the Tree As more and more of our town and city streets are swept clear of shade trees, through the construction of concrete side- walks and paved streets, the public is slowly awakening to the importance of adopting methods of protecting the shade trees that still remain. It is well that this is the case, as hardly anything more offending to taste, good health, and civic pride exists than busy streets devoid of all shade, the place of the shade trees having been taken by ugly tele- graph and telephone poles in endless profu- sion. In the United States the resentment against the needless destruction of shade trees has reached the point. In some states, where stringent legislation has been secured for their protection. In iNew York recently a construction company has been ordered to pay a fine of five hundred dollars a tree, with one thousand dollars additional puni- tive damages, for cutting down some trees that obstructed their work on one of the city streets. Although the verdict against the company was repealed from the lower to the higher court, it was sustained by the State Supreme Court. We need similar pro- tection for the shade trees on our Canadian streets. The Canadian and Ontario Horti- cultural Association might well unite their efforts to obtain an improvement in these conditions. Tariff Difficulties Reports of the conference of fruit grow- ers, commission men, and consumers held recently in Calgary, quote Mr. R. M. Win- slow, provincial horticulturist for British Columbia, as having stated that the cost of material and labor is some twenty-five per cent, higher in British Columbia than in the neighboring Pacific states, owing to the Canadian tariff. This, he pointed out, places the producers in British Columbia at a dis- advantage in the matter of cost of produc- tion as compared with their competitors to the south. He urged, therefore, that the duty on fruit Imported from the United States should be increased. This sugges- tion met with the opposition of the con- sumers, as has always been the case. If the figures given by Mr. WInslow are correct — and there is no reason to doubt them — it would seem as though the produc- ers in British Columbia would be justified in demanding a reduction in the duty on their supplies. The industries connected with the furnishing of these supplies are not to be compared in importance and extent with the fruit Industry. Even if they should suffer by a reduction in the duty on their supplies, the resultant benefit to the fruit growers would more than compensate the country for such a loss. The consumers, as well as producers, would favor such a modi- fication of the tariff, as it would benefit them almost equally with the producer. Is this not the line of Isast resistance along which the producers should endeavor to move? Among the many excellent publications received from time to time by The Canadian Horticulturist none are so fine as certain of the publications issued by the Department of Agriculture of the State of New York. August, IMS. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 195 Recently we have received a copy of the book entitled "Tie Cherries of New York," by U. P. Hedrick. It is a remarkably fine volume. It constitutes the fourth mono- graph on the fruits of New York State, pre- pared by the horticulturist of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Besides describing fully the leading varieties of cherries grown in the state, the volume con- tains many full-page color plates of cherries that are practically exact reproductions of the fruits shown. These illustrations, with the notes that accompany them, are highly educational in character. Not every provin- cial or state institution can afford the ex- pense involved in issuing publications of this character. We would like to se© more of this work done by national departments of agriculture, in order that they might then be adopted as standards for the country at large. i PUBLISHER'S DESK Our front cover illustration this month shows the gathering of the cherry crap in a Kelowna, B.-C., orchard, one of the pioneer orchards in that district. Note the China- man. Chinese laJborers are used extensively in some of tihe fruit districts of the prov- ince. The photograph is toy C H. E. Hud- son, Kelowna, B.C. • • • In this issue oif Tthe Canadian Horticul- turist, considerahle attention has been given to the subject of greenhouse construction. Year toy year the numtoer of private con- servatories and greenhouses in Canada is increasing. As many readers of Th« Cana- dian Horticulturis-t are anxious for informa- tion of this character, we purpose giving more attention to it as space permits. • • * Occasionally helpful and interesting papers on horticultural subjects are read at meetings of local horticultural societies. As a rule, nothing more is heard of these papers. We would like to have the authors of these papers, or the secretaries of the socieites, send us copies of them or the originals, in order that they may toe published in full, or extracts from them may toe used in The Canadian Horticulturist. • • • 'Fruit growers may obtain splendid re- sults by representing The Canadian Horticul- turist in their districts and introducing it among their friends. We desire to obtain more representatives in the leading fruit dis- tricts and have an interesting offer to make ■to responsible parties who may write us in regard to this. • * * Although we had expected to announce in this issue the results of our contest tor the best piece of poetry extolling the merits ot the apple, and referring to it as Canada's national dish, the award of the judge of the competitiom, Prof. T. G. Bunting, of Mac- donald College, Quelbec, had not been re- ceived at the time of going to press. As soon as tihe result is known, we will advise the winner by letter and will putolisb the results and the winning poem in our September issue. • * * The September issue of The Canadian Horticulturist will be our fifth ANNUAL PALL PACKING AND EXHIBITION NUM- BER. As usual, it /will be crowded with unusually interesting lUustrationa and Hrticles by well-known authorities in the leading fruit districts of Canada. Prof. J. W. Crow, of the Guelph Agricultural Col- lege, one of the best-known fruit judges in Canada, will contribute an article on "The Judging of Fruit." Mr. F. H. Grindley, of the Fruit Commissioner's Office, Ottawa, will write on "Needed Improvements in our Marketing Methods." A subject that has toeen attracting more and more attention in recent years has been the possitoility of using fire pots as a means of preventing damage toy frosts. Extensive experiments in this direction have toeen carried on at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. The results of these experiments will be described toy Mr. M. B. Davis, in an article entitled "Fire Pots as Protection Against Frosts." Rev. Father Leopold, the former President of The Quebec Province Fruit Growers' Association, saw a fruit grading machine advertised in The Canadian Horti- culturist by an American firm, and pur- chased it for use in the orchard of the Agricultural College at Da Trappe, Que. It Ihas proved a success. Its operation will toe described in our September issue. Mr. A. E. Adams, the secretary of The United 'Fruit Growers of Nova Scotia, Ltd., will ex- plain how the fruit growers of Nova Scotia market their crop by co-operative methods. Prof. T. G. Bunting, of Maodonald College, Quefbec, will contribute an interesting ar- ticle, the subject of which we are not as yet able to announce. The floral articles will also be strong. Space does not permit of our enumerating them in detail. Adver- tisers are urged to send copy early for space in the September issue, as it will toe at a premium and the best places noc al- ready spoken for will soon be disposed of. LONDON. The floiwer show, held in Hyman HaU, London, Ontario, this summer, under the auspices of the London Horticultural So- ciety, was one of tihe best displays ot flowers ever seen in London. The members took a deep interest in their exhibits, and a friendly rivalry existed as to wiho could make the best disiplay. Although the sea- son was somewhat backward, there were some beautiful displays of peonies and roses. Several thousand visitors were in attendance during ttoe two days of the show, and expressed themselves as exceed- ingly well pleased. The London Horticul- tural Society is doing good work, and many homes tihrougihout the city are being beau- tified through its influences. ST. THOMAS. During July, the St. Tliomas Horticultural Society mailed an order t? Holland for 75,- 000 bulbs, mostly tulips and hyacinths, about 500 of the choicest tree and 'herbaceous peonies, anid a few choice tropical plants. Every bulb and plant was ordered by the members of the society, and further orders of several ttoousand were expected. This year, nothing but the best-named varieties of tulips have been ordered, mostly of the Darwin sort, this toeing the educational re- sult of the spring flower shows and liberal advertising. The society planted 20,000 tu- lips in the 150 public beds, every bed being planted with a different variety of single early tulips, all beds labelled with the variety contained. Pinafore Park will receive 111 varieties of herbaceous peonies, a half-dozen tree peonies, 50 varieties of one dozen each of the dhoicest tulips, three dozen assorted nar- cissus and daffodils, 1,000 Japanese iris, one dozen kaempferi Iris, and three dozen as- sorted lily bulbs. The Board of Education has not overlooked the schools, and is order- ing over 8,000 tulips and 25 peonies. The City Hall, Separate school, library, banks and business houses have all joined in the good work. Grants for Flower Shows Mr. W. E. Scott, Deputy Minister of Agri- culture for British Columbia, has announced certain e.\penditures in connection with as- sistance to flower slhows given by Women's Institutes throughout the province. The as- sistance given may be summarized as fol- lows:—- A per capita grant of 25 per cent, in addition to the grant made under the au- thority of the Agricultural Associations Act, 1914, will be given to Institutes holding flower shows or an exhibition of women's work, or a combined flower show and such exhibition, in their own district. Prizes will toe offered for competition at such stoows for collections of bulbs, sweet peas, roses, dahlias, and perennials, or other varieties as may toe decided toy the Institute, the prizes to consist of books awarded by the De,partment, as follows: Adults, 1st and 2n(l prizes. Juveniles, three prizes. A general view of a horticultural exhibition, held by the Calgary Horticultural Society, in .\ugust, 1914. 196 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Nova Scotia Growers Review Their Year's Results THE shareholders of The United Fruit our membership a splendid tree-run return. Growers of Nova Scotia, Limited, held In reckoning apples tree-run there are their annual meeting the last week many matters that must be taken into con- In June. The following extracts are taken sideration, the principal of which Is that from the annual report of the Board of many co-operators do not bring in full bar- Management: rels, their apples being often several inches Your Board of Management have pleasure down In the barrels. V«ie manager of one of In submitting for your consideration their our largest companies has stated that it report covering the third year's operations takes one barrel In eig'.it to fill up slacks, of The United Fruit Ck>mpanies of Nova so that the growers bringing in 100 barrels Scotia, Limited. It was realized at the com- thus slack should only really reckon that mencement of the year that unusual diffl- they have brought in 87 barrels of apples, cultles were to be encountered on account The average prices on standard varieties of the great crops reported from all sec- was as follows: bions. When a little later, Europe, our No. No. No. Co-op. No. greatest market, was plunged Into a fearful Bbls. 1. 2. No. 3. 3. devastating war, those difficulties were in- Blenheims 6,451 11.54 $1.30 11.00 $ .90 creased tremendously, but your management Baldwins 58,510 1.76 1.50 1.08 .90 were quick to understand and take advan- Ben Davis 27,3&1 1.90 1.65 1.61 1.25 tage of the fact that these very difficulties Bishop Pippins. 6,580 1.38 1.11 .89 .75 but provided opportunities for Co-operative Fallawater 9,092 2.20 2.00 1.60 1.36 Centralization to accomplish useful work Gravensteln— and to demonstrate to the world what could ist ave 9,860 1.80 1.41 1.50 .90 be accomplised by the united efforts of a 2nd ave 55,711 1.16 .90 .67 community banded together for mutual General 6i5/574 1.31 1.05 .76 assistance and protection. Golden Russet . 20,232 2.70 2.5il 1.80 1.78 In reviewing the results of the marketing Greenings 8,231 2.00 1.50 1.00 .90 operations of the many apple-producing- Qano 1,040 1.80 1.62 1.15 1.02 countries of the Northern Hemisphere, it Is Kings 32^97 8.04 1.76 1.30 1.02 evident that Nova Scotia has fared far bet- Mann 3,400 1.33 1.25 .90 .75 ter than any of her competitors. Without Nonpareils 28,i4S 2.35 2.16 1.50 1.33 investigating and pas.smg judgment publicly Pewaukee 2,422 1.70 1.38 .90 .90 on the reason for the lack of success on the Pomme Gris . . . 1,363 2.35 2.04 1.60 part of our competitors, which lis, after all, Ribston 31,604 1.60 1.33 1.03 1.03 their business rather than ours, we know r^j Russett .. 1,«90 1.80 1.53 1.20 1.15 that it was the inspiration of this organlza- stark 12,061 1.75 1.51 1.14 .90 tlon that provided the courage for the Valley Northern Spy .12,305 2.00 1.65 1.25 1.00 and prevented the greater portion of Nova gggjj 14,85 i §5 x.40 1.25 .85 Scotia's apple crop being sacrificed at ridicu- Twenty Ounce. 1,403 1.70 1.46 1.13 .90 lous prices or left to rot on the ground. Wagner 3,171 1.60 1.40 .90 .80 iPanIc commenced early in the season to ■Weilangton .... 1,184 1.82 1.40 1.20 take hold of tl^^^ f^'^.'g'-^^"- „,^'^. ,':°°- During the season your Central has han- vlnced were we that aisaser would follow « of apples, such panic tha we felt it Incumben on us These have been dispo^^d of as follows:- to issue a warning, which we d>d through tne ^^ ^^^^^^^ columns of the Co-operative News, early in f^j^g^pgoj 83,704 " September. j^icoo-t^m 9=;'n87 " While we felt sure oi all this, yet we knew ^^f^f^ZtL' 9r 1 qs " also that advantage would be taken of war ^^^^^^.^f.^^ • 2?'i?| .. conditions to advance expenses and the cost ^^^5°"^^],^°,° / JAli .. of many necessities, and we prepared to West^™ Canada 22,351 _ meet any such attempts. Our purchases of I-ooa Sales- 41,836 _ feed and flour alone totalled $108,661.16. I^ocal Consigned 28,3o6 _ This was turned over to the local companies ^^^ .""^ • ,1 ;: fnfts " at very little more than cost. |o«th Africa 1,008 __ Through the work of your officials, hav- South America 12,000 In? behind them the united support of the Out of this quantity there were 203,564 No. fruit growers of the Valley, the threatened I's; 94,910 No. 2's; 51,232 Co-op. No. 3's; Increase In steamship rates was prevented 56,595 small No. 3's; and 231 Varieties, from going into effect, thus saving the Valley The iflgures given represent a return far about $140,000. in excess of the average received for that While we have been much more fortunate portion of the fruit outside of the Co-opera- than our competitors during the past season tlve 'Movement. in the matter of transportation, yet we have During the season your Central loaded ap- had to a certain extent to work under diffl- pies and potatoes onto 138 boats. Of these, cultles and have had to make the best of 19 were mail boats doing the trip In seven what opportunities presented themselves to days; the others were boats many new to ship your apples. the apple trade. Our regular boats were Liverpool, which at many times was by early in the season requisitioned toy the tar the best market for much of the fruit we Government, but Messrs. Furness, Withy & had to handle, was absolutely inaccessible Company looked after the trade In a most except for very spiall parcels. Therefore, creditable manner, drawing on their almost our opportunities to regulate supplies to the Inexhaustible supply of boats and maintain- best market were limited, but we did, during Ing a regular service to London throughout the season, withhold considerable quantities the season. Owing to the negotiations from markets which would otherwise have started by Messrs. MacMahon and Adams, been overcrowded. when in Ottawa and subsequently carried Yet in spite of these difficulties and re- on by your secretary, a subsidy of $4,000.00 strictions, we have been able to so well place was procured from the Dominion Govern- your fruit that we have paid to subsidiary ment in respect of the four transatlantic companies for Numbers 1, 2 and 3 of 231 boats, this money representing $4,000 of the different varieties, a net average of $1.67 amount being placed to reserve fund. These per barrel, and In addition to this have been chartered boats made good trips and landed able to place to reserve fund a sum of $7,500. cargoes In excellent condition; they also Such a return for all grades must have giiven performed a splendid service in providing transportation to Liverpool and Glasgow at a time when only London boats were avail- able, thus keeping 40,000 barrels oft that Market. We have handled, during the Season, 15,- 034 boxes. For some time to come we shall have to limit our box trade to certain varie- ties and certain markets. The time is far distant when any con&idefable quantities of our apples will be so packed. The principal reason for this is the fact that boxing brings us Into direct competi- tion with the better colored and perfectly packed fruit of the West in which competi- tion we suffer by comparison. Throughout the season we adhered to the system Inaugurated last year and have promptly, at the end of each month, mailed statements and cheques in settlement to all Companies covering ali apples shipped dur- ing the month. As soon as averags prices have been as- certained, cheques have also been mailed In payment of balances. It has been obvious for some time past to those closely connected with the manage- ment of subsidiary Companies that some method of flnancing that would enable sub- stantial advances to be made to members on account of winter fruit stored In the warehouses would have to be devised. The fact that no funds were available for such purposes has been used frequently as a very telling argument against the Co-operative Movement. To work out a scheme whereby such funds would be available, was entrusted to your secretary and we are pleased to be able to report to you that arrangements have now been concluded whereby a sum of about $200,000 will be at your disposal for this purpose. If has not been easy under existing finan- cial conditions to negotiate this matter; it has been necessary for us to guarantee that these funds shall be used only for the pur- pose intended and no advance to any one company may exceed $5,000. We feel that the facilities provided by this arrangement will be welcomed by ail Companies and will do much to provide members with money at a time when funds are most urgently required. Year's Turnover. Although the season under review resulted in a short crop, thus considerably reducing the volume of business possible, your turn- over was ho less than $1,130,770.65. This was compiled as follows:^ Apples $ 714,162.22 PoUtoes 131,773.84 Feed and Flour 111,059.79 Fertilizer 102,316.64 Seeds 21,613.49 Spray Material 30,062.07 Merchandise 17,641.39 Insurance 2,141.11 $1,130,770.55 The expenses Incurred in running this business amounted to $28,781.84 or 2.54 per cent, of your turnover. Applying $3,000.00 of that sum to cover your supplies business and the balance to cover your apple and potato business, we find that the output of 406,301 barrels of apples and 64,405 barrels of potatoes, has been marketed at an ex- pense per barrel of 5 1-2 cents. These expenses were compiled as follows: Salaries — S. CB. Chute $3,000.00 A. E. Adams 1,500.00 J. N. Chute 1,500.00 F. M. Chute 1,000.00 A. E. MadMahon 1,200.00 IR. N. Clark 600.00 Manning K. Ells 500.00 J August, 1916. T. H. Morse 300.00 C. O. Allen 1,000.00 Board of Management. . 1,030.00 Office Salaries 2,280.00 Expenses — Telegrams, Cables and Telephone $1,723.54 Advertising Account.... 1,167.32 Board of Management.. 159.90 Inspection 827.85 London Office 1,190.71 Halifax Office 745.68 iSouth America 1,413.00 Western 647.00 Havana Office 1,769j80 Home Markets 575.75 Delegates and Directors 470.98 Co-operative News 375.28 General Expense 2,824.23 Interest and Discount. .. 980.40 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 197 $13,910.50 -$14,871.44 $28,781.94 This expense is somewhat in excess of our estimates and 1 1J2 cents higher than last year but is still exceptionally low compared with the expenses of any similar organiza- tion and :is insignificaut compared with the tremendous results accomplished. Great Savings Effected. INot only have great savings been effected for our membership by co-operative buying of feed and flour, fertilizers, spray materials, etc., but considerable reductions dn the cost of handling of your fruit on the European market has also resulted. For Instance, on a barrel of apples selling in Liverpool at 12s your organization saves 17 cents, com- pared with the independent shipper. There- fore, as we shipped 83,704 barrels to Liver- pool and our average price equals about 12s per barrel, we soon estimate that the ad- vantages enjoyed by this organization over competitors on that market has saved us no less than $14,229.68. In London, owing to lack of organization on the part of the trade, the savings are more difficult to arrive at, but for the pur- pose of giving you reliable data we have collected a large number of account sales of independent shippers and we find that, part- ly on account of the advanced charge added to bill of lading by agents, which varies from 7 to 10 cents, the difference in our favor in placing a barrel of apples on the London market varies from 15 cents a barrel in some oases to 22 1-2 cents per barrel in others. We are safe, therefore, to reckon 17 cents in London as well as in Liverpool, in which case your organization has saved you $26,- 488.21, your total English shipments thus ef- fecting a net saving in charges, compared with the independent shipper of $40,717.89. What Has Been Saved. In arriving at that conclusion, we have not taken advantage of the still greater sav- ing effected on large parcels of fruit shipped direct from docks to wholesalers, thus sav- ing cartage expenses and commissions. The savings effected in that direction, together with reduced cost of Marine Insurance and refund of Dock Dues, can be placed at an- other 510,000, thus showing a net saving of $150,000 on transportation and handling charges alone. Keeping that in mind and also remember- ing the large savings on supplies already referred to and the more important work of scientific marketing and the protection this organization provides for the fruit industry, no reasonable person can criticize the cost of running. Western Sales. Our operations in the West were entrust- ed again to 'Mr. T. H. Morse, who was suc- cessful in selling 22,351 barrels; of these, 13,211 barrels and 1,200 boxes were Graven- steins. Owing to the panic which seized the fruit growers of British Columbia and Ontario, the Western business was very dif- ficult to handle. With the nearby Ontario growers ready to accept any price for their fruit, with British Columbia flooding the West with their crop all on consignment, it was a difficult proposition for any repre- sentative to sell Gravensteins at any price. Mr. Morse succeeded, however, in selling 29 cars at from $1.90 to $2.00 for No. I's and No. 2's. After he had secured that business, he met another competition much harder to overcome, namely the competition from his own province. The unorganized growers selling their Gravensteins to speculators at $1.00 to $1.25, enabled these gentlemen to quote Gravensteins on the Western market at $1.35 to $1.40 per barrel. Business was also opened up by Mr. Morse with the Grain Growers' Association, 50 carloads of various winter varieties being shipped. Use Care in Handling Fruit The fruit growers of Britislh Columibda ihave petitioned t!he express coonipanles, through the secretary of the British Colum- bia Fruit Groiwers' Association, to issue the following notice and cause it to be conspicu- ously posted on the inside of ithe gliding dooois in all express oars in use during the .siMpments of soft and perishable fruit, and also on tihe Inside of the sliding doors to ex- press or warehouse rooms at stations: Notice. Express istation agenits and others hand- ling extra perisihable fruits, sudh as ber- ries, tomatoes, plums and peaches, In Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. We have a surplus stock of some sorts of Irises growing in our Gardens. We offer this surplus, some 15,000 plants in 28 varieties at much reduced prices for all orders received in the month of August next— ^August is the best time for planting most Irises. The following are examples of the reduction in prices taken from the spe- cial sale list which will be sent to all names on our mailing list and to others on application, viz: — iMme. Chereau, each 10c, 10 for 75c, 100 $6.00. Purple King, each 15c, 10 for $1.25. Wyomissing, each 50c, 10 for $4.50. This List embraces such fine modern Irises as Juniata, King of Iris, Lohen- grin, Mrs. G. iReuthe, Princess Vic- toria Louise, Rhein Nixe, Wallhalla, etc. This sale applies to orders received in the month of August only. Normal prices will prevail after 31st August. iSend name and address for a copy of this Iris list and the Paedny list for igiis. JOHN CAVERS Cabbage Worms Destroyed by Pust- '"g ^'**^ Hammond's Slug Shot So used for 30 years. SOLD BY ALL SEED DEALERS. For pamphlets worth having, write B. HAMMOND, Fishkill-on-Hudton, New York. Where is that ladder? 1^ EVERY home needs two ladders — one to reach the roof and the tree tops; the other for indoor use and for use with low trees or low branches. Yet more than 75% of Canadian homes have no ladder at all. It isn't the cost of a ladder, it is pure and simple neglect. » The "STRATFORD See the two Illustrations. Note particularly the long extension ladder — locks at every rung automatically, and so is safe. Strong, yet light. The step ladder is strongly made. Is most serviceable, and the best ladder of the kind on the market. Get these ladders from your hardware dealer. Say "The Stratford," please. Take no others. If he can't or won't supply "The Stratford" ladder write to us. Ask for our ladder cata- logue E. We are prepared to supply Co-operative Associa- tions with their requirements in ladders. THE STRATFORD MFG. CO. STRATFORD, ONT. }98 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. YOUR OPPORTUNITY to start In boes, make up winter losses, and Increase your apiary cheaply by placing an order for a pound package of bees. Price, in- cluding a choice young Italian queen and full directions how to handle, $2.50; six for $13.00. Choice young Italian queens, each 7Bc, six $4.00, 25 for $15.00. Satisfaction guaranteed. Reference, DuBols National Bank, DuBols, Fa. J. B. HOLLOPETER, Box 156, Peaii, Pa. LEININGER'S STRAIN OF ITALIANS have a record of 30 years. Our experience In the queen-rearing business dates back over 30 years. They are excellent honey gatherers and gentle to handle. We will sell queens from this famous strain during July and August at the following prices: Tested queens (one year old), $1.00 each; 6, $5.00. TInte.sted queens, 75c each; 6, $4.50. Satis- faction guaranteed. Fred Lelnlnger & Son, Delphos, Ohio. QUICK SHIPMENT OF QUEENS of 3-band stock, reared for honey gather- ing qualities. Untested, June $1.00, later 75c. Tested $1.50, select tested $2.00. Send your orders now and be assured of having queens when you want them, R. A. Shults, Cosby, Tenn. Beekeepers Everything In the line of bee supplies. Weed process comb foundation, Bingham smokers. Porter bee escapes, improved model hives, etc. Bees by the pound package. The best way to make increase. Hardy Canadian-bred Italian stock; sure to please. Full instruc- tions for handling with each shipment. Prices, including an untested Italian Queen: July 1 to June. Sept. 15. 1-Ib. package .' $3.50 $2.50 2-lb. package 4.50 3.50 3-lb. package 5.50 4.50 Tested Queen included with above, 50c ex- tra. Select tested, $1.00 extra, or best breed- ing Queen, $4.00 each extra. Best Italian Queens, untested $1.00; tested Queens, $1.50, and select tested, $2.00 each. Usual dis- counts by dozen or more. Write us if you have any Beeswax to offer. Catalogue upon application. F. W. JONES, Bedford, Quebec Northern Bred Italian Queens Reported that they winter nne in Canada. Untested, 75c. Leaflet, "How to Introduce Queens," 15c. "How to Increase," 15c. Both, 25c. E. E. MOTT, GLENWOOD, MICH. When good queens are wanted I have the goods. Pure Italians from imported mothers. Also pure Carniolans and Caucasians from imported mothers. 75c each, $8.00 per dozen. No disease. GRANT ANDERSON RIv Handa Texas BEES FOR SALE Italian Queens and Bees, lb., $2.25; 6 lbs. $10.50; 1-L Frame, $2.00; 2 Fr. Nuc, $3.00; all with Queens. Italian Queens, 76c each; 6 for $4.00. Complete catalogue free. THE DEROY TAYLOR CO. BOX C - NEWARK, N.Y., U,S,A. QUEENS. Give us a trial for Queens. W^e have es- tablished a Queen repository where Queens are placed when imported, so as to be ready for shipment when orders come in. We also breed from the best worker stock in our own Queen yard. We can furnish Leather colored, Goldens, Caucasians or Carniolans. Prices right. Satisfaction guaranteed. THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE, 185 Wright Ave., - . Toronto, Ont. THREE BAND ITALIAN QUEENS. Gentle, good winterers and the best honey producing strain I have been able to find in over 20 years' experience. Untested, $1.00: 6, $5.00; 12, $9.00. Select Untested $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12.00. Tested, $1.50— $3.00. No disease, a square deal. Money back if not able to fill orders soon, if so requested. A. J. SEAVEY, R. F. D. No. 2, Farmington, Me. UNTESTED ITALIAN QUEENS, 75c EACH. Warranted purely mated, $1.00 each, $10.00 per dozen. Breeding queens, $5.00 each. I guarantee you satisfaction. JOHN A. McKINNON St. Eugene, Ont. "Sprayed 16,000 Trees— No Repairs" — so says one of our thousands of satisfied customers, Mr. J. A. Bingaman, Pillow, Pa. He did the work with a Goulds "Pomona" Sprayer, shown below. This two- hose, four-nozzle sprayer can't be beaten for use in small orchards, and where labor is cheap, is used in large orchards— several machines taking the place of a large power outfit. Wearing parts are of solid bronze. Large steel air chamber gives uniform pressure. Easily adjusted and cleaned. Fits any barrel. It's only one of 50 styles and sizesofhand, barrel and power sprayers, made at the largest pump works in the country. ■f -51 RELIABLE VvY »rc guaranteed ; backed by 65 years' pump- making experience. Write our nearest office for valuable 44-pagc book, *'How To Spray." It is free. Send for your copy today. THE GOULDS MFG. CO. Main Office and Works : SENECA FALLS. N. Y Branches : New York Atlanta Chic&ffoi Houston Boston transit, are respectfully requested to ob- sorve the following rules: 1. Take firm hold on the package wlien S'hipping or moving It from place to place. 2. In handling, avoid tilting the package beyond 45 degrees froin Its horizontal posi- tion. 3. Neiver let go your flnm grip on tflie pack- age till it is gently placed in its place (a dropping Jar to a crate of ripe, juicy straw- berries, jiasipborrie.s, peaches, or >toniatoe6, will easily knock 25 cents of value out of It). 4. Pile crate firmly an express oars or on trucks to avoid rocking motions. These mo- tions on a long journey will reduce value of goods from one-half till worth lees than ex- Ijre.ss charges. 5. Always have in mind that the efteols of damage to goods by unskilful, thought- less handling never stops till part of it gravitates right back to you, and affecta your economic progress, although you never thought of It. 6. AM persons having interests in fruit of any kind, observing careless violation of the above rules, will confer a favor upon the company as well as the public by taking such notes as will emable the ofticials of the coiapany .to itrace the violation to the guilty party. All such notes should be addressed to the division superintendent respective of the place of occurrence, where records are- kept and employees scored by their effi- ciency. I Increases Production F. H. Johnson, Bridgetown, N. S. My apples are packed and marketed through the Bridgetown Co-operative Com- pany. My experience in co-operation has convinced me of the importance of the pro- duction of fruit of the best quality. An im- provement in the quality of fruit produced invariably results from successful co-opera- tion. The best methods of one grower soon became the common methods of all. The members of the co-operative society to which 1 belong meet frequently during the winter months. At these meetings meth- ods of cultivation, of spraying, of picking and packing and of the general care of the orchard are discussed, and the methods that have proved most advantageous are brought to the attention of all. Not the least of the many advantages of co-operation is the inspiration which the members get from each other in the en- couragement to raise more and better fruit. One member sees the fruit grown by his fellow member to be so much superior to his own, or the packing room tally sheei shows him how many more number one ap- ples his neighbor packs than he does. This naturally sets him to thinking that if his brother member can do so well there is surely a chance for him also. So he faces another fruit season with determination to raise better fruit than ever. Webster defines co-operation as "the as- .sociation of a number of individuals for their common benefit." The definition ex- actly describes the purpose and intent of a co-operative association of fruit growers. In these organizations individual fruit growers associate together for their common benefit — to enable themselves to raise better fruit, to have that fruit better packed, to handle it with greater economy, to find the best market, to obtain the highest prices. Co- operation among farmers and fruit growers is, to my mind, the natural result of increas- ed intelligence and a more thorough educa- tion. The day of small things in the apple business is past and the prospect now is that in a very few years co-operative as- sociations will control the export of the ap- ple cop of Nova Scotia. August, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 199 IF GOOD QUEENS ARE WANTED I have the goods. The pure three-banded Italians and the pure Carnlolans, both races from imported mothers. Prices, untested, each 75c; dozen, $8.00. Tested, $1.25 each; dozen, $12.00. Circular Free. GRANT ANDERSON, SAN BENITO, TEXAS The Root Canadian House 185 Wright Ave. TORONTO, ONT. Quality counts. Try our Queens; three banded, golden Carniolans or Caucasian, from tvest U.S.A. breeders; also from our own yards. Everything in Bee SuppUes, Roofs Goods; also "Made in Canada" Bee Journals and Books. Catalogue Free. OUR ANNUAL EXHIBITION and FALL PACKING NUMBER will be published September 1st. Send in your copy early. Forms close August 15th to 25th. The Horticultural Publishing Co., Ltd., Peterboro, Ontario. PRICE LIST of Three Banded Red Clover Italian Queens Bred from Tested Stock. Untested Queens, $1 each, $5 for six. Selected untested, $1.25 each, $7 for six. Tested Selected Guaranteed Queens, $2 each. Cash With Order. W. R. STIRLING Box 214 Ridgetown, Ont. Berry Boxes, Baskets, Etc. The Arkona Basket Factory can supply you with the article that holds and helps to sell the fruit. Order now to secure prompt delivery from the old reliable, THE ARKONA BASKET FACTORY Samuel Rivers Arkona, Ont. FRUIT BASKETS Eleven-quart, 9-quart, 6-quart, 4- quart and Pony sizes, with or without ieno covers. For favorable prices and a good article address Gull River Lumber Co. Ltd. Lindsay, Ontario BASKETS We supply hand-made fruit baskets, crates, etc. Well made, strong and guaranteed to give every satisfaction. Let us quote you prices this season. Can supply any quantity. Hewson & Farrell Box 244, Grimsby, Ont. ITALIAN QUEENS 3 banded, disease resisting, for Canadians to requeen with for Augrust and September, 76c each, $7.50 the dozen, 50 for $30.00. Had from the next largest queen-breeder in Tennessee. CURD WALKER, Queen- Breeder, Jellico, Tenn. MILLER'S STRAIN ITALIAN QUEENS By retarn mail or money refunded; bred from best red clover strains in United States, in full colonies, from my superior breeders; northern bred for business, long tongued, three-banded, gentle, winter well, hustlers. Not inclined to swarm; roll honey in. One untested, 7Bc; 1 select untested, $1.00; 6 untested, $4.00; 6 select untested, $5.00; 12 untested, $7.50; 12 select untested, $9.00. A specialist of 18 years' experience. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. I. F. MILLER, BrockviUe. Pa. U.S.A. Queens of MOORE'S STRAIN of Italians PRODUCE WORKERS That fill the super quick With honey nice and thick. They have won a world-wide reputa- tion for honey -gathering, hardiness, gen- tleness, etc. Untested queens, $1.00; six, $5.00; 12, $9.00. Select untested, $1.25; six, $6.00; 12, $11.00. Safe arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. Circular free. I am now fllling orders by return mail. J. P. MOORE, Queen-breeder. Route 1, MORGAN, KY. Honey Pails & 601b. Cans. Glassware & Shipping Cases. Bees. Queens. Honey. Wax. CHAS. E. HOPPER & CO. 126 Simcoe St., TORONTO, ONT. Leather Colored Italian Queens Bred for Honey Production Queens are reared from select mothers, record breakers, taken from our honey pro- ducing apiaries of over 1,000 colonies. We guarantee our queens to live as long and to give as good or better satisfaction than any of the so-called "Hardy, northern bred," high priced queens. We invite closest com- parison with the best. Untested queens, 60c each, $6.00 per dozen Warranted purely mated, 75c each, $8.00 per dozen. Tested queens, $1.10 each, $12.00 per dozen. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. No disease. BROWN & BERRY, Hayneville, Ala. Queens "Reared in Canada" from the best Italian stock ONE DOLLAR EACH Six for Five Dollars P.. TEMPLE 438. Gladstone Ave., TORONTO, ONT. CARNIOLANS Only Carniolans build up fast In the spring. Are very pro- lific, very gentle, cap honey very white, enter comb honey supers readily, gather almost no propolis, and are the best of honey gatherers. Untested Queens, $1 each, $9 dozen; Tested Queens, $1.50 each, $12 dozen; 1 lb. package, with Queen, $2.50. Delivery after May 15, depending on the season somewhat. ALBERT G. HANN CLINTON, N.J. U.S.A. QUALITY HILL QUEENS "The Queens You'll Eventually Buy." Quality HIM Queens are of a famous strain, greatly improved. All cells are built In 10-frame colonies, brimful of bees and during a continuous honeyflow. For hardiness, gentleness, and honey-gathering qualities they are better than most. Four-frame nuclei used for mating. Many report them very resistant to European Foul Brood. No disease. Italian. Our Guarantee. — All queens will reach you alive, in good condition, purely mated, and will give satisfaction. Queens which prove to be injured in the mails will be replaced if returned. Reference: Plalnfleld, 111., State Bank. Queens 1 1 1 6 1 12 1 ■ 1 I 6 12 Untested 1 .80 1 $4,110 $7.50 1 Tested 1 il.60 $8.00 $15.00 Select Untested 1 $1.00 1 $6.00 1 »«.oo 1 Sel.Tested | $2.60 1 $10.00 $18.00 Breeders $4.00 and up. KENNITH E. HAWKINS Plalnfleld, Box 366. Illinois. Power Honey Extractors Friction drive or witii special cut gears, smooth and easy running. Speed control is per- fect and simple. If you are thinking of purchasing a power outfit, write us at once. The Ham & Nott Co., Ltd. BRANTFORD, ONT. 200 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. The United Fruit Growers. The Beekeepers' Review The Beekeepers' Review is now Just beginning- to publish those valuable papers read at the National Beekeepers' Convention at Denver last February. If you were to begin your subscription with the May number none would be missed. We wiil be pleased to receive your subscription for the last eight months of the year for an even 50c, post-paid to Canadian subscritiers. In remitting, say begin with the May number, so as to miss none of those valuable papers. Those papers are only a part of the valuable material we have on hand that will appear during this year, so we are very sure you will receive your money's worth by subscribing for the Review at this time. The Review Is Owned and Published by the Honey Producers Themselves, consequently is published wholly to our Interest. Kindly remit by postal note, not stamps, as we cannot use Canadian stamps. Address, with remittance. The Beekeepers' Review, Northstar, Mich. The Beekeepers' Review, Northstar, Michigan NOTICE TO QUEEN BREEDERS If you want to sell Queens and Bees advertise in the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. Read what some of our advertisers have to say about the pulling power of our adver- tising pages. We have advertised In the American Bee Journal for thirty years. Have always found it a good advertising medium. — J. W. K. Shaw Co., Loreauville, La. My advertisement brought all the orders I wished for. In fact, more than I was able to supply — quite a number of orders had to be returned. — J. A. Simmons, Sabinal, Texas. The Reasons are self-evident — a good bee paper Is taken by live and wide-awake beekeepers, and these are the kind that are always In the market for good bees and good Queens. Rates on space are not high. Display at 15c a line, or $2.10 per Inch. Classified, 16c a line. Send In your order with copy to-day and get rid of your surplus Queens. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, Hamilton, 111. That The United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, Ltd., are Bteadily increasing in strength and influence was shown at the Third Annual Convention of The Company held about the first of July. In spile of the war conditions that prevailed last fall and winter, the company had a successful year, and proved the salvation of the fruit industry in the Annapolis Valley. The report of the board of managers was presented by Secretary A. E. Adams. It went into the affairs of the company ex- haustively. A considerable extract from u is printed on Page 196 of this issue. Presi- dent Donaldson gave an excellent address, reviewing the work of the company, its prospects and trade conditions. A notice- able feature of the Convention was the in- creased familiarity of the delegates pre.i^ent from the locals with the general business of the company, and their confidence in its future, and the co-operative principle upon which it is being conducted. The growth of the movement is educating our growers in the principles involved, and developing new leaders, in whose hands the future success of the enterprise seems assured. Officers Elected. The following officers were elected: Presi- dent, John Donaldson; Vice-President, F. W. Bishop; Secretary, A. E. Adams; Board of Management, A. E. MacMahon, F. W. Bishop, T. L. Harvey, F. H. Johnson. The only new member of the board is Mr. Harvey. Di- rectors were also elected for each of the local Companies. There was only one nom- inee for each of the offices of president, vice-president and secretary, all three being elected by acclamation. Apples for England We solicit your Consignments Write For Particulars Early Highest References Given W. S. BUCKOLL Fruit Importer and Merchant NOTTINGHAM, ENGLAND Telegraphic Address, Buckoll, Nottingham For the Land^s Sake Use the best Manure and get GOOD CROPS For Nurseries, Fruit Growers and Gardeners. Sure Growth Compost (A Composition of all Natural Manures) Makes poor land fertile and keeps fertile land most productive. Supplied by S. W. Marchment 133 Victoria St., TORONTO Telephones : Main 2941 ; Residence, Park 951 Say you saw this ad. in The Canadian Horticulturist August, 191o. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 201 Marketing Immature Fruit P. J. Carey, Dora. Fruit Branch, Toronto, Ont. There is one great evil in connection witli the marketing of our fruit that perhaps has not been given as much attention as it deserves. There seems to be a wild desire on the part of some of our growers to reach the market with their fruit ahead of all the other growers. As a consequence, ail through the season, beginning with the •strawberry and ending with the grape, we find immature fruit rushed on the market at a stage of ripeness when it is absolutely useless for food. Plums and apples reach- ed the Toronto market this year as early as July 15th, and, needless to say, were given little attention, unless in the way of criticism. A great mistake has been made by somx? of our apple growers in shipping to the Wes.t cars of boxed apples of well-known "red varieties" at a stage when fully fifty per cent, of the fruit showed little or no color for the variety. The dealers in the West may be to blame for demanding that the fruit must be there at a certain date, but the growers are the ones to suffer when such fruit is put in competition with the attraictive, well finished article from the West. It is better for us to remain off the market until our fruit is at least rea- sonably mature, for the reason that those who purchase and use an inferior article in any variety of fruit are not too ready to buy the same variety when it is at its best, or at least will have a lasting prejudice against it. In the shipment of grapes, the practice is perhaps most prevalent, and no doubt close attention will be given shipments this season. Our best growers cannot be ac- cused of this practice, but suffer to some extent from it. In these days of close com- petition, our only chance is in the superi- orily of our fruit. It is difficult to estab- lish a name for any of our many varieties by placing immature fruit on the market. STYLE C Thi.s is a New Model for 1915, the result of fifteen years' experience in Greenhouse con- struction for Canada. Dotted lines show location of wind-ties that positively prevents vibration of the sash. Supplied in widths up to 25 feet 2Vi Indies from post to post. KING CONSTRUCTION CO., 40 Dovercourt Road Toronto. You can. get Lantic Sugar in 10, 20 and 100 lb. full weight Bags If you always buy Sugar for Preserving and for the regular home uses, in bags, your dealer has — or can easily get — LANTIC SUGAR in 10, 20 and 100 pound bags. Either coarse or fine granulated can be had in the 100 pound bags. Lantic Sugar is the new cane sugar with the fine even granula- tion and brilliant sparkle. Try it for all your preserving. You are sure to be delighted with the results. FRUIT JAR LABELS FREE Send your ad- dress and small Red Ball Trade- mark from bag or top end of carton and we will mail you book of 50 as- sorted Fruit Jar Labels — printed and gummed, ready to put on the jars. lOO LBS. Pure Cane \^^^^ l,a„tic Sugar Jiugar Extra Qualitj Granulated dra Quality anulated Also put up in 2 and 5 pound sealed cartons. •mil- -rr IT^ Atlantic Sugar Refineries Limited Montreal St. John REMEMBER — Our Annual Exhibition and Fal! Packing Number will be pub- lished September 1st. Reserve space now for good position. Forms close August 15th to 25th. Fruit and Vegetables Solicited Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp WE GET YOU BEST PRICES OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto marliet, we have established branch warehouses with com- petent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcu- pine. In time of congestion on tlie Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Cana- dian Bank of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies 202 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. MASSEY-HARRIS CO. LIMITED Fall Bulletin August 1, 1915 Spray Outfits GREAT care should be exercised in the selection of a sprayer. Proper design and construc- tion, combined with simplicity, makes the Massey- Harris sprayer a leader in efficiency. The Pump is double cylinder, with two bronze plungers, di- rect-connected t 0 the back gear-plato of the engine with- out chains, bolts or gears. The Tank is specially built of l^A inch selected Cypress. and is operated from the top — no holes through the side to cause leakage. Connection — There is a simple direct connection between engine and pump — no sprocket chains to get caught in branches. The Cab — Protects all working parts and forms a good platform. Pressure Gage — The Massej'-Harris gage is absolutely accurate and re- liable, and will register up to 250 The Agfitator is positive in its action, pounds. The Engine is Described Below. Gasoline Engines THE Massey-Harris engines are ideal for spraying and general farm work, as they can be de- pended upon in all kinds of weather liunjuua II ^^^^^ and in anj- position, such as when working on steep hillsides. Their high efficiency, coupled with their economy of operation and durability, combine to make them the most reliable and satisfactory on the market to-day. Hopper cooled with exceptionally large water space. No gaskets or packing about the cylinder to blow out or leak. Valves are in removable cages — either can be taken out by removing two screws. Carburetor has no moving parts- — is simple, effective and "easy on the gasoline. ' ' V-/^ to 20 horse power^ — stationary, portable, semi-portable. MASSEY-HARRIS CO., Limited Head Office— TORONTO, CANADA —BRANCHES AT— MONTREAL, MONCTON, WINNIPEG, REGINA, SASKATOON, YORKTON, SWIFT CURRENT, CALGARY, EDMONTON. —AGENCIES EVERYWHERE— The Lord & Burnham Co. About two years ago, the LORD & BURN- HAM COMPANY of New York decided to open an office in Canada, There were sev- eral reasons for this: Canada was expanding rapidly in all direc- tions and as a natural result of her pros- perity, as in the United States, the prosper- ous business man and florists began to want the best Greenhouse that could be built. This led Canadians to place their orders with the LORD & BURNHAM COMPANY, who for over fifty years have been the fore- most Greenhouse Builders in the world. The LORD & BURNHAM COMPANY have found that better and quicker service could be given to their customers by the establishment of a number of Sales Offices, situated at convenient points. Following out this policy, an office was opened In To- ronto. The success attending the opening of this office, led the Company to organize a Company under the laws of Canada, and they immediately began to look for a site for building a factory. The Company were anxious to manu- facture in Canada for the following reasons: FIRST: Because they could sell their goods at a lower price. SECONDLY: They could give quicker and better service by so doing. THIRDLY: They wanted to be identified with Canada and be a Canadian Company as far as possible. To this end, they put their Canadian busi- ness in the hands of a Canadian, Mr. David Warwick, who was born and brought up in Toronto. Mr. Warwick ha.s had over fifteen years experience in the Greenhouse busi- ness, and most of that time has been con- nected with the Lord & Burnham Com- panies of New York and Illinois. When the Company erected a factory near Chicago, Mr. Warwick was put in charge, and has seen the business grow so that the factory had to be doubled in size. After visiting and investigating over twenty cities and towns, St. Catharines was finally selected as the place to build a factory. St. Catharines offered better facilities as to sewers, water power, homes for work- men, railroad facilities, etc., than many other places. Also it had the advantage of being In the Buffalo freight rate zone— a very important, economical consideration Then too, the various other manufacturing concerns already located there, gave the city a strong, all around recommendation. After the site of some sixteen acres was purchased, steps were immediately taken to start work on a factory. About one year ago, building operations were commenced and to-day the machines are running swiftly, turning out the material for over fifteen greenhouses already contracted for. The factory is pronounced the best built factory in Canada. It is strictly fireproof; all on one level, one story high. The frame- work of the building is steel, with brick walls. The walls are simply to keep the weather out, as in no case do the walls support the framework. The buildings are what is known as saw-tooth style. The north slips are of all glass, which makes every foot of floor space as light as pos- sible. A machine can be placed at any point and work carried on at one point as well as at another. A branch of the Grand Trunk Railway enters the property, and on the property two tracks are laid: one on the north side for incoming freight and one on the south side for outgoing .«ihipments. The Welland Canal almost touches one end of their pro- perty, and taking it all in all the site is an ideal one for manufacturing purposes. The parent Company in the United States has been established for over fifty years and August, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST wi TFiADE MARK ^^1 « W% Wilkinson Climax D REGISTEKlir> Ensileige and Straw Cutter Our "B'* machine, built especially for the farmer. A combination machine — it will cut and deliver green corn into the highest si io or dry straw or hay into the mow. 12 -inch throat, rolls raise 6 inches and set close to knives — solid, compact culling surface. Can change cut with- out stopping. Can be reversed instantly. Direct pneumatic delivery. Knife wheel carries fans. No lodging, everything cut, wheel always in balance. Steel fan case. M.ideintwostvles—mounterl or unmounted. We also make larger type machine for custom work. Ask yoiir dealer about this well-known machine and write us for new catalog sliowingf all styles. THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO., LIMITED Campbell Ave. Toronto. Canada THE Protect Your Fruit BY USING WARNER'S APPLE BARREL PADS A pad placed in each end of the barrel hold* the apples firm and absolutely prevents them from being bruised when heading the barrel and shipping. It costs very little and pays well. R. B. Warner, inwood, Ont. ^•^t bIsT MAOt FOSTER'S STA|IPAR0 POT We have a large stock of all size FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS % AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Orders Filled Promptly. Send tor Prices. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. COMMISSION MAN Under-noted are Canadian and British firms wishing consign- ments of fruit and vegetables. Correspondence is solicited. NICHOLSON & DEMPSTER 88 Col borne St., Toronto, Ont. Receivers and shippers of local and car- loads lots Potatoes, Apples, and Mixed Vegetables. WANTED — Consignments of tomatoes, peaches, cherries, grapes, and all kinds of fruit and basket apples, also carlot apples. Centrally located; convenient to all car tracks. LAING BROS. Wholesale Fruit Merchants 307-309 Elgin Ave. : Winnipeg, Man. HERBERT PETERS 88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont. Wholesale Fruit and Produce See advertisement on page 201. SIMONS FRUIT CO. David L. Dick, Manager 27 CHURCH ST. TORONTO, ONT. Representing Simons, Shuttleworth & Co. Liverpool and Manchester. Simons, Jacobs & Co. Garcia, Jacobs & Co. Glasgow, Scotland London, England. Receivers of Apples and Pears. H. J. ASH 44-46 Church St. TORONTO - ONTARIO Consignments of fruit and vegetables so- licited. We give personal, consistent and reliable attention to every consignment. Shipping stamps furnished on request. The Oldest Commission House ^.tJlCTT in Toronto ^^^ ^C^' Send your Consignments. Bankers: London County and West- minster Bank, Southwark Branch. Established 1880. JOHN ROBINSON Fruit Importer and Salesman, 3 Rochester St. Borough Market, London, Eng. Telegraphic address- "Redsoil, London." Telephone: No. 32 Hop. A.B.C. Codes. I shall be pleased to have your consign- ments of Apples. Regular market reports sent on request. Correspondence is invited. FRED BARKER 25 Church St., Toronto, Ont. Representing J. H. Goodwin, Manchester; Thos. Russell, Glasgow; Nothard & Lowe, London; G. E. Cooper, Liverpool, APPLE RECEIVERS. Consignments Solicited. HVSLOP & SONS 132 Princess Street : Winnipeg, Man. Fruit Growers and Shippers We have opened up a commission house in Winnipeg, and solicit consignments of fruit. Commission, 10 per cent. References — Any mercantile agency, or Bank of Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont. NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundreds of vari- eties adapted for the Canadian cli- mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own saving. Catalogue free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. GILSON 3ohnny^on/^\ thc-gpot A huBky trouble chaser. Will pump water, churn. t"epar»te creaui, run grinrlstone and do other ■hores. Lennihen your • borefl. L.eni{fhen i*^^^ &> 4 ^ p/\ days by liKhteuinjj yourjy^/.SO labors. Write for rata- ~ ^ loKue. Sieesup toI5 n.P Gilson Mfg. Company. 5 York St Oin'ipb. CanmUt- upto IS H.P. WESTERN FAIR London's Popular Exhibition September 10th— 18th Fruit and Flowers a Prominent Part of this Great Exhibition $30,000.00 in prizes and attractions. Special programme twice daily. Fireworks every night. New Steel Grand Stand. Single fare over all railways west of Toronto. Prize lists, entry forms, and all information from the Secretary. EVERYBODY COME W. J. REID, Pkksidknt. A. M. HUNT, Secretary. :;04 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. DUTCH BULBS For Full, 1915. Direct Import from Holland. Bulbs of first quality, guaran- teed true to naipe and color. Low pricea. Send for our Catalogue. DORVAL NURSERIES, Dorval Station, P. Canadian Ginseng Pure Canadian Ginseng stock for sale. Order early for October planting. Booklet HURONIA GINSENG GARDEN BOX 341 BLYTH. ONT GINSENG FOR SALE Two and three-year-old roots. Live, vig- orous stock for fall planting. WM. GILGOUR 785 George Street. Peterboro, Ontario GINSENG ROOTS and SEEDS FOR SALE Good, strong Canadian-grown roots, one and two years old, $10.00 and $15.00 per thousand. Tested seed for fall planting. $1.50 per 1,000. No order for less than 1,000. Ca.'ih with order. Dr. MACKENDRICK, Gait, Ont. Ginseng Seed and Roots For Sale One and two-year-old roots. Year-old or germinated seed. This seed is taken from matured six and seven-year-old stock. Roots and seed delivered in October. Write for prices. Orr & Nichols, Mono Mills , Ont. GINSENG Plants and stratified seeds for sale. Cana- dian stock. Choice quality. Send, for price list to N. J. MACINNES, M. D. Vlttoria, Norfolk Co., Ont. Ginseng For Sale 3,000 two years old, $18.00 per 1.000. Un- limited quantity one year old, $9.00 per 1,000. Instructions for planting if required. 20 per cent, with order, balance before shipping. John Zuefle's Ginseng Gardens, Hensall, Ontario. during that time has devoted Itself ex- clusively to the manufacture of Greenhouse Material and Equipment. This Company is In a position to furnish all material and erect Greenhouses, Conservatories, Hot Beds, Cold Frames, Hot Water Heating Ap- paratus, Steam Heating Apparatus. Every- thing that is used in the con.structlon of a greenhouse is manufactured by the Com- pany, also fittings, valves and boilers for the heating apparatus. In fact, it is the Com- ■IfofH^r^ for potato*^. All giowrrs know that it pays to use di^iyers «vn I p. A\.'., Tor,,Ciin MERRYWEATHER^S ROSES are noted throughout the world They are Cheap; they are True to Name; the Trees are Strong and Sturdy. They defy Competition. ALL THE NEWEST VARIETIES Dwarfs, Standards, Climbers, also Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Ornamental Trees Send for Catalogue, Post Free Henry Merryweather & Sons Limited SOUTHWELL, NOTTS., ENG. WHITE & CO., Ltd. Church & Front Streets TORONTO, ONT. pany's policy to manufacture everything pos- sible under it.s own roof, as by so doing uniformity and excellency are obtained. The Sales Department is under the man- agement of a sturdy Scotchman, Mr. C. C. McDermott, who has had the advantage of a good schooling with the Lord & Burnham Company in the United States. Thi.s Company has already erected the largest Rose Houses in Canada, aa well as numerous houses for the growing of vege- tables, carnations, etc., for florists and vegetable growers. It has erected Green- houses, Rose Houses, Palm Houses, Car- nation Houses, etc., on some of the finest private estates in Canada. The Company looks forward to a long and prosperous career In Canada and it will be their aim In the future, as It has been in the past, to build the best greenhouse that It I3 pos.sible to build. The Single Tax Editor of The Canadian Horticulturist: I would like to congratulate you on having a special fruit edition. This feature should prove very satisfactory to fruit men. The matter of public markets will, I think, bear some airing. This brings to mind that I have several times noted your remarks on the exce.ssive charges of retailers and the fix they are in from high rents or land values. You seem to offer only single tax as a solution. I do not pretend to be a judge on the correctness of this. I'm no authority on single tax. I have this to say though, that considering the .=!low rate of progress of the single tax idea, if the fruit grower has to wait till the public is educat- ed to elect single tax members to enact single tax laws, to give single tax a trial whether it will better his lot — why he has a long wait ahead. Other productions seem to be handled through present channels of trade, and sold through retail stores and living, but not excessive, prices obtained. I Icnow that fruit is a particularly perishable line of goods and there must necessarily be more margin between the price the pro- ducer gets and what the consumer pays than in some more easilv handled lines, and probably the buyer of fruit has a duty to pe'-form in patronizing co-operative effort, public markets, etc., in order to do away as much as possible with a superfluity of mid- dlemen. Just think it over and see whether, if you \%"ere a fruit grower, or a buyer merely, you would see much to cheer you in having to wait till the single tax idea gained ascend- ancy, when your position might be benefited. I say might because everyone is not evi- dently of the opinion that shifting a large portion of taxes on to land value? is a sure AUGUST 1915 As one of the largest and oldest commission houses on Front Street, we have a claim on your confi- dence and favor possessed by few others. The two things — perhaps there are three — that matter to you are: (1) the reliability of the house you deal with; (2) the ability to sell consignment quickly; and the third matter of importance is the ability of your commission agent to get top prices. We are 100% efficient in regard to these three items. We can and Correspond with us first, if you wish. Ship without waiting to write, if your matter is urgent. Shipping Stamps and Market Re- ports supplied on request. WILL SELL YOUR FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. August, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Landscape Gardening A course for Gardeners, Florists and Home-makers, taught by Prof. Beal, of Cornell University. Pro^essive Florists recog- nize the growing importance of a knowledge of Land- scape art. We also offer a practical course in Floriculture, in- cluding Greenhouse Con- struction and Management. Send for Catalogue. Address THE HOME CORRESPOKDEHCE SCHOOL DEPT. C.F. - SPRINGFIELD, MASS. FRUIT MACHINERY CO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufacturers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple EvaporatiDg Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, when installed by our ex- perienced millwrights are the most prac- tical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogue. FREE LAND For the SETTLER in NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain- able free and at a nominal cost are call- ing for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full Information as to terras, regu- lations, and settlers rates, write to H. A. Macdonell Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings, TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF, Minister of Agriculture Parliament BIdgs., Toronto OUR ANNUAL EXHIBITION FALL PACkInG NUMBER Will Ix- PiihllsheJ SEPTEMBER Ist. This Is the most important and largest of our fall Issues, and is pub- lished right at the time when fruit growers are preparing for their fall and winter work — thus buying fall supplies. Can you think of a better oppor- tunity of showing your products to thousands of these progressive fruit growers? Plan to have your message In it. Forms close August 15th to the 25th. The Canadian Horticulturist Petcrboro, Ontario. Things to Plant in September Hva<>int1i« all colors, per doz. 40c., 55c., 65c., and 11.00. If re' nyacinins, quired by mail add 20c. per doz. Single and Double Tulips, ^,:^:>^ ^ 1r;eSel°by mail add 15c. per doz. Narcissus and Daffodils, ^^t^^^lr^l^^^i'^^^t to •20c. per doz. Our Aalumn Bulb Catalogue contains a list of butbi auitabU for all purpose), and will be mailed on request. WY\ • ^% ¥ • * 1. .^ J Head Office and Warehouse : m. Kennie UO., Liimitea, Adelaide and Jarvls Sts., Toronto 190 McGill St.. Montreal, Que. BRANCHES : 394 Portage Ave., Winnipeg, Man. 1138 Homer St., Vancouver, B.C. SANDER & SONS ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND ORCHID GROWERS. The Finest Stock in the World Catalogue on Application THE RAIN )!^'sWlS MACHINE OF iRRieATioN Write foi lix boolci on indoor and outdoor irrigation. The Skinner Irrigation Co.,23;m«terSLjroy.o. Kelway & Son SEED GROWERS and NURSERYMEN LANGPORT, ENGLAND Announce that their Mr. H. A. NALDRETT will be in Canada during the month of Stptem- ber and invite correspondence for appointments. Please write him "Care of Messrs. T. Meadows & Co. 8 lO Bridge Street, Battery Park, New York City, U.S.A. THE oldest line of steel beam plowsinthe Dominion, made in the old Wilkinson Plow Wilkinson Plows Go's factory, by old Wilkinson Plow Co. experts— every one ol them men who know their business. Ifis the standard line of plows and includes 25 or more styles to choose from. U. S. S. Soft Center Steel Moldboards, highly tempered and guaranteed to clean in any soil. Steel beams, steel landsides and high carbon steel coulter. Cle- vises can be used either stiff or swing. Each plow is fitted especially with its own pair of handles — rock elm, long and heavy and thoroughly braced. The long body "^^M&!i^ '^EKSTVw makes it a very steady running plow. Shares of General ^^^^^S;^^l^^^**=*s^ *^* widths — specials for stony or clay land. purpose, light, medium, and heavy, side hill, »od, drill or one horse plows The plow shown turns a beautiful furrow, with minimum draft and narrow furrow at finish. A sk/tfr nrw booklet. The Bateman- Wilkinson Co., Limited \ Symington Avenue, Toronto Canada ■W Repa for all Wilkinson Plows Canadian National Exhibition March of the Allies " PATRIOTIC Review 0 f the Navy Aug. 28 to Sept. 13 YEAR " Mammoth Fireworks Disptsy, War Trophies, captured from the Csnnaos, Bigger, Better, Grand Stand Peiformaace. Nev^ Midway Aitractioat, Model Farm under Cultivation. Canada at a Glance. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS Advertisements in this department inserted at rate of 3 cents a word for each insertion, each figure, sign, or single letter to count as one word, mini- mum cost 30c., strictly cash in advance. cure for "ilie thousand natural shoclis that flesh is heir to." Armstrong, B.C. CHARLES WEBSTER. REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruits farms a speci- alty. W. B. Calder, Grimsby. NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Before buying, It will pay you to consult me. I make a specialty of fruit and grain farms. Melvln Gay man & Co., St. Catharines. FARMS — All kinds, all sizes, for sale, fruit stock, grain and dairy farms. Let me know what you are looking for. H. W. Dawson, Brampton, Ont. BEES AND QUEENS ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS as advertised on page lus. Catalogue free. Deroy Taylor Co., Newark, N.T. FOR SALE — Three banded Italian queens, from the best honey-gatiheirdng strains, that are hardy and gentle. Untested Queens, 76c. ; 6, $4.25; 12. $8.00. Tested queens, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00. Selected queens, add 25 cts. each to above prices. Breeding queens $3.00 to $6.00 each. For queens In larger quantities, write for prices and circulars. Robert B. Spdcer, Wharton, N. J. ITALIAN QUEENS— For sale at 60c each, $7.00 per dozen. Safe arrival guaranteed. T. J. Talley, R.R. No. 3, Greenville, Ala. QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL— Three-band Italians only, which have been bred to a high standard of excellence, to which leading bee- keepers in Canada can testify. Tested queens, $1.00 each; untested, 75c; $7.00 per dozen. No disease, and satisfaction guaranteed. J. W. K. Shaw & Co., Loreauville, La., U.S.A. BEST THREE BANDED ITALIAN QUEENS— June to October, mothers selected from more than 100 colonies and reared In hives run- ning over with bees, according to the latest scientific methods. Every queen a dandy. Satisfaction guaranteed. Each 76c, per dozen $7.20, per hundred $50.00. Also bees and honey. J. H. Haughey, Berrien Springs, MIoh. MOORE'S STRAIN AND GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS, untested, $1.00; 6, $4.60; 12, $8.00; 50, $32; 100, $60. Carniolan Caucasian, un- tested, $1.25; 6, $5.00; 12, $9.00. Tested, any kind, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $12.00. Choice breeding queens of any kind, $6.00 each. Circular free. W. H. Kails, Orange, Cali- fornia. GOLDEN AND 3-BAND ITALIAN, also Car- niolan queens. Tested, each, $1.00; 3 to 6, 95c; 6 or more, 85c. Untested, 76c; 3 to 6, 70c; 6 or more, 65c Bees, per pound, $1.50. Nuclei, per frame, $1.50. C. B. Bankston, Buffalo. Leon Co., Texas. GOLDEN 3-BANDED ITALIANS, also Carni- olan queens. Tested, $1.00 each, 6 or more, 85c each. Untested, 75c each, 6 or more, 65c each. Everything guaranteed to reach you in eood shape. No disease. I. N. Bankston, Buffalo. Texas, Box 135. ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS, reared for Canadians. Hardy, winter well. Send for circular. Standard bee hives shipped direct from factory in Iowa at $1.20 each. Stover Apiaries, Mayhew, Miss. FOR SALE — 80 colonies Italian bees; a choice outfit; free from disease. J. Alpaugh, 46 Cherry St., Stratford, Ont. QUEENS OF QUALITY.— Three-band Italians. First-class untested queens, remainder of sea- son. 60c each, $7.00 per dozen. Satisfaction guaranteed. J. I. Banks, Dowelltown, Tenn. SEEDS AND PLANTS WOULD LIKE TO EXCHANGE mushroom spawn for bedding stock or cuttings, plants or bulbs. Canadian Mushroom Growers, Lim- ited, Lindsay, Ont. MISCELLANEOUS 1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors, any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. Pearl Card Co., CUntonvUle, Conn. PACKER'S "SAFETY" FRUIT WRAPPER PAPER Recommended by Government Inspect- ors. Used with perfect results by largest growers. This paper is specially made to wrap fruit. The rough side in against the fruit protects it. The smooth side out ex- cludes moisture. It is strong enough to handle with- out brealting, yet its soft texture per- mits folding the paper close to the fruit better than with harsher papers. In stock — 8x 9 — 10c. per ream 500 sheets. 10x10— lie. 12x12— 15c. 18x24— 45c. 20X-30— 60c. 24x36— 80c. 30x40— $1.10 Also in stock — Lace box tops, 11x20, per 1,000, $10.00. Lace barrel tops per 1,000, $10.00. Lace paper, white and colored, 12 pieces, 10 yards each to box, 40c. Corrugated box tops, 11x20, per 1,000, $8.50. Corrugated barrel tops, per 1,000, $12. White pulp board, barrel tops, per 1,000, $7.00. White pulp board layer boards, 11x20, per 1,000, $4.00. Box Lining, cut to any size, from white or colored paper. Also wrap- ping papers, twines, manilla tissues. Buntin, Gillies & Co. LIMITED HAMILTON, CANADA A Western Fruit Conference An important conference of representa- j tives of the fruit growing interests of British Columbia and of the consumers of the prairie provinces, more particularly the pro- vince of Alberta, was held in Calgary July ^ 7th-9th. The Conference wa.s held on the invitation of the Calgary Board of Trade. Invitations to attend were sent to British Columbia fruit growers and shippers, repre- .■ientatives of freight and express companies, prairie retailers, wholesalers and consum- ers. The British Columbia Department of Agriculture gave its assistance. The object of the conference was to find methods of so improving the handling of fruit that better re.sults might be obtained, not only by the producers, but by the consumers as well. The British Columbia fruit growers made a strong claim for greater protection again.';' fruit shipped in from the United States. They claimed that there has been over-production in the Pacific Coast States, and that the .sur- plus is being dumped on the Canadian mar- ket, the anti-dumping clause not applying to fruit, with the result that the fruit growing industry in British Columbia has become more or less demoralized. It was stated that some of the fruit growers of British Columbia did not have enough money to buy a ticket to the conference, or they would have been present. The plea for greater protection was op- posed by representatives of the consumers, including Mr. Mus.selman, of the Saskatche- wan Grain Growers' Association, Mrs. T. D. Newhall, who spoke for the Consumers' League, and by representatives of the com- mission firms. It was claimed that an in- crease in the duty would antagonise 90% of the consumers in the prairie provinces. The matter was finally disposed of by the adop- tion of a resolution asking the Dominion Government to appoint a special commission of enquiry into the state of the fruit trade. It was anticipateed that such a commission would enquire into the necessity of a re- vision of the tariff. A resolution offered by W. G. Hunt, that representations be made to express com- panies to reduce their minimum rate on cars for small fruits from 20,000 to 15,000 lbs., or else provide cars capable of carrying 20,000 lbs. with safety, was adopted, afte con.siderable discussion. The fruit grower- seemed to think that express rates, with some minor exceptions, were fairly reason- able. The following resolutions were adopted: "Resolved, that this conference petitior the Dominion Express Company requesting them to obtain joint rates with the Canadian Northern Express Company and the Cana- dian Express Company on the basis of tho present tariff, applicable to fruit shipment from all points in B. C. to all prairie points. "It is further resolved that this conference do make application for a reduction in car- load lots of fruit shipped from British Columbia to all jobbing points in Alberta to $1.75 per 100 pounds." Other resolutions adopted favored each British Columbia fruit district having a special representative at each marketing centre to see that the market is maintained in a normal condition, and to govern the distribution of fruit; favoring the packing of only one grade of the best variety of apple, all others to be put up orchard run, cull.s cut out, in slatted boxes, and one asking the government to establish a minimum number of standard packages for small fruit. The Canadian Horticulturi^ Floral Edition Vol. XXXVIII PETERBORO, SEPTEMBER, 1915 No. 9 Pointers for Exhibitors of Fruit IT is much to be desired that judges and exhibitors should agree con- cerning the requirements of exhi- bition fruit. The responsibility of passing judgment lies with the judge, and his ideas are supposed to be cor- rect. If he knows his business as he should, exhibitors would do well to study his decisions, and in case of doubt to go to him personally for an explanation. Judges make mistakes, but no honest judge would refuse an explanation or a discussion of the point in question. It is with the idea of bringing out helpful discussion that I have been encouraged to deal in a brief way with the requirements of ex- hibition fruit, referring more particu- larly to plate exhibits. The points usually embodied in a score card for plates of apples, pears, plums, and peaches are about as fol- lows: 1. Form 10 2. Size 10 3. Color 20 4. Uniformity 20 5. Quality 20 6 Soundness 20 100 The score card is seldom used in actual judging, except in cases such as large collections or displays, where the points involved are too big or too complex to be mentally compared. I find the score card very useful, how- ever, in explaining the qualities looked for and in teaching the relative value of each. The first point for an exhibitor to bear in mind is that the judge's de- cision is based on the exhibits as they stand at the moment of judging. In the case of an "export" class, the judge does require, of course, to fore- cast the probable "arriving condition" of the fruit, but in ordinary open com- petition the judge takes them as they stand. This is one reason why south- ern-grown exhibits so frequently win at our early fall shows, or even at the November show in Toronto. Northern- grown winter apples, for instance, are not at their best until perhaps Febru- ary, and in competition at a September or October show are handicapped by Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph, Out. lack of maturity. They get a fairer chance when the prize list offei's a class for "export," and would show- up still better if classes could be put o;: covering "apples for Avinter storage." As most of our prize lists stand, the greatest difficulty the judge has is to give proper weight to all the various uses or purposes which may be repre- sented in a given class. A class of Northern Spy apples may contain some plates which would rank as "fancy dessert"; other plates might rank as ' ' export dessert ' ' ; others might more properly class as excellent for "cold storage dessert," and still others might, on account of large size or over maturitj', take rank as any one of several grades of "cooking" apples. It is obviously difficult for a judge to take into account all the range of pur- poses for which the various exhibits in the class might be used, but in the ordinary variety list this is what he is required to do. The moral for the ex- hibitor is that where "varieties" are shown, with no special provisions at- tached, the judge looks for variety type. Other things being equal, the plate wins which best represents the variety. If the class is for "dessert" pur- poses, quality counts, and size is much less important. The degree of maturitj', which is obviously very closely con- nected with quality, also becomes of much importance, and is considered under the heading "Quality." In "cooking" classes, large size is frequently very important. For a hotel or restaurant trade, where the cost of peeling becomes an item, good size is most desirable because of the time saved in peeling. The points covered in the score card may be explained somewhat as fol- lows: First. — Form is a varietal character and is frequently one of the important means of variety identification. Second.^ — Size is also a varietal char- acter, but, as has been pointed out, size requirements may vary according as the class of fruit called for may be Harvesting the crop In the orchard of W. W. Plneo, Waterville, N.S. There are 9,000 trees Ul this orchard, the average yield of which for some years has been 6,000 barrels a year. 206 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. « K,J|b IP^— -^-^ ■l| $^I-mi<^KBM "W^ * ▼ *! flllEP *■ ■ m ^8^^^-^..^ A portion of an exhibit of fruit and vegetables arranged by tiie Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. "dessert," "cooking," "export," or "home market." Third. — Color is of greatest import- ance as a means of appealing to the eye of the consumer. It is of great im- portance in commercial packages, and in plate competitions color wins, other things being equal. In green or yel- low varieties of fruit, such as Eeine Claude plum or Bartlett pear, the color expresses the quality, but in red varie- ties such is by no means the case. The poorest Mcintosh apple I ever tasted was beautifully colored. Color is more important in dessert varieties than in cooking sorts, and is perhaps even more important in som.e of the near-dessert commercial varie-i ties, such as Baldwin apple and El- berta peach. These varieties are ex- tensively grown, and color helps more to sell them than does their quality. Uniformity. Fourth. — Uniformity is of the great- est importance in commercial pack- ages, and is scarcely less so in the ease of those varieties whioh most commonly go into commercial pack- ages. Especially is it important with those varieties commonly packed in boxes. Dessert Spies, for instance, should be wrapped and packed in boxes, and should be uniform in form, in size, and in color. Large sizes of Northern Spy, on the other hand, are less desirable as dessert apples and are less likely to go into boxes. In a general way, there is not the same ne- cessity for uniformity in barrel stock as in boxes. (In order to avoid being misunderstood on this point, I should like to point out incidentally that most of our barrelled apples have too much variation in size and color.) Uniformity covers form, size and color, and any experienced judge can vouch for the rarity of plate exhibits which show good uniformity in ail three characteristics. This is the stumbling block of most exhibitors. I should be inclined to put more em- phasis on uniformity than on any other one point in the score card. Fifth.— Quality is detected partly by color, partly by aroma, partly by tex- ture, and partly by the degree of ma- turity. The degree of maturity and the texture can be detected by the "feel," and also by the eye. It is not necessary to shove one 's thumb into an apple or peach to know if it is ripe. A gentle pressure between the fingei's and the palm of the hand will deter- mine the matter very accurately, after a little practice. Quality also bears an important re- lation to size. A large Ben Davis is likely to be of better quality than a small one, because the texture is likely to be more open. Conversely, a large Spy is likely to lack firmness and crisp- ness because of the coarse texture. Texture may vary exceedingly with- in the variety. I have handled Duchess pears which were as fine-grained and smooth to the touch as a Bartlett. The best example I can give of the extent to which texture and quality can be determined by touch is in the Sheldon pear. A good Sheldon feels literally "as fine as silk." Sixth. — Soundness is usually defined as "freedom from blemishes." Ac- cording to the Inspection and Sales Act, a blemish is an imperfection seri- ous enough ' ' to cause material waste. ' ' In the fruit show, a blemish is any im- perfection which would lessen the sale value of the fruit. A limb-rub or an insect injury may heal over so per- fectly as not to lessen in any way the keeping quality of the fruit, and the only detriment is to the appearance of the specimen. A scab spot is not neces- .sarily injurious, especially to fruit in- tended for early use. I fail, however, to see any other way of evaluating in- juries such as these than to call them blemishes. A worse type of blemish is a skin puncture, and it is perhaps even more common. Judges should cut heavily ior any evidences of rough or careless handling. Breaks in the skin and bruises are caused by lack of care, and lessen the value of the fruit for almost any purpose. Under this heading reference should also be made to the practice of polish- ing, which unfortunately is becoming so common in plate apples. I know of no judges who favor polishing — in fact all the best judges discriminate against it — and perhaps the only remedy is for exhibition authorities to adopt a de- finite prohibitory rule. In plate fruit, all specimens should appear in their natural condition, and with the bloom on. In most cases there is quite a wide margin between simply removing dust or spray and actual polishing. Polishing may be allowed in "cones" and "pyramids," because these are purely display exhibits, such as a grocer would make use of for ad- vertising purposes. Worm injuries are considered seri- ous blemishes, so much so that at the better shows exhibits are frequently disqualified on account of them. No apple showing worm injury should be allowed to win a place at the Canadian National or at the November show in Toronto. The highest class apple show in Ontario is at Norfolk County Fall Fair, and a wormy apple there is a rarity. Another frequent blemish is caused by the loss of the stem in picking or handling. If the stem is simply bro- ken off, no real harm may be done, al- though in apples and pears the stem should always be present, as it is some- times an important work of identifica- tion. If, hoAvever, the loss of the stem results in breaking the skin, the fruit is blemished, because of the liability of decay. Such injuries are frequently as bad as worm holes, and should be penalized accordingly. In conclusion, I should like to em- phasize the importance of care in pick- ing and handling exhibition specimens. One cannot be too careful. As to uniformity, select specimens as nearlj' alike as possible in form, size, and color. It is better that all the specimens on one plate should be a little off type than that the type should vary. September, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 207 Packing Fruit for Long-Distance Shipment R. M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist, Victoria, B.C. IN the general development of the fruit-growing industry of the Pa- cific Coast, one of the main, if not the main characteristic, has been the evolution of successful long-distance shipping. There is on the Pacific Coast itself a comparatively large de- mand for fruit. Nevertheless, Pacific Coast fruit-growing is based on the markets of the middle west, those of the United States, and on the markels in the large Eastern centres for the highest grade fruit. In evolving this long-distance trade, a number of essen- tial principles seem to be firmly estab- lished. First of all, the fruit itself must be well selected. In the soft fruits especi- ally, a prime requirement is size. A second requirement, often placed as the most important, is high color. Given even a moderate attainment in size and color, the fruit must certainly be firm and in such condition as to hold up under refrigeration. To meet these requirements, the fruit must practically be perfect in respect to blemishes, form, color and size. Long- distance shipping requires also most timely picking. Much has been done to put in writing just when fruit should be picked; the proper state of ma- turity is, hoAvever, a matter much more of experience than of precept. It is a curious fact that in the judging of condition and the ability of fruit to hold up, the average wholesaler is a much keener and more accurate judge than the average fruit-grower. Every jobber in, say, a Prairie city, becomes expert in estimating the commercial "life" of the fruit he receives to an extent not at all appreciated by the growers. In the west, however, the growers are steadily learning mucli about the "life" of fruit. It is not necessarily the ripest fruit that decays most rapidly ; it is not the best-colored fruit that keeps best or looks best on the market. The handling of fruit for long- distance should be most careful; in addition, there should be a minimum amount of handling, because even most careful handling means slight bruises or abrasions. On the other hand, grading requires a second hand- ling; the picker cannot pick, grade, and pack. In British Columbia there has been a tendency, however, to too much handling. The custom of pack- ing apples from tables is gradually giving Avay to packing direct from the orchard boxes, as is the practice with soft fruits, the mechanical graders now- being largely adopted in Washington All Hands at Work in the Orchard of Mr. D. C. Galbralth, Huron County, Ont. In this ten-acre orchard the principal varieties of fruit grown are Northern Spy, Golden Russett and Twenty Ounce Pippin, as well as a tew earlier varieties, such as Duchess, Alexander and Cayugra lied Streak. The orchard has been in .fod for four year.s, the grass being cut and left as a mulch, previous to which it was cultivated and a cover crop of rape u.sed, which was turned under in June. Better colored fruit has been obtained since the sod method has been followed. furnishing an exception to this rule. The mechanical grader has come to stay, the improvements brought in in 1914 and 1915 having assured its suc- cess. The most up-to-date graders will handle peaches as well as apples, and do it without any discoverable bruis- ing. It is a common demonstration with the new graders to use eggs. The mechanical grader has, however, a number of disadvantages. After all, it grades only to size or weight, and the grading for color, blemishes and grade must still be done by hand ; the cost is high, and either gasoline or elec- tric power is required. The graders, further, are not practical with less than 300, and preferably 600, boxes of apples a day. Also, there is a great loss of time in co-operative warehouses in handling small lots, even of the same variety. On the other haAd, the new mechani- cal graders have definite advantages. They are very accurate as to sizes; the presence of the machine enables speed- mg up of all the operations, given one good man at the head of the machine. With a good machine and three or four experienced graders, it is possible to pack 600 boxes of apples a day with six or seven inexperienced packers, and still put out a very high grade. The mechanical grader, to a very large extent in Washington, has freed the fruit sections from the domination of the expert packer, and has made avail- able a large supply of packers who, under old grading methods, would not put up a uniform high grade pack. Under favorable conditions, the grader saves two cents to three cents a box over the old methods of operation. The newness of the apple industry in British Columbia naturally results in small lots of the variety from each orchard: this has been the principal obstacle to the adoption of the grader so far in this province. A further rea- son is that the Canadian Prairies do not demand the greatest uniformity in pack. Rigid Packages Used. Packages for long-distance shipping are characteristic. The west has evolved the square, rigid package, contrasting with the packages of the cast, most of which lack rigidity or show curves or taper. There are prac- tically no tapering packages used in (he west, and practically no flexible packages, such as the "Climax" bas- ket or the peach basket of New York State. These rigid, square packages are the result of two causes : First, the abundance of suitable sawn lumber in the west; but, more important, the necessities of long-distance shipping. The great objection to any package of a tapering shape is that in the pack- ing and the later settling of the fruit 208 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. .^ • ,% Kk^ ^mUhI^^^^^^^I ^gfj^^^S 1 ^^^^^^^^^B 1 1 1 A Beurre D'Amanlis pear tree, in ttie orchard o£ Mr. Palmer, Victoria, B.C., laden with fruit. The weight of the crop injured the tree. the tendency to wedge the lower layers causes undue pressure and injury. Fur- ther, the tapering packages allow oi motion. In the square, rigid package, the individual fruits can be so packed that none of them alter position in any respect ; this package makes firm pack- ing possible. In long-distance shipping it is one essential that the fruit should not move from its original position in relation to the other fruits in the package. The only package used in the west to any extent which contains the taper- ing side is the tin-top basket used in the four-basket plum crate. Even in this package there is practically no settling or movement of the fruit be- cause of the firm packing employed. It will be noted further that the sides of this veneered tin-top are protected by the outer package, as is not the case with the "Climax" basket. A further essential of packing for long-distance shipping is, of course, the wrapping. The use of paper for apples, peaches, pears, plums, and apri- cots in the west is so well known as to need no further comment. Aside from the improvement in appearance, the paper improves greatly the shipping quality. The shipping of soft fruits for long- distance involves prompt cooling and quick refrigerator service. The general adoption of pre-cooling in the west, and the provision of the modern re- frigerator car system and rapid mov- ing on schedule, have all gone hand in hand together with the recent great interest in the volume of shipments moving. The Government pre-cooling plant at Summerland, B.C., for in- .stance, is handling up to two carloads a day of soft fruits, which takes care of the great bulk of the freight ship- ments from the Lower Okanagan Val- ley. A similar pre-cooling plant at Okanagan Landing, on a larger scale, is under consideration for next year. Quick transportation has much the same effect as lessening the distance. The Okanagan Valley shipped a con- siderable number of straight carloads of cherries by freight under ice this year, travelling as far as Winnipeg. A Strawberry Root Disease Dr. J. B. Dandcno, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. A plant disease of a serious nature iii parts of New Brunswick is what is called "black root" of strawberry. It is so serious in some parts of the pro- vince that it has put out of business several strawberry growers. The dis- ease affects the roots, causing a black- ening and decay. The plant becomes sickly and dries up soon after the trou- ble begins. Plants may be attacked even when in fruit. When this hap- pens the fruit becomes soft and dark- colored and utterly unfit for use. It is caused by a fungus or bacteria, the life history of which has not yet been worked out. The disease appeared also in Bowmanville, Ont., this year. The remedy is to secure plants from a clean source and plant on land which has previously been thoroughly culti- vated and on which strawberries have not recently been grown. Barnyard manure seems to be favorable to the disease; therefore, if fertilizer be ne- cessary, it would seem wise to use com- mercial fertilizer. It might be a wise precaution to dip the roots of plants, previous to planting, in dilute forma- lin solution for a few minutes — forma- lin about one per cent., and for about five minutes. A Wealthy apple tree in full fruit, and its owner, P. N. Borden, a prosperous Victoria, B.C. fruit grower. The quality of the shipments, as a whole, was much superior on arrival to that of L.C.L. express shipments : the service was nearly as quick as ex- press. Every day a special freight train, known as the "Fruit Special," leaves Okanagan Landing for the Prairies, making the run through the mountains in twenty-eight hours. This quick movement enables the grower to get all the benefit to which he is en- titled for his extreme care in the selec- tion, picking, grading, packing, and handling of the fruit. One of the best ways to control in- chinamen are a chief source of labor in British sects on strawberries is by rotation of Columbia orchards, one is here shown picking nnnmi ^^A .,l«„^ „.,if «*;„•> Belle 'd Boskoop apples in Mr. Palmer's orchard crops and clean cultivation. at victoria, b.c. September, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 209 Grading and Packing Apples Father Leopold, Oka Agric. Inst., La Trappe, Que. ALL other things being equal, the article placed on the market in the most attractive manner and package will find the readiest sale and command the highest price. This fact has led the manufacturers of staple articles of commerce to put their best grades in attractive packages. The advisability of marketing farm produce in as convenient a form as possible for handling is universally admitted, and the advent of the apple One view of the apple-grading machine as used successfully at thp Oka Agricultural Institute. box, even in our Quebec Province, for such apples as Fameuse, Mcintosh, and Wealthy, has marked the entering wedge in the better organization oi the orchard. The reason the apple box- is so well liked is because only well- graded and uniform apples can be thus sold in the same box, as the differ- ent packs adopted will not come out true if the grading and sizing has not been well done. There is no reason not to grade and size uniformly even apples of first quality that enter into a barrel. The barrel, it is true, has for so many years been the cloak which covered, not so much inferior grades of apples, as un- graded and unsized apples. The barrel has seemed to encourage carelessness in grading, for how many times have not inspectors seen the top and bottom artistically faced, and in the space be- tween have found the general run of the pick? The law on apple grading for No. 1 apples is not so very exacting, as we may put in the barrel apples of well- grown specimens of one variety, sound, of not less than medium size, etc. Of ' course a medium -sized apple differs from a large and a very large apple, so there is considerable latitude left, and in one barrel one can find medium, large and very large apples. Could we not put up a barrel pack by which we could put in one barrel the medium, in another the large, and in a third barrel the very large specimens of the same variety, but at the same time have still a No. 1 pack? In a word, could we not get a uniform pack of apples of quality No. 1 in the barrel as well as in the box? Much can be said in favor of this practice. It gives the buyer a more favorable impression when all the fruit within a given package is of uniform grade and size. As certain dealers re- quire large apples for their trade, and others demand a rather medium size, the practice has an economic import- ance that we can readily understand. The objection is sometimes heard that large apples packed by themselves do not carry as well as a mixture of medium and large sized apples. This has not been the case with us in our shipments of barrels packed in a uni- form grade. The real objection comes from those growers who say that the grading of No. 1 apples in uniform sizes is quite a job. I admit this, and yet no packer can put up a uniform paok that has not been accurately graded. Here is where the grading machine comes in to help the fruit grower. We have been using a grading ma- chine at Oka for the last two seasons, both for barrel and box packing. Now we would not do without it. As most of our apples are packed by the stu- dents at the College, who thus have a great chance to acquire some practical experience in packing apples, one readily understands the usefulness of such a machine. The boys handle only fruit graded very accurately and of uniform size. Here is a brief description of the Model C Schellenger machine we have operated with such success that two other co-operative societies in the Province of Quebec, at Rougemont and Abbotsford, have purchased the same machine and are satisfied also in say- ing that for a large fruit farm or a co-operative society such a machine is (Concluded on page 223.) Marketing the Nova Scotia Apple Crop By A. E. Adams, Secretary of the United Fruit Companies of N. S., Limited, SEVEN years ago such a matter as co-operation was unknown in the Valley. To-day seventy per cent, of the fruit growers are artive co-oper- ators, owning fifty-five warehouses, marketing all their fruit co-operatively, and buying all their supplies in a simi- lar manner. A parallel to this cannot be found as far as rapidity of develop- ment is concerned. Ten years ago there was an entire lack of system in the method of mar- keting the apple crop. Each grower fought for himself. He made the best bargains he could with buyers who knew considerably more about the mar- ket than he did, or he took the big risk of shipping his product to London, knowing nothing whatever as to the condition of that market, and paying big tolls to commissionmen agents. Certain favored individuals took The apple-grading machine, with side receiving tables, as used at the Oka Agricultural Insti- tute. Note the gasoline engine at the left, which provides the power. This is the same engine engine that is used on the spraying machine. 210 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Horal Edition. A simple apple-grading machine, as used in U.c Iruit warehouse at Waterville, X.S. steamship rebates off every barrel sent across. After all these parasites had been satisfied he received what- ever balance there was. Often there was no balance, and he had to send money after his fruit, so that the para- sites referred to might be satisfied. Sometimes the market would be so good that even after all the middlemen mentioned had had their fill there would be a substantial margin, but it was curious that, generally speaking, it was the larger growers that re- ceived returns more frequently than their smaller brothers. To-day a different order of things exists. I will endeavor to explain as briefly as possible the methods now employed. There are now operating in the Annapolis Valley some forty-eight co- operative fruit companies. These com- panies are all incorporated under a special Act of the Local House, passed in the year 1908. The Act is a simple document, consisting of only seven- teen paragraphs, and is worded in sim- ple language that can be understood by any person of ordinary intelligence. Forms of memoranda of association are supplied by the Provincial Govern- ment, specially printed to comply with the requirements of the Act, and these are sent to any body of farmers re- ouiring them. Any five farmers can form a company by filling in one of these forms and mailing it to the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies, who will thereupon register their com- pany and register a certificate of incor- poration. The forty-eight comi^anies now oper- ating have memberships varying from ten to one hundred and twenty. A board of directors, elected from the shareholders and consisting of "not' less than three, nor more than seven," are responsible for the proper con- duct of the companj^'s business. These directors usually employ a manager to conduct the business in detail. This manager keeps the books of the com- pany, engages the help required, and superintends the packing of the apples and distributing of supplies to mem- bers. Forty of the local companies have taken stock in a central association, incorporated under a special Act of the Local House passed in the year 1912, and known as The United Fruit Com- panies of Nova Scotia, Ltd. These companies market the whole of their fruit through their central, and pur- chase all their supplies through the same source. The system of central packing as practised in Nova Scotia, works in the following manner: Before apple picking commences the managers of all local companies ob- tain from their members approximate estimates as to the number of barrels of all varieties they are likely to have. These particulars are tabulated, and the total of each variety is forwarded to the central office for the purpose of information. On these estimates the local manager bases his calculations as- to what help will be required and what storage room will be necessary. Oa receiving instructions from the local managers the members pick and haul certain varieties. The careful manager keeps closely in touch with all of his members. He is careful to have only such apples hauled during the warm fall montLs as he can expeditiously handle. Ue also makes himself familiar with the keeping qualities of various members' apples. For instance, Tom Brown's Ribstons, grown on heavy soil under the Mountain, will hold up longer than John Smith's, grown on the sandy soil of the Valley, therefore the manager instructs John Smith to haul his in early and instructs Tom Brown to put his Ribstons down the cellar and wait further instructions. Each member stencils his name on the side of all barrels sent in, and as the apples are hauled into the ware- house the teamster is given a receipt, of which a duplicate is retained by the warehouse foreman. This receipt gives the number of barrels and the vari- eties. All apples are hauled in tree- run and are picked in the warehouse. Entries are made from these dupli- cate receipt books into a large tabu- lated book, called "Barrels inwards and outwards." In this book there are certain pages set apart for each shareholder, and this book is so ar- ranged that on opening them one has at view entries of all apples as brought in on the left hand page, while on the right hand page are entries showing exactly how these apples packed out. For instance, on the left hand page one sees that on various dates given Tom Brown hauled in fifty -seven bar- rels of Gravensteins. On the right hand page one sees under the heading Gravensteins that those apples packed out thirty-five ones, thirteen twos, seven threes, there being two barrels shrinkage and culls. A daily record of the pack is kept by the packing room foreman, he hav- ing specially ruled sheets for that pur- pose. As a certain quantity of fruit is rolled into the packing room this man carefully records on these sheets the name on the side of the barrel and the variety. When that parcel is packed he records the number of barrels pro- cured in each grade. The men employed in grading, fac- ing and heading are experts, and re- ceive instructions from and are under the supervision of inspectors employed by the central association. The aim of the central association is to have an absolutely uniform pack, and when (Continued on page 226.) September, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 2U Planting the Bulbs John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. OP all window gardening perhaps the most fascinating branch is that which concerns the forcing of spring bulbs — hyacinths, daffodils, tulips, and crocuses. To insure suc- cess we must consider well not only the time and the method, but also thei material. The best bulbs are imported from Holland, arriving in this country early in the fall. It is well to have your order placed early with some respon- sible florist, together with instructions for him to fill it and forward the goods as soon as possible after they reach him. The earlier the bulbs are in the ground the better the results attained from their culture. Crocuses, in par- ticular, should be planted before No- vember, since their vitality is badly impaired by longer waiting. As to varieties, each must be his own judge, as tastes vary. It is only necessary to make selections of double and single varieties and of the color range which seems desirable. Having made sure of good material and an early planting, the next point to be considered is the method to be used in forcing the bulbs if you wish to use them for your window garden. Here, as in the selection of varieties to be purchased, we find upon looking in- to the matter that we have a large number of excellent methods from which to choose. If you elect to put the bulbs in soil use the five-inch earthen pots, which will hold only one hyacinth or tulip, })ut will contain five crocuses or three daffodils. Be sure that the drainage is perfect, and let the earth be light loam or leaf mould, with a strong admixture of sand. Hyacinths and tulips must be placed near the bottom of the pot, but the smaller bulbs go in about half-way up. There should be a layer of coarse charcoal placed at the bottom of each pot to encourage drainage, a filling above it of sharp sand mixed with the loam, and a layer of sand to draw the heat of the .sun and keep both flowers and foliage perfectly clean. When the planting is done and the soil packed down firmly the bulbs must be set away to make roots in the dark cellar, shed, storeroom, or closet, and the soil must be moistened occasion- ally. It is best to leave them in the dark until about November, when they should be brought to the light gradu- allv. When the bunches of buds are in nlain sipht an aoplication of any liquid fertilizer will hasten the growth and increase the size of the blooms. Hya- cinths and narcissus are especially well adapted for culture in water. Care should be taken not to let the water touch the base of the bulb, by which is meant the part where the roots start, as the bulb would rot if given so much moisture. When the roots start they Avill soon reach the water if kept in a warm, dark place. Keep a little char- coal in the water to absorb impurities, and if this does not preserve perfect freshness, change the water every few days. Crocuses can be grown in water. A little fern dish not more than three inches deep will Answer the purpose. A more novel method is growing them in sponges. Select a well-shaped sponge containing rather large holes, which can be cut larger if necessary. Arrange some reliable method of hang- ing it by means of fine copper wire, which will neither rust nor rot. String can be used for this purpose, but it is likely to fail in time of need. Having made sure that the sponge will hang securely, put the crocuses into it while it is dry. Use as many as you can crowd in, being careful that each is in a proper position, with the crown showing through the mouth of the hole. Then soak the sponge in a bowl of water until it is thoroughly saturated, and remove it at once. You will find that the swelling of the fibre has contracted those holes so percepti- bly as to hold the crocuses firmly in position. Hang the wet sponge from a shelf in a dark closet which is well warmed for at least two months, keeping it well saturated all the time, but never leav- ing it in the bowl for a longer time than absolutely necessary. The roots soon become firmly established, and then the top growth begins. A few days before bringing the sponge to the light sow it full of lawa grass, clover, or flaxseed, which will germinate and form a covering for the sponge. Hang in a shady place at first, and afterwards bring it out in front of the window, although not into direct sunlight. A Canadian Garden Worked by Irish Boys Rev. Geo. W. Tebbs, Orangeville, Ont. I N the little town of Hespeler, in the county of Waterloo, there is the Canadian Branch of the Smyly Orphan Homes of Dublin, Ireland. Nearly twelve acres of land surround the beautiful home, and the major por- tion of it is under garden cultivation. It is one of the rules of the institution, of which I was the superintendent for some years, that the boys as they ar- rive are to be trained in garden work before being placed out on the farms of western Ontario. Thus the little fellows become familiarized with Can- adian conditions of life before they are sent out from the care of the Home- authorities. The accompanying illustration gives- some idea of the beautiful surroundings- and work of the lads. In the early spring the boys are given a training in plant raising in the green house, until such time as the land is ready for cultivation. A few old trees of a value- less variety are reserved for experi- ments in grafting and pruning, and! this work follows. In the cultivation) of the land only hand labor is employ- ed, and the lads working together find- real healthy outdoor exercise in the Irish boys making garden walk.s In a garden at Hespeler, Ont. 212 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. A Legenaria vulgaris, or dipper gourd vine, as grown on the verandah of Dr. W. T. Genimell, Stratford, Ont. In the late afternoon it becomes covered with beautiful white blossoms. handling of the spade and fork. About five acres have been planted with small fruits, and one hundred plum trees planted some years ago are now bear- ing. All the produce over and above 1he needs of the Home itself can read- ily be disposed of locally, and thereby the institution is becoming partially self supporting?. While connected with this institution I found that the English greenhouse varieties of tomatoes give excellent satisfaction out of doors here in Can- ada. The fruit is of delicious quality. About two hundred and forty dozen to- mato plants were sold in the town of these varieties in one spring. Three acres are under cultivation of Cuthbert raspberries, of which I believe there are none better. The boys each have a plot of ground of their own which they work in their spare time. Prizes are awarded to them for the best kept gardens. In addition to the garden the lads have the care of seven lawns around the Home, on which are grow- ing beautiful full grown Norway Spruce trees. They also have colonics of bees, and some two hundred head of nure bred poultry to care for. It is hoped that the two hundred boys who have alreadv had this training will all their days be lovers of gardens and gardening, and nake our beautiful countrv still move beautiful when thov have homes of their own. We should work for "A beauty that supplies a daily need and not a Siindav pride." The Vegetable Garden Henry Gibson Continue to blanch your celery by earthing up. Keep a sharp lookout for rust; take off and burn affected parts, and spray the plants with bordeaux. Dig the potatoes as they are ready. If you have a cool place to store them they are better out of the ground now. Protect tender crops from the first frosts. Lettuce should have the pro- tection of a cold frame. Turnips, radishes, and any quick maturing crops can still be sown in cold frames. Smudge fires of wet, salt hay, marsh grass, or anything that will smoke rather than burn, made ready during the day and lighted at night when frost threatens, will save a good many of the more tender vegetables. Care- ful note should be made of the location of the wind when setting the fires, so that the smoke will hang over as large an area as possible. As each batch of vegetables matures, clean off the ground. It may pay to sow rye broadcast. Just sufficient loose soil to cover it and allow it to germinate is all that it asks. This will not only keep the weeds in check but will furnish considerable "humus" in the soil when ploughed or spaded un- der. For blanching celery the new method of blanching is recommended. This con- sists of using some pliable material very similar to heavy roofing felt. The paper or felt is of a tar composition, but has no odor and is cut to the desired height. The system simply consists of enclosing a whole row of the plants to be blanched with this material, holding i1 in position by bent or shaped wires which are inserted over the two sides and into the ground. The advantage of this material is its cheapness, ease of liandling, and longevity of life. In ad- dition the celery rows may be much closer together than when blanched with dirt. Garden Reminders High bush cranberries make excel- lent jelly. Black raspberries may still be lay- ered with good results. Paeonies and iris may be transplant- ed to advantage in September. Cut out all old canes of blackberries and raspberries and burn them. See that the celery gets plenty of moisture and good cultivation. Common drain tile, set over celery, blanches it nicely. Cylinders of heavy paper are also used to advantage. Order bulbs for fall planting. Tulips are easily grown outside. Daf- fodils may be planted outside in some locations. Take in geraniums and other plants that are to be kept in the house this winter, before they are injured by the frost. If weather conditions are cool and moist, grass seed may be sown early in September to good advantage. It is well to add a little rye to"help hold the snow. Pota.ssium sulphide, one ounce to two gallons of water, is recommended for mildew on lilacs or roses. Thi.s disease may be recognized by the white spots appearing on the plant. All runners should be kept off the strawberry plants, and the ground kept thoroiighly cultivated during September. Young plantations may still be made. Runners potted up a month ago are the most satisfac*tory for setting out now. All fruits that are ready .should be picked during drv weather and stored in a dry, cool cellar or fruit room. Peach trees should be exam- ined for borers. Single and double flowering feran- iums, primulas, cyclamen, calla, Christ- mas cactus, hyacinths, narcissi, are among the best winter flowering plants there are. Most of these can be had in a great variety of colors. — Wm. Hunt, Guelph, Ont. A horticultural society must be an ever ardent supporter of the improve- ment of public grounds and parks, and encourage its members and the general public to become interested. — W. Dil- ger, Detroit, Mich. I September, 1915. t.. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 213 The Month's Work in the Garden HANGING baskets, window boxes, tubs, and other devices used for decorative purposes, are now so full of roots that the soil is almost exhausted of all plant food. To keep up a display of bloom and maintain a bright appearance for the few remaining weeks of summer, fre- quent applications of liquid manure are indispensable, and if chemical man- ure is available it may be applied ever}' second week. Flower beds and borders are at their best, and every effort should be made to maintain a neat, tidy appear- ance. Decaying leaves, weeds, and other litter should be picked up once a week. Grass edges should be clipped and the lawn mowed as occasion re- quires. Strong winds are more or less prevalent, and it is important that all tall plants should be securely staked and tied. Not infrequently an early frost kills many of the more tender occupants of the bed and borders, leaving the gar- den in a chaotic condition during the ensuing months of fine weather, when probably there will be no signs of an- other freeze. How many times at this season of the year have you awakened in the morning to find your window boxes and hanging baskets, in addition to the beds of tender annuals, a frozen mass, which had to be thrown out with many weeks of fine growing wenthor By Henry Gibson still to come. The disastrous effects of these early frosts can be overcome to a great extent by moving the hanging baskets and tubs on to the porch over- night. The window boxes can be brought through quite a cold spell by throwing an awning over them or cov- ering with fine boughs or bracken ferns. Flower beds may be protected by driving in stakes at each end and run- ning a stout piece of string from one end to the other, and throwing over these lines cheesecloth, burlap, or simi- lar material. This may seem lots of trouble, but the wealth of pleasure you get from an extended flowering season amply repays you for any trouble and expense incurred. Propagating Bedding Plants. Cuttings of pansies, violas, pentste- mons, pinks, geraniums, coleus, agera- tum, salvias and other bedding plants should be made as early as possible during the month. The three last- named should be attended to first, as thev are more tender than the others, and the first cold night is liable to kill them. If you have a small greenhouse, such as was described in the August issue of the Canadian Horticulturist, all you need to do is place some clean sand about three inches deep in one end of the bench and use it for propagating purposes. Flats such as are used bv the florist are very useful and conven- ient for rooting cuttings in. Haddock boxes, purchased from the grocer, make ideal flats. In the bottom place about an inch of some coarse material, as spaghum moss, coarse pieces of turf, or other material, to provide drainage, and prevent the soil running through the cracks. The boxes should then be filled to the top with a mix- ture of old potting soil and fresh loam, two parts each and one part each of leaf mold and sand. This compost should be passed through an half-inch sieve. Press the soil firmly into the boxes and level off. Cuttings should be taken from shoots that are fairly firm and short jointed. Trim off the lower leaves and cut across immediately below a joint, leaving the cutting about three inches long. Dibble them in the bench or boxes, two inches apart each way. Firm the soil well about the base of each cutting, and give a thorough watering. Set the boxes in a cold frame or cool greenhouse and shade from bright sun. Cuttings of peren- nial plants that winter kill in any lo- cality mav be rooted in this manner. The Hardy Garden. Now is the time to overhaul the hardy garden or establish a new one. Perennials raised from seeds sown early and transplanted to nursery beds are now large enough to plant into per- The Hardy Perennial Border In the Garden of Mr. R. B. Angus, Ste. Annes, Que. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. A Border In the Garden of Mr. J. H. Bennett, Barrie, Ont. t mauent quarters. I'oung plants of '■' hollyhocks, foxgloves, gaillardias, sweet Williams and clove pinks, if not transplanted by the middle of Septem- ber, are better left undisturbed until I; spring. Anemone, japanica, fuchsias, and late tritomas, are better moved in •Vpril. Old lawns may be reseeded this month, and if you propose making a new one, remember that the walks, I'oadways, paths, beds and borders should be edged with turf to protect the young grass when it comes up. Gravel and other garden paths -set out this month will have a chance to become well-trodden before frost comes to heave them up. Evergreens may still be planted about the home grounds. Their suc- cess depends on fa\orable soil condi- tions. As long as the ground is damp and free from frost transplanting is -afe. Deeidous trees may also be transplanted. The general rule for these trees is to plant as soon as the leaves begin to color. Do not forget that this is the time of nature's seed age. Therefore see to it that all weeds are pulled up be- fore their seed pods burst and scatter the noxious seeds, which will germin- ate and produce intruders into your garden and throughout your lawn an- other year. The Greenhouse. Primulas and cinerarias should be lepotted as recinired, and be kept free 'rom thrips and green fly by regular iumigating or spraying with tobacco xtracts. Cyclamen should be put into their ilowering pots. Those grown in cold li frames will need the protection of the H' creonhouse this innnth. Bulbs for Christmas flowering should be potted at once. Koman hyacinths, paper-white narcissus and Due Van Thol tulips are very suitable for this l)urposc, and forcing them is a very simple matter if approached in a busi- nesslike way. They should be placed outside or in a cold frame when pot- ted, given a good soaking of water, and a few hours later a covering of four or five inches of coal ashes put over them. If coal ashes are not avail- able ordinary garden soil may be sub- stituted. The quality of the bulbs has a good deal to do with the ultimate re- sults. No amount of good cultivation will cause poor bulbs to give good re- sults. Another important point in bulb culture is to guard against the soil becoming dry after growth has commenced. Many failures can be traced to this, and an attempt to force the bulbs before sufficient roots have formed to warrant warm treatment. Aspidistras may now receive a top dressing of rich soil. There are few plants that will stand as much rough treatment as this one, but if really healthy-looking plants are wanted it pays to give them rather more atten- tion than is usually bestowed upon them. A pinch of chemical manure will often work wonders. Never al- low the leaves to remain dirty ; sponge them at least once a month, and oftener if necessary. Palms, rubber plants and other ever- green used for decorative purposes in- side the home should have their leaves sponged from time to time. No matter how careful you ma.v be with them, mealy bug and scale will establish themselves. A top dressing of rich soil or a pinch of chemical manure, as suggested for aspidistras, will tone them up. Fall Preparation lor Winter Flowers H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ont. THE question of housing garden plants will now concern the grower. It is a greater problem to know how to house the plants than to know what to house. The care in the preparation of garden sub.iects for winter storage or treatment is a fac- tor which must not be overlooked, as upon the method employed depends success in most cases. For the purpose of this article \^e will define two classes of plants, name- ly : (a) those which require actual winter storage and are entirely dor- mant at this time ; (b) those which may be grown on for room decoration, or M'hich do not become aetuall.y dormant. To ela.ss (a) belong such plants as can- nas, tuberous begonias, dahlias, and gladiolus. All these .should be lifterl carefully from the ground after The first heavy frost, or when bad fall weather mars their beautv. The stems mav be removed from the cannas and dahlias bv being cut away six inches or so above the tubers. The tubers should then be stored in a dry place (cellar), Mnth a minimum winter tem- ])erature of 50 F. The stems and foli- age should not be removed from tuber- ous begonias until they fall naturally. It is best, therefore, to place the entire plants in shallow boxes and stand them upon dry shelves until the stems dis- .ioint themselves from the tuber, after which the tubers may be stored away. Cannas, dahlias, and tuberous be- gonias may be stored in boxes of dry sand, and if the atmosphere of the room or cellar in Avhieh they are stored is dry, they will require very little at- tention during winter. An occasional examination should, however, be made. and any tubers which show signs of do- cay removed. Remember that exces- sively high or low temperatures act deleteriously in that the former may excite unnatural growth and the latter disentegration of the cells, with a subse- quent rotting of the tissues. Gladioli corms may be stored in shallow boxes containing dry sand, or upon dry shelves. In class (b) we find many plants suit- able for room and generally for hou.se decoration. The following are equally desirable : Geraniums, many fibrous begonias (including the many varieties of semperflorens, B Gracilis and B Gracilis alba), coleus in many varieties, petunias of many kinds, single and double. Plants for the foregoing pur- pose must not be torn ruthlessly from the soil; they must be lifted carefully and in such a manner that a mass of earth will adhere to their roots. They should be potted in a mixture of loam, leaf soil and sand. Garden soil is, generally speaking, of little value for potting purposes. The use of this is responsible for many failures, especi- ally with amateurs, who sometimes do not realize that a soil must possess fi- brous vegetable matter to render it porous and to ensure fertility. There is no more intensive form of cultui-e than that of growing plants in small pots. As the sides of the pots restrict the feeding area of the roots, the plant foods are quickly utilized. A barren soil is, therefore, useless. It is better to buy a bushel of good potting soil from the florist than to risk failure. When potting garden plants during fall, all established house plants should be examined, and anv which are root September, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 215 bound may be potted with the rest. Do not under any circumstances delay thiri operation until the dead of winter. With proper care, good root systems will be made ere winter retards growth, especially if the plants are placed in a light Avindow. As under the influence of light plants grow in its direction, the growth will elongate. It is thus well to stake neatly at time of potting so as to ensure good shape. It should not be expected that plants when lifted from the garden will not suffer loss of leaves and for a time ap- pear dilapidated. Much may, however, be done to preclude this. The tops of such plants as geraniums should be re- duced at least one-third, this being -done in such a manner that only the stronger stems are shortened. The re- moval of this growth will largely com- pensate for the loss of roots. Plants so treated should be shaded from svcu- light for a few days and be occasion- ally sprayed overhead. Under this •care they will recover quickly. Through lack of proper housing fa- cilities, many green plants are stored in the cellar. These require a some- what different treatment to those used for room decoration. All plants whicli •are green and whose foliage persists through winter, however, must have light, and while they maj^ not be used for any purpose during this time, the conditions should be such that their functions can be performed. The idea that green plants like geraniums may be strung up by the roots in a dry cel- lar with impunity is erroneous. Light and moisture are essential to life, and it is infinitely better practice to pla)it this subject in boxes of sand, after cutting back the stems at least half- way, and to place the boxes in a fairly well lit position. Even hydrangea hortensis, which is deciduous, when stored away, should likewise be placed in a light position, for while growth may be suspended during winter, the buds should have light, even if sub- dued. To the geranium, hydrangea, and even to such subjects as the century plant, occasional waterings must be given. A temperature of at least 50 F. should be maintained in the case of most green plants, as the functions of these must go on even during winter. Half-hardy deciduous or dormant plants may withstand a lower tempera- ture, thus in this respect the grower should discriminate, and, if possible, store the green plants in the lighter and warmer part, and the dormant stock in the less favored part of the cellar. Autumn Treatment of Flower Borders DURING the fall months there is much work of a seasonable char- acter among perennial bordei plants that is better done at that time than at any other period of the year. This is true in spite of the fact that quite a large number of perennial plants are of a long-suffering nature, and submit to division and replanting at almost any time with impunity. In the fall, however, when flowering has ceased, there is a general desire for tidying up, and at such times much use- ful work may be done. The cutting down of all plants may be proceeded with at once. Take care, in so doing, that labels are not dis- turbed, or even lost altogether. We grow these and other garden flowers chiefly for ornament or for their use- fulness in a cut state. With the cutting down of the plants completed, it must be decided whether forking, digging, or manuring is neces- sary. Needless to say, the first and last of these will benefit both the border and the plants it contains. The addi- tion of manure by its bulk alone lifts, lightens, and aerates the soil, and in so doing performs important work quite apart from its enriching effects. The best manure to employ is that of a short, well-decayed nature. At such times, too, a free addition of lime may with decided gain be given to all soils Prize Winning Asters, Grown by Geo. W. Karges, Waterloo, Ont. John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. of a heavy or water-holding nature. Not a few of the best border plants are of so robust a nature that they quickly form mats of growth, which, if left undisturbed, will prove their un- doing in the near future. The digging up, dividing and replanting of such as these is, therefore, of importance at this time. The white perennial mar- guerites, michaelmas daisies, rudbec- kias, heleniums, helianthus and achil- lea are some of those that benefit by being divided and replanted each year. The varieties of the first-named quick- ly exhaust the soil, and manure should be added freely in such cases. One of the greatest aids to successi in the case of soil-robbing, or soil-ex- hausting subjects is to give a complete change of station or position. The one need be but a yard or two yards re- moved from the old position, there to find all the advantages which a change of soil brings in its train. The idea is simple in the extreme and its import- ance infinite, despite which it is rarely done. A much more frequent way is to lift a plant, and, having dug and manured the ground, replant it in the old position. In this way only a par- tial change of soil is secured, while in the one suggested it is complete. In the ease of the more robust-grow- ing, mat-forming subjects, a considet"- able amount of plant material will have to be discarded. With not a few ama- teurs or beginners this goes very much against the grain, yet it has to be done if good results are to be obtained. The replanting of big clumps of things — nvrethrum, flag iris, or michaelmas daisy — is a fallacy ; the youthful plant is capable of much bettor work, and is commended to all. When replanting such as the white marguerites or michaelmas daisies, only the strong- est, outermost portions of the clumps — those that have developed with light -ind air all round — should be retained. The superiority of these,, compared with the innermost shoots of a plant, will be obvious at a glance. Single frrowths, if well -rooted, are the best, and, of these, six or a dozen arranged a f^w inches apart will not only form a Efoodlv grout), but nrovide a display of the finest flowers in due season. 216 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINED WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which h.Ts been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publishing Company, Limited, PETERBORO, ONTARIO H. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director. The Only Magazines In Their Field In the Dominion Offlcial Organs of the Ontario and Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations and of the Ontario, Manitoba and New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associ- ations. REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL, AGENCY. Chicago Office — People's Gas Building. New York Office— Tribune Building. GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 16 Regent St., London, 8.W. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in three editions on the 25th day of the month preceding date of Issue. The first edition is known as the fruit edition, and is devoted chiefly to the commercial fruit Interests. The second edition is known as the floral edition, and Is devoted chiefly to the interests of ama- teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The third edition is known as The Canadian Horti- culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first and second issues are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping Interests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist In Canada and Great Britain, $1.00 a year: three years for J2.00, and of The Cana- dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. $1.00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions In Peterboro (not called for at the Post Ofl[lce), 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. Change of Address — When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 5. Advertising rates, $1.40 an inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturi.st for the year ending with December 1914. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months. Including the sample copies, from 11,000 to 13,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo- ple known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1914 ...11,570 August, 1914 12,675 February, 1914 ..11,550 September, 1914 .13,729 March, 1914 11,209 October, 1914 ...13 778 April, 1914 11,970 November. 1914 .12,967 May, 1914 12,368 December, 1914 .13,233 June, 1914 12,618 ' July. 1914 12,626 Total 150,293 Average each Issue In 1907 6,627 Average each issue In 1914 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser In this Issue Is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti- culturist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise- ment in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex- ?h^,f^ ^'.2"'" subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes be- tween subscribers and honorable business men bankrupts. "°'' "^^ '"^ "*®'"^ °' *"'"^st Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST PETERBORO. ONT. Ontario's Turn to Move. Ontario was the first province to intro- duce co-operative methods on any consider- able scale in the marketing of Its fruit. In the St. Catharines Cold Storage and For- warding Co. it also possesses the largest local shipping unit in the Dominion. In addition, the province has a large number of successful local fruit growers* associa- tions. This speaks well for old Ontario. The time has come, however, when the fruil growers of the province should make a fur- ther forward step. While there is a central association in Ontario, which represents a number of the local apple growers' associations, it is In no sense representative of the apple grow- ing interests of the province. Each year, for several years, the need for a better un- derstanding among the local co-operative associations has become more apparent. Of late years it has not been uncommon for several salesmen, representing Ontario as- sociations, to meet and compete with one another among the buyers on the western markets, with unsatisfactory results to the associations they represent. Last year this condition was so prevalent as to cause gen- eral comment. There are natural difficulties in the way of the formation of a strong central as'so- ciation in Ontario which cannot be easily overcome. The apple growing sections fol- low closely the shore lines of the Great Lakes in the older portion of the province, and therefore are so scattered as to impose a considerable handicap on united work. Nevertheless, these difficulties can be over- come. A meeting of representatives of the different shipping associations should be called at as early a date as possible with the object of bringing about more effective co-operation. Some idea of the advantages that might result from such a move may be obtained from the article in this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist describing how the apple growers of Nova Scotia now market their crops. The Vacant Lot Nuisance. There is not a city or town of any con- siderable size in the Dominion that is not bothered with the vacant lot nuisance. Again and again efforts at civic beautiflca- tion have been thwarted by the presence of considerable areas of unused land which have persisted in producing luxuriant crops of weeds, tin cans and other debris in the midst of the areas intended for improve- ment. In the city of Toronto alone there are over two thousand acres of vacant land. So serious has this problem become it is beginning to receive the attention of the Commission of Conservation at Ottawa. In a recent bulletin the commission has urged municipalities to deal with this matter, and where by-laws exist requiring the cutting of weeds to see that such by-laws are rigidly enforced. Some municipalities have made progress this year by utilizing portions of this land for vegetable growing purposes. Little more than the surface of the ques- tion, however, has been touched in this way. In most cases this land lies idle because the owners of it expect to reap benefit from increasing land values. In western Canada laws have been passed making it possible. where land is held out of use in this way, to increase the taxes on such unused land. Laws of this kind should be encouraged. Men now owning this land, who do not in- tend to use it themselves, but who hold it at prices that are just beyond the reach of many others who would like to put it to profitable use, would find it necessary then to either put it to use or to place it on the market at a price within the reach of would- be users. These are limes when we need to use all our resources, and not the least of these in every municipality is the unused land that too often is a civic disfigurement. A Middleman Reaction. At every conference of fruit growers and consumers the middleman comes in for con- siderable attention. He generally receives most of the blame for the high prices asked for fruit in urban centres, and rightly or wrongly receives a large share of the kicks that are going around in reference to the high cost of living. While there is reason for considerable of this criticism, it is pos- sible to overdo it, and that thereby the in- terests of the fruit growers will suffer. In some centres the antagonism against the middleman, in the form of the retailer, has assumed such proportions that any price that looks high is immediately resent- ed whether it is legitimate or not. The average consumer does not take the trouble to acquaint himself with crop and other market conditions. This being the case, he is not in a position to decide intelligently whether the price asked is fair, and is prone to jump to conclusions that may be unfair. This condition has been intensified by war conditions and the curtailed incomes of some families. Dealers have reported this year that their sales have been considerably curtailed by the prevalence of this feeling among consumers. The loss inevitably works back to the producers. This side of the question should not be overlooked when discussions of this subject are conducted in public in future. At the recent annual meeting of the Cana- dian Horticultural Association, held in Lon- don, Ont., it was decided to make applica- tion to the Dominion Government to have an expert in the Entomological Division as- signed to the special duty of investigating insect pests that affect greenhouse stock and devising remedies for their control. While a vast amount of valuable work has been done in fighting insects that affeftt fruit and farm crops grown in the open, very little work has been undertaken to pro- tect the immensely valuable crops that are grown annually under glass. In view of the rapidly increasing importance of the vege- table and commercial fioricultural interests of Canada the Dominion Government should grant the request of the association at the earliest possible date. A promise has been received by the Cana- dian Society for the Protection of Birds from the Dominion Government that an authorita- tive book on the birds of Canada will be prepared, with colored illustrations. This is a welcome announcement. We have not done what we should in Canada to protect our native birds. One of the best forward steps we can make is to extend the know- ledge of the habits of our birds. This can- not be accomplished in any better way than by the circulation of such a book as is pro- posed. The great benefits which have at- tended the publication of the book, "The Weeds of Canada," is an indication of the beneficial results which may be anticipated in connection with the new volume pro- posed. September, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 217 I Our froai.t cover illustnation shows a har- vest scene in a Norfolk OoTinty Ontairio or- obard. Of late yeajs, largely through the work of the Norfolk County Pruit Growers' Association, Norfolk Coumty has come to the front as an apple prodiucing iseotion. It is now one of the best appJe producing districts in Canada. * * * This is our Fifth Anniual ExiiiWtioin and Fall Packing Nurti'ber. Its contents speak for themselves. It contain's moire informa- tion for the fruit and flower grower than any of its predecessors. As the name indi- cates, The Cajnadian Hortioiiltairist is na- tional in character. In this connection we would call attention to the fact that the con'trabutors In this iss-ue include leading fruit growers and borticuiltninal authorities from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The sub- jects they discuss are itimely and interest- ing. We trust that our readiers will feel, when they have seit this issue down, that it is a credit to the industry it represents. * • * Much Is heard these days of depression in business consequent upon the war. Much of this is imagined. In the case of The Canadian Honticuilturisit the advertising car- ried in ouir July and August issues, as well as in this issue, has exceeded in value that carried an the corresponding issues last year. As the flmus who advertise in The Canadian Hortioultunist are repiresenta- tive in character and are located in all sec- tions of Canada, as well as in the United States and Great Bri'tain, this condition speaks for itself. * * • A numiber of most interesting articles are to appear in the October issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. Mr. P. J. Carey, of the Dominion Fruit Division, will contriibute a most interesting article on "Fruit Pack- ages and Packing." This article will not only deal with *he various packages now in use, from berry baskets to iboxes and bar- rels, but will point out the defects and strong points of each and improvements that might be made in their dimensions and construction. Wonderful progress has been made of late by the fruit growers of Nova Scotia. The article in this issue by Mr. Adams explains part of it. At the Dominion Fruit Conference held a year ago in Grims- by, Ont, the delegates from Nova Scotia who spoke to an editor of The Canadian Horticulfcuriat seemed pretty well agreed that the man in Nova Scotia who had done more to promote the fruit industry in that province than any other was Mr. S. B. Chute. Mr. Chute has not only done much to promote the interests of the United Fruit Growers of Nova Scotia, Ltd., but is a suc- cessful fruit grower himself. A description of his rise in the fruit industry from hum- ble beginnings, until now he is one of the largest fruit growers In the province, will be given in our October Number. * * • In the floral section of the October issue of The Canadian HorUcul'turis-t Mr. Henry Gibson 'wlU again contribute a page of timely notes sucih as appears in this num- ber. In ijact, articles of this character by Mr. Gibson are to be a feature of the next several Issues of The Canadian Horticul- turist. In Western Caaiada Dr. H. M. Speechley, of Pilot Mound, Man., is a recog- nized leading authority on matters pertain- ing to the cultivation of flowers. An article from his pen, entitled "Simple Facts About the Growing of Bulbs," wiill prove of in- terest to all our readers. Mr. John Gall will contribute another of his practical and timely articles, in which lie will deal with plans for next year's perennial border. The few articles here mentioned will, we trust, give isome indication of how interesting the October Numlber will be. • * * On page 228 of this issue appears the win- ning poem in the competitioaa conducted recently hy Tihe Canadi-an Horticulturist, with the object of advertising the apple as Canada's National Dish. In ithe opinion of the judge. Prof. T. G. Bunting, of Maodon- aJd College, Que., Mr. Robinson's contribu- tdon was the most deserving of the prize. We purpose having extra copies of this printed and will be pleasied ito assist Fruit Growers' Associations and other organiza- tions in the diS'tribution of ithis poem for advertising and other similar purposes upon request. Here is an opportunity to help advertise 'the apple as Canada's National Dish. SOCIETY NOTES rm^rrmmmmmrmmM/timmmmn\'rsii WHAT THREE PEOPLE DID. W. S. Dinnick, Toronto, Ont. In Baltimore, four years ago, three peo- ple who had been turning their attention to making gardens out of backyards, resolved to systematize their efforts and extend thein over the whole city. They made them- selves into a committee, obtained the ser- vices of a social worker and the very valu- ahle assistance of the Baltimore Evening Sun. The Sun advertised a window hex and garden competition, photographed the suc- cessful gardens, and opened its columns to a daily discussion on how to beautify Balti- more. A vacant lot garden was started, where many poor families grew vegetables for their own use. As a means of transforming the rows of backyards, wires only were used to mark divisions. Thus the general effect •was that of one long garden at which all could gaze and enjoy. This idea of back ■gardens has spread through Baltimore. VACANT LOT GARDENS. As an outcome of the Patriotism and Pro- duction campaign, the gardening of vacant lots has become well established in Ottawa. Although the work was not commenced until late in the season, a large number of plots were put into potatoes and other vegetables. The land being used is what is known as the Glehe property, owned by the St. An- drew's Church of the city. At the instance of Mr. W. T. Macoun, Dominion Hp-rticultur- ist, the trustees of this property threw it open for the use of poor families and those in moderate circumstances. The land, which is in one block, has been divided into one hundred and twenty-eight plots, most of which are one hundred by fifty feet. For these one hundred and twenty-eight plots, one hundred and seventy-three applications were received. Many oithers would be made if the land were available. The trustees of the property have pro- vided sufficient funds to have the work car- ried out properly. Besides laying out the land with roads and paths, the trustees had it ploughed and harrowed, and have even gone so far as to remove clumps of small trees In order to satisfy, as far as possible, the demand for plots. Provision was made that every gardener who wanted to raise potatoes must grow them at the back of his plot, so that tihe potato plots could all be easily reached by the sprayer which the trustees have provided. The Grand Trunk Railway Comipany gave the use of two old box cars, in which the implements used In the cultivation and working of the plots are kept. The city is providing water and sani- tary closets. Night and day watchmen are being provided by the trustees. The com- mittee in charge of this work is composed of Mr. W. T. Macoun, Dr. Jas. W. Robertson, and Gilhert Allan, secretary. ST. THOMAS. The St. Thomas Horticultural Socierty have ordered, through a New York firm of Japanese importers, a oolleotion of 27 varie- ties of Japanese herbaceous single paeonies. This collection wiiU be presented to Pina- fore Park, and together with tree paeonies and doubles will make 143 varieties to be planted in this park by this society in 1915. An educational exhibition of gladioli, asters, dahlias, etc., was iheld hy the society in ithe windows of the Baldwin Robinson Company on Saturday, August 14th. It was a great success. On account of the planting of about 30,000 gladiolus in the city by the society members this flower in mag- nificent blooms were sihown in abundance. Blue Jays, Barom Hulots, Amerioos, Mr. Francis Kings, Peace and War, Lily Leh- man Hohenigollem and Princeps, etc. Some excellent exhibits of paeonies, cacti and de- corative and show dahlias weire made. The quality of the asters were Al hut the qua-i- tity limited, owing to the majority of the plants ibelng killed by fungus. Mr. Thos. Allan, isuperimtendant of the waterworks, had the ^star attraction of the show, a vase of water ilildes, Egyptian Lotus, and Lieu- tenamtrCol. Caughell a bouquet of Peren- nials Physostegia. Many other varieties of seasonable flowers were shown. The .society furnished a.bout 700 gladioli from their own garden. These and other flowers were sold by the ladies of the Humane So- ciety for the henefit of the Blue Cross, about $25.00 being realized. Mr. John PaUand, Superintendent of Pin- afore Park, kindly donated to the society the use of a plot of ground. This was planitjod to gladioli and over 5,000 blooms 'have heen cut. During the season these have been cut and sent to the sick and on Sundays large bouquets are sent to each churah and after the evening service they are sent to the sick and aged of the re- spective congregations. The public beds of the society which are planted on ,the boulevards never looked bet- ter than thtey have this year. Mr. Foster Andrews, the society gardener, makes a complete round of the 150 beds in 10 days. His equipment conslsits of wheelbarrow, lawn mower, irake, spade and small digger to weed hetwreen the plants. After a rain and the groaind is too wet to work Mr. Andrews secures a horse and wagon and draws manure which, when rotted, is used to fertilize the heds. As has heen stated ■before, the society finds the public beds are the most appreciated work that is done. WEST LORNE. West Lome citizens were addressed dur- ing the summer hy Dr. Bennett, Secretary Spencer and Director Hardy of the St. Thomas Society, and it ■was decided to form a society this fall. A great many West Lome cditizens' aire identified with the St. Thomas Society and during the .wnuner these memibeirs have done considerable work along the lines of beautifioation In their village. With Aylmer on the east, West Lome on the west, and St. Thomas the hub, it in the hope of Elgin residents it will become the floral county of Ontario. 21$ THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Standardizing the Apple Prof. T. G. Bunting, Macdonald College, Que. PR013LBMS c«mieot«d with the mairtcet- ing of fruit are occupyinK the minds of trult g'powers and th« Depa'Ttments of AgTiculture as never before. The pro- duction end of the b-usiness has ibeen glv«n inost attention in the past, but growers are now realizinig that it is necessary to de- velop the .laieis end of the business if they are to continue successful. Co-opeiration is doing much and will do more In the future, 'but there is a phase of Uie fruit busjmess that has noit heen given the study that it sihould be given if co-oper- ation Is to ibe finally isuccesisful on a large scale in the fruit sections of Cajiada. This phase is a question of varieties; too many varieties have been planted in the past, many of such inferior value that they have affected the market adversely time and again, and too many varieties are still be- ing planted. Any leading nurseryman will list in his catalogue from fifty to one hun- dred and fifty varieties of apples. He does this because he believes there is a demand for them and, of course, he endeavors to fill the demand. Nurserymen cannot dictate to the growers how many varieties they should plant, consequen,tly we cannot look to them for any special guidance in this matter. Co-operation in fruit growing v/ill not be highly successful without standardization of its product, and standardization of the apple cannot be brought abo.ut without the oommercial elimination of many of the varieties now grown. By this one must clearly understand what is meant. Differ- ent varieties ajre necessary to cover the dif- ferent seasons, for dessert and cooking pur- poses, for shipping and for adaptation to climatic and soil conditions in the different fruit growing sections. It does not mean that "one-hundred-and-one" varieties should be grown, hut rather a few of the best that have stood the test of years and that cover the demands foir cooking and eating for the various seasoOiS. Lack of deifinite knowledge has led fruit growers to plant too many varieties in the past, but the time has come for the fruit growers to change this. They can do it through the authoritative bodies of fruit growers, such as the provincial associations, in co-operation with the local associations and co-operative societies. These associa- tions have recommended from time to time lists of varieties for planting, hut these lists are even yet mneh too lengthy and could with advantage 'be cut down to a minimum. Co-operative selling assoclatioas could exert a great influence towards the stan- dardization of the apple by refusing to ac- cept for marketing varieties that are not on the approved list, and in a short while growers would either top-graft the unde- sirable varieties or entirely replace them by new orchards of the approved ones. Such standardization of the apple would lead to greater efficiency in the apple ad- vertising campaigns of the future and with fewer standard varieties much more infor- mation could be given aibout their merits. Few housewives (the housewives are really the purchasers of the apple), know many of the large number of varieties, their season, their value for cooking or des(&ert and their keeping qualities. Is it to be expected that they should be familiar with any large per- centage of them? Unless they do not, how can they huy them Intelligently? Co-operation and standardization propei^ erly organized on a comprehensive scale in the chief apple sections of Canada would largely eliminate tihe sale of fruit out of its season and that of ikkxt quality apples for eating purposes. With an efficient stand- dardization on a commercial basis the ques- tion of apple advertising to increase con- sumption would be largely solved, for the puljiic could then be more intelligently in- formed of the merits of the varieties as they come In season, all of which is of vital importance to the customer. Part of the success met with by the Pa- cific Coast apple growers in marketing their fruit is due to the fact that their apples are standardized, which practically means few vajrieties, a minimum number of packs, and careful grading, so that every apple in one box is of the same grade. If this is the case with a box, why should it not be with a barrel. Statl.stics show us that there has been a large falling oft in the production of apples In the I'nited States and Canada In the last two decades without a correspond- ing increase in prices. Other fruits have largely taken the place of apples in the market, and If the apple Is still to remain the "King of Fruits," the apple growexB must see that this position is not usurped by some other fruit. An authoritative planting list of varieties of apples would not necessarily lessen or prevent the introduction and trial of new varieties, but would largely prevent their extensive planting for commercial pur- poses untU they have been thoroughly tested and proved their desirability. We have an abundance of good varieties to se- lect from and such an authoritative list put into effect by the fruit grower.s' associa- tions and co-operative societies should have a marked effect on the future prospects of the apple In Canada. Essentials of Marketing Fruit F. H. Grindley, Fruit Division, Ottawa T' • HERE has been much criticism made of the methods in vogue for marketing the fruit crop of Canada. Such criti- cism has been largely merited. In order to effect improvements there must be organized effort. Lack of this has been one of the greatest obstacles to progress. While every fruit grower is willing to admit the faults of our marketing systems, and while many know just where improvements are most needed, there are many who are unwilling to carry their complaints or their knowledge beyond their neighbors or beyond verbal utterance. Consequently the big efforts to- wards rectifying faults that have become more urgent and troublesome, have devolved upon a few individuals, and to them the growers' thanks are due for most of the ad- vantages we now possess. That many improvements must yet be made we all admit, but during the duration of the war, probably, many of them will not be effected, therefore we must make the most of the privileges we have. We must find ways and means under existing condi- tions of disposing of our crop at fair prices. In order to do that we must create a demand, a larger demand than ever before because conditions at the consuming end are not ordinary. There are a number of points that growers should bear in mind before and during the marketing season. In the first place we should organize the distribution. There are plenty of small towns and villages In Ontario and other provinces that are inadequately supplied with fruit, and many that are over- stocked. That means faulty distribution. This condition offers opportunities for the wideawake grower or co-operative associa- tion. Do not deal with firms or individuals un- less you know their reputation. Avoid in- discriminate consignment as much as pos- sible. If you have no established trade con- nections, make careful enquiries from some reliable shipper and get in touch with a con- signee whose honesty in business dealings has been established. Communicate with the provincial and federal departments of agriculture, whose duty it is to keep in touch with markets. They will be glad to assist. Try to create an early demand for your product. This is a matter for organized bodies to take up, just as the Niagara Pen- insula growers have already done. Get to the public through the press, or by any other means. The Individual grower can probably do little, but small bodies can make some impression and large organizations a proportionately greater one. This year It is essential that "Canadian Fruit" be constant- ly before the public eye. The palates of the people must be tickled. Do not be narrow minded and think that by advertising you are helping the other fellow. Why not? Try to make 1915 a year of co-operation, of work- ing in harmony for a common object — in- creased home consumption. Plan for the future. Be careful that every- thing you market is fit for consumption. There is no promise of a regular steamship service to Great Britain, and while satisfac- tory arrangements may yet be made, we are not assured that the usual amount of fruit will be exported. With markets as they are it is of the greatest importance that only the best grades be packed. An Ontario shipper had apples on the Toronto market on July 17, which were little larger than cherries, and utterly unfit for food. Such practices cannot be tolerated. Every possible effort is being made to stop them. There are strong reasons for believing that for the higher grades of fruit there. will be a good demand in the Old Country and in our own markets. Whether transportation facilities will be satisfactory remains to be seen. The Fruit Branch at Ottawa will keep in close touch with the steamship companies and be prepared to advise shippers as to dates of sailings, and rates. The three features mentioned are the most important — distribution, advertising and proper packing. With them in mind, the growers ought to succeed in selling their fruit at good prices. The market for early fruits has been satisfactory. There is no reason why such a condition should not ex- tend over the season for later fruits. Be optimistic. If each of us will do our share towards bringing about a common result, the success of our united efforts is assured. Prospects for Marketing Fruit Already Canadian fruit growers are becom- ing anxious as to the likelihood of disposing of their crops this year at satisfactory prices. There will be a fair crop of practically all varieties of fruit, and the growers are ap- parently keeping in mind the panic which followed the outbreak of war last summer, when shipping facilities to the Old Country markets were temporarily demoralized, and when a considerable quantity of Canadian September, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 213 Protect Your Fruit BY USING WARNER'S APPLE BARREL PADS A pad placed in each end of the barrel holds the applei firm and absolutely preventi them (lom being bruised when heading the barrel and shipping. It costs very little and pays well. R. B. Warner, inwood, Ont. When Writing Advertisers Tell Them You Saw Their Advertisements in The Canadian Horti- culturist. fruit was allowed to go to waste. This was largely due to the fact that many itinerant apple buyers were not operating. Conse- quently, growers who in previous years nad been dependent upon these men to handle their fruit found themselves left with a crop of apples on their trees, with no knowledge of marketing and with no established trade connections. At all events the season was not a satisfactory one. To predict now what is likely to be Lue market situation this autumn is impossible. There is reason to hope that a much more satisfactory state of affairs will prevail than in 1914. In the first place the panic is over; all classes have had tame to reflect upon the general situation and upon their own posi- tions. Reflection has resulted in, or been followed by, optimism, and the Canadian public, outwardly at all events, is less per- turbed now than It was last fall. In the second place, our large consimiing markets in the west promise to be as large and important a factor as ever in disposing of the fruit crop. Conditions there depend largely upon the grain crop, which is re- ported good in all districts. Money should circulate freely and consumers should buy readily. Thirdly, the laboring classes in Great Brit- ain have secured employment at better wages than they ever received, and the buy- ing power which was reduced last year through unemployment and panic, has now been improved by the demand for labor. To these facts we must add one more: the added puhlicity wmpany of Gmada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At Braadon, Calfarr, £^ODton, Estcraa, Hamiltoa, Lctlibridfe, LoaJon, Moatrea], M. Battlsiud, Ottawa, Qsebec, Regina. Saskatoan. St. Jeha. Winaipci, Yorktaa Bees Saved the Strawberry Crop Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist: Some time ago, while travelling, I chanced to mention to some parties wliom I met that we liad received one thousand dollars tor the crop of strawberries we had grown on an acre of our farm at Central Norton. From there the story found its way Into the local paper. Since then we have received many enquiries about it, and as the subject seemed to be of interest to so many, I thought I would like to state one of the rea- sons why we succeeded in harvesting this crop In a year when berries were generally a failure. We got a fairly good stand of plants on this patch the season before. They wintered fairly well, but the spring was backward and cold. They began to bloom about June 1st. On tlie night of June 4th we had a heavy frost, which killed all the blossoms down to the smallest buds. We thought our crop was doomed, because we reimembered a sea- son about seven years before when a lighter frost had ruined our crop. This was before we began keeping bees. The evening after the frost it rained, a good soaking rain, which caused the plants to set more fruit buds out of the crowns. Where one or two fruit stems had been bo fore, there sprang many more — and in about ten days tJhe patch wa-s white with blos- soms again. Near to this patch we had fourteen colon- ies of bees. At this time of year the hives were brimming full, and every fine day, while the plants were In "bloom, you could hear their busy hum quite a distance fron. the patch. The spring being so cold, thert- were very few wild bees or other wild in- sects, so we (had to depend solely on our own bees for the fertilization of these blos- soms, and they made a good job of It. How do we know? Because, as the season drew near its close, every blossom that had not been frozen grew a berry. There were none of the small hard knots often seen towards the last of the harvest. How much do you think those bees were worth to us on that crop of berries? We place it at hundreds of dollars, but this is only an esUmate. One thing we are sure of, and that is that it pays well to have a good crop of berries in a year when they are scarce and high In price: and we know the bees were largely responsible for tHe excellent poUenization of the blossoms. We had more than half these berries picked be- fore It began to dawn on us that we were going to have a crop, we were so sure the frost had fixed them. The sooner that fruit growers find out the benefit that bees are to them, the sooner they will catch the dollars that are slipping through their fingers because of imperfect poUenization. The profits in beekeeping are not all to be counted in the number of pounds of honey harvested. L. T. FLOYD, Central Norton, N.B. Ten fruit growers in the vicinity of Thor- old, Ontario, have brought suit against the Coniagas Production Co., of Thorold, asking for damages of various amounts, on the ground that deadly vaporous gas from the company's smelter at Thorold, killed the bees for a radius of many miles about the works. They also contend that the poison- ous vapors have killed .vegetation, making it almost impossible to conduct farming or fruit growing in the vicinity. The damages asked for range from $400, in the case of Wm. Selby, of Homer, to $10,000, in the cases of Manford Miles, of Thorold, and John Newhouse, of Homer. The claimants contend that their bees were killed by sucking poison out of the flowers. September, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 221 GILSON 3°'e!2=e5/©>*£5p2X A husky trouble chwer. W ill pump w»ter. churn, (lepftrate :reftm. run Briniistone BnJ ''" ' choren. Lenijihen >our aj— m^^ davfi by IiKhleninst >oura)**/.OU Inbon. Write for <^ata- ^ -« iosue. Sixeaup to )5H.P. Oilaon Mfg. Comp«n)-, S York St Oiieiiih. C'atimla. YOUR LAST CHANCE TO BUY Fine Italian Queens at the following: One, 50c; 12, $5.00; 20 or more, 40c each. Be sure your colonies have good queens, for next spring you may not be able to get them. If you do, they will cost you much more. The Stover Apiaries Mayhew, Miss., U.S.A. When good queens are wanted I have the goods. Pure Italians from imported mothers. Also pure Carniolans and Caucasians from Imported mothers. 75c each, $8.00 per dozen. No disease. GRANT ANDERSON Rlv Handa - - - Texas QUEENS. Give us a trial (or Queens. We have es- tablished a Queen repository where Queens are placed when Imported, so as to be ready (or shipment when orders come in. We also breed from the best worker stock in our own Queen yard. We can furnish Leather colored, Goldens, Caucasians or Carniolans. Prices right. Satisfaction guaranteed. THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE, 185 Wright Ave., - - Toronto, Ont. Honey Pails & 601b. Cans. Glassware & Shipping Cases. Bees. Queens. Honey. Wax. CHAS. E. HOPPER & CO. 126 Slmcoe St., TORONTO. ONT. PRICE LIST of Three Banded Red Clover Italian Queens Bred from Tested Stock. Untested Queens, $1 each, $5 for six. Selected untested, $1.25 each, $7 tor six. Tested Selected Guaranteed Queens, $2 each. Cash With Order. W. R. STIRLING Box 214 RIdgetown, Ont. MILLER'S STRAIN ITALIAN QUEENS By retarn mall or money refunded; bred from best red clover strains In United States, in full colonies, from my superior breeders; northern bred for business, long tongTied, three-banded, gentle, winter well, hustlers. Not Inclined to swarm; roll honey in. One untested, 75c; 1 select untested, $1.00; 6 untested, J4.00; « select untested, $5.00; 12 untested, $7.60; 12 select untested, $9.00. A specialist o( 18 years' experience. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. I. F. MILLER, Brockville, Pa. U.S.A. The Root Canadian House 185 Wright Ave. TORONTO, ONT. Quality counts. Try our Queens; three banded, golden Carniolans or Caucasian, from best U.S.A. breeders; also from our own yards. Everything in Bee Supplies, Root's Goods; also "Made in Canada" Bee Journals and Books. Catalogue Free. Northern Bred Italian Queens Reported that they winter fine in Canada. Untested, 75c. Leaflet, "How to Introduce Queens," 15c. "How to Increase," 15c. Both, 25c. E. E. MOTT. GLENWOOD, MICH. Queens of MOORE'S STRAIN of Italians PRODUCE WORKERS That flU the super quick With honey nice and thick. They have won a world-wide reputa- tion for honey-gathering, hardiness, gen- tleness, etc. Untested queens, $1.00; six, $6.00; 12, $9.00. Select untested, $1.25; six, $6.00; 12, $11.00. Safe arrival and sat- isfactdon guaranteed. Circular free. I am now fllllng orders by return malL J. P. MOORE Queen-breeder. Route 1, MORGAN, KY. QUALITY HILL QUEENS "The Queens You'll Eventually Buy." Quality Hill Queens are of a famous strain, greatly improved. All cells are built In 10-frame colonies, brimful of bees and during a continuous honeyflow. For hardiness gentleness, and honey-gathering qualities they are better than most. Four-frame nuclei used for mating. Many report them very resistant to European Foul Brood. No disease. Italian. ■ , » j Our Guarantee.— All queens will reach you alive. In good condition, purely mated, and will give satisfaction. Queens which prove to be Injured replaced if returned. Reference: Plainfleld, lU., State Bank. in the mails will be Queens 1 1 6 12 1 1 1 6 12 Untested 1 .80 $4.00 $7.50 1 Tested | li.eo $8.00 $16.00 Select Untested 1 $1.00 1 $6.00 $9.00 1 Sel. Tested | $2.50 1 $1(100 $18.00 Breeders $4.00 and up. KENNITH E. HAWKINS Plainfleld, Box 366. Illinois. The Beekeepers' Review The Beekeepers' Review is now just beginning to publish those valuable papers read at the National Beekeepers' Convention at Denver last February. If you were to begin your subscription with the May number none would be missed. We will be pleased to receive your subscription for the last eight months of the year for an even 50c, post-paid to Canadian subscribers. In remitting, say begin with the May number, so as to miss none of those valuable papers. Those papers are only a part of the valuable material we have on hand that will appear during this year, so we are very sure you will receive your money's worth by subscribing for the Review at this time. The Review Is Owned and Published by the Honey Producers Themselves, consequently Is published wholly to our Interest. Kindly remit by postal note, not stamps, as we cannot use Canadian stamps. Address, with remittance. The Beekeepers' Review, Northstar, Mich. The Beekeepers' Review, Northstar, Michigan Power Honey Extractors Friction drive or with special cut gears, smooth and easy running. Speed control is per- fect and simple. If you are thinking of purchasing a power outfit, write us at once. The Ham & Nott Co., Ltd. BRANTFORD, ONT. NOTICE TO QUEEN BREEDERS If you want to sell Queens and Bees advertise In the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. Read what some of our advertisers have to say about the pulling power of our adver- tising pages. We have advertised In the American Bee Journal for thirty years. Have always found It a good advertising medium.— J. W. K. Shaw Co., Loreauvllle, La. My advertisement brought all the orders I wished for. In (act, more than I was able to supply— quite a number of orders had to be returned. — J. A. Simmons, Sabinal, Texas. The Reasons are self-evident — a good bee paper Is taken by live and wide-awake beekeepers, and these are the kind that are always in the market for good bees and good Queens. Rates on space are not high. Display at 15c a line, or $2.10 per Inch. Classlfled, 15c a line. send In your order with copy to-day and get rid of your surplus Queens. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, Hamilton, III. 222 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral KUilioil. Buy Your Preserving Sugar in Full Weight Bags Every bag of Lantic Sugar is guaranteed to contain the very finest Cane Sugar — fine even granulation and brilliant sparkle. Make sure that your Preserves will turn out right by using only an absolutely pure cane Sugar like Lantic Sugar — and buy it in the handy full weight bags containing 10 or 20 pounds of "Extra Granulated" or 100 pounds of coarse or fine Granulated. FRUIT JAR LABELS FREE Send your ad- dress and small Red Ball Trade- mark from bag or top end of carton and we will mail you book of 50 as- sorted Fruit Jar Labels — printed and gummed, ready to put ofi the jars. Vr^ / lOO IBS. ' Pure Cane aOLBS. ire Cane r' — STSJ — ' Pure Cane Lantic Sugar Extra Quality Granulated ^ Lantic 1 ^„,j^ Sugar ftugar Ext|a Quality Granalated ctra Quality anulated } ittCMc^ .SUOAP plif IntRIES bi"D., Also put up in 2 and 5 pound cartons. '^mii^^ Atlantic Sugar Refineries Limited Montreal St. John Cabbage Worms Destroyed by Dust- ing ^'t^ Hammond^s Slug Shot So used for 30 years. SOLD BY ALL SEED DEALERS. For pamphlets worth having, write B. HAMMOND, Fishkill-on-Hudton, New York. WANTED - APPLES 30,000 Barrels GEO. VIPOND & CO. Montreal, Que. The Middleman Issue At the recent conference held In Calgary, Alberta, between representative British Columbia fruit growers, commission dealers and consumers, considerable attention was given to the part the middleman plays In the distribution of fruit. Mr. R. M. Winslow, Provincial Horticultur- ist for British Columbia, claimed that the fruit growers were doing everything pos- sible to reduce the cost of production, but In spite of the fact that labor price.s In Brit- ish Columbia had been slowly decreasing, nevertheless, practically all of the profit went to the laborer, shippers and handlers of the fruit, rather than to the grower. Al- though the duty on supplies has increased the cost of producing and marketing fruit by increasing the cost of the supplies needed in its production and handling, he contended that the cost of production In British Colum- bia wa.s very little higher than in the Coast States. Mr. Winslow thought that the pres- ent demoralization of the fruit trade In the Pacific Coast States would last for four or Ave years, and urged the prairie consumers to stand by the growers while conditions were adjusting themselves. Interesting figures supplementing some that had been given by Mr. Winslow, were presented by Mr. Sherwood of the Reglna Board of Trade, showed that a box of fruit for which the producer received 17 cents net was sold to the retailer in Vancouver for $1.15 per box and retailed to the con.sumer at $1.35. He declared that in the northwest- ern states, the producer received from 10 to 15 per cent, more, while the consumer act- ually paid less. Altogether, it cost $1 to ship 17 cents' worth of fruit from Okanagan to the jobber in Regina. Mr. Winslow went into detail on the sub- ject of the California citrus growers, espe- cially in regard to transportation expenses, and declared that Briti.sh Columbia fruit growers' organizations had secured just as good rates and minlmums and an equal ser- vice from the Canadian railways. He would not say that lower rates might not be se- cured, but at present the rates were as fair a.s those on the American side. BULLETINS AND REPORTS. Recent bulletins and reports which have reached The Canadian Horticulturist In- clude the following: The Bi-Monthly Zoological Bulletin of the Division of Zoology of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, by H. A. Surface, D. Sci., Economic Zoologist, and "The Control of Potato Diseases," by H. T. Gussow, Do minion Botanist, being circular No. 9 of the Dominion Experimental Farm, Ottawa. The Department of Agriculture has also pub- lished Pamphlet No. 2, entitled "The Po- tato." This pamphlet gives the method.? and results of the growing of potatoes In the different Provinces of the Dominion. It i.= instructive and should be applied for by those interested. The New Jersev Agricultural Experiment Station?!, New Brunswick, N. J., is distribut- ing Circular No. 42, entitled "Spraying and Dusting White Potatoes," by Thos. J. Head- lee. Ph. D., Entomologist, Circular No. 44, entitled "Common Diseases of Apples, Pears and Quinces," and Circular No. 4.'i, entitled "Common Diseases of the Peach, Plum and Cherry," both by Mel. T. Cook, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist. These circulars are well illustrated and will be found of in- terest and value. The British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association has recently is- sued their Twentv-Fifth Annual Report for 1914. September, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 223 Grading and Packing Apples (Continued from Page 209) necessary if the pack is going to be uniform. The Schellengcr machine, toy an Ingemioais and gentle method of handling apples, can run about a carload of apples a day, if a grower has enough hands to keep up with the machine. The machine occupies a space of 19 ft. 10 ins. by 8 ft. 31/2 ims. It may be operated by an electric current or by a gaso- line engine. We are using the same engine that operates our gasoline spraying outnt. It is very light running, requiring less than one-half horse power to operate it. As our motor is three and a half horse power, we have to run the maohine very ,slowly, as the grader operates better If only four apples are passed to the gauges at a time at the rate of 50 per minute. This is for medium- sized apples. Larger varieties take a longer lime, and smaller ones can pass quickly through the feed-end. Oae man empties orchard boxes of apples, or, ibetter, the very baskets in wliich the apples are picked from the trees, thus avoid- ing useless transfers. We have our grading maohine right in the orchard, undeT a large tent, and we use another tent to pack in. As the grader cannot possibly sort wormy apples, -we suppose that the modern orchard- ist. having sprayed and thinned his fruit in due time, the number of blemished and wormy fruit will be easily seen by the men sorting for color. The mTcaine is so designied and operated that the reeding into the four rubber chutes is do-LC automatically, thus permitting ilie sorters to have an eye open to the sorting alone. This sorting is done easily by two men, one on each side of the feeder. With an average orchard crop, two chutes are reserved for tha colored apples and the other two far the less colored ones. No culls are let thirough the machine; they are picked up iby the sorters and thrown intx) the cull barrel or box. In sorting, it is not necessary to pick up an apple In the hand, a glance is suftioiemt if one just rolls over the apple on the canvas part of the feeder. Fifty Uoies a minute four pockets ar ru'bbep-lined gauges come into position a few inches directly under the chutes. An automatic trip drops one apple from the end of each chute into the respective pocket, in which it is carried along on an endless chain (fig. 1). These pockets are formed by a circle of haiagiug fingers which are squeezed together at the bottom at the moment the pockety are imder the chutes. As the pockets move forward, the rings which hold the fingers together slowly slip down and aUow the ends of the fingers to gradually separate. The apple settles down, witihout any ibruise whatsoever, as the bottom opens, until it slips through into a canvas and rolls down upon cloth-lined bins or tables on either side of the maohine, two chutes handlimg apples on one side, and two others those on the other side, thus having the colored apples all on the one side. In this province we do not have to bother about color in a well pruned orchard, as Mcintosh, Fameuse, Wealthy and Duchess are all well colored varieties. Golden Russet not having to be sorted at any time for color. As the carrier moves forward, the apples are successdvely sorted in six different sizes. Tbe farther down the carrier moves, the wider the fingers open. This allows larger-sized apples to be deposited in the right compartmemts. We have nimibered ordhard boxes to correspond with each of the sa$ divisions on the table. Tlie apples taken firom the fourth division are put into the same barrel or ibox, and the apples from the fifth into another (barrel or box, and so on. Once a box is full and not to be imme- diately emptied into a barrel, they are ti-ered up — all the number fours together, and the numiber fives together, and so on. Then there is no chance for mistakes. The maohine, I find after two years' ex- perience, does not bruise the fruit. If there are any apples that are bruised, it is either in picking them in the trees and not taking enough care during their transport to the grader, or ithere is bruising caused in empty- ing 'boxes or 'baskets upon tb© canvas feed- ing table at the upper part of the machine. We have avoided this bruising by using spe- cJal baskets which we have made here in osier, and which open by the bottom. If there ever was a machine that would pay for itself by its work and in saving of labor, this is one of them. Where enough fruit is packed to warrant the investment, I strongly advise its use. It is easily oper- ated and very simple, and is easily put up when it arrives in pieces, as the pieces are ta.gged and numibered. It is reported that the Canadian Canners, Ltd., has been formed with the object of bringing order out of chaos in the canning situation in Ontario. It is understood that the new company will act in a holding ca- pacity for the purpose of uniting the inter- ests of about fifty of the large and small in- dependents with those of the Dominion Can- ners. The present arrangement is to last for three years at least. The object is to carry over stock now on hand, and to greatly curtail the output of 1915. Price cutting is to be eliminated. FRUIT BOXES IN Made-up and Knocked Down Form Highest prices are paid for Apples, Pears and other Fruits packed in boxes. Our modern equipped plants ensure service, quality and satisfaction. Prices on request. State quantity. No charge for printing. FIRSTBROOK BROS. LIMITED Toronto Ontario BOXES Get the highest prices. Pack your Apples, Pears, Peaches, etc., in boxes. Let us quote you, knocked down or made up. No charge for printing. Barchard & Co. Limited Pioneer Box Factory 135-151 Duke St. ToKDiito, Ont. 224 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. PERFECTION ^^ applies to oar ronltry Pendng just nirht. It keeps your chickens at home (iii«st Oprn Hearth etoel Tcnr.e wire — U>ngV .^IttBil^. In m»'Ie of tlie l>«st Oprn Hearth etoel Fpnre wire — U>ngh, elastic and BiTiiiKV — and will nut snap or break undi-r Biiddim (hiicks or quick I atmrj«i>hcric changM. Our motliod of galvanii^ing prevents rust ami will ni>t Ilnko, poel or chip off. The jotut* arc uecurcly held with the 'Teerloas Lock," which will withstand all sudden ihorku and ■trains, yet Teerlpss Poultry Fenoo can bo erected on the liiost hilly L and uneven ground without bucklinn, anappinR or kinking. The heavy I lUr nrlrsB w* Ilia provoDt sagelnS soil miuira cnlj aUut hktfas mwij p<«'i m other I tniett. fr«klso build Farm aad Ortiunaniil Fraclns Md pUas. VrlU fur oaUIog. AiitNTS ' NKARLY KVERVWIU:T:E. live AOKNTS WASTElJlV UNAKSIGNKP TRRUITOttT. ' TUB UAMWKMrHOXlK WIBK KKiK'ii CO., ltd., Wlnalptf ,M»ii^ HamUton. Oat. Kelway & Son SEED GROWERS and NURSERYMEN LANGPORT, ENGLAND Announce that their Mr. H. A. NALDRETT will be in Canada during the month of Septem- ber and invite correspondence for appointments. Please vv^rite him "Care of Messrs. T. Meadows & Co. 8 1 0 Bridge Street, Battery Park, New York City, U.S.A. THE COMMISSION MAN Under-noted are Canadian and British firms wishing consign- ments of fruit and vegetables. Correspondence is solicited. NICHOLSON & DEMPSTER 88 Colborne St., Toronto, Ont. Receivers and shippers of local and car- loads lots Potatoes, Apples, and Mixed "Vegetables. HERBERT PETERS 88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont. Wholesale Fruit and Produce See advertisement on page 225. H. J. ASH 44-46 Church St. TORONTO - ONTARIO Consign'ments of fruit and vegetables so- licited. We give personal, coasistent and reliable attention to every consignment. Siiipping stamps furnished on request. WANTED — Consignments of tomatoes, peaches, cherries, grapes, and all kinds of fruit and basket apples, also carlot apples. Centrally located; convenient to all car tracks. LAING BROS. Wholesale Fruit Merchants 307-309 Elgin Ave. : Winnipeg, Man. SIMONS FRUIT CO. David L. Dick, Manager 27 CHURCH ST. : TORONTO, ONT. Representing Simons, Shuttleworth & Co. Liverpool and Manchester. Simons, Jacobs & Co. Garcia, Jacobs & Co. Glasgow, Scotland London, England. Receivers of Apples and Pears. The Oldest Commission House in Toronto & ^v t.^\st Send your Consignments. Bankers: London County and West- minster Banls, Southwark Branch, Established 18S0. JOHN ROBINSON Fruit Importer and Salesman, 3 Rochester St, Borough Market, London, Eng. Telegraphic address- "Redsoil, London." Telephone: No. 32 Hop. A,B,C. Codes, I shall be pleased to have your consign- ments of Apples. Regular market reports sent on request. Correspondence is invited. FRED BARKER 25 Church St., Toronto, Ont. Representing J. H. Goodwin, Manchester; Thos. Russell, Glasgow; Nothard & Lowe, London; G. E. Cooper, Liverpool, APPLE RECEIVERS. Consignments Solicited. HYSLOP & SONS 132 Princess Street : Winnipeg, Man. Fruit Growers and Shippers We have opened up a commission house in Winnipeg, and solicit consignments of fruit. Commission. 10 per cent. References — Any mercantile agency, or Bank of Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont. Transportation Conditions G. E, Mcintosh, Forest, Ont., Traffic Agent, Ontario Fruit Growers' Association Last season the commodity rates on all rail shipments of apples to the western mar- ket applied only for carloads. This season the tariff will provide for less carloads, and the rates be reduced accordingly. For in- stance, the Winnipeg class rate per 100 lbs, for less carload is 11.08, the new commodity rate is $1.02 in bags or boxes, and 81c in barrels. To other principal points the L. C, L. rate will be as follows: — In Bags and Boxes In Barrels cents per cents per 100 lbs. 100 lbs. Calgary 201 159 Edmonton 2J9 132 Moosejaw 167 189 Portage la Prairie 123 97 Regina 162 128 An allowance of 13.00 per refrigerator car, in which the shipper placed a slatted floor to protect the shipment, was made last season by the Railways, under an order of the Board of Railway Commissioners. It has been stated by several shippers, that the Railway Companies charged freight on the weight of these floors. If your records show this has been done, Icindly send me particulars, as an application will shortly be made for an allowance of 1,000 lbs. off the carload weight for these floors, if it can be shown the charge is being made. Under present tariffs if a shipper loads vegetables in a car with fruit for points east of Port Arthur, he must either pay the less carload rate on the vegetables and the car- load rate on the fruit, or pay third class rate, minimum 20,000 lbs., on the fruit and vegetables. Although there has never been a tariff permitting the mixing of these com- modities for Ontario points, at the fruit rate, the privilege was allowed till last season. Vegetables are classified first class for L, C. L, and eighth class for C. L. No other commodity bears so great a raise on the Li. C. L. shipments. An application is therefore being prepared to be submitted to the Rail- way Commission, asking for an order to meet the wish of the fruit shippers. In sup- port of this application we will want evi- dence to show that it is really required. Can you furnish such? In the matter of express claims, sub. sec. (k) of sec. 5 of the terms and conditions of merchandise receipt form reads: "The company shall not be liable for any damage or partial loss, or shortage, unless written notice thereof is given at any office of the Company within thirty days from delivery." It is important that claims be filed promptly. According to a recent court decision a ship- per suing a carrier for loss or damage to a shipment has the burden of proving that he presented his claim to the carrier within the time fixed by the bill of lading, but it has also been decided that a common carrier may not, by special contract, exempt Itself from or evade its common law liability for the consequences of its own negligence or that of its agents. The safest way, is to make claims promptly, and decide later if you want to press them. I would not like to be without The Cana- dian Hortioulturist. — iMrs. H. Pickering, R.R. No. 1, StreetsvlUe, Ont. September, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 225 Potato Growing in New Brunswick By J. B. Daggett, Secretary for Agriculture THE potato industry In New Brunswick has assumed large proportions in the last ten years, until the crop in 1914 amounted to approximately ten millions of bushels. Very much has been learned dur- ing these years as to the place in the rota- tion, preparation and cultivation of the soil, fertilizers and potato diseases. Previous to ten years ago, commercial fertilizers were practically unknown in the province, but in recent years they have come into very general use, until at pres- ent seventy-five per cent of the potatoes raised are grown with commercial fertil- izers with an increase in the crop of twenty- five to thirty-five per cent, reported. The potatoes so raised are not so susceptible to scab as when raised upon ordinary barn- yard manures or fish manures, such as are used in some sections of the province. It has been found that commercial fertilizers cannot be continuously used successfully without a proper rotation and by some means adding vegetable matter to the soil. Farmers who have attempted this have found that their land would soon require two thousand pounds instead of fifteen hund- red pounds to the acre. The following rotation is being adopted throughout the province: First year, po- tatoes with commercial fertilizer; second year, seed down with a grain crop, with a much larger proportion of clover than was formerly used; third year, hay; very many are now taking off but one crop of hay and then breaking up and ploughing under the second growth of clover; the next year a crop of corn or turnips is raised, the field having been well fertilized with barn-yard manure.?. This we consider a very satis- factory rotation. The same system Is fol- lowed by all our farmers, except that some take off two or even three crops of hay be- fore breaking up. From three to five years, however, is the average length of rotation among our best farmers. While there are a number of varieties of potatoes being raised in New Brunswick, the two favorites are Irish Cobbler for the early crop and Green Mountain for the late. We have the usual potato diseases com- mon to all countries, but we are learning that the vast majority of these may be suc- cessfully combatted by the proper treat- ment of seed, by careful selection of all seed stock and the faithful use of the Bordeaux mixture. I would like to emphasize the word "faithful" as, in my observations, very many of our farmers are not faithful in the use of this excellent article. When the farm- er persistently uses this mixture from the time the plant is a few inches above the ground until well toward the harvest, our experience has been that we have very little blight and the tubers are invariably much better keepers in storage. The New Brunswick product Is in very much better condition than it was several years ago. There is a general agreement that there has been a steady improvement and that we are turning out a much better quality of potatoes than in the past. From a recent visit to the potato growing areas, I am satisfied that the majority of our farm- ers are giving close attention to the things that are necessary for the production of the very best crop. Large quantities are ship- ped to the market directly from the field at the time of harvesting, probably twenty- five per cent., the balance being stored either in cellars or in specially built frost- proof potato houses, used exclusively for the storing of potatoes. These buildings are light and well ventilated and are so ar- ranged that teams can drive into them and the potatoes can be sorted and loaded in the building. They are fitted with heating apparatus that will heat the building during excessive cold. These buildings are giving splendid satisfaction. The Dominion Government has appropri- ated $4,000, which will be used in an adver- tising campaign in favor of peaches and plums. The money will be used in twenty- five daily newspapers and three hundred weekly newspapers. There is a possibility that the campaign may be extended. The Dominion Government has appointed Mr. J. Forsyth Smith as a fruit market commissioner in England. Mr. Smith has been acting as provincial market commis- sioner for British Columbia for some three years. SMALL FRUir PLANTS Gooseberries — Josselynl Josselynl Red Jacket, Downing, Pearl, Houghton. Currants — Perfection! Perfection! Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Profile, Champion, Black Naples, Black Victoria, Boskoop Giant. Raspberries — Herbertl Herbert!! Herbert!!! Pluni Farmer, Cuthbert, Marlboro, Brlnckle's Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry- Raspberry. Garden Roots, Strawberry Plants, Rhubarb. Write for Catalogue. WM. FLEMING. Nurieryman, 496-4th Av>nue W., OWEN SOUND, ONT. FRUIT MACHINERY CO. INGERSOLL, ONT. Manufactnrers of Fruit Sprayers and a complete line of Apple Evaporating Machinery Our complete POWER SYSTEMS for evaporating, when installed by our ex- perienced millwrights are the most prac- tical, sanitary and labor saving to be found anywhere. Our prices and terms always reasonable. Write for Illustrated Catalogue. SAVE THOSE APPLES by using a MAXWELL Cider Press ! |-JOW many go to waste that might be turned into Cider or Cider Vinegar with a small investment! MAXWELL PRESSES are well made, of the best material, heavy, substantial frame, and cross section of ex- tra weight and strength; fur- nished with two crates, galvan- ized hoops, ajid tinned rivets. Made for either hand or power, MAXWELLS LIMITED ST. MARY'S, ONT. When Writing Advertisers Tell Them You Saw Their Advertisement in Tlie Canadian Horticulturist. We Solicit Your Consignments Good Prices Always For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with com- petent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcu- pine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. Send for Shipping Stamp Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcuplna H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Cana- dian Bank of Commerce, (IVIarket Branch) and Commercial Agencies 2:!6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Kdiiion. 10 Days Free Trial TWICE THEiS^", HALF THE NEW G LIGHT ■^M T !• I O I ^ harges Prepaiil I iml Send A/o Money NEW GOAL OIL LIGHT Beats Electric or Gasoline !?■'■ We don't ask you to pay 'us a eeni until you have used this wonderful modem light in your own home ten days — we even prepay transportation charges. You may return it at our expense if not perfectly satisfied after putting it to every possible test for 10 nights. You can't possibly lose a cent. We want to prove to you that it makes an ordinary oil lamp look like a candle; beats electric, gasoline or acetylene. Lights and is put out like old oil lamp. 'Tests at 33 leading Universities and Government Bureau of Standards show it awarded eoutMEoav^ at World's ExposHion^ San Franelaco I Burns 70 Hours on One Gallon common coal oil, and gives more than twice as much light as the best round wick open flame lamps. No odor, smoke or noise, simple, clean, no pressure, won't explode. Several million people already enjoyinR this powerful, white, steady light, nearest to sunlight. Guaranteed, \$1000 Win Be Given Men Make $50 to $300.00 PerMonlh With Rigs or Autos deli veririKthe ALADDIN on our easy trial plan. No prtfvioua experience necessary Practically every farm home and email town home will bay after try- ing. One farmer whohad never sold nnythintf in his life iK'foro writes: "I Bold 51 lamps the first seven days." Another says; "I disposed of 87 lamps out of 31 calls." Thousands who are coin* in(f money endorse the Aladdin just asEtron(fIy. NO MONEY Required Wo famish capital to re- liable men to get started, Askfor ourdistributor'a plan, end learn how to make bit; mone> in on- occupied territory. 8am- pla sent for 10 days FREE TRIAL. to the person who shows us an oil lamp equal to the new Jl/addin (details of offer given in our circular.) Would we dare make such a challenge if there were the slightest doubt as to merit of the Aladdin ? We want one user in eacit locality to whom we can refer customers. Be the first and get our special introductory offer under which you get your own lamp /re« for showing it to a few neighbors and sending in their orders. Write quick for tO* Omv Ahsalulely Free Trial. Just sav, "Show me how I can get a strong white light from coal oil. wSihotrt rimking a cent." Address our nearest of&ce. MANTLE LAMP COMPANY, 206 Aladdin Building Larvest Coal Oil Mantl* Lamp Houa* In the World MONTREAL WINNIPEC Consider Your Greenhouses Carefully Are they in good shape for next win- ter? It doesn't do to leave the ques- tion of greenhouse overhauling u n t il too late. Frosty nights come upon us all too suddenly, and heating and ventilating systems should be in shape in ample time. A little overhaul- ing, some improved ventilators, or re- a r r a n g ement of heating plant may make a great deal of difference in op- erating expenses; may spell the dif- ference between profit and loss on next year's busi- ness. It is worth while to have one of our experts look over your range and advise you, any- way, and it doesn't cost you anything. Write us for booklet B, or ask our advice on any greenhouse question. GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, LIMITED Makers of Greenhouses, Heating and Ventilating Apparatus, etc., 201 Church St., Toronto P.O. Box 1042 Montreal Marketing the Apple Crop ((Continued from page 210) you learn that all the co-operative apples are- pooled, and that every grower receives exactly the same for apples of the name variety and. grade, you will understand the necessity of this uniformity of pack and the necessity of inspec- tion. The in.spectors mall to the head office of the central a daily report of their work; and. should they find any company packing below the standard set by the central, tne company in question has to repack the fruit. The managers of all local companies report to the central association each day as to the oon- dltlon of the fruit and quantity packed, and re- ceive instructions from the central olllce ajs to when, how, where and what quantity to .ship. Owing to the fact that such a large percent- age of the entire crop of Nova ScoUa is handled by the central association it Is able, to a cer- tain extent, to regulate the quantity of fruit going to the various markets to prevent any one market being overcrowded and others left bare. Information is collected through its various connections concerning the space booked on steamers from the various apple-shipping ports, and in this way calculations determine Just about what quantity of apples will be arriving on the various European markets at certain dates. The London office cables daily conditions on all markets, and the central association places its fruit Just where it is most needed — that Is where the least fruit is offering. When neces- sary special boats are brought In to carry the co-operative apples, for it is not always that the regular boats fit in right. Returns to Locals. Whenever shipments of apples are made from a local company the manager sends In a return on a tabulated sheet In triplicate, two copies being mailed to the head office and one being retained. Should the apples covered by this re- turn be consigned to one of the central's own offices one of these sUips is forwarded; but, in any case, entries are made at the central office into what is known as an "average price book," and in another tabulated book the company shipping Is credited with so many barrels of each grade in certain varieties. At the end of the month each company receives a statement showing the number of barrels received during the month, and accompanyinR the statement Is a cheque, being an advance of so much per bar- rel for every barrel shipped during the month. As soon as all returns are in for any variety the average price obtained for each grade of that variety is ascertained, and. after deduct- ing a sum sufficient to cover central's expenses, all companies receive the balance due to them on that variety. For instance, say the amount advanced when the apples were shipped was $1.50 per barrel, and subsequently the average- price works out at $2.50 for No. 1, $2.15 for No. 2, $1.26 for No. 3, whatever is due the subsidiary- companies over and above the $1.60 is Immedi- ately paid. It win be seen by this system that each mem- ber's apples lose their identity as soon as they enter the packing-room, but each member re- ceives pay according to the quality of his fruit, because the better the fruit the more No. I's are procured; and, as all members are paid ac- cording to the grade into which their fruit packs. Justice Is done to all. In the same way with the central association. As soon as the apples of any company enter the average price book at the head office its iden- tity is, to a certain extent, immaterial; and should a carload of apples from one company be placed on a market making 50c per barrel more than a car of apples equally good from another company, all receive the same return — namely, the average for the season. The Justice of this system will be readily understood, but to em- phasize it I -will cite a circumstance that fre- quently arises: The central a&Sociation receives a cable from, say, the Buenos Ayres office for 1.000 barrels of apples which have .been sold at a fancy price, possibly a dollar above anything that can be obtained on any other market. Only five car- loads are required to fill that order, so at the most only five companies can supply these ap- ples. Yet on the .same day possibly 10.000 bar- rels are shipped from various companies. Which companies are to have the plum? The central association does not have to de- cide .any such i.«;.sue. It takes any five cars and fills that order, and the companies -whose apples are used receive the .=^ame average price for that variety as all other companies. Has Proved a Great Benefit. This system of co-operative marketing has made many reforms possible, and has placed thousands of dollars in the pockets of the grow- ers that, under the old regime, went into the pockets of numerous and unnecessary middle- men. Six years ago the valley, during the win- ter months, was crowded with representatives of the various commission houses in England, high-salaried men, who lived on the best that Nova Scotia could give. A\'hile these men were September, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 227 paid by the English houses whom they repre- sented, it Is obvious that it was the produce ot the orchards that supplied the funds from which their salaries and expenses were drawn. With the advent of a central association, with their own offlces on the vailous markets, these men became unnecessary, and during the past three seasons they have been conspicuous by their absence. It might be argued that the expense has only been transferred to others, and that the Euro- pean office costs almost as much as these men's salaries and expenses. Yes, the European office costs something, but in 1913 the total expense of that office, including salaries and absolutely everything, was less than J2,000, and I guaran- tee that the saJary alone ot any one of those representatives "was more than that amount, atid their expenses per head would have amounted to another $2,000. At the very lowest there were tnventy of these representatives here, so some idea can readily be gained as to the sav- ing effected in that direction. That saving is at once apparent by an examination of ac- counts of sale to-day and similar documents of a few years back. Many other unjust taxes on the fruit industry of Nova Scotia have been eliminated. The Liv- erpool ring of associations is no longer an ef- fective machine to levy toll as far as 70 per cent, of the fruit of the valley is concerned. The iniquitous system of steamship rebates Is also a thing of the past. The selfish interests of the individual have been eliminated, and to-day the best interests of the whole community of fruit- giowers has taken its place. Packs for Apples The following is a table of packs of apples prepared by Mr. D. Johnson, Dominion Fruit Commissioner: Diagonal 2-1 Pack Apples to the box 2-1, 4-4 36 Pack on side. 2-1, 4-5 41 if II II 2-1. 5-5 45 11 11 II Straight 3 Pacl< 3 wide 5 long 45 Pack on side 3 ■' 6 " 54 <( If II Diagonal 2-2 Pack Apples to the box 2-2, 3-4 56 Pack on end. 2-2, 4-4 64 it II <« 2-2, 4-5 72 <« tt n 2-2, 5-5 80 tt t* ft 2-2, 5-6 88 tt tt tt 2-2, 6-6 96 •Pack on side. 2-2, 6-7 104 14 tl tt 2-2, 7-7 112 '* " " 2-2, 7-8 120 " '* •* Diagonal 2-3 Pac; 2-3, 4-5 113 Pack on end. 2-3. 5-5 125 do tlie work claimed for thrm. Aslc your dealer about them »nd write for booklet. _ Tile Baleman- Wilkiiuon ny. Limited Symington Avt' , Tor. .(.'an For Hcarictt ConditioDf STYLE C This is a New Model for 1915» the result of fifteen years' experience in Greenhouse con- struction for Canada. Dotted lines show location of wind-ties that positively prevents vibration of the sash. Supplied in widths up to 25 feet 2^ Inches from post to post. KING CONSTRUCTION CO.. 40 Dovercourt Road - Toronto, 'HtBESTMADt FOSTEPS STANDARD POT We have a large stock of all size FLOWER POTS PERM OR BULB PANS % AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Orders Filled Promptly. Send for Prices. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. FREE LAND For the SETTLER in NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain- able free and at a nominal cost are call- ing for cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regu- lations, and settlers rates, write to H. A. Macdonell Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings, TORONTO HON. JAS. 8. DUFF, Minister of Agriculture Parliament BIdgs., Toronto u iiW==mi mm®i&^ Canada's National Dish Winning poem in the contest recently conducted by The Canadian Horticulturist with the object of advertising The Apple a« Canada's National Dish. You may talk of the fruits grown in Europe, That come to us packed with great care; You may sing of the fruits from the southland. In fact, fruits that grow everywhere. But from where breaks the stormy Atlantic, To the west where the tide ebbs and flows; Why the National Dish of our country, Is the Apple that Canada grows. Now after a day in the harvest. When you're feeling as dry as you can. What fruit will compare with the flavor Of a Duchess or Red Astrachan ? And when by the fireside you're sitting, 'What fruit tastes as good as the Snows ? And these are but few out of many Of the Apples that Canada grows. And then on a Saturday morning, When Mother commences to bake. It doesn't seem to interest me greatly, If I see that she's making a cake; But surely it makes me feel happy. And, oh, how my heart fairly glows, When I see that she's filling the pie-crust. With the Apples that Canada grows. And when at the glad Christmas season, You're puzzled at just what to send, To those who yet dwell in the homeland, To show that you still are a friend; It matters not what is their emblem. Be it shamrock, or thistle, or rose. Just send them a box or a barrel. Of the Apples that Canada grows. Toronto Investigations which have been made into the trade done in dried and evaporated ap- ples in the vicinity of Leeds, England, indi- cate that the public demand continues to be on a limited scale. The little demand which exists for apples prepared in this way is supplied mainly from California and at the time of writing "apple rings" are quoted at 12 cents a pound retail and "cored apples" T. G. ROBINSON at 16 cents a pound retail. The only direc- tion. It would appear, in which the use of dried apples shows signs of increasing, is that of mixing it with other fruit for the making of salads. I appreciate The Canadian Horticulturist and desire to receive it right along. — R. H. Cowan, Berlin, Ont. September, 1918. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST vU. Annapolis Valley Notes Manning Ells, Port Williams, N.S. More or less burning from all sprays used caused quite an injury this year, probably because so much spraying was done in dark and cloudy weather. Users of soluble sul- phur report more injury than those using the commercial lime-sulphur. The foliage as a whole is not as healthy as one would wish at this season of the year. In varie- ties, Gravensteins, Ribstons, Kings, Golden Russets and Nonpareils will give eighty per cent, of a full crop. Blenheims, Baldwins, Fallawaters, Ben Davis and Spys, fifty per cent, of a crop, with the total from thirty to fifty per cent, greater than last year. Not for a decade have we had such a large strawberry crop as that just harvested. The price consequently has been much below the level of former years. An average re- turn to the growers, however, of eight cents a box, shows some profit on the right side of the ledger, while many people in our towns, to whom berries have been a luxury, were this year able to buy and enjoy without feel- ing it an extravagance. The United Fruit Company handled the berries grown by their members, and through their branch in Hali- fax distributed direct to all parts of the province. This service benefitted both grower and consumer, placing a fresher and consequently better article in the hands of the latter, and on account of their low handling charges, giving to the grower the full value of the market. Plums and pears are only half a crop, but so few of these are grown that the differ- ence between a full crop and half a crop is not of great importance. Other farm crops are all that could be desired, the hay crop especially being one of the largest in the history of the Valley. Control of Vegetable Insects Arthur Gibson, Chief Assistant Entomologist, Ottawa. Growers of vegetables are troubled with insect pests which every year levy a heavy toll. In addition to the regularly occurring kinds, there are almost every season out- breaks more or less widespread in occur- rence, of little known species or of certain ones which occur intermittently, such as, for instance, the army-worm, which in 1914 cost the province of Ontario alone a quarter of a million dollars. It has been estimated that at least twenty per cent, of vegetables grown every year are destroyed or rendered use- less by injurious insects. The wide-awake grower is every year learning more and more about the common forms of insects which, almost every season, attack in varying de- gree the different vegetables which he grows. It is surprising, however, that in many parts of Canada, growers of vegetable crops have not given sufficient attention to those kinds of insect pests which occur almost annually, and which, of course, destroy, more or less, cabbages, cauliflowers, tomatoes and other cultivated plants. Such losses could often be prevented or a large percentage of the crops saved if the grower had properly in- vestigated the injury and applied the cor- rect remedy. It is not, of course, necessary that the vegetable grower should make a special study of the insects themselves. He has not the time nor the inclination to do this. What every grower should, however, notice when an insect is attacking a crop is how it feeds — whether it bites its food or sucks it up through its beak which it inserts into the plant tissue. If the insect is a bit- ing one a stomach poison, such as Paris green or arsenate of lead, is usually recom- mended, but if the species is a sucking one, such a stomach poison would be useless, be- cause the insect would insert its beak through the poison and reach a safe feeding ground beneath. A contact insecticide is, therefore, necessary, for controlling sucking insects, and those usually recommended are kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap and to- bacco preparations. The Entomological Branch of the Domin- ion Department of Agriculture has devoted considerable attention to the study of vege- table insects and their control, and circulars and bulletins have been published on some of the more important pests. Investigations are now in progress on the life-ihistory, hab- its and control of cutworms, locusts, root maggots, etc. The present season has witnessed serious outbreaks of such well-known pests as the Red-backed Cutworm, the Army Cutworm, the Lesser Migratory Locust, the Onion Mag- got, the Cabbage Maggot, the Seed Corn Maggot, the Colorado Potato Beetle, etc. Since the publication in April of a new poisoned bran remedy for cutworms, we have conducted further experiments in the control of these caterpillars and in certain dry areas, such as in Southern Alberta, we have found that where shorts was substitut- ed for bran better results were secured. The protection of cabbages and cauliflowers by placing tarred felt paper discs around the stems at the time of planting out has again given satisfaction. For radishes and onions fresh pyrethrum insect powder, two ounces in one gallon of water, or white hellebore in the same strength, has some years given good results, the mixture being applied once a week for three weeks from the time the plants appear above ground. Owing to the cost of the material, however, the use of either of these insecticides at the above strength is only practicable on a small scale. WHITE & CO., Ltd. Church & Front Streets TORONTO, ONT. TRADEMARK ^^1« W% Wilkinson ClimaX B REGISTERED '•^-•-•«»»** -^ Ensilage and Straw Cutter Our"B" machine, built especially for the farmer. A combination machine — it will cut and deliver green corn into the highestsiloordrystraworhay into the mow. 12-inch throat, rolls raise 6 inches and set close to knives —solid, compact culling surface. Can change cut with- out stopping. Can be reversed instantly. Direct pneumatic delivery. Knife wheel carries fans. No lodging, everything cut, wheel always in balance. Steel fan case. Madeintwostvles— mounted or unmounted. We also makelarger lype machine lor custom work. Ask your dealer about this well-known machine and write us for new catalog siiowinif all styles. THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO.. LIMITED I 4B8 Campbell Ave. Vorooto, Canada MERRYWEATHER'S ROSES are noted throughout the world They are Cheap; they are True to Name; the Trees are Strong and Sturdy. They defy Competition. ALL THE NEWEST VARIETIES Dwarfs, Standards, Climbers, also Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Ornamental Trees Send for Catalogue, Post Free Henry Merryweather & Sons Limited SOUTHWELL, NOTTS., ENG. September 1915 WE are prepared right now to handle all the fruit you can send us, to the very best advantage to you. Many hundreds of fruit and vegetable growers and farmers are shipping all they have to dispose of regularly to us. Our immense outlet enables us to get you the top prices on all consignments— besides we have a reputation to keep up. We can and Your banker will know us, so you can ship at once without waiting to write. Shipping stamps will be supplied for the asking. WILL SELL YOUR FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. vill. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. GINSENG Canadian Ginseng Puro Canadian Ginseng stock for Bale. Order early for Octolber planting. Booklet free. HURONIA GINSENG GARDEN BOX 341 BLYTH. ONT. Ginseng For Sale 3.000 two years old, $18.00 per 1.000. Un- limited quantity one year old, $9.00 per 1,000. Instructions for planting it required. 20 per cent, with order, balance before shipping. John Zuefle's Ginseng Gardens, Hensall, Ontario. GINSENG ROOTS and SEEDS FOR SALE Good, strong Canadian-grown roots, one and two years old, $10.00 and $15.00 per thousand. Tested seed for fall planting. $1.50 per 1,000. No order for less than 1,000. Cash with order. Dr. MACKENDRICK, Gait, Ont. Ginseng Seed and Roots For Sale One and two-year-old roots. Tear-old or germinated seed. This seed Is taken from matured six and seven-year-old stock. Roots and seed delivered in October. Write for prices. Orr & Nichols, Mono Mills, Ont. GINSENG FOR SALE 10,000 Roots one to six years old. 40,000 Stratified seed and 200,000 new seed, grown on natural soil and shade. All free from blight and disease. Price and instructions for fall planting on application. DR. H. S. WATSON, Newmarket, Ont. GINSENG FOR SALE First class roots and Stratified Seed at lowest prices. Write for quota- tloms, which we guarantee will please yoTi. Thos. Watt & Son Box 144, Lanark, Ont. LANARK GINSENG Fortune awaits any man who will give time and attention to the growing of Gin- seng. We have made a complete success of it and are ready to point the way to others. The time to prepare the ground is now; the time to plant is September and October. Lanark Ginseng Seed is noted for its strong germinating qualities. Lanark Ginseng Roots are sure growers and great producers. Don't fail to make investigation of this highly profitable industry. Write to the Sec- retary and he will tell you all about It. Address c. M. FORBES Secretary Lanark Ginseng Garden Co., LANARK, ONT. GINSENG Plants and dian stock, list to stratified seeds for sale. Choice quality. Send for Cana- prlce N. J. MacINNES, M. D. Vlttoria, Norfolk Co., Ont. British Columbia Dominion Fruit Commissioner D. Johnson has recently visited a number of the im- portant fruit districts of the province. In the Nelson District, Mr. Johnson made a trip along the lake, and visited a number of the leading ranches. Mr. Johnson was well pleased with the appearance of the orchards. He expressed the view that good prices are likely to prevail for apples in Canada this year. A number of the representatives of the Kootenay Boundary Fruit Growers waited on Mr. Johnson, and urged the neces- sity for a legal limit being established for the cups used in packing berries. The bulk of the berries shipped from the district are packed in 4-5 cups. Shippers in the United States send their fruit into the prairie country in 3-5 cups. Buyers find it difficult to distinguish between the two cups, and this condition is taken advantage of by the retailer, to the disadvantage of the grower. It was suggested that the standard for cups should be either pints or quarts, and that it should apply to fruit shipped Into Canada. One of the leading officers of the Dominion Canners, Mr. Marshall, of Aylmer, Ontario, spent a few days recently in the Okanagan with a view to locating a large factory there next year. Mr. Marshall stated that condi- tions this year do not warrant any expendi- ture of this character. The Provincial Department of Agricul- ture has sent out a circular to the secretar- ies of fall fairs advising them that the de- partment will provide prize money for dis- plays of packed fruit Rut up by pupils of the packing schools this year. These prizes will be offered in connection with the fairs held at Salmon Arm, Summerland, Crestou, Nelson, Kelowna, Nakusp, Chilliwack, Mis- sion, Kaslo, Armstrong, Grand Forks, Ganges, and Trail. At each of these points prizes of ?5, ?10 and $15 will be offered. Twenty points will be allowed for grading and 80 points for packing. In the packing, 20 points are given for alignment, 20 for bulge, 20 for the height of the ends, and 20 for firmness. FOR PROFIT Plant olir Top Notch Fruit, Shade and Ornamental Trees this fall. Evergreens, Shrubs, Roses, Vines, Bushes. Ask for Price List (no agents) at Central Nurseries. A. G. HULL & SONS, St. Catharines - Ontario. Highest Cash Prices Paid for GINSENG We are the largest buyers of Ginseng in America and have the greatest demand for it. We can therefore pay you the highest cash prices. If you have any wild or cultivated Ginseng, write for our latest price list, or ship what you have and we will submit you our highest offer. David Blustein & Bro. 172 W. 27th Street, New York, U.S.A. PAEONIES In a number of the best varieties. Phlox, Iris and other perennials. List on application. Campbell Bros. SIMCOE, ONT. NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundreds of vari- eties adapted for the Canadian cli- mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own saving. Catalogue free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG. SANDER & SONS ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND ORCHID GROWERS. The Finest Stock in the World Catalogue on Application )!^'s^-^IS MACHINE or iRRieAxioH Writ« lot liz booki on indoor and outdoor irrigabOQ. The Skinner Irrigation Co.,233w.t.rSi..ir.,.o. Cold Storage Fruit Warehouse Finest Apple RoomiS in the Dominion foiT Export and Local Trade. Special Rooms for All Kinds of Per- ishable Goods. The Canada Cold Storage Co. Limited 53 William St., MONTREAL, QUE. FRUIT BASKETS Eleven-quart, 9-quart, 6-quart, 4- quart and Pony sizes, with or without leno covers. For favorable prices and a good article address Gull River Lumber Co. Ltd Lindsay, Ontario £ARLi September, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Hamilton Plows The Line for Eastern Canada ' I ""HE Deering local agent can sell you a Hamil- -*■ ton plow. So when you need a plow for turning sod, or clay, or loam, or rocky soil, go to the Deering agent. He handles a full line. Note the long, well braced handles of the Hamilton walking plows, and the strong beam construction. Note also how straight the beams are, giving a direct pull from the clevis to the bottom. Look particularly at the Hamilton clevis, which gives an adjustment of practically half a hole. Under conditions Where very careful plowing' must be done, this feature is of great value. The two Hamilton walking gang plows, Nos. 46 and 47, recommend themselves to all Eastern farmers whose conditions demand such a plow. They have such a wide range of adjust- ments for depth and width of cut; can be used with so many different sizes and styles of bottom, and have a clevis of such remarkable utility, that they almost deserve the title of "Univer- sal plow." Let no consideration tempt you to buy a plow until you have seen the Hamilton line at the Deering local agent's place of business. You'll never regret the time you spend studying Hamilton plow features. A jjost card to the branch house will bring you full information. • International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At BrmndoD, Calgary. Edmonton, EttevaD, Hamilton. Lethbridgc, London, Montreal, M. Battlciord, Ottawa, Qncbcc, Resioa, Saskatoon, St. John, Wumipcc, Yorktoa ^/? L^'Sprayed Nine Years Without a Mishap'^ so writes E C Bowers, State Horticultural Inspector. Harrisburg. Pa.. ^ reeardinK his Goulds Sprayer used for heavy demonstration work. The thousands of Goulds Sprayers in use are giving the best of results- and there's one for every purpose. The Goulds Monarch outht shown below is specially adapted for high pressure work not needing a power outfit. Operates 4 leads of hose-S nozzles: outside packed plungers — no leather; only one of the 25 styles of RELIABLE r^ it —hand, barrel and power. $3 to $300. Dura^ ble, non-corroding, easily cleaned. Guar- anteed. Backed by 65 years' pump- making experience. Send today for free book "How to Spray " and ask for expert advice on your requirements. Both free. The Goulds Mfg. Co. MrLxn OJfica aytd Works Seneca FalU, N.Y. Brancbta: Chicago, Hontton, Boston, mw York, Atlanta :/ British Columbia Orders have beea received through Mr. H. G. White, British Columbia's trade commis- sioner to Jamaica and South America, tor some hundreds of cases of different varie- ties o£ iBritish Columbia apples and pears. These are to be sent to Buenos Ayres. It is understood that shipments may also be sent to Rio de Janeiro. iShipments of potatoes, it is expected, will be forwarded ,in October to various points m South America. Considerable shipments have already been made to Australia and the Fiji Islands. Government officials are inspecting these potatoes and are certifying them to be free from disease. Crop estimates, prepared about the first of August, made the following estimates for fruit this year: 1914. 1915. Boxes. Boxes. Apples 684,840 613,000 Pears 28,800 35,000 Crates. Crates. Plums and prunes 200,300 200,000 Peaches 113,300 115,000 Apricots 41,000 50,000 Cherries 33,400 35,000 As a result of the efforts of Goverament officials the C.P.R. this year has instructed its station agents to sidetrack any cars of British Columbia fruit that are noticed to be in an unclean or unsanitary condition. The company will use the new improved slatted box cars to a considerable extent in the handling of the fruit crop. The provincial government, under the pro- visious of the new Agricultural Act, whicn will come .into force shortly, may declare a quarantine against Washington and Cali- fornian fruit, as shipments of apples and pears from these states have been found to be affected by codling moth and San Jose scale. ISO much fruit has been condemned from these provinces it .is believed that these diseases must be spreading in these states. Canadian Horticultural Association The eighteenth annual convention of the Canadian Horticultural Association was held In London, Ont., August 3 to 5. The associa- tion is representative of the professional florists and gardeners of Canada. The re- ports presented showed that, in spite of the war, trade conditions had been satisfactory. The association has a larger membership than ever before and a substantial cash bal- ance. Addresses were given as follows: "Fertil- .Izers," by iProf. R. Harcourt, Guelph; "The Cost of Producing Florist Stock," A. O. C. O'Brien, Toronto; "The Florist as a Busi- ness Man," E. J. Hayward, Montreal; "Irrl- sation Principles and Methods," Prof. T. G. Bunting, Macdonald College, Quebec; "In- sects That Affect Greenhouse Stock," W. A. Ross. Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Vineland, Out.; 'IPerrenials," W. J. Potter, Toronto; "Orchids," W. J. Jones, Brampton, Ont. Mr. H. J. Moore, of Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, reported that the commis- sioners of the park were willing to assist the association, in co-operation with other .'iimllar organizations, in the establishment of a national plant register, and would allow a portion of the park grounds to be used for testing purposes. The offer was accepted, a committee appointed to take further action, and funds voted to promote the work. Mr. F. E. Buck, of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, presented an Interesting re- THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS Advertisements in this department inserted at rate of 3 cents a word for each insertion, each figiire, sign, or single letter to count as one word, mini- mum cost 30c., strictly cash in advance. REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS — Fruits farms a speci- alty. W. B. Calder. Grimsby. NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Before buying, It will pay you to consult me. I make a specialty of fruit and grain farms. Melvln Gayman & Co., St. Catharines. FARMS — ^All kinds, all sizes, for sale, fruit stock, grain and dairy farms. Let me know wihat you are looking for. H. W. Dawson, Brampton, Ont. BEES AND QUEENS FOR SALE — Three banded Italian queens, from tlie best honey-gathening strains, that axe hardy ajid gentle. Untested queens, 7&c. ; 6, J4.26; 12, $8.00. Tested queens, $1.25; 6, $7.00; 12, $13.00. Selected queens, add 25 ots. each to above prices. Breeding queens $3.00 to $6.00 each. For queens ta larger quantities, write for prices and circulars. Robert B. Splcer, Wharton, N. J. GOLDEN AND 3-BAND ITALIAN, also Car- nlolan queens. Tested, each, $1.00; 3 to 6, 95c; 6 or more, 85c. Untested, 75c; 3 to 6, 70c; 6 or more, 65c. Bees, per pound, $1.50. Nuclei, per frame, $1.50. C. B. Bankston, Buffalo, Leon Co., Texas. BEST THREE BANDED ITALIAN QUEENS— June to October, mothers selected from more than 100 coloinies and reared fa hives run- ning over with bees, according to the latest scientific methods. Every queen a damdy. £>atisfaction guaranteed. Each 75c, per dozen $7.20, per hundred $50.00. Also bees and honey. J. H. Haughey, Berrien Springs, Mich. GOLDEN 3-BANDED ITALIANS, also Caml- olan queens. Tested, $1.00 each, 6 or more, 85c each. Untested, 75c each, 6 or more, 65c each. Everything guaranteed to reach you In good shape. No dlsea.se. I. N. Bankston, Buffalo. Texas, Box 136. ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS, reared for Canadians. Hardy, winter well. Send for circular. Standard bee hives shipped direct from factory In Iowa at $1.20 each. Stover Apiaries, Maybew, Miss. HOLLOPETER'S honey - gathering strain of three-band Italian queens can now be had for 60c each until end of sea.^on. Pound bees with queen, $2.00. Safe arrival and satisfaction gTiaranteed. Lots of them in Canada J. B. Hollopeter, Queenbreeder, Pentz, Pa FOR SALE — A 1% H.P. Gilson Gasoline Engine (practically new), on truck, with 60 speed countershaft and five Interchangeable pulleys. Chas. T. Ross, 88 Quebec St., Sherbrooke, Que. MISCELLANEOUS 1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors. any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. Pearl Card Co., Clin ton ville, Gonn. port on behalf of the Names and Varieties Committee. The retiring president — H. B. Cowan, of Peterboro — was presented with a cabinet of silver. Election of Officers. The election of officers resulted as fol- lows: President, F. W. Adams, Toronto; first vice-president, James Fraser, Preseott; second vice-president, F. Dicks, London, Pease's Automatic-Feed Fruit Grader The most convenient and serviceable grader on the market. It is strong, durable, running easily by hand or power, and Is readily movable both in the orchard and packing house. Instantly adjustable from 1 7-8 Ins. up, giving from 2 to 5 sizes. Capacity — 3 cup grader — 200 barrels per day. " 5 cup grader — 500 barrels per day. For prices and catalogue write, ROBERT Ji^RDINE 134 PioDade St., BellcTille, Ont. BrtDch of F. B. PEASE CO. Ont.; secretary-treasurer, Julius Luck, 1018 Queen .Mary Road, Montreal. Bifccutlve Committee — For two years: E. H. Hamilton, London, Ont. For three years: E. J. Hayward, Montreal; E. F. Collins, To- ronto; F. Wise, Peterboro. Other members of the executive are: For two years: Luke Williams, Ottawa; George Douglas, Toronto. For one year: R, L. Dunn, St. Catharines; H. J. Eddy, Montreal; S. Jordan, Peterboro. Improvement of the Potato Industry H. T. Gussow, Dominion Botanist, Ottawa, Out. The Hon. Minister of Agriculture has ap- pointed Mr. G. C. Cunningham, B. S. A., and Mr. Paul A. Murphy, B. A., to assist the farmers of the Maritime Provinces In com- bating the diseases wlilch attack their crops, particularly the potato crop. The primary object is to help the farmers to produce larger crops of A. No. 1 seed potatoes, and to ensure for that seed the place in the market which Us high quality deserves. Produce which is marketed under a guarantee of freedom from disease and purity is bound to obtain a higher price than could be otherwise secured. Such a course, if followed regularly for a few years, will give seed potatoes from these provinces an enviable position of superiority among buyers, and thus Increase the returns of the growers. It is proposed to make an examination of the potato fields, first during the growing season and then at the time of harvest, to de- tect the presence of all disea.^es which de- preciate the value of the crop by lowering the yield and reducing the price. Those who wish to have the services of these men for any special purpose during the current season are asked to send a request to G. C. Cunningham, care of Experimental Station, Fredericton, N. B., for the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Quebec, and to Paul A. Murphy, Experimental Sta- tion, Charlottetown, for Prince Edward Island. These pathologists will be entirely at the service of the farmers of their re- spective provinces in assisting them to Im- prove all their crops, as well as the potato, in yield and quality, and all inquiries con- cerning diseases will be gladly answered. Items of Interest The Ontario Department of Agriculture Is conducting experiments on Pelee Island In Lake Erie in the growing of early tomatoes. It is expected that it will be found that tomatoes can be matured on this island at least a week earlier than in any other sec- tion of the province. Only about a quarter of an acre is under test but if the experiment proves successful it may result in large plantings in the future, owing to the high prices generally paid for early tomatoes. The Canadian Forestry Associa.tion has i'Sisiued a little booklet entitled "Twenty Canadian Trees," by Jas. Lawler, B.A., a former secretary of the association. The booklet contains illustrations of twenty of our best known Canadian trees with de- scriptions of them which will enable us to pick them out and distinguish them. Any one tmacquainted with our Canadian trees will find this booklet helpful an^d interest- ing. Copies may be obtained from The Canadiam Forestry Association, Journal Building, Ottawa. We always find much of interest in The Canadian Hontioulturis-t and wish it the con- tinued success such a pood journal deserves. —Mrs. Laura Rose Stephen, Huntingdon, The Canadian Horticulturi^ Floral Edition Vol. XXXVIII PETEEBORO, OCTOBER, 1915 No. 10 Cherry Precooling Edwin Smith, in charge of fruit cold storage investigations. Dominion Fruit Division, Grimsby, Ont. CHERRY prices in 1914 indicated that something had gone radical- ly wrong with the industry. Some authorities attributed the low prices to the financial strigency in Canada and the consequent poor buy- ing capacity of the people; others placed the cause with the poor market- ing systems in vogue ; and not a small amount of the cause was assigned to over-production. With a lighter crop in 1915 prices .were expected to ^o back to old fig- ures. These hopes were not realized as prices for sour cherries were as low or lower in 1915 than they were in 1914. This indicates that the" supply of sour cherries has been catching up with the demand of local markets, and that the increase of 21.9 per cent, in the plant- ings of this fruit between 1901 and 1911 is now having its certain and drastic effect. To meet these conditions cherry growers must work along two lines, — viz, increase consumption and extend markets. Advertising well done will greatly increase the consumption of all fruits. By properly packing and precooling cherries their markets may be greatly extended. By making a demonstration ship- ment of 18,284 pounds of cherries in 1914 the Department of Agriculture so induced Ontario shippers to ship to western markets that in 1915 cherry shipments from Grimsby to the west have totalled 168,057 pounds, or ten carloads of cherries, currants, goose- berries and similar fruit. Thus the western marketing of Grimsby sour cherries has been increased over 900 per cent, in one year. This increase could not go on at the same rate from year to year, but it is certain that western markets could stand a great many more sour cherries if placed there at moderate prices. During the past year the writer has investigated the source of supply of sour cherries for the prairie markets and has found that as yet but a very small amount of that fruit has been imported from the United States,— British Columbia and Ontario being practically the sole source of supply. Practically none of the sour cherries thus far shipped from Ontario by freight have gone west of Winnipeg. Yet actual tests during 1915 with the Early Richmond, which is not con- sidered so good a shipper as other varieties of sours, showed that this variety when properly precooled stood a ten days freight shipment, and after re-shipping one hundred and thirty- three miles by local express the cher- ries landed in splendid market con- dition. Ontario cherries may be ship- An orchard In bearing on the farm of W. B. Oilman, Frederlcton, N.B. 230 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. A fruit shipping plaitform at a railway station in the Niagara district. Note the light style of dray In the foreground. ped by freiprht and re-shipped by ex- press to small points in Alberta, or a similar distribution of British Columbia cherries may be given in Manitoba, al- though it would be foolish for the two districts to over-lap distributing ter- ritories. But as far as the physical condition of the cherries is concerned there is not a reason why all prairie points cannot be supplied with freight- hauled and moderate priced cherries if they are properly handled and ship- ped. A Great Demand. To illustrate the wonderfully large demand for moderate-priced cherries attention should be called to a large retail store in Winnipeg that bought an entire car of exceptionally good pre- cooled Montmorency cherries and had a sale of the entire lot at 50c. per 6-pt. basket (eight pounds). So eager were the Winnipeg people to buy the fruit that the whole shipment of 2,333 baskets was sold in thirty minutes. The sour cherry is a fruit that will stand a low temperature without in- jury. In general practice we do not use a temperature below thirty de- grees to precool carload lots. How- ever, our investigations show that no injury comes from subjecting the fruit to seventeen degrees for cooling, providing cooling is stopped before the temperature of the fruit reaches thirty-two degrees. By precooling to forty degrees and maintaining that temperature during transit the cherry may be shipped in splendid condition for ten or twelve days. If a temperature of thirty-two degrees could be maintained in our refrigerator cars cherries would stand freight ship- ment for two weeks. At the end of this time all cherries having stem,s out or that have been bruised in any way in packing will be discolored and upon close inspection counted as waste. This emphasizes the great care that must be used in harvesting cherries for long-distance shipments, since as little handling as possible must be used, and for this reason we advocate the pick- ing of the cherries directly in the shipping baskets. When precooling cherries care must be used in selecting the refrigerator cars that the fruit is to be shipped in. Our experience would not warrant the shipping of precooled cherries in the "Brine tank" type of refrigerator car without the use of salt, and our work has not proceeded far enough as yet to advocate the use of salt -with fruit shipments. Even though the fruit has been cooled to thirty-eight degrees be- fore shipping much difficulty has been experienced in keeping the temperature of the Brine Tank refrigerator cars below fifty degrees during transit. What has been said about sour cher- ries applies to a certain measure to sweet varieties, although these var- ieties will not stand the same length of shipment that sour varieties do. There is also a greater difference between the carrying characteristics of the sweet sorts than there is between the sours. Our investigations during the past year have proved that sweet varieties such as the Black Tartarian, Windsor, Bing or similar kinds may be pre- cooled and shipped by freight for 1,300 miles. The question that is asked more fre- quently than any other relating to the subject under discussion is "How will precooled cherries behave on the market?" It will be easy for the reader to realize that a cherry that has been picked for ten days, even though it has been under refrigeration, will not be in the firm, resistant condition that a fruit that has just been picked from the tree. Ripening processes have been taking place slowly but surely. However, the fruit will not peri.sh immediately upon being remov- ed from the refrigerator car into the \varm air. At first there is a rapid condensation of moisture on the sur- face of the fruit, (not so heavy on the prairies as in the east on account of the low relative humidity of the air in the west). This gradually disappears, but the moisture has helped to germin- ate mold spores. During the day that it is being unloaded and distributed the cherries remain in good condition without much sign of change. After twenty-four hours from the car or on the following morning the fruit will appear in as good a condition, but upon careful examination will show dis- colored spots, especially where it has been bruised. After thirtj^-six hours the discolored spots commence to in- dicate decay, which begins to be seri- ous after two days. This gives the fruit time for distribution, but means that no time can be wasted in the sale of fruit that has been picked so long. Frost Thermometers M. B. Davis, B.S.A., Experimental Farm, Ottawa Many nights, in the spring and fall, frosts threaten, which do not actually arrive; or, if they do, only come in local areas. It is very difficult for any person to foretell whether a frost will actually come or not; so that the only way to be on the safe side would be to supplement by the addition of a frost alarm. The frost alarm ther- mometers are accurate and reliable, and are simple in construction. Where a thermometer is used it should be placed in a cold part of the farm where frosts generally strike, and it should not be more than 900 feet from the bat- tery box. The two wires are then led from the battery to the thermometer. The alarm thermometer is a specially made instrument, with a fine platinum wire fused into the bore of the tube connecting with the mercury column at 32 degrees F., or any other one per- manent point desirea. A second wire, touching the mercury at a point beloAV the other, completes a circuit, which is broken the instant the mercury drops below the designated danger point — the permanent point referred to above. A non-sparking special relay battery attachment causes a bell to ring at practically any distance from the ther- mometer itself the moment the circuit is broken. Until the alarm rings the danger is not imminent, and all unne- cessary expense of lighting fire pots in the orchard may be spared. Octoljer, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 231 The Apple King of Eastern Canada L. D. Robinson, Berwick, N. S. THE story of the struggle of S. B. Chute, of South Berwick, N.S., or "Sam" Chute, as his warm- est friends and admirers delight to call him. to gain his present proud position among the fruit grow- ers of Canada is as interesting as it is instruc- tive. He is well d e s erving of the title, "Ap- ple-King." ' No man of his gen- eration in the Maritime Prov- inces has had an equal influ- ence for good upon the gro'\v- ing and marketing of fruit. His suc- cess in building up the greatest or- chard industry in Eastern Canada should be an inspiration to every fruit grower. Mr. Chute 's work as manager for the United Fruit Go's., Ltd., Nova Scotia, is too well known to need any lengthy notice. Suffice it to say that, despite the opposition of speculators and pessi- mists, he has carried forward the work of this organization to a successful con- clusion. To-day it stands unrivalled by any similar organization in America, and it is a matter of great regret to all wellwishers of the United Fruit Com- panies of Nova Scotia that he has re- signed his position as manager. Loyally he stayed by his father dur- ing his ups and downs, and at the age ■Sam" Chute. of seventeen years we find him located in South Berwick, his present home, on a wornout farm, where the only thing that seemed to thrive was the mort- gage. The story of how, through in- domitable pluck and tireless industry, he has transformed this wornout farm into a veritable Eden of beauty and fruitfulness, is an inspiration to any- one unacquainted with the facts. Rescuing a few wretched plants from an old strawberry patch, he began his life as a fruit grower, and soon became known as the "Strawberry King" of the Annapolis Valley. And no king on his throne was prouder than he as, in overalls and battered straw hat, lie drove to the station on top of wagon loads of luscious strawberries. His ambition grew with success, and he began to see visions of a great apple orchard. Soon he began the planting of apple trees in his strawberry fields. They responded in a wonderful man- ner to the care and fertilizer necessary for the growth of large crops of ber- ries. This work of orchard extension has gone steadily on till at the time of writing Mr. 'Chute's orchards cover 277 acres. Of these, 112 acres are in bearing, producing in favorable years some 10,000 bbls. of apples. Mr. Chute's optimism is not dampen- ed by war depression or the dangers of over-production. He feels that we in Nova Scotia have such an advan- tage over all competitors in the cheap- ness of our excellent fruit lands, and our nearness to the world's great mar- kets, that we can defy competition. This year, 28 acres of new orchard A McMahon white apple tree, well loaded, at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. were set, besides 40,000 root grafts. Mr. Chute is something of a land- lord in relation to his hired help. Most of his helpers live in cottages, ten in number, built on the premises for their accommodation. Many of them work with him year after year, one of his employees, a boy of fifteen years old, being born in one of these cottages, where his father still lives, and takes his place among the other workers on. the farm. All these employees, fifteen in number, receive a cheque for their services every Saturday night. The pay-roll during the summer season averages about $100 weekly. Of course the number of helpers, and consequent- ly the pay-roll, are greatly increased during the strawberry and apple pick- ing. It is no uncommon sight at such times to see one hundred workers on this great farm. Pruning. In the early days of his experience in apple growing, Mr. Chute gave little attention to pruning, resting satisfied with abundant crops of fruit and healthy growth. But the demands of the market for highly-colored fruit, together with the ravages of apple scab and insect pests, have caused him to give the matter of pruning serious attention. He has learned by experi- ence the impossibility of producing spot-free, highly-colored fruit in the shade. S. B. Chute makes mistakes, but unlike most people he does not make the same mistake twice. He now prunes systematically and thoroughly. The work of pruning begins early in March, and continues well on into April. His general instructions to pruners are : First, to remove all dead, diseased, and crossing branches; and second, to further thin the tree till air and sunlight can freely reach every part: this thinning to be effected rather by the removal of small branches than large ones. The low-headed tree with open top has the preference, as this type of tree facilitates all orchard operations ex- cept cultivation. Canker has made its appearance in a block of Wagener trees, and is being vigorously treated. All the diseased limbs, that can be spared are removed. In other cases, the sores are cut back with a sharp knife (a drawing knife may often be used to advantage) till healthy bark has been reached. Under this treat- ment, these sores as a rule will disap- pear, especially when covered with white lead paint. Mr. Chute has no use for the pruner whose progress through the orchard can be seen by the long stubs he leaves behind him. The limb removed must be cut parallel to the one from which it is taken, and as close to it as possible. (Continued on Page 244) THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral KdlLlon. A prize winning collection of vegetables shown by T. S. Purvis at the Calgary Horticultural Exhibition, 1914. The Beneficial Effects of Fall Cultivation John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. IT is generally recognized that fall cultivation of soils has a beneficial effect upon fertility. Let us con- sider the subject from the point of view of the requirements of crops. It will make the central facts clearer, perhaps, if we first of all consider the chief pro- perties of a fertile soil. It is required of a good soil that not only will it af- ford a safe anchorage for the roots oi plants, but that it must give, during the growing season, a constant supply of water to the transpiring foliage. Furthermore, it must be able to yield up to the feeding rootlets all those dif- ferent mineral constituents, such a^ phosphates and salts of potash, as well as those simple compounds of nitrogen that are absolutely required by all gar- den crops. The capacity of the soil to hold air is one of the most essential aids to fer- tility. Ventilation is just as important for soils as it is for ordinary dwellings, as, in the absence of pure air, the ac- tive, living roots of our ordinary culti- vated plants would sicken and perish. Moreover, as the oxygen of the air is used up in the process of respiration,, not only by the roots, but also by the vast population of germs that inhabit the soil, certain waste products of a poisonous nature are produced, and these must be removed or rendered harmless if the soil is to be kept fit and sustained at its highest point of effi- ciency. Lastly, a fertile soil must be able to take up the sun's heat and re- tain it. "Warmth is of supreme import- ance, and especially so in spring. If at times the land is too wet, the heat is absorbed by the useless water, and the soil remains cold and uncongenial to early growth. Cultivation promotes these condi- tions of soil fertility. The one great mechanical effect of digging is that it makes the soil finer in grain, and the finer the grain the greater is its fer- tility. To appreciate fully the import- ance of this fact let me refer for a mo- ment to the way the roots of a plant feed. It is well known that all food taken up from the soil must be ab- sorbed in solution in w-ater. No solid particle, however minute, can pass through the membrane that acts as a covering to the young roots and root- hairs. But it is a peculiarity of all till- age plants that their roots are slow to take up what we may term "loose'' water — that is, water that is free to drain away from the soil. The water they really take in is the water that clings to the surface of each little damp particle of soil, as such water is more highly charged with food slowly dis- solved out of the little solid mass to which both the film of water and root- hair are so closely attached. Ordinary digging tends to break up the soil into a finer mechanical condition, and so tends to increase its water-holding power. Fall cultivation carries the crum- bling process much further, especially in the case of heavy or stiff soils. By throwing up the soil in rough ridges, the frosts of winter, bv freezing (and therefore expanding) the w^ater within the pores of the soil, causes the coarse lumps of soil to swell, and, because of this pushing apart of its particles, co- hesion is weakened and their former closeness of texture is destroyed. The ridges quickly dry out in the March winds, and are easily pulverized when spring operations begin in the garden. This expansive force of freezing water is by far the most powerful agent at the gardener's disposal for the breaking down of lumpy soil and so far convert- ing it into a mellow and kindly work- able condition. Neglect of this rela- tively clieap and easy method of in- creasing fertility is a refusal to take advantage of one of Nature 's most gen- erous offers to aid the gardener in his efforts to secure the best services of the soil in the bountiful production of crops. Cultivation and Fertility. A grower should always think in terms of area of soil particles available for exploitation by roots, rather than in terms of superficial area of his gar- den. A well-tilled plot of a rood area may be quite as productive as a badly- tilled plot of an acre, as it aU depends upon the fineness of the soil. A little hard cube of soil has six sides or sur- faces. If it is broken in two, the six sides become twelve, and if these two are again divided, there will be twenty- four sides, over each of which a water film can cling, and so the work of dis- solving out plant food substances from the soil can be extended over four times a greater area in the last-men- tioned case than in the first. In fact, a cubic foot of soil, such as is used for potting purposes, represents in reality about an acre of absorbing area for roots. Almost all soils contain practically an inexhaustible supply of plant food, if only it could be made available. The only natural way in which it can be so made ready for the roots is through the dissolving action of tightly - clinging water films. It follows that working the soil is equal in effect to manuring it. Furthermore, such thorough culti- vation, by increasing not only the Avater-holding power of the soil, but also its air-holding capacitj^, encour- ages the growth and general activity of useful bacteria in the soil, and espe- cially such forms as are engaged in the work of nitrification. Strawberry plants should be mulched late in the fall to prevent any injury from alternate freezing ami thawing during the winter. Cut out all dead canes from the raspberry- and blackberry plantations, leaving only M-ood which grew' this .rear. Grapes should be pruned and cov- ered before the ground freezes. Delay miming fruit trees until March or April. October, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 233 Plan Now for Next Year s Perennial Border THE man of moderate means who desires to see his small garden plot a mass of bloom during the summer months, and indeed well on in- to the fall, is often at a loss to know how best to achieve his purpose, and at the same time keep his expenditure with- in reasonable bounds. His quest for information leads him from time to time to the classic treatises on garden- ing, and he is told to raise this in heat, to prick that off and harden in a cold frame, to pot on the other, and to pinch out a fourth species of plant, until he recoils in despair from the ef- fort to master the technicalities of the science of horticulture, and either calls in the jobbing gardener to "clean up" the borders or abandons the attempt to achieve order out of chaos. He is not, perhaps, the owner of a greenhouse and a frame, and even if he were he has not the leisure to devote the many hours that are necessary to the successful raising of seedlings or the propagation of cuttings. All these operations are fascinating in the ex- treme to the amateur who boasts proudly, and not without reason, to his neighbors of his batch of plants from seed, or that bed of plants from cuttings. It is the aim of most amateurs to be able to say, "T did that. It is my own work from begin- ning to end." This is all very good; but as I have said, it is not everybody who has the means, the time, or the inclination to attempt such horticultural flights. What, then, is the alternative? It lies in the cultivation of that clnss of plants known as hardy perennial? No finer sight can be imagined than a well-stocked herbaceous border when the flowers are at their best in July, Augusit and September.' The formal beds of scarlet geraniums and blue lobelia, beloved of the jobbiTig garden- er, pale into significance beside the stately grandeur of well-grown peren- nials. The initial cost of such plants hardly exceeds that of more formal bedding subjects, and once overcome the owner of a group of hardy peren- nials has the satisfaction of knowing that his purchases possess the merit of permanence. The great attraction which tho perennial border has for the averag" amateur gardener is that when once il has been well and trulv planted — that is to say, when a suitable soil medium has been provided, and due attention has been paid to the requirements of the plants in regard to disposition and situation — it demands comparatively little attention, save for an occasional John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. loosening of the surface soil with hoe or fork, and an annual top-dressing of manure. The plants take care of them- selves. They put forth their fresh green spikes through the soil with the advent of sunny days in April, they at- tain the zenith of their splendor in summer and early fall, and then die down to be stirred into activity again and again as season follows season. Preparing the Bed. First of all, in planting a pereiniial border — and, indeed, in every other branch of gardening — comes the pre- paration of the soil. In the well-order- ed garden this will be done in late •summer or early fall. The chief point to remember in preparing the soil for perennials is that the border is to be the home of your plants for a number of years. The less you disturb them the better they will grow. Therefore dig deep and dig thoroughly. If you find that the good soil is two feet deep you may rest assured that you have it at sufficient depth. It is possible, however, that you will have to contend with heavy claj^ or a light sandy soil, and that the drainage of the subsoil may be imperfect. The great object to be aimed at is to give your perennial plants a sufficiently deep root run. Where the top layers of soil are defective they should be treated so tliat, if they are too light, moisture-retaining substances are in- corporated, and if too heavy, the lighter qualities of sand and road grit may be introduced, so as to bring about a better condition of porosity. The building up of a border with entirely new material will be found to be a somewhat expensive undertaking, but where it is possible the results will be nothing but satisfactory if the fol- lowing method be adopted: The old soil should be taken out to a depth of two or three feet, the subsoil loosened for purposes of drainage, and the vacant space filled in with layers of well-rotted manure towards the bot- tom, old pieces of turf, road grit, and loamy soil. The surface should be raised and rounded to allow for the inevitable shrinkage which will follow as the soil settles down. And here let me emphasize the de- sirability of generosity in regard to the width of the border. If the plants are not to be cramped for room ; if they are to be allowed to flourish, and to attain the breadth and height that are natural to them, then be assured that they will only reach the standard of perfection of which they are capable if they be accorded spacious treatment. By this I mean a border not less than four feet wide, and if possible six. Its length will, of course, depend upon the dimensions of the garden — the larger it is the better chance will it give of effective grouping and the adoption of suitable color schemes. What to Plant. It is an education in gardening to .'study the catalogues of some of the leading growei-s of perennials, such as advertised in The Canadian Horti- culturist, and who furnish them free on application. The classes are all care- fully tabulated, and contain notes of the utmost value to the amateur. Beekeepins und the Krowinjf of fruit and flowers make a .splendid combination. Tliis Illus- tration shows ithe combined apiary, orchard and garden of Wra. GHbhs, Appin, Ont. 234 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Ginseng: Some Practical Pointers on its Cultivation H. S. Watson, M.D., Newmarket, Ont. ■S^v* Tree doctors at work. The rotted centre liol- lowed out of a tree In a garden in Montreal, preparatory to being filled with cement. A selection of the plants that are in- tended to furnish the border having been made, the next essentials are firm planting, and discrimination in the choice of positions, so that the effective groupings and color schemes can be arranged. Even the beginner in gardening will be familiar with the good old rule that tall growing sub- jects should be placed at the back of the border and low growing plants in the front. But he will be wise not to observe it too closely. Its adoption will inevitably result in a dreary and monotonous uniformity, which it should be his object, in this as in all other gardening operations, to avoid. By all means let him place his holly- hocks and rudbeckias towards the back, but do not let him hide his early flowering irises, his coreopsis or his choicest Michaelmas daisies in such a manner that their full beauty is obscur- ed. Let him break up his border by judicious planting. A well-arranged border is like a shifting kaleidoscope, but to realize this constant variety the color, height, and habit of each indivi- dual plant need to be studied. The propagation of paeonies from seed is a slow matter, for it takes four or five years for a paeony to grow from the seed to the blooming period, and even then it will hardly repay the trou- ble, for the chances are all against pro- ducing anything worth while. — J. H. Bennett, Barrie, Ont. I HAVE been interested in ginseng growing for the past ten years, and have found it exceedingly in- teresting and also profitable. Notwithstanding the fact that I have many reverses due to inexperience, I have still continued, with a good de- gree of success. I hope that this article may be of use to some who are starting out in the business, and may save them much expense, loss and worry. Cultivation. Select a sand loam soil, cultivated to a depth of from ten to fifteen inches. To enrich the soil, use well-rotted manure, preferably from the cow stable, also fine, rotted wood, chip-dirt and leaf-mold from the woods if pro- curable, and mix thoroughly with the soil. Make your beds four feet six inches wide, and any length you may wish. They will hold nine rows, six inches apart lengthwise, and set plants six inches apart each way. Some prefer them eight inches apart lengthwise in the rows. Make the aisles at least eighteen inches wide and raise the beds as much as six inches higher than the bottom of the path between them, in order to procure free drainage. Select your ground where the water will not stand in the spring or at any other season of the year. I lost about five thousand four-year- old plants one spring in that way. Don't do the same thing; it is too ex- pensive. Shading. Lath shading is the best to use in open cultivation. Put your lath up in sections, made by nailing four-foot lath on 21/2-in. by 1-in. strips. Set it on edge with the same material nailed on the ends, which you will find the easiest to handle if made about twelve feet long. Nail the lath not more than one- quarier of an inch apart. "Wire these sections to 2 x 4 in. scant- ling nailed to the tops of posts at least six feet high above the surface of the beds. The higher the posts the better to prevent Altenaria Blight (which I have never had on account of my high shading), which comes from dampness and lack of free circulation of air. Seed Propagation. Gather your seeds as soon as ripe or when they begin to fall to the ground. This is from the first week until the end of September, owins to the seasoii in this section of Ontario. The season is later in other parts of America, I suppose. Place your berries in a box or barrel between layers of dry sand, well sifted through a very fine screen. I use the ordinary mosquito wire on a wooden frame. After four or five weeks I pat them through the same screen, using water to carry through the sand and pulp, and the seeds remain in the screen. I then make a box large enough to hold my seeds and about four times the quantity of soil. A hole is dug deep enough to hold the box, with about six inches of earth above the top. Nail wire netting on the open bottom and place the box in the hole. Sift the sand and dirt, one-third of the former to two-thirds of the latter, into th3 box about one inch deep. Put in a layer of seed and alternate the seed and dirt till completed. Then cover with netting and then with earth. The netting above allows of free drain- age below and moisture from above, and keeps out mice. Allow the seed +0 remain from the fall they are gathered until the following fall, when you sift again and sow in nursery beds.' Nursery Beds. Make your nursery the .same as the other beds, only have the dirt as finely pulverized as possible. Sow the seed so they will not be too thick, say three or four to the inch, and cover about two inches with finely-pulverized rich soil. Cover with very fine leaf mold, and when one or two vears old transplant to the permanent beds. Covering. To cover your plants for winter, use wood-leaves three or four inches deep, and allow them to remain till the fol- lowing summer. If they matted down during the winter, stir them up as early in the spring as possible, to prevent smothering the plants. I have found ginseng a profitable crop, requiring but little labor and only a small amount of land. One acre will contain about 120,000 plants. I have used for the past five years the natural woods and shade, but I be- lieve it is overbalanced by the rapid growth under artificial shade. The roots of the trees take up too much moisture and substance from the soil to promote the rapid growth of the ginseng roots. The growing of ginseng will be found a most healthful and pleasing as well as profitable occupation for any person in delicate health, as they will, when they become interested, spend a great amount of time in the garden, watching the growth and development of their enterprise. October, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 235 Garden Suggestions for October Henry Gibson IF the perennial border and flower beds have not been cleaned up after the frost has blackened the plants that bit of work ought to be attended to at once. Cut off all the dead flower stalks and burn them. Clear the space between the plants of all weed growth, and then when the surface is nicely frozen over a mulch of good quality manure can be applied. Perennial grasses, when dry, are very inflam- mable, and any that are growing near buildings should be cut off and burned. Safety first is a world-wide slogan, and the only reason for removing these grasses is fire precaution. Remote from buildings they may be left alone, as they produce a good winter effect. It is also advisable to remove leaves away from buildings. The Rhododen- dron beds may be filled Avith leaves, which afford the plants the finest of protection, and in time decay into a soil that is ideal for them. Surplus leaves can be stored in an out of the way corner to rot. Just as soon as the frost has cut down the tops of the dahlias, dig up the roots and store them in a dry, cool cellar. Sand, placed about the roots, will prevent them shrivelling up in a very dry cellar. When only a few roots are to be stored, it is a good plan to wrap them separately in sheets of newspapers and place them in a bar- rel, in the cellar. Frost must never reach them during the winter. Wlien digging the roots let them lie on their sides for several hours in the sun t ) dry them previous to storing. Cannas are handled in the same manner as dahlias, save that they may be stored without covering. Beneath the bench of a cool greenhouse is an ideal place for them, but they may also be kept in' the house cellar. Pansies set out last month for early spring flowering must be covered with leaves before heavy freezing weather sets in. The mulch can be applied as soon as the plants have been slightly frosted and hardened. Follow this in a few days with a light covering of hay. Bay trees and hydrangeas should be placed where they can be taken inside on frosty nights. It is not advisable, however, to take them in too early as they are apt to get soft and not winter welh A cold, yet frost-proof, cellar, where the air is quite stationary, makes an ideal place for hydrangeas. Keep them on the dry side when resting, which means, don't give enough water to make the tree wet. Bay trees win- ter best in a cool greenhouse, where a temperature of from 40 to 45 degrees is maintained. Water only sparingl.y. Too warm a temperature and too much water, which promotes a soft, sappy growth is the cause of many bay. trees not being long lived. Keep the lawn mowed right up till frost comes. Many amateurs are very attentive to their lawns until it gets to this time of the year, when they neglect them. The late fall growth should be mowed off, as it dies back during the winter, and not only looks unsightly, but is troublesome when the grass is to be cut again in the spring. The Vegetable Garden. All root crops, such as beets, carrots, chickory, salsify, turnip, rutabaya, and sea kale should now be lifted and stored for the winter. Many people store them in the cellar, but outside trenches are quite satisfactory. Bury some old packing eases in Avhich the roots can be placed. The top is cov- ered with boai"ds and then some salt hay, with a covering of earth, is placed on top of this. When real hard freez- ing sets in an additional covering of leaves and litter can be used to keep out the frost. Vents should be made through the earth so that they may be opened up in mild weather. High ground should be chosen for storing, and trenches should be dug about six feet from the boxes on each side and the soil thrown towards the cases to keep the water away.' Watch Your Celery. Celery will need to be put into win- ter quarters. Where only small quan- tities are grown, hilling it up well, and covering it with leaves, or other Ferns In the wild garden of A. W. Child, HamUton, Ont. They grow In all their natural beauty. 236 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Hollyhocks bordering a balustrade at Bagnell Hall, Cobourg-. Ont. litter to keep out the frost is as good a plan as any. Another method is to store in cellars. This has one disad- vantage, as the celery becomes stringy. The ideal method of storing celery in quantity is to dig a trench deep enough so that the tops are about level with the surface. Cover it with boards, and then earth to mound up, using lea^■os or salt hay in courses between the earth. Cabbage is stored in a similar manner. The whole plant is lifted en- tire, and the heads placed upside down in the trench. The soil is mounded up and the same prortection given as for celery. Vegetables Under Glass. The first crop of vegetables, such as cauliflower, lettuce, etc., should now be ready for planting in the green- hou.se. Beans may also be sown, also beets and carrots for winter use. Radishes may be sown between the cauliflower in the benches. No rule can be laid down as to the quantity of vegetables one must grow. Bach per- son must work out his or her own schedule of quantities, according to demand and space available. Have plenty of seeds on hand and sow often, so as to have continuous crops with a minimum of waste. Plants and Flowers Under Glass. Chrysanthemums will be showing color early this month. Fumigate the house thoroughly, just before the buds burst, to insure the flowers not being infested with black fly. Stop giving liquid manure and other stimulants when the buds show color, except for an application or two of soot water to improve the color, using a seven or eight-inch potful of soot to a barrel of water. Be sure and have the house dry at night, or moisture will condense on the petals of the flowers and cause them to damp off. Go over your stock of bedding plants, such as coleus, geraniums, alternanthera, and see that they are not being neglected. Your next sea- son's supply depends upon these plants, and if they are neglected now one cannot expect them to come through the winter satisfactorily and later furnish material for propagating. Mignonette and antirrhinum that have been recently benched should be kept growing by keeping the soil well worked around the plants. Keep in- sects in check by timely fumigating, and maintain an adequate tempera- ture. Forty-five to forty-eight degrees at night is Avhat these plants require, with a rise of from ten to fifteen de- grees, with sun heat during the day. All pot plants, such as calceolarias, cinerarias, cyclamen, and primulas, should be placed on the benches where they are to be flowered. They must have good care in regard to watering; in fact, all plants indoors need care exercised in this respect now that the dark days are advancing. Keep a sharp lookout for insect pests and be prompt in applying a remedy should you find any. No feeding should be done at this time if good rich soil was used when potting. Poinsettias require an even tempera- .ture of sixty degrees at night or they will lose their bottom leaves. Jerusalem cherries that were potted up from the garden early last month will now have established themselves in their pots. Give them a sunny posi- tion, so that the berries will ripen up. Continue to pot up bulbs to provide for a succession of bloom. Place +'ie pots in a cold frame and cover with four or five inches of coal ashes until the bulbs are well rooted. A Western Garden Mrs. H. Lyg, Dauphin, Man. I wanted to find how many varieties of flowers could be grown in my garden from year to year, that would give a succession of bloom for the whole sea- son and there is no bed in the garden that is of more interest or more beauti- ful, though I have a few treasured plants in particular nooks that are prov- ing that we don't know yet what we can grow. In the spring 1 had auriculas and polyanthus full of bloom that had been out all the winter and in one cor- ner I had a little patch of Canadian maiden-hair fern, imported from Mount Eoyal (Montreal), and it grew as if it belonged here. I also had some thriving foxglove plants, but they did not bloom, though the foliage was strong. In August my hardy border was a sight ; the front strip where the bulbs and earliest spring flowers had been was a soft mass of annual gypsophila and mignonette. The irregularity of my border was pleasing: and the flowers were kept blooming all the seasonN by carefully cutting the old ones off. By this me- thod, of course, no seed was saved, but until freeze up the delphiniums especi- ally were a sight, the Oriental and Ice- land poppies were blooming again, the Canterbury bells and dianthus were still in bloom, in fact, the only ones (such as iris and columbines) that were not blooming were doing their share to keep lip the pageant of beauty with their foliage. Even in the first week of Sep- tember I picked a few stray pyrethrums and in the far corner our old friend, the sunflower, turned its stately head. 1 often think that if the association of flowers with the history and myths of the past were better known, they would be still more interesting than they are. A border of this kind, with so many plants fairly close together, needs care- ful preparing before it is planted. The earth must be rich — plenty of old, well- rotted stable manure was used for this one and nearly all the plants were put in in the fall. Curi-ants and gooseberries are best pruned in October or November. Re- move some of the oldest fruiting canes each year or the bush will soon become too dense. Potatoes should be dug in dry weather, so that they will be dry when they are taken into the cellar. If they are diseased, the disease mil not spread so rapidly among dry potatoes. If the potatoes are known to be dis- eased in the field, it is best to leave them in the ground as long as possible, so that diseased potatoes may more readily be seen and separated from sound ones before they are taken into the cellar. Potatoes should be stored for best results in a dry, cool, well ventilated cellar. October, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 237 Autumn Treatment of Flower Borders B. C. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont. DURING the early autumn months there is much work of a season- ahle character to be done among herbaceous border plants. A number of herbaceous plants are of a long-suf- fering nature, and submit to division and replanting at almost any time with impunity. In the autumn, however, when flowering has ceased, there is a general desire for tidying up, and at such times much useful work may be done. The cutting down of all plants may be proceeded with at once, taking care that in so doing labels are not dis- turbed or even lost altogether. We gi-ow these and other garden flowers chiefly for ornament, or for their use- fulness in a cut state. With the cutting down of the plants completed, it must be decided whether forking, digging, or manuring is neces- sary. Needless to say, the first and last of these will benefit both the bor- der and the plants it contains. The addition of manure by its bulk alone lifts, lightens and aire the soil, and in so doing performs important work quite apart from its enriching effects. The best manure to employ is that of a short, well-decayed nature. At such times, too, a free addition of lime may, with decided gain, be given to all soils of a heavy or water-holding nature. Not a few of the best border plants are of so robust a nature that they quickly . form mats of gro\vth, which if left undisturbed will prove their own undoing in the near future. The dig- ging up, dividing and replanting of these is, therefore, of importance at this time. The white perennial mar- guerites (chrysanthemum maximum and its varieties), the michaelmas daisy, rudbeckias, the sunflowers (helianthus), and the achilleas will usually benefit by being divided and replanted every year. The varieties of the two groups fir.st named quickly exhaust the soil, and manure- should be added freely. One of the greatest aids to success in the case of soil-robbing subjects is to give a complete change of position. The one need be but a yard or two re- moved from the old position, there to find all the advantages which a change of soil brings in its train. The idea is simple in the extreme, and yet its im- portance infinite, despite which it is rarely done. A much more frequent way is to lift a plant, and having dug and manured the ground, replant it in its old position. By these means a partial change of soil only is secured, while in that suggested above it is complete and entire. In the case of the more robust grow- ing, mat-forming subjects a consider- able amount of plant material will have to be discarded. With not a few amateure this goes very much against the grain, yet it has got to be done if good results are to be obtained. The replanting of big clumps of things — pyrethrvims and michaelmas daisy, for Thla bed of cannas, nine feet in diameter, was grown on the lawn of Oscar Boden, Meaford, Ont. A description o' the arrangement of the bed is given on this page. example, is a fallacy; the youthful plant is capable of much better work, and is commended to all. When re- planting such as the white Marguerites, or Michaelmas daisies, only the strong- est, outermost portions of the clumps — those that have developed with light and air all around — should be retained. The superiority of these compared with the innermost shoots of a plant will be obvious at a glance. Single growths, if well rooted, are the best, and of these, six or a dozen arranged a few inches apart will not only form a goodly group, but provide a display of the finest flowers in due season. Plants slow to establish themselves, such as paeonies, Japanese anemonies, day lilies, and others, dislike too fre- quent disturbance of their roots. Such as these should have the soil carefully forked about them and a dressing of mannre given. Larkspur (delphinium) may be left for three years without disturbance, and so may the herbace- ous phloxes. A Striking Bed of Cannas Oscar Boden, Meaford, Ont. As the centre of my bed of oannas, which is nine feet in diameter, I use a castor oil plant. Next to it are planted two circles of red and dark cannas. Outside these are two circles of cannas of yellow and light shades. For a bor- der I use green and white leaved ger- aniums and a coleus. This arrange- ment has given me the most attractive) bed®. I have ha'd the cannas for years. Ta the fall, after the frost I cut off the stems and dig up the roots with as much earth as will stay with them. They are placed in the cellar in a large packing ease and the spaces in between are filled with earth. A little water is sprinkled on them during the winter to keep them moist. About the first of April I take them up, break them apart and plant the good single roots in wood- en boxes. These boxes are kept under a bench in my little conservatory. By the end of May, when they are ready to plant out, they are from one to two feet high. The Blight of Phlox What can be done for blight on the perennial phlox' The leaves begin to turn yellow and dry up near the ground. This gradually ex- tends up the stem.— Miss H., Peterboro, Ont. The cause of the trouble is probably lack of nourishment at the roots, as Perennial phlox are gross feeders and require a lot of moisture to help them during the growing season. In the fall or early spring take out soil to a depth of eighteen inches and replace it with good rotten sod-soil. A good mulching of rotten manure is also of great benefit to all kinds of herbaceous plants in the spring, as it helps to con- serve the moisture and keep the roots cool.—O. C. 238 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. THE The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINED WITH CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which has been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publishing Company, Limited, PETERBORO, ONTARIO H. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director. The Only Magazines In Their Field In the Dominion Offlclal Organs of the Ontario and Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations and of the Ontario, Manitoba and New Brunswiclt Beekeepers' Associ- ations. REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOCK WELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY. Chicago Office — People's Gas Building. New York Office — Tribune Building. GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 16 Regent St., London, S.W. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in three editions on the 26th day of the month preceding date of issue. The first edition is known as the fruit edition, and is devoted chiefly to the commercial fruit Interests. The second edition is known as the floral edition, and is devoted chiefly to the Interests of ama- teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The third edition is known as The Canadian Horti- culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first and second issues are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping interests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, Jl.OO a year; three years for $2.00, and of The Cana- dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions in Peterboro (not called for at the Post Oflflce), 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. Change of Address — When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December 1914. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample copies, from 11,000 to 13,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo- ple known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1914 ...11,570 August, 1914 ....12.675 February. 1914 ..11,550 September, 1914 .13,729 Maj;ch, 1914 11.209 October, 1914 ...13,778 tP"^-,it\* 11'8'"> November, 1914 .12,967 V^y- 1914 12,368 December, 1914 .13,233 June, 1914 12,618 ' July, 1914 12,626 Total 160,293 Average each Issue In 1907 6,627 Average each Issue In 1914 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this Issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti- culturist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away ail unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of nis loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this Issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise- ment in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex- pense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes be- tween subscribers and honorable business men who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST PETERBORO. ONT. Fruit at the National Exhibition. Officials, judges and fruit growers Inter- ested In tihe Canadian National Exhibition contend that provision musit be made for re- newing the exhibit of soft fruits during the period of the exhdWUon. A week is too long to keeip plums, peaches and early pears. Some days before the exhibition closed they were in a condition that was far from making a good impression on the puiblic. This year the awards were scarcely made before the soft fruits began to decay aad in spile of carefuJ picking over every mormng many of the exhibits were posi- tively disgusting the l-ast two or three days. An object lesson In the display of tender fruits was furnished by the departmental exhilhits in the Government Building. There they were carefully replaced every second dajy, with the result that to the last the dis- plays were wholesome and attractive, and therefore tended to create a favorable im- pres.sion on exh.ibiition visitors. How to provide for replacing the decay- ing fruit without eliminating the oomipetl- rtive features of the ifruit exhitoit is a prob- lem that should be faced by those respon- sible for the fruit exhibits. It might be ac- oomplisihed to some extent by placing dis- tricts or horticultural associations in com- pedtion with each other and doing away in part at least with individual competition. The same caaie would then be taken to keep 'the exihihits up to sitandard throughout the two weeks of '^he fair as is now taken by those in charge of the departmental fruit exhibits in the government building. The period durdng which competitive fruit should be on dis.play might also be re- stricted. Pre-Cooling Possibilities. The two articles in this issue by Mr. Ed- win Smith, of the Dominion Cold Storage Division, reveal once more the value of the work that is being accomplished in the in- terests of the fruit growers through tlie medium of the pre-cooling and experimental fruit warehouse at Grimsby, Ont. For years the fruit industry, not only in Canada, but throughout the United States as well, and particularly in the far west, has been boom- ed as a gentleman capitalist proposition In which It was easy to earn large and sure re- turns with a minimum expenditure of labor, and tliat during only a tew months of the year. Land speculators, more anxious to make big profits through rapid sales of land, irrespective of the ultimate effect on the fruit industry and those engaged in it, forced up the price of land and' encouraged over- production to a point where serious conse- quences have become apparent. Unfortun- ately any rapid recovery to normal condi- tions Is impossible, owing to the thousands upon thousands of acres of young orchards that will come Into production during the next few years. What then is to be done? Unquestionably existing markets for fruit must be developed and extended. This Is the problem which the Cold Storage Division Is doing much to solve. The experimental shipments of pre- cooled cherries from the Niagara District to the west this year have demonstrated the possibilities of further shipments of this character. Canada has been somewhat slow to recog- nize the advantage and beneflls of the pre- cooling of fruit. For years It has been one of the main secrets of the success that has attended the efforts of the Pacific coast fruit growers of the United States, to market their fruit in the markets of the Eastern States, and even abroad. Now that we are profiting from the results ot their pioneer efforts, we may expect to see a steady, possibly rapid extension of this system In the fruit districts of Canada. It is fortunate that the Dominion Cold Storage Division is so admirably equipped, in men as well as in other essen- tials, for the guidance of this movement along safe and well-tried lines. Protect the Trees. A subscriber of The Canadian Horticultur- ist in Hamilton, wants to know if something cannot be done to arouse civic auihorilies to a realization of the necessity for protect- ing trees from fire bliglu and other diseases, and pests to which they are heir. This is a difficult situation with which to deal. The average alderman Is well intentioned, but he Is more concerned about keeping down the tax rate and avoiding the wratu of irate tax payers than he is about protect- ing shade trees, and otherwise enhancing civic beauty along horticultural lines. The only way to reach him effectively is by creating a public sentiment which will de- mand the necessary reform. A second difficulty exists in the fact that most of those who are interested In the pro- tection ot trees and boulevards have not the time to devote to the matter that would be required to effect the needed improvement. While these difficulties are real and serious, they are not necessarily insurmountahle. It is surprising often what one man can ac- complish by well timed letters to the local press or by enlisting the assistance ot a few others In a quiet canvass of members of t.ae council or ot the parks commission or com- mittee. The problem Is essentially local in character. There is one direction in which the Domin- ion or Provincial forestry divisions might be of assistance. Often trees die from causes with which the local authorities are unfamiliar. A word of advice or assistance from experts might be all that would be necessary to start the necessary remedial measures. 'Members of the staffs of these divisions should be encouraged to extend this assistance and the fear of arousing local criticism should not deter them too much from so doing. Drastic Treatment Required. One reason more fruit Is not purchased In small quantities for eating out-of-hand by the public, as it passes along the chief thorough- fare's of our large cities, Is the difficulty the public experiences in obtaining the worth of its money. The little fruit stands that dot; many busy corners, near railroad stations, and other busy centres, are In the hands ot men, mostly foreigners, many ot whom are flagrant offenders In the matter of palming off worthless, or practically worthless fruit on the public. In spite of the fact that a person may have been victimized by them 'repeatedly, it is a most difficult matter to detect them. You may point out to them the particular pears, peaches, or apples thai you want. They say or nod yes to your de- sires, hut manage to turn their back on you and slip in some inferior fruit in spite of all October, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 239 your precautions. It may be that you find, after completing your purcliase, tliat wliile the fruit you pointed out appeared alright on the stand, its good side had been turned up, thereby concealing the defects that would have been only too apparent could the other side of the fruit have been seen. The only way to insure fair treatment in some cases is to stop and examine your purchases before you leave the stand, and if necessary be pre- pared to call for the services of a police con- stable. Even then it may be impossible to prevent an unpleasalit scene. Many people have received such miserable treatment from this class of dealers that they must have given up the purcbase of fruit in this way. The fruit grower, anxious to find an outlet for his fruit, is the ultimate chief loser. The provisions of the Fruit Marks Act might be made to cover such cases and they should be vigorously enforced. Prose- cutions of well-known offenders, if followed up systematically for a while, would soon ' bring about an improvement, and benefit both the consumers and the growers. Our modern .methods of national economy sometimes produce surprising conditions We conduct campaigns to encourage pro- duction and then we maintain import taxes on fertilizers and other essentials to 'n- ' creased production. Lifting some of the 'bur- dens from producers, as Germany has done since the outbreak of the war, would pro- mote the increased production so much de- sired. PUBLISHER'S DESK M Our front cover illustration this month shows a scene in the garden of Mr. Oscar Boden, Meaford, Ont. One of the flower beds in this garden is illustrated on Page Z37 * * • There are some unusually helpful and in- structive articles in this issue of The Cana- dian Horticulturist. Fruit growers will en- Joy the contributions from the pens of Mr. Carey and Mr. Smith, as well as the descrip- tion of 'Mr. Chute's rise in the fruit indus- try. Amateur flower growers appreciate the articles by :Mr. Gibson, with their monthly retminders and Mr. Gall's simple, helpful directions for the production of more and better flowers. Mr. Gibson's articles are to be a feature of The Canadian Horticulturist during the next few months. * * • The Canadian Horticulturist guarantees the reliability of its advertisers. Neverthe- less we almost never receive a complaint against any of the several hundred firms and individuals who patronize our advertis- ing columns throughout the year. This proves their reliability as nothing else coujd. Two complaints were received some time ago about the methods of one Arm. As correspondence on our part failed to effect a settlement, a member of the staff took the train during September and visited the head ofl^ce of the firm in question. A satisfactory settlement ha.=? now been assured. This in- cident is mentioned merely in order that our readers may see that we are determined to stand behind the advertising guarantee that we publi.=h on the editorial nage of each issue and which is intended for their full protection. » * » Our readers are once more invited to send us photographs of fruit and floral scenes. Subscription representatives in certain of tlie leading fruit districts are also desired. VACANT LOT GARDENS. Reports from various cities and towns in Canada as to the oultivation of vacant lots thai have reached the Canadian Commission on Conservatloin indicate that the cam- paign inaugurated lasit spring for greater production and more extensive use of va- cant land has been a success. Several cities have handJed the vacant lot problem an a sysftematic manner, and have secured results commensurate to the amount of energy expended. Some, by allowing in- terest to lag, have 'been only partially suc- cessful. In others, also, clrcums:tances mil- itated against success. In that unemployed men took up the cultivation of vacant lots, and, upon securing employment, neglected them. On the whole, however, the move- menit has proved a distinct success. There is one danger from the vacant lot garden, namely, the growth of noxious weeds in the newly cultivated land. Too often, on the removal of the crop, the ground is givem over to the weeds. Organizations handling the vacant lot work should give the matter of weed destruction early attention; otherwise, 'the lots will not only prove a menace to the land in the vicinity by the spread of weed seeds, but create antagon- ism to the movement on the pajt of the oc- cupiers of the neigliboring lamd. HAMILTON. The spring premiums distributed by the Hamilton Horticultural Society this year comsisted of three classes of perennials, of four varieties each, and one parcel of glad- doli, as a choice; while the autumn one will be tulips and paeonles. The lecture sea- son was prolonged, and all ithe meetings were well attended, better than in previous seasons. The May meeting, which was to have been a Garden meeting at the "Holm- stead," the lovely home of Mrs. Hendrie, was marred by the news of the Lusitanaa disaster, especially as well-known members were known to be passengers, and Jupiter Pluvius was not kind that day. The four Wednesdays in June found the well-remembered garden of Mr. Alexander (wihos.6 name was so long associated with horticulture, not only locally, but through- out the Province), opened to the mem'bers and friends, through the kindness of Miss and the Messrs. Alexander. The pleasure and profit resulting from this courtesy can- not be estimated. The proposed Spring Show, owing to war conditions, had to be postponed until Fall, only then to find that other ways would have to ibe adopted, to meet the existing condi- tions, as it was decided to divide the city inito sections, and have a committee visit the garden of every member — the directors only being ibarred. A scale was decided upon which would meet all the garden- workers, and the re- sults of the vlsitor'a decision, are reported to the committee responsible for the sec- tion; after which the committee will visit and pass final judgment on those recom- mended. In this way none are omitted, as might be the case if the entry was made a voluntary thing on the part of the garden owner, whose modesty would prevent his making an entry, and possibly winning an award, which might be well deserved. The society have been supplying judges for several Community Garden Clubs, as well as otherwise helping these to develop into organizations capable of administering their own affairs. In the little exhlbitiona s.tajged by these Infant societies certificates of merit have been awarded hy the Hamil- ton Horticultural Society. Among these will be Included the Civic Vacant Lot Gar- dens, where from one plot 42 bushels of siplemdid potatoes have been taken. The awards for the winners of the So- ciety's "Members' Garden Competition" will ^be given out at 'the annual meeting, No- vember 4th, when we hope to welcome the 1st VicenP resident. Rev. G. W. Tebbs, now a resident of Hamilton fortunately, who has already aided the work being done here by acting as a judge both in the garden work, as well as in the community shows. One of the members, Mr. Jarman, of West Hamilton, who has for 'Some time specialized in gladioli culture, gave, for the children's work, 1,000 corms, and the results were staged August 30th at the Red Cross head- quarters, with Mr. Tebbs as judge. The flowers were sold for the funds of the Red Cross, the children being delighted to have this opportunity to do their ibit. The story of the rise, growth, and rapid progress of ithe Community Garden Work is of interest to all who desire to see men ajnd women get the best from their little home grounds; and after witnessing the ob- stacles which had flrsit to be faced and over- come, and then, in an incredibly short time, see the splendid showing of flowers and vegetables which were produced under many difficult conditions, it is safe to say that those ^who had worked so hard to suc- ceed in making community gardens popu- lar, will never again despair of success. A perennial border started in Dundum Park last year is to be Increased this Au- tumn. What has heen done there already hias resulted iprofitably. While the results of our work here can- not be tabulated, yet good work has been done, and the time has been well spent, as the quality of the work to-day proves. I hope that this sketch may prove of interest to some one who has felt that the abnor- mal conditions unfortunately existing to- day have spoiled their well-laid plans, as it has, I know, many of the earnest workers In many places.— ADA L. POTTS, Secretary. ST. CATHARINES. The autumn flower show of the St. Cath- arines Horticultural Society was held Sep- tember 14th and 15th, in the Armories, which was converted into a fairy garden. There were shown magnificent specimens of many of the best known varieties of flowers from the simple marigold to the glorious cream-white hydrangea and intermingled with these were great banks of ferns and palms. Never before has such a display been seen under the auspices of this society, which has held many successful exhibitions. Gladioli and asters were the most popular and were exhibited in abundance, although the dahlia, sweet-pea, tiger-lily, stock and numerous other flowers all had a part In making the Armories a bower of beauty. The flowers were so neatly arranged as to show to wonderful effect the luxuriance of their growth and fine variety of tone and color. The display of the school children Is worthy of special mention, as their efforts have never been greater and their display never larger. Mr. W. H. Nicholson's ex- hibit tor the CK)ld Medal was a splendid contribution, with about 70 gladioli on dis- play. The door receipts were for the bene- fit of the Patriotic Fund. It was decided by the directors to sell all cut bloom at the close of the exhibition, the proceeds also to be given to the Patriotic Fund. I am much pleased with The Canadian Horticulturist, and find It very Instructive. —C. N. 'Holdsworth, Barrie, Ont. 240 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Packages for Canadian Cherries Edwin Smith, of the Dominion Fruit Division, Grimsby, Ont. WITH iihe progress beiag made towards fruit pax^luijge standardization, we see various districts holding up their favorite package as standard for every kind of frujt. After a few seasons the same districts may be inclined to use an entirely different package, and at the same tione that they are tearing down their old standards they will be clamoring to have their new standards recognized. It is well to change standards if occasion thoroughly warrants it, for the best possiible package for each kind of fruit needs to be used in order that the growers may receive the greatest returns and the consumer value for his expenditure. But ibefore tstablish- Ing standards, we sihould thoroughly test packages in order to determine the one best adapted to the local and market needs. rniring the past season, tests of this nature were started with cherry packages under the Precooling and Transportation Praaifc of the Dairy and Cold Storage Com- mis.sionpr, Mr. J. A. Ruddick. As to which is the bes.t package for sweet and isour cherry shipmeints, it has been a very un- settled question in the various cherry dis- tricts of Canada for a number of years. British Columbia has been using tie 4- basket plum crate largely for both sweet and sour cherries, with some question as to whether it was the best package they could use. Ontario has ibeen using the 11-qt. basket for local shipments, and both the 11-qt. and the 6-qt. Climax baskets for distant shipments of sweet and sour cherries. The intToduction of the strawberry crate into w^estem districts for sweet cherry ship- ments, and the unpopularity of the 4- basket crate in the prairie markets, made the cherry package problem very imsettled especially from a British Columbia S'tand- point. The object of the past season's tests was to secure information that would lead to a more standard package for Canadian sweet and sour cherries. Sthipmente wene made in the following ways: 1. Sour cherries, warehouse pack, 6-qt. Climax basket. 2. Sour cherries, warehouse pack, 4- :basfcet plum crate. 3. Sour cherries, orchard pack, 6-qt. Cli- max basket. 4. Sweet cherries, warehouse pack, 4- ibaskot plum crate. 5. Sweet cherries, warehouse pack, 24 4-5-qt. Hallock strawberry crate. 6. Swteet cherries, warehouse pack, 21 full-pint Hallock Strawberry crate. 7. Sweet cherriee, orchard pack, Wool- verton crate — ^3 6-qt. basket carrier. The cherries having the warehouse pack were brought to the precooling plant and packed, facing the tops of the ibaskets witli stems underneath, as is the customary way of packing cherries in British Columbia. The orchard-packed cherries were put directly in the shipping baskets by the jKlck- ers as the fruit came from the trees, this being the customary way of packing cher- ries in the east. The tests with sour cherries were made in Winnipeg and Brandon markets. The cherries used were Early Richimonds, picked and packed July 2nd and 3rd, pre- cooled over Sunday, and shipped the fol- lowing Monday by refrigerator freight. The average perce.ntage of all waste In th« 4-,basfcet crates was '2.5%, mai^et con- dition good. Average percentage of waste In the 6-qt. baskets, warehouse pack, was 12.9%, with market condition good, while in the 6-qt. baskets, orchard pack, the per- centage of waste was but 4.8%, with mar- ket conditiion very good. The term "was-te" included all discolored or injured cherries, and although the percenitages seem high, the fruit was really in splendid market con- dition. Injures the Fruit. Thl« shows that repacking sour oherrdes is very injurious to the fruit, and that those put direcUy in the baskets from the trees carried in much better shape than those packed in the warehouse. There was not much difference betweem the carrying qualitieis of the two baskets when packed the eam.e. The cost of the 4-basket crate and the packing amounted to 21.3c per package, or 1.06c per pound of packed fruit (20 pounds of fruit per crate). The cosit of package and packing of the 6-qt. basket was 6.5c .per package, or .81c per pound of fruit (8 pounds per basket). The cost of the 6iqt. toasket, orchard pack, was 4c, or 0.5c per pound of fruit. The average sale prices of tihe packed^ and unipacked 6-qt. baskets were the sajme, this being further argument in favoff of picking sour cherries directly into the ship- ping baskets. The sales of the 4-basket crate, warehouse-packed 6-qt. basket and oTOhardipaofced 6-qt. basket were $1.46, 59.4c, and 59.4c; the average net returns to grower were 85.1c, 35.7c, and 38.2c per package, and 4.24c, 4.46c, and 4.78c per pound. In addition to the good carrying features and tlie net returns secured from the 6-qt. basket, it may be stated that Winnipeg and Brandon markets, as weU as other prairie markets, find the 6-qt. the best seller for sour cherries. As to repacking and facing sour cherries, it is evident that this fruit Is sucli that it does not pay. Sweet ciherries, such as the Black Tar- tarian, Windsor, Smith's Bigarreau, will carry well for six or seven days refrigerated freigiht, as was shown in this shipment. whicih incliuded Black Tartarians packed in 24 full pint strawberry crates, 24 4-5 qt. strawibeirry crates, and in the 4-'basket orate. Returns on the Woolverton crate were secured from express shipments to Winnipeg and Brandon. It is evident that this package will carry satisfactorily on long shipments. The net weights of sweet cherries In the fuU-'pint strawberry crate, 4-5 qt. straw- berry orate, 4-ibasket crate, and Woolverton crate (three 6-qt. baskets), are as follows, in order of mention: 17 lbs., 24 lbs., 20 lbs., and 24 lbs. The cost of package arid pack- ing in order of mention: 32c, or 1.8c per pound; 35c, or 1.4c per pound; 21.3c, or 1.6c per pound; and 24c, or Ic per pound. The average sole price, In order of mention, was $3.50, $4.00, $2.00 (esUmiated), and $3j50. The average net returns that would have been made to the grower in Grimsby, Ont., after deducting all expenses, would have been as follows: full pint strawberry crate, $2.43, or 14.3c per pound; 4-5 qt. strawberry crate, $2.75, or 11.5c per pound; 4-basket crate, $1.31, or 6.5c per pound (estimated from British Columibia Market Commis- sioner's report for week of J\ily 10th, 1915) ; Woolverton crate, $2.48, or 10.3c per pound. The full-ipdnt sitrawberry orate eeeims to be the best package for sweet cherries Isi prairie markets. It carries the fruJt well in the shallow boxes, is the most i)opular seller, and netted the Ontario grower 7.8c more per pound than the 4-basket crate, and 4c more per pound than the Woolverton crate (6-qt. basket). A trial of this package in the Montreal market sihowed thai It would sell readily at $2.40 per crate, which is very satlsifactory, considering that it was its first appearance on that market. In conoluirfon it may be definitely stated that the Britis.h Columbia grower is losing money by picking his sour cherries in or- chard boxes and repacking them in 4-bas- ket crates. By using careful pickers the fruit will carry far better and make greater returns if picked directly in bhe 6-ctt. ship- ping basket. There has been some disciission about ibaskets not loading well in cars with re- sultant loss from breakage. Our experi- ence has been that baskets may be shipped in cars as well as boxes if they are prop- erly loaded and braced, leaving a space in the centre of the car for that purpose and bracing the load firmly and rigidly In the saane manner that boxes are loaded in cars tor sate carriage. In doing this our results have shown 100%, free from breakage on hauls of 1,500 miles and upwards. With sweet cherries we find that all pack- ages are givitLg away before the full-pint hallock strawberry crate in prairie markets and that it has a promising future in east- em markets for fruit stand trade. As this package is used only with fancy cherri^, such as Ijambert, Bing, Windsor or Royal Ann, it must be remembered that to top the market only first grade fruit should be used and the boxes must be well packed, facing all of the tops attractively with stems imderneath. If the strawberry crate is not to ibe used, the next best package at present for prairie markets Is the 6 qt. basket. . The Fruit Exhibit at the Canadian National T' I HE display of fruit at the Canadian Na- tional ExMbition this year was, with few exceptions, well up to the stand- ard of other years. Tihe apple classes were w^ell filled with no indication of the fact that the commerolal crop is badly infected with scab — a tribute to the skill of the exhiibltors. The effect of the late season was more to be seen with 'grapes than any other fruit, these being at least two weeks behind other years in maturity. The soft fruits were decidedly watery and did not keep well. The worm, humid weather at exhibition time also has- tened decay, with the result that many of the exhibits had to be removed some days before the close of the fair. One of the most extensive exhibitors was W. J. Farminger, of St. Catharines, who had a large numibeT of entries in aipples, pliuns, ipears and grapes. A. W. Austin, Port Dal- housie, had entries in a large niimber of classes, especially in apples, plums and and peaches. Prominent among the apple exhiibltors was W. E. Weise, Orrying Place, Ont; J. H. Homing and Bethanbreck Or- chards, Ltd., of Waterdown. W. H. Bunt- ing, of St. Catharines, an enthusiastic sup- porter of the idea that fruit that is good enough to ibox is good enough to wrap, broke the ice by wrapping all the boxed fruit which he exhibited. The apples on plates were judged by Prof. J. W. Crow, of the O. A. C, and the fruit in packages by Mr. P. J. Carey, of Toronto. Mr. F. Clement, of the Vineland Horticul- tural Station, placed the grapes and stone fruits and E. F. Palmer, of Toronto, handled the collections. The judges, while stating' that the quality of the fruit exhibited reflected great credit Octotier, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 211 both on the fruit dadustry of the province and the Exhibition, very freely criticized the manner In whlcih it was displayed and recommended to the Exhihition Board that radical changes l>e made in thiis particular for next year. Their recommendations are suhs.taniUally as follows: Mrst: That plate fruits ibe exhibited five on a plate instead of nine as at present. The change would conform to the best pom- ologioal law and usage and has heen recom- mended for the lasL two years. It is hoped, however, that the change will be made this year. Second; That the varieties ibe better spaced on the tables and that the tables be decorated to show the fruit off to better ad- vantage. At present no attempt whatever is made to make. the exhibits attractive to the public. Third: That the classes for apples in packages be thoroughly revised and that the class "any other variety" be disoarded. For Instance, there is now a class for the Astrachan, which is not a box apple at all, while such splendid varieties as the Mc- intosh Red and the Snow are thrown into the "any other variety" class. Mr. Carey is strongly of the opinion that these should each be given a class and the Astrachan should not be exhibited as a box apple. Fourth: That wrapped and unwrapped stuff should not come into competition. It is Inupossible for a judge to give satisfac- tion when good fruit poorly packed and bad fruit well packed appear in the same THIS FALL If you want clean trees next season. Progressive growers are counteracting" the recent wet season, with its consequent ravages of fungus diseases, by a thorough application of Grasselli Lime Sulphur Solution the tried and proven fun- gicide. Prevention is Better Than Cure GUARANTEED MATERIAL PROMPT SHIPMENT The Grasselli Chemical Co., Limited HAMILTON TORONTO MONTREAL clasises. Many prominent fruit growers now incline to the opinion that since the trade strongly prefers wrapped fruit fair boards should encourage wrapping toy elim- inating lunwrafpped fruit from, the box classes, and allowing, say, 25 points for wo.Tfcman.ship in wrapping and packing. iFiftfli: That export classes of apples be eliminated. This year fully nine-tenths of the apple crop "ffill be ■puTobased for domes- tic consumiption and the export class could veery well Ibe done away with. Classes for fall and wlniter varieties would cover all the necessary entries. Government Exhibits. The Ontario Fruit Branch had a large and attractlYe exMtoit of fresh and preserved fruits. Buchesis, Woolf River and Wealthy varieties of apples were on display and formed the hulk of the exhibit. Pears and peaches also occupied a prominent place and attracted much attention. Chemically preserved whole fruit of various kinds also set off the display to good advantage, the whole creating a favorable impression of the fruit igrowing possibilities of the prov- ince. The outstanding feature of the Vineland HortioultuTal Experimental Station exhibit was the large number of varieties of grapes shown. Many varieties of peaches were also displayed, together with a considerable quantity of pears and a small quantity of plums and apples. Lamhton was the only county having a fruit exliibit. It was in charge of Mr. Bram- hiU, the County Representative, and con- sisted pTdncipally of apples, peaches and plums, with some grapes and a few pears. The greatest lesson taught hy these de- partmental exhibits was the way they de- mionsitrated that a fruit exhltoit may be kept wholesome and attractive during two weeks of warm, ihumid weather by carefully re- placing spoiled fruit. The attractive way in ■which the fruit was displayed was freely commented upon, and in this also theiy could be well copied in the regular fruit exhibit. Horticultural Exhibition p. W. Hodgetts, Toronto Owing to the abnormal conditions sUll exisUng in Ontario, the directors of the On- tario Horticultural Exhibition at a largely attended meeting held in Septemher, de- cided ito again defer the usual November Show for another year. All the buildings on the Exhibition grounds will be occupied hy the soldiers in training and no other building suitable can be located in Toronto Tt was decided that the association could help the Red Cross Society better by giving a grant from the funds in the hands of the Treasurer rather than risk iputting a great deal of expense and energy in holding a sihow, the gate receipts from which might not in the end amount to as much as could be given the other way. Pointers for Packers tFtyr the Minnesota apple-grower, R. S. Mackinitosh, horticultural specialiet of the Agpiculturai Extension Division, Minnesota College of Agriculture, lias prepared these profitable rules to govern plcklnig and pack- ing: Pick by hand. Cool before packing. Grade carefully. Put only one variety, grade, and size in a package. Pack fclghit. Mark on outside the variety, grade, size, and grower's or packer's name. Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. At the date of writing (14th Sept.), many of the Fall blooming plants are In their glory, ARTEIV1ISIA LACTIFLORA (new), with Its creamy, white splrea-like flowers on a 4-foot stem Is a great acquisition. It requires pro- tection fn the colder districts. CHRYSANTHEMUM ULIGINOSUM (Giant Daisy), when massed, with Its chaste bloom, has a refining effect on the Hardy border. HARDY ASTERS (Michaelmas Daisies) are Just coming into their glory. "Beauty of Colwell" and "IVIiss Wllimott" are both semi- double and are of shades of lavender. "Lll Fardell" is a tall grower and gives pink flowers. "W. Bowman" is of rich, rosy purple, and "Wm. Marshall" is a soft, clear blue, while "Perfectus" Is a gem. "Ma- donna" and "Queen," of the dwarf whites, are both good white sorts and of different habits of growth. HELIANTHUS MAXIMUS, single and double, with their clear yellow blooms, are both good subjects. HEUENIUMS, these are perhaps the grandest subjects for September bloom. "Autumnale Superbum" Is a self yellow. "Aut. Striatum" Is yellow and red. "River- ton Beauty" is a very chaste flower, light yellow with brown centre; and RIverton Gem has a gorgeous wall-flower bloom. If one-quarter of the readers of this ad- vertisement could see these plants in bloom we would not have nearly enough to supply the demand. We now have on file orders for delivery next . spring and we shall be glad to add to this list. All these plants do well set out in the spring. JOHN CAVERS SAVE THOSE APPLES by using a MAXWELL Cider Press ! How many go to waste that might be turned into Cider or Cider Vinegar with a small invest- ment! MAXWELL PRESSES are well made, of the best material, heavy, substantial frame, and cros.s section of extra weight and strength; furnished with two crates, galvanized hoops, and tin- ned rivets. Made for either hand or power. MAXWELLS LIMITED ST. MARY'S, ONT. 242 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. SMALL FRUIT PLANTS Gooseberries — Josselynl Josselynl Red Jacket, Downing, Pearl, Houghton. Currants — Perfection! Perfection I Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Profile, Champion, Black Naples, Black Victoria, Boskoop Giant. Raspberries — Herbert! Herbert!! Herbertlll Plum Farmer, Cuthbert, Marlboro, Brinckle's Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry- Raspberry. Garden Roots, Strawberry Plants, Rhubarb. Write for Catalogue. WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman. 496.4lh Avrnue W., OWEN SOUND. ONT. BRUCE'S FLOWERING BULBS For Winter Flowering in the House and Spring Flowering in the Garden Exquisite colors and fragrance — EASII,Y GROWN— Must be planted this Fall. COLLECTIONS No. 1, indoors 25 bulbs, postpaid $0.70 No. 3. indoors 100 bulbs, postpaid $2.r)0 No. n' outdoors 23 " " -'0 No. 7. outdoors 100 " " 2.li0 No 2 indoors SO ' " 1 30 No. 4, indoors 200 " " 5.00 No. 6, outdoors 50 " " 1.30 No. 8, outdoors 200 " " 5.00 Each of these collections contains HYACINTHS, TUI,IPS, CROCUS, LII,IES, NARCISSUS and other bulbs. |7R£E— Send for our 32 pnge illustrated catalogue of Bulbs, Plants, Seeds, and Poultry Supplies, etc. NOW READY. JOHN A. BRUCE & COMPANY, LIMITED HAMILTON - Established 1850 - ONTARIO He's Had Farm Experience On thousands of farms, Big Ben has been the clock of all work — ringing up the people who must get out early, and telling the right time of day to those who stay 'round the house. Big Ben works 24 hours at a stretch — puts in overtime without extra pay, and never botches up a job. He's husky, deep - voiced and strong. His call is clear — his bold numerals show plain- ly in the dim light. If your dealer hasn't him, a money order addressed to his makers, West- clox. La Salle, Illinois, will bring him postpaid. $2.50 in the States — in Canada, $3.00. Commission's Powers Limited G. E. Mcintosh, Forest, Ont., Traffic Expert for the Ontario Fruit Growers' .\ssociatioD The Dominion Railway Commission is a governmental agency of real authority, a tribunal of far-reaching influence, and "friend at court" of the public. They provide a tribunal for the determination of transportatioai questions without costs to the appealing or defending parties, and they give a fair deal so far as lies within their power, but their jurisdiction is limit- ed, when it comes down to a matter of remedying many of the little details that make fruit marketing a success, especially for those producing a perishable com- modity. They have no power to award damages for delays in transit. They cannot issue an order in reference to rough handling or pilfering. No jurisdiction over the settlement of claims. Cannot issue an order in reference to- delays, jolting, or rough coupling. They have no jurisdiction over navigation companies, other than those controlled by a railway company. Railway companies may grant special privileges to certain shippers, and unless unjust discrimination is proved, the Board cannot order the extension of such privi- lege to other shippers. Some of these matters must be dealt with by the shipper or receiver under civil law in an action for damages, while there is no possible means of redress for others. This is the condition in respect to juris- diction of our Railway Commission, and there is urgent need of reasonable legisla- tion that will extend the powers of the com- mission and require good service. The people want the railways to do well. They are interested in them, but ihey are opposed to those who monopolize the corporation, absorb their earnings, increase the watered stock, or otherwise burden them with a debt which they try to pay for out of the traffic furnished by the public, and leave it io the power of these companies to fix the rule of conduct. In other words, let the law furnish the rule of conduct in sup- plying equipment and transportation, and let the railroad pay the penalty if it fails. The purpose of such legislation, briefly defined, would be as follows : To enable shippers to secure cars in reasonable time. To enable farmers, stockmen, fruit grow- ers to promptly market perishable freight. To empower the Commission, when neces- sary, to provide minimum speed limit. To enable contracts to be made and car- ried out on basis of reasonable service. To make railroads responsible for fail- ure of such duties. To fix reasonable penalties to ensure rea- sonable service. To assure proper handling of shipments. To enable the Railway Commission to make rules and regulations with respect thereto. To provide for establishing reasonable reciprocal demurra.ife charges. To secure under proper rules the unload- ing and release of cars by shippers. To exempt railways from penalties where compliance with the law is prevented by causes not reasonably anticipated or from accident. A bill to regulate commerce, embodying the above, was recently before the United States Senate. Railroads which s^ive rea- sonable service need not fear such a law. tho.se which do not give such service should. October, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 243 CIDER APPLES WANTED We gire prepared to pay the highest cash prices for cider apples in car lots. Farmers who have not sufficient to make up a whole car themselves can arrange with their neighbors for Joint shipment. Write us if you have any to offer. BELLEVILLE CIDER AND VINEGAR CO., Hamilton, - - - Ontario. Horse- Radish Wanted Highest price paid for good, firm roots free from dirt and small stringers. Wm. Davies Company, TORONTO, CANADA STYLE C This is a New Model for 1915, the result of fifteen years' experience in Greenhouse con- struction for Canada. Dotted lines show location of wind-ties that positively prevents vibration of the sash. Supplied in widths up to 25 feet 2Vi Inches from post to post. KING CONSTRUCTION CO., 40 Dovercourt Road - Toronto. Bruised Fruit is a distinct loss WARNER'S APPLE BARREL PADS placed in each end ol' tlie barrel hold.s the apples firm and absolutely prevent.s them from being bruised when heading the barrel and shipping. It costs very little and pays well. Sample Sent Free on Request. R. B. Warner, inwood, Ont. Northern Bred Queens This cold weather makes one think, "Where are you going to get your hardy queens for winter?" I thank my Canadian friends for their hearty trade this season. E. E. MOTT, Glenwood, Mich., U.S.A. When good queens are wanted I have the goods. Pure Italians from imported mothers. Also pure Carniolans and Caucasians from imported mothers. 75c each, $8.00 per dozen. No disease. GRANT ANDERSON RIv Handa Texas Queens of MOORE'S STRAIN of Italians PRODUCE WORKERS That fill the super quick With honey nice and thick. They have won a world-wide reputa- tion for honey-gathering, hardiness, gen- tleness, etc. Untested queens, $1.00; six, $6.00; 12, $9.00. Select untested, $1.26; six, $6.00; 12, $11.00. Sate arrival and sat- isfaction guaranteed. Circular free. 1 am now filling orders by return mall. J. P. MOORE Queen-breeder. Route 1, MORGAN, KY. QUEENS. Give us a trial for Queens. We have es- tablished a Queen repository where Queens are placed when imported, so as to be ready for shipment when orders come in. We also breed from the best worker stock In our own Queen yard. We can furnish Licather colored, Goldens, Caucasians or Carniolans. Prices right. Satisfaction guaranteed. THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE, 185 Wright Ave., - - Toronto, Ont. Honey Pails & 601b. Cans. Glassware & Shipping Cases. Bees. Queens. Honey. Wax. CHAS. E. HOPPER & CO. 126 Simcoe St., TORONTO, ONT. The Root Canadian House 185 Wright Ave. TORONTO, ONT. Quality counts. Try our Queens; three banded, golden Carniolans or Caucasian, from best U.S.A. breeders; also from our own yards. Everything in Bee Supplies, Root's Goods; also "Made in Canada" Bee Journals and Books. Catalogue Free. Power Honey Extractors Friction drive or with special cut gears, smooth and easy M running. Speed control is per- Jl feet and simple. If you are y^ thinking of purchasing a power outfit, write us at once. The Ham & Nott Co., Ltd. BRANTFORD, ONT. The Beekeepers' Review THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, 15 months for a dollar to Canadian subscribers, postage free. Beginning with the October, 1915, number and ending with the Decem- ber, 1916, number. A rare bargain. If you want Gleanings in Bee Culture a year clubbed with the Review, send along 80c. additional. Both postpaid. Review 15 months and American Bee Journal one year, both 11.60, postpaid. All three for J2.40, postpaid. To get this 'liberal clubbing rate, address all orders to THE BEE- KEEPERS' REVIEW, Northstar, Michigan, U.S.A. Kindly remit by postal note and oblige. The Beekeepers' Review, Northstar, Michigan NOTICE TO QUEEN BREEDERS If you want to sell Queens and Bees advertise in the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. Read what some of our advertisers have to say about the pulling power of our adver- tising pages. We have advertised In the American Bee Journal for thirty years. Have always found it a good advertising medium J. W. K. Shaw Co., Loreauvllle, La. My advertisement brought all the orders I wished for. In fact, more than I was able to supply — quite a number of orders had to be returned. — J. A. Simmons, Sablnal, Texas. The Reasons are self-evident — a good bee paper Is taken by live and wide-awake beekeepers, and these are the kind that are always In the market for good bees and good Queens. Rates on space are not high. Display at ISc a line, or $2.10 per Inch. Classlfl^d, 15c a line. Send In your order with copy to-day and get rid of your surplus Queens. AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, Hamilton, III. 244 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Cold Storage Fruit Warehouse Plnest Appl€ Rooims in the DominJon for Export and Local Trade. Special Rooms for All Kinda of Per- ishable Goods. The Canada Cold Storage Co. Limited S3 William St., MONTREAL, QUE. FREE LAND For the SETTLER in NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain- able free and at a nominal cost are call- ing tor cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a. home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regu- lations, and settlers rates, write to H. A. Macdonell Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings, TORONTO HON. J AS. S.. DUFF, Minister of Agriculture Parliament BIdgs., Toronto The Apple King of Eastern Canada (Continued from page 231.) Wiiere apple-growing, as in this case, Is cairried on extensively along with general farming, the harvesting of the fruit presents a difficult problem. Mr. Chute lias obviated this difficulty to some extent by planting and grafting varieties that ripen tJielr fruit In succession. He expects to gather thla present year one thousiand barrels Crimson Beauty, a very early variety. Then follows Astrachan, Duchess, Bow Sweet, Early Wil- liam, Gravenstein, Blenheim, King, etc. Then, too, the pressure of worH is some- what relieved by making two or more pick- ings of the earlier vairieties. The barrels, holding a mlnimimi of ninety-six quarts, are made in a cooperage on the farm and hauled to the fields as wanted. In the case of most oi the early varieties, the heads of the bar- rels are removed before being taken to the orchard, and the filled barrels are covered with hags held in place hy the top hoops. This not only lessens labor, but also serves to keep the fruit free from bruises. With later varieties care is taken mot to fill the barrels so full that bruising will result from too tight beading. The fruit Is hauled to a large frost-proof warehouse owned by Mr. Cihute. Packing. Apples are packed both in boxes and barrels, for" the most part in the latter. Box packing is yearly taking a more import- ant place in Mr. Chute's packing operations. At first it oansisted of a mere jimible pack, the apples being placed in the hoxes with- out any regard to system. Now, thanks to instruction given hy experts sent out by the Doaniniom Government, the diagonal pack with approved hilge has taken the place of the ibaTtrel pack in the packing of fancy grades of Gravenstein, Blenheim, Mcintosh, King, Wagener and Spy. All apples packed in hoxes are wrapped in paper, thus facili- tating packing, and also ensuring the apples against eairly decay. The principal varieties are divided into three groups, according to size. Thas Blen- heim, King and Fallawater belong to group I.; Gravenstein, Duchess, Astrachan, Bald- win, Greening, Stark, Spy and B. Davis to group II.; Rlbston, G. Russet and Wealthy to group III. In the following table, the nunimtmi size, inches in diameter, of each of the grades, is given. It will be noticed that the sizes differ uniformly by exactly a quartjer of an inch, and that in all only five sizes are given— 2% in., 2'^ in., 214 in., 2 in., 1% in. Min. in. Min. in. Mlfl. in. Diam. Diam. Diam. Variety. No. 1. No. 2. No. .3. Blenheim, etc 2% 2% 2 'A Gravenstein, etc.. 2% 2y* 2 Ribston, etc 2V4 2 1*4 Each packing table is provided with a gauge with holes accurately cut out of zinc or stiff cardiboard, sihowing the sizes — 2%. in., 2% in., 2% in., 2 in., 1% in. These gauges are of great use to beginners, es- I>ecially. It is a very good plan when pack- ing any variety, Gravenstein, for example, to place near at hand three apples repre- senting the smallest that can be packed as I's, 2's, and 3's, respectively. Tliis, of course, is ascertained by use of the gauge. The hilge hoops of the barrels in which apples are to be packed mtist be firmly driven down, and securely nailed with three or four nails in each hjoop. These nails should be stout and short. A pulp-head is nx)w laid on what is to be the face end of the ibarrel. Great care is taken to make this face as attractive as possible. The apples chosen for the face should be of me- dium size for the grade and variety, tree from blemishes, and well colored. The stems are clipped and the apples placed so as to cover the entire bottom of the barrel It requires skill to do this quickly. Now the apples may be poured carefully Into the barrel and shaken down as fast as they come from the packing table. When the barrel is nearly filled the last two baskets St. Joseph or Madonna Lily On stem 3-4 feet tall, the deliciously frag- rant flowers are borne 10-20 to each stalk. Keep in bloom June-August. The one pure white Hardy Garden Lily. Must be planted early. (Bulbs ready now.; Bach. 12. 100. Extra Size $0.15 $1.20 $7.00 Mammoth 0.20 2.00 12.00 We furnish the best northern grown bulbs. (Lilium Candidum) We wish to interest you in the growing of Narcissi and Daffodils to grace your home in winter, your grounds in early Spring. Tulips flaunting gay banners. Hyacinths to perfume your rooms and garden. Crocus and Snowdrops to gaily ring In Spring's advent. Lilies gathered in deep forests or mossy glens of Europe, Asia. Rennie's Popular Collections There are many lovers of flowers who would like to try a few bulbs, but hardly know which varieties to choose. Knowing this, we have made up collections of the different varieties which yield most satisfactory results in combination. We are offering these collections at extremely low prices to influence a wider interest in bulbous plants, and customers who take advantage of any of the following offers will be very well pleased with the outcome of their small investment. No change can be allowed in these collections. COLLECTION A. For Outdoor Culture. (Postpaid.) 300 BULBS, PRICE $3.75. 12 Hyacinths, single, assorted. 12 Hyacinths, double, assorted. 8 Trumpet Narcissus. 8 Double Narcissus. 12 Pooeticus Narcissus. 1/2C0II. $2.^5. 1/4 Coll. $1.35. 2$ Spanish Iris. 12 Scilla Siberica. 12 Ranunculus, mixed. 8 Anemones. 4 Lilium Candidum, white. COLLECTION B. For 28 Tulips, single, assorted. 28 Tulips, double, assorted. 28 Parrot Tulips, mixed. 100 Crocus, ail colors. 120 BULBS, PRICE $2.75. 8 Oxalis. Buttercup. 2 Easter Lilies. 2 White Calla Lilies. 12 Spanish Iris, mixed. House Culture. (Postpaid.) '/2 Coll. $1.75. 1/4 Coll. $1.00. 12 Hyacinths, splendid, named. 8 Narcissus, double, mixed. 12 Hyacinths, Roman, red. white, blue. 4 Narcissus, single, mixed. 24 Tulips, single, mixed sorts. 12 Alliums, Neapolltanum. 12 Tulips, double, mixed varieties. 12 Freesia Refracta Alba. Our Pamphlet, "How to Grow Bulbs," free with every order. Seeds to grow choicest Winter bloom. Seeds to sow in Summer and Fall for Hardy Peren- nials. Every bulb, every packet of seed, is specially selected for you — and delivered post or express prepaid by us. Send for our Fall Bulb Book— It Is free. Send to-day. Early orders secure the best. WD riVI IVI I C" f^^\ Head Offices and Warehouses: M. KlLlNlNlt. K^KJ.j LIMITED Adelaide & Jarvis Sts., TORONTO. Branches: 190 McGILL ST., MONTREAL, QUE. 394 PORTAGE AVE., WINNIPEG, MAN. 1138 HOMER ST., VANCOUVER, B.C. October, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 245 are often shakein down together, so as to get a smoother surface, either for the pm-- pose of tailing or headimg. As a rule, when the baarel has been finally settled hy vigor- ous packimg on a stout plank with a felt- Iined head placed on top, the apples should present a level surface only slightly higher til an the chimes. Many a finely packed bairrel of apples has been ruined by too lit- tle racking, and too much pressing. Oare is also taken to see that the heads are se- curely nailed. The name of the variety, the grade and the shipper's brand are nea/tly stenciled on the face head of each bairrel. The successful marketing of farm pro- ducts is quite as important as production. Mr. Chute's great success as a fruit-grower is due largely to his splendid busiuiess ca- pacity. It was this same remarkable power to grasp a 'busintss proposition and turn it to advantage, that has made him such a tower of strength to the United Fruit Com- panies, Limited, of Nova Scotia. Some peo- ple attribute Mt. Chute's s)uccess to "luck," bait the 'better informed see that brains pluck, and tireless industry, "not luck,' have made him what he is often called '•The Apple King of Eastern Canada." The Canadian Horticulturist is a useful and interesting paper from which much knowledge can be gained. I am a large fruit grower and have followed with suc- cess some of the methods of spraying de- scribed in The Canadian Horticulturist. — Edward F. Newling, Beckenham, Eng. GINSENG GINSENG FOR SALE 10,000 Roots one to six years old. 40,000 Stratified seed and 200,000 new seed, grown on natural soil and shade. All free from blight and disease. Price and instructions for fall planting on application. DR. H. S. WATSON, Newmarket, Ont. GINSENG ROOTS and SEEDS FOR SALE Good, strong Canadian-grown roots, one and two years old, $10.00 and $15.00 per thousand. Tested seed for fall planting. $1.50 per 1,000. No order for less than 1,000. Cash with order. Dr. MACKENDRICK, Gait, Ont. GINSENG Plants and stratified seeds for sale. Cana- dian stock. Choice quality. Send for price list to N. J. MacINNES, M. D. Vlttorla, Norfolk Co., Ont. LANARK GINSENG Fortune awaits any man who will give time and attention to the growing of Gin- se»ng. We have made a complete success of it and are ready to point the way to others. The time to prepare the ground is now; the time to plant is September and October. Lanark Ginseng Seed Is noted for Its strong germinating qualities. Lanark Ginseng Roots are sure growers and great producers. Don't fail to make Investigation of this hlKhly profitable Indu.stry. Write to the Sec- retary and he will tell you all about it. Address C. M. FORBES Secretary Lanark Ginseng Garden Co., LANARK, ONT. 1 17017 IT fOR THE JrKHilli ASKING This handsome Fur Style Book (con* taining 34 nages of illustrations) of beautiful FURS and FUR GARMENTS for men. women and children — will be gladly mailed free for the asking- affording you an opportunity to take advantage of our policy of selling furs From Trapper to Wearer. We buy our Raw Furs direct from the Trapper and manufacture them ourselves, therefore, we can save you the many profits that usually go to the middleman WE GUARANTEE *T0 SATISFY YOU OR REFUND YOUR MONEY " Write to-day for this beautiful Style Book. It will show you how to save many dollars- Limited RAW FURS. IVeoayhghesf prices for Roiv Furs. Vrrite fot price >'tj/ if interested. GUNS. Wc carrv in stock a compkie line of guns, traps, nets, acet^ieneheadlights and camp Icmps \ '' Eiieready" flashlights, animal bait, fisfiing tackle sportsmen's supplies. Catalogue Free. Mail Oraer Dept.150, TORONTO. ONTARIO J International Harvester Cream Separators ' I ""HERE is a cream separator price that is ■■• right — the price of a Lily or Primrose. But here are three more important separator features. The first is CleanHness: A separator that cannot be kept scrupulously clean, inside and out, is dear at any price. Buy no separator that cannot be cleaned easily as well as thoroughly. Five minutes' work cleans a Lily or Primrose. Second — Close Skimming: The separator that does not £'.:im closely is wasteful. A Lily or Primrose leaves only a drop of cream in a gallon of milk. Insist on this standard. Third — Simplicity: Bay a separator that needs so few and such simple adjustments that you or your wife can make them. Be sure to get one with a single automatic oiling arrangement which takes care of every bearing and avoid trouble. When you buy a Lily or Primrose cream separator, you get these features, and pay the right price. "Facts and Figures on Dairying," will help you choose right. You will be less liable to make dairy mistakes after you have road it. We send it free. Write for it. Intematioiial Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At HraDcloo. Calfsrr. Edmontoa, Eitmran. Hamilton. Letbbridce, LeaJoa. MnitrMl. N. Vauldori, Ottura, Quebec, Retina, SaikatoaB. Su Jobo, Wiaaipc(. Torktaa 24« THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Wilkinson Plows THK oldest line 4>f steel beam plows in the Duminion, made in the old Wilkinson Hn P)t»w Co. experts — every one of them men who know their business. It in the •taodard line of plows and includt-a 25 or more styles to clioose from. U. S. S, Soft Center Steel Moldboards, highly tempered and suaranteed to clean in any soil. Steel beams, steel landsidea ana high carbon iteel coulter, t'le- vises can be used either stiff or swing. Each plow is fitttd capecially with its own pair of handles — rc<)* drill or one horse plows The plow shown turns a beautiful furrow, with minimum draft and narrow furrow at finish. Ask/or fuw bookUt. The Bateman-Wilkinson Co., Limited 4gl SyminKton Avenue, Toronto Canada FOR PROFIT Plant our Top Notch Fruit, Shade and Ornamental Trees this fall. Evergreens, Shrubs, Roses, Vines, Bushes. Ask for Price List (no agents) at Central Nurseries. A. G. HULL &. SONS, St. Catharines - Ontario. DUTCH BULBS For Fall, 1915. Direct import from Holland. Bulbs of first quality, guaran- teed true to name and color. Low prices. Send for our Catalogue. DORVAL NURSERIES, Dorval Station. P.Q. The Big Money Leak Thousands of dollars are lost each year by Horticulturists through stinted production — stinted production caused by inadequate and poor water systems. An inferior water system is a perpetual loss, and if you have one you would save hundreds of dollars in the long run by throw- ing it out at once and inistalling a Peeriess. Peerless Water Systems are simple, reliable, economical and do away with an expensive elevated tank with its many disadvantages. A reservoir tank, in the cellar or outhouse, or buried underground, holds the water pumped from the source of supply. The water in the reservoir is forced through the pipes by air pressure, thus insuring a steady and consistent supply of pure water in whatever parts of the house, greenhouses, barns and gardens you wish IL Hundreds of these systems in operation to-day bear out our contention that for a reliable and adequate water supply at low ■* cost Peerless Water Systems have no equal. In case of fire they are a protection worth many times their cost. Write us for full particulars and any special Informa- tion your require. We assure you of a courteous and valuable reply. National Equipment Company, Limited 9 Wabash Ave., Toronto (Sole Manufacturers of Peerless Water Systems). ^!f':^^^f7^:rj^7?7Zi77Z^7^^'. Ginseng Growers Meet Tihe annual meeting of the Ontario Gin- seng Growers' Assoda^on was held in To- ronto, Se>ptember 10th. While tie meeUii« was not largely attended those who were there benefited by it. Mr. Forbes, of Lanark, exhibited some fine specimens of both ginseng and Golden Seal and gave a practical talk on his me- thods of growing these roots, as well SiS of hils success In ddsposing of them at a good price to a Chinaman in his home town. He strongly advocated the standardizing of the roots, and also having a central depot es- tablished where roots could be sent and sold, and where the best price could be ot>- tallied. The matter of shipping direct to China will be left over until war conditions are more favorable. Last year's ofUcers were all re-elected. — P. Wilson, Secretary. 283 Evelyn Ave., Toronto. New Brunswick J. Bebbington, Fredericton Potatoes are splendid here and scarcely any disease. They were sold on the mar- ket here early in September at $1.50 to $1.75 per -barrel. My son happened to be in Oulton, Maine, recently, -where there was such a glut that they were selling at 25c a barrel. They make a specialty, it appears, in that district of raising potatoes for ex- port. They expected there would be thou- sands of barrels wanted for war purposes, but are disappointed, and thus some of the farmers are ruined, so tbey say. The Sec- retary for Agriculture, Mr. Duggett, has ad- vised the farmers of New Brunswick for a year or so not to pin their faitih to potatoes too much. They are an uncertain crop, as the State of Maine ha« found to its sorrow. Cucumll>ers were imported here until Au- gust. When the New Brunswick crop came on they were so plentiful people did not want -many. A grocer said a month ago, "I can sell cucuml>ers at 10c each, but when I ask 2c. no one wants them. I procured a case at 90c. per dozen in July and then they paid me well. They are not selling at 2c. each retail." Tomatoes only ripened after August 1st, and then in small quantities. T^ey retailed about ithe first week in September at 5c. to 8c. per lb. Beets and carrots sold for 5c a bunch, and turnips 75c. a barrel, which was a good price and paid well. Celery has done very well. The rather wet season suited it. A limited quantity was used this season for the table, also for pickles. Golden bush wax beans have been poor this year owing to rust caused by too much wet weather. It is a good thing here not to have too many eggs in one basket WHITE & CO., Ltd. Church & Front Streets TORONTO, ONT. OCTOBER 1915 AS one of the largest and oldest commission houses on Front Street, we have a claim on your confi- dence and favor possessed by few others. The two things — perhaps there are three — that matter to you are: (1) the reliability of the house you deal with; (2) the ability to sell consignment quickly; and the third matter of importance is the ability of your commission agent to get top prices. We are 100% efficient in regard to these three items. We can and Correspond with us first, if you wish. Ship without waiting to write, if your matter is urgent. Shipping Stamps and Market Re- ports supplied on request. WILL SELL YOUR FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. OctoibeT, 1'915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 247 Good seed and its products — a commendable exhibit of one of Canada's largest Seed Houses at the- Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto, Ont. The Steele, Briggs Seed Campaay staa'ted in the seed business 43 years ago in a small way, and have made such rapid progress and have given such good satisfaction to their thousands of customers throughout Canada, as well as many other countries, that to-day they are the largest Seedsmen in Canada and one of the largest in America. The basis of all their dealings from the very beginning has been absolute reliability, and they have a great many customers who have been doing business with them for thirty-five years. Recently they have established New Trial Grounds at Oakville, Ont., which comprise 28 acres, and they have spared neither money nor effort to equip the grounds in the most efficient manner. There every variety of vegetable, flower and field seeds are given a thorough test every year; thus they know their stocks and can eliminate any variety not true to type or not hardy in our Canadian climate. Mr. Arthur W. Annandale, Secretary of the Steele, Briggs Seed Company, Is resi- dent on the farm, and all trial work is under his personal supervision. He has spent his whole lifetime in the seed busi- ness, in Scotland, England, U.S.A., and the last 22 years with the Steele Briggs Seed Company in Canada. Ever on the. alert, procuring and proving new varieties, enlisting the hardiest and ibest, keeping tstandard sorts 'Up to the highest mark — this policy has made Steele, Briggs Seed for purity and quality unsur- passed by any In the world. To-day there is no settlement in Canada where Steele, Briggs seeds are not known as a housphoiS RELIABLE r*v. ^ arc guaranteed ; backed by 65 years' pump- making experience. Write our nearest office for valuable 44-page book, "How To Spity." It is (rce. Send for your copy todaj/, THE GOULDS MFG. CO. Main Office and Works : SENECA FALLS. N. Y. Branches; > New York Atlanta Chicago i , BULBS jrtrc » i^r v''i V ,.:MtWim^^^Wi^ ' Aty Wi Single Mixed Tulips, $1.00 per 100 post- paid. "i^^l^, Double Mixed Tulips, $1.25 per 100, post- paid. Darwin Tulips, Mixed Colors, $1.50 per 100 postpaid. Hyacinths for Pots, or Outside Bedding, ^fiifliB^^I^^^^^^^^^^B . -' 45c. doz., $3.00 per 100, postpaid. ^L^II^^fl^Htl ':' Daffodils Princeps, 20c. doz., $1.25 per 100, postpaid. ^K^^^mMI^^^hSba- ', Paper White Narcissus, 25c. doz., $1.40 iN^^^^Hi per 100, postpaid. Write for our Price List liiMi^^^^^^^^^B GEO. KEITH & SONS Seed Merchants since 1866 124 King St. E. Toronto, Ont. Fruit Conditions in the West The Dominion ITruit Commissioner, D. Johnson, during the summer visited the var- ious markets of the prairie provinces for the purpose of making himself more familiar •with the conditions under which fruit is dis- tributed there. In Winnipeg, the Commis- sioner had an opportunity of investigating the arrival and sale of raspberries and straw- berries. The wholesale houses had arranged to pool their cars of fruit, the greater part of which was received from the northwestern states. The demand for berries was better than had been anticipated earlier in the sea- son, as it was thought that, owing to the war conditions and the high price of sugar, the amount of fruit consumed would be cur- tailed. The demand for tender fruit, how- ever, not only in Winnipeg, but in other mar- kets in the west, was much larger than last year, and on the whole he had reason co be- lieve that the wholesalers made prices fuily fifty per cent, higher than -were obtained last season. The same conditions existed in Saskatoon, Lethbridge, Edmonton and Caigary, al- though the province of Alberta was some- what more seriously affected by the money stringency which exists in the west at pre- sent. They have a prospect, however, of an enormous grain crop, and if this crop is har- vested without injury, the demand for fruit will be greatly increased. A Marketing Conference. Tn Calgary the commissioner attended the meeting which was called by the Calgary Ijoard of trade for the purpose of discussing the price of fruit. It was brought out at this meeting that last year the fruit grower In British Columbia received an average of 15c. (net) for his apples on the tree, while the consumer paid from $1.50 to $2.00 per box for the same fruit, the difference going to the transportation companies and the middlemen. It was the unanimous desire of the convention that the federal government should appoint a commission to thoroughly Investigate the marketing of fruit and to devise some different methods than now ex- ist of distrihuting same. British Columbia. Tn company with Chief Fruit Inspector Clarke, the commissioner visited the produc- ing centres of British Columbia, and made an effort to meet the growers as much as possible on their own ranches. In the Kootenay district many of the growers were somewhat discouraged owing to the low prices secured last year and the unsatisfac- tory condition of the orchards. Scab and aphis have developed to an alarming extent and many orchards will have little or no No. 1 fruit for sale. Up to the present this district has been fairly free from such pests. Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp Fruit and Vegetables Solicited WE GET YOU BEST PRICES OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with com- petent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcu- pine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your Interests. H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Cana- dian Bank of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies October, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST The Okanagan lakes constitute the great fruit producing district of British Coiumbia, and many thousands of acres of beautiful orchards are to be seen. This district wUl probably have a tonnage equal to last year, but in some parts the quality will seriously interfere with the mariieting, the scab and aphis affecting fully 60 per cent, in the nor- thern part, while the south or dry belt is comparatively free. The British Columbia fruit growers have made a special effort this year in the adver- tising of their fruits on the prairie markets as well as in their own province, and this campaign has resulted in practically no im- ported fruit being consumed. In the city of Vancouver alone it was estimated that $80,000 worth of American small fruit would have been marketed had it not been for the vigorous advertising efforts carried on by the British Columbia fruit growers. They are making arrangements for an even more vigorous campaign for the marketing of larger fruits and are confident of good re- sults. Washington State. The commissioner spent a day or two in the Washington fruit districts, as the fruit produced there comes in direct competition with the Canadian boxed apples. The apple crop in this district was about 60 per cent, of last year, and in Oregon and Northern California the crop was very light. This dis- trict has, perhaps, been more advertised than any other apple-producing district in the United States, with the result that 650,000 acres of orchard have been planted. These orchards are now coming into bear- ing, and, while last year they produced some 15,000 cars of apples, they predict that in ten years' time, at the rate of increased pro- duction, they will produce 50,000 cars. Many of the orchardists are growing discouraged, as they were led to "believe that a fortune was assured them in the business, but are now beginning to fear over-production. Some are seriously considering the removal of their orcihards in order to plant other crops, such as alfalfa, or wheat, which grow so wonderfully well there. NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE, ENG. In spite of the war there should be a great consumption of fruit this year in Great Britain. Government statistics show that there is less unemployment this year than there has been for years. 'Men are working day and night turning out munitions of war, working at a pressure never before dreamed possible. The world looks on amazed at the manner in whioh England has "found her- self." This city will be one of the large consum- ing centres as the working classes, many of whose homes contribute several members to war work, are earning as much as |50 a week per family. It is a veritable gold mine to them and they are able to buy luxuries as never before. Mr. W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines, Ont., this year grew an Dlberta peach tliat measured twelve Inches in circumference. Tlie Havvest Tells what fields need Plant- food the most. Ask us to help you build up your soil. A 52-page book, "Bumper Crops," is full of valuable pointers on fer- tilizing. FREE if you mention this paper. Shur-Crop ITEMS OF INTEREST. The Vineland, (Ont.) Experimental Sta- tion preserved and donated its whole crop of peaches for the military hospitals. The donation was expected to equal 5,000 gallon bins. BRITISH caUUMBIA. The inspectors this year have returned several large shipments of fruit, from United States points, owing to their being infected with the coddling moth, and similar pests. One shipment contained 400 boxes of pears and 600 boxes of peaches. It was sent back from Vancouver. Another large shipment of pears was sent back from Vancouver. As a result of the recent fruit conference at Calgary, a party of about 50 members of the Calgary Board of Trade is expected to visit the leading fruit districts of British Columbia early in October. The executive of the Okanagan United Growers expect a material change for the better over conditions than obtained last year. They estimate that the total apple crop of the Okanagan will bring the growers cash returns amounting to close to half a million dollars, and that the sale of other fruits will show an increase in price of from 10 to 30 per cent, over the returns received in 1914. Putting the total shipment of apples from the valley at 350,000 boxes, which was the amount marketed last season, they figure that this will bring in about $455,000, as compared with $350,000 in 1914. Returns for apples are estimated to average about $1.35 per box as compared to 80c last season. Fertilizers A four weeks' campaign is being conduct- ed in St. Catharines, and vicinity, to can 10,000 jars of fruit for Canadian soldiers in hospitals in Prance and England. Jars and sugar are being supplied by a committee, ladies iwill put up the fruit, which growers will donate on the trees. Boy scouts, sol- diers and civilians will do the picking. W. D. Culp, of iBeamsville, this year picked twelve plums that weighed 2 lbs. 12 ozs. or an average of 3 2-3 ozs. each. One measur- ed 7 1-2 inches in circumference. 'HEBESTMAPt FO STEP'S Standard POT We have a large stock of all size FLOWER POTS FLRN OR BULB PANS % AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Orders Filled Promptly. Send for Prices. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. We Build Greenhouses That Earn More— Cost Less to Run What you can produce in your greenhouses depends on the efficiency of their construction. We build and equip glass houses that utilize all available sunlight, that economize on heat, and therefore cost less to operate. You don't want to be a follower. Get In the lead with other big men by being the first in your district to put up a modern greenhouse. A good house Is the best insurance you can place on your crop. We Invite consultation. Plans and estimates cheerfully furnished without obligation on your part. GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, LIMITED Makers of Greenhouses, Heating and Ventilating Apparatus, etc.. Oept. B. 201 Church St., Toronto P.O. Box 1042 Montreal vl THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST PJoraU Edition. Classified Ad vt rtise ment s Advertisements in this department In- serted at rate of 3 cents a word for each Insertion, each figure, sign, or single letter to count as one word, minimum cost 30c., strictly cash In advance. REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruits (arms a speci- alty. W. B. Calder, Grimsby. NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Before buying, It will pay you to consult me. I make a specialty of fruit and grrain farms. Melvln Gayman & Co., St. Catharines. FARMS — All kinds, all sizes, for sale, fruit stock, grain and dairy farms. Let me know what you are looking for. H. W. Dawson, Brampton, Ont. BEES AND QUEENS GOLDEN 3-BANDED ITALIANS, also Carnl- olan queens. Tested, {1.00 each, 6 or mure, 86c each. Untested, 75c each, 6 or more, 65c each. Everything guaranteed to reach you In good shape. No disease. I. N. Bankston, Bufralo. Texas, Box 135. BEST THREE BANDED ITALIAN QUEENS— June to October, mothers selected from more than 100 colonies and reared In hives run- ning over with bees, according to the late:it scientific methods. Every queen a dajidy. Sati.-^faction guaranteed. Each 76c, per dozen J7.20, per hundred $50.00. Also bees and honey. J. H. Haughey, Berrien Springs, Mich. MISCELLANEOUS 1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors, any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. Pearl Card Co., CUntonviUe. Conn. FOR SALE — A 1% H.P. Gilson Gasoline Engine (practically new), on truck, with 60 speed countershaft and five interchangeable pulleys. Chas. T. Ross, 88 Quebec St., Sherbrooke, Que. WANTED — To hear from owner of good Farm for Sale. Send cash price and description. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. SANDER & SONS ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND ORCHID GROWERS. The Finest Stock in tiie World Catalogue on Application g)!^LWE MACHINE OF iRRiCATiON Write for lix booki on indoor and outdoor irrisatioD. The Skinner Irrigation Co.,233W.urSt.,Tr«y.o. NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundreds of vari- eties adapted for the Canadian cli- mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own saving. Catalogue free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENQ. The production of ai>ples, peaches, and pears in the United States this year will show a considerable increase over the aver- age production for the past ten years. The percentage yield for apples is estimated at 62 per cent., compared with an average yield of 53 per cent. The yield will be smaller, however, than last year's yield. Peaches show a twelve per cent, increase over the average and pears three per cent. hlbits or apples in boxes and barrels. The annual convention of the growers, including educational sessions, will take place In the same building as the e.xhIbition. Manufac- turers of spraying machinery and orchard appliances will have exhibits. The secretary is G. G. Uramhill, I'etroJia. The second annual exhibition of the Lambton County Fruit and Vegetable Grow- er's Association will be held in the city of Sarnla on October 27, 28 and 29. Special attention is paid to large commercial ex- "Observations and experiments on the San Jose Scale," is the title of Bulletin 180, Issued by the University of liUnols, Urbana, 111. A pamphlet on Apple Spraying Experi- ments has been received from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station giving the results of work done at Highmoor Farm in 1914. THE COMMISSION MAN Under-noted are Canadian and British firms wishing consign ments of fruit and vegetables. Correspondence is solicited NICHOLSON & DEMPSTER 88 Colborne St., Toronto, Ont. Receivers and shippers of local and car- loads lots Potatoes, Apples, and Mixed Vegetables. WANTED — Consignments of tomatoes, peaches, cherries, grapes, and all kinds of fruit and basket apples, also carlof apples. Centrally located: convenient to all car tracks. LAING BROS. Wholesale Fruit Merchants 307-309 Elgin Ave. : Winnipeg, Man. HERBERT PETERS 88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont Wholesale Fruit and Produce See advertisement on page 248. SIMONS FRUIT CO. David L. Dick. Manager 27 CHURCH ST. TORONTO, ONT. Representing Simons, Shuttleworth & Co. Liverpool and Manchester. Simons, Jacobs & Co. Garcia. Jacobs & Co. Glasgow. Scotland London, England. Receivers of Apples and Pears. H. J. ASH 44-46 Church St. TORONTO - - ONTARIO Consignments of fruit and vegetables so- licited. We give personal, consistent and reliable attention to every consignment Shipping stamps furnished on request The Oldest Commission House trVlVS* in Toronto ^^ *• Consignments. Bankers: London County and Westminster Bank, Southwark Branch. FRED BARKER 25 Church St., Toronto, Ont Representing J. H. Goodwin, Manchester; Thos. Russell, Glasgow; Nothard & Lowe, London; G. E. Cooper, Liverpool, APPLE RECEIVERS. Consignments Solicited. Established 1880. John Robinson FRUIT IMPORTER AND SALESMAN, 3 Rochester St., Borough IVIarket, LONDON, ENG. HYSLOi' & SONS 132 Princess Street : Winnipeg, Man. Fruit Growers and Shippers We have opened up a commission house In Winnipeg, and solicit consignments of fruit. Commission, 10 per cent. References — Any mercantile agency, or Bank of Hamilton, Uamiltou, Ont Telegraphic address; "Redsoil, London." A. B.C. Codes. I shall be pleased to have your consign- ments of Apples. Regular market reports sent on request Correspondence Is Invited. JACKSON FRUIT CO. REGINA, SASK. WHOLESALE FRUIT AND PRODUCE. Get in touch with us, we shall be pleased to advise you as to the conditions of prairie markets and will handle consignments to your satisfaction. Good connections through- out the prairies. Dawson, Elliott Co. 32 West Market St., TORONTO. Telephone Main 1471. Consignments of Apples and Vegetables solicited. Highest prices obtained. Rogers Fruit Co. Limited WINNIPEG, MAN. Largest fruit and vegetable dealers in the West. Write or wire your offerings. This space costs $1.40 or 5s. 9d. per Insertion. If you want to do business with Ontario fruit growers this fall, order for November and December. The Canadian Horticultun^ Vol. XXXVIII Floral Edition PETERBORO, NOVEMBER, 1915 No. 11 The Accomplishments of a Market Gardener SIXTEEN years ago, there came to Montreal from Naples a young Italian to carve for himself a place in the new world. Possessing a thorough knowledge of market gar- dening, a descendant, in fact, from gen- erations of market gardeners, possess- ing a capital of $1,000.00, a strong physique and a clear brain, but with- out a knowledge of either English or French, he rented ten acres of land in Notre Dame de Grace, now a part of the City of Montreal. Three hundred dollars was paid in advance for a year's rent. Three hundred was expended in manure, seeds, imple- ments, horses, etc., and living expenses came out of the balance, together with such credit as he could get. This, in short, is the history of the start of Pel- legrino Del Sole, now the largest mar- ket gardener in the Province of Que- bec, if not in the Dominion of Canada. To-day his vegetable farms at Mont- real West comprise ninety-nine acres, eighty-five of which are devoted to vegetable growing, and fourteen acres to apple orchard. In addition to these farms, he purchased two years ago one hundred and ninety acres of ideal vege- E. B. Luke, Montreal, Que. table land at St. Hubert, about eight miles from Montreal, of which sixty- five acres are planted to vegetables, thirty-five acres to hay, and forty to oats, and the balance in young orchard. On this farm he has his own private siding installed at a cost of two thou- sand dollars, also a private telephone line connecting his two places, and costing five hundred dollars a year. Mr. Del Sole's policy has always been to produce in- the largest quanti- ties of the highest quality and to be in a position to supply vegetables in single bunches or in car load lots on any day of the year. Taking more from an acre than the ordinary farmer does from twenty, he realizes that plant food must be returned to the land in like proportion, so he is a prodigious user of fertilizer, using seventy to seventy- five tons an acre. His manure on both his farms costs him about six thousand dollars a year. His method of culti- vating a new piece of land, after thor- oughly manuring it, is to plow the first year six inches deep, the second year eight inches deep, and thereafter twelve inches deep, claiming the shal- lower the root system until the land is thoroughly enriched, the quicker and better the growth. Even his hay field is enriched every year and broken up every four or five years. The wi.s- dom of this is seen from the fact that last year thirty-five acres of hay net- ted him two thousand two hundred dol- lars, aside from that retained to feed his own stock. The principal crops grown are celery, onions, cabbage, cauliflower, cucum- bers, beets, carrots, parsnips, turnips, tomatoes, egg plants, pepper, spinach, lettuce, Swiss chard, parsley, leeks, also three acres of melons that pay from .$3,000 to $4,000 gross per acre. Mr. Del Sole 's turnover is from sixty- five to seventy-five thousand dollars a year. On an average six loads a day in the summer is disposed of on the Bonsecours market. About one- third is shipped to Quebec. Car load shipments are also made to such points as Halifax, N.S., and St. John, N.B. Large quantities are disposed of to the leading hotels and groceries in the city, who are his regular customers because he can always supply them, growing as he does more than any other twenty market gardeners in .\ iKiitiori of a ftelU of celery im .Mr. Del Sole's fanii tii Notre Dame lie Grace. Some of the varieties frown are Imported from France and Italy. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Editiou. ^ r^ ^ "fil* W J»i^/ 4'P A tenement built by Mr. Del Sole for his help on hla farm at St. Hubert. Montreal. His melons find a ready sale in Boston and New York. His celery is carefully graded at picking time, grades two and three being sold for immediate delivery, while number one plants are carefully crated and stored in his large frost-proof cellar for the winter market. In this cellar is also stored his winter supply of other vege- tables, enabling him to supply his trade right up to the season for new vegetables. From twenty-five to seventy-five picked and experienced men are em- ployed, according to the season. They are paid the highest wages. Not a weed could be found on any of his farms, for, as he says, "I do not sell weeds, so I do not grow weeds." The nature of the land on part of the farm at St. Hubert is interesting. The farm is very level. Part of it was originally swamp. The land in that portion of it is rich, the black earth going down to a dc^pth of twelve to thirteen feet. This land is as fine a.s powder. A person can put their arm down in it to the elbow without diffi- culty. The cellar in which Mr. Del Sole stores his vegetables is simple in con- struction, and looks as if it did not amount to much, but it is well ar- ranged. It is about two hundred feet long by about forty feet wide. It is arranged into compartments, enabling him to crate his celery four deep and with separate compartments for cauli- flower, also a half story, covering a whole cellar, for onions and such other produce as can be stored in bins on the floor. At one end of the cellar there is a complete work shop, sorting and packing room. In onions, such varieties are grown as the Early Red, Red Globe, Yellow Globe, Red Weatherfield, and Silver King, in addition to some Italian varie- ties, the seeds for which are imported. In celerj"-, the varieties grown include the Golden and Green, and varieties imported from France and Italy. That intensive farming pays is at- tested by the fact that Mr. Del Sole's net profits are from ten thousand dol- lars to twelve thousand dollars a year. It is also known that, aside from his farms, he owns valuable city property, and in addition has five farms clear of all incumbrance in Italy, on which he is producing considerable quantities of nuts that he finds a ready market for and at profitable prices in Canada. A conservative estimate is that market gardening has netted him well over two hundred thousand dollars, and he is only forty-three years of age — in other words, just in his prime. Fall Work in the Orchard M. B. Davis, B.S.A., Ottawa Although the fall is the slackest time of the year for the fruit grower, there are a few things that need attention yet before winter sets in. In the orchard, little can be done after the crop is harvested, for pruning should be left until next spring. In the more favored districts, however, where fall plowing is practicable, such as in the Maritime Provinces, this work should commence at once. In young orchards, where mice arc generally abundant, now is the time to protect the trees against their ravage.^. Before the snow comes, building paper should be tied about the trunks of tht- young trees and a little earth mounded up at the base and well tramped down, so that the mice cannot work under- neath the paper. This paper prevents the mice from girdling the trees in winter, which they will surely do when in search of some succulent food. This paper also acts as a very good pre- ventative against sunscald in the month of March. It is removed from the trees in the spring of the year after the trees have started into growth. Winter Protection. The winter protection for the straw- berry field should not be delayed too long. Put on a moderately heavy coat of straw, spreading it over the Avhole patch. If there are any low-lying places in the plantation, run a furrow through these spots to allow a circula- tion of air to pass through during the early spring months when the ice is thawing out. Unless growing grapes in the fruit belt, where winter protection is not re- quired, it will be necessary to lay the vines down and cover them with earth. .■^i !j3Sira«^ Cratlngr celery for storagre on Mr. Del Sole's farm at St Hubert. Mr. Del Sole says that his summer produce simply pays his expenses. He makes his profits from what he sells from fall until spring. During the winter he makes as high as $400 a week from bis celery alone. November, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 251 Pruning the vineyard is generally car- ried on at this season of the year. If not already done, it is a good time to remove the dead canes from the raspberry patch, instead of leaving them for next spring, when work will be piling up. The fall of the year is the best time for setting out raspberries and cur- rants. This should be done as soon as possible now. It is also an excellent time to take currant cuttings for next year's new currant bushes. These cut- tings are taken from the present sea- son's well-ripened wood, and may be stored in moist sand in a cool cellar, or planted at once in nursery rows in the open. Scions from apple trees may also be gathered now ; in fact it is better to gather them before severe winter wea- ther, for then you obtain them before any drying-out has occurred, and the chances of their uniting with the stock are thus increased. They should be stored in a cool, damp place, and packed in moist sand or sawdust to prevent drying out. Irrigation Tests at Macdonald College Prof. T. G. Bunting, Macdonald College I I IRRIGATION has been practised for several thousand years in parts of the old world. The Egyptians have irrigated of necessity for probably four thousand years, and in recent years large sums of money have been spent in improving their system and in ex- tending the area under irrigation in the great desert of the valley of the Nile. With the opening and development of the Pacific Coast region to fruit growing and vegetable gardening irri- gation at once became a great factor in the wonderful success of that coun- try. Their systems of irrigation are largely modelled after those of the old world, in which water is taken from the rivers and carried by gravity to the land and there distributed to the crops by flooding or conducting the water through narrow furrows between the rows of plants. Within comparatively recent years irrigation for certain crops has been practised extensively in the eastern United States, and dur- ing the last few years has been intro- duced into Eastern Canada. With the greater importance of our crops and their increasing cost of production we have been forced to use more and more water, until now many hundreds of acres of vegetables, small fruits and florists' stock are under irrigation in the eastern United States and Canada. Droughts Cause Loss. Not a year passes without a greater or less period of drought during the summer season. This is the time plants are or should be making their maxi- mum growth. How often do we see reports that such and such crops have been greatly affected by a drought. These periods of drought are probably the greatest limiting factor in crop production that we have to contend with. This is because water is one of the most important factors in crop pro- duction, and one that is not fully appre- ciated. It is essential for the proper solution of plant foods in the soil. Without it the important soil function could not take place. Plant food must be in very weak dilution in the soil water or it cannot be taken up by the plants. It comprises the larger part by weight of all plants, and for every pound of dry matter contained in them hundreds of pounds of water are re- quired for the transference of this dry matter from the soil to the plant. There are many ways of conserving soil moisture to tide the plants of whatever kind over these periods of droug'ht, such as drainage, cultivation and mulching, but only in the direct application of water can we be abso- lutely independent of rainfall. This condition explains the great import- ance of reliable irrigation systems. Irrigation is not intended to take the place of rain, but rather to supplement it during a dry period. On account of the uncertainty of rainfall it is always desirable that irrigated land be well drained, if not naturally, then by means of tile to carry off at any time excess water. Controlling Factors. The practicability of irrigating land is dependent upon the greater returns that may be obtained from that land under irrigation. Many crops would not show a sufficient increase in re- turns to warrant the expenditure ne- cessary to instal and operate a practi- cal system, so that it at once becomes necessary to determine what crops may be expected to show a return un- der irrigation. It is partly for this reason that the various colleges and experimental farms in Canada have al- ready installed systems. However, from our present knowledge we are reasonably sure that in many places under average conditions irrigation will pay abundantly on such crops as strawberries, celery, onions, etc., and on many lines of florists' stock. This profit may be obtained from the crop under irrigation by giving a greatly increased yield, a better quality crop in everything that makes for quality, an earlier crop, or a crop that is much freer from injuries from disease and insect pests. Also irrigation will fre- quently permit of a second crop after an early one, or will permit of the sow- ing of a cover crop after the main crop has been harvested, and by forcing this cover crop with water we can benefit This crop of potatoes yielded 600 bushels to the acre. Note the piping for the Skinner system of irrlg"atlon which was used. 252 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. 1 ■ ■ to * '^^1 ■ 7H' '"^^^^^^^H 1 1 1 '/ ^ 1 ^'l^^Mri ^ ^^ jfc ^^~»JI vT-Tr jiM ■ |K^ '^'^^Hf^liin f^St ^ F i^T|M3jM^^P 1 lo i The erowing of grapes on a commercial scale is being developed in Lambton County Ont This vineyard is owned by Robt. W. Riggs, Arkona, Ont. the soil so that it will be in much bet- ter shape for the following year's crop. There are many ways of applyinj? water to the ground or growing crops, and one of the commonest to the florist is by means of a garden hose attached to a supply of water under pressure. This is slow work and expensive of labor or upkeep and is only feasible on small gardens. Small garden sprinklers of various makes and capacities are often used with the hose to reduce the cost of distribution, but they do not distribute uniformly and only partly reduce the cost. Surface irrigation, such as conducting water by gravity through ditches and distributing it be- tween the rows of plants in shallow fur- rows is extravagant of water and not very well suited to our conditions of soil. Sub-irrigation, or the distribution of water through numerous under- ground tile is also extravagant of water and does not give even distribution or uniform results. The system that is in general use and that is giving greatest satisfaction is a system of overhead sprinkling after the manner of rainfall, and is called the Skinner System of Irrigation. It con- sists of an overhead system of lateral pipes, three-quarter inches to one and one-quarter inches in diameter, depend- ing on its length, in parallel rows, for- ty-five feet to sixty feet apart, connect- ed to a main supply line, usually under ground, and delivering the water to the laterals at a pressure of twenty-five to thirty-five or more pounds. The lat- erals are provided at intervals of from three to four feet with small nozzles in perfect alignment that throw a stream of water from twenty to thirty feet. This stream of water, in being thrown from the nozzle, is broken up into in- numerable small drops which fall to the ground in much the same manner as a gentle rain, and the ground is cov- ered uniformly. The latest lines are provided with a turning device, so that the nozzles may be elevated or lowered, depending on the distance desired to throw the water, side to be irrigated, or direction and velocity of wind. Approximately one inch of water may be delivered on the land for the full length of the lateral over a width of twenty-five feet in a period of ten hours, of course depending on pressure of water, size of pipe and nozzles used ; or both sides of the lateral can be irri- gated to a depth of one inch in two periods of ten hours each. One inch cf water is equivalent to a heavy rainfall, and will give a thorough soaking to the ground for a considerable depth, depending on the dryness of the soil before the application. At Macdonald College we have been giving with good results an application of one-half to three-quarters of an inch of water at a time and the applications as frequentlj^ as every five to seven days, again de- pending on the rainfall and condition of the crop. One good irrigation once a week is of more value than a number of light sprinkles every day during the dry season. Light sprinkling onlj^ wets the surface soil and is soon lost by evap- oration, and little of it ever gets to the roots of the plants. Cost of Installation. This system is an expensive one to insital, but of course much depends on the source of water supply, cost of pumping and delivering the water un- der the required pressure, cost of pips and material, and labor required. As this varies a great deal no estimates can be reliably gfven, but if water can- not be delivered to the land to be ir- rigated at the required pressure at ten cents per thousand gallons the cost would probably be excessive. At ten cents per thousand gallons the cost is approximately two dollars and thirty cents an acre inch of water for delivery charge, and one would require from two to five acre inches of water per season. During the past season we used on an average two decimal fifty- five acre inches of water over nine acres of vegetables, strawberries and some florists' stock, some crops requir- ing more water than others. The cost of installing the system on the land, exclusive of the cost of deliv- ering the water, can be more easily de- termined. Estimates will vary accord- ing to the price of pipe and other ma- terial used, labor and method used in supporting the lateral lines. These es- timates may run from one hundred dol- lars to as high as three hundred dollars an acre or more. Our .system, which has been in practical operation for two seasons, has cost for installation slightly under one hundred dollars an acre, but as yet the laterals are sup- ported on wooden stakes, which will eventually be replaced by permanent pipe supports set in concrete. This will cost approximately twenty-five dollars per acre, and with a few minor changes and improvements the sj'stem will cost well under one hundred and forty dollars an acre for installation. The question of depreciation cannot be determined until the system has been under operation for a series of years, but if properly installed and given reasonable care and attention the depreciation should not exceed ten per cent, per year. We have not as yet obtained any definite information on the actual yearly cost of irrigating, including co.st of pumping and delivering water, in- terest on capital invested in plant, de- preciation, and labor attached to irri- gating and the upkeep of the sj'stem, but judging from the present informa- tion it will not be far short, if not above twenty-five dollars an acre per season, depending on the season and the kind of crop to be irrigated. Macdonald College was the first ex- perimental farm in this country to in- stall the Skinner System. We have nearly nine acres of it in operation. The crops that have been irrigated with apparent success are strawberries, celery, onions, potatoes, early com, to- matoes and melons, together with some fiorists' stock. We have yet much to learn about irrigation under our conditions in re- gard to amount of water required, fre- quency of application, and crops on which it may reasonably be expected to show a profit. Also it should in fu- ture he possible to considerably lessen the cost of installation and the cost of pumping water. There are many growers who could obtain an abundant supply of water (Continued on page 266.) November, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 25S Room Plants in Winter John Gall, Inglewood, Ont. MANY plants that have succeeded fairly well in the dwelling house during the summer and early- fall months begin, when winter sets in, to lose their freshness. Of course, one looks for this in the case of plants of a soft-wooded nature, but when such subjects as palms, the evergreen A beauty spot in Gait, planted by the Gait Horticultural Society. ferns, and even Aspidistras look more or less unhappy, the cause needs seek- ing. There are several reasons that may be put forward for this, but one of the most likely causes of the plants being affected is that with the increase of fires, lamps or gas for the purposes of illumination, the atmosphere is render- ed much drier than it was. This con- dition of things is very detrimental to plant life, and consequently the plants soon show the effects thereof. The best lighting medium for the welfare of plants is electricity and the worst, gas. The exceedingly dry atmosphere against which we have to contend also causes the soil in the pots to dry as quickly as, or perhaps even in some cases quicker than in the summer, though, of course, in this respect the condition of the plants, the require- ments of the different individuals and their position in the room all play an important part in the matter. A question put perhaps more fre- quently than any other is, "How often should T water my plants which are in the window or elsewhere in the room?" This question is easily asked, but abso- lutely impossible to answer. Take, for instance, a palm growing in a compara- tively small pot. Around the bottom of this, the stout roots, whence the prin- cipal nourishment is derived, are coiled. Under such conditions it is almost im- possible to over-water it, whereas an- other one, in a larger pot, and conse- (|uently a greater mass of soil perhaps unpenetrated by roots, would be killed by receiving the same treatinent. A mistake very often made is that ps soon as a plant appears somewhat sickly it is looked upon as requiring a larger pot, whatever be the season of the year. Even if it would be bene- fited by an increased size of pot, the op- peration of repotting should not be car- ried out after September; indeed, the months of April, May, June and July are best for the purpose, as there is then ample time for the new roots to take possession of the fresh soil before the winter. Such being the case, if plants at this season appear to be un- derpotted, the better way will be to wait till April before disturbing them at the roots. As it is impossible to state any defin- ite period when room plants should be watered, a few words of advice may be given on this point. In the first place, the soil must be allowed to get dry before watering, and then enough water should be given to thoroughly moisten the ball of earth. By saying drj', it is not meant that the soil must be parched up so as to injure the plant, but rather that it is in that condition which a careful observer will at once see as likely to be benefited by a good watering. Above all things, avoid giving little drops occasionally, as this will undermine the constitution of plants. When a plant requires water- ing, the better plan will be to take and stand it in a pail of slightly tepid water at such a depth that the rim of the pot is covered. When the water has percolated through the entire ball of earth, which ma.v be ascertained by the air bubbles ceasing to rise, it should be taken from the pail, allowed to drain, and then put in its usual place. On no account should stagnant water be allowed to stand in the jardinieres in which the plants are placed. With the dry atmosphere there is always a certain amount of dust, and to keep the foliage ' of the plants as clean as possible is a very important matter. Such subjects as the Aspi- distra and palms of different kinds, whose leaves are smooth and of a firm texture, may be readily kept clean by frequently sponging with lukewarm water. On the other hand, such sub- jects as ferns, whose foliage is very in- tricately divided, collect the dust to a greater extent than the smooth-leaved plants, and are also moTe difficult to clean. The better way is to take ad- vantage of a mild day to give them a syringing. On no account, however, must this be done during frost. Another very important matter dur- ing sharp, frosty weather is to bear in mind that the greatest cold is, as a rule, experienced during the night when the fire is apt to go down, and consequently the temperature of the room is lowered. The coldest part is, of course, near the window, where most of the plants are usually kept; and in order to make all safe, the plants should be removed from their more exposed position to the centre of the room, where, arranged in a close group and covered with a few news- papers, they will be safe. When pos- sible, however, they should be stood near the window, so as to obtain the full measure of light which is so essen- tial to the welfare of the plants in general. We should work for "A beauty that supplies a daily need" and not a Sun- day pride. The bungalow and giirden. in Lundy'.s Lane. Ont Two years before the photograph was taken the from an old foundation were used ., of Mr. F. Junkinson, of Niagara Falls South, lot was a waste of weeds and rubbish. Stones for borders and landscape effects. 254 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Kdltion. This shows another portion of Mr. Junkinson's garden. The garden throughout was planted with the object of creating an informal effect. Its pleasing character is well shown In the Illustration. Tender Plants in Cold Frames B. C. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont. MANY tender plants are wintered in cold frames, and on the other hand, many perish. The great- est enemy to contend with is damp, and therefore precautions should be taken to combat it as far as possible. In the first place, the bottom of the frame should be above the surrounding ground, and the bottom covered with ashes (not too fine), or some similar material. Then when the plants are placed in their winter quarters, thej' should be kept as dry as possible, con- sistent with safety. ' Until frosty weather comes, air should be given night and day, so that the plants may be kept in as dormant and hardy a state as possible. The lights, of course, should not be left off during either rain or snow, but when air is desirable, they may be tilted dur- ing the night. This will keep the plants in as good a condition as pos- sible to withstand severe weather. When the time comes when severe frosts may be expected, the exposed sides of the frame should be banked up with some frost-resisting material, such as litter, leaves or old straw. It should be as dry as possible when put into its place, as dry material of any kind resists frost much better when it is wet. During severe and long-continued frost the occupants of the frame may become frozen, despite the covering of litter. In this ease nothing can be done, and the. least harm will accrue if the plants are allowed to remain un- disturbed. When the thaw comes is a very critical time, but with a little care the risk of injury may be greatly minimized. However pronounced the thaw, the frames should be allowed to remain shut up for twenty-four hours and the plants kept in absolute dark- ness. At the expiration of that time, the lights must be tilted a little at the back, which is the highest part, in order to allow the moisture to escape, but not enough to admit daylight. They may be left in this way for two or three days, and after this the plant inured gradually to the light. Then, as soon as possible, the frame should be examined to ascertain the condition of its occupants, and also for the re- moval of any decaying leaves. In this way many tender plants may often be brought safely through the winter months. The Vegetable and Fruit Garden* H. L. Patmore, Brandon, Man. IF we want to have a garden in which the soil shall be sweet and- clean and free from insects and grubs, we should clean up in the fall all rubbish, dead vines, and other litter and bum it. Have the land well dug, or if pos- sible deeply ploughed and manured, first spreading on it rotted manure and then ploughing or digging it •Extract from an address before the Manitoba Horticultural Society. under. It is best to leave the land if possible a little rough in the fall, so tliat the rain, snows and frost can penetrate, sweetening the soil and leaving it in good, moist condition in 1he spring. The ground allotted for the sowing of onions, carrots, parsnips and other early seeds should be made ready in the fall, so that the seed can be put in .iu.st as early as possible in the spring. This is where so many of our garden- ers in this western climate fall down. A few dajTi' difference with these seeds in the spring will often make a differ- ence between a good crop and a fail- ure, especially with onions. For early spring use, Egyptian Per- ennial onions can be planted in the fall, and the earlier the better. These will be ready to use the earliest of any in the spring, when they are tender. Rhubarb is a plant that runs out very quickly in this climate. To ob- tain the best yield and quality, the plants should be renewed at least every three or four years. To do this, the best plan is to take a few strong cro"\vns from the old plants each fall and start a new supply. In this way you will always have a good .stock of young rhubarb roots gro%ving and coming into their best productive value. The older plants can be dug and left to rest in the fall of the year, even on top of the ground. Dry weather or frost will not hurt them; and if left available in any place they can be picked up in the winter time and brought into the house and placed in a flower pot or tub near heat, and in two or three w^eks a supply of rhu- barb for use can be obtained. This is so easy that if generally kno-«-n it would be very useful and of value to many a family living on the western prairies. Asparagus plants are all the better for manuring, and a loosening of soil in the fall of the year, if possible, leav- ing a little of the tops out to gather the snow. If we have fruit trees and bushes in the garden, it is well to put manure around them and dig it under in the fall; and if there is danger of rabbits and mice being destructive, a little tar paper wrapped around the fruit trees will do much to prevent injury. Currants and goaseberries should be pruned slightly in the fall, just taking away the old, dry wood or anything which is straggly. To obtain a crop of good, large fruit of these the fol- lowing season a dressing of cow ma- nure would be of great assistance. Cow manure is largely water, and if dug into the soil around the bushes in the fall of the year, it vnW keep the soil cool and moist all througrh the fol- lo\ving summer, enabling the bushes to produce the largest sized berries. November, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Garden Suggestions for November 255 THE planting of bulbs for spring blooming should be finished as soon as possible now. Hard, freezing weather may be expected al- most any time, and it is not an easy task to have to dig off a few inches of frozen earth in order to plant the bulbs. When planting is completed the autumn cleaning should begin in earnest. Deciduous trees are now shedding their leaves, and in large gardens, where many of these trees are accommodated, it is always a relief when the last of the leaves are down._ The leaves should be gathered, as free from sticks and stones as possible, and stored in an out of the way corner for future use. Oak and beech leaves are the best for preparing leaf mould for potting purposes. Elder, Maple, Chestnut, and other leaves are usually raked into heaps and burned. This practice, however, is one we do not advocate. These leaves can be turned into valu- able manure by being mixed with other garden refuse, and allowed to decom- pose. A few of the Elder, Maple and Chest- nut leaves mixed among a bulk of others will not be harmful. Some authorities claim that leaves gathered Henry Gibson in town gardens are not fit to use in preparing leaf-mould for potting pur- poses. This, however, is contrary to our experience, as we never have found them to have a bad effect on plant life. The Wild Garden. As a general rule the wild garden is left to take care of itself. The falling leaves afford fine protection for many of the smaller plants, yet they should not be allowed to congregate in bulk and bury the dwarf plants. Wild gardens are becoming very popular and, inasmuch as it may be described as a cheap form of gardening, they are likely to become more popular still. While it is rather late in the season to think of making additions in the way of trees and shrubs, yet plans could be laid for carrying out this work in the spring. Tn making additions, care should be taken to avoid the creation of a stiff, formal appearance. Straight lines of trees are not desirable, and foot paths should be irregular and winding. A charming path may be made of irregular shaped stones. This could be done now, so long as the ground remains open. Too much care should not be taken in making the stones fit in evenly, as the spaces be- tween them may be filled with soil and planted with alpines. Plans can be formulated for plant- ing unshaded positions with rambler roses of the Dorothy Perkins type. They may be had in a variety of shades, and if allowed to roam at will they provide a glorious carpet of color when in bloom. Tree stumps or in- verted tree roots can be used to sup- port roses of the Penzance hybrid class. The strongest varieties should be selected, and although they will re- quire but little attention when once established, it is important that they be planted in good soil. Other parts of the wild garden may be adorned by the planting of a few dogwoods, (Cornus Plouida) both pink and white may be used. They form a pleasing contrast when in bloom in the early spring, and they are also desir- able for the display the berries make in the fall. When transplanted the dogwoods are slow to start into growth, but they are very tenacious of life, as what may appear to be a dead tree, will eventually show signs of life. Narcissus may also be used to ad- vantage for producing effect in the wild garden. These should be planted in conspicuous groups, rather than scattered over a larger area. Forget- me-nots are perhaps one of the best subjects for the decoration of the The absence of straight lines adds greatly to the beauty of thi.s perennla' border. I'lan now for next year's burdi r. 256 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Bulbs for Fall Planting Mies A. H. Austin, Toronto, Ont. Mikado asters grown by Mr. Arch Bidwell, a director of the Barrie Horticultural Society. woodland walk, and Myosatis Sylvatica is, we think, the best for this purpose. All vegetable matter from the flower and vegetable garden should be stack- ed for future use. The substitution of automobiles for horse traffic is likely to lead to a scarcity of animal man- ures, and although commercial fertil- izers may largely be substituted, yet they do not provide the humus neces- sary for the successful cultivation of plant life. Decayed vegetable matter is a splendid fertilizer, and if its true value was more generally understood among amateur gardeners very little of it would find its way into the rub- bish heap. All kinds of spent plants, fallen leaves, and even the lawn mow- ings may be utilized. They should be stacked deeply in an out of the way place, and turned and re-stacked sev- eral times to hasten decomposition. A light sprinkling of superphosphate of lime may be given at intervals while the work of re-stacking is in progress. After several turnings, the heap may be covered with soil, and when thorough decomposition has taken place it will be found equal to the best animal manure. In town gardens, where animal manure is specially dif- ;ficult to obtain, special efforts to pre- serve all this kind of refuse should be made. Old potting soil, floor sweep- ings, and fine ashes may be used. On heavy soils ashes are particularly valuable. The situation of a strawberry bed should be open and airy ; they will not tolerate shade.— W. A. Dier, Ottawa, Ont. IT was my good fortune last summer to visit the land of bulbs, Holland, Early in the sixteenth century Dutch travellers returning from east- ern P^urope brought back tulips. Plower-lovers enthused over the beauty of form and color of these new novelties and exhibited them at hom& and abroad. So rapidly did the popu- larity of these, then unique, flowers increase that soon people began to i?row them for exporting. It was very interesting to see the large warehouses in Holland where they are stored, but more interesting to see acres and acres of land around Haarlem (now the leading city of this trade) devoted to the cultivation of the many spring bulbs. Fancy the riot of color, every hue one could think of, as far as the eye could see, jniles of color! The soil and climate of this fascinating country seem peculiarly suitable to bulb culture, with the result that Holland is classed as the largest bulb producing country in the world. I was anxious to pur- chase some special varieties while there, but alas, my individual order was too small. Planting Suggestions. For massing together I would ad- vise the common varieties. Planted in a bed six feet or more in diameter and divided into four equal sections, crimsons and yellows make a brilliant splash of color early in the spring. The May-flowering varieties, Dar- wins, (which have become popular only in the last twenty-five years) Cottage and Parrot do not look well massed together. In groups of twelve or fourteen in the herbaceous border, they have a charming effect. They can be left in the ground several seasons, but care must be taken not to cut them down too soon. I have had some beautiful specimens on stems from sixteen to eighteen inches high, in tints ranging from a deep purple lo the daintiest shell-like pinks. When making a selection, choose the named varieties, as it adds interest in any line of gardening, especially tulips. For grotesque and bizarre effects the Parrot tulip takes the lead. The edges of the petals are deeply cut and often striped. "When closed the flower truly resembles a parrot's beak, hence the name. My experience has been, they are not such good cutters as the Darwins; the stems seem too slender to support the flower. I decided on my return to Canada in the fall to try my luck with daffodils in the open. To me they are the hap- piest of all spring flowers. They stand up like little soldiers on tall green stems, their trumpet-like centres being protected by an outside guard of six petals. One is always tempted to smell them, but alas, their glory is only in their color and formation. This was my initial experience but I decided 'twas better to have tried and lost than never to have tried at all. so I prepared the bed. Half the joy of gardening in town is to do the work one's self, provided you have "a east- iron back with a hinge to it," so I started. The bed, which was ten feet by five feet, had a southern exposure. I used the single varieties, planting five inches deep and four inches apart, I tried to get them a uniform depth as I wanted the whole battalion on review at the same time. I topped off with plenty of leaves and garden truck, on top of which I placed some boards. 1 was taking no chances. Imagine my delight when early in the spring I uncovered the bed f.nd found my golden friends up and call- ing to be uncovered to feel Old Sol's warm rays. This bed attracted more comment than any I had ever had, so I felt well repaid. Crocuses and Snowdrops should not be planted in any fixed order. Stand near where you wish them planted, throw them carelessly about, planting them where they fall. The result will be much more artistic. Needless to say, the best time to plant is after a heavy rain, when the turf is soft. For early winter flowering H3'a- cinths, Narcissus and similar flowers plant early in November in shallow fern pans or single pots. Use good loam and see the drainage is good. Place in a cool, dark room and water only occasionally, so as not to allow the earth to dry out. After signs of life have appeared move to a warm room with plenty of sunlight. With very little expenditure in money or time one may have the house gay at Christmas time with home-grown flowers. A National Flower What flower would you like to see recognized as the national floral emblem of Canada? This is a subject on which opinions will differ but concerning which a public discussion may prove helpful. Readers of the Canadian Horticulturist are invited to express their views. The late E. T. Cook, of Toronto, presi- dent of the Ontario Rose Society, true lover as he was of the rose, preferred a wild flower as his selection. Writing on this point he said: "Our national flower must be a ■wild one — native of November, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 257 this fair land of ours. I know of noth- ing more exquisite in the whole realm of nature's wildings in this country than the 'Trillium'— the Trinity flower that seeks the shade of copse and woodland, and spreads, where a few things will, in the shadow and in poor soil. It is a flower treasured for its beauty in the gardens of the world — here it is at home. It is also a flower that lends itself to formal design." From Swan River, Manitoba, we have received the following letter by Mr. H. Harley : "I would like to say a good wot'd for my favorite flower, the Paeony. It is the best all round flower we have. It has a great variety of color, there are medium and late varieties and it is almost free from insects, and quite a number of them have the perfume of the rose. The foliage, when not in bloom, is an ornament for any garden, and when in bloom is the admiration of every one. Best of all, it is hardy, and will grow and flourish in every province. By all means let us have the 'Queen of flowers,' the paeony, for the national flower of Canada." Who speaks next? Carnations in the Conservatory A. Henderson, CARNATIONS that were planted early in August are now produc- ing some first-class blooms. Where size and quality of bloom is desired disbudding should be done. Remove all the side buds and leave only the largest terminal bud. Staking sliould be done as the plants need it. No matter how promising 'and healthy the plants may be in other respects, one cannot expect to get first-cla.ss flowers if the plants are not properly supported. Adjustable car- nation supports, similar to those shown in the illustration, may be purchased from any horticultural sundriesman for a few cents each. These are placed round the plants and so constructed as to only need sliding up as the plants increase in height. From now on we enter into real winter weather, and the plants should be hardened up for the period when root growth is not so active. Water- ing should be done only when really Montreal, Que. necessary as we advance further into the winter. If any doubt should exist as to whether the plants really need water, leave the operation over until the next day. Proper temperature is important. Never leave the 50 degree mark at night and you'll not go wrong. Forget what some one may have told you about keeping a certain variety at 52 degrees at night. When you get to 52 degrees it's only a degree to 53 degrees, and the plants will surely do better at 50 degrees than at any other temperature. On bright days the temperature may run up to 70 or 75 degrees with sun heat without any harmful effects if plenty of air is admitted through the ventilators. On dull, cloudy days the temperature should not go beyond 56 degrees. Ventilation should be done carefully, starting with a little in the morning and increasing as the sun warms up the house, until mid-day. The same rule should be observed in the afternoon. As the sun loses its power, close down the ventilators by degrees. Draughts should be avoided ,at all times. A little air left on over night on all favorable occasions will greatly assist in hardening up the growth preparatory to the coming of winter. Syringing to keep red spider in check should be done early in the morning of all bright days, so that the plants will be dry over night. Rust, a very common disease of the carnation, to a large extent is the result of the plants being left wet over night. Syringe well in and about the corners of the benches, and particularly where the plants are in close proximity to the heating pipes. Red spiders revel in a dry, arid atmosphere, and these are the places where they find it. Spray at intervals of a week or ten days with aphine or tobacco extracts to control green aphis. The Lawn and Perennial Borders H. L. Patmore, Brandon, Man. The lawn will always benefit from attention in the fall after the exhaus- tion of the summer growth. All lavims, and especially those on light soils, re- quire to be renovated. This can be best done by a mixture of fine manure and good soil spread over the surface of the lawn just before winter. If ob- tainable, sheep manure mixed with about three parts of good black earth is the best to be used, and should be spread evenly and brushed over with a bi'oom or rake, so that it lies close to the roots of the grass. In this way the snow and rains would carry it i-ight into the soil, and in the follow- ing spring, if rolled, nearly all of it will be absorbed, enriching the soil and making the lawn have more of that turfy, springy bottom, which is the essential of all good lawns. The shrub and perennial border, I think, is best left \\'ith but very little cleaning. The tops of the perennials are the very best protection that_ you can give the plants during the winter months, and if not too unsightly, I would suggest to leave these to protect the plants themselves, and to be re- moved the following spring. There are many perennials of the hardy kinds Av^hich can be planted in the fall, especially if the ground is moist, and they gain in the following season's growth a strength which they cannot get when they are transplanted after gTOAVth has started in the spring. Carnations as grown in a private conservatory. Note the frecdO'ni from ll(jht abstruction In this style of greenhouse. Ants, which are often seen on paeony buds when they are developing, are there to gather a sweet, gum-like sub- stance which the bud exudes. They do no harm to the coming flower, nor to the plant and disappear on the opening of the flowers.— J. H. Bennett, Barrie, Ont. :5S THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. The Canadian Horticulturist COMBINED WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER with which has been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publishing Company, Limited, PETERBORO, ONTARIO H. BRONSON COWAN. Managing Director. The Only Magazines In Their Field In the Dominion Offlclal Organs of the Ontario and Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations and of the Ontario, Manitoba and New Brunswiclc Beekeepers' Associ- ations. REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY. Chicago Office — People's Gas Building. New York Office— Tribune Building. GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 16 Regent St., London, 8.W. 1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in three editions on the 25th day of the month preceding date of issue. The first edition is known as the fruit edition, and is devoted chiefly to the commercial fruit Interests. The second edition is Itnown as the floral edition, and is devoted chiefly to the interests of ama- teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. Tlie third edition is known as The Canadian Horti- culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several pages of matter appearing in the first and second issues are replaced by an equal number of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping Interests of Canada. 2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti- culturist in Canada and Great Britain, Jl.OO a year; three years for $2.00, and of The Cana- dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year. For United States and local subscriptions in Peterboro (not called for at the Post Offlce), 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. Change of Address — When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address ail advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December 1914. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample copies, from 11,000 to 13,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo- ple known to be Interested In the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1914 ...11,670 August, 1914 12,675 February, 1914 ..11.550 September, 1914 .13,729 March, 1914 11,209 October, 1914 ...13,778 April, 1914 11,970 November, 1914 .12,967 May, 1914 12,368 December, 1914 .13,233 June, 1914 12,618 July, 1914 12,626 Total 150.293 Average each Issue In 1907 6,627 Average each issue In 1914 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser in this issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti- culturist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we And the facts to be as stated. It Is a condition of this contract that In writing to advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise- ment In The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex- pense of our subscribers, wiio are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes be- tween subscribers and honorable business men who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, PETERBORO, ONT. lt/Af;,J»A.V»/,\i/,Vt;.>»;.V»/Af/:Af/' EDITORIAL mamwm our plantings should be made to harmonize witli nature as it finds expression in our natural Canadian landscapes. Landscape Gardening in Canada DifTerent countries have distinctive char- acleri.stics in their landscape gardening. These distinctions are due primarily to dif- ferences in tihe material with which the people have to work — the trees, shrubs and ilowers — but also to tempermental differ- ences in the people themselves and to varia- tions In the conditions under which they live. The seclusive, formal Britisher sur- rounds his home with impenetrable hedges, and decorates his lawn with primly trimmea trees and geometrically arranged flower bods. The Wttle Jap, with his crowded con- ditions and his diminutive garden, has de- veloped some wonderfully dwarfed varieties of plants, which are in strict keeping with the other features of his domestic life and environment. And so lin other countries, especially the older ones; each has evolved a form of landscape gardening expressive of ItH natural conditions and of the character of its people. In Canada conditions are favorable for the evolving of a form of landscape gardening that will not only be characteristic of the country but also, in its expression of the character of our people, and of the condi- tions under which they live and work; and in its simiple beauty, will compare very favorably with the older schools of landscape adornment. In its development all that is necessary is to copy nature and to incorpor- ate in it the simple beauty of a natural Canadian landscape. A careful observation of a secluded glade in the wood.=!, or of a clump of bushes in an open place, will reveal the truly artistic manner in which nature designs her beauty spots. Where the sod ends will be found scattered a few wild flowers. Then comes a row of low shrubs or bushes swelling up- ward into clumps of larger bushes and small trees, behind which stand the larger trees. There is scarcely a line of demarcation vis- ible between the sod and a full grown tree. Nature avoids sudden breaks in her arrange- ments. One memlber of the arrangement blends into the other with a smoothness and gracefulness that can be copied, but never excelled, by man. In the beautiflcation of their home sur- roimdings Canadians have only to copy na- ture as she works in their district, to secure the most beautiful effects. She has been busy for countless centuries selecting the most suitable trees and shrubs for each in- dividual district. These can be used to ad- vantage, and where new varieties are intro- duced, the arrangement should follow the natural one as closely as possible. Wide open Sipaces, then flowers, back of that low, then higher shrubs, and behind it all the larger trees, preferably some of our native Canadian varieties: that is the way nature would arrange our home plantings, and to secure the most suitable effect we }ihould follow her example a,nd make her way our way. In a new country with people coming, in normal times, from almost every other country, and bringing their native ideas with them, there is a danger of the introduc- tion of features into our landscape gardening that are exotic, or foreign, and that can never be made characteristically Canadian. Clipped trees and hedges and formal gardens are all right in Kngland; a miniature forest of pine trees, dwarfed to a few Inches in height, are very suitable in Japan; but in Canada Greater Production Those who produce their living from the soil, whether as fruit growers or In other lines of general agriculture, are beginning to show distinct signs of impatience when well-intentioned individuals urge them to increase the production of their land a3 a means of overcoming many of the ills to which modern society has become heir. When we are Informed that farmers are abandoning their farms by thousands be- cause of the relative unprofitableness of farming, it is urged that experts, and still more experts, shall be sent out to teach them how to Increase the yields of their crops, so that they may be encouraged to continue to cultivate the soil. When our daily papers call attention to the increased cost of living, complaint is made that the ignorant farmer and fruit grower are neglecting to fulfil their duty to the nation by refusing to follow modern methods of agricultural and horticultural practice. Were they more responsive in the matter of taking advantage of their opportunities, so it is claimed, enough food might be pro- duced for all at reasonable prices. When the nation, of which we are proud to form a part, became engaged in the greatest war in the world's history, producers once more were urged to increase their production and thousands of dollars were spent In adver- tising and in sending out speakers in order that they might be awakened to a due sense of their responsibility. While this advice is well meant It over- looks one factor of far reaching importance. There is no guarantee that increased pro- duction will increase the returns to the pro- ducer. Instead, it may result In disaster. So frequently has it happened that large crops have lowered prices until profits have reached the vanishing point, that many pro- ducers are as afraid of general overproduc- tion as they are of a crop failure in their own case. Last year, for instance, potatoes were a large crop. Who will say that it was a profitable one for the producer? At present the danger of a continental over- production of apples for some years to come has become so acute that heroic efforts are being made to deal with the situation, and even Governmental authorities are discour- aging further plantings until the situation shall adjust Itself- Yet who can say that fruit has become an article of common consumption? The people who advocate increased pro- duction as a means of reducing the cost of living do so because they know that in- creased production will lower prices. If increased production means lower prices, how, then, will teaching farmers in general how to increase their yields enable farmers and fruit growers as a class to obtain larger returns from their crops? The one argument discounts the other. The problem does not adjust itself to easy solution. Its roots penetrate to the centre of social and economic conditions that in- volve all classes of the community. The remedies required are more sweeping in character than even those best informed like to admit. Because they affect vested interests such — to mention only one among many — as the great railway corporations, their adoption will be opposed by powerful Interests. Fortunately, the public is awak- ening to the fact that the welfare of soci- ety demands that the situation shall be faced. The situation calls for wise states- manship and united action on the part of many Interests. November, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 259 When fruit growers receive fifteen cents net for their apples on the tree, as has been the case in British Columbia, and see that fruit sold later for one dollar and fifty cents to two dollars a box, it is not to be wondered at that further production has been dis- couraged, and that a demand has arisen for the appointment of a commission to investi- gate fruit marketing methods. There are so many lines of work which can be conducted by horticultural societies, an effort should be made by many societies to extend the Sphere of their activities. There is a tendency among a considerable n.umber of societies to confine their activi- ties largely to the distribution of premiums and the holding of an occasional meeting or exhibition. Suggestions for other lines of work, which would help to make the society more useful and popular, may be obtained from the aniual report of The Ontario Hor- ticultural Association. The success of the local horticultural so- cieties of Ontario and branches of the Or,- tario Vegetable Growers' Association are dependent in a large measure upon the ac- tivities of their provincial organizations, the Ontario Horticultural Association and the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association. As the annual convep,tions of both of these or- ganizations will be held during the second week of November, the local organizations should have delegates in attendance at them. As thousands of ships which ,ir, former years were engaged in the transportation of the world's products from port to port, have been driven from the seas as a result of the European war, or have been sunk in con- nection therewith, it is not to be wondered at that there is a shortage of suitable steam- ers available for the carrying of the Cana- dian and American apple crop to the ports of Europe. This is r^aturally adding to the difficulty of marketing this year's crop. Even where the best of care is exercised, the danger of loss in shipping abroad this year will be much greater than usual. Special efforts, therefore, should be made to mar- ket as much of the orop as possible on the home markets. PUBLISHER'S DESK m Our front cover illustration this month shows the benteficial eftects of the use of the Skinner system of irrigation. It should add to the interest taken in the article by Prof. T. G. iBuntin^g, of Macdonald College, pub- lished on page 251 describing this system, based upon results obtained from its use at Macdonald College. * * » For thirty-eight years The Canadian Hor- ticulturist has been the only publication in Canada devoted exclusively to the horticul- tural interests. This record speaks for li- self. From time to time efforts have been made to publish papers relating to horticul- ture, but these ultimately have met with disaster, or later the character of the med- iums has been so altered as to considerably modify the purpose for which they were es- tablished. This has not been due to any lack of ability on the part of those who have been behind these enterprises, but to con- ditions over which they had no control. The fruit interests of Canada, for instaace, are mainly centered in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, the counties in old Ontario bordering the Great i.akes, and in the val- leys of British Columhia. The mere state- ment of the conditions explains the difficulty coiineeted with the establishment of a paper that will reach all these fields. A few years ago "The F'ruit Magazine" was launched in British Columbia. This magazine has under- gone several changes of ownership, as well as changes in name. It is now known as "Fruit and Farm," it having been found necessary to add the farm interests to its field of operation. Nine years ago The PYuit Grower and Farmer was established at Grimbsy, Ontario. Th.is little publication was first published weekly, and later semi- monthly. It has been doing good work in the Niagara fruit district, but has recently suspended publication until after the war. Last spring a publication known as Garder, Life was launched in Montreal. It was a creditable publication, but lasted only three issues. In Nova Scotia, good work .is being done by The Co-operative News, which, while horticultural .in character, is largely devoted to the extension of co-operative ef- fort among fruit growers, it being published by The United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, iLimited. The fact that for thirty- eight years The Caaadian Horticulturist has remained true to its field and has Shown consistent improvement throughout all that period, is an indication of the hold The Canadian Horticulturist has among those who are identified with the horticultural in- terests of Canada. • • * lOn page 256 of this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist is an article dealiag with a suggestion that haJs been made, that some certain flower be selected as our National Floral Emblem. As at is to be expected, there is a difference of opinion as to which flower it should be. If you have any pre- ference we invite you to express it through the columns of The Canadian Horticulturist. A full discussion should prove beneficial to all .interested in the growing of flowers- Dundas A flower Club was formed here this year among the pupils of the DundaJs Public School. Over twenty dollars' worth of seeds and plants were distributed to about one hundred and fifty pupils. These consisted of asters, phlox drummondi, nasturtiums and geraniums. The teachers visited many of the gardens and in nine cases out of ten found that they were a great success and that both the children, and parents were proud of them. iPrizes, consisting of bulbs, have been given to the children having the best flowers and plants raised in these gardens. The citizens' committee connected with Dundas park generously donated ten dollars worth of bulbs as prizes. Exhibitions of flowers by horticultural societies accomplish much good. The June show of the London, Ont, Horticultural Society i.s here shown. 260 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. An Analysis of Apple Market Conditions E. F. Palmer, Salesj Manager, The Co-operative Fruit Growers of Ontario, Limited THE unusual factors which are attending the marketing of this year's crop of apples, are making the situation full of interest. While there is not the panic lliat prevailed a year ago, there are other influences at work which require that we shall use our best judgment and all the powers within our reach, if we hope to ob- tain maximum returns. Initial Shipments. Iliarly shipments of fall apples from Mary- land and Virginia sold at such satisfactory figures on the Old Country markets that they gave reason to expect a remarkably good market there for apples this year. These shipments, however, arrived in good condi- tion, and on that account probably realized top market prices. Growers In Ontario, judging from the returns of these United States shipments, looked for good markets in the Old Country for Ontario apples. These expectations have been justified by the prices obtained for sucli fruit as we have been able to land in good condition. The difficulty has been to land a large enough percentage of the apples there in good enough shape to command returns on a par with prices in the Canadian west- This difficulty of the fruit arriving in good condition has been due to two or three fac- tors. First, the weather at the time fall apples were being packed in Ontario was very warm for a considerable time. Apples picked and packed during such weather are bound to be in poor shape on arrival. Second, the ocean boat service lias been poor. Many of the apples so far exported have had to go by very slow boats, boats which under ordin- ary trade conditions would not be used for carrying perishable products such as apples, unless in cold storage. Some Good Sales. A few shipments of early winter apples have arrived in excellent condition. The prices realized on them have been good. Ontario Kings, iNo. I's, shipped on the Pre- torian for Glasgow, sold for Ms to 35s : Rib- stons, 26s; Greenings, 2Ss 6d. In Liver- pool the market has not been so good. From London tlie report is that the demand for Canadian .apples Is not so brisk, owing to there being too many English apples on the market. Indications are that certain of the Old Country cities are good markets at present, and all of them are likely to be good later on. providing the fruit arrives in good con- dition. This factor is the big difficulty with Old Country shipments this year. It is diffi- cult fo get service across the ocean that will ensure the arrival of shipments in good order. (Prices realized in the Old Country need to be very good to warrant the risk and expense of shipping over there, as home prices and orices in the Prairie Provinces are very satisfactory. The Western Demand. The demand in the Canadian west has fallen off to some extent during September, owing diiefly to the unfavorable weather ex- perienced there during threshing time. Threshing operations have been greatly de- layed in consenuence. The weather has been better of late so Ontario shippers may look for an increased demand from this market shnrtlv. A some-what peculiar condition exists In the west. The grain erowers' organizations are contracting for apples of good quality wherever they can get them, and at good prices. The wholesalers do not seem anxious to buy excent at nrices which Ontario ship- pers are not justified In accepting. The rea- son for this probably is that the grain grow- ers' organizations can supply their members with apples considerably cheaper than the wholesalers can supply them for, as the wholesalers have to make a profit on their sales. The farmers' organizations supply their members practically at cost. As both have to pay practically the same price tor the ap- ples f.o.b. shipping points, the position is a difficult one for the wholesalers. A report has come through that the fruit merchants in the west have in some localities started a rumor that the grain growers' organiza- tions have not been able to contract with Ontario shippers for any cars of apples. We do not voucli for the truth of this statement, though it is known that the grain growers' organizations cannot get as many apples of the varieties and grades required as they need. Ontario Apple Crop. Unfavorable weather conditions have In- duced the development of a great amount of apple scab throughout Ontario. It is like- ly that the grade of the crop has been re- duced fully 40 per cent, from apple scab in many, if not all, sections. Shipping associa- tions are finding it extremely difficult to fill orders taken for cars of grades one and two, standard winter varieties. In many cases these associations, on the strength of pros- pects six weeks ago, took orders for practi- cally their entire pack, not expecting the late development of scab. It is extremely likely, therefore, that considerable No. 3'3 will have to be packed to fill these orders. No. 3's this season should be an excellent pack for this grade of fruit, as the apples are of good size, fair color and of good keeping quality, the only drawback being the scab in- festation. There would seem to be ample room in the middle west provinces to work up a consider- able trade amongst the farmers, as well as in the, cities, with this class of fruit, which is practically -No. 1 fruit in every way except for scab. "The problem is to get this fruit into the west in such a form that it can be sold to the consumer there at as good a price as he ordinarily has to pay for No. 3 apples, which iNo. 3 apples are usually of poor- er quality than these slightly scabby No. 3's are this year. Open Crates Being Used. With a view to getting apples to the con- sumer with the least possible expense, Brit- ish Columbia shippers have adopted an open crate for shipping apples "shuffle pack." This crate is cheaper than the ordinary ap- ple box and also there is practically no ex- pense in packing the fruit. The Co-opera- tive Fruit Growers of Ontario, Limited, have also adopted a somewhat similar crate, hold- ing practically the same quantity of fruit as the standard apple box. The advantages of such a crate over the barrel for shipping a grade of fruit which has every appearance of being No. 1 fruit, except for occasional scab spots, are, first — that the fruit, which can be readily seen from the outside of the package, is sold on its merits. If this class of apples were put in barrels, it would have to be stencilled iNo. 3 in accordance with the Fruit 'Marks Act, and the mere fact of the barrel having this No. 3 on it, immediately brings the selling value of the barrel down to that which ordinary No. 3's are worth- Another advantage is that the box is a better carrier than the barrel. There is less bulk of fruit and there is better circulation of air. The barrel is a tight, close package. and if the apples are packed at all warm or If they sweat In the barrels aa they are likely to do, the apple scab will develop rapidly. The free air circulation which the slatted crate allows, greatly reduces the chance of the apple scab spreading. A third point In favor of this packing is that the same quality of No. S's in boxes, as In barrels, can be sold probably 30c per bar- rel cheaper packed in boxes, as the package is cheaper and the packing practically amounts to nothing as compared with the barrel. The consumer, therefore, can get his apples that much cheaper. As he can see what he is getting; he Is almost sure to get a better quality fruit than In the No. 3 barrel, and at the same time the grower Is receiving back better value for his fruit than if it had been put in barrels and marked No. 3. Okanagan Valley, North, B.C. Ohas. Webster, Armstrong, B.C. Our early tree fruits, cherries and plums, moved at low prices, particularly plums. Peaches are not a commercial crop In this end of the valley. Apples and pears show great improvement. In the north valley, however, good apples are not plentiful; a rainy summer and sadly relaxed care of orchards resulted in a serious infestation of scab. Maw and Sons, of Armstrong, who have con.saderable acreage in orchard, by thorough and timely spraying grew a splen- didly clean crop. The Economy crate, made of slats with in- side edges bevelled, is proving a great suc- cess. Robert Hood, president of the local Fruit Growers' Association, was an ardent advocate of this crate principle for shipping other than No. 1 apples, and kinds of only cooking quality. Prairie consumers evi- dently appreciate seeing what they buy. It has been demonstrated that "too much wrap- ping paper" is possible. The demand for vegetables has fallen off seriously this year. North Okanagan points liave been heavy producers of vegetables. The produce firm of Etaykin & Jackson has lately made an assignment. W. E, 'Dabney, now manager of the local branch of the Okanagan United Growers, came from "across the line," His capability for '^hustling" is up to the standard of his countrymen. The mana.gement of the Armstrong and Spallumcheen fair, held Sept. 28th and 29th. are to be congratulated on the finest exhibi- tion ever held here. It is claimed that there were over a thousand more entries than a year ago. Apples were nearly as numerous as ever. Varieties susceptible to scab were less shown, particularly Mcintosh, Snow and Spy. Pears were shown in greater number and perfection than ever. Grapes of local growth made an interesting exhibit. The Indians of the Okanagan reserve were persuaded to make a representative exhibit. Their exhibit would have been hard to beat anywhere. W. E. Scott, Deputy Minister of A.griculture, bought the whole exhibit and had it shipped to Victoria. Apples for South Africa W. J. Egan, Canadian Trade Commissioner, Cape Town, S.A. The exporters of Canadian apples will soon be making their first shipments and preparing for the 'arger shipments at the end of October and first of November. It may be well to suggest that great care must be exercised in the selection of fruit for the South African market, as there are strln- November, 1915- THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 261 gent regulations in force and all shipments receive a strict examination by the South African Government officials. The season of arrival here for the Cana- dian apple is a very favorable one, as dur- ing October, November and December the market is almost empty of apples, and good prices are usually realized. It is understood that arrangements are fairly complete for the coming season's shipments, but as there may be some new shippers consigning t r the first time, it is best to state that the apple which meets with most favor on this market is a hardy, well-colored red apple, medium size, grade or.p and two. Attention is directed once more to the law in South Africa re imported apnles- The fruit must be sound and healthy in every way, or it is not admitted into the country. A Danish Fruit Grower Readei^ of The Canadian Horticulturist may be found in many foreign countries. One of then is Mr. Hans Rasmussen, of "Progres.s," Denmark. In a recent letter to The Canadian Horticulturisit, Mr. Rasmus- sen wrote lis as follows: My farm is twenty-six acres, of wnhlch ten acres is planted in fruit, mostly apples, the principal sort "being Cox Orange. A couple of hundred trees are planted of a local variety, Peterstrop Keinetta, This sort has shown more resisting power against disease, canker, etc., than sorts im- parted from foreign countries. One and a half acres is in raspberries (red). Some of them are planted between fruit trees, as sihown in the accoanpaniying illustratioji. Two acres are in black and red curranifs (the first pickings are shipped to England), t'hree-quarteps of an acre in gooseberries, one and a quarter acre in strawiberrieis, and one and a half acres in asparagus. The as- paragus is sold to the canning factory at an average of eleven cents a pound. Last year my income from the sale of asparagus amounted to four hundred dollars an acre. The asa>aragus market requires white shoots. The plants are set one and a half feet apart in the rorw, and the rows are sax feet aipart. In the sprJnig the plants, or the rows, are covered with the adjoining mould to a depth of ten inches, in order to secure white sJioots of a length of eight to nine inches. The shoots are cut twice each day, to avoid the heads getting colored by the aun and air by growing above ground. We also grow some hazelnuts, 1,111) bushes, some of which are planted be- tween fruit trees, and some along the walks, as can be seen to the left in the illustration. In about four acres we grow garden aiid flower seed, including carrot, aster, viola, clarkia, etc. A plot is used for raising roots of lily-of'the-valleiy. A co-operative associa- tion has 'been organized for the sale of the roots. They are shiipped to England. Regarding the illuatraticxn: From the left liand side is seen, flnsit, myself; second, my wife; third, our son; fouirth, our daughter; fifth, our son (now in the United States) ; sixth, seventlh eighth and nlntM, pupils; tenth, our daughter; eleventh, teacher; twelfth, irapil. My farm is acknowledged by the Govern- ment of Agriculture as a isuitable one for young folks to leaim fruiit growing and gar- dening. I receive from the Government about thlrty-tthree dollars for each i)upil, male or female. Who has attended an agri- cultural college or any other notable school, and who stays here at least six months. To fully understand this, I may add a few words of further explanation. Without going into details, I may state that much is being done to help people to obtain a piece of land, and not only to get hold of a tract, but also to teach these people how to use and till the ground, dn order to be able to make a fair living on a small tract, say six to ten acres. As fruit growing and gardening realizes more money than ordinary farming, the Government gives aid to movements work- ing toward this goal. The iprice of farm land, without buildings, is frequently two luindred dollaais an aore. Tomatoes from Canada Claude Dyer, Canadian Commercial Agent A noticeable feature of the window dis- plays in some of the belter class grocery Sitores in the iLeeds district, England, has been canned tomatoes of Canadian can- ning. Taking advantage of the interruption to supplies from Italy, canning companies in Ontario have sent forward shipments of canned tomatoes to the English market. This development is all the more interest- ing in view of the information which has been furnished .in former reports calling attention to the opportunity for Canadian eanners. In view of the likely curtailment of the Italian supply, owing to causes aris- ing out of the war. Douglas Gardens OAKVILLE, ONT. At the date of writing (15th Oct.) the following named plants are showing good bloom, viz.: BEDDING PLANTS— Antirrhinums — "Silver Pink." Pansies. Salvia — "Bonfire." PERENNIALS— Coreopsis — (Second Crop). Delphiniums — (Second Crop) Echinacea — (Rudbeckia) pur- purea. Gaillardia. Hardy Asters— Nos. 22, 23, 26, 34 and 40. Helenium — 4 sorts. - Holly Hocks. Kniphofia — "Pfitzeri." Phlox — "Miss Lingard" (Sec- ond crop) "Jeanne d'Arc." Shasta Daisies. Veronica Spicata. Garden makers would do well to keep these plants in mind for late bloom. JOHN CAVERS The orchard of a faithful reader of The Canadian Horticulturist. Haii.s Ha.sniu.s.«ien. of I'rofe'ress, Denmark. The farm comprises 26 acres, of which 10 acres are In fruit. It is one of tlie largest fruit farms in Denmark. A description of It Is published on this page. Items of Interest A letter received by The Canadian Horti- culturist from the firm of A. W. Kirkebye, of Copenhagen, Denmark, states that there is a large crop of Danish pears this year, but that the apple crop is much below a medium one, and that prospects of selling Canadian apples there this season should be good. The apple crop of the Wenatchee Valley, Washington State, has been seriously dam- aged by the Codling Moth. Infected apples, packed in half-barrel crates, are being sold in the middle west at seventy-five cents a crate. The sale of this fruit is being vigor- ously condemned by leading fruit growers of that district, who are urging the authori- ties to enforce the law prohibiting the sale and shipment of infected fruit. An interesting display of tropical plants was made at the recent Picton, Ontario, ex- hibition by Mr. W. G. Ross, the secretary of the Picton Horticultural Society. It in- cluded! a banana tree which had been grown in his office. Mr. Ross has grown orange and lemon plants, as well as figs, without the aid of a conservatory. In connection with the campaign con- ducted by the Dominion Department of Agri- culture to advertise peaches and plums a meeting was held by the grocers in Ottawa, who' decided that it would be better to spend the money in display advertising than to use it, as had been at first proposed, in the offering of prizes for window displays. The grocers pledged themselves to dress their windows and to make as attractive displays of fruit as possible, provided the Depart- ment would conduct the additional display advertising. 262 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edltioa. Fruit Growing Developing in Quebec Fruit growing in the Province of Quebec lias made considerable strides during the past ten years. Owing to the fact that there are districts where no fruit growing has THE BEEKEEPERS^ DIRECTORY The following beekeepers will be able to supply Bees and Queens in any quantity for the season of 1916. Order early. E. E. MOTT, Glenwood, Mich. Northern Bred Italian Queens. J. P. MOORE, IVIorgan, Ky. Try Moore's Strain Next Tear. W. R. STIRLING, RIdgetown, Ont. Fine Italian Queens. J. I. BANKS, Dowelltown, Tenn. Italian "Queens of Quality." P. TEMPLE, 438 Gladstone Ave., Toronto, Ont. Canadian Bred Italian Stock. THE DEROY TAYLOR CO., Newark, N.Y. Northern Bred Italian Bees and Queens. M. C. BERRY & CO., Successors to Brown & Berry, Haynevllle, Ala. Best bred Italian Queens and Bees. THE PENN COMPANY, Penn, Miss. Bees and Queens. P. W. JONES, Bedford, Que. Bees by the pound, also best Italian Queens. H. C. CLEMONS, Boyd, Ky. Three band Italians bred for business. THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE, 185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont. Canadian and U.S.A. bred queens and bees. Bees by the pound or colony. A. E. CRANDALL & SON, Berlin, Conn. "Quality" Italian Queens. JOHN A. McKINNON, St. Eugene, Ont. Best northern bred stock. WM. ATCHLEY, of Mathls, Texas. Wants to sell you your early bees by the pound. Queens in season. STOVER APIARIES Not Mayhew, Miss, a single complaint. b'?en attempted and where it Is desired to e.sta'blish this industry and other districts where the industry already exists but where It must be improved from a purely commer- cial point of view, the methods of instruc- tion necessarily vary, in accordance with the reqnirenifvnts. The following have been es- tablished by the Department of Agricul- ture. (1) Experimental Fields, in charge of good farmers, in districts where the climate is very severe and where several attempts to establish an orchard have already failed. These farmers are supplied with the hardi- est varieties, over which a close watch 13 kept. There are now four of these experi- mental fields. (2) Fruit Stations, the object of which U to teach the farmers the proper methods for the establishment, the cultivation and the management of an orchard. These sta- tions are in charge of farmers who desire to groT,- fruit and who pledge themselves, by contract with the departm«nt, for a period of Ave years, at an annual rental of twenty- five dollars, to give their whole attention, free of charge, to the scientific management of the orchard established on their land, in order to collect the greatest possible amount of useful data for the fruit growers of their district. At the end of the five-year period, the department keeps ten per cent, of trees aiid shrubs originating from the scions that have succeeded. It also reserves the right to purchase the fruit of the said orchards in whole or in part for experi- mental purposes, exhibitions and packing demonstrations at the market price. There are now thirty-eight of these sta- tions, situated in different parts of the prov- ince, and they cover a total area of eighty- five acres. They are equipped with pruning instruments, spraying machines and spray- ing S'Olutions. There were sent to these sta- tions, this year, 550 lbs. of lead arsenate, 185 gallons of lime-sulphur wash and 15 lbs. of sulphate of nicotine (blackleaf 40), Some of the stations are drained and all are pro- tected from trespassers by special fences. (3) Demonstration Orchards, for teaching scientific methods of cultivation and show- ing the care with which the operations should be performed in order to market only first class fruit. These orchards are supposed to serve as models for the fruit growers of each locality. There are now seven of them covering a total area of 33% acres. The annual expenditure made by the de- partment must not exceed tiie sum of $500, Including the aimual rental of twenty-five dollars an acre, cost of building fences, cost of fertilizers, spraying solutions or chemi- cals necessary for the making of the same, leguminous seeds, 800 lbs, of chemical fer- tilizers, ten tons of farmyard manure per acre, and all necessary implements for the culture and the management of the orchard. On the other hand, the owner is bound by contract to do all the work in accordance with a special program prepared by the de- partment and which may be summarized as follows: he must, at his own expense, spread the manure, cultivate the soil, plow under leguminous crop, prune the trees, spray at least four times during the season, thin the fruit, pick the fruit by hand and pack it— the whole in accordance with the instruc- tions of the superintendent of demonstra- tion orchards. The owner is entitled to the whole crop of fruit, but the department reserves :he right to purchase this crop in whole or in part at the market price. Two of these dcmonBiratlon orchards are now using grad- ing machines; one of them has a cold stor- age warehouse and all are equipped with automatic pumps. The results so far obtained have been so satisfactory that fruit growing has made progress in the wliole province. Not only are the farmers now establishing orchards or renovating those that they have already, but everywhere they are organizing new horticultural societies or co-operative asso- ciations in order to Improve, Increase and market the produce. In all the horticultural exhibitions held this year a marked improvement could be noticed by comparison with the previous years in the appearance, the grading and the packing of the fruit. In order to facili- tate the destruction of insect pests, the Minister offered last year, to the agricul- tural societies of the province, the advan- tage of securing, at exceptionally favorable terms, the spraying material they might need. Grade Your Potatoes Money may often be made by the sorting of potatoes. Consumers, large and small, do not like mixed lots. They want them uniform in size and quality. Consequently potatoes should, if possible, be sorted before being put on the market. The price which is paid the potato grower is the price of sorted potatoes, less the cost of sorting. The potato-grower who ships unsorted pota- toes really has to pay the charge of sorting. The shipper of unsorted potatoes has to pay another charge also, and that is the frelglit on the culls which are later taken out of his shipment. The shipper of un- sorted potatoes, therefore, is simply wasting money. It pays to sort because it gives one the top market prices and because it saves freight on culls, and. It might be added, be- cause the culls, in many cases, could be kept on the farm and made use of in rations tor live stock. Nova Scotia Only six cases of the dreaded San Jose Scale in Nova Scotia orchards have been located this year by the provincial inspec- tois, according to Prof. W. H. Brittain, of the College of Agriculture and Provincial Entomologist It is a noticeable fact that the six cases were found on stock imported previous to the inauguration of the govern- ment inspection over nursery Importations in 1912. Not a single case of the San Jose Scale has been found on stock imported subsequent to that date. The comparative figures are very striking. In 1912, there were discovered 750 cases; in 1913, 64 cases; in 1914, only four cases, and In 1915, so far, only six cases, and all on stock im- ported prior to 1912. Potato Inspection. Inspection of the Truro and Cornwallis districts Garnet Chili potato fields was made recently by Mr. E. J. Wortley, Direc- tor of Agriculture for Bermuda, Prof. W. H. Brittain, representing the Provincial Gov- ernment, and Messrs. S. J. Moore, Dominion Seed Inspector, and Paul A. Murphy, Do- minion Plant Pathologist, representing the Federal Government According to Mr. Wortley, the inspection revealed the fact that the Nova Scotia i»otato growers have learned a lesson from past experiences, and that by the use of rigidly selected seed and regular spraying they can save their potato crops from being condemned. November, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 263 Niagara ^District Notes F. G. H. Pattison, Winona FOR the past week the Niagara District has been enjoying a spell of delight- ful weather, warm and sunny in the day and not too cool at night. This has come as a great boon to the grape-growers, who were beginniag to fear that a large pro- portion of their grapes would not ripen. The former long continued cool weather, toge- ther with the very heavy growth of foliage seriously retarded the ripening of grapes, which had the bad effect of causing an un- usual quantity of unripe, or only partially ripened grapes to be shipped, especially to distaat markets. Were the Niagara District thoroughly or- ganized, as it should be, with a central sell- ing organization controlling 65 to 75 per cent, of the grape crop, it would be possible to prevent the sale of unripe grapes entirely. It would also be feasible to standardize grape prices, at all events for Niagaras and Concords, the two great commercial varie- tieis. A standard price, not varying more than oc'e or two cents a pound throughout the season, would do away with the induce- ment to ship unripe grapes, and would thus abolish the present absurd anomaly of deal- ers and others being ready to pay a much higher price for grapes unfit for consump- tion than they are for grapes when sweet and wholesome. The slow ripenin.g of grapes had the effect of raising the price and for some time whites and blues were selling out at from 16c to 18c a pound in car lots, and in some markets were netting those who shipped on commis- sion from 22c to i25c. Reds Isold out at 22c to 2oc, and still higher on commission.. The Hamilton and St. Catharines open market price was 20c to ■25c per small basket. iNow buyers are paying 12c to 13c for blues and whites, and 16c to 18c for reds. The lat- ter are only fair in quality, having suffered much from mildew, thousands of baskets not being fit to pick due to this cause. Grape juice men have been offering as high as 38 to $40 per ton for Concord grapes nicely picked, and wine men $34. In the Erie and Chautauqua belt In New- York state, the grape crop this season is away below the average, being estimated at only 50 per cent, of that of 1914. Work at the Welch Grape Juice factory in St. Catharines is at its height now, and will remain so for about four weeks. This com- pany is very particular as to the quality of its grapes, they must be "sweet ar,d ripe," nothing else will pass. In order to induce growers to bring their best, the company pay more than the ordinary market price, they have been paying from/?38 to $40 a ton and they expect to use 600 tons. Manager Childs believos they turn out a better qual- .Ity of grape juice here than they do In the states. Recently he bought 100 tons of grapes in. the Beamsville and Grimsby neigh- borhood, as to which he says: "I consider the grapes there are of a finer quality than we get In the great grane growing district of Chautauqua County, N.Y." The Process. After the grapes have been inspected they are nut through large modern pasteurizers. By the means of an electric conveyor they are thoroughly washed in transit and put into large kettles, where they are cleaned and stemmed. Then they are formed into large cheeses and these are placed In hy- draulic presses from which the juice runs into the process kettle which cooks it. After being strained several times the juice is run into glass carboys and stocked away. After the grapes are received at the landing platform they never again touch the hands of an attendant. Everyching is done by machicery, which is thoroughly sterilized before and after it is used. This company has an extremely moQern wa;shing, steriliz- ing, and drying ajjparatus. About fifty men are at present employed by the company, but they expect to greatly extend their plant in a few years, and will both employ more men and purchase far more grapes. It is hardly necessary to point out what a beaefit this company is likely to prove to the grape-growers of the district. Already they have had an appre- ciable effect on the steadying of grape prices. The frosts that occurred during the nights of October 23rd and 24th, did a considerable amount of harm to vineyards that had pre- viously been defoliated, but the great bulk of the vineyards below the mountain suffered little or no damage. Grapes have been free- ly rushed to market of late, and a large pro- portion of the crop is beyond the reach of frost. West of St. Catharines the apple crop of the district and surrounding country is pretty fair, but east of St. Catharine's .it is very light. Greenings, snows and russets are the best. iBaldwins and s,pys are light in most orchards and there is a good deal of scab and some ink-spot. The latter is pre- valent on pears this season. Practically all the pears are gone aow, ex- cept Keifers, which are a fair crop and are selling well. Canning factories are paying three-quarters of a cent per pound for them, but the shipping market has been giving bet- ter net returns than that- The spread of rust in black currants is likely to be a serious matter for the fruit- growers. It appears that this rust dies out in the black currant during the winter, but is carried over in the white pine which acta as a host for the disease. In the spring the currants get re-infected and the disease Notice to Beekeepers. Customers will please note that our spe- cial Winter discounts and terms on all lines of Beekeepers' Supplies commence Novem- ber first. Beekeepers would do well to take advantage of these offers, not only on ac- count of the saving, but the satisfaction of having their appliances ready for the bee season when it opens. Now is also the best time to order goods that have to be made especially. We are anticipating a busy season and desire to give our beekeeping friends the best possible service. THE HAM & NOTT CO., Ltd. Mfgs. Beekeepers' Supplies Brantford, Ontario. CHAS. E. HOPPER & CO. BEEWARE 126 Simcoe St., Toronto, Ont. The Beekeepers' Review THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, 15 months for a dollar to Canadian subscribers, postage free. Beginning with the October, 1915, number and ending with the Decem- ber, 1916, number. A rare bargain. If you want Gleanings in Bee Culture a year clubbed with the Review, send along 80c. additional. Both postpaid. Review 15 months and American Bee Journal one year, both $1.60, postpaid. All three for $2.40, postpaid. To get this liberal clubbing rate, address all orders to THE BEE- KEEPERS' REVIEW, Northstar, Michigan, U.S.A. Kindly remit by postal note and oblige. The Beekeepers' Review, Northstar, Michigan When good queens are wanted I have the goods. Pure Italians from imported mothers. Also pure Carniolans and Caucasians from Imported mothers. 75c each, J8.00 per dozen. No disease. GRANT ANDERSON RIv Handa Texas The Root Canadian House 185 Wright Ave. TORONTO, ONT. Quality counts. Try our Queens; three banded, golden Carniolans or Caucasian, from best U.S.A. breeders; also from our own yards. Everything in Bee Supplies, Root's Goods; also "Made in Canada" Bee Journals and Books. Catalogue Free. A New Bee Book Entitled BEEKEEPING By Dr. E. F. Phillips, of the United States Department of Agricul- ture. 435 pages of Interesting reading, with numerous illustra- tions, by an established authority. Regular price $2.00 (postage extra) (Mailing weight 2 lbs.) By special arrangement we can offer this book, postpaid, with a year's subscription to American Bee Journal, both for J2.50. (Canadian postage 15c. extra.) AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, Hamilton, Illinois 264 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edltioc. spreads with Ughtnlng-Uke rapidity. It also attacks red currants and gooseberries, but the results are not so serious on thwn. Spraying with bordeaux helps to some de- gree, but is by no means a specific. The extermination of the white pine adjacent to the fruit belt appears to be the only sure remedy. P. Falconbridge, who died in Leamington on October 10th, was engaged in the fruit business in Grimsby for fifteen years before he went to iLeamington about three years ago as maaager of the Krie Co-operative Fruit Company, which position he filled for two years. Last December he organized the Essex Fruit Growers' Fruit Co., of which he was manager until his death. The branch of the Dominion Canning Co., at Niagara-on-the-)Lake, closed down last week after the shortest season it has ever had. According to Provincial Inspector Big- gar, the number of peach trees affected with yellow or little peach is again greatly reduc- ed in number this year. They are not ex- pected to exceed 1,500 or 2,000 at the most. The first car load of fruit raised by the Canadian Club Fruit campaign at St. Cath- arines was shipped recently from the local headquarters to iMontreal for shipment to Great ^Britain. This car load consisted of 450 cases, each containing a dozen 12-quart sealers of fruit. The weight of each case was 60 pouods, which brought the total weight to the large amount of 27,000 lbs. Kach case is securely packed. The Vineland Canning Company is being wound up. The buildings and plant are re- presented as having a fixed value of $168,- 960.74, but the real value is estimated at about half of that. It.s .'^tock of canned goods was hypothecated to the Imperial Bank. When the 35th battalion left Niagara for the ftont, it was presented with 150 baskets of delicious grapes by local fruit growers. These were shipped on the Toronto steamer and were to be distributed to the men on the train en route to iMontreal. Inspector Elliott has notified the St. Catharines iPark Committee that about 250 shade trees throughout the city are in- fected with San Jose Scale and that It Is n^eoessary for the council to have the trees porayed this year at an estimated cost of $200. Beamsville fruit dealers have sent a letter of protest to G. E. Mcintosh, of Forest, transportation agent of the 'Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, in reference to the lack of accommodation at the Hamilton, SMALL FRUIT PLANTS Gooseberries — Josselynl Josselynl Red Jacket, Downing, Pearl. Houghton. Currants — Perfection 1 Perfectlonl Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Profile, Champion, Black Naples, Black Victoria, Boskoop Giant. Raspberries — Herbert! Herbertll Herbert!!! Plum Farmer, Cuthbert, IVIarlboro, Brinckle's Orange, Golden Queen, Strawberry- Raspberry. Garden Roots, Strawberry Plants, Rhubarb. Write for Catalogue. WM. FLEMING. Nurseryman, 496-4th Avenue W., OWEN SOUND, ONT. You set the hour-he'U wake you up If it's two-thirty to get the milk to town, he calls you right on the dot. If it's five o'clock when work is light, Big Ben lets you get the ex- tra sleep. Dod^e him around-^ftoo today — five tomorrow — give him a thorough try-out. Any hour you say suits Big Ben. Just arrange it with him at bed time. It's his business to get you up on tJmeandhedoesitloyally— punctu- ally—cheerfully. He stands seven Inches tall; has great, strong keys that make him easy to wind; a big, deep-toned gong that makes him pleasing to hoar— a round, jolly face that makes him easy to read. If your dealer hasn't him, a money order addressed to his makers, Westclox, La Salle, Illinois, will bring him to you postpaid. $2.50 In the States— in Canada, $3.00 Grimsby, and Beamsville IClectric road's shipping platforms. The dealers claim that while tlie Dominion Kxpress Company wants their busia'ess, the railway makes no effort to provide the aecessary Space or decent shipping facilities. In the busy season the preseat quarters are not half adequate to do business properly. They are also asking for a freight yard, instead of loading cars along the main street. Although the fruit shed at the G. T. R. is a long one, yet the shipments at different times this season overcrowded it, anld in the same petition the G. T. II. has been asked to increase Its platform space at this shipping point. Up to (Saturday, October 16th, the number of loaded express and refrigerator cars of fruit leaving the new station of Vinelaud this season" was about 267. This Is the sta- tion the G. T. R. refused for a long time to build on the ground that there would not be enough business to warrant its erection. The grape crop in the Erie and Chautauqua belt, in 'New York state, extending over a territory of more than sixty miles, is esti- mated on good authority at only fifty per cent, of an average crop. The annual convention of the Ontario (Fruit Growers' Associatloa, which for sever- al years past has been held In November, will be held this year early in January. There will be an unusually complete pro- gram and an exhibit of fruits from the Ex- perimental Stations. This change was decid- ed upon at the last meeting of the directors of the Association, the idea being to secure a larger attendance at a time when the grow- ers were aot so busy sis in November. Ontario Horticultural ConvcB- tion The annual convention of the Ontario Hor- ticultural Association will be held In the Railway Committee Rooms, Parliament Buildings, Toronto, on Wednesday and Thursday, November 10th and 11th. The programme is as follows: — First Session. 10.30 a.m. — President s Address. J. H. Bennett, Barrle- 10.50 a.m. — ^Treasurer's Report. C. A. Hesson, St. Catharines. 11.00 a.m. — Report of Superintendent. J. Lockie Wilson. 11.30 a.m. — General discussion on reports and on matters pertaining to work of Hor- ticultural societies. Opened by R. B. Whyte. Ottawa. 12.00 noon.— "Informal Planting or the Home Grounds." iMIss Yates, Port Credit. 12.30 p.m.— 'Round table luncheon. 1.15 p.m. — 3-minute addresses. Afternoon Session. 2.15 p.m.— 'iBeautification of Country Homes and Rural Improvement." R. A. Pen- hale, St. Thomas. 2.30 p.m.— Addresses by Fraternal Dele- gates. American Civic and Kindred Associa- tions. 3 00 p.m. — ■'Rose Growing from an Ama- teur's Standpoint." W. G. MacKendrick. Toronto. 3.45 p.m.— "Gardeners' Troubles. Maur- ice Fauld. New York. ■4.15 p.m. — Discussion. 4.30 p.m.— "Horticulture in the North- land." Mrs. Tjorne McDougall, Haileybury. 5.00 p.m.— 'Wotes on New Plants, and Plants not Well Known." Wm. Hunt, O. A- C, Guelph. 8.00 p.m.— "Wild Gardens." (Illustrated). W. H. Child, TTamilton. 8.30 pm. — "Town Planning from a Horti- cultural StandDoint." Tho=. Adams, Conser- vation Commission, Ottawa. November, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 265 Morning Session, Thursday, Nov. 11th. 9.00 a.m. — iRepor.ts of Committees and Notices of Motion. 9.30 a.m. — 'Nomination of Officers and Di- rectors. 1000 a.m. — "Tlie History, Development and Propagation of tlie Lilac." John Dun- bar, Assistant Superintendent of Parks, Rocliester, N.Y. 10.30 a.m. — ^Discussicn. 11.00 a.m.^Report of Committee on Names and Varieties. 11.30 a.m. — iReport of Delegates to Ameri- can Civic Association's Convention. Rev. A. H. Scott, and W. B. Burgoyne. 12.30 p.m. — Round Table Luncheon. 1.15 p.m. — i3-minute Addresses. Afternoon Session. 2.00 p.m.— 'Election of Oiflcers and Direc- tors. 2.20 p.m. — "Vacant Lot Gardening." Geo. Baldwin, Toronto. 2.50 p.m. — ^Discussion. 3.00 p.m. — "iCalifornia in Summer from a Horticultural Standpoint" Prof. Macoun, Ottawa. Patriotic Fruit Growers Throughout Canada fruit growers are showing their patriotism by sending forward large quantities of fruit to the soldiers at the front. The Quebec branch of the Navy League is sending a supply of Canadian fruits to the sailors on board the war ships in the North Sea. Many fruit growers are furnishing fruit for this purpose. The Ontario Department of Agriculture has undertaken to send from the Horticul- tural Experiment Station at Vineland, some 20,000 gallon tins of preserved peaches. This will go largely to the men in the 'Hospitals. Already several hundred boxes of apples have been forwarded by the Department, the intention bein!g to send possibly 5,000 boxes or more during the winter months. ILeading fruit districts in British Colum- bia, such as Summerland, 'Naramata, Peach- land, Kelowna, and Penticton are forward- ing large quantities of fruit under the aus- pices of the Okanagaa Woman's Patriotic Society, assisted by the United Growers. Some points are sending as much as a car of 600 boxes. That these donations will be appreciated by those who receive them goes without saying. A Distribution of Seed Potatoes By instructions of the Dominion Minister of Agriculture a free distribution of superior sorts of potatoes in three pound samples will be made during the conning winter and spring. The samples will be sent out from several of the Experimental Farms, the Cen- tral Farm at Ottawa supplying only the pro- vinces of Ontario and Quebec. Each application must be separate and must be signed by the applicant. Only one sample of potatoes can be sent to each farm. Applications on any kind of printed form can- not be accepted- iRequests forwarded after the end of December will probably he too late. Samples will not be sent in response to applications (no matter when received) which fail to state clearly the needs of the applicant, his experiences in crop-raising, and the character of the soil on which h° (intends ito ."iow the seed. All applications for potatoes should be addressed to the Dominion Cerealist, Cen- tral Experimental iFarm, Ottawa. Such ap- plications require no postage. If otherwise addressed, delay and disappointment may occur. Applications for potatoes from far- mers In any other province should be ad- dressed (postage prepaid) to the Superin- tendent of the nearest branch Experimental Farm in that province. PEERLESS POULTRY FENCE A Heal Fence-Hot Mettlnff Strongly made ami cl^jsely spaced — iiiakins it a complete barrier against lar^oaniinnls as well as sinaii iMnillry. Top- J and Ixittom wires No. 9— iiit*?riuediaies No, 12 wire -made i^ ^ by the Open Hearth process which time and other tests havef proven to h« the beat. Mend for catalog.Aslc »bout out farm and nrQamenial I r fencing. Afr^noioB OMrl; evervirbere. AgenlB wuited in unuilKned (erritnry.H The Banwell- Hoxlo Wire Fence Company, Ltd., Wlnoip^R-, Man-, HamUtan, Out. Wholesale Retail Northern Grown Fruit Trees for Northern Planters Look for a view of a section of our Nurseries in this issue. Specialties — Crimson Beauty, North Star, Wealthy and Stark Apples; Black Champion Currant. ALBERT NURSERIES. Albert, New Brunswick BULBS '^•^''Jr""' HpSr?SS '^^^^^1 We can still offer good stock of the fol- lowing varieties: Single Mixed Tulips, $1.00 per 100 post- j^^l paid. Double Mixed Tulips, $1.25 per 100, post- ^.^^^ '^^^^l paid. Darwin Tulips, Mixed Colors, $1.50 per B' / P"'s ' ^■■1 100 postpaid. m ■ - L ^^ «..,»-yE.s« Hyacinths for Pots, or Outside Bedding, m- 45c. doz., $3.00 per 100, postpaid. mk ':■■'■■' Daffodils Princeps, 20c. doz., $1.25 per ^^^^Hl 100, postpaid. f ffl ihr --^^^i^H Daffodils Emperor, 40c. doz., $2.30 per 100. Hi' V 1 §k. -^'''V^^l Write for our Price List mLs iftUH GEO. KEITH & SONS Seed Merc-hantB since 1866 124 King St. E. Toronto, Ont. ^_^ Water Means Money to You DOIN'T try to struggle along with an inadequate water system. Where it is a lot of trouble to get water to the plants, the plants suffer. The Peerless gives you all the conveniences of a City Water System. Turn on the tap, use a hose — you need not be afraid of using more water than the Peerless will pump. Peerless Water Systems are dependable all the time. A reservoir tank in the cellar or outhou.se, or buried underground, holds the water from the source of supply pumped in under air pressure. The pump is worked by hand, gasoline or electricity, as .suits your convenience. No open tanks to allow water contamination. Water on tap in your bathroom, hot and cold; on tap in your gardens; on tap in your greenhouses —all co.sting astonishingly little to install, and practically nothing to operate. Ample Fire Protection, too! Write for full particulars and special information re- garding your individual refiulrement.s. National Equipment Company, Limited 9 Wabash Avenue, Toronto (Sole Manufacturers of Peerless Water Systems). 9i''f^^tl-'-,'J'!!'^UU;iJAfy^y », , «, , »vV»,'v »,v »,Y »,V»"A », . », , ».v »,/»,■, », , »,', »,7 Aylmer Ont. A horticultural society has been estab- lis'hed here with Mr. A. J. Elliott as pro- visional secretary. The society expects to have about 100 meiabers. The good work accomplis'heii during the past few years by the St. Thomas Society has proved an in- spiration here. Dr. F. E. Bennett, of St. Tihomas, helped In the organization work. Toronto Great laterest was taken at a meeting held THE COMMISSION MAN Under-noted are Canadian and British firms wishing consign- ments of fruit and vegetables. Correspondence is solicited NICHOLSON & DEMPSTER 88 Colborne St., Toronto, Ont. Receivers and shippers of local and car- loads lots Potatoes, Apples, and Mixed Vegetables. WANTED — Consignments of tomatoes, peaches, cherries, grapes, and all kinds of fruit and basket apples, also carlot apples. Centrally located; convenient to all car tracks. LAING BROS. Wholesale Fruit Merchants 307-309 Elgin Ave. : Winnipeg, Man. HERBERT PETERS 88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont. Wholesale Fruit and Produce See advertisement on page 248. Rogers Fruit Co. Limited WINNIPEG, MAN. Largest fruit and vegetable dealers In the West. Write or wire your offerings. H. J. ASH 44-46 Church St. TORONTO - - ONTARIO Consignments of fruit and vegetables so- licited. We give personal, consistent and reliable attention to every consignment. Shipping stamps furnished on request The Oldett Commission House ct^AS* in Toronto ^^ »Ac^^ ®*"'' y"""" ' Consignments. Bankers : London County and Westminster Bank, Southwark Branch. FRED BARKER 25 Church St., Toronto, Ont. Representing J. H. Goodwin, Manchester; Thos. Russell, Glasgow; Nothard & Lowe, London; G. B. Cooper, Liverpool, APPLE RECEIVERS. Consignments Solicited. Established 1880. John Robinson FRUIT IMPORTER AND SALESMAN, 3 Rochester St., Borough Market, LONDON, ENG. HYSLOP & SONS 132 Princess Street : Winnipeg, Man. Fruit Growers and Shippers We have opened up a commission house in Winnipeg, and solicit consignments of fruit. Commission, 10 per cent. References — Any mercantile agency, or Bank of Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont. Telegraphic address: "Redsoil, London." A.B.C. Codes. I shall be pleased to have your consign- ments of Apples. Regular market reports sent on request. Correspondence Is Invited. JACKSON FRUIT CO. REGINA, SASK. WHOLESALE FRUIT AND PRODUCE. Get in touch with us, we shall be pleased to advise you as to the conditions of prairie markets and will handle consignments to your satisfaction. Good connections through- out the prairies. Dawson, Elliott Co. 32 West Market St., TORONTO. Telephone Main 1471. Consignments of Apples and Vegetables solicited. Highest prices obtained. in the Massey Hall, Toronto, during October for the distribution of prizes in connection with the second annual 2,000,000. Bulletins and Reports Cut worms are the cause annually of Im- mense losses to fruit and vegetable growers, as well as to general farmers. This year their depredations have been unusually heavy. Those who have suffered from their activities will be interested in a 31 paged bulletin (No. 10) entitled "Cut Worms and Their Control," prepared by Mr. Arthur G4b- son. Chief Assistant Entomologist, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Ottawa. This is an en- larged and revised .dition of a former bulle- tin dealing with the same subject. It Is well illustrated and worth procuring. The University of Illinois Agriculture Ex- perimental Station is distributing Circular No. 182, entitled "The Fertilizer Problem from the Vegetable Grower's Standpoint," by C. E. Durst. The College of Agriculture, Berkeley, Cali- fornia, has issued bulletin No. 257 entitled "New Dosage Tables," one of a series re- lating to fumigation studies and investiga- tions. Rose growers in Canada will be interested in bulletin No. 85, entitled "Hardy Roses, Their Culture in Canada," prepared by Mr. W. T. Macoun, E>ominion Horticulturist and his Assistant, Mr. F. E. Buck, of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. This bulletin amplifies the information contained In a previous publication entitled Pamphlet No. 9, for wTiich there was a large demand. It deals with the site and soil for roses, plants and planting, cultivation, pruning, winter protection, insect and fungus enemies, and gives also descriptions of the leading varieties of roses. The Fruit Growing Society of the Pro- vince of Quebec is distributing the annual report for 1914. It is an ambitious publica- tion, comprising almost 200 pages, and giv- ing in full the papers and discussions at the last annual convention. Catalogues. Fall catalogues that have I'eached The Canadian Horticulturist include one from Harrison's Nurseries, Berlin, Maryland, which deals both with fruit and flowers, and one entitled "Bulbs, Alpines and Perennials for Autumn Planting," from Perry's Hardy Plant Farm, Enfield, Middlesex, England. Recent bulletins and reports that have reached The Canadian Horticulturist include the following : Bulletins 128 on, "The Ar- senates of Lead." 130 on "Pruning," and 129 on "Fruit Bud Development of the Apple." These three were issued by the Oregon Agri- cultural College. CorvAllis. Oregon. The University of Florida has issued Bulletins 121 dealing with "Cucumber Rot," and 125 dealing with "Tomato Insects." These can be obtained free upon application to the Ex- periment Station, Gainesville, Fla. Read the advertising guarantee on page 258. Ncvcmber, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST acT An apple grading machine as used successfully in the orchard of the Agricultural College, La Trappe, Que. Australia. A large part of these shipments were obtained in the Delta and lower Main- land districts. The Government officials who looked after these shipments took great care in their selection and inspection. Fruit Inspectors at Vancouver continue to condemn large quantities of apples from Washington State affected with the Codling Moth. Okanagan fruit growers are well satisfied with the results obtained from the use of the Economy Crate. It has been used for the marketing of the lower igrades of apples and contains about 45 lbs. Already It has been suggested that it be made a standard package. Up to the middle of October some thirty- four carloads of fruit had been shipped by the Grand Forks Fruit Growers' Association. Before the end of the season upwards of sixty carloads will be shipped, including thirteen cars of prunes, one of plums, and three of pears. The Dominion Fruit Division has appoint- ed Mr. B. P. Boyce as a travelling instructor British Columbia At a meeting of the executive of the Okanagan United Growers, held recently, it was shown that shipments of fruit up to October 13th had amounted to almost 1,000 cars, and that there were orders on hand which would bring the shipment for the season up to about 1,400 cars. The apple tonnage handled by The United Growers will be approximately 347,280 boxes. Up to the date of the meeting the export ship- ments included over 20,000 boxes to New Zealand and Australia and some 2,000 boxes to South Africa. The cannery at Kelowna has been leased by R. J. Graham, of Belleville, Ontario, who may also secure a building in Vernon. This firm proposed to establish a big evapor- ating plant for the handling of vegetables to fill contracts secured with the British and French Governments for army pur- poses. About 1,000 tons of British Columbia po- tatoes have been marketed this season in "TAYLOR-FORBES." "MADE IN CANADA." Tree Pruners "Kansas." "Orchard King." Patented because they are light, strong and easily operated. Sold by responsible Hardware Dealers everywhere in Canada. Catalogue mailed on request. TAYLOR-FORBES, Company, Limited GUELPH, Canada the plant food your crops have t.il\en from the soil. Our big book. "Bumper Crops "' will tell you what fertilizers to use and how to use them, FREE if you mention this paper. Shur-Crop Fertilizers CIDER APPLES WANTED We are prepared to pay the highest cash prices for cider apples in car lots. Farmers who have not sufficient to make up a whole car themselves can arrange with their neighbors for Joint shipment. Write us If you have any to offer. BELLEVILLE CIDER AND VINEGAR CO., Hamilton, - - - Ontario. CAL ON TREES Can be best reached in the dormant season when Lime Sulphur can be used full strength instead of diluted as it must be in summer spraying. Grasselli Lime Sulphur Solution the tried and proven fun- gicide. GUARANTEED MATERIAL PROMPT SHIPMENT The Grasselli Chemical Co., Limited HAMILTON TORONTO MONTREAL M« THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. H orse-Radish Wanted Highest price paid for good, firm roots free from dirt and small stringers. Wm. Davies Company, TORONTO, CANADA Cold Storage Fruit Warehouse Finest Apple Rooms in the Dominion for Export and Local Trade. Special Rooms for All Kinds of Per- ishable Goods. The Canada Cold Storage Co. Limited 53 William St., MONTREAL, QUE. What If You Could Make It Rain to Suit You Every Year?- AND everyone else had to take their chances or else spend most of their time at the end oX a hose. Think of being able to forget the word drought. Wouldn't every year be a profitable one? That is exactly what we offer you— and it costs little more than hose. RAIN as much as you want — ^wherever you want — any time you want it — as long as gal- vanized pipe will last. Turn on the Valve. That's the Skinner System of Irriga- tion. Send for Bulletin 115. CKINNER C) Y S T EM OF I R R I 1 AT I O N The Skinner Irrigation Co. 217 Water Street, TROY, OHIO Picking Tomatoes for Seed. Each tub contains a special strain. This method has been followed with success by L. A. Waitzinger, Echo Place. Oat. in the commercial packing of fruit. He was expected to spend most of the month of October visiting isolated ranches where packing schools were not practicable. An unusually large yield of onions has been reported from Vernon, where Mr. J. P. Mutrie, of Vernon, produced 206 tons of onions on six and a half acres of land, or an average of about thirty-two tons to the acre. The Yellow Globe Danvers variety was grown. At the price paid by the evapor- ating plant of fourteen dollars per ton in bulk, without sacks, this crop was expected to net Mr. Mutrie $2,884, or about $443 an Why School Gardens Fail L. A. Devvolfe, Director of Elementary Educa- tion, Nova Scotia School gardens, I think, fall (1) Because the teacher lacks enthusiasm and the power of leadership with the pupils. (2) Because she is not well-balanced; and lacks persuasive powers and leadership with trustees and parents. (3) Because teachers in various depart- ments of the same school fail to co-operate. (4) The teacher's ignorance of gardening causes the children to lose confidence in her. (5) The school grounds are often unsuit- able, either on account of condition or in size. (6) Loafers on the school grounds after school hours often do damage. Making the school ground a thoroughfare also causes trouble. (7) Too much is attempted. (8) The frequent change of teachers. (9) "Who will do the work" is a puzzling question. Frequently, the matter of plough- ing is left to the voluntary efforts of some good-natured man Instead of having the work done in a business-like way at the sec- tion's expense. (10) Lack of care in summer vacation is, perhaps, the greatest drawback. (11) Procrastination is fatal. Ploughing, ordering seeds, and making plans are often left until planting time. Hurriedly and poorly prepared ground never results In a good garden. a«^'Af' Bulletins and Reports A remarkahly fine volume in the Rural Text-Book Series entitled "Soils, Their Properties and Management" has recently been issued by The MaoMillan Co., Ltd.. Toronto. The authors are Prof. T. Lyttle- ton Lyon, Prof. Elmer O. Fippin, and Prof. Harry O. Buckman, of Cornell University. The subjects dealt with include soil form- ing processes, the geological classification of soils, physical properties of the soil, soil structure, forms of soil water and their movement, the control of soil moisture, acid or sour soil, and many other similar sub- jects. The book comprises over seven hun- dred pages, and for those interested is well worth the price asked for it, which is $1.90 a copy. It may be obtained through The Canadian Horticulture. The University of Illinois, Urbana, Illi- nois, is distributing Circular No. 180, en- titled "The San Jose Scale." The informa- tion contained is the latest available on this subject. I have found the different articles on perennial borders in The Canadian Horti- culturist a great help to me iu the plant- ing of mine. Enclosed please find $1.00 for renewal of my subscription. — Miss M. G. Gillies, Niagara-ou-the-Lake, Ont- FOR PROFIT Plant our Top Notch Fruit, Shade and Ornamental Trees this fall. Evergreens, Shrubs, Roses, Vines, Bushes. Ask for Price List (no agents) at Central Nurseries. A. G. HULL & SONS, St. Catharines - Ontario. GILSON 3ohm,>.on^.tho.§pot A husky trouble chiuier. Will \^i>^ J *;* "•-J'' pump water, churn, peparate Ji'V^SiTwir crcRm. run Rnnd'^lone ana do otner fruch. »!«•• I'horeti. LenRihen jour ^ a m j-i-i "O^o 15 M.P. davs by liRhteninji yourA^/.OU labors. Write for rata- ^ ^Sl^ lOBue. Siresupto I5H P. ^^_ Jw j^ Oilson Mfg. Company, ^^fc— f ^« 5 York St Qiielph. ranrt'la. SANDER & SONS ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND ORCHID GRO^'ERS. The Finest Stock in the World Catalogue on Appllcallon NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundreds of vari- eties adapted for the Canadian cli- mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own savins. Catalogue free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENQ. FREE LAND For the SETTLER in NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain- able free and at a nominal cost are cail- ing lor cultivation. Thousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full information as to terms, regu- lations, and settlers rates, write to H. A. Macdonell Director of Colonization Parliament Buildings, TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF, Minister of Agriculture Parilamtnt BIdgs., Toronto November, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Powdery Scab Regulations Editor The Canadian Horticulturist: The special plant disease regulations re- lating to Powdery Scab of potatoes wliich have been in force since November 7, 1914, requiring the inspection and certiflcation of potatoes grown in the Maritime provinces and Quebec before they could be shipped either to the United States or any other part of Canada were rescinded by order-in- council on October the 8th, 1915. This action was .taken by the Hon. Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture, who arrived at the conclusion from investigations carried on in Canada that the disease in question did not warrant the drastic action that had been thought necessary by the United States in placing an embargo against all Canadian potatoes. The effect of the United States regulation barred Canada from the United States markets and seriously ham- pered the movement of potatoes within Can- ada itself. Moreover, the investigation car- ried on by the scientific staff of the Depart- ment of Agniculture under the direction of the Dominion Botanist revealed that Pow- dery Scab did certainly not prove a destruc- tive disease in this country which would call for special legislative measures concern- ing its control. The removal of the regulations now per- mits potatoes to be shipped unrestricted from one part of the Dominion to another- Negotiations are under way to induce the United States authorities who have already removed their own domestic quarantines against Powdery Scab, to also remove the embargo still in force against Canada. It Is hoped that the action of the United States will be equally broad in its scope and that the former relations in the potato trade will be restored shortly. Yours very truly, H. T. GUSSOW, Dominion Botanist, OttavvM. Vegetable Growers' Convention The annual convention of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association will be held in the "Railway Committee Roomi, Parlia- ment Buildings, Toronto, on Tuesday, No- vember 9th. The prjgiamme is m to.iovs: Morning Session. 9.00. — President's Address. F. P. Reeves, Humber Bay. 9.1 5. — Discussion. 9.30. — iReport of Secretary-Treasurer. J. Ijockie Wilson. 9.45. — ^Discussion. lO.OO.^Report of Vegetable Specialist. 3 (' .Johnston. 10.30.— Discussion. 11.00. — Report of Delegate to American Vegetable Growers' Convention, Cleveland, Ohio. P. P. Reeves, Humber Bay. 11.20.— "Fertilizers Best Suited for Vege- table Crops in Ontario." Prof. Shutt, C.E. P., Ottawa. 11.50. — ^Discussion. . 12.00.— Address by fraternal delegates from Ontario Horticultural and American Vepe.table Orowers' Associations. 12.30.— ^Round Table Luncheon in Mem- . ber.s' Dining Hall. 1.15. — Three-minute addresses. Afternoon Session. -.00.— Reports on Experimental Work Con- ducted at O. A. C, and Central Experimental Farms. J. E. Britton, and A. J. Logsdail. 2.30.— "The Vegetable Work at Vfneland with Special reference to Seed Improve- nt." P. M. Clement, Jordan Harbor, Ont. :;. 30.— "Tomato Blight." D. H. Jones. O. \ C, Guelph. 4.00. — Discussion. 4.15. — "The Skinner System Necessary for Successful iMarket Gardening." Thoa. Delworth. 4.45. — ^Discussion. 5.00. — "The Production and Preparatlja of 'Celery for Exhiibitlons." John Harris, Belleville. 5.30. — Discussion. Evening Session. 8.00. — "Problems in Marketing" Howard W. iSelby, Philadelphia. 8.15.— "Greenhouse Problems." C. W. Waid, Lansing, Michigan. 8.30.— Discussion. 9.00- — "Injurious Insects Which Affect Market Gardening." Arthur Gibson, C. E. P. Ottawa. A booklet entitled "Pruit Growing in Lambton County," has been received from the Department of Agriculture at Petrolia. This booklet was compiled by G. G. Bram- hill, IB.S.A., District Representative tor Lambton County, and is issued by the Lamb- ton County Publicity Association with the object of presenting the advantages of Lambton County to prospective settlers. It Is an attractive booklet, well illustrated and fulfils its purpose. RAW FURS And Rem lb Prompt I q - More Trappers and FurCoHectora send their Raw Furs to us than to any other five houses in Canada. Because they know we paynigh- est prices, pay mail and express charges, charge no commissions, and treat our shippers right Result, we are the largest in our line .n Canada. Bhic to us today and deal -with a Reliable House, l^o Shinment too small or too largo to receire oar *^rom tt attention. #%■. — -% WeseUGuns,Kifles Traps, llllllx Animal Bait. Shoepacks. I'lash- ViUIIWiiffhts, HeadliXhbs. Fishing Nets, tClBhlntf Tackia and Sbortemen s SappUes at lowest !?rlee8. CAl ALOa FKEB. Hallam s rhree Cnoks "Trapper's Guide" English 3r French 96 paSt.3, illna'^rated tells how and wLere to t?ap and other valuable inJormation tor trappers: also "Traooer's »nd Sportsmen's Supply CataloK"**RGtw Fur Price List.'* and latest "F»ir Style Book " ot beauti- ful (ar sets and fur garments. All these books fully llluitrated and sent FREE ON BEQUEbT. QJUIi ja 348 Hallam Building TORONTO Winter Hauling Made Easy T?OR the use of our customers whose hauling -'- cannot be stopped by the snows of winter, or to whom the snows are welcome, as furnishinfj a smooth hard road over which to move their products, we offer a line of bob sleiglis so complete that each mau may find iu it the kind of sleigh he needs and uses. Unless a sleigh will stand hard knocks, it is of little value in Canada. Therefore, we make these sleighs, above all else, strong. Even the lightest one-horse sleighs are as strong as selected pieces of high-grade wood and steel and the most careful workmanship can make them. No imperfect or unsound material finds its way into the manufacture of these goods. Each sleigh we sell is guaranteed, with fair usagi% to carry its load over ordinary roads and to do tlie work intended for its size. We make a liberal guarantee arrangement to take care of the satisfaction of our customers. See our line before you buy. It is handled by I H C locd agent who will show you how big a line it is. Or, if j'ou can- not conveniently see tlie agent, drop a line to the nearest branch house and we will send full iuformatiou. International Harvester Gimpany of Canada, Ltd. BRANCH HOUSES At BranJoa, Calfmry. EJaMBtOD. Eiteran, Hamillon. Lethbridge, LondoB, MoBtrul, N. B*Uieiord, Ottawa, Quebec. RcgiBa, SaskatooB, St. Jobn. Winnipcff, Yorkton THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST FloraJ Edition Classified Advertisements Advertisements in this department in- serted at rate of 3 cents a word for each insertion, each figure, sign, or single letter to count as one word, minimum cost 30c., strictly cash in advance. REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruits farms a speci- alty. W. B. Calder, Grimsby. NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Before buying, It will pay you to consult me. I make a specialty of fruit and grain farms. Melvin Gayman & Co., St. Catharines. FARMS — ^AU kinds, all sizes, for sale, fruit stock, grain and dairy farms. L>et me know what you are looking for. H. W. I>awson, Brampton, OnL WANTED— To hear from owner of good Farm for Sale. Send cash price and description. D. F. Bush, MlnneapoUs, Minn. MISCELLANEOUS 1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors, any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. Pearl Card Co., CllntonvlUe. Conn. BOOKS FOR SALE— Horticultural, Agricultural and Sclentiflc, from library of late Dr. Wm. Saunders. Send for lists. Henry S. Saunders, 41 Harbord St., Toronto. People read the little classified advertise- ments in this column to find out what is being offered for sale. You can advertise any good article you have for sale at a very low cost and get results. A post card will bring you our advertising rates and sample copy of The Cana- dian Horticulturist. Address THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, Peterboro, Ont. This is a New Model for 1915, the result of fifteen years' experience In Greenhouse con- struction for Canada. Dotted lines show location of wind-ties that positively prevents vibration of the sash. Supplied in widths up to 25 feet 214 inches from post to post. KING CONSTRUCTION CO., 40 Dovercourt Road - Toronto. ^hebestmad^ FOSTER'S Standard POT We have a large stock of all size FLOWER POTS FIRN OR BULB PANS % AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Orders Filled Promptly. Send for Prices. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. Marketing Conditions for Ontario Apples According to iiMr. E. b\ Palmer, Sales Manager of the Co-operative Fruit Grower.'i oC Ontario, Omited, who is looking after the marketing of a considerable portion of Ontario's 1915 apple crop, the crop for this year is only about one-third of last year's, and what crop there was of I's and 2'8 has been reduced probably forty per cent, on account of scab. lAt the beginning of IMS, everybody ex- pected and looked for big prices on all kinds of fall apples as well as winter apples. The early fall varieties, such as Duchess, brought good prices, but since then growers have not received as much as they expected, the reason being that the fall crop was much better, comparatively, than the winter crop. Taking the apple crop as a whole, it was light throughout Ontario, but the fall apples were better, comparatively, than the win- ter ones, and, therefore, the price for fall apples ran lower proportionately than tor winter apples. Regarding the disposition of the crop, a circular recently issued by the Department of Agriculture states: "The bulk of Ontario's apple crop will find d. market in the Canadian northwest this sea- :3on. Much of the winter apple crop has al- ready been sold there at good prices, for the northwest consumer is in a position this year to buy fruit even in the face of a short apple crop everywhere and corresponding high prices. Plat prices being realized for Ontario apples are in the neighborhood of $3.00 or a little better per barrel for good winter varieties, ones and twos, f.o.b. ship- ping paints. "Considerable of the 'Ontario crop will also find its way over to Old Country markets. Several cars of fall stuff have already been shipped, though early in the season it was thought that considerable difficulty would be experienced in getting space across on the boats. It appears now, however, as If re- liable shippers, whom the Steamship Com- panies can depend upon to always fill the space contracted for, and to get the fruit to the dock on time, will be able to get at least part if not all the space that they require. "The 'British Columbia winter apple crop is practically all sold, chiefly in Alberta, Saskatchewan and 'Manitoba. The following word as to the apnrox'mate distribution of the crop, was received from R. M. Winslow, Provincial iHorticulturist for British Colum- bia. 'About two hundred cars of our apples, or perhaps two hundred and fifty, are going into Saskatchewan and Maniitoba; about three hundred cars into Alberta, and about one hundred and fifty cars for export, the balance to the coast local markets." Prices for British Columbia good winter varieties, ruled about $1.30 per box for No. 1 stock, f.o.b. shipping point. "'Nova Scotia apples are not being bought in the 'Canadiian west this season, so that the bulk of the crop there will likely find its way over to the Old Country markets. Sev. eral boats have already been chartered by the Central Selling Association in Nova Scotia, to carry apples only. Much of their low grade fruit will likp'.y be disposed of in Eastern Canadian cities, particularly in Quebec Province, as the apple crop there is very light and not nearly sufficient for home demands." Old Country Conditions. The working classes in England have more money this season than they have ever had and are spending money on what they previously considered luxuries. With the Increased demand for labor, there is more money to spend and everyone is in a more prosperous condition- Summing up the export situation, condi- tions apparently simmer down to about this, that the western and home markets are good while the Old Country market must, of nc cessity, be very good to justify taking thi chance involved In shipping stuff there. Books for Review Several books have reached the editorial desk for review, that are well worthy of no- tice. One of these, entitled "Productive Vegetable Growing," by John W. Lloyd, M S.A., Professor of Olericulture in the Uni- versity of Illinois is a book that should be of value to vegetable growers. It contains over three hundred pages and is profusely illustrated. Chapter headings include such topics as Types of Vegetable Growing, Soil and I.rocation, Factors Influencing the Qual- ity of Vegetables, The Feed, Plant Food and Moisture Supply, The Temperature Factor, Methods of ITransplanting, The Use of Glass In Vegetable Growing, The Preparation of Soil for Planting, The Planting of Seeds, Controlling Insects and Diseases, Intensive Cropping, Harvesting and Marketing, and many other topics. The book is one of Llp- pincott's Farm Manuals, being published by The J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Pa. It may be purchased through The Canadian Horticulturist for $1.50. Postage extra 10c. "Our Dooryard Friends" is the title of a w^lljarranged book on birds, by Sara V. Prueser, published by The Platform, The Lyceum and Chataugua Magazine, Steinway Hall, Chicago. Numerous illustrations fur- nish a guide to those who desire to become better acquainted with the birds common around most of our homes. Accompanying the illusti-ations are short articles descrip- tive of the birds, and their characteristics. Among the birds described are tree sparrows, oliickadees, and tufted titmouse, white- breasted nuthatch, purple finch, woodpeck ers, cardinals, meadow larks, blue jays, gold finches, thrasihers, and numerous others. A book not horticultural in character, bu' of interest from a literary standpoint, is en- titled "While the Fire Burns," by Alfred L. Flude. It comprises the musings of an editor on numerous subjects that are dealt with in a gay or pensive, but always attractive way, that holds the attention and interest. These include such unusual topics as "The shy young man," "The spider and the fly," "Be- ing alone," "Ghosts," "A baby's teeth," "A White hyacinth," and many others. An ex- tract from the latter may give an idea of the character of the work: "A white hyacinth is by my side as I write, and its perfume, more delicate than the breezes of Arabia, seems to linger lovingly about me in the firelight I wonder where, in the cupful of mould, were hidden the pearly petals, the green leaves, the sensuous odor. I think it is like a handful of dust, called man, in which is hidden the embryonic soul, which leaves the clay and blossoms in an atmos- phere divine. Yet, not like the soul, for the flower passes away and is gone. But the spicy odor greets me like an old-time friend. It is not from the tiny cluster beside me, but I think it comes wafted down through an avenue of years from the old home garden." « This book is also published by The Platform, M Steinway Hall, Chicago. m 1 could not do without the Canadian Horticulturist. Enclosed is one dollar to renew my subscription. — C. L. Biggar, Niagara Falls South, Ont. The Canadian Horticultun^ Floral Edition Vol. XXXVI [I PETERBORO, DECEMBER, 1915 No. 12 The Green Apple Bug on Apples and Pears W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist for Nova Scotia FOR a number of years fruit growers in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia have complained of the non-bearing of certain varieties of apples, especially the Nonpareil. Such The Green Apple Bug: and an injured pear. trees would bloom heavily every year, but would invariably fail to set a crop of anything but a few gnarled, twisted apples. At the same time there came frequent reports of pears that "grew woody" and were covered with corky, disfiguring scars. No one appears to have suspected the connection between the trouble in the apple and pears or that either of them was due to an insect. Examina- tion of affected orchards about blos- soming time showed them to be swarm- ing with small yellowish or green suck- ing insects, which, in appearance re- sembled long-legged plant lice. These insects moved with extraordinary ra- pidity and had a wonderful ability to hide. They later developed wings and became a delicate brownish insect about one quarter of an inch long. This in- sect proved to be an insect known as a pear pest in New York State under the name False Tarnished Plant Bug (Ly- gus invitus). Lately it has gained an unenviable reputation in Nova Scotia as the "Green Bug" or the "Green Apple Bug." The pest is well distributed through the main fruit producing centres of Hants, Kings, Annapolis and Digby counties, but, though the adult is a fairly strong flier, it does not seem to spread very fast. It is one of the most serious pests in the Annapolis Valley. In fact, where it once becomes estab- lished there is no pest to compare with it, either in amount of damage done oi- in the difficulty of controlling it. That such a pest should have gone so long unnoticed is rather surprising and can only be attributed to the very elusive habits of the insect. Injury of the Oreen .\pple Bug: to apple.s. As far as we have determined the iii- sect breeds only on the apple and pear. It has been found feeding on plums in the adult stage, but has not been known to lay its eggs in that plant. When shaken from the tree, the young in- sects have been observed to feed on various plants growing on the ground, but when it reaches the winged state it always- seeks the apple and pear tree to feed and deposit its eggs. Life History. The eggs, which are laid beneath the bark of the twigs, begin to hatch a few days before the blossoms open. The height of the emergence coincides with the opening of the blossoms and prac- tically all are out by the time the last blossoms fall. From thirty-one to thirty-four days elapses from the time the insect hatches until it gets its wings. Soon after hatching the eggs are laid, after which the adult insects begin to die off, few remaining after a month has passed. The young bugs are very active and when disturbed run rapidly, hiding in the axils of the leaves or any place that affords concealment. When sud- denly disturbed thej' frequently drop, hut generally alight on another branch liefore reaching the ground. When ' forced to drop by heavy rains, winds, sprays, etc., they may reascend the tree or they may feed on the herbage at its base until their wings are obtained, when they will fly up into the trees again. Experiments have shown that insects that fall to the ground are capable of feeding on, completing their transfor- mations on timothy, red clover, couch grass, dandelion and a great variety of other plants. In feeding, the young insects prefer the young leaves of apnle and pear, but also puncture the tender twigs. Later on they attack blossoms, but when the fruit is set, -they feed on it to the ex- clusion of other food. The later stages will not feed on the leaves if other food can be obtained. Injury of the Green .Vpple Bug to pears. 270 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Injured apples. Adult insects are, like their young, very active and take to flight readily when disturbed. The nymphs prefer green pears to all other food, but also feed upon the fruit of apples and plums. Pear trees kept free from the young in- sects by spraying had their crop de- stroyed later by bugs flying in from nearby apple trees. The first evidence of injury to the apple is to the tender foliage in the form of purplish spots upon the sur- face of the affected leaves, accompanied in severe cases by a slight tendency to curl. As the leaves unfold and later reach full size, the discoloration disap- pears, but if affected leaves are held to the light they will be found to be pierced through and through with small holes. In very severe cases they have a ragged, frayed appearance. The tender, succulent twigs are fav- orite points of attack and as the insect removes its beak a clear drop of liquid oozes through the bark. Later, as the twig increases in size, quite a decided lump may develop at the point of punc- ture, with, in severe cases, a cracking of the bark. In heavily infested or- chards where insects are present in hundreds of thousands, the twigs may be literally stung to death, and after- wards remain clinging to the tree fo? some time, in a brown, dried up condi- tion. Blossoms are attacked with equal freedom, and like them may frequently be stung to death by the countless num- bers of beaks, all withdrawing their sap at the same time. The dead, dry blo.ssoms usuallv fall to the ground in a short time. These facts explain why susceptible varieties bloom year after year without giving any crop. As soon as the young fruit has set, drops of gum oozing through the skin, reveal the spot of the insect's attack. A slight, reddish purple will mark the puncture and the j'oung apple gener- ally drops after being stung. Fruit that is able to still cling to the tree, or that is not attacked until it has reached some size, is usually badly gnarled and twisted as a result of the insects' at- tack. The failure of the tissue about the puncture to develop results in a one sided apple, with a pronounced de- pression, surrounding a brown, slightly raised scar, marking the spot where the insect inserted its beak. Injury to Pears. Injury to the leaves, stems and blos- soms of the pear resembles that of apple, except that in this case the tissue about the puncture turns black. Sting- ing of the young pears does not often result in dropping as in the case of apples. The effect of the punctures on the fruit is, however, very conspicuous, it being covered with hard, granular, corky scars, which are often split open as in the case of those on the apple. Hard, flinty areas extend into the pulp, making the fruit useless for any pur- pose whatever. Injury to Plums. Injury to the fruit of plums is not uncommon, where these trees border on affected apples or pears. Plums in- jured by the bugs do not usually be- come scarred and twisted, as in the case of apples and pears, though they may sometimes grow somewhat one- sided. The seat of injury is usually at the extremity of the fruit furthest from the stem. As usual in the case of stone fruits this injury is marked by the ex- udation of colorless gum which flows through the small puncture, sometimes forming a globule and sometimes a coil of gum which finally hardens in the air. Susceptibility of Varieties. Nonpareil (Roxbury Russet) is the most susceptible variety of apple, next in order coming Ribstons, Gravensteins, Golden Russets, Blenheim and Green- ing. There is a tendency in an orchard for the insect to spread from the moi'e susceptible to the less susceptible varie- ties. The Bartlett pear is more subject to attack than. other varieties, but Clapp's Favorite, Burbridge, Maria and Flem- ish Beauty are also affected. Conditions Favoring Increase. As a result of our observations throughout the infested area it appears that the most suitable conditions for an undue increase on the part of the insect are shady orchards with closely planted, thick growing trees, where air drainage is poor and a certain amount of herbage on the ground. These con- ditions are not essential, however, as the pest is known to flourish under al! conceivable conditions. Several factors make the control of this pest more difficult than that of any insect with which we have to conicnd. First, the insect is active, and clever at hiding, making it difficult to hit it with the spray. Second, when the tree is sprayed, large numbers of the young insects drop to the ground and may re- ascend the tree when the spraying is over. On one tree 1,389 insects were found going up it after it had been sprayed — enough to ruin the entire crop. Third, the insects are capable of coming to maturity on timothy, clover, couch grass, and other plants that may be growing at the bottom of the tree, after which they can fly back to the fruit trees and continue their work of destruction. Methods of Control. The following are therefore the mea- sures to be followed in controlling the Green Apple Bug: First: In normally planted, well pruned orchards, with only a moderate infestation, spraying the apples with Blackleaf 40, one pint to 100 gals., just before and just after the blossoms fall, and pears just after the blossoms fail and again five days later, should be sufficient. In others special measures must be taken. Second: The trees must be banded with tree tanglefoot to prevent the re- ascent of those insects that have fallen to the ground. Third : The orchard must be kept in a state of clean cultivation until the end of the first week in July, in orde." to starve all insects that have been forced down the tree. Fourth : The trees must be thor- oughly thinned out and pruned, so that all parts can be reached by the spray. Fifth: A heavy drenching spray must be given. I believe in the future of the Nova Scotia apple industry. Wc are in a strategic situation here for catering to the British market, and so far as I can see our posi- tion in the future will grow more and more secure. The major portion of the production of - Ontario and British Columbia will in time be taken care of by the' growing populations of our prairie provinces and of our rapidly- expanding inland cities. We shall be able to do something in those directions, too, but our principal market will al- ways lie across the Atlantic. Dealers and consumers over there are becoming more widely acquainted with our pro- duct every year, and the greater the spread of this knowledge the strongT the demand.— W. W. Pineo, Water- ville, N.S. December, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 371 Common Vegetable Crop Insects and Their Control* Arthur Gibson, in Charge of Vegetable and Field Crop Insect Investigations, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa THE Entomological Branch of the Dominion Department of Agri- culture has recently been con- ducting important experiments in the control of such serious pests of the market gardener as cutworms, root maggots, and locusts. Vegetables of all kinds suffered severely from cutworms •during 1915. In Eastern Canada the species which caused most destruction were the Red-backed Cutworm, the Striped Cutworm, and the Dark-sided Cutworm. The habits of these species are similar, and all are surface-feeding cutworms. During the past season the poisoned bran remedy, as recommended in our bulletin, "Cutworms and Their Con- trol," with fruit added, as recom- mended for locusts, was used in our experiments near Ottawa, and out- breaks of cutworms quickly controlled. In one large field of onions, where the cutworms were especially abundant and destructive, a single application oi the poisoned bait stopped the outbreak, and no further injury by these insects took place. The twenty pounds of bran mixture has been found sufficient to treat about three acres. The poisoned bait should be spread thinly in order to destroy the greatest number of cut- worms, and when thus spread there is no danger of birds, poultry, or live stock being poisoned. A single poisoned flake of bran is sufficient to kill a cut- worm. •A paper submitted at th« recent convention in Toronto, of the Ontario Vejretable Growers' Association. Like the old poisoned bran bait, the new mixture containing fruit juice should be distributed over the land in the early evening, so that it will be in the best condition to attract the cut- worms when they come out to feed at night. This new poisoned bait is a cheap, reliable remedy for cutworms, and should be promptly used by every grower on the first sign of injury. If the cutworms are known to be present in the land in the spring, it is a wise precaution to scatter the poisoned bait after the ground has been worked, aiid several days before seeding or plant- ing. In widespread infestations of cut- worms in 1915, we observed that the eggs had been laid during the late sum- mer of 1914 on weeds or other plants growing on higher locations and left standing, and that the cutworms which hibernated nearby in their younger stages migrated in May to other parts of the field where food was in plenty. The importance of keeping down weeds and other useless plants, so that the cutworm moths will not be at- tracted to the land for egg-laying pur- poses, is therefore very important. If in spring the cutworms are noticed to be working chiefly on the higher eleva- tions, large numbers may be destroyed before they begin to migrate by prompt application of the new poisoned bait. Root Maggots. We have this year continued our ex- periments on the control of root mag- gots, and have again thoroughly demo)i- strated the value of the felt tarred paper discs to protect cabbages and cauliflowers. In one field near Ottawa, owned by a prominent market gar- dener, we placed these discs around about 1,600 plants at the time of plant- ing. Before this planting the grower had lost a large percentage of his early cauliflowers, and even after we applied the discs to the second planting of 1,600 plants, many plants in adjoining rows ^ were rendered useless owing to attack by the maggot. Of the 1,600 plants above mentioned, practically the whole number were protected from the mag- got. This was an excellent demonstra- tion of the value of the disc, and will lead many of the Ottawa growers to adopt this form of protection next year. It is practically the only satisfactory remedy which we have for protecting cabbages and cauliflowers from the ravages of root maggots. Experiments were also conducted with a poisoned bait spray to attract and kill the adult flies before they de- posited their eggs. This work, how- ever, we hope will be continued next year. In Wisconsin a poisoned spray, which has been used successfully to kill the Onion Maggot Fly, is made in the proportion of five grains of sodium arsenate dissolved in a gallon of boiling water, into which is thoroughly mixed one pint of molasses. This mixture is applied as a coarse spray of large drops once a week in strips across onion fields throughout the suznmer. It is claimed that the results show almost perfect control of the insect at a cost of froDi fifty to seventy-five cents an acre for summer treatment. At Ottawa this year we also continued our experiments with various mixtures applied by means The devc.o.a..a ti.at ,.s taking piace in the fruit '"dust^ry ^in^New «-- wicjc_^f,'n^^icated^by the ...e of this nursery at A.bert. N. H., which con- 372 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST l-ioral IJdltion. This patriotic (JesiKti was much appreciated by the public who attended the Fredericton X.B. Kxhibition last fall. A description of it is published on this page. of a watering can to the rows of radishes and similar plants, to destroy the eggs and young maggots. In small gardens, three applications made once a week from the time the plants ap- peared, of two ounces of white helle- bore to one gallon of water, or fresh pyrethrum insect powder in the same strength, again gave fair results, as did also mixtures containing borax. In one experiment in which borax was used at a strength of one and one-half ounces to the gallon of water, only nine per cent, of the radishes were found to be infested by the maggot, while in a check row close by as high as sixty per cent, were infested. White Grubs, In co-operation with the United States Bureau of Entomology, we are making a study of the various species of white grubs which are so destructive to garden and field crops. These grubs feed naturally on the roots of the vari- ous grasses, and where grass land is ploughed up and used for agricultural purposes, their natural food is thereby reduced and crops planted on such land is often attacked, particularly if the same is potatoes or corn. During 19j5, white grubs caused much damage in Canada. In the United States, in Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio, corn growers have this year lost mil- lions of 'dollars owing to these grubs. The species of grub which this year was so destructive requires three years to complete its life cycle, and a warning was recently issued by the entomo- logists of the United States Department of Agriculture for the year 1918. The grubs of this particular species will be more or leSs destructive up to the end of May or early June in 1916. They will then make earthen cells in the ground preparatory to changing to the beetle state. The beetles from these grubs do not leave the soil until the spring of 1917, when they will appear and lay eggs in land covered with vege- tation, such as where such crops as the small grains and timothy are being grown. Land overgrown with weeds will also attract the beetles. In 1915, therefore, such land to which the beetle will likely be attracted in 1917 should not be used for such crops as corn, potatoes, or strawberries. Land in which white grubs are now known to be injuriously present should be ploughed, if at all possible, as soon after the middle of July, 1916, as is practicable. The date, July 15, is re- commended by the United States De- partment of Agriculture for the above- mentioned States, and will doubtless apply also to Ontario, particularly the southern portions. The ploughing of course is to break up the tender pupal and beetle cells, which results in the death of the insects. A plough which will break up the soil is, of course, pre- ferable, but if such an implement is not at hand the ground should be deeply disked. Chickens are fond of these grubs, and if available should be al- lowed to remain in the field during cul- tivation. Hogs are also useful in ridding small areas of white grubs. A Striking Design THE exhibit of the fruit division of the New Brunswick Department of Agriculture at the Frederic- ton Exhibition this fall consisted of the striking patriotic design illustrated on this page, which was erected in a booth about twenty-four feet long and ten feet wide. The design was worked out in apples and consisted of a large Union Jack, nine feet by five feet, surrounded Ijy ten maple leaves, one for each province of Canada, and one for the Yukon Territory. The background was covered with dark green cloth, which contrasted eiTectively with the brilliant colors of the flag, which was in itself almost a perfect representation, both as to color and shape. The blue and white was obtained by wrapping the apples in paper. The maple leaves were in various colors. The following varieties of ap pies were used in their make-up : frolden Russet, semi-matured Wealthy, Crimson Beauty, Switzer, and Hallett's White (a local apple). The sign: "Canada Will Never Let the Old Flag Fall," was worked in Montreal Beauty crabs. The centre design was flanked on each side by a pyramidal display of apples in half boxes and baskets, and in cones, and trimmed with dark green. Fall Care of Strawberry Patch A. C. Gorham, Macdrnald College, Que. STRAWBERRIES may be planted either in the fall or spring, pro- viding the soil conditions are fav- orable. But I prefer, especially for colder sections, to plant in the spring. Then if they are planted in May the season as it advances becomes more favorable, the young plants become es- tablished and throw ofi" runners which will take hold before fall, whereas the fall set plants do not have as great an opportunity to become established, and in this condition are not so likely to come through the winter. The later they are planted the less is their chance of coming through. A deep clay loam or sandy loam well supplied with humus is best. They should never be planted where water stands on the land or where water runs down and freezes over them, as they are sure to kill out. Cultivation should be kept up through the first season to keep down the weeds, conserve the moisture and turn the runners in to make a more compact row. Strawberries need some winter pro tection. Late in the fall, after growth has ceased and the ground becomes frozen, cover the plants well with some good clean straw, hay or spruce boughs if they can easily be obtained. These boughs can be removed in spring, giv- ing a chance for further cultivation, but in the case of the straw or hay it is lifted from the plants and placed be- tween the rows. This should not be done too early, as it would allow the plants to develop buds which would be killed by early frosts. The straw makes a mulch which holds the moisture, and makes cultivation unnecessary. It also helps to keep the berries clean and pro- vides a soft mat for pickers to kneel on. December, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Garden Roses* tT8 I SO much has been written about roses as to the soil, the planting and their care as applicable to our local requirements, that I wish to deal more particularly here with the selection of the roses for the garden, for from the bewildering hundreds of varieties of roses which are to be had to-day it is extremely hard to choope by the mere descriptions given in the catalogue. Accurate as these descrip- tions may be they are apt to describe the more virtuous attributes of each and leave the grower to discover their other traits. There are not merely hundreds of varieties of roses, but thousands, and gleaning from this multitude the rose growers of England and Ireland list in their catalogues some 750 varieties each, and yearly about fifty new cre- ations make their debut with the great- est of hopes of their originators behind them. These great hopes are liber- ally interwoven into the glowing descriptions of their charms, and, alas, at the same time many retire into oblivion after a brief stay, when time has proven that beau- tiful as every rose may be there are others much more entitled to be in- cluded in the list of worthies. All rose gardens have a beginning, and the realization of first hopes in- stills that enthusiasm -yvhich is the great essential of the future. The proper roses must be secured to start with. There were two determining in- fluences in the selection of my own first roses, my rose growing neighbors who advised the planting of Richmond, and the local nur.seryman who made the statement that hybrid perpetuals only should be attempted by the ama- teur for outside planting, as teas and hybrid teas were too delicate for this climate. To Richmond, once my most beloved rose, do I tender my thanks for an enthusiasm which can never be rquenched. Richmond bloomed that first year 'many, many times with no apparent ex- haustion, and I well remember after an absence from the garden of several days how I found a most perfect scar- let bloom, in the waning days of No- vember, enca.sed in a sheathing of ice. The lack of bloom on my hybrid per- petuals that first year was a disap- pointment, and that winter when the first real rose list was evolved the blooming quality of the hybrid teas was predominant in my selection. T am afraid that had I gained my first Percival H. Mitchell, Toronto, Ont. impressions of rose gardening with the hybrid perpetuals I had bought 1 would have agreed with the prevailing general opinion that the rose garden was quite beyond the ordinary amateur gardener, However, by the continual harassing of my rose growing acquaintances, by delving into many rose books written by authoritative authors, and by con- stantly poring over some English gar- dening magazines, I eventually com- piled a further list, including about a hundred varieties, which were almost from universal opinion considered to be the best for garden growing. Prom my associations with these during the last few seasons I can say that their suitability for English gardens is quite duplicated for Ontario, and, further, that in several cases the roses have done better here than they are ex- pected to do even in England. I wish to emphasize that practically every garden rose can be grown in On- tario, and with but a reasonable pro- tection in winter. The cold of winter does not seem to be a harmful element ; to my mind it is the thawing and freez- ing that works the harm, so that it is possibly because of our steady winter weather that rose growing in Ontario is so much more successful than fur- ther to the south of us. The protec- tion usually given in winter to roses, by hilling up, is more to keep the rose from thawing until real spring arrives than to keep the rose from freezing. There are three large classes of roses — teas, hybrid teas and hybrid per- petuals. The lines between these fami- lies are not so distinctly drawn as for- merly, as the hybridizing has been pro- ductive of many roses having the char- acteristics of all the classes. Tea roses are straight descendants of Rosa in- dica, a native of China, and from this source it derives its delicacy of form and fragrance, as also its delicacy of constitution. Most of the tea roses can be readily grown here, the great ad- vance in hybrid teas, however, have seen the development of many which readily duplicate most of the charac- teristics of the teas, but include a vigor which the tea rose lacks. Even in England the tea rose demands attention in cultivation and protection. The great modern class of roses is formed of the hybrid teas. The hybrid perpetual was the forerunner in popu- larity and the rather meagre second blooming of this class, quite sufficient in its day of only June blooming roses to justify its title of "perpetual," was a great boon to the rosarian. The hy- brid perpetual and the hybrid tea are very closely related. The hybrid per- petual was derived from the crossing of the tea rose ancestors and Rosa gal* lica, which is the parent of the cabbage rose of our grandparents' day and the mosses and damask roses, and is the element which has produced the showi- ness of the hybrid perpetual. The hy- brid teas in turn have been produced by the crossing of the teas and hybrid perpetuals, and from these sources •Extract from paper read at the recent con- vention In Toronto of the Ontario Horticul- tural Association. I'aconles .such as the.se are helplnp to mnke this flower one of the mo.st popular grown In our Canadian g-ardens. This variety is the festiva maxima. The bush had 114 blooms. It was grown In the garden of Mr. A. H. Baker, Hamilton, Ont. 274 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition The beautifying effect of vines is well illustrated on this residence. be without them? What would many homes haVe acquired their delicacy, colors, fragrance, hardiness and a remarkable blooming quality. In 1867, when Lr. France, the first hybrid tea, was evolved, one can imagine the great joy of the rosarian in his proud possession of a rose that never seems to tire of blooming from early summer until win- ter sets in. A new class of roses has been appear- ing in the last few years which has great promise. This has been evolved from the crossing of the Persian yel- low briar rose with various hybrids. Soleil d'or was the first of these, and many of the later varieties have Soleil d'or as a parent. It has been quite fit- ting that the originator. Monsieur Fer- net Ducher, of Lyons, Prance, should be honored by the class being named Pemetiana. Many of the Pernetiana roses are the most popular to-day on account of the wonderful yellow and shaded colors which predominate. The Rugosa roses and their hybrids are of Japanese origin, the Rugosa be- ing a common wild rose of the east. The great bold growth obtainable and the extreme hardiness as a class make them most valuable. The Moss rose finds many friends and deserves a place in every garden. The Dwarf Polyantha roses, which are commonly known here as Baby Ramblers, have many delightful varie- ties, and as several keep continuously in bloom for many months, these will appeal to all. The flowers in the Poly- antha or Multiflora classes are small but in large clusters, and the bushes are completely clothed in bloom. Climbers, pillar roses and roses which will form large bushes are derived from many classes. Multifloras and "Wichuraianas comprise a large num- ber, while the several classes just de- scribed contribute to a great extent. The Wichuraianas are developed from a Japanese wild rose of creeping habits. The Multifloras are quite similar. The Penzance Briar is a charming class of rose, being a development of the English Sweet Briar. Lord Pen- zance introduced a large number ot these, most of which bear the names of Scott's heroines. They are of a bushy or climbing nature and perfume the air with the fragrance of their leaves. Climbers for Greenhouses B. C. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont. The general fine appearance of a glasshouse is greatly enhanced when a few climbing plants are trained under the roof-glass or to the sides of the walls on any pillars. We know hov/ empty and bare the glasshouse looks before we put any pot plants in it; in the same degree is its appearance im- proved by a few climbers as when we introduced the first few plants. In the same way a winter garden may be made doubly interesting and twice as attractive to the visiter if a few suit- able climbing plants are introduced and trained over the walls. In low houses, climbers that are some- what close-growing look the best, as those making long pendulous shoots would come in the way of persons en- tering the house ; and, furthermore, the full beauty of the plants would not be appreciated. In high houses, some of the most vigorous of climbers may be planted with advantage. For example, plum- bagos and bougainvilleas may be given positions- The former will bear shoots with flowers two feet six inches long; the latter, shoots with bract flowers five feet long when well grown, and three feet when the rooting medium is rather a poor one. Clematis indivisa, grown in a mix- ture of fibrous loam, peat, leaf-mould, and sand, will do nicely trained directly over the paths in any greenhouse and in any aspect. It is a climber that does well in a glasshouse in a town, where possibly much light and sunshine are shut out by high walls or buildings. In sunny positions, bougainvillea gla- bra, plumbago— the blue and white kinds— and heliotrope all thrive and blossom remarkably well. Fuchsias make capital climbing plants and are specially suitable for pillars and for positions where the strongest sunshine does not reach. One of the best is Rose of Castile Improved. The red and white flowered lapa- gerias, especially the white, with its hanging wax-like flowers, do best trained to trellises on the north side of a span-roofed house or the back wall of a lean-to facing south or west. The lapagerias need very little heat. The passifloras— passion flowers- are suitable for training under glass of high structures. They will grow twenty feet high, and their long shoots show to best advantage where there is plenty of space for them to show off. The climbing lace fern — asparagus plumosus—and the beautiful smilax are two favorites which must not be over- looked. The asparagus fern is too well known to need description. Not only will it succeed under almost any condi- tions, but it is a most useful plant to grow for cutting. The smilax, with its dark glossy foliage, is also useful for decoration. The foregoing are a few climbers from which a selection can be made to cover up a wall and to give a more tropical appearance to the glasshouse. Where there is a ver.y large wall space to cover, the following suggestion is made, and I once saw it carried out with great success. Some fine-mesh wire netting (one-inch mesh) was stretched along the bottom of the wall and fastened along the bottom and ends, but not at the top. Behind this moss was rammed in so that the netting was forced out about three inches from the wall, and then another strip was similarly fastened and wired to the bot- tom strip, and so on to within a foot of the roof. In a very little while the newness of the netting wore off and it became quite in^nsible. Over this various climbing plants were trained, such as Euphorbia Splendens — Crown of Thorns^the brilliant red flowers showing off to perfection against the dark moss background. The effect was most pleasing to the ej'e, and the bare wall disappeared- December, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST iS75 Experiences With a Northern Ontario Garden Mrs. John Lome McDougal, Haileybury, Ontario OUR Northern climate is a fascinat- ing one. A fine day comes and it is so exhilarating that all memory of other less pleasant weather is obliterated. Fortunately there are many fine, sunny days. It is a change- able climate. I have lived seven years in Haileybury and cannot recall two seasons alike. But the "gardens" grow in every kind of season. We have no genuine spring. Severe nights continue through the greater part of April. Spring may show her- self for a while in May, but summer (with an occasional disconcerting, sometirhes disastrous reversion to win- ter), is upon us with the coming of June. If the nights are still wintry when April comes, the mornings are already long. The sun rises in early summer shortly after three o'clock, and in June and July the daylight lingers until ten o'clock. Horticulture in northern Ontario owes a great deal to the British gar- deners who have settled there, for the methods that suit the home climate seem to be what is needed for success with us. But operations must be con- ducted literally "on the run." Natur- ally, this rush and hurry tends to make gardening expensive. For these reasons fall digging is ad- visable. In fact, it is better to do all , possible work in the autumn. All pei- ennials, biennials, and shrubs shoiild be planted or moved into position then. Fall seeding might be practicable. 1 notice that nicotine, candytuft, pansies, sehizanthus, produce fine plants from self-sown seeds. Generally speaking, the hotbeds should be started by the middle or' April. Then follows quickly the prick- ing out and the hardening off in the cold frames. It is very important thai the little plants should be well hard- ened off. My experience is, that this early start in hotbed, or window gar- den, or small greenhouse, or for some plants (such as asters), simply in the cold frame, is the essential thing in all gardening of flowers and of many of the finer vegetables. Along Lake Timiskaming we suffer less from unseasonable frosts than far- ther north, and a well protected gar- den suffers little. A high fence to- wards the north and west, or a wall of fir trees, are valuable possessions. A prospective gardener is recommended to make a study of protections against frost and cold winds suitable to his plot of ground. They might, too, add much • Extract from a paper read at the recent an- nual convention, held In Toronto, of the On- tario Horticultural A.s.soclatlon. to its beaut}^ With intelligent plant- ing and a proper use of protections a garden can be enjoyed from the mid- dle of May until the end of October. As in other parts of the province, the cut worm has been a very serious enemy this past season. He spared nothing in June that he could reach, large tomato plants, beets, carrots, strong, vigorous growths in no danger formerly, all were felled. Annuals Thrive. I doubt if there is any other corner of our Dominion where annuals thrive better. I have one border one hundred and twenty-five long and ten feet wide devoted entirely to hardy annuals. Nothing is planted there that the first early autumn frost will injure. At the back grow miniature sun- flowers, nicotine, and early cosmos- then come tall antirrhinums, and stretches of rosy salpiglossis with an occasional amaranthus, — in front of them clumps of sehizanthus changing with antirrhinums of shorter growth, an odd gladiolus here and there, play- ing sentinel, — no abrupt transitions anywhere, — and salmon and buff l)hloxes and yellow pansies, and blue ageratum, and nemesias, pink and yel- low, and dimerphotheticas, and mig- nonette, all crowding against a line of sweet alyssum. Nowhere do the antirrhinums grow taller or heavier of bloom ; nowhere are the salpiglossis more velvety, nor brighter of hue; nowhere are the sehizanthus more literally buried in fairy blossoms, — and the heights of the plants, as given in the catalogues, are all understated. The stocks, too, will stand quite severe frost and grow taller and sturdier and sweeter with us than elsewhere. They and the asters are the last flowers in bloom in the fall. ■ We get wonderful results in size and height with asters. It is an easy thing to grow an aster bloom seven inches across and it needs no particular care. But with fertilizers and judici- ous pruning and constant cultivation certain varieties of asters will rival the chrysanthemums. Asters are, perhaps, more exacting to grow than other an- nuals. They are oftener attacked by insects and generally lose some of their number through stem rot. I never put zinnias in my more ex- posed borders, for they are easily in- jured by frost. But grown in sunny, protected situations there is no flower that blooms more profusely, truer to form and color, absolutely Robust a Grandiflora Plenissima Maxima. Nor do I care for marigolds in prominent places. Provided they get an early start they certainly grow and bloom riotously. This past summer produced some ex- traordinary dahlias. We grew decora- tive dahlias as large as a dessert plate, and very lovely. The paeony and cactus dahlias, the former almost as large of bloom, were really the queens of the This Persian lilac adorn.s the garden of Mr. J. H. Bennett, of Barrie, Ont. The Persian lilac Is a distinct species that rarely prows over six feet in height. It is more graceful In effect than most varieties of llla<:a. a7fi THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Shasta daisies, a clump of whicli is here shown, are very sweet and can be grown easily from seed. (Photo by Wm. Hunt, Guelph, Ont.) garden, some of them quite ten feet high, their graceful flowers of exquis- ite colors hanging over everything. Each year some one flower grows to special perfection, and this season, with us, it was the paeony dahlia. Sweet peas must not be forgotten. To attain good success, and the results are very fine, comparable to anywhere in the world, these things are necessary : The finest seed obtainable started in pots in the hot bed, and, directly they are up, removed to a cold frame, where they are kept until the weather is well settled, probably the first week in June, sometimes later, and then transplanted to specially prepared soil. In one of the gardens in Haileybury, that of Mrs. C. A. Foster, the sweet peas grown from Sutton's seeds in this way are very remarkable. The method of plant- ing is unusual and worthy of imitation. The vines are set out in short rows across a long open border about eight feet wide. Each row is four feet apart, growing one variety of sweet pea. The supports, made of wire netting nailed to a narrow wooden frame painted green, serve from year to year. Perennials Thrive. We have had particular success with perennials, and are confident that any hardy perennial will thrive. True, the thermometer goes low, but the snows come early and there is little danger yf a thaw. Slight coverings are needed against the hot spring sun rather than against the frost. The Iberis is the first to appear in the border. Then when the lilacs are a fragrant blending irridescence of color come the tulips, the daffodils, and the narcissus. The Iceland poppies and the pansies follow, and then the long- spurred columbines, the pyrethrums and forget-me-nots, all such charming neighbors. Then come along the coral- red sweet Williams, frosted blue and pink canterbury bells, and shasta daisies; then the oriental poppies, the paeonies, the feathery astilbes, and, in midsummer, the delphiniums. We must stop to admire them. How tall they grow, with their burnished blues and lavenders, their clear brilliant blues, their dark, rich black blues, their gray and silvery blues, their many different types of doubleness, their variety of centres, their long, thick spikes, fairy godmothers' wands! Were I boasting of our gardens, I should certainly add that nowhere out of Kel way's or L".- molne's catalogues do such delphin- iums grow ! The giant hollyhocks suc- ceed them, vieing in beauty with the phloxes, so prodigal of bloom and color. Hoses are, similarly, of easy cultiva- tion. I saw a bunch of rosebuds picked in October, looking like July. But I am convinced there is no perennial, with the exception of some of the lilies, which cannot be grown with equal, often with more, gratifying, succe ;s than in milder latitudes. Winter Care of House Plants Henry Gibson SINCE the advent of the wonderful Nephrolepsis todeoides fern, many beautiful and desirable new varie- ties have been introduced, until now we have sufficient varieties of nephro- lepsis to form a good collection — Whil- mani, Amerpholi, Marshalli, Teddy Junr., Elegantissima Compacta, to mention only a few, are all charming ferns and are doubly valuable inso- much as they may be used for either house or conservatory decoration. The filmy nature of the fronds is very strik- ing to the eye. I know of no more beautiful fern than the variety known as Elegantissima Compacta. They oc- casionally produce a few fronds of a coarse type, and as this occurs most frequently when the pots are root- bound, it is almost safe to say that poverty of the soil is the cause. The remedy is obvious. House Palms. Most amateur gardeners, especially those of the gentler sex, become pos- sessed of a desire to grow palms for the decoration of their homes, and some continue trying unsuccessfully to do so for years. Good soil is one of the first essentials, as a heavy, sour soil soon in- duces disease of the roots and conse- quent foliage trouble. Any good gar- den soil is good enough for palm cul- ture if mixed at the rate of three parts soil, one part well-decayed manure, one part leaf mold, and enough sand to make it porous. The soil must be kept moist, l)ut the plant should not be watered every day, nor should it be al- lowed to stand in a .iardiniere or orna- mental bowl half full of water. Defer watering until the soil looks dry, and then give sufficient to thoroughly saturate the soil. Careful attention should be given to this, for not infre- quently plants die even when watered regularl}-. The reason for this is that instead of soaking into the ball of soil the water trickles down the fissures be- tween the soil and the side of the pot and runs out of the hole at the bottom. When this occurs, it is usually con- cluded that sufficient water has been given. In a plant that has been at all dry, an examination of the soil would reveal the fact that the water has only wet the outer surface, while the hard, compact centre remains dry. When this condition obtains, the best thing to do is to set the plant in a pail of water and allow it to soak for half an hour. Palms and all other decorative foli- age plants that are used to embellish the home should have their leaves sponged at frequent intervals, so that dust does not collect on them- Spong- ing keeps insect pests in check, and not only adds to the appearance of the plants, but by clearing away the dust allows them to perform their functions more satisfactorily. A plant is a living thing that has certain functions to per- form that are essential to its existence. If this was more generally appreciated by plant lovers, we would see the dust being removed from the leaves of the plant just as frequently as from the piano. Soapy water, fir-tree oil, or any of the tobacco extracts, diluted according to directions, make good washes. Pelargonium Geraniums I have found Pelargonium geraniums more difflcult to propagate by cutting than the ordin- ary geranium. How should they be treated? — Mrs. E. B. C, Peterboro, Ont. The Pelargonium geraniums are con- sidered to be a little more difficult to grow than the ordinary bedding types of geraniums. In making cuttings it is very often found best to take what is known as the "growing shoots" ra- ther than a cutting from one of the older branches. Sometimes, also, the cuttings are taken with the heals on them, but the ordinary shoot will cal- lous over successfully, forming roots, if taken about August. It is wise to treat them, of course, in a way similar to the regular geranium cuttings, al- though the sand should not be allowed to become dry, which sometimes hap- pens with ordinary geranium cuttings, without any injury to them. — F. E. Buck, Central Experimental Farm, Ot- tawa. Dec«mber, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 377 The Cyclamen H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ont. THE cyclamen, although classed as a half hardy perennial, with us is really tender, it does not, how- ever, require a high temperature for its development. A steady tempera- ture, which does not fall below the minimum of 55 or rise above the maxi- mum of 70 during winter, is ideal for its successful culture. Extreme varia- tions will spoil the most promising batch that ever existed. The plant must have all the light that is possible, except during the brightest days of summer, when the sun's rays should be subdued by shading. Make the first sowing in October or November. This should furnish well flowered plants in fourteen months. Sow again in January for succession. Good, well-rotted loam and leaf soil in equal parts, with sufficient sand to make the whole porous, is a good com- post in which to sow the seeds or to pot the seedlings. In the former case, however, the soil must be screened to a fine degree. Many growers incor- porate finely broken charcoal. Prepare the seed pan by placing the coarsest soil in the bottom directly upon the crocks, and finish off by sprinkling a layer of fine soil at least one-half inch thick upon the surface. Press the seeds evenly and thinly into the soil one-quarter of an inch deep. As the cyclamen is somewhat slow and irregu- lar in germination, a thin layer of sifted peat may be placed over the surface ; this will aid in conserving the mois- ture and in preventing the seeds from drying. After watering the seed pans, place them in a temperature of 50 to 55, then as winter arrives remove them to a slightly warmer position, where it is possible to maintain humidity. Win- ter-sown seeds germinate best in a warm propagating case. When potting or pricking off seed- ling cyclamen many growers make the. mistake of inserting them too deeply. In a seedling stage the tuber may be covered lightly with soil. When pot- ting, however, the crown of the tuber should not be covered at all, but left to protrude above the soil. Prick off the seedlings singly into small pots. By April or May they will develop sufficiently to allow of repotting into three-inch pots. During summer shade them from strong sunlight. In August pot them finally into five-inch pots. The plants should be kept as near the roof glass as possible. During the fall, when growth is most active, apply manure water, but discon- tinue the practice when the color of the flowers is visible. From this time until the flowering period is past great care must be taken to prevent a lower- ing of temperature, as a sudden chill vrill cheek growth. With the advent of winter see that the plants are out of danger from cold draughts. In spring gradually dry the plants off. J^hinge the pots containing the dor- mant tubers out of doors in a shady position. Water occasionally, as at no time should the plants become entirely dry. The grower of the cyclamen must be observant. There are many essentials to success. Three of the chief are a steady temperature, a proper supply of moisture at the root and in the at- mosphere, and freedom from insect pests. Calceolaria prorusa, the variety here .shown, is one of the most graceful of the genu.s under cultivation and might well be more widely grown. Something of its beauty may here be seen. These plants were grown by Mr. H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls. Ont. Notes About Roses Jas. M. Bryson, Avoca Vale, Toronto, Ont. In the practice of moulding roses into good pyramids the difficulty seldom or never is about the strength of the leader, but the maintenance of an equality of strength among the semi-horizontal branches; where this is the case these side branches may often be strengthened by the suppression of the leader by stop- ping several times during the growing season. The second running consists in the shortening back of the leader and the three or more branches under it. Pyramidal roses, chiefly owing to their size and the number of roses they pro- duce, seldom yield blooms of the highest and best type, but they make up in num- bers what they lack in quality. No ob- ject within the whole range of nature could prove more attractive than a single bush or a group of these roses of per- fect form and smothered with bloom from top to bottom. One of the most important points in achieving success with roses is the matter of pruning. The majority of people do not consider, nor do they study, the object aimed at in pruning. It is painful to see some bushes pruned with no more thought or care than if the operator were pruning a hedge, all the shoots being cropped over, big ones and little alike. The re- sult is that the strong shoots give a few flowers, possibly only wood, while the small shoots produce a few sickly yellow leaves. The first object in pruning should be to .select n few strong, well-ripened shoots. The number selected will de- pend on the size and age of the plant. Por dwarfs the nearer to the ground these shoots are the better. All short pre- maturely ripened wood and all the old weakly shoots should be cut clean away leaving only those I have described These should be cut back according to the strength of the shoots or variety, from four to six eyes or buds. The stronsjer they are the longer they should be left, care being taken to cut to an eye, pointing outwards. By this me- thod plants should grow vigorously, bloom profusely, and keep young and healthy for years. Pruning should be done late in March or the middle of April for teas. 2T( THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. The Canadian Horticulturist rOMBINED WITH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER With which has been Incorporated The Canadian Bee Journal. Published by The Horticultural Publishing Company. Limited, PETERBORO, ONTARIO ..,..,,,.,,,.,,.,.,, ,.,.,,. ,j, .,,.»..,,., .-,., .,,. EDITORIAL nrmmmamm H. BRONSON COWAN. Managing Director. The Only Magazines In Their Field In the Dominion Offlclal Organs of the Ontario and Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations and of the Ontario. Manitoba and New Brunswicli Beekeepers' Associ- ations. REPRESENTATIVES UNITED STATES STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY. Chicago Office — People's Gns Ttiillding. New York Office — Tribune Building. GREAT BRITAIN W. A. Mountstephen, 16 Regent St., London, 8.W. 1. 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Remittances .should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. 4. Change of Address — When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. B. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy re- ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising correspondence and copy to our Advertising Manager. Peterboro. Ont CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn .statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Hortinilturist for the year ending with December 1914. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample copies, from 11.000 to 13.000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo- ple known to be interested in the growing of fniits. flowers or vegetables. January, 1914 ...11.570 August, 1914 12,675 February. 1914 ..11.550 September. 1914 .13.72!) March, 1914 11,209 October, 1914 ...13,778 April, 1914 11.970 November, 1914 .12.9fi7 May, 1914 12,3fi8 December, 1914 .13.233 June, 1914 12,fil8 — July, 1914 12,626 Total 150,293 Average each Issue In 1907 6.627 Average each Issue In 1914 12,524 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR GUARANTEE We guarantee that every advertiser In this Issue is reliable. We are able to do this because the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti- culturist are as carefully edited as the reading columns, and because to protect our readers we turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any subscriber, we will make good the amount of his loss, provided such transaction occurs within one month from date of this issue, that it is reported to us within a week of its occurrence, and that we find the facts to be as stated. It Is a condition of this contract that in writing to advertisers you state: "I .saw your advertise- ment in The Canadian Horticulturist." Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex- pense of our subscribers, who are our friends, through the medium of these columns; but we shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes be- tween subscribers and honorable business men who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest bankrupts. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, PETERBORO. ONT. The Canning Situation Fruit and vegetable growers are well aware that the success of their respective industries is closely bound up with that of the canning factories, and that for a num- ber of seasons in the past they have been of great assistance in disposing of their crops. During the past two seasons, how- ever, the contrary has been the case, and this has greatly contributed to the conges- tion of the markets and consequent depres- sion in prices. The canning industry had got into a very unhealthy condition. Large stocks of unsold goods accumulated in the hands of nearly all the Canning companies, big and little, and wholesale and retail merchants alike were loaded up with caaned goods which they found it very difficult to dispose of to a public, whose buying capacity had greatly diminished. Internal strife amongst the canning companies themselves, in which the big fish tried to swallow the smaller ones and contracted severe indigestion in the process, also contributed materially to the difficulties of the situation. At the beginning of the present year, 1915, the stagnation in the canning business was such that the existence of the industry it- self seemed threatened. To cope with this condition, over three months ago a new Holding Company, the Canadian Canners, Limited, was formed for three years; uniting the intereists of practically all the independ- ents with those of tlie Dominion Canners for the time being. The leading ideas in the formation of that company were: to carry over the stocks then on hand which could not be disposed of, and to curtail the output of 1915 by at least fifty per cent. This policy insured a lease of life for the smaller independents for at least three years, during which some of them, at all events, might establish themselves upon a sound footing. In addition to this, a short time ago the Dominion Canners absorbed the British Canadian Canners, the share- holders of the latter receiving one share of common stock of the Dominion Canners for every ten shares held by them. The Domin- ion Canners now own far the greater pro- portion of stock in the Holdiag Company, and have also advanced money to some nt the Independents to enable them to take up their proprtion of shares in the new com- pany. iSince the new combination has been formed there has been, a decided rise in the market for canned goods. For example, the price of tomatoes has advanced thirty cents, and that of ipeas, beans, and com twenty cents, ner case of a dozen cans. As the output this season has been re- duced to a new m'nimum. and as the tomato crop was far below normal, it would appear as thoueh both the Dominion Canners and the Independents should show reasonable profits this year. Undoubtedly the formation of the Holding Company has had the effect of giving stabii-. ity to the market and has saved the smaller canning comnanJes from immediate disaster. Quite a number of these were on the verge of bankruptcy, owing to beip.g forced to realize on their stock of goods while the market was demo'-ali/ed. This meant seli- ine at less than the actual cost of canning. 'In the long run. however the chief profits are likely to go to the 'Dominion Canners. who originated, and were the chief movers in carrying out the idea of the Holding Company, and they now see a paying mar- ket in sight for their heavy stocks of goods. Under the foregoing circumstances, such a combination apparently was justifiable to prevent universal disaster, all the same it is not without menace to the fruit and vegetable growers in the future. At the end of the three years, the Domiaion Canners may occupy such a commanding position as to be able either to swallow the independ- ents altogether or to at least dictate their policy. It seems, therefore, only common sense that fruit and vegetable growers should in the interval so organize their forces as each to form a solid co-operative body, with the heads of which the canners will have to deal, when It comes to fixing prices. The only fair aad proper way to have fruit and vegetable contracts made Is for the representative heads of the co-operative bodies to meet the head of the canning in- dustry early each year, and, after full consid eration of pros and cons, fix the contract prices for the coming season. Apparently the only reasons why this has not been done before are: (a) The competition of the fac- tories with one another for the produce; (b) The lack of proper organization on the part of the growers. Now that the former— al- ready weak— is likely to be abolished alto- gether, the latter must be put on a strong sound footing. Our live Fruit Commissioner, Mr. Dan. Johnson says if you want good clean fruit, you must "spray," 'spray," "spray." It is also equally true that if you want fair prices from the canners you must "co-oper- ate," "co-operate." "co-operate." If the Dominion Canners in the future completely dominate the situation, and there are no or- ganized bodies of growers to oppose them, there is nothing in their history to indicate that they would refrain from squeezing the growers to the limit. Horticultuie in Western Canada The establishment of a horticultural op- tion at the Manitoba Agricultural College calls attention to the rapid development that has taken place in horticulture in the Prairie Provinces during the last few years and to the prominent place which It now occupies in the attention of the people of Western Canada. The impression that the prairie farm home is incapable of ornamentation by natural planting has now less grounds than formerly. It is now well known that the condition which exists on the malority of prairie farms is unnecessary. Here and there will be found men who have proven that there are abundant opportunities for the development of true home-1'ke surround- ings. Both deciduous and evergreen trees flourlfih when properly planted and cared for. Flowering shrubs and hedges are grown with little more difficulty than in the Eastern Provinces, and both annual and perennial flowers, when properly cared for, flourish in the richest profusion- Nor need the prairie farmer's table be entirely lacking in contributions from his orchard and garden. The ordinary garden veeetables grow and mature as well in the West as in any other part of the Dominion. Small fruits, it has been found arf per- fef'tly hardy and mature their fruit without difficulty. One well-known h'^'-ticn'turist, with a wide experience in Manitoba, Is authority for the statement that he has had more good crops of strawberries in the last twenty-five years than there have been good December, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 279 crops of wheat in that ppovince. Several ex- perimenters have been working for years in the development of hardy strains of apples suitable for prairie planting, and the success their efforts have met .is very en- couraging. Whether or not the apple will be thoroughly acclimated to Western condi- tions remains to be seen, but it has already been proven that apples can be grown when the conditions of soil and shelter are suit- able. The opportunities for development along horticultural lines In the Prairie Provinces are infinite. Great progress has already been made. The establishment of a horti- cultural option at the Winnipeg College to train men in horticulture under western conditions will result in the acceleration of that progress, and we may confidently look for still greater development in the future than has occurred in the past. Ontario Horticulturists Meet in Annual Convention The Work of the Town Planner In Canada, the tendency to divorce city dwellers from nature is more evident even than in the older countries of Europe. Not- withstanding the unlimited amount of land that we have for building and all other pur- poses, the tenement, with its ugly little back yard, is common in all our large centres. To find the beautiful garden, which we always associate with the ideal home, we have to go five, or even ten, miles out from the centres of our larger cities. Speculative interest, with no other motive than making money out of a rise in the price if land, holds it at such prices that it is not available for garden purposes, except on the further confines of the city, and the factory workers, who of all people are per- haps the most in need of the health-giving influence of a home garden, are excluded from the use of enough land to serve for that purpose. The address of Mr. Thos. Adams, of Ot- tawa, at the recent convention in Toronto of the Ontario Horticultural Association in- dicated that the conservation of the health of the people of Canada through the instru- mentality of the home garden has not been lost sight of by the Canadian Conservation Commission. Mr. Adams is the head of the Town Planning division of the commission, and it would appear from his remarks that in the future the planning of our cities will not be left entirely in the hands of real estate sharks, whose only motive is to cut the land up in the way which will yield the most money for them. The health and comfort of the people will not be lost sight of altogether in our future city planning. IWJJUMIIiJMIKmWMM PUBLISHER'S DESK ^ The front cover illustration on this Issue of The Canadian Horticulturist will bring, we hope, to our readers pleasant anticipa- tions of the approaching festive season. Never has the world needed the spirit of Christmas more than now. Let each of us do our part to make it as general as pos- sible. • • • The January issue of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist will devote special attention to the proper use of fertilizers. There will be articles for the fruit grower, vegetable grower and amateur horticulturist. These articles will be practical, interesting and instructive. THE tenth annual convention of the On- tario Horticultural Association, which met in the Railway Committee Room, Parliament Buildings, Toronto, on Novem- ber 10th and 11th, was one of the most successful held in the history of the asso elation. The interest which prevailed was characteristic of the amateur devotees of horticultural science. There were present 137 delegates representing 37 of the 78 so- cieties in the province. The programme in- cluded several educational addresses of high merit, two of which were delivered by two lady delegates. The chair was occupied by President J. h Bennett, of Barrie, who welcomed the dele- gates. President Bennett stated that though the war has made demands that interfere to some extent with the programmes of the so- cieties it had not had the effect of limiting the supply of seeds and bulbs from Europe as had been feared at the previous annual convention. On the contrary, Holland had been anxious to unload her stocks and Con- sequently there has been an abundant sup- ply for Canadian planters. Treasurer C. A. Hesson, of St. Catharines, remarked that the financial condition of the Association was much improved since the last conven- tion. During the year he had found it ad- visable to send out a circular letter to the societies urging upon them the payment of the affiliation fees, with the result that $80 had been added to the treasury from this .source. The balance carried over from last year had been $167.96 whereas the close of the present financial year found them with a balance on hand of $256.76. Secretary J. Lockie Wilson then present- ed his annual report. On the average the societies affiliated with the association had had a successful year. Some had experi enced a slight falling off in membership, while two, viz., Caledonia and Paisley, had discontinued operations. To offset this sev- eral societies reported large increases in membership, and seven new societies had been organized, viz., Cayuga, Chatham, Dun- das, Essex, Milton, Port Credit and Rich- mond Hill. The St. Thomas society was the largest in the province, reporting a membership of 1,400, an Increase of 300 dur- ing the year. The total membership of the societies was now upwards of 14,000. Ap- plications had already been received from citizens in half a dozen places in Ontario to organize societies during the coming year. Though the necessity of economy had made it advisable to restrict the number of lec- turers sent out during the past season it was hoped that this year the number would be increased. Since last meeting death had re- moved three members who had taken a very live interest In horticulture. These were Mr. E. P. Cook, Toronto; Mr. J. Thos. Mur- phy, Simcoe, and Mrs. Allan Baines, To- ronto. Resolutions of condolence to the be reaved relatives of the deceased were pass- ed by the convention. A long list of ex- tracts from the reports of the various so- cieties was then read and the energetic manner in which the most of them were taking steps to beautify their home towns was very encouraging. In the absence of the Minister of Agricul- ture who was on a recruiting tour in Sim- coe, his home county. Deputy Minister Roadhouse conveyed to the convention the greetings of the Government. The Ameri- can Civic Association was represented by Mr. G. Wray Lemon, Secretary of the Cham- ber of Commerce, Oil City, Pa. Mr. Lemon is a native born Canadian, and was at one time connected with town planning work in Calgary. One of the many helpful sugges- tions which he left with the delegates was the taking of before and after photographs that would convey a correct impression of the great improvement that could be made In the appearance of a town by the work of the horticultural society. The programme included several ad- dresses by well known amateur and pro- fessional horticulturists. Mr. John Dunbar, of Rochester, N.Y., who addressed the con- vention a year ago, again delighted the dele- gates with a very able lecture on the his- tory, development and propagation of the lilac. After tracing the history of this fa- vorite shrub, and stating that there were 25 species known to science, Mr. Dunbar dealt at considerable length with the many new varieties which had very much lengthened the flowering season of the lilac. Some of the best of these had been originated in Canada. In dealing with the propagation of the lilac Mr. Dunbar outlined the meth- ods by which this can be accomplished, favoring the grafting of green cuttings on the root of the California privet. It was his experience that the root of the privet eventually died leaving the shrub on Its own roots. In the discussion that followed, Mr. W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa, Ont., stated that in our severe cli- mate it was not advisable to use the privet for this purpose as it lacked in the essen- tial quality of hardiness. Miss Yates, of Port Credit, gave a splen- did paper on "Informal Planting of Home Grounds." The chief advantage of this over the formal method was that it did not de- mand suitable areas but could be adapted to any conditions. In designing the garden the house should be the central feature, while next In Importance should be the lawn. This was no longer a lawn If It was cut up with trees, shrubs, or flower beds. The flowers, which should always have a background, were best, planted so i s to do away as much as possible with straight lines. The vista should not be forgotten, and If this was grand enough the foreground should be designed so as to lead the eye to it with no trivial things to drag the at- tention away. Mr. Wm. Hunt, florist at the O.A.C., Guelph, spoke on new plants and plants not well known, and Mr. Mitchell, of Toronto, gave a splendid paper on growing garden roses, dealing with the subject from an ama- teur's standpoint. Mrs. John Lome McDougall, of Halley- bury, gave an account of what could be ac- complished along horticultural lines In Northern Ontario, claiming that the success which was crowning the efforts of garden lovers in that district was most encourag- ing. The season, of course, was short and things had to be rushed through, but dur- ing the flowering season the perfection at- tained by the majority of varieties, and es- pecially by the annuals, was very gratify- ing. Vegetable and fruit growing was also touched upon, and Mrs. McDougall aston- ished the delegates by showing them some fall strawberries that had been picked the previous day. R. A. Penhale, of St. Thomas, suggested that the association might extend Its organ- ization work Into the rural municipalities. He strongly emphasized the point that In the country the farmer must have an eye to the economy of labor in maintaining his home planting. He also suggested that where good roads were being made the road sides should be levelled In order- that weeds could be controlled by the use of the mow- ing machine. Speaking on the subject, "California In Summer from the Horticulturist's Stand- (Concluded on page 282.) MO THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Ontario Vegetable Growers' Annual Convention F. G. H. Pattison, Winona, Ontaiio THE Annual Convention of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association was held In the Parliament Buildings, Toronto, on November 9th. A noticeable feature was the spirit of optimism and pat- riotism which pervaded the proceedings. President P. F. Reeves, of Humber Bay, In his pre.sldentlal address, called attention to the great progress that had been made by the association during the past nine years. Great anxiety and loss was suffered by vegetable growers during the past season owing to the heavy spring frosts and con- tinued wet weather during the summer. In spite of this a spirit of optimism prevailed throughout the vegetable growing fraternity, and over a million pounds of dessicated vegetables had been sent to the troops at the front. The Field Crop competitions had proved as successful as usual, and as a re- sult, some excellent crops were shown by the prize-winnera at the Toronto, London, and Ottawa Exhibitions. The Minister of Agriculture was commended for the Inter- est he and his staff had taken in the work of the association and for appointing the President, ex officio, a member of the ad- visory board of the Vineland Experimental Farm. Prices for vegetables had ruled on an average 25 per cent, lower than for the past few years. The seed market was unsettled owing chiefly to the wet weather experi- enced In the seed-growing centres of the United States. Reliable seed of onions, spinach, beans, and celery is likely to be .scarce for the coming season. Vegetable growers continued to have great difficulty in securing sufficient labor. The need for a suitable standard package for vegetables was very apparent. It was suggested that the association, with the as- sistance of the Department of Agriculture, .should gather information as to the acreage and condition of vegetable crops at various seasons of the year, and issue this informa- tion to the growers. A concerted effort should be made to specially advertise On- tario vegetables. Reference was made to the response Can- ada has made to the call of Great Britain to flght for the laws of freedom and jus- tice. The address concluded with the fol- lowing words: "Like all other classes of men, the vegetable growers have given of their sons and their wealth, and are pre- pared to give even further in this gi-eat world struggle." Secretary-Treasurer J. Lockie Wilson presented his report, of which the chief items were: The continuous rains during the summer and early fall caused rust, blight, and rot to attack, and in many cases ruin, vegetable crops. Detailed accounts from the various liooal Branches .showed them to be in a flourish- ing condition. The membership has re- mained about the same, but a large increase is looked for in 1916. The Field Crop com- petitions excited great interest amongst the growers. Four kinds of vegetables were selected: tomatoes, onions, celery, and early potatoes. For the first time the Central As.sociation had provided neat boxes for the exhibitors to ship their products in to the exhibitions. This, and the wrapping and packing of tomatoes In two-layer boxes, were regarded as great improvements. The di- rectors had curtailed expenditures as much as possible in this time of stress and strain. Sympathy was expressed for the presi- dent's son, wounded on the battlefield in France. Scores of the members of the as- sociation had joined the ranks of the flghter:i for their country. , A short course at the O. A. C. for judges in the field crop competitions was recom- mended. Further investigation into the matter of co-operation by the Central Asso- ciation was left In abeyance until the war is over. This report concluded as follows: "It Is the bounden duty of those of us who re- main at home to do our part in increasing the products of the soil, and in making every possible sacrifice so that victory may perch on the banners of the men fighting for freedom's cause." The balance sheet presented by Mr. Wil- son covered the eleven months — Nov. 30, 1914, to Oct. 31st, 1915, and showed receipts of $1,330.98; expenses, $796.48; balance on hand, $534.80. After some discussion it was decided to allow any member competing In the Field Crop Competition to exhibit at the Toronto, London, and Ottawa shows, but the asso- ciation would pay express only on the ex- hibits of prize-takers in the local compe- titions. It was also decided that Field Vegetable Crop Judges should take the short course at the O. A. C, as recommended by Secretary Wilson. The convention heard with deep regret of the death of Mr. M. F. Rittenhouse, of Chicago, and placed on record its sense of deep appreciation of his splendid personal qualities and of his generous and intelligent Interest in horticulture in Ontario, his na- tive province. During the morning session the president welcomed two visiting delegates from the National Vegetable Growers' Association of the United States— Prof. C. W. Waid, of Lansing, Mich., and Mr. Howard W. Selby, of Philadelphia. Prof. Waid expressed great pleasure at being with the vegetable growers of On- tario. The past season had been a trying one for gardeners in the States, as well as for those in Ontario. He highly compli- mented the Ontario growers on their thor- ough organization, and said that it was a question if any vegetable organization in the States was accomplishing as good wor-c as they were. Mr. Selby said that from the moment they had crossed Suspension Bridge till their appearance before the con- vention, they had been more and more im- pressed with the great national spirit evinced by the Dominion of Canada during the present crisis. At the last meeting of vegetable growers in Philadelphia he gave the slogan "Co-operation must be pttt in operation." They had not accomplished much in that wav as yet, but were getting down more to the business side of their work. "Getting the money out of it," said he, "is the most serious and interesting side of our work owing to the prevailing low prices." This had been the key-note of the Philadelphia meeting and of every other meeting throughout their country. He extended the greetings of the United States National Association and hoped that the Ontario Association would send more delegates over to the American con- vention next year. During the noon hour the association entertained the delegates and visitors to an excellent dinner. The health of "The King" was duly honored, as well as that of the American visitors. Short speeches were made by President F. F. Reeves, Secretary J. Lockie Wilson; the two American delegates, Prof. Waid and Mr. Selby; C. W. Baker, London; Thos. Delworth, Weston: J. J. Davis, London, and the representatives of the Farmer's Advo- cate and "The Canadian Horticulturist." A number of interesting addresses and reports were given at the convention. Dur- ing the morning, in addition to the presi- dent's address and secretary's report, the chief were the report of President Reeves as delegate to the American Growers' Con- vention held In Cleveland, Ohio; the re- port of the vegetable specialist, S. C. John- ston, and a paper on "Fertilizers Best Suited to Vegetable Crons in Ontario," by Leslie Elmsley, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. At the afternoon session, reports on ex- perimental work at the O. A. C, Guelph, and Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, were given by Messrs. J. E. Britton, and A. J. Logsdail. A paper on "Tomato Blight" was given by D. H. Jones, O.A.C., Guelph. "The Skinner System Necessary for Successful Market Gardening." was the subject of an interesting address by Thos. Delworth, Weston. In the evening, "Greenhouse Problems" were dealt with by Prof. C. W. Waid, of Lansing, Mich.," and "Problems in Market- ing," by H. W. Selby, Philadelphia. "Vege- table Work at Vineland, with Spe- cial Reference to Seed Improvement," was described by F. M. Clement, of the Vine land Experimental Farm. Separate references to some of these re- ports appear elsewhere in this issue, and more concerning them will appear later. The attendance of delegates was good. Activities of the Fruit Division The offices of the Fruit Division of the Dominion Department of Agriculture at Ot- tawa have recently been moved from the Canadian Building, Slater Street, to com- fortable new quarters on Cliff Street, in the commodious building previously occupied by Railway Commissioner McLean. 'This has caused a separation from the offices of the Dairy and Cold Storage Division, which remain In the old quarters. The relations that have existed between the two branches have been most cordial. A representative of The Canadian Horti- culturist had an interview recently with Fruit Commissioner Johnson, who described the v'ork his Division is carrying on of in- specting fruit at points of shipment. The new system has given excellent results. By it the quantity of bad fruit that reaches the markets has been reduced. The boxes and barrels are examined and inspected just be- fore they are shipped, and in cases where bad fruit is found, or over-facing is dis- covered, the owner of the box or barrel is prosecuted under the Inspection and Sales Art. The system of sending inspectors and ex perts through the country to give the grow- ers and packers pointers and advice along the line . of packing and shipping fruit is showing excellent results. "Occasionally we have come across a few who have re- fused to allow our representatives to give them advice," said Mr. Johnson, "but under the Inspection and Sales Act we are able to punish those who break the law." He added that by this method the Division is able to see that the fruit leaves the ship- ping point honestly packed and graded. Commissioner Johnson is pleased with the results being obtained from the system now- followed of distributing information. It seems to be working almost to perfection. "We have our representatives wire us twice a week regularly, giving us information as to the condition of fruit throughout the country," he explained. "They advise us as to how the fruit is growing, what the quality of It is, and how much there is likely to be on hand at certain periods. We have our officials in consuming centres, advising December, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 281 us as to the condition of the markets, the quantity of fruit, and the prices being realized. All this is made up in the form of a summary report, and is sent out to the various shippers and dealers interested in the fruit business. Any shipper or grower can write or wire us and we will give him the latest information possible. In fact there are a number of the largest shippers who have asked us to keep them posted regularly as to market conditions." "We have had to prosecute a number of shippers this year for violating the Inspec- tion and Sales Act by overfacing their packages of fruit. Many still have the habit of piling the large fruit on top of the pack- ages and the smaller fruit underneath. We intend to put a stop to this, and our offi- cials have forced many packers to repack their fruit before they were allowed to sell it. The violations are not by the large and responsible growers and shippers, but by men with a small knowledge of the fruit in- dustry, and who lack an established reputa- tion to uphold." — E. G. W. Douglas Gardens English Market Prospects for Apples J. Forsyth Smith, Canadian Fruit Trade Commissioner, Manchester, Eng. GREAT difficulty is being experienced by shippers and importers' agents in securing required steamer space, and the trade expect that although this will seriously handicap the apple business, it may prove a factor of considerable import- ance in maintaining values on British mar- kets. The high freights on the other hand (J1.25 to J1.50 per barrel, and 80 cts. to Jl.OO per cubic foot for box apples) will increase the risk taken by apple buyers in Canada, and make it necessary that fairly high prices be obtained if apples sold on shippers' account are to yield satisfactory returns. Conditions of the Market. War conditions, additional taxation, and the increased cost of living, together with the general tendency to restrict the number Fruit Imports into Great Britain. The following tables show the quantities of various fruits imported into the United Kingdom during the month of August, and during the eight months ended August 31 for 1915, 1914, and 1913. Fruit Imports for September, The following quantities of fruits were im- ported into the United Kingdom in Sep- tember, 1914 and 1915: — 1915. 1914. Apples Cwts. 33,677 43,078 Apricots and peaches. . . " 77 170 Bananas (bunches) . . 593,917 650,000 Oranges Cwts. 5,185 6,205 Pears " 35,745 31,187 Plums " 1,244 963 Quantities of Fruit Imported. Fruit. Apples Apricots and peaches Bananas, bunches . . . Oranges Month 1913. Cwts. 58,028 1,005 798,262 19,404 of August. 1914. Pears 188,829 Cwts. 7,354 1,500 1,143,104 20,274 54,671 1915. Cwts. 29,415 56 970,583 11,039 68,923 8 Months ended August 31. 1913. Cwts. 1,705,774 7,831 4,952,091 4,299,694 257,118 1914. Cwts. 1,179,184 29,833 5,851,165 3,716,047 178,988 1915. Cwts. 2,092,009 8,890 5,997,263 4,648,044 102,521 OAKVILLE, ONT. At the date of writing (15th Oct.) the following named plants are showing good bloom, viz.: BEDDING PLANTS— Antirrhinums — "Silver Pink." Pansies. Salvia — "Bonfire." PERENNIALS— Coreopsis — (Second Crop). Delphiniums — (Second Crop) Echinacea — (Rudbeckia) pur> purea. Gaillardia. Hardy Asters — Nos. 22, 23, 26, 34 and 40. Helenium — 4 sorts. Holly Hocks. Kniphofia— "Pfitzeri." Phlox — "Miss Lingard" (Sec- • ond crop) "Jeanne d'Arc." Shasta Daisies. Veronica Spicata. Garden makers would do well to keep these plants in mind for late bloom. JOHN CAVERS Banana and orange statistics are included in the tabulation for purposes of compari- son. Receivers complain of the way the Eng- lish apple is packed, and this, we think, is largely due to the difficulty growers have experienced in obtaining necessary labor. Most of the English cooking sorts will be of banquets, dinners and similar public functions are expected to lessen the demand for fancy box fruit. Labor, however, is fully employed at wages considerably higher than normal, and the working classes will be able and probably willing to buy apples freely. Sound No. 1 and No. 2 barrel apples will be in good demand. The prospects for No. 3 apples appear more doubtful, especi- ally while quantities of English apples are moving, but there is a distinct section of the consuming public calling for cheap fruit, and the large No. 3's especially (No. 1 in size and color, but showing scab or other defect) will experience a fair demand. Price Prospects. Prices are so variable, and depend so much upon fluctuating conditions of satis- factory supply, glut or market bareness, condition, quality, etc., that forecasts are always of doubtful value. The trade in Olasgow, however, agree that prices as fol- lows may reasonably be expected for good No. 1 Ontario apples: Kings, 25s. to 30s.; Baldwins, 23s. to 26s.; Spies, 25s. to 30s. The size of the Nova Scotia barrel may be expected to make a difference of from two to four shillings. Any good varieties of No. 1 box apples, Jonathans, Spitzenbergs, Newtowns, Rome Beauty, should sell from ten to twelve shillings, possibly at a slightly higher price. Cox's Orange Pippin, In strong demand but of which there is a limited supply, may quite possibly reach fifteen or sixteen shillings, or higher. General price expectations are lower In Liverpool than in Glasgow, and in London lower than in Liverpool. The Early Spray Gets the Worm Spray early — Spray thoroughlj' — Spray with a good Sprayer. Insects and worms are most prodigiously prolific, and it takes an early start with a first-class Sprayer to get ahead of them. Insects do not confine their devastation to this year's crop; they injure the trees permanently. They are the worst enemy of the orchardist and the gardener. Make up your mind to get after these injurious pests and destroy them with the one, best all round efficient Sprayer — the AYLMER SPRAYER It throws an unusually powerful, fine, misty spray which pene- trates Into crevice.s of bark, buds and foliage, where the insects and their eggs are hidden. The Ayimer Spray is used by .seven Governments, has won medals, and Is made on the original lines of strength and durability. The outfit consists of Pump, 10 feet hose, couplings, 2 Bordeaux nozzles, brass stopcock, 1 f 91 one Y, one long extension rod. without barrel jl I I^ With Barrel, add J3.00. «)/*»/ Send money Order and Sprayer will be shipped on next freight, prepaid, to your R. R. Station, anywhere In Ontario. Write for free booklet— "SPRAYING." Ayimer Pump & Scale Co. Ltd. 127 Water St., Ayimer, Ont. 282 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. over by the middle of November, and what dessert apples may be held In store will hardly be of sufficient Importance to inter- fere with arrivals from the other side. Spies, when good, are a particularly THE BEEKEEPERS^ DIRECTORY The follcrwing beekeepers will be able to supply Bees and Queens In any quantity for the season of 1916. Order early. E. E. MOTT, Glenwood, Mich. Northern Bred Italian Queens. J. P. MOORE, Morgan, Ky. Try Moore's Strain Next Tear. W. R. STIRLING, Ridgetown, Ont. Fine Italian Queens. ' s J. I. BANKS, Oowelltown, Tenn. Italian "Queens of Quality." P. TEMPLE, 438 Gladstone Ave., Toronto, bnt. Canadian Bred Italian Stock. THE DEROY TAYLOR CO., Newark, N.Y. Northern Bred Italian Bees and Queens. M. C. BERRY & CO., Successors to Brown & Berry Haynevllle, Ala. Best bred Italian Queens and Bees THE PENN COMPANY, Penn, Miss. Bees and Queens. P. W. JONES, Bedford, Que. Bees by the pound, also best Italian Queens. H. C. CLEMONS, Boyd, Ky. Three band Italians bred for business. THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE, 185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont. Canadian and U.S.A. bred queens and bees. Bees by the pound or colony. A. E. CRANDALL & SON, Berlin, Conn. 'Quality" Italian Queens. JOHN A. McKINNON, St. Eugene, Ont. Best northern bred stock. WM. ATCHLEY, „, , , „ °' Mathls, Texas. Wants to sell you your early bees by the pound. Queens in season. STOVER APIARIES Mayhew, Miss. Not a single complaint. J W K. SHAW & CO., LoreauvMIe, Ua. Everyone knows their strain of three- band Italians. favored variety on the Liverpool market, and should realize twenty-five to thirty shil- lings per Ontario barrel, but unless the quality is good these figures will be doubt- ful, as a poor Spy will probably find a worse market than a poor Baldwin. On the same basis, allowing for the difference in weight. Nova Scotia Spies may be expected to make twenty to twenty-five shillings. Were the crop large, we should not be at all inclined to encourage the shipment of No. 3's in view of the high cost of trans- portation. If, however, supplies prove in- considerable, and, as we anticipate, prices for No. I's and No. 2'8 reach a fairly high level. No. 3's may then be required for the lower class trade. Apples are now considered an article of food rather than a luxury, and the working classes seem to be handling so much money that they are unlikely to neglect apples. Good boxed Yellow Newtowns will sell well in Liverpool at ten to twelve shillings. Rome Beauties also find a ready outlet here, but the price prospects, say ten shillings, are not so high. With regard to Canadian pears, we are sorry we cannot hold out much prospect for shipments, as refrigerated space is now practically impossible on board steamers from the other side, and ordinary stowage will not give satisfactory results. A quan- tity for sale at Liverpool on October 8, re- ceived per ss. Corsican, turned out very poor, and prices realized will leave heavy losses to senders. In our opinion, if Canadian pears can be landed at Glasgow in a sound and satisfac- tory conditon, they will meet with a good demand at satisfactory prices. Ontario Horticulturists Meet (Continued from page 279.) point," Mr. Macoun said that that state was not to be compared with Ontario in the sum- mer season. The climate was so dry that only the best drought resisting flowerin,^ plants would grow, and since these are usually covered with dust they lacked the green setting which so entrances the beauty of the flowers of our northern landscape. The growing of grass for lawns was almost an impossibility. In the winter, however, the increased precipitation made gardening much easier. Geo. Baldwin, who had charge of vacant lot gardening in Toronto during the past summer, outlined the nature of the work which, he said, was instituted to provide an opportunity to those in need for acquiring material supplies by their own efforts, in cultivating tracts of vacant city land. Be- sides this, if tended to improve the health of city workers, created in them a love of nature, and instructed them in the work of practical gardening. One of the most able addresses was that of Thos. Adams, of the Conservation Com- mission, Ottawa, who dealt with town plan- ning from the horticultural standpoint. With the assistance of lantern slides, hp showed the striking difference that exists between some of the Old Country cities, such as Edinburgh and some of our Cana- dian cities, such as Toronto. In the former the sky line was formed by church spires and monuments of historic interest, while in the latter the unattractive sky scraper and the hideous water tank all too frequent- ly dominate the city. The lack of attention shown by Canadians to beautifying their cities by planting trees, shnibs and flowers was also freely commented upon. Our whole city life, said Mr. Adams, seems to be entirely divorced from nature, and we have yet to learn that the gardener should he the partner of the architect. A resolution was passed asking the Gov- ernment to have 14,000 copies of the annual report of the association printed, and re- questing that a copy be sent to each mem- ber of the horticultural societies of Ontario. A committee was appointed to look into the matter of running excursions to the Ex- perimental Farm, Ottawa, and to Rochester, N.Y. R. B. Whyte, of Ottawa, was appointed a delegate to the Canadian Town Planning League. Rev. A. H. Scott, Perth; Mrs. Cad- well, Windsor, and J. Lockie Wilson were appointed representatives to the American Civic Association, and W. B. Burgoyne, St. Catharines, representative to the Canadian National Exhibition. It was decided that In future the retiring president be the only honorary director. The following officers were elected: Presi- dent, Rev. G. W. Tebbs, Hamilton; First Vice-President, Dr. F. E. Bennett, St. Thomas; Second Vice-President, Prof. Crow. O.A.C., Guelph; Treasurer, C. A. Hesson, St. Catharines; Secretary and Editor, J. Lockie Wilson, Toronto; Honorary Director. J. H. Bennett, Barrie; Directors, Rev. A. H. Scott, Perth; H. J. Clarke, Belleville; R. Whorley, Haileybury; T. D. Dockray, To- ronto; James Ogilvie, Hamilton; Wm. Har- vey, Seaforth; R. W. Bothwell, Stratford, and W. E. Dignac, Sandwich. Apple Box Competition In October, the students at the Oka Agri- cultural Institute had an occasion to show their ability as fruit packers, when Rev. Father Leopold's annual special course In apple box packing ended by a competition. Valuable prizes had been generously offered, which contributed to make the competition very keen. The first one was ten dollar.?, presented by the Minister of Agriculture for the Province of Quebec, the Hon. C. E. Caron. Many other prizes were offered by some of the prominent members of the Pomological and Fruit Growing Society of the Province, and friends of the Institution. The Dominion Fruit Commissioner, Mr. Dan. Johnson, acted as judge, with the as- sistance of Mr. Philippe Roy, B.S.A., from the College, whose competency was recog- nized by the students. Mr. Johnson gave a severe test to the competitors by opening the boxes by the side instead of the cover. It was therefore a strictly commercial test. After three hours hard work, the judges came to the following decisions: 1. Xavier Rodrigue 96 2. Romeo Cossette 90 3. Alphonse Lafrance 89 4. Arthur Tremblay 88.5 5. Bernard Baribeau 88 There were nineteen competitors in all. The points allotted were 100 as a maxi- mum, divided as follows: Fruit: Size 10 Color 20 Uniformity 20 Quality 15 Pack : Appearance 5 Bulge 10 Solidity 10 Alignment 10 100 After the awarding of prizes, Mr. Johnson congratulated the competitors and their pro- fessor for their excellent work, and said that it was the best competition in apple boxing that he had ever seen. The boxes were so well and uniformly put up, it had required much labor to establish the difference be- tween the first, second, third, and fourth prizes. Fruit Commissioner Johnson also made another statement which made the boys feel December, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 283 Notice to Beekeepers. Customers will please note that our spe- cial Winter discounts and terms on all lines of Beekeepers' Supplies commence Novem- ber first. Beelteepers would do well to take advantage of these offers, not only pn ac- count of the saving, but the satisfaction nf having their appliances ready for the bee season when it opens. Now is also the best time to order goods that have to be made especially. We are anticipating a busy season and desire to give our beekSeping friends the best possible service. THE HAM & NOTT CO., Ltd. Mfgs. Beekeepers' Supplies Brantford, Ontario. FOR PROFIT Plant our Top Notch Fruit, Shade and Ornamental Trees this fall. Evergreens, Shrubs, Roses, Vines, Bushes. Ask for Price List (no agents) at Central Nurseries. A. G. HULL <£. SONS, St. Catharines - Ontario. I The Lightest "Friend" King LIGHT WEIGHT LARGE CAPACITY FRIEND POWER SPRAYER Rough or Soft ground, or Steep Hillsides are easily covered by this lightest "King" of which W. H. Grinell, Albion, N.Y., writes: "After five years of spraying my 20-acre Apple orchard it is to-day the best outfit in the neighborhood." The two types of Friend Sprayers, "King" and "Queen" (under slung>, received the majority of all Sprayer awards at the Pan- ama-Pacific Exposition because of these features; NEAT mounting— LIGHT weight— EAST drawing — SHORT turning — LARGE capacity —DIRECT PROPELLOR agitator— combined UNIT of motor and pump — QUICK acces- sible. ADJUSTABLE and DETACHABLE parts — UNIQUE pressure regulator — COM- PLETE — HIGH-GRADE — GUARANTEED throughout. "Friend" has a hand or power sprayer for every man who sprays Fruit or Crops in hill or level country. Write to-day for our catalogue of Friend ■Sprayers, illustrated with photographs sent in by Friend owners, with each statement backed by men who know. Then put your individual problem up to our experts. We can furnish the sprayer that is most eco- nomical for you to use. Splendid opportun- ities open for agents. FRIEND MFG. COMPANY 24 Eait Ave., GASPORT. N.Y. Largest Exclusive Sprayer Works. Every part of every sprayer built In our own factory. IS THE TIME TO ORDER YOUR NOW NURSERY STOCK We have a large quantity of fine stock to offer for spring planting. Write st once for our FREE Cata- logue of fruit and ornamen- tal trees, small fruits, shrubs, roses, etc. Address, J. H. McCOMB'S UNION NURSERIES Fonthill, - - Ont. The Root Canadian House 185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont. HONEY WANTED— Comb and Extracted. All kinds of bee supplies, journals and books. Early discounts. Catalogue free. CHAS. E. HOPPER & CO. BEEWARE 126 Simcoe St., Toronto, Ont. The Beekeepers' Review Clubbing Offer For 1916 The REVIEW for 1916 .. $1.00 Ocf, Nov. and Dec, 1915, free. American Bee Journal for 1916 1.00 Gleanings for 1916 i.oo One REVIEW HONEY QUEEN 1.00 Total $4.00 ALL FOUR FOR ONLY $3.00. For description of REVIEW QUEEN see another column. Gleanings, 30c.; A. B. J., 10c. ; Review Free. Address, with remittance. Add for Canadian Postage- The BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, Northstar, Michigan. A New Bee Book Entitled BEEKEEPING By Dr. E. F. Phillips, of the United States Department of Agricul- ture. 435 pages of interesting reading, with numerous illustra- tions, by an established authority. Regular price $2.00 (postage extra) (Mailing weight 2 lbs.) By special arrangement we can offer this book, postpaid, with a year's subscription to American Bee Journal, both for $2.50. (Canadian postage 15c. extra.) AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL, Hamilton, Illinois QUEENS OF QUALITY,, The Editor of the BEEKEEPERS* REVIEW and his sons have 1,100 colftnles-'of bees worked for extracted honey. With all those bees working with equal advantag'fe, *11 having the same care and attention, they have an opportunity unexcelled to ascertainlwithout a reasonable doubt, colonies desirable as breeders from a honey producer's standjibiht. Likely, 'never in the history of beekeeping, was there a better opportunity to test out the honey getting strain of bees than this. Tl^ink of It, 1,100 colonies with equal show, and a dozen of those colonies storing 250 to 275 pounds of surplus honey this last poor (with us> season, while the average of the entire 1,100 being not more than 40 pounds per colony. We have sent two of our very best breeding queens (their colonies producing 275 pounds surplus each, during the season of 1915) to John M. Davis, and two to Ben. G. Davis, both of Spring Hill, Tenn., and they will breed queens for the Review during the season of 1916, from those four superior honey gathering breeding queens. Those young queens will be mated with their thoroughbred drones. Our stock Is of the three banded strain of Italian, also that of John M. Davis, while Ben. G. Davis breeds that disease resisting strain of goldens, that Is be- coming so popular. By this time you are likely thinking that your strain of bees may be improved some by the addition of this superior strain of Review queens and how you can secure one or more of those superior honey gathering queens as a breeder. We will tell you: They will be sold to none except Review subscribers. If you are a paid-in-advance subscriber to the Review for 1916, we will mail you one of the daughters of those famous queens in June for a dollar. If not a subscriber to the Review for 1916, send $1.75 for a year's subscription to the Review and one of those famous young queens. Those queens are well worth two dollars each, compared to the price usually charged for ordinary queens, but we are not trying to make money out of this proposition, only we are anxious to have every subscriber of The Beekeeper (Canadian postage free), a subscriber of the Review, and we are taking: this way to accomplish the object. A few of the very first orders for queens that we receive can be mailed in May. but the majority will not be mailed until June. Orders filled in rotation. Have your order booked early and avoid disappointment. . Address, with remittance, THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, Northstar, Michigan 284 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. GRASSELLI SPRAY MATERIALS ARE AS GOOD AS CAN BE MADE. GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO.. Limited Haniilton, Totonto, Montreal Cronk's Pruning Shears To introduce a high-grade pruning shear at a very low price, we are now offering direct, pro- vided your dealer does not have them, our 26-lnch No. 09 1-2 guaranteed pruner at $1.26 per pair, via parcel post, prepaid; cash with order, or ask your dealer for same. CRONK &. CARRIER MFG. CO., ELMIRA, N.Y. Green-House Flowers The Prize Winners 'T'HERE is only one sure way to raise prize winning flowers. That is under glass where you can control at- mospheric c o n d i - tions. Out in the open you are at the mercy of the sea- sons, heavy rains, winds and cold snaps. Flowers that you are nursing along carefully may be killed off any night, and you are helpless. We are erecting some of the biggest and finest green- houses in Canada, as well as small but highly efficient houses that represent a very limited outlay. "W'e will be glad to figure on your requirements. You will find the cost moderate, and the workmanship thorough. Write NOW for Booklet "B". GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, LIMITED 201 Church Street, Room 1013, Transportation BIdg., TORONTO St. Jarne* St., MONTREAL proud of their College. He said that the best apples at the World's Fair at San Francisco were the Canadian Fameuse ap- ples, and that the best Fameuse had been supplied by the Oka Agricultural Institute. Mr. Johnson encouraged the students to con- tinue their work in order to stimulate the development of the fruit Industry in thin country. Annapolis Valley Eunice Buchanan, Berwick, N.S. A few miles of barren bog separates the apple centre of Berwick from the cranberry districts of Aylesford and Auburn, where the crop, with the exception of about a car- load, has been shipped chiefly to Montreal and then to other points in upper Canada and the prairies. This year's yield of cran- berrie.s has been about six thousand bar- rels; the fruit is of excellent quality, hav- ing been free from pests and diseases, and consequently is keeping well. This year the Auburn growers are receiv- ing $4.50 to $4.75 per barrel; by the carload the price Is around $5.00. If It had not been for careless packing in the past, the grower should now be receiving one dollar more a barrel; dealers give more for Cape Cod cranberries because of the reliable pack and a standard barrel. Cape Cod bar- rels hold 95 quarts, whereas many of onr barrels hold only 80 to 85 quarts. A slight frost in August injured some of the cranberries, but where the bogs were well sanded they were not hurt until the frost of September 25, but most of the crop was gathered by that date. One to two cents a quart is paid for pick- ing the berries by hand, but the progres- sive growers use scoops, which reduces the time and frost risk, also the cost of picking to about 40c per barrel. The fruit is put into bushel crates made of lath, with solid ends, where, when placed in the cellar, they keep much better than in barrels. The varieties of cramberries grown in Nova Scotia are determined by their shape, namely, cherry, olive, bugle and bell. A well kept bog will yield from 50 to 75 bar- rels per acre, but a neglected bog will not grow more than 10 to 20 barrels. There are vast tracts of bog yielding nothing more profitable than blueberries, but it costs from $75 to $100 per acre to cut off the top growth or turf, then from $40 to $60 more to spread a layer of sand over it, and finally a few more dollars, the least part of the expense, to plant the vines. The apple crop in the Auburn district is about 50 per cent, of a full crop; much of the fruit is deformed and spotted. The market for apples is reported from $2.00 to $2.50 and more; this Information comes from a buyer, but there seems to be little real knowledge with regard to prices. Pri- vate shippers are satisfied with their re- turns, even if the freights are high. Wages in England have never been so high as at present, and for this reason fruit should be in good demand. The weather has been mild and much plowing has been done; also it is becoming the fashion to plant apple trees in the fall, a few hundred having been planted in this vicinity. The present year has not been a favor- able one for vegetable growers in Ontario. Speaking at the recent Lambton County Horticultural Exhibition, the provincial vegetable specialist, Mr. Johnson, of To- ronto, said that the continued wet weather from July 1 to the end of August caused considerable losses in many part of the province. Also there had been more insects which damage vegetables than had been known in the past twenty-five years. December, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 285 it Niagara District Notes F. G. H. Patlison, Winona THE past month in this district has been characterized by fine mild weather. Up to the night of the 16th no frost had occurred in the western portion to do any real damage. On the nights of the 16th, 17th and 18th sharp frosts took place, but since then the weather has remained mild. On the 19th heavy rain fell, which proved a great boon to both fruit growers and farm- ers, enabling them to get their fall plowing properly done. Previous to that many had ceased plowing, owing to the hardness of the land, especially where it had been tramped on by horses during the summer. East of St. Catharines, and in the neigh- borhood of old Niagara, fruit and vegetable growers have not had a very favorable year. Peaches and blackberries were a good crop, but their chief market, Toronto, was glutted most of the season, and prices were very low. Strawberries were rather a short crop. Apples and pears were very light; potatoes a failure. Except along the lake shore and along a portion of the Ni- agara River, most of the grapes were frozen in May, and yielded little or nothing. The accommodation at the old Niagara wharf was insufficient. Many times fruit shippers had to wait hours and hours to get their stuff on board the boat. This was partly owing to the large amount of freight coming in for the soldiers, but the arrange- ments made by the steamboat company for handling this freight and the fruit seem to have been utterly lacking in system. In- stead of having one place to drive in and unload fruit, and another place to take away freight, they had the whole thing mixed up. This caused much delay and waste of time for the fruit growers. Fruit shipping is now done for the season, few apples even being left, except in cellars, where some still remain to be packed. On the whole, the apple crop west of St. Cath- arines in the Niagara and surrounding dis- trict has been atout as good as anywhere in Ontario this season. Lately there has been a keen demand for apples, especially Spies, at very remunerative prices. Even No. 3's have sold well. Around Winona and Grimsby fruit grow- ers have not done so badly. Peaches did fairly well, also plums. Currants, apples and grapes were a great help, all selling for good prices. The fruit growers in this sec- tion have reaped considerable benefit from the action of Sir George Foster, who se- cured large orders for the jam factories at both Winona and Hamilton. In conse- quence of this, they were enabled to pur- chase large quantities of black currants, plums, peaches and apples at prices fairly remunerative to the growers. The Winona jam factory alone purchased in the neigh- borhood of forty-five thousand baskets of plums. The grape season was well prolonged, owing to the absence of frost, and the growers had a good chance to get the crop off without being frozen. Prices were good, but the crop was not heavy, and a large percentage of red grapes were never picked, owing to mildew. Keiffer pears were a fair crop and sold well, as they generally do when the apple crop is light. The executive of the Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' Association met recently in St. Catharines to finish up the season's business. The chief item of business was winding up the accounts of the advertising committee. As all the collections were not yet completed, the executive adjourned to meet once more. It is generally felt that the advertising campaign conducted this season has been Practical Vegetable Grower Wanted The owner of land, with railway flag sta- tion on the premises and water pressure by gravity, wants a practical man who will supply overhead irrigating piping and plant, also operate the land on shares. Send refer- ences when replying. Box 5, Canadian Horticulturist. The Georgian Bay Tree Pruner Work« fine. The Price u $2 SO G W.BULL, M{r.,Wia t Coiitnil fimipU'U'. Provenis (lr.777) culscleaa ' .and easy— does not * wound tho bark- she handed -■ 26- ich ash handles. 1 $Z 00 prepaid. tain It is . carefully made from the b c st o f materials and is fully guaranteed. JolnlMl Tr«« Trimmar-- ricM. CAl ALOO W&EE. iFREE HKllam R Thre« Bnokii **T rapper's Guide" Englitb or French 06 paKcB. illuifrated tells bow and wl.ere to trap and other Talaable Information for trapp«r8 ; al'*o "'Trapper's and Sportsmen'sSupply Catalog""Raw Fur Price List," and latest "Fur Style Book " ot beauti- ful fur set£ and far garments. AU these books fully illuBtrated and sent FBEI ON ItEQUEBT. ill 348 HalUm Building T O R O IN T O ■fekJ-KANT-KLOG SPRAYERn THE COMMISSION MAN Under-noted are Canadian and ments of fruit and vegetables. British firms wishing consign- Correspondence is solicited NICHOLSON & DEMPSTER 88 Colborne St., Toronto, Ont. Receivers and shippers of local and car- loads lots Potatoes, Apples, and Mixed Vegetables. HERBERT PETERS 88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont. Wholesale Fruit and Produce See advertisement on page 248. H. J. ASH 44-46 Church St. TORONTO - - ONTARIO Consignments of fruit and vegetables so- licited. We give personal, consistent and reliable attention to every consignment. Shipping stamps furnished on request Dawson, Elliott Co. 32 West Market St., TORONTO. Telephone IVlaIn 1471. Consignments of Apples and Vegetables solicited. Highest prices obtained. Bankers: London County and Westminster Bank, Southwark Branch. Established 1880. John Robinson FRUIT IMPORTER AND SALESMAN, 3 Rochester St., Borough IVIarl>oo(^8 by liKhtening your A4 / . t>U labors- Write for rata- logue. Sizesup to 15 H.P. Oilson Mfg. Company, 5 Vork Sl Oiifiph. Cunit'la. HERE AT LAST "FRIEND" unique Power Sprayer Pressure Regulator. Positive ac- tion on any desired pres- sure; quick change of 50 lbs. by movement of handy lever. Quick by- pass. Works on any power sprayer. Satisfac- tion guaranteed. Write for circular. We make exchanges. "Friend" Mfg. Co. Gasport, N.Y, Fruit and Vegetables Solicited Branch Warenouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine Send for Shipping Stamp WE GET YOU BEST PRICES OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses with com- petent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcu- pine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Cana- dian Bank of Commerce (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies December, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 287 quite successful, and the association intend to carry on a similar campaign next season, only on a larger and more ambitious scale. The annual meeting will be held next month at St. Catharines. The chief subjects of discussion amongst the fruit men of this district during the win- ter are likely to be: "Advertising Our Fruit," "Better Packages in Shipping Fruit," and "A Larger and Better Co-operation of the District in Marketing Our Fruit." Early on the morning of Nov. 7 occurred the death in Chicago of Mr. M. F. Ritten- house, the well-known millionaire lumber- man, who was born at Vineland. and who has been so generous, both to his native land and to the Province of Ontario. Mr. Rittenhouse spent thousands of dollars on improvements in the neighborhood of Vine- land. He erected at his own expense that splendid public building, Victoria Hall, where educational lectures and entertain- ments are given, and added a beautiful park, together with a band-stand. He purchased and presented to the Ontario Government the land on which the Vineland Experi- mental Station has been established. He bore half the cost of the Rittenhouse school, famous for its beautiful gardens, added a library and stocked it with two thousand volumes. He also built a splendid, up-to- date road, at great expense, extending from Queenston and Grimsby stone road to the lake, a distance of over three miles. For ten years past Mr. Rittenhouse has con- tributed in many ways to the welfare of that part of the district, and his death will be much regretted by all who knew of his good work. Mr. Rittenhouse set a fine example to other wealthy men in the admirable way in which he spent his moneyjji^or the benefit of his native place and province. His fun- eral took place on Nov. 10 to Vineland Cemetery. There was a large attendance from all parts of the country. The follow- ing, amongst many others, were present: Municipal Council of Lincoln, Township Councils of Louth and Clinton, Dr. Mills, P. W. Hodgetts, Dr. C. C. James, of Ottawa, and Dr. Creelman, of O.A.C., Guelph. The children of the Rittenhouse school sang "Nearer My God to Thee," and the flowers sent from friends and others were very numerous and beautiful. The scarcity of potatoes is somewhat serious here as well as in most other parts of Ontario. - Locally, at Winona, potatoes of fair quality have been freely obtainable at $1.25 per ibag. Now, however, they are soaring again, and have reached $1.75 in Toronto. Two dollars a bag is spoken of as likely by the end of February. Twenty thousand gallons of peaches and also a quantity of pears have been put up at the Vineland Experimental Station pri- vate cannery, and will be sent to Great Britain and France for use in the Canadian hospitals. This fruit is a donation from the Ontario Government. Robt. Buchart was recently fined $10 and costs in Hamilton, being convicted on a charge brought against him by F. L. Gabel, Dominion Fruit Inspector, of having packed apples for export in violation of the Inspec- tion and Sales Act of Canada. After a remarkable season's "business the Toronto fruit market at the foot of Yonge S'treet closed in the second week of Novem- ber. A very large business was done there during the summer, but the prices of most kinds of fruit, and of many kinds of vege- tables were .so low as to constitute a record for the past few years. Prof. Bottomley's discoveries and experi- ints with bacterial ipeat, or "Humogen," nave roused great Interest in England, and ::n Influential committee has been formed to conduct experiments on a large scale. a 1 ■ C ■ 1 i PUREST- CLEAN ESI MOST RELIABLE FORS\LE AT BEST DEALERS. WRITE FOR CATAIOGUF TORONTO - MONTREAL WINNIPEG - VANCOUVER [T T ■ 1 M a 4 1 ^i ■■H^HllHHll RAW FURS WOOL AND HIDES .\t all times, whether peace or war, you will do be.st by .shipping- your raw furs to the fastest growing- and most reliable fur hou.se in Canada. We have a large demand for all kinds of raw furs, and are paying highest market prices. It will pay you to .ship to us. We pay all express charges, give honest as.sortment, and make remittances same day shipments are received. Price list knd tags sent on request by per- sonal letter. Write to-day and be convinced. BRITISH RAW FUR COMPANY 281/2 West Market Street, Toronto. SANDER & SONS ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND ORCHID GROWERS. The Finest Stock in the World Catalogue on Application NEW AND RARE SEEDS Unique collection. Hundreds of vari- eties adapted for the Canadian cli- mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy. Own saving. Catalogue free. Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ENFIELD, IVIIDDLESEX, ENQ. You set the hour—he'll wake you up If it's two-thirty to get then;ilk to town, he calls you right on the dot. If it's five o'clock when work is light, Big Ben lets you get the ex- tra sleep. Dodge him around — two today — five tomorrow — give him a thorough try-out. Any hour you say suits Big Ben. Just arrange it with him at bed time. It's hi.s business tofi.ot you up on timeand hedoeslt loyally— punctu- ally— cheerfully, lie stands seven Inches tall; has great, stronfj keys that make him easy to wind; a bift, deep-toned flong that makes him pleasln)^ to he:^r— a round, jolly face that makes him easy to read. If your c^'^alcr hasn't him, a money order adJrossed to his'makers, Wcstclox, La .V.;lle, Illinois, will brinft lilm toyou postpaid. $2.50 In the States— in Canada, $3.00 288 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. Wholesale ReUII Northern Grown Frnit Trees for Northern Planters Look for a view of a section of our Nurseries In this issue. Specialties — Crimson Beauty, North Star, Wealthy and Stark Apples; Biack Champion Currant. ALBERT NURSERIES. Albert, New Brunswick Price Need Not Stand in the Way! Don't let the Question of price prevent you from owning a SPRAMOTOR and getting better crops. We make a SPRAMOTOR as low as $6, and from that all the way up to $400.00. Our $6 outflt^ Is as good value In proportion as the $400 machine. There's .'s a ^ I isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless wc made it for every need — the small farmer and the thousand - acre man. The knapsack outfit at the left Is all high- grade and sprays at high pressure, guarantee it to spray, paint, whitewn.«h and chemical.'!. The SPR.\MOTOR is all brass, with dashing agi- tator around screen, automatic plunger, brass ball valves and patent hand vaJve. In galvanized or brass B-gal. tank. Barrel outfit consists of all-brass No. 2 SPRAMOTOR, with two 10-feet lines of hose, couplings attached, patent hand valves, two bamboo extension rods with brass cupped ends and patent drip guards, two double-nozzle clusters, complete, mounted on 50-gal. cask. Can be used for all kinds of work. PUPP Write us giving some idea of your spraying needs. rixCiI-i In return we will mail you without charge a copy of our valuable Illustrated treatise on Crop Disea-ses, also details of a SPRAMOTOR best suited to your requirements. MADE IN CANADA. NO DUTY TO PAY. SPRAMOTOR WORKS, 2701 King Street, LONDON, Canada NORTHERN GROWN NURSERY STOCK FOR SALE Our nurseries are situated on the tableland of the Ottawa Valley. We are the originators and direct propagators of the famous Mcintosh Red apple tree. We do all of our graft- ing on Crab Roots, which assures a strong, hardy root system. All of our Scions are taken from our thoroughbred Mcintosh Red Orchard. Every tree in this orchard was grafted from the original tree that gives the fruit the same beautiful color and delicious flavor as the original. In continually grraftlng from one tree to the other the parent stock has some influence, and in time a good part of both color and flavor Is lost. We also grow some other hardy varieties of Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Small Fruits, Flowering Shrubs, Shade and Ornamental Tree*. Send want list for price* to McINTOSH NURSERY CO., DUNDELA, ONTARIO Already experiments have shown that one ton of "Humogen" applied to the soil pro- duced 41 per cent, more potatoes, 26 per cent, more turnips, 43 per cent, more beets, 46 per cent, more onions, and 28 per cent, more carrots than eighty tons of barnyard manure from the same soil. English Apple Crop Mr. J.Forstyth Smith, Fruit Trade Commissioner Manchester The English apple crop was a good aver- age one, in spite of the oft year, but a large proportion of inferior fruit is in evidence, and the quantity of high class apples Is limited. While the supply of cooking varie- ties is good, scarcely any flrst-class dessert apples are available, except the Worcester Pearmaln, Cox's Orange, and the Blenheim Orange. These varieties have been on sale in all markets, the first being especially popular on account of its bright red color. The English apple crop has only a small effect upon the price that may be obtained for Canadian apples. During the summer months, its comparatively poor quality, and the fact that it is placed upon the market with little attention to grading and packing, make the Engli.sh apple a serious competi- tor of Canadian No. 3's only. This effect disappears towards the second week in November, when the bulk of the crop has gone into consumption. cirvcs what fields need Plant- food the most. Ask us to help you build up your soil. A 52-page book. "Bumper Crops," Is full of valuable pointers on fer- tilizing. FREE if you mention thU paper. I Shur-Crop Fertilizers Does Spraying Pay ? Ask the Farmer who sprayed this year and got three to four dollars for his fruit. He knows better than the Farmer who did not spray and sold his fruit to the evapora- tor. Let us solve your spraying problem. We are the oldest manufacturers of sprays in Canada. Lime-Sulphur. Soluble Sul- phur. Arsenate of Lead. Hand Pumps. Power Pumps and all accessories. Quality that gives results and profits. IVrite to-day). Niagara Brand Spray Co., Limited Burlington - Ontario Trade Mark— Registered. December, 1915. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST An Unfortunate Episode Those Canadians who have appreciated the sympathetic feelings of most of the people of the United States to the Allies in the war might have obtained some light on why the people of the United States have not done more than they have had they attended a banquet held in Cleveland In connection with the big Cleveland flower show in November. Among the Canadian exhibitors were the Dale Estate, of Bramp- ton, and John H. Dunlop, of Toronto, both of whom were quite successful. During the banquet some complimentary remarks were made about Canada, and while the toasts were 'being proposed, as there were a num- ber of Canadians present, "Tipperary" was sung and joined in heartily by the great majority of those sitting at the festive board. It happened that there was a consider- able German element present. The singing of "Tipperary" was too much for them to stand, and led by one prominent German florist, they stood up at the same time and sang "The Watch on the Rhine." Not sat- isfied with what they had done, the leader clenched his fists and shouted, "Take that, will yer!" This was too much for the loyal representatives of Canada present, who got up immediately and retired to the rotunda of the hotel. Later, -when the toast to "Our Canadian Visitors" was being given there was no one there to respond. The incident was much regretted by the majority of those present. .^d^\> y ~"\ ^ r~T. n n ' 1 STYLE C This is a New Model for 1915, the result of fifteen years' experience in Greenhouse con- struction for Canada. Dotted lines show location of wind-ties that positively prevents vibration of the sash. Supplied in widths up to 25 feet 214 Inches from post to post. KING CONSTRUCTION CO., 40 Dovercourt Road - Toronto. FREE LAND For the SETTLER in NEW ONTARIO Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain- able free and at a nominal cost are call- ing for cultivation. Tliousands of farmers have responded to the call of this fertile country and are being made comfortable and rich. Here, right at the door of Old Ontario, a home awaits you. For full Information as to terms, regu- lations, and settlers rates, write to H. A. Macdonell Director of Colonization Parliament Buildlnos, TORONTO HON. JAS. S. DUFF, Minister of Agriculture Parliament BIdgs., Toronto Big Drop in Prices of GARMENTS No matter where you live or what you or your family want in Furs, or Fur garments, you can buy cheaper and better by dealing direct with ns. It will pay you to send for our Fur Style Book, 1915-16 edition, SENT FRKK on request which contains .14 Paceit of niuBtrmtiona of h^autlful fnrs. and Na. 112 Mnskrat Coit S34.50 Ni. 113 Muff to Match $5.50 wiH tell you howjrou c*n buy cheaper aud better from under our Bystem or FROM TRAPPER TO WEARER Wfaen you realize that we are the largest cash buyers of Haw Fun in Canada, purchaaing direct from the trapper, you will appreciate the uiirir ailed opportunity we have to select the flnent iltlns. manufaclure theminiodcBirable Fur acta and Kur Karniflntfl. then by s.lling direct by mail Bare you tlie mlddlenien's profits. You wiUbe»8l()nIshM to lee the beauti- ful Furs you can purchase from va for a little money, every one* gem in Itsclass Thtaaeason furs are lower in price than 'ver before, owing larc^Iy to most of the Kiiropean markets heing rloned on account or t'.e war, bnttlie stork of Raw Furs fn Araer i'anow la So low, that prices are stiffening up. and it looka to us as If they will advance steadily from now on. You snould buy yiur furs tliis 8«ason unihout fail. R«menilier our Kur Style Rook prices mean goods de/iiTrrtl to yoa, as WE PAY AIL DEI.IVEKV CHARGES. Every article is (wld undrr OUR I'OSI TIVE GUARANTER to" SATISFY YO^ OK KKFUND YOUR MONKY'V / ,/ I'T- '" The fiimillu'ilrate'T hero are taken frorr. our Fir Style li'mk. and civoyou but % faint xleaof tlio numerous Uirgaina offered to you. which aro shown in our Pur Style Book. Should the fura shown htiro meet with your ap- proval, send ua their price, and we will ship at once, cleiiTerr chartrcapaid liy us. and guaranteed to be satixfactoiy. aiVSKUAT COAT - Thi.t nrr/sKRA r coa r t.< ji^jwlar fh/le. This r.oat is v^nj BLACK WOLF This is a bfautif'd haiT'd — ffnoft qtuilily whole Kkins. The 1 if i« w No. !A Muff $6. SO Ni. 224 Stall $6.25 fj'rctalvtjlucvfUmadfinfvrn/ -f^],'i~ ^'':\'^'^^ w™„ , ~ j Prvft3i io'^^'^^'-ff^^'^'^'^^^^'^O'^Of rlaT^typiUoif ^lylr Same coat U mclir.^. long Irmtrmljiilh hrnd. tail and paa>! and rnounUd }>rire $.tso(}^^^'^*^°*^"^"''^9i^"'n9^3'■'Jlt■>m■rmlhamiram■ |^s.—MUSKRA T UUFF to matrh above coat, awson, Brampton, Ont. MISCELLANEOUS 1.000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors, any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. Pearl Card Co., Clintonville, Conn. FLOWER POTS 'HtBESTMADt FO STEP'S Standaro POT We have a Large Stock of all (ized FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS 3/4 AZALEA POTS and RIMLESS PANS Orders Filled Promptly. Send for Prices. The Foster Pottery Co., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. PERFECTION ^^ applies to our Poultry Fencing just rifi'ht. It keeps your chickens at home^'* oTid their enemies out. Each intersection' securely locked — the kind that stays "'put.** Peerless Fence 8S is made (f tlie best Open Hearth steel fence wire — toQgh, elastic I aad springy— and will not snap or break under sudden shocks or quick \ atmospheric changes. Our method of galvanizing prevents rust and will' ,, not flake, peel or chip off. Tlie joints are securely held with tlia "Peerless Lock." which will withstand all sudden f hocks anA etrains, yet Peerless Pc)ultry Fence can bo erected on the most hill7 and uneven ground without buckling, snspijing or kinking. The heavy Btay wirefl we ueeprcTent Bagging Bed require only about halfaa many p"ai6 »■ other fence*. We also build Farm and Ornamental Fencing and (catM. Write for catalog. AGKXT3 NEARLY EVERYWHERE. LIVE. AfiENTS WANTED IX TNASSIGNED TERRITORY. THE bAJHWELL-HOXlE WIKE l-'EHrF. CO., Ud, Winnipeg, Mao., Hamilton, 0«t, Success Depends on Water Supply WHEN it is simply a matter of turning on a tai>, your flowers get all the water they need, and thrive accordingly. So that it really pays you to stop carrying water from place to place, and install a water system, which can be done at very little ex- pense, and gives you all the water you need, when and wherever you need it. Peerless Water Systems The water from your source of supply is pumped under air pressure into the reservoir tank in the cellar or outhouse, or buried un- derground. The force pump is operated by hand, gaso- hne or electricity as suits your convenience. No open tanks to allow water contamination. Water on tap in your bathroom, hot or cold, on tap in your gardens, on tap in your greenhouses — all costing astonishingly little to install, and practically nothing to operate. Write us for full particu- lars and any special infor- mation you may desire re- garding your individual re- quirements. National Equipment Company, Limited 9 Wabash Avenue, Toronto (Sole Manufacturers of Peerless Water Systems). The Sarnia Exhibition A county fruit, vegetable, flower and honey exhibition was held in Sarnia, Ont., on October 27, 28, 29. It was the only ex- hibition of its nature held in Ontario this fall. In spite of adverse financial condi- tions and a small fruit crop, the growers of Lambton county assembled an exhibit which was a credit, not alone to Lambton county, but to the province. The chief commercial exhibit of apples was put up by the Thedford Fruit Growers' Association. It consisted of five hundred boxes. It is doubtful if ever a finer display of apples was exhibited in Ontario. The Thedford Fruit Growers' Association own and operate a central packing house, and are establishing an excellent reputation for quality fruit. This association is now mak- ing arrangements for an association prun- ing and grafting gang, which will insure greater uniformity from the orchards of the various members. Honey and Vegetable Displays. Two vegetable displays, each consisting of one hundred packages, were put up by the Lambton Growers' Co-operative Asso- ciation and the Independent Vegetable Growers' Association of Sarnia. These two organizations have worked wonders in de- veloping the vegetable growing industry of Lambton county. Five years ago the town- ship of Sarnia did not produce enough vege- tables to supply its own needs. This year over five hundred carloads of produce were handled by these two associations. The beekeepers of Lambton were also represented by a large display of honey, oc- cupying the whole of one end of the build- ing. It consisted of a huge pile of honey, put up in cans, while arranged on each side was a large display of honey in glasses. An Educational Exhibit. An educational exhibit, which proved a centre of interest, was arranged by the Lambton County Branch of the Ontario De- partment of Agriculture, in charge of G. G. Bramhill. A feature of this exhibit was the warnings against San Jose Scale. This serious insect pest is making rapid strides in Lambton County, and energetic efforts must be applied by Lambton County Fruit Growers if their orchards are to be saved. The exhibit showed a display of apples from an orchard in Euphemia township, which three years ago was threatened with destruction by San Jose scale. The Depart- ment of Agriculture took over this orchard as a demonstration. To-day the orchard is alive and healthy, and two hundred and forty boxes of apples, worth $1.25 per box, were picked from forty trees. Other speci- ally interesting features of the exhibit were a collection of fungus diseases and insect pests injurious to farmers; up-to-date prun- ing tools, poultry appliances and exhibits demonstrating proper methods of pruning. SEED NOTES. Seed potatoes are going to be very scarce. Ontario stock is practically nothing. New Brunswick stock is advancing in price every day, as there is only a fair supply. This is all on account of the rot. Onion sets are not well matured either in Canada or the United States, and will be difficult to carry over. Clover seed, owing to prevailing condi- tions, rains, etc., will be high in price next season. Beans have been a very short crop. I am much pleased with The Canadian Horticulturist amd find it very instruoUve. — C. N. Holdsworth, Bawie, Ont. I t iiimi !:;:;!;!i!!;i;i;v;:;i::::i;;;i|;i::u;Hlli!iH»