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Reference Department.

THIS BOOK MUST NOT BE TAKEN OUT OF THE ROOM,

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The Canadian Horticulturi^

Floral Edition

ol. XXXIX

PETERBORO, JANUARY, 191G

Strawberry Crates for Ontario m^,^^ ^

Edwin Smith, in charge of Fruit Cold Storage and Transportation Investigations, Dominion Cold Storage Division,

Grimsbv. Ont.

THE satisfactory strawberry pack-
age is one which is attractive in
itself and in the display of the
fruit, one that will- carry the fruit with
the least possible injury, one that is

of the top tier of boxes falls on the
berries beneath instead of on the edges
of the underneath boxes, rendering the
use of separators of very little benefit.
Thus it is impossible to pack the boxes
of the crate full without injury to the
fruit during shipment. For this reason
many growei-s have come to grief at
the hands of the fruit inspector, for it
is his business to see that all packages
are properly filled. This places the
strawberry grower in an awkward posi-
tion, for if he fills his boxes full the ber-
ries are certain to be crushed, bringing
claims from the consignee. On the
other hand, if the grower fills the boxes
so that they Avill not crush, they will
not be full enough to conform with the
requirements of the Fruit Marks Act
and the fruit inspector will "haul him
over the coals" for violation of the
federal law.

i

The Ontario 24 qt. crate which needs to be re-
placed by a more suitable package.

well ventilated and one that will sell
so as to make greatest net returns to
the growers. The 24-quart crate now
used in many parts of Ontario fulfils
none of these requirements.

The 24-quart Ontario crate is more
or less fragile, often becoming broken
in transit, and has an appearance that
is not in keeping with the fruit which
it is designed to carry. Of all the
packages used to carry fruit, few, if
any, can compare with this package
in its rough, unattractive makeup.
Aside from its ugly appearance, the
package has a shakiness that gives the
impression that it is ready to fall to
pieces, and often it does so before
reaching the consumer. It is an easy
package to pilfer in less than carload
shipments, and one which loads badly
on account of its handles when shipped
in car lots.

The greatest fault which is to be
found with the package is its coifstrue-
tion with regard to the safe carriage
of the fruit. The dividers or ppara-
fnrs are made so thin that the/ peight

In testing out the Ontario crate in
our pre-cooling experiments during the
past season, some very careful packing
was done in the Ontario 24-quart crate
by the Vineland Horticultural Experi-
ment Station. Care was taken to fill
the boxes as nearly even full as was
justifiable for shipment without injury,
and it was thoroughly believed that the
packing was done in accordance with
the Sales and Inspection Act. After
hauling to the Pre-cooling Plant the
crates were examined and all boxes
were not more than two-thirds full
Had the poor grower done the packing,
he would have been accused of dis-
honesty— yet no other results could
have followed with the use of this
package.

In making net returns the Dominion
Department's shipping tests have
shown that the Ontario crate falls down

The Ameritjin 24 Qt. (dry measure) strawberry crat<.'. This show.s tiie rratt*, ciip.s and the
dividers (.separators) which are placed between the layers. One divider is alaO placed on top ,
before the cover is nailed on. The three strips running lengthwise rest on ,U<6 edges of the''
boxes and protect the berries from mashing. Probably more berries are slilp^ptsdli thls,jty9^-
of berry box than In any other or perhaps all others. ' ,' , • ' '

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

yaiif.

i

f

'-^h. '-^^^

Cross section of the Western 24 pint Ilallock

crate. The separators rest on the sides of the

crate instead of on the fruit.

badly in western markets when com-
pared witfh other packages. In eastern
markets a crate which will arrive in an
attractive condition with boxes even
full of sound berries will sell for a
higher figure than a crate that has the
appearance of having been pulled out
of the scrap heap and whose fruit is
crushed or is not filling the boxes.

Some growers who have previously
used the 24-quart package have given
it up, and this season a great many in
the Niagara District are going to sup-
plant it with a better article. In re-
placing the package the grower should
look to the demands of his markets.
The Ontario strawberry grower has
markets demanding two distinct types
of packages — the western and the east-
ern markets.

Western Markets.

The largest part of the strawberries
used in the prairie provinces are
shipped from Hood River, Oregon, and
Spokane, Washington, in the 24-Full
Pint Hallock Crate. This package is
well adapted to long-distance ship-
ments and admirably suits western mar-
keting conditions. In tests made dur-
ing the past season by the Department,
the Pint Hallock crate proved superior
to the 4-5-quart Hallock crate — espe-
cially since it always ships full where
the deeper boxes shake down and ap-
pear slack, and netted greater returns.
The 24 Pint Hallock crate from Hood
River sells for from three dollars to
four dollars wholesale in Winnipeg,
and in the Department's test the pint
crate averaged ten cents more than did
the Ontario crate, although it required
hut about half the amount of berries
for filling.

There , is a large opening for Ontario

stjja'ivH^i'H'es in western markets, as

■'."Hbod River aijd British Columbia ber-

••ries have a sligh.tly earlier season and

"are scarce in pVairie markets when On-

,>tarios are at tkfiv height. However,

*fhere is little usfi'.working for this trade

.- Unless the b&rsries are packed so as to

T«?kdily copi^ete with those from Hood

River, and to do this the 24-Pint Hal-
lock crate must be used.

The 24-Pint Hallock crate is well
shown ill the illustration. Each box
has its bottom raised so as to protect
the top of the lower boxes when
dividers are not used. In some cases
dividers or separatoi-s are used, in
which ease they rest on shoulders or
rabbits in the sides of the crate instead
of on the underneath fruit. The cost
of this crate ranges from fifteen to
twenty-one cents.

It is general practice in western
strawberry districts to pack the ber-
ries, taking them to a field packing shed
for this operation. Berries of only one
degree of ripeness are included, and
the tops are faced off. This manner of
packing is imperative since packing in
the field by the pickers is certain to
result in ripe berries getting in the
boxes, which spells disaster to the whole
package when shipped long distances

Western United States Standard deep pint Hal-
lock crate and boxes.

The Department's investigations in
eastern markets would not warrant the
use of the Hallock crate. Neither is it
probable that the pint box will ever be
used for Ontario berries in eastern mar-
kets. The deeper boxes carry satisfac-
torily for these shipments, and the con-
sumer prefers the boxes they have been
accustomed to — as a rule they look
askance at the raised bottoms of the
Hallock boxes and call them "false
bottoms."

The 24-quart crate, after the American
type, would be most satisfactory for
these shipments. The 32-quart crate
used in New Brunswick, or the 27-quart
crate used somewhat in the Burlington
district would also be recommended,
providing- the separators have strips
thick enough to prevent the weight of
the upper boxes from mashing the ber-
ries underneath when the lower boxes
are properly fiUed. (Note the thick-

Floral EdlUon.

ness if the strips on the separators of
the .American crate.) What is to be
desirH for eastern markets in the place
of thi- present 24-quart Ontario crate is
one that is strong, well ventilated, not
easily pilfered, convenient for handling
and one in which the boxes can be filled
without mashing. Growers should de-
cide upon having a better package at
once and insist upon securing such a
package by ordering early enough in
the winter or spring so that the fac-
tories can meet their specification.s

otherwise, the manufacturers will make
no chaiif^e in their package, and when
the rush of the berry season is on ail
that will be found in stock will be the
old, flimsy 24-qnart crate, with the
same veneer separators that are practi-
cally worthless as a protection to the
berries in the bottom tiers.

Tomato Blight

D. H. Jones, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont.

It would appear from experiments
and oljservations, conducted at Guelph
and elsewhere, that the disease of to-
matoes called "Tomato Blight" is not
of a parasitic nature, either insect,
fungous or bacterial. It resembles in
many respects the Brown Rot of So-
ianaceae, particularly in the browning
of the vascular bundes. So far as we
can determine, it appears as a physio-
logical trouble in the plant tissue, in-
duced by some factor in the soil, pos-
.sibly an injurious chemical reaction,
which enters the plant system through
the roots. It occurs in "tomato plants
grown under cover, and is liable to
cause heavy losses. It has been found
only to a very limited extent in the
field.

Steaming the di.seased soil has, in a
limited number of experiments, proved
beneficial. Whether treatment of the
soil with chemicals will prove equally
effective we cannot say from our own
experience, as we have not tried it.

Thin your fruit from the first year
of bearing, and you are more likely to
have annual crops.

Cross sections of the Ontario 24 quart crate and
the Vestern 24 pint Hallock crate. The pint
crate ti ;d for ten cents more than the quart
crate in the Winnipeg market.

January, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Orchard Fertilizers

"2 A. W. Cook, Guelph, Ont.

FERTILIZERS must be understood
— their nature, their contents,
their time of application, and
what results they will produce. These
being understood by the grower, he
can use them without fear as to the
ultimate results, and each year will
see him using them in larger quanti-
ties, thus making his manure go far-
ther, which will not only sn-able him
to produce more, but to produce at a
reduction in cost. Fertilizers in the
commercial sense are destined to play
an increasing part in our fruit grow-
ing business, and the sooner we get
acquainted, the sooner shall we be
enabled to make our investment in the
fruit growing industry pay us maxi-
mum returns at a minimum expense.

To use our various brands of manu-
factured and mineral fertilizers, econo-
mically and with profit, it is essential
that the fruit grower be conversant with
the nature of fertilizers, whether they
are conductive to tree growth, or whe-
ther they shall be to produce fruit, or to
aid the tree in assimiliating plant foods
in larger quantities. He must know his
soil, and what it is deficient in. He
must understand the availability of
the plant foods in the fertilizer, be-
cause to a large extent, it is only the
available plant foods which are of
actual value to the purchaser of fer-
tilizers. Without an understanding of
these principles, many will risk the
possibility of wasting time and money,
and experiencing a sad failure in the
uses of commercial fertilizers.

Commercial fertilizers may be pur-
chased in many forms. They may be
had in special brands for special crops,
01- they can be purchased separately,
each plant food by itself. We have
advocates, who strongly uphold the
use of fertilizers in both the prepared
and the mineral, Avhich are mixed by
the user. As a genei-al rule a saving
from four to ten dollars can be saved
, by using fertilizers such as nitrate soda
and acid phosphate, and mixing one's
own fertilizers during the winter
months. This can be best done by the
use of a cement mixer. It can be mixed
both by hand or power, and gives most
satisfactory results in most instances.
By using fertilizers in this way, the
fruit grower is able to apply just what
his land requires. He can supply
greater quantities of nitrogen or phos-
phoru.s— and until the outbreak of the
war — potash, by home mixing. It is
not necessary to purchase so many spe-
cial brands for special crops. The
strongest advocates for "home mix-
ing" are often those men who have
used the factory prepared fertilizers,
and in an experimental way tried the
home mixing. The result is that they

are still users of home-mixed fertilizers.

We are only concerned in four plant
foods, because of early depletion from
continuous cropping. These are gen-
erally known as nitrogen, potash, phos-
phorus, and calcium or lime. They are
to be had in nitrate soda, sulphate
ammonia, muriate and sulphate potash,
acid phosphate and bone meal. Lime
comes in the form of quick lime, car-
bonate of lime, and marl.

Nitrogen forces the growth and pro-
duces thriftiness; without. its presence
in our soils, our orchards would make
but little growth. Large sized leaves
of a dark green color indicate its pres-
ence in quantit}'.

Phosphorus aids the tree in assimi-
lating other plant foods. It also as-
sists in transporting the various foods
to each section of the tree. Without
its presence we have a poorly devel-
oped tree.

Potash produces fruit; hence the
necessity of an abundant supply.

Calcium hardens and makes our trees
sturdy, enabling them to bear the
crops of fruit. It is of great import-
ance to-day, because it breaks down
the crude potash in our soils making it
available for the trees. It is also essen-
tial for correcting acidity in sour soils.

A Lesson Learnt.

The use of commercial fertilizers
without the addition of humus in some
form has taught us that it is not con-
ducive to the upkeep of our soil.
Humus in such forms as barnyard ma-
nure and green cover crops helps us

A FAITHFUL READEk.

I have been a subscriber to
The Canadian Horticulturist for
39 years and am much pleased
with the magazine, as I find it
very instructive. — R. McLagan,
Stratford, Ont.

to obtain the most satisfactory results,
because they give our soils a greater
capacity for retaining water, which is
so essential to all plant growth. They
supply the necessary organic matter
which goes to keep our soils in a por-
ous condition so that we may obtain a
good circulation of air within our soils.
Without its addition in the practice of
applying commercial fertilizers, our
soils will soon cease to be profitable
because of the depleted organic matter.
Systematic cultivation must invari-
ably accompany the use of manures
and fertilizers, but it must also be re-
membered that one cannot take the
place of the other. Cultivation is
essential, because it helps to make oui'
fertilizers more available, by the thor-
ough incoi'porating of them within the
soil, hence making the plant's food
within easy reach of its multitude of
roots. It also assists the climatic con-
ditions in breaking down some of the
insoluble foods by bringing them in
contact with the action of the sun, rain
and winds.

Application of Fertilizers.

The time and manner of application
requires more serious thought than has
generally been given to these essential

A profitable crop of strawberries grown last season by Mr. S. B. Chute, Berwick, N.S.
Ohute Is a flrra believer in the benerflts derived from the use of commercial fertHlxers.

Mr.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

A display of vegetables, cra.ted and open pack, made at the recent L.atnibton County
Horticultural Exhibition, held in Sarnia, Ont.

points. In our apple orchards we have
a considerable length of tinae after
planting has taken place before the
trees begin to make demands upon the
soil, and because of this the tree, as a
general rule, manages to make suffi-
cient growth upon soils of general fer-
tility without the addition of manure.
The peach and such quick growing
trees require fertilizing from the time
of planting. However, an over-supply
of nitrogen in the case of peaches is
apt to prolong growth, with the re-
sult, that in some sections of Ontario
there is twig freezing, because of the
immature condition of the tree. In
applying fertilizers or manure to
young trees, it must be remembered to
plough them under. If not, the growth
of the roots is towards the surface,
where their food is, and during times
of drought they suffer because of an
insufficient supply of moisture. Also
when ploughing takes place a great
many are severed because of their close-
ness to the surface of the soil.

Continuous cropping from year to
year, exacting from the soil plant
foods in the same quantity, places a
handicap against the fruit grower.
The farmer by a rotation of his crops
can build up his soil, but the fruit
trees' demand for certain foods is con-
tinuous, hence the necessity of an an-
nual amount of manure and fertilizers
to produce fruit.

With a slow maturing fruit, such as
the apple, some of our fertilizers which
become available slowly can be used.
These are in the form of tankages, bone
meal, etc., but with such fruits as the
peach, we must invariably supply quick
acting fertilizers, because they come
into maturity earlier in the season. It

has been determined by various ex-
perimenters that trees which have
been properly fertilized, have been
able to produce larger quantities of
fruit in adverse seasons than the unfer-
tilized ones. This is because the trees
have been enabled, by the liberal use
of plant foods, to make them stronger
and less susceptible to adverse condi-
tions which make other trees unprofit-
able in such seasons. Because of the
usages of manures and fertilizers we
find that such trees bear profitable
crops for a greater length of time. All
stone fruits require greater quantities
of lime than our seeded fruits.
Experiment First.
It is well to experiment in one's own
orchard to determine the nature and
amount of fertilizers and manures
which can be used most profitably. If
one desires to use cover crops to sup-
ply the nitrogen and organic matter,
he can best supply this in the clovers,
and generally the use of mineral fer-
tilizers will prove most satisfactory in
such an experiment, because one can
supply them in any given amounts as
he deems it necessary. He can also
have a better idea of each individual
plant food, and see more clearly the
results from the same. Plots can be
laid off in a section where the soil is
most uniform, also where the trees are
as near alike as possible, both as to
variety and size. On these plots one
can use both manures and fertilizers
together, also try each plant food by
itself, or in conjunction with others.
In the application of nitrate of soda,
it should be applied in three applica-
tions, because it is immediately avail-
able. In supplying potash, wood ashes
will have to supply the necessary pot-

ash, but be sure and apply only those
which have not been bleached. Defin-
ite results cannot be determined in two
years. An experiment of this nature
helps one to get a broader view of fer-
tilizers and their uses, and besides one
learns at a small expense ; neither does
one run the risk of losing money by
their careless use.

We hear a great deal about the scar-
city of potash, and if the situation was
as alarming as some would have us be-
lieve, we certainly would have cause
to worry. A year has passed without
its use to a large extent, and manj'
of us have as' large crops as ever. In
the most of our soils we generally have
from one to two per cent, of potash,
this being equivalent to twenty thou-
sand pounds per acre to a plough
depth. However, as it is in a crude
form, we must resort to other agents
to break it down so that it may become
available. This is done by the applica-
tion of lime, along with barnyard ma-
nures, or cover crops. The lime has-
tens the decay of cover crops, which
form aids to break up the crude pot-
ash. In appl^^ng lime to sandy lands,
it should not be applied at more than
one thousand two hundred pounds per
acre in about every four years. Thor-
oughly air-slacked lime, or the ground
lime stone rock are the safesrt, forms
to use, as they do not hasten the decay
of our organic matter, as other forms
of lime do. Lime should be applied
during the fall or early winter, so as
to obtain best results.

Fertilizers Have Paid

L. D. Robinson, Berwick, N.S.

Probably no farmer in Canada has
used so much commercial fertilizer as
S. B. Chute. He has demonstrated the
fact that these chemical manures can
take the place of stable manure in or-
dinary farm operations. His magnifi-
cent orchards have been built up al-
most wholly by their use. Only dur-
ing the past few years has he been able
to use any considerable quantity of
stable manure. His main dependence
has been, and still is, commercial fer-
tilizers. He has tried them all — bone-
meal, acid phosphate, basic slag, mu-
riate and sulphate potash, nitrate of
soda, sulphate of ammonia, fish scrap,
and others. He believes in using lib-
eral quantities of these manures. For
the present he has almost discontinued
th€ use of potash, in the belief that
his soil is not in need of that element.

Nitrogen is supplied by using ni-
trate of soda at the rate of 100—200
lbs. yearly per acre, about the time
when the buds are bursting. Phos-
phoric acid is supplied either in the
form of acid phosphate at the rate of
300 — 500 lbs. per acre ; bone at the rate
of 350 — 400 lbs. per acre; or slag at
the rate of 500—1,000 lbs. per acre.

January, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Insect Pests in the Amateur's Greenhouse

John Gall, Inglewood, Ont.

THE combatting of insect pests is
always a serious problem to the
owner of a greenhouse. Green
and black aphids are generally the first
insects to make their appearance. They
make great headway unless checked
when they first appear. A small quan-
tity of tobacco stems laid on the
benches or, better still, on the hot water
pipes, will keep them in check. Replace
the stems with fresh ones about every
two weeks.

Nicotine is a splendid insecticide for
syringing or spraying almost every-
thing in the greenhouse without injur-
ing the plants. If diluted to about the
color of tea, a teaspoonful to a gallon
of water will be strong enough.

The red spider often becomes a pest
during winter months, if the house
should become very dry during the
night owing to hard firing. It can be
killed with nicotine, or, in the case of
foliage plants becoming infested, by
constant spraying with cold water,
especially on the under side of the
leaves.

White and black thrips also can be
got rid of by spraying with nicotine.
When these pests appear on plants in
bloom, the nicotine can be sprayed on
the hot pipes after the house has been
closed for the night, and the icsults will
be surprising.

The well known mealy bug must be

watched for and when noticed must be
picked off by hand. Spraying mixtures
strong enough to kill it will also de-
stroy plants. Constant watching and
killing on their first appearance, is the
best remedy.

One of the hardest pests to contend
with is the white fly. Its presence can
be detected by making an examination
of the underside of the leaves of the
plant. In the adult stage, the insects
will fly around the plant when dis-
t\u-l)ed, usually returning to the same
plant. In lhe egg and nymph stage
they are attached to the under side of
the leaf, and can scarcely be recognized
with the naked eye. This insect has
sucking mouth parts and cannot easily
be controlled by the use of spray poi-
sons. There is but one sure remedy,
when once these pests make their ap-
pearance in the greenhouse. Prepare
to "present arms" to them immediately
and keep prepared for their return.

Hydro-cyanic acid gas is the only
kind of fumigation that will clear them
out, but on account of its dangerous
character on human, as well as insect,
life, people are rather timid about using
it. If ordinary care is taken, there is
not the slightest danger. In using it,
the first thing to be done is to measure
the cubic feet of the house cai'efully.
See that all ventilators are closed, and
all doors locked, except the one through

which you will make your exit. Heat-
ing pipes should be set for the night.
The temperature of the house should
not exceed sixty degrees Fahr. The
foliage should be as dry as possible, as
the presence of moisture increases the
liability of injury to the foliage. Use
a stone or glass vessel, and place it in
the aisle in the centre of the house.

The following directions will serve
for the use of cyanic acid gas in a small
house, about fifteen feet long, eight feet
wide, and about seven feet high at the
ridge. Put into yoiir vessel a pint of
water, then pour in a quarter of a pint
of sulphuric acid. Next, place one
ounce of cyanide of potassium in a piece
of tissue paper, and, when all is ready,
drop into the acid. Get out as quickly
as possible and lock the door. Allow
the gas to remain for about fifteen min-
utes, then open the door and allow it
to remain open for about hd,lf an hour
before any attempt is made to enter
the house. By that time all danger will
be over. Do not let the acid spatter
on the hands, either in handling it, or
when placing the cyanide in the vessel,
and above all things do not make any
attempt to pass the vessel after you
have placed the cyanide in it.

Watch the new house plants, obtain-
ed at Christmas time. Hemember they
are from a greenhouse, in which the air
is moist, so water frequently and thor-
oughly. A good way is to set the pot in
a tub or pan and sprinkle the leaves. If
it is a flowering plant, be careful not to
get water on the flowers.

Fore St. Avenue. St. Thomas, Onl.. i.s liin:d i>\ ihii : ij.siduncu.s u. :.;.:. ,;,;a :i. ;.. !:._ :;.. Tiioiiui.-^ HoiUcultui al Society ha.s planted beds at
the corners of the streets similar to the one on the left hand side here shown, which was 4 x 20 feet. The other beds were planted by the

re.sldents.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Kloral Udition.

The Rose and Perennial garden of Mr. W. H. Heard, The Maples

planting arrangement.

St. Thoma.s, Ont. Note the

Care and Culture of House Plants

How refreshing it is to enter a
home and find plants growing in
all their beauty. Then we really
appreciate them. Palms are one of the
leading and most useful house plants,
as their bold yet graceful foliage makes
them stand out prominently as a dec-
oration whether in the hall or sitting
room. There are several varieties of
palms. The Kentias are used mostly
here. Kentia Belmoreana and Kentia
Porsteriana are among the hardiest
varieties and give the best results. Do
not neglect them for a time and let
them dry out, for then they will receive
a check, although they may not show
the effects of it for some time after-
wards, it

Palms should be repotted at least
once a year, using good fibrous loam,
three parts, and one part sand. If it is
a large plant, add a dust of bonemeal
which is very beneficial. Palms need
to be firmly potted. Do not over water
at the roots. For a good sized plant
in good growing condition and not pot
bound, watering once a week will be
sufficient unless the house is kept ex-
ceedingly hot. Sponge the leaves as
often as possible as they derive consid-
erable nourishment through the leaves,
and this practice will also keep down
insect pests. If this is done regularly,
palms will grow and thrive for several
years.

Araucarias (Norfolk Island Pine)
make a beautiful house plant. They
will grow in almost any part of the
house, as a small plant can be used on

the table, and larger species look well
on pedestals, or in any convenient cor-
ner of the room. Water once or twice
a week according to the condition of
the roots. If the pots are full of roots
they will take water nearly every day.
No insects seem to bother these plants,
but they like the overhead spray, other-
wise they get too dusty and dry. This
can be done at this season of the year
by standing them in a bath and using
a watering can with a fine rose. In the
summer the spraying can be done on
the lawn. Re-pot them the same as the
palm. Do not forget to give a clean
pot with good drainage.

Aspidistras Greenleaved and Aspidis-
tra Lurida variegata, striped with
white, are the easiest of all house plants
to grow. In them you have a plant
that will do fine in the hall and will
always attract attention. They like a
good supply of water with leaves
sponged often. When re-potting, use a
good stiff loam. They can easily be ■
parted when they get too large.

Ferns.

Ferns you will find in nearly every
home. The varieties are numerous,
though only a few of the hardiest vari-
eties are grown here. I suppose the old
Bostoniensis,. commonly called Sword
Fern, are just as popular as ever. Every
one can grow a Sword Fern, as they
are strong growers and will adapt
themselves to almost any position in the
home. There are several varieties of
the Nephrolepis family. The finer

varieties are not quite as hardy as the
plain sword, but still they can be suc-
cessfully grown. The varieties which
have proved satisfactory here are Neph-
rolepis Elegantissiina, .Xephrolepi.s
Whitinani, Nephrolepis Scntti, Vcph-
iolei)is Amerpholi.

Many people seem to have trouble
with their ferns at this season of the
year. It is a little hard to understand
the causes sometimes. Generally it is
because they have received a check at
some time. In the Nephrolepis family,
the chief trouble is turning brown in
the centre. This is often caused by
their either being allowed to get too dry
at the roots or being kept too wet. You
will find them sometimes standing in a
jardiniere half filled with water. This
will soon decay the roots and turn the
soil sour. Care and judgment should
be used in the watering of ferns. Never
let them become either dust dry nor too
wet. An occasional spray overhead will
give them strength. This, I consider, is
really necessary, as with so much dry
heat the fronds get far too dusty and
dry. Greenhouse treatment is different,
as several varieties can be grown in
greenhouses without overhead spray-
ing, but this is because they have a
moist atmosphere all the time. Fancy
fern dishes are used extensively. As-
paragus Pluniosus, Small Nephrolepis,
Pteris, green and variegated, and Holly
ferns are good for this purpose. It is
much better to plant them in a separate
liner made of pottery, not tin, as the tin
liner excludes all air from the roots,
especially when a crust is allowed to
form on top of the soil.

Asparagus Sprengeri makes a good
trailing fern suitable for hanging bas-
kets in the window. They like a good
supply of water.

Remember To

Repot small geraniums.

Plan the garden now.

Sow pansy seed in the greenhouse for
early plants.

Go over the canna, dahlia and gladi-
oli bulbs to see whether they are keep-
ing.

Plan to plant some of the herbs, such
as dill, anise, and caraway, this spring.

Hotbed sash and soil should be made
ready soon. In most regions hotbeds
may be started next month.

Plant a few hardy gaillardia. No
plant is more showy or can be used to
better advantage for its cut flowers.

A few of the bulbs may be brought
from the cellar, and forced slowly for
flowers.

A potted plant must have air about
the roots and good drainage, as it would
in the garden.

January, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Suggestions for January

THERE is little work of any kind
that can be done in the garden
now that the ground is hard
frozen to a considerable depth, and in
most places covered with snow, save
perhaps the trimming and pruning of
the fruit trees. Authorities differ as
to when is the proper time to prune.
Some contend that fall and winter,
when the tree is dormant, is the best
time, while others just as strongly con-
tend that early spring, just when the
buds are beginning to swell, is the
proper time. Personally, we believe,
and it is our practice, that any fine day
during the winter is a good time for
pruning, and in this connection we
would say that if you have not done
the necessary pruning yet, get busy
with it on the first opportunity.

The object of pinining a fruit tree is
to increase its bearing of fruit, enhance
its beauty and secure fruit of better
quality. Fruit trees that have a ten-
dency to grow low and dwarfish, and
are required to grow taller, should be
pruned to discourage lateral growth,
and promote upward development. On
the contrary, should the tendency be
to grow too tall, and it is desired to
dwarf, then the tops and the shoots
that grow upward should be cut out
and those encouraged that grow later
ally. For a tree to produce well de-
veloped sunkissed fruit, it must have
sunshine and air. Therefore, when the
limbs become so numerous, and the
foliage so thick that air cannot cir-
culate freely, the top must be opened
by cutting out the superfluous limbs.

All dead wood should, of course, be
cut out. Look over the tree, size it up
and down and decide whether or not it
is necessary to remove any of the large
limbs in order to admit sun and air.
After you have attended to the large
limbs, go over the tree again, this time
for small details, cutting such small
branches as are superfluous. The
annual growth may be cut back to one-
third its length.

In pruning always bear in mind that
a tree with a moderate top will always
produce better fruit than one with a
large head, be it ever so abundantly
supplied with sunshine and air circula-
tion.

All branches should be removed close
to the main stem, so that in time they
will heal over without any tendency to
decav, as would be the case if a stub
was left,. With large limbs, it is always
advisable to cut an inch or two on the
under side first, so as to prevent tearing
of the bark when the limb falls. If

Henry Gibson

damage is likely to be done when a
limb falls, it would be good practice to
throw a rope over a nearby branch, and
gently lower the severed limb to the
ground. All cut surfaces should be
painted over with coal tar as soon as
made, thus saving the necessity of going
over them a second time. A sharp saw
and pruning shears are the proper im-
plements to use, not an axe.

The Indoor Garden.

Plants in the indoor garden are gentle
reminders of the garden that was, be-
fore frost and snow overcame it, and
the new seedsman's catalogue for 1916,
some of which are already out, bring
visions of the forthcoming summer gar-
den. May it be better, larger, and more
delightful than ever. As the catalogues
come to hand, go through them care-
fully, for it is not too soon to formulate
plans for the summer garden. Don't
forget the novelties. Many of them
have merits and are very desirable, yet
don't allow your enthusiasm to run
away with your discretion and order
every novelty in the catalogue. Some
are sure to be disappointing and should
you happen to get several of these your
ardor may be damped for a long time
to come. These remarks apply with
equal force to either the flower or vege-
table seeds.

For those who have a small green-
house, the following are a few of the
many seeds that may advantageously
be started now: Aquilegias, delphin-
jums, petunias, verbenas, thunbergia.

salvias, shasta daisy, solanums (Christ-
mas Cherry), sweetwilliams, helio-
tropes, asparagus, tomatoes, lettuce,
etc.

Tuberous Begonias.

Tuberous begonias make useful
plants for home and conservatory de-
coration. A batch started now will
make fine plants by April and on
through May, when a display of the dif-
ferent shades of white, yellow, pink and
red are most pleasing and attractive.
The tubers may be started in shallow
flats, on the bottom of which has been
placed two inches of sandy soil.

On this plant the tubes, close to-
gether, and cover with just enough
sifted loam to fill up the spaces between
them. It is not necessary to cover them
completely, if they are well shaded
from the sun, for as they start into
growth they should be potted into
three-inch pots. Two parts good loam,
one part leaf mold, and enough sand to
make it porous forms a good compost
for the first potting. Well decayed
manure, or commercial fertilizers may
be added at subsequent pottings.

Bottom heat is an indispensable fac-
tor in starting tuberous begonias into
growth. Should you not have a green-
house, where this is readily available,
the flats may be elevated on bricks
above the radiator in the house, and the
young flats placed in a light position as
they are potted off. Keep the tubers
fairly moist and every one will start
into growth. The average temperature

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•\v,?' ■

'"4- ic'C V ' ji-- ■< '

f.

mmmmmrmimimim

\ .A.
! 1

II liiiiiiiiiiir n iiijiiii iiiiiiiiiMi

1 Luiii 1 y

n

This novel ohrysanthomiim plant had over 1,200 blooms. It was IB feet In diameter and 6 feet high.
It was shown at an exhibition held recently In CI eveland, Ohio, where It won a $250 prize.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Fertilizing Principles Made Plain

John Gall, Inglewood, Ont.

The pelargonium Paul Crampel here shown

promises to become one of the most popular

varieties of the pelargonium. Photo by H. J.

Moore, Niagara Falls, Ont.

should be between 60 deg. and 65 deg.
at night, for the growing plants.

Miscellaneous Plants.

Gladiolus may be planted in deep
boxes for spring blooming. The Covillei
types are good. Peach Blossom, The
Bride, and Blushing Bride being among
the best. Window boxes provided with
ample drainage, and filled with good
soil are convenient receptacles to grow
gladiolus in. They must be set in the
cellar or dark cupboard until the
growth appears, when they should be
placed as near the light as possible.
They require a temperature of 50 deg.

Hyacinths and other bulbs coming
into bloom should be placed well up to
the source of light to insure a sturdy
growth. Other batches of bulbs may
be brought in to provide a succession.

Don 't allow the plants you purchased
from the florists at Christmas to become
dried up at the roots. Living rooms
have a much drier atmosphere than a
greenhouse, and consequently the de-
mand made by the leaves of the plants
for moisture will be great, and much
more than the roots can supply if water
is not thoroughly and regularly given.

A little careful attention in the mat-
ter of watering (so often overlooked
during the holiday season) will result
in the plants keeping their beauty for
a much longer period.

Mignonette is hai-d to transplant, but
■the seeds may be sown where it is de-
sired they shall bloom.

THE amateur gardener who studies
garden literature is apt to be-
come bewildered as he ponders
the enormous advice that is placed be-
fore him with regard to the subject of
fertilizers and their use. If he were to
make an attempt at following all the in-
structions that are set before him, he
would have to be a chemist as well as a
horticulturist, and a scientist as well as
a raiser of a few fruits, flowers and
vegetables. That the gardener who has
studied the constituents of soils and
fertilizers, has a considerable advant-
age over his competitor who does not
possess his scientific equipment, cannot
be gainsaid ; but the amateur gardener
who is merely an apprentice in the art
of horticulture need not on that account
despair of obtaining results which will
amply repay him for time and pains
which he expends upon the cultivation
of his own little plot. The amateur
should first fix his faith in natural and
animal manures and, until these are
thoroughly understood, abstain from
artificial or chemical compounds, and
all will be well.

What then are the plant foods neces-
sary, which it should be our endeavor
to constantly supply? The three im-
nortant elements that contribute to the
building up of plant life are: Phos-
phate, which assists in maintaining the
framework, or the hard, woody material
of plants ; potash, or salt, which forms
tissue, fruits, and seeds; and nitrogen,
or nitrate of soda, which goes to the
making of leaves, or soft stems.

These scientific terms, the use of
which one finds so frequently employed
in connection with artificial fertilizers
or manures, might tempt the beginner
in gardening to use them. He would
probably employ them indiscriminately,
and therefore with harm.

Artificial fertilizers, mostly, are what
are known as incomplete manures, the
reason being that they do not contain
something of every food element essen-
tial for the nourishment of the plants.
On the other hand, animal manures ob-
tained from the farm-yard, are com-
plete manures, because they embody in
varying degree, but with a properly bal-
anced share of each in their composi-
tion, all the foods which any plant is
likely to require. Hence, for ordinary
gardening purposes, the use of good
farm-yard manure will supply all that
is necessary in building up and the
supporting of plant life.

There are other natural fertilizers
which may be used with good effect in
the small garden. Their elements are

both vegetable and mineral, and they
include, decomposing green crops, such
as peas, beans, the leaves of cabbages,
cauliflowers, potato tops and so on.
These, with some manure should be
piled and composted. If the pile is
turned several times a year, the material
becomes fine and uniform in texture.
The decayed leaves of trees, pond mud,
if it can be secured; burnt wood ashes,
or the remains of the bonfire heap, soot
and lime— these all supply useful plant
food, and may be used with every confi-
dence in the garden.

Farm-yard manure may be applied to
the ground at any convenient season of
the year, but it should never be used in
a raw, green state. If it is in this condi-
tion when purchased, it had better be
left in a heap, and allowed to mature
for a couple of weeks or so, turning it
over a couple of times before using it.
Should it contain a large quantity of
long fresh straw, allow this to rot some-
what, being excellent for clayey, heavy
soil. It should be dug in about a foot
deep in the fall. This will help to fertil-
ize and at the same time tend to break
up the ground. For the enriching of
light sandy soils, nothing can exceed
the value of cow manure. Besides being
an admirable plant food, it Avill help to
supply the binding qualities such as are
required by light soils.

Cyclamen in Dry Houses

B. C. Tillett. Hamilton, Ont.

Amateur cultivators are often obliged
to grow their plants in the dry atmos-
phere of a greenhouse, and, in conse-
quence, sometimes fail. These plants
require a much moister atmosphere than
zonal pelargoniums, and when the two
kinds of plants are grown in the same
house a difficulty arises. This may be
overcome to a large extent if the follow-
ing hints are acted upon. Place laths
on the stage, and slates or sheets of
zinc over the laths, then put a thin
layer of old sifted coal ashes; syringe
the latter, and a very good base will be
secured for the cyclamen pots.

A position facing east, north, or
north-west will do if there is not any
undue obstruction to the light. The
ashes may be kept moist by syringing
on warm days, and they will be mois-
tened by the surplus water from the
plants when the latter are watered.

If the ashes are damped with weak
soot water and manure water, alter-
nately, every ten days or so, the foliage
of the plants will be much improved
and kept from the attacks of insects.
This should be done in the new year
as the sun gains power.

January, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

A Northern Ontario Vegetable Garden

Mrs. John Lome McDouf

THE same methods used to grow
flowers are applied to vege-
tables. The out door seeding is
accomplished usually from May 20th
to the 1st week of June, when all the
first seeding should be finished. Let-
tuce, spinach, peas, carrots and beets
may be grown in successions, but I do
not find that sowings do well made
later than the middle of July. It Ls
possible to grow a constant supply of
green peas extending from the middle
of June, if the season is good, until the
garden is over. To accomplish this, a
planting of an extra early variety, a
couple of second early varieties, such
as the well-known gradus, and several
high varieties, each one bearing a lit-
tle later than the other, give the best
satisfaction. The high varieties grow
to ten and eleven feet and often eleven
peas to the pod. Two or three years
ago we had wonderful results from the
pea called "Alderman." It started
bearing about the second week in July
and continued indefinitely until wea-
ther conditions conquered.

Lettuce is grown with great ease,
and I think to greater perfection of
flavor and crispness than in old On-
tario. I have tried many different
varieties and prefer the American
varieties of cabbage lettuce and Eng-
lish of Cos. There are few things to equal
a head of Cos lettuce well bleached,

•Extract from a paper read at the recent
annual convention, held in Toronto, of the On-
tario Horticultural Association.

Haileybury, Ontario

with that richness of flavor the gift
of our northern climate, a salad for
an epicure. What is true of one vege-
table is true in degree of practically
all, with the exception of corn.

The northern vegetables, like the
northern flowers, excel in quality.
When sold, they should command a
higher price. The carrots are tenderer,
the beets are sweeter, the cabbages are
finer grained and firmer, the beans are
more brittle, and richer flavored, the
peas,— Why, no one has really eaten
green peas who has not tasted the first
picking off a northern Ontario vine!
Corn is grown successfully, and if an
early supply is started in the hotbed,
it is possible to have a crop from Au-
gust 1st into October. But we suc-
ceed best with the early varieties, and
none equal the Golden Bantam.

You can grow any unusual or less
hardy vegetable you fancy, if you take
the necessary forethought, and the re-
sult more than justifies the trouble.
Around New Liskeard fine celery is
grown. I have never seen better than
exhibited at the Liskeard Fair this
autumn. The onion exhibit was also
noteworthy. In a large vegetable gar-
den near mine, fall strawberries are a
feature. I picked a handful well on
in October and found them as sweet
as in their usual season.

The Haileybury Horticultural So-
ciety has done a good work with their
yearly show. It is always well at-

1 h e
park has been erected thi.s unusual perfsola composed in part of 14b tombstonea,
some of which date back to 1828. Combined with the beautiful effect
of the flowers and vinos it attracts much attention.

tended and the results are seen around
the town and country in improved
gardens. Each year we see finer varie^
ties of flowers and vegetables grown.
Each year we have a better choice of
vegetables on the market.

I would emphasize in conclusion
that the best results come from the
best seeds obtainable. It is amazing
sometimes, what results the very fine
seeds brought from other parts of the
world, will bring, planted in the richly
productive soil of our northern coun-
try.

Artificial Fertilizers

Geo. Baldwin, Toronto, Ont.

The theory of fertilizing consists in
maintaining in the soil such an amount
of plant food, both mineral and organic,
as shall enable us to reap the largest pos-
sible amount of crops from the soil. All
vegetables and most flowers are strong
feeders, and a quantity of manure or com-
mercial fertilizer is necessary each year.
For the best results both are essential,
as the manure alone contains an excess of
nitrogen, and if commercial fertilizer is
continually used alone, the soil eventually
becomes deficient in humus.

When the man, whose gardening is
confined to the back yard, reads that two
thousand pounds of a certain fertilizer per
acre is the proper proportion, he gets but
a vague idea of the quantity to apply to
his five foot perennial border or twenty
foot square vegetable patch, yet it is
more important for him than the large
grower to exercise care in the application
of fertilizers. Too much fertilizer is as
bad, if not worse, than none at all, giv-
ind a tendency to rank growth, so don't
guess, but use about half a pound to
ten square feet. I have had excellent
success with this quantity of fertilizers
for both flowers and vegetables, using
that prepared at local abattoirs.

If it is desired to mix the ingredients
yourself, procure according to the size
of your lot, one part sulphate of potash,
one part sulphate of ammonia, one part
nitrate of soda, half part air-slacked lime,
and half part powdered sulphur. Mix
these thoroughly and scatter broadcast all
over your lot. After having dug it deep-
ly, rake it in gently with the rake, abotit
an inch deep, before sowing seeds.

I have found that nitrate of soda by
itself is magical with lilies, ferns, funkias,
tulips, and hyacinths, and is excellent for
asparagus, celery, and especially rhubarb,
but is apparently no benefit to columbines
and onions. Give a handful to two and
a half gallons of water around the plants.
The work gives the best results when
done In the evening.

Carefully save all wood ashes, pro-
.tecting them till used from rain. They

are a valuable source of mineral plant

food, especially of potash.

10

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

The Canadian Horticulturist

THE

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CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST
AND BEEKEEPER

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2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti-
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CIRCULATION STATEMENT
The following Is a sworn .statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with December 1914. The
figures given are exclusive of samples and
spoiled copies. Most months. Including the
sample copies, from 11.000 to 13,000 copi.es of
The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo-
ple known to be interested In the growing of
frtilts. flowers or vegetables.

January. 1914 ...11,570 August. 1914 12,675

February, 1914 ..11.550 September. 1914 .13.729

March. 1914 11.209 October, 1914 ...13.778

April. 1914 11.970 November, 1914 .12.967

Mav, 1914 12,368 December, 1914 .13,233

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Average each Issue In 1907 6,627

Average each Issue In 1914 12,524

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon
application.

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We guarantee that every advertiser In this
issue is reliable. We are able to do this because
the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti-
culturist are as carefully edited as the reading
columns, and because to protect our readers we
turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should
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Is a condition of this contract that in writing to
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Communications should be addressed
THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

PETERBORO. ONT.

Theories Upset.

We are all more or less creatures of liabiu
Because some persoa at some ume lias doue
a certain thing in a cenam way, iliousaiiua
often continue to follow the exampie tnua
set for years thereafter, without investigat-
ing for themselves Che wisdom of their ac-
tions, it has not infrequently happened
that practices recommenaed by goverameni-
al authorities have been foiiowed extensive-
ly by the public, only to have it revealeu
sooner or later that the remedies recom-
mended were unworthy of acceptance. For
instance, some years ago, farmers' institute
speakers and dairy authorities proclaimed
throughout the length and breadth of the
land that farmers should cool their milk im-
mediately after milking. One means of do-
ing this, which was advocated, was to dip
it or run it over an aerator. Investigations
have revealed the fact that the aeration of
milk is a frequent cause of contamination
and the practice has been discarded.

For many years it has been advocated
that after pruning trees, the stubs of the
branches should be painted or otherwise
protected to prevent rot and disease of the
limb. This extensively followed practice is
now being discredited by Prof. G. H. Howe,
of the Geneva, New York, Experiment Sta-
tion. As a result of experiments. Prof.
Howe claims to have proof in the case of
apple and peach trees that dressed wounds
are more subject to diisease and rot than
wounds left undressed. Avenarius carbo-
lineum and yellow ochre, two commonly
used preparations caused so much injury
that their use is condemned. Coal tar also
proved injurious, although it quickly disap-
peared through absorption or evaporation.
White lead, and white zinc caused about the
least injury of any of the preparations used.
Prof. Howe contends that there is nothing
to show that it is worth while to treat
wounds, large or small, of tree fruit with
any of the substances in common use.

There are many people who will hesitate
to follow this advice. As the matter is an
important one, it would be well for our ex-
-perlmenters to continue the investigations,
and watch the results covering a period of
years.

City Beautification

The Domiinion Commission of Conserva-
tion has undertaken many valuable lines of
work. One of the best of these is connect-
ed with its tcrwn planning department, un-
der the direction of Mr. Thos. Adams. Mr.
Adams had had imany years of experience
in the old country before he accepted his
present position. Already he is making his
influence felt in Canada, and his services
promise to become increasingly valuable as
the public learns more about him, and the
Importance of his work.

iln the course of a number of addresses
which Mr. Adams has delivered during the
past few months, Mr. Adams has pointed
out some of the defects of our present hit-
or-miss system, or lack of system, as well
as possibilities for future impl-ovement. As
a result of the fact that we have done noth-
ing, in Kastern Canada at least, to prevent
speculation in land. It has been pointed out
by Mr. Adams that we are making slums in
our cities every day. There is $16,000,000
•worth of vacant land in Ottawa, yet thej
are building high structures there, because

it Is cheaper to bolld in the air. All the
people in Canada could live on the land sub-
divided around Moose Jaw, and sold, or
offered for sale, as towu lots. Seventy-five
per cent, of our streets are too wide, and
twenty-flve per cent, too narrow. Streets
should be graded, according to the traffic, aud
number of buildings to be accommodated.
Recreation facilitjles should be located as
close to the houses as possible. In Eng-
land they are planning cities one hundred
and fifty years in advance, although their
difficulties are greater and their cities are
not growing as fast as our cities In Canads.
Mr. Adams has addressed a number of
horticultural societies in Ontario most ac-
ceptably. His lantern views are appreciat-
ed by all who see them. Horticultural so-
cieties that have not yet done so, would do
well to place themselves in touch with Mr.
Adams. Should they succeed in securing
his services for a public meeting, an effort
should be made to have the city fathers
and Park Commissioners attend in a body.

A Remedy Required.

Although the flavor and color of Ontario
apples is unexcelled, they continue to be out-
sold on their local markets by fruit that has
been shipped three thousand nuiles or more
in answer to the demand of Ontario con-
sumers for a certain quantity of fruit of a
high standard of quality. Were this outside
fruit produced on low priced land, picked
and packed by cheap labor and marketed in
Ontario at a price with which the Ontario
producer could not compete successfully, the
siituation would not be so hard to explain.
The reverse, however, is the case. Apples
grown in the province of British Columbia,
and in the states of Washington and Oregon
are produced on land purchased at prices
ranging from two to five times the value of
most of the best apple land in Ontario.
Labor expenses as well as supplies of almost
all kinds are also dearer in the west than
in the east. In addition, the high trans-
portation charges on the western fruit con-
stitute anotjier factor which favors the
eastern producer.

While there is no inherent reason to pre-
vent Ontario fruit growers from holding
their own markets and every reason why
they should do so, the fact remains that they
have not yet reached the point where they
are willing to put forth the effort necessary
to enable them to succeed. The very dif-
ficulties under Which western producers
labor have compelled them to exercise every
care in the selection of varieties, the fer-
tilizing, pruning and spraying of their or-
chards and the packing of a superior pro-
duct. It is this product which is holding its
own in the consuming centres of Ontario
and the east. This western fruit costs fifiy
to seventy-five cents a box more than the
eastern product , but is so true to name,
and so evenly graded that the large hotels
.and other buyers who cater to a fancy trade
are wiUing to pay the difference in price.
When Ontario fruit growers are willing to
make the necessary effort, they will be able
to gain and hold this trade for themselves.
A few have made a successful start in this
direction. The fact that considerable, west-
ern fruit is produced on irrigated land, may
affect, but should not control the situation.

The open crate for shipping apples, which
has been tried out in Ontario this year, has
met with a degree of success that indicates
that it may prove a considerable factor in
the apple trade of the future. As serious
objections are being made to its use. In
spite of the fact that successful shipments
have been made to the west, where the

January, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

11

open crate has sold readily for $2.00 a box, it
indicates that its use is still in the experi-
mental stage. The discussion of its merits
at the approaching convention of the Ontario
Fruit Orowers' Association this month
should prove of interest and value.

It is pretty late in the day to begin talk-
ing about scientific town planning when
two of our cities have crossed the half-mil-
lion mark, and the need of land for build-
ling purposes in all our centres, from the
rural hamlet to the metropolis, has been
anticipated for years to come by specu-
lators and withdrawn from agriculture for
the purpose. Nevertheless if foresight
Is used the development of Canada will
soon make work for the scientific town
planner. In the meantime by demon-
strating to the people how things might
have been, he may do something in influ-
encing them to enquire into the economic
reasons of why we have made such a mess
of our city making. It is because economic
laws have been ignored that present condi-
tions exist.

PUBLISHER'S DESK P

Our December issue completed the first
year during which we have published The
Canadian Horticulturist in editions, one for
the fruit grower and one for the flower
grower. These special editions have proved
so successful we purpose continuing them
throughout the new year.

* * *

The February (issue of The Canadian
Horticulturist will be our flfth Annual
Spraying Number. The list of contributors
to this years' issue shows that it will main-
tain the high standard of our previous
special spraying numbers. Some of the best
articles will include the following: "The
Fruit-Tree Leaf-Roller," illustrated by Prof.
L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist. This
is one of the most destructive fruit pests in
Ontario. Remedies tor its control will be
given. In the Apicultural Edition of the
Canadian Horticulturist for December ap-
peared an article by Prof. Caesar entitled:
"Poison Sprays and Poison Baits in their
Relation to Bees." This subject being oue
that Is oif great importance to fruit growers,
we have decided to re-publish this article in
the fruit edition for February. Mr. W. E.
Biggar, of Harailton, who has charge of
fighting the San Jose scale and similar pests
In Ontario, will contribute a special artlc'e
drawing lessons from the results obtained
to date. "Sprays and Spraying" will be the
title of an article hy A. W. Cook, of Herold's
Fruit Farm. Dr. G. E. Sanders, of the
Dominion Entomological Division, who has
been accomplishing a splendid work in
Nova Scotia, will write on the subject: "The
Control of Fruit Insects, with special refer-
ence to Nova Scotia."

* * *

In the Floral pages of our February issue,
there will be an interesting article by Mr.
B. C. TiUett, entitled "Insect Pests In the
Amateur's Greenhouse." Mr. Wm. Hunt, of
Guelph, will contribute an illustrated article
entitled "Notes on New Plants, and Plants
not Well Known." Mr. Henry Gibson will
give Ms usual helpful suggestions, dealing
especially with the care of house plants
during the winter.

* • •

Some years ago we conducted a Poultry
Department in each issue of The Canadian

Horticulturist. We have decided to resume
this department. Prof. F. C. Elford, of the
Dominiion Experimental Farm, Ottawa, has
consented to assist us witli this depart-
ment. The first article by Prof. Elford ap-
pears in this issue. As a large percentage
of the readers of The Canadian Horticul-
turist raise poultry as well as fruit and
flowers, this department should be unusual-
ly helpful.

* * *

So many horticultural societies in On-
tario, as well as in some of the other prov-
inces, are now interesting themselves in
the distribution of flower and vegetable
seeds among the children of the public
schools, a demand has been created for sim-
ple, helpful articles that can be distributed
among the pupils of these schools, giving
instructions in regard to the cultivation of
the most commonly .grown plants and
vegetables As a means of helping horticul-
tural societies in this work The Canadian
Horticulturist is now having prepared a
series of articles that should do much to
answer the requirements of societies en-
gaged in this work. We are planning to
publish these articles in The Canadian
Horticulturist, and later to re-publish them
in pamphlet form. We may have to make
a nominal charge for these, but if so, it will
be light. Horticultural Societies that would
like to obtain copies of these pamphlets are
requested to write us.

Advertisers are urged to reserve space in
our February issue at the earliest possiiblo
date. Although this issue will be larger than
the average, it will assist us in giving our
advertisers the best possible position, if
they will forward their copy early in the
month.

Guelph

The Guelph Horticultural Society last year
accomplished much good work. Over 1,000
hulbs were distributed to members, and
about 300 shrubs. Altogether a little over
$12.5' was spent on premiums for members.
About $100 was spent on flowers and plant-
ing for municipal and government buildings.
Garden seeds of flowers and vegetables were
also purchased and distributed to the schooU
of the city.

Two lawn and flower garden competitions
were conducted. Three prizes were given
in a competition for the best-kept lawn and
flower garden, working people only. Prizes.
first, $4; second, $3; third, $2, The second
competition took in all districts in which
there was ao competition last year. This
provided a competition in each of the six
different wards of the city. There were
three prizes for each, as follows: First, $3;
second, $2; third. $1, making a total of $3S
in this competition. A vegetable garden
competition was also conducted, covering
the city and including over forty entries. In
this competition six prizes were awarded,
ranging from $3.50 down to $1. No entry
fees were charged in any of the competition:-.

There was a window and verandah box
competition, open to members only, with
four prizes, ranging from $3 to $1.

For the best lawn and flower garden in
the city and for the best vegetable garden,
diplomas were awarded, providing the own-
ers were members of the society, and had
not won a diploma In previous years.

Vegetable seeds, aster seeds and giadioli
bulbs were distributed for the scholars in
the senior grades of each city school, to De
grown at home by the pupils.

In the spring the society attended to the
planting and arranging of window boxes a,l
the city hall, fire hall, post office and public
library, all of which helped to beautify the
city.

St. Thomas

The St. Thomas Horticultural Society had
a busy year last year. The society ordered
120,000 bulbs, of which 20,000 were planted
in beds around the city, and the balance
were distributed to the different members.
The society gave away about 2,000 bouquets
to the sick and the poor.

The receipts for the year were: Cash
balance, Oct. 31, 1914, $111.30; government
grant, $800; city grant, $150; members'
fees, $1,339; donations, $722; bulbs and
shrubs that were sold, $1,059.20; other in-
come, $105.61. Total receipts, $4,287,11.

The disburseiments in part were: civic im-
provement, labor, plants, etc., $1,415.03;
bulbs and shrubs, $1,954.27; secretary's ser-
vices, commissions on membership and
clerical work, $426.26; flower show prizes,
$67.80. The total disbursements were
$4,164.13. An orchestra was present at the
annual meeting.

Ottawa

The Ottawa Horticultural Society is with-
out the services of one of its oldest and most
valued officials, in the person of Mr. J.
F. Watson, who recently resigned as secre-
tary-treasurer, which office he had held tor
eighteen years. His resignation was deeply
regretted. Mr. Horace Jackson, of 195 Wal-
ler Street, has been elected as his successor.
The society is aiming at a membership ot
2,000 this year.

Hamilton

The receipts of the Hamilton. Horticul-
tural Society last year amounted to $1,063.49,
and expenses to $997.72, leaving a balance
of $143.77. The membership was 457. Dur-
ing the past year four lectures were dellv
ered.

Save the old Varieties.

W. M. Turnbull, Gait, Ont.

An apple picked last fall from a tree on
the farm of Mrs. Jane Lockle, near Gait, had
a circumference of 14 inches and weighed
'21 ounces. It was symmetrical in shape,
clean and sound. One tree yielded three and
a half barrels. It was an early winter vari-
ety known as the Gloria Monday.

iSomething should be done to save many
of these varieties of apples from becoming
extinct. Varieties many of us knew when
we were boys at home are becoming ex-
tinct, their names lost, and the trees, where
any are left, are either dead or dying. There
are some half-dozen and more varieties I
remember as a boy in my father's orchards
that I have been looking for at least twenty-
five years at shows and elsewhere, and yet
I have not found them. Our early varieties,
such as the Duchess, Yellow Transparent
and others cannot compare with the flavoi
of some of these old varieties.

Better community oo-operatlcm In grow-
ing potatoes of one or two varieties and
then careful grading would mean thousands
of dollars to some sections, and the estab-
lishment of a steady market for their pro-
duct

12

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Quebec Fruit Growers Hold Profitable

Meetings

THE Fomological and Fruit Growing
Society, of the Provace of Quebec,
h©ld its annual meeting at Macdonald
College, December SUi and lOth. Wliile the
number of members in attendance was not
as large as Uiat of last year, yet the interest
was keener than ever. This was evidenced
by the discussion following each address.

After the opening address by the Presl-
deal, R. A. Rousseau, the members were
cordially welcomed to the halls of Macdon-
ald College by Dr. F. C. Harrison, President
of the College. Hon. J. Ed. Caron, Minister
of Agriculture for the Province of Quebec,
explained what the Provincial Governmeni
was endeavoring to do to benefit the fruil
growers. Having mentioned the value of
the demonstration orchards, and the demon-
strations given at many different places in
the Province, he outlined a plan which was
already under way, whereby the farmer
with the aid of experts, would grow their
own nursery stock for the orchards that
were to be. The nurseries now established
aggregate ten acres in extent. Either in
lihe addresses or discussions nearly every
problem of vital importance to the fruit
grower was touched upon.

The Rev. Father Leopold's interpretation
and remarks on the Inspection and Sales
Act made It clear that it was necessary to
explain to farmers aud fruit growers this
act a little more in detail, endeavoring to
fix in their minds standards as to size,
amount of coloring, etc., and to Impress up-
on them the fact that to set a standard
higher than that called for by the "Sales
Act," would be of the greatest benefit, not
only to themselves, but to fruit growing in
general. The purpose of the Act was to help
them rather than hinder, while at the same
time protecting the consumer. The ques-
tion of making a separate class of wind falls
was brought up and many growers felt, after
the experience of the past season, when a
great deal of money was lost on account of
the large number of wind falls, that these
apples might be classed separately, and the
grade marked in some way so as not to con-
fuse it with the ordinary grades. In this
way the grower might get a fairer deal.
This year windfalls. No. 1 fruit, except for
a slight bruise, and capable of being kept
for considerable time, had to be classed as
No. 3 grade and, of course, brought a small
return.

A Recognized Authority.

Much interest was taken in the address of
Mr. B. C. Case, of Sodus, New York, a re-
markably successful fruit grower of that
state. S'peaking of Mr. Case, Dominion
Fruit Commissioner, D. Johnson said he
con.sidered him to be the most successful
fruit grower he had met in his 4,000 mile
tour of orchard inspection in the Eastern
and Western United S'tates and Canada. He
is a thoroughly practical man, havins; some
650 acres. mo.'?tIy of apple orchard, 130 acres
being in cherries. On his farm are growing
some of the finest Baldwins and Greenings
In the country. Mr. Case was enthusiastic
in his encouragement to the fruit growers
to solve the problems confronting them.
Forty years ago production of apples was
small and what were produced were used for
maiking elder. As a young man he was ad-
vised to tear out the two and one-half acres
of apples he had and plant com or clover
or some more profitable crop. No one
dreamed then what the future of the apple

indus.try would be. Now the two and one-
half aores of orchard will give a greater
return than ail the rest of the farm would
at that time.

"In New York state evaporation of apples
is no small branch of the apple industry.
This takes care of the inferior fruit. Dis-
tribution is the weak point to-day. Only
half the problem is solved when the fruit is
packed and at the station. With proper
organization and good management there
would be ao over-production. If each per-
son in the United States ate one apple each
day, the biggest crop ever produced
(59,000,000 barrels) would not be halt
enough to meet the demand. The best pack
is the only pack to bring success. The pooi
pack deceives only the packer. The
essentials to the greatest success are: "Do
unto others as you would they should do to
you," and "love your neighbor as yourself."
Then will come that co-operation wbich is
so necessary to large and permanent mar-
kets.

Prof. T. CF. Bunting said that juat as good
fruit can be grown in Quebec as in any
other fruit growing district, and splendid
markets are available. From statistics it
might appear that we have a large number
of trees coming into bearing each year, but
ia reality there are comparatively few.
There have been ao large plantings, flUlng
in vacancies caused by winter killing and
neglect account for a great number. Not
over twenty-five per cent, of trees planted
ever come into profitable bearing. To size
up the situation correctly, the number of
unprofitable as well as the profitable bearing
trees should be coasidered, not simply bear-
ing trees.

Where it Is advisable to plant, large plant-
ings would prabably fare better than smaU
ones, as considerable money would be invest-
ed and, therefore, the orchard would be
likely to receive bette-r care.

Too many varieties were being planted,
also varieties wUch had not been tested
for hardiness, or those which were decidedly
too tender. Young trees were bought and
set out simply on the recommendation of
the tree agent, who often knew nothing of
conditions.

The number of varieties, the poor choice,
close planting, and the lack of thorough
spraying were responsible for failures in
many cases, and the small degree of success
attained in so many others.

In Quebec 'Mcintosh and Fameuse should
he the chief varieties, planted with few
others, probably in the proportion of 50 per
cent. Mcintosh and 40 per cent. Fameuse.

Several of the addresses given were illus-
trated with laatem views, and many ob-
scure points were made clear in this way.
The views shown by Mr. R. B. Whyte, of
Ottawa, were particularly fine. He took his
audience on an Interesting trip through the
parks and gardens of England, visiting on
th© way Stoke Pogis, and many other his-
torical and beautiful places.

Mr. M. B. Davis spoke oa "The renovation
of an old apple orchard by dehorning," that
Is, cutting hack to the larger limbs and
growing a new top. In this way profitable
crops had been obtained In three years af-
ter cutting back. Treatment of wounds
with creosote and coal tar was advised. De-
horning sometimes dors more to Invigorate
an old tree than cultivation and fertilizers.
The best time to perform this operation is
In Hard).

Prof. iLockhead showed the relation of
fruit spur formation to pruning, bringing
out the fact that the crop next season de-
pended upon the treatment given this sea-
son.

Mr. Duports, Macdonald College, found
from experiments he conducted during the
past season that the most effective single
spray for the Bud Moth, was the one ap-
plied as soon as the leaves were fairly well
expanded. The spray mixture was lime
sulphur with arsenate of lead. The appllca-
tion given three days before the opening of
the flowers was next in effectiveness. The
one applied as soon as the larvae began to
enter the buds, was not very effective,
which Is contrary to the general opinion.
The combination of second and third sprays
given In ordinary spray calendars should be
.sufficient to control this pest.

The paper read by Mr. W. T. Macoun, of
the Dominion Experimental Department,
Ottawa, on the work of the Experimental
Station in Quebec, was very interesting to
the growers of this Province. Some valu-
able Information was given regarding tl;e
degree of frost In the different districts >n
Quebec. — A.C.O.

The Future of Fruit Growing

"I do not believe that there are any
grounds for pessimism as to the future of
fruit growing in Ontario," said P. W.
Hodgetts, of Toronto, recently while ad-
dressing a meeting held in connection with
the recent Lambton County Horticultural
Exhibition. "The business will have its ups
and downs, as in the past. Gluts there
have been many times, growers discour-
aged and orchards neglected, but to the
man with energy and push and stlck-to-it-
iveness, along with common sense, the fu-
ture is just as bright as it ever was. When
we consider what our apple growers are up
against in marketing the miscellaneous as-
sortment of apples planted In Ontario thirty
or forty years ago, one almost wonders that
we have made the success we have. Small
orchards, of many varieties, fully fifty per
cent, not wanted in the present markets at
any price, trees neglected through ignor-
ance or lack of care, in early days poor
marketing facilities, etc., all have been
against us.

"With new orchards of larger size, fewer
and better varieties and improved methods
of marketing, Ontario can still more than
hold her own In all markets of the world.
The west is handicapped by expensive labor
and land, and the extreme east by a more
unfavorable climate. Ontario has large
local markets, and is favorably situated for
export and prairie markets. Nova Scotia
is well situated for its export trade, but
lacks both local and prairie markets. The
west also lacks local markets and has ex-
tremely heavy transportation charges to
British and European markets. With every-
thing in our favor I would not hestitate to
continue planting with varieties in demand
and in blocks of large enough size to pro-
vide straight or mixed cars as the various
markets demand.

Of other fruits, the present situation Is
favorable to pears, sweet cherries, straw-
berries and raspberries, and not so good for
plums, sour cherries, red currants and
American gooseberries, except for local
markets. The peach has always been an
uncertain quantity, large profits or heavy
losses coming at times. The future out-
look would not deter me from continuing
in the fruit business and increasing my
acreage under the favorable conditions of
Lambton county."

Tou cannot plant poor off- type potatoes
year after year, and get good results.

January, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

13

Notes on The Season's Fruit Trade

E. H. Wartman, Dominion Fruit Inspector, Montreal

THE export of apples from Montreal liave
been the smallest in my recoUection
of forty years' trade, 93,876 barrels
and 66,639 boxes. The record of this port
is over 700,000 barrels. Fortunately for
shippers, the season was mild, as there were
none frozen throughout the season. The
apples tested by thermometer showed tem-
perature not of a destroying nature.

As I have inspected here apples from foul-
Provinces, I have come to the conclusion
that it has been the worst season for funge
diseases throughout the Dominion that fruit
men have ever had to encounter, and as in-
variably follows, large quantities of apples
have been graded seconds and thirds. The
seconds have come into common use and
are considered by the housewife to be an
economical asset at 75c a barrel less than
No. 1 fruit. This pack has beea uniformly
good this season, and much credit must be
given to the inspectors who know the tech-
nicalities of grading, and who have im-
parted to those in a quandary, as to what
to do, reliable and practical information
Just at the time when most needed.

One very noticeable thing has been the
great number of cars of apples containing
15-0 barrels. These have shown clearly that
this number necessitates only three tiers,
which are easier loaded and unloaded, with
less breakage. To illustrate what I mean, I
might state that while Inspecting apples
close to where three cars were being un-
loaded, and the barrels being rolled into a
shed, two cars were unloaded that had 150
barrels piled In three tiers, without a broken
barrel. The other car had 200 barrels piled
in four tiers and in unloading, two barrels
uncontrolled from fourth tier fell. The face
end of one barrel came out and the tail end

of the other. Imagine the loss on such re-
coopered barrels when the work is done in
a Imrry. Besides there are always those
who are eager to see a barrel break open in
order that they may get a pocket full. These
barrels would land in a slack, bruised condi-
tion, and sell for one dollar to one dollar
and fifty cents a barrel less than a good
sound barrel. Therefore I am led to -believe
the three tier car much the safer.

The barrels this season were of the eight
hoop type, both strong in stave and hoop,
which reflects credit on our coopers.

As our Northern Spy apples have touched
forty shillings per barrel, or nearly $10.00,
it shows how much our best varieties are
appreciated In the old land. Let us hope that
■this cruel war will soon be over, that normal
conditions may reign once more when ail
nations will be at peace. Our fruit trade
would then flourish as never before.

Vegetable Growers Had Losses

The present year has not been a favor-
able one for vegetable growers in Ontario.
Speaking at tihe recent Lambton County
Horticultural Exhibition, the provincial
vegetable specialist, Mr. Johnson, of To-
ronto, said that the continued wet weather
from July 1 to the end of August caused
considerable losses in many parts of the
province. Also there had been more insects
which damage vegetables than had been
known in the past twenty-five years. Fun-
gus diseases had this year attacked vege-
tables that heretofore had been practically
immune to disease. The average loss in all
vegetable districts would amount to twenty-
five per cent.; some districts as high as
fifty per cent. As the vegetables produced
annually in Ontario are valued at over three

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We wish every reader of

THE CANADIAN

HORTICULTURIST

The Compliments cf the

Season and a
Prosperous New Year

Our new and enlarged

Planting List

will be ready for distribution on

the 20th of January.

A copy will be mailed to all

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to others interested who send

their names and addresses.

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ONT.

14

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

million dollars, the lose to the province may
be understood. -

Potatoes suffered severely this year from
blight and wet weather. Cauliflowers were
practically destroyed by wet. Onions were

THE

BEEKEEPERS'
DIRECTORY

The following: beekeepers will be able to
supply Bees and Queens In any quantity
for the season of 1916. Order early.

E. E. MOTT,

Glenwood, Mich.
Northern Bred Italian Queens.

J. P. MOORE,

Morgan, Ky.
Try Moore's Strain Next Tear.

W. R. STIRLING,

Rldgetown, Ont.
Fine Italian Queens.

J. I. BANKS,

Dowelltown, Tenn.
Italian "Queens of Quality."

P. TEMPLE,

438 Gladstone Ave., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Bred Italian Stock.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.,

Newark, N.Y.
Northern Bred Italian Bees and Queens.

M. C. BERRY & CO.,

Successors to Brown & Berry,
Haynevllle, Ala.
Best bred Italian Queens and Bees.

THE PENN COMPANY,

Penn, Miss.
Bees and Queens.

F. W. JONES,

Bedfo.'d, Que.

Bees by the pound, also best Italian

Queens.

H. C. CLEMONS,

Boyd, Ky.
Three band Italians bred for business.

THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE,

185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian and U.S.A. bred queens and
bees. Bees by the pound or colony.

A. E. CRANDALL & SON,

Berlin, Conn.
"Quality" Italian Queens.

JOHN A. McKINNON,

St. Eugene, Ont.
Best northern bred stock.

WM, ATCHLEY,

of Mathls, Texas.
Wants to sell you your early bees by the
pound. Queens in season.

STOVER APIARIES

Mayhew, Miss.
Not a single complaint.

J. W. K. SHAW & CO.,

Loreauville, La.
Everyone knows tiieir strain of three-
band Italians.

blistered more than had ever (been known.
Carrots, beets and parsnips suffered from
green aphis in many sections. These con-
ditions reveal some of the trials and diffi-
culties of vegetable growers.

Manitoba

Prof. F. W. Brodrick, Secretary of the Manitoba
Horticultural Association, Wiuuipeg

It was a pleasure to me to have the op-
portunity of attending the annual meeting
oi: the Minnesota Horticultural Society
which was held at Minneapolis, Minn., on
December 7, 8, 9, 10. It was a delightful
change to come into touch with the horti-
culturists of our neighboring state. Tae
meeting was well attended, delegates being
present from all parts of Minnesota, ana
from the adjoining states of Illinois, Wis-
consin, North and South Dakota, as well as
from Manitoba. The meetings were bright
and interesting throughout.

One of the interesting features was the
number and variety of papers and addresses
that were given. No paper was longer than
twenty minutes, with a limited time for dis-
cussion. This prevented any speaker from
monopolizing too much time, and also pre-
vented the discussions from becoming weari-
some and dull.

•Practically all phases of horticultural
work, including fruit and vegetable grow-
ing, landscape gardening and floriculture
came in for a place on the programme.
These papers, coupled with tlie interesting
discussions given by experts brought out
much valuable information.

Through the efforts of the Horticultural
Society, Minnesota has become a fairly im-
portant fruit growing state, and discussions
on varieties and new fruits came in for an
important place on the programme. To in-
crease the planting of fruits, the state has
established a fruit breeding farm at Ex-
celsior, Minn., in charge of Charles Harle-
son, where many new fruits are being bred
from hardy strains, tried out at the Ex-
periment Stations and sent out for distribu-
tion throughout the state. The discussion
on fruits brought forth some Interesting
suggestions on hardiness from Professor
Waldron, of Fargo, North Dakota, and Prof.
Hansen, of Brookings, South Dakota.
Professor Hansen, who has given the ques-
tion of plant improvement considerable at-
tention, and who has been to Siberia to
locate hardy types for the United States
Federal Government, contends that the only
method of getting hardiness in fruit is to
bring plants from countries where hardiness
is essential, or produce hardy strains by In-
fusing the blood of hardy native fruits.

The meeting of the Women's Auxiliary
on Thursday afternoon brought forth inter-
esting papers and discussions on the place
of horticulture in the home. A valuable
paper on "The value of horticulture on the
farm" was contributed by Mrs. Clarence
Wedge, of Albert Lea, Minn., and an Inter-
esting illustrated adress on "The Highway
Beautiful," by Mrs. James Jenneson, of
Minneapolis.

Governor Hammond, of Minnesota, com-
plimented the Society during the annual ban-
quet, on the excellerit work which had been
done In furthering horticulture, and pre-
dicted that Minnesota would, in time, he-
come an important horticultural state
through the efforts of the Society. Presi-
dent Vincent, of the University of Minne-
sota, delighted the convention with a half
hour talk, on Friday afternoon, on "How
may the State University and the State
Horticultural Society best co-operate In ad-
vancing the horticultural interests of the
State." The convention closed with short

addresses from old members, among the
more prominent of wliom were George J.
Kellogg, Strawberry grower of Janesviile,
Wi.s.; Clarence Wedge, Nurseryman, Albert
Lea, Minn.; and C. S. Harrison, Nursery
man, York, Neb.

One of the features of the convention wa.^
the attractive floral exhibits put up by the
florists of St. Paul and Minneapolis, and the
exhibits of fruit and vegetables put up by
the members of the Society. "These ex-
hibits gave the visitors an excellent idea of
the horticultural possibilities of the State.

A pleasant event was the presentation of
a gold watch and chain to secretary Latham
on the anniversary of the twenty-flflh year
of his service as secretary of the associa^
tion. Secretary Latham has built up the
Society from a small, struggling organlza^
tion, to a live, vigorous society, with mem-
bership of over three thousand members.

The features of the convention that im-
pressed me most were: first, the good or-
ganization that existed, and the despalcii
with which the business of the convention

Guaranteed

to
" MAKE
GOOD "

That means a lot to eveo-y buyer — gxiar-
anteed Sturdy. Healthy and true to name
by a firm that has been growing trees
right for 32 years— Apple, Pear, Peaoh,
Plum, Cherry and Quince Trees, also
Small Fruits and Ornamental Stock.
Direct to You at Grower's Prices

Quality before price is our motto, but
our personal supervision of all trees from
our nurseries to you, together iv-ith up-
to-date facilities, enables us to sell Kelly
Trees at low prices.

Our catalog tells all iibout our trees
and prices. It is our only salesman, and
you can order from the catalog just aa
well as if you visited us here In Dans-
ville— Why not do both?

Write for catalog to-day— It a worth
while.

KEH Y BROS., Wholesale Nuneries

88 Main Street, Dansvllle, N. Y.

You'll never regret planting Kelly Trees.

Clean up that stony section of the farm
with a Bissell Steel Stone Boat. Built of
stift steel with railing around edges: steel
runners. Sizes 2, 2^i, and 3 ft. wide. Dif-
ferent styles for all kinds of farm and stable
work. Write Dept. N. for folder and prices.
T E. BISSELL CO.. Limited, Elora, Ontario.
BISSELL STEEL STONE BOAT

See advt. on page IX.

^HtBESTMADt

FOSTER'S

STANDARO

POT

We have a large
stock of all size

FLOWER POTS

FERN OR BULB PANS

% AZALEA POTS
and Rimless Pans
Orders Filled Promptly. Send for Prices.

THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd.

HAMILTON, ONT.

January, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

u

was carried through; second, the close re-
lationship between the State Agricultural
College and the Society; third, the wide
range and practical nature of the activities
that are being carried on by the society it-
self.

British Columbia

The Department of Agriculture will again
conduct fruit packing schools during the
coming winter. While the supply of pack-
ers was nearly equal to the demand in 1914,
there was a shortage in many districts this
year owing to the enlistment of a number
of the packers. It is hoped that advantage
will be taken of this opportunity to supply
the deficiency. As in previous years, the
local administration of the packing schools
will be placed in the hands of a responsible
body as the Farmers' Institute, the Fruit
Growers' Association, or the Board of
Trade.

The local organization must guarantee
not less than twelve pupils, but not more
than fifteen, at a fee of two dollars each, to
take the twelve lessons of two and a half
hours each, the school extending over the
week. When twenty-four to thirty pupils
can be secured, a double packing school will
be arranged. The hall provided should not
be smaller than thirty feet by fifteen feet,
well lighted, and suflBciently heated to pre-
vent freezing of the fruit at night.

In districts where it is impossible to se-
cure the number of pupils mentioned, a
three-day packing school may be arranged
for with a minimum of eight and not over
twelve pupils, at a fee of one dollar per

§

KINNER

YSTEM OF tRRIGATION

Control complete. Prevents drought loss-
es. Keduces labor bills. Increases profit.
Hpecial Portable Line for $11.76. Send for
new Bulletin.

The Skinner Irrigation Co.
217 Water Street Troy, Ohio.

BEESWAX WANTED

Best price paid. Write, stating quantity
and quality. Beeswax also made Into Fdn.
by our Weed Process.

F. W. JONES

Beekeepers' Supplies Bedford, Que.

BEE KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

SEASON 1916
Early Cash Order Discount
4% January
3% February

Send for our New Catalogue

BEES-WAX WANTED

Best Market Price
Cash or Exchange

Tk Ham U Nott Co.,

LIMITED

BRANTFORD, ONT.

NORTHERN GROWN FRUIT TREES
FOR NORTHERN PLANTERS

At Lowest Prices consistent with Sterling
Quality.

ALBERT NURSERIES, Albert, New Brunswick

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS.
Bred for Honey Production.
3 banded from select imported mothers.
Bees by the pound. Safe arrival and satis-
faction guaranteed. We invite closest com-
parison with the best. Give me a trial order.
Write for prices. No disease. Am now
booldng orders for early delivery.
MAXWELL SCOTT & CO.,
121 Hogarth Ave., Toronto, Ont.

CHAS. E. HOPPER & CO.

BEEWARE

126 Simcoe St., Toronto, Ont.

The Root Canadian House

185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont.
Honey or Maple Syrup Wanted. All kinds
of bee supplies, journals and books. Quality
counts. Early discounts. Catalogue free.

The Beekeepers' Review Clubbing Offer For 1916

The REVIEW for 1916 $1.00

Oct., Nov. and Dec, 1916, free.

American Bee Journal for 1916 1.00

Gleanings for 1916 1.00

One REVIEW HONEY QUEJEN 1.00

Total J4.00

ALL FOUR

FOR ONLY

$3.00.

For description of REVIEW QUEEN see another column.
Gleanings, 30c.; A. B. J., lOo. ; Review Free.

Address, with remittance.

Add for Canadian Postage —

The BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, Northstar, Michigan.

PRODUCTIVE BEEKEEPING

is the title of a new book of 326 pages by Mr. Frank C. Pellett, State

Apiarist of Iowa.
As the name of this book indicates it is especially adapted to the needs
of the practical beekeeper. Not a discussion of scientific principles,
but of practical methods.

Sources of Nectar, Wintering, Marketing, and Laws that Concern
the Beekeeper, are titles of chapters of special interest.
Regular price $1.50 postage extra.
We offer this latest book with the American Bee Journal one year,
both for $2.00, Canadian postage 15 cents extra.

134 illustrations, attractive cloth binding.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

Hamilton, Illinois

QUEENS OF QUALITY

The Editor of the BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW and his sons have 1,100 colonies of bees
worked for extracted honey. With all those bees working with equal advantage, all having
the same care and attention, they have an opportunity unexcelled to ascertain without a
reasonable doubt, colonies desirable as breeders from a honey producer's standpoint. Likely,
never in the history of beekeeping, was there a better opportunity to test out the honey
getting strain of bees than this. Think of it, 1,100 colonies with equal show, and a dozen of
those colonies storing 250 to 275 pounds of surplus honey this last poor (with us) season,
while the average of the entire 1,100 being not more than 40 pounds per colony. We have
sent two of our very best breeding queens (their colonies producing 275 pounds surplus each,
during the season of 1915) to John M. Davis, and two to Ben. G. Davis, both of Spring Hill,
Tenn., and they will breed queens for the Review during the season of 1916, from those four
superior honey gathering breeding queens. Those young queens will be mated with their
thoroughbred drones. Our stock Is of the three banded strain of Italian, also that of John
M. Davis, while Ben. G. Davis breeds that disease resisting strain of goldens, that is be-
coming so popular.

By this time you are likely thinking that your strain of bees may be iraprovea some by
the addition of this superior strain of Review queens and how you can secure one or more
of those superior honey gathering queens as a breeder. We will tell you: They will be
sold to none except Review subscribers. If you are a pald-ln-advance subscriber to the
Review for 1916, we will mail you one of the daughters of those famous queens in June for
a dollar. If not a subscriber to the Review for 1916, send $1.75 for a year's subscription to
the Review and one of those famous young queens. Those queens are well worth two dollars
each, compared to the price usually charged for ordinary queens, but we are not trying to
make money out of this proposition, only we are anxious to have every subscriber of The
Beekeeper (Canadian postage free), a subscriber of the Review, and we are taking this
way to accomplish the object. A few of the very first orders for queens that we receive can
be mailed In May, but the majority will not be mailed until June. Orders filled In rotation.
Have your order booked early and avoid disappointment.

Address, with remittance,

THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, Northstar, Michigan

16

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EdiUun.

The Georgian Bay
Tree Pruner

Work* fine.

The Price is $2.50
G W.BULL, Mir.,WUrtoa,Oot.

Practical Tools

For Profitable Pruning

Horticulturists have prac-
tically desii^ned Bartlett
Pruning Tools. Their sug-
(restions and their own ex-
perience have combined to pro-
-' duce pruning toolsof quality that
are in world-wide use among buc-
ces3ful horticulturists.

Barllett Pruning Tools

Strong* Durable, Easy Cutting

There are several styles of Bartlett Prun-

era— thrt'o are doscribcU briefly herewith.

No matter which one you buy you

can be cer- . Tw»-H.nd Pruner-

tain tt 19 ^f^ (No.777) cuUcloan

carefully V^. a»d eaar-doc. not

wound the bark--

right handed --26- ,

inch aah handlea.

<2.00 prepaid.

made
. from the
b e 8 t o f
'" materiiila
and is fully
guaranteed.
Jolntod Tr*« Trimmsr--
(No, 4) compound lever
tiead-handte in 4[oot Bee-
tiona -- c.-tn be made any
iensth deuired up to 16 ro<--t
-ftlmplo, convenient, Htrons.
durable. 8-foot (2 tiet-tions)
S3 00; 12-foot <3 B«ctioni>

S3. 25; 16-foot '4 st-ctions) $3, SO, prepaid- For
tons pole deduct &0c oa eacb length,

Most dealers carry a complete line of Bart-
lett Prunina: Tools. If youra does not. send direct to
us. We*llB«e you are supplied promptly. Send for
catsloffue and free booklet on "How and When to
Prune." BARTLETT MFG. COMPANY*
15 Lafayett* Av«. East, D«troU, MIoh.

Pruning Saw--
I (No. 18) liifht
] weiifht-- blade
ickly turned
I to cut at any
angle. $1.76
' prepaid.

a c o

the plant food your crops
have taken from the soil.
Our big book. "Bumper
Crops." will tell you what
fertilizers to use and how
to use them.
FREE if you mention this paper.

Shur-Crop

pupil, to take six lesBons of two and a half
hours each.

The Department of Agriculture provides
the instructor and pays his expenses, sup-
plies packing paper and tables, and bears
the cost of fruit and all other legitimate ex-
penses except that of the secretarial work,
the rent of the hall, and its heating and
lighting. Local fruit is used where possible
and the department pays the legitimate
market price as determined by the instruc-
tor or inspector. At the time of making the
application for the packing school the re-
sponsible organization is requested to re-
serve two and a half to three boxes of fruit
for each pupil. The harder varieties, such
as Ben Davis, are preferred. It need not
be graded, but niu.'<t be in good condition
and not smaller than two and a quarter
inches in diameter.

In addition to the packing work, modern
methods and equipment for packing, pack-
ing for exhibition, and the Fruit Marks
Act will be studied. Pupils who score 75
per cent, and put up a creditable pack for
the department prizes next autumn will re-
ceive a diploma certifying to the same from
the department.

Pruning Schools Also.

In 1914, the first year pruning schools
were offered, twenty-five were held, and in
1915 the number increased to forty-seven.
As these schools proved to be very bene-

ficial to the fruit growers, the department
has decided to offer them again.

The department will provide a competent
instructor, and pay his expenses. The local
administration will be placed in the hands
of a responsible local body, who will be re-
sponsible for the guarantee of a minimum
of eight pupils (but not more than twelve),
with the proper qualifications, at a fee of
one dollar each, to take ten lessons of three
hours a lesson, the school extending over
five days. Where the number of pupils in
a district justifies, two pruning schools may
be arranged for, in -which the minimum
guarantee will be sixteen pupils, and not
over twenty-four. The local organization
also provides an orchard or orchards, where
the instructor may hold the pruning classes,
and a hall or room in which the lectures
may be held.

Besides the actual practice In the orchard,
of which -the course will consist chiefly,
where the pupils will prune trees under the
supervision of the instructor, there will be
lectures on the theory of pruning, which
will include talks on pruning as related to
the formation pf fruit buds, and to plant
growth, also the subject of top-grafting un-
desirable varieties will be dealt with, along
with many other points of interest. The
pupils provide their own pruning tools, the
necessary tools being a pair of pruning
shears, a saw, and a pocket whetstone.

FcrtilizGrs

»> mmm

Commission of Conservation

A well designed Market Wagon that is of ample capacity and suitable for the purpose.

Vegetables and fruits may be properly displayed, thus resulting in increased

sales and more satisfied customers.

- - - PONT BUY A SPRAYER UNTIL YOU READ THIS -

At the PANAMA PACIFIC EXPOSITION held at San Francisco in 1915

THE BEAN SPRAY PUMP COMPANY

were awarded
GOLD MEDAL ON BARREL PUMPS, GOLD MEDAL ON HAND PUMPS, GOLD MEDAL ON POWER SPRAYERS and the
GRAND PRIZE ON POWER SPRAYERS, BY THE INTERNATIONAL JURY OF AWARDS.

REMEMBER, these prizes were won in competition with the whole world in 1915. Not 20 years ago, when Spray Pumps were
mere experiments.

These awards prove conclusively that BEAN PUMPS lead the world in POWER— CAPACITY— HIGH PRESSURE and DUR-
ABILITY

Over a thousand of Ontario's best Fruit Growers are using BEAN PUMPS, and every one tells the same story of EFFICIENCY.

YOU NEED THE BEST SPRAYER. BUY THE WORLD'S BEST.

WRITE FOR OUR CATALOGUE. LET US REFER YOU TO USERS YOU KNOW.

NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., Limited

Burlington, Ontario

January, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

17

Marketing Garden Produce

The conditions under which some vege-
table growers display their goods on city
markets might be considerably improved
with advantage to themselves. Not only
are vegetables and fruits shown in great
confusion but, in many cases, the market
waggons are such as to almost repel pro:
spective customers.

Probably the greatest incentive to pur-
chase is the appearance of vegetables m
clean and orderly condition, the marKet
waggon suitable to its use, and personal
cleanliness of the owner. The illustration
on page 16 shows a suitable market waggon.
It is large, and can accommodate consider-
able garden produce, which can be displayed
In an attractive and orderly manner.

As the successful merchant looks to his
show windows to attract purchasers, so the
successful grower should endeavbr to meet
his customers under the most favorable con-
ditions.

The Poultry Yard

F. C. Elford, Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa

By January all fpullels should be well ma-
tured and a good percentage of eggs being
laid. See that the house is free from
draughts, that it has plenty of fresh air and
sunlight. Give plenty of feed and mix the
grain ration in a good heavy litter so as to
induce exercise. Watch both the cost of
production and the selling end, and know
whether the flock is paying or not. If you
find that it isn't paying it's your fault;
others make the hens pay and pay well; so
can you if you use busmess methods.

Care must be taken that the cost of pro-
duction is not too high. The first step to
lessen the cost is taken when, we eliminate
everything from the breeding stock but thac
which has the very best constitution. Adopt
system in the poultry work. Give it into
the care of some one person, rather than al-
low any person (which very often means no
person) to be responsible for the plant.

■^iiS:>f^

^;,''-%.«.

Big Drop in Prices of

EIIDC^ AND FUR
r U K^ GARMENTS

No matter where you live or what you or your family want in Furs, or Fur
garments, you can buy cheaper and better by dealing direct with us.

It will pay you to send for our Fur Style Book, 1915-16 edition, SENT

FREE on reauest i^hlch conUliui 34 Pares of niuitratlons of twautiful furs, and
^ will t«U 70U how Tou can buy cheaper and better from us

^^fe^ under our srstem of

■ FROM TRAPPER TO WEARER

h, 112

Mukrai

Cott

S34.B0

Hi. 113

Muff ta

Matcb

S5.BG

When Toa realize that we are the largest cash
bujers of Itaw Furs Id Canada, purchasing direct
from the trapper, you will appreciate the unrir-
ailed opportunity we have to select the finest sltins,
taaanfacture them into desirable Fur sets and Fur
garments, then by selling direct by mall sare you
the middlemen's profits.

Yoa will be astonishftd to see the beauti-
ful Purs you can purchase from us for a lltUe
money, every one a gem in its class

This season furs are lower in price than ^
ever before, owing largely to most of the
European marlcets being closed on account of
the war, buttlie storlt of Raw Furs In Amer-
ica now Is so low, that prices are stf R'eDing up.
and it looks to tlB as If they will advance
steadily from now on. You should buy your
furs this season without /ail. Remember our ]
Fur Rtyie Book prices mean goods delivered
U> you, as

WE PAY AIX DELTVERY

CHARGES.
Every article is sold under OUR P08I I
TrVE OUAKANTEK to" SATISFY YOO OKI
RBFOND YOUR MONEY".

The fun Illustrated her* *z« taken from
our Fur Style Boole, and cive yon fcnt a faint
Idea of the numerous bargains offered to yeu.
which are shown in our Fur Style Book.
Should the furs shown het« meet with roar ap-
proval, send ua their price, aad we will ihlp at
once, deiivory charges paid tqr aa. aad guaranteed
to be satisfactory.

aroSKRAT COAT ■*-**»^,^WOI.F

in.-ThialfVSKnATCOATU j^^, j, , teauii'vt

i matched ilu3kratsl«na in O'i' Kalni-tdi qualui
\vop>daretyle. This coat is verf ^^^l^iP^^J j-li
tpec<alvalue.KeUmarUineixrf ^^ 4, ^, „,,„ deepand imde over shtvldtr
'"'I- •'"'"fi If^roughout «?«'Aan4»o<*-ji.nnffjFoodpro(,rliona«o(n.,(coid_
»o«i mmuty ftrou^ sof.n. De^ i,Mmmrdwilhheadand laiKnerlhoulder, and
shawfcoUar and au(fs fasten, ^a, «( each end-lined uHlh feet qMily „(^
wMi large a^orMJmttonsand ^^ ^,^, interli,^. T^ V sa.yn

suit loops. S%*u 3S te 4» bust. ^ _' , , ,, .

Friu $5* so ^^ muj^is made in tfu iMrge eleissv pHtow style.
SsmV iiiV M ' inches. Ion} ' '^'""i^''^""' *"^-. "" "^ ?""■' "if •"'ynled
Friee 93a 00 *" ^***^ down bea pitnnf freaf warmfA mnd com-
««.-JfPSrjUr UZrwr to match aliioiooai'<iiiarte'riaoii> shape, '""^-""^ <«•"' food satin— toUh torist cord.
«k Uned, daum bed and iorist cord. frlce [, c^ Ko. tU, StoU....tt.U Ko.UI, lluf....$tM

No. 226
Muff

se.ss

Na. 224
Italt

16.25

Do mat wait bat Mnd to^ar to

WE ARE THE I.AROE9T

CASH BVVEKS OF
■AW VVRS IN CAM ADA.

Room Z80, Hallam building, TORONTO, CANADA

You have many uses for this Machine !

We are frank in telling you that a SPRAMOTOR, rightly used,
will earn its cost the first season and pa.y you a handsome profit
besides.

Our SPRAMOTOR is a very adaptable machine — one that will
benefit you in man.y ways. It saves orchard trees and row crops with
equal certainty, destroys weeds, kills rot, blight, canker, lice, beetles
and all parasites.

It throws paint or whitewash on to buildings twenty times as
quickly as by hand and does a better job. Used with disinfectant it

protects^ horses and cattle from biting, tor-
menting flies and lice. A

The SPRAMOTOR stands unequalled in the whole world
as an effective spraying machine. It has won over 100 Gold
Medals and First Awards against all comers. Twenty distinct
patented improvements on the SPRAMOTOR that no other
machine can have. Prices run from $6 up to $400 — dozens of
styles and sizes. Let us send you FREE, our valuable illus-
trated treatise on Crop Diseases. Postcard brings it quickly.

Mad« in Canada — No duty to pay

SPRAMOTOR WORKS,

It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless wc made i

reduces the percentage of loss in fruit over
80% as shown by Government tests in 19 dif-
ferent orchards. Used on potatoes, a SPRA-
MOTOR has increased a yield of almost nothing
to 400 bushels an acre.

2702 King St., London, Canada

18

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral SdiUon.

GREENHOUSE EFFICIENCY

At the Minimum Cost

Wr " "*■ ' '^''^^^^IH^^^^^^^H^^^^

i Vp a

'■ iiii iliH^iiisiiii' ipuH

What is your season? Half the year — with luck? Or an assured
twelve months' pleasure and profit?

A good greenhouse makes all the difference in the world to your
success in gardening, Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter.

And the cost — We will submit plans to meet your requirements at
the lowest possible price consistent with the thorough workmanship
necessary to efficient operation.

Write us for booklet "B" of Glass Gardens.

GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, Limited

201 Church Street, TORONTO

Transportation Bldg., St. James St. Montreal

CENTRAL NURSERIES
For reliable Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Peach and Orna-
mental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, Grape Vines, Berry
Plants, Everirreens, Hedges, etc. — good ones, too.

Also Seed Potatoes.
We ship direct to customers. Our new price catalogue
•win interest you. Note our offers — they are dependable

and O. K 35 years at it. No agents for us.

Early Six Weelts' Seed Potatoes for sale.

A. G. HULL & SON, St. Catharines, Ontario

Cronk's Pruning Shears

To introduce a high-grade pruning shear at a
very low price, we are now offering direct, pro-
vided your dealer does not have them, our 2B-lnch
No. 09 1-2 guaranteed pruner at $1.25 per pair, via
parcel post, prepaid; cash with order, or ask your
dealer for same.
CRONK & CARRIER MFG. CO., ELMIRA, N.Y.

-Farm Account Book

Knoiv How Much You Make This Year

ISj!?* ""5" P"^ a cent tor Blckmara'a Farm Jkocount Book. Mr. Parmer, simply send us your name and
address. Business farmlnK puis money In the bank. This book Is arranged to keep all accounts In simple
torm— more simple, and certamly more practical than tryingto remember them; shows what to charge against
wSV.T^i',^ i^?'ii"'ii' '"''Orf ? "™s record; and secUon lor personal accounts. 64 pages: lor lak or poaail.
Not a cheap allair. Its quality Is In keeping with ■■ ■ . »-

BICKMORE'S GALL CURE

i^*?ii!l;'!!Si!!^j""if f'.^'' Vl"^ ,old-time reliable horse remedy. Horses are now too valuable and too high priced
to take cnances oMosIng their .services. Get full value out of yours. Bidcinore's Hall Cure heals and cures
Harness and Saddle Galls, BopeBnrn. Cats, Scratches. Grease Heel, etc. Keeps them sound
and in condition for work. Vou don't have to lay the horse off. Blckmore's Gall Cure
cares while the horse works. Great thing for sore teats in cows. Look out tor substitutes
and "heap Imitations. Be sure to ask lor Blckmore's Gall Cure at the store. The work-
torst trade mark on every box. Farm Account Book Is ready. Send today.

IWIN6ATE CilEMICAL CO.. Canaijian Dittr's, 651 Notrt Dame St. W., Montreal. Can.

System In feeding, system in marketing,
along with clean sanitary conditions, go a
long way to cut down the expense of pro-
duction.

Every year eggs are scarce and high in
price during the late fall and early winter.
The only way to have eggs to sell at this
time of the year is to get ready in plenty ot
time. Early spring is the time to prepare
for eggs the following November. See that
the pullets are hatched early, because It is
only the early pullet that will give the early
egg. It possible, male with the healthy
hens in the spring, a good vigorous cockerel
that comes from a laying strain. Feed the
young chicks well throughout their growing
period and have the puilets matured early,
and put Into winter quarters before they
are ready to lay, so that they can go right
ahead without any interruption.

Market When Ready. — Though there is a
good deal ot waste in the system of pro-
duction, there is even more in the methods
of marketing. Study the egg market as well
as the wheat market, and sell eggs when
and where they are worth the mosL Of
course, the only time to market eggs Is
vvhen they are absolutely new laid. Market
eggs as direct to the consumer as is practic-
able and market in such a condition tliat
the producer can guarantee the product,
and so that he will not be ashamed to have
his name appear on every package.

There is no reason why the keeping of
poultry should not be more popular In tne
towns and villages, and even in some sec-
tions of the cities. The objection frequent-
ly advanced can be traced to two sources:
the unsanitary conditions fn which a few
poultrymen keep their poultry plant, and
the presence of nervous or over-sensitive
neighbors.

At this time, when so much is being said
about the high cost of living, ordinary com-
mon sense should lead us not to object to
the rooster's early morning greeting.

On the other hand, there Is no reason
why poultry plants in the limits of the
town or city should become a nuisance II
ordinary sanitary precautions are taken. It
might be a good plan it all towns or cities
would appoint a capable Inspector who
would ."ee that all poultry plants were kept
In sanitary condition. There are many city
families that could not only provide them-
selves with new laid eggs, and table poul
try, but by keeping a small flock of laying
hens, could make use of teed that goes into
the garbage can, and might In some la-
stances almost keep the family table provid-
ed with eggs and broilers.

It is the summer conditions ot the city
poultry plants to which most objections are
raised. To overcome this, many city and
town families follow the practice ot buying
on the market or elsewhere well matured
pullets in October and November, feeding
them heavily for eggs throughout the win-
ter and selling or eating them In the spring.
This method Is to be recommended as it
provides eggs when eggs are high In price,
turns table scraps into new laid eggs and
leaves the back yard for the summer gar-
den with a quantity of good fertilizer for
growing vegetables and flowers. In most
cases the birds can be sold In the spring
for what will replace them with pullets in
the fall.

In the case of fruit you may prune, spray,
cultivate and practice every precaution In
the picking, packing and loading, but just as
soon as it passes Into the care ot a carrying
company, be It railroad or steamboat. It
rests with them just in what condition the
fruit will appear on the market — Q. E. Mc-
intosh. Fore'st. Ont.

January, 191*.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

t»

Canadian Apples in South Africa.

W. J. Egan, Canadian Tratle Comnnissioner, Cape
Town, South Afiica.

The first shipment of apples from Canada
for this season arrived on the S.S. Kwarra,
October 15. They were all from British Co-
lumbia, and consisted mostly of "Wealthys"
with some "Gravensteins."

The packing was of the very best aud
the shipment was healiny, being almost
free from scale. The apples were of good
size but did not come up to the require-
ments of the South African market .in color,
and unfortunately a large peraentage of the
shipments was frozen in cold storage. The
fruit which carried without freezing realized
from 15s. to 17s. a box. On the Johannes-
burg market prices ranged from 19s. to 24s.

This shipment of 1,160 boxes is the first
on record to consist of Canadian fruit only.
The contention of several jobbers has been
the impossibility ot securing fruit for the
early boats, and many severe comments
were made in reference to the recom-
mendations that the cold storage space on
our steamers should be reserved- for Cana-
dian fruit. Although the above-mentioned
shipment was unfortunate, dealers now ad-
mit that a suitable apple can be procured
for the early sailings as well as tor the
end of the season. As they are all pre-
pared to purchase Canadian fruit, they are
now advocating that it alone should be car-
ried ia the cold storage of Canadian
steamers during the limited season of deliv-
ery, from October to December 15, which
under normal conditions can dispose of
35,000 to 40,000 boxes of a good, hardy,
medium size well-colored apple.

Vegetable Packages.

Vegetable growers should endeavor to
standardize the packages used for shipping
vegetables. While this does not affect the
growers in the vicinity of large cities, it is
becoming a grave problem for those who-
ship vegetables from other districts into
the large markets of Montreal and Toronto.

It would be a beneficial work if the On-
tario Vegetable Growers' Association would
gather inforamtion relating to the various
vegetable packages used in Ontario. This
would enable the growers to prepare to
standardize the best packages used.

Items of Interest.

'Mr. B. Leslie Emslie, formerly of Toronto,
has recently been added to the staff of the
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, to aci,
as supervisor, under the direction of the
Dominion Chemist, of investigational work
with fertilizers.

The annual convention of the Nova Scotia
Fruit-Growers' Association will be held al
Wolfvllle, January 18th to 20th, 1916. One
session will be devoted to a debate on the
fiuestion of mixed farming versus exclusive
fruit growing for the Annapolis Valley.

The United Fruit Companies of Nova
Scotia, Ltd., on December 2nd, published the
average price that will be paid to all their

Bone Meal for Orchards

Harab-Davies Bone Meal is an excellent fertilizer for orchards. It has a very
high percentage of phosphoric acid which is required in producing strong wood
growth and forming the blossoms and fruit. It contains, in fact, almost twice as
much of this valuable phosphoric acid as does basic slag, and half again as much
as contained in acid phosphate. In addition it contains over three and one-half
per cent, ammonia, but notwithstanding this, bone meal costs a good deal less
than twice as much basic slag or acid phosphate. In truth. Bone Meal is ana
always has been the very best value for your money of any fertilizer material, and,
moreover, is practically the only fertilizer that hasn't advanced in price since last
year. Harab-Davies Tankage and Harab-Davies Ground Blood are two other fer-
tilizer materials that are very little higher than last year, and although on account
of the higher prices of chemicals

Harab-Davies

Fertilizers

like others, have increased in price — they are still low enough in cost to make it
exceedingly profitable to use them freely on the land.

Whatever your fertilizer requirements
may be you can have them fully supplied in
the complete line of Harab-Davies Fertiliz-
ers. You can obtain fertilizers containing
up to 3% potash. In fact, no one can do
better for you, as regards potash or any
other fertilizer requirement, than we can.

Harab-Davies Fertilizers have been tried
and tested and proved their worth on farms
and orchards all over Canada. They are
Made in Canada, factory mixed, and in best
condition for handling with least trouble
and expense.

Write for the 1916 Harab-Davies Fertil-
izer Booklet which contains the latest in-
formation about fertilizers.

The Ontario Fertilizers, Limited

West Toronto, Canada

STRAWBERRIES summer and Fall Bearing aad all Ber.y Frait Plaot.

We are headquarters for Summer and Fall Bearing Strawberry Plants
Raspberries, Blacliberries, Gooseberries, Currants, Grapes,. Fruit Trees,
Roses, Ornamental Shrubs, Eggs for Hatching', Crates, Baskets, Seed
Potatoes, etc. The very finest stock at rock-bottom prices! 32 years' ex-
perience.

Our catalog contains valuable information for fruit growers. Send for
It to-day — it's free.

L. J. FARMER, BOX 696, PULASKI, N. Y.

Get a copy of our New 1916 Catalogue.

GEORGE KEITH &

124 King Street East . - . .

A postcard will bring it.
SONS

TORONTO

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

BATTS, LIMITED,

Manufacturers Greenhouse Material
36S-400 Pacific Ave., Toronto, Ont.

STRAWBERRY and all other small fruit plants SEED POTATOES

Our great new Strawberry "Grand Prize," the best Fall-Bearing kinds, and B& others.
Herbert, Eaton, St. Regis Everbearing and other best Raspberries, also Blaclcberr> ,
Currant, Gooseberry and Grapes.

Splendid stock of Cobbler and Green Mountain Potatoes.

H. L. McCONNELL & SON

Port Burwell, Ont.

Werpaq hiqhesb Prices For

RAW
FURS

And Rem lb

Prompt I q -

_Joro Trapper* and PurConoclor»
send their Raw Fura to us than t*
any other five houses in Canad*.

Becanse they know we pay high-
eat prices, pay mail and express
charges, charge no commissions,
and treat our shippers right
Result, we are the largest in our

line in Canada. Bhip to us todm/ and
deal with a Reliable House,
ho Shtpment too smaller too large to
receive our nroni'^t attentioiL.
^..MM WesellGnns,Kifle8, Traps,

IiIIIIN Animal Bait. Shoepacke. Flaah-

MUllW lights. HeadliKhU. Fishing Nets.

^tshlnf Taokle and Sportsmen ■

SttppUes at lowest prioM. OATAIAKfr F&KK.

Hallam s Three Books
"Trapper's Guide"

Enftllsh or French
06 pages, iUoatrated
tells how and where
to trap and other
Taloable Information
for trappers ; also

*'Trapper*» and
S portsm en ' B Suppl^y
CataloK""Raw Fus
Price List/' and
latest **Fur StyU
Book " ot beauti-
ful fnr sets and tor
garments.

All these books tuUr
lUnstrated and sent
raiB OK B£QUX8T.

cgim

Imitcd

jjl 348 HiJlam BuUding TORONTO

afflliaied companies on Blenheims this yeai,

as follows:

No. 2, 13,848 barrels $2.22

No. 2, .3,067 barrels 1.76

Co-operative, No. 3, 2,760 bsurels 1.41

Small, No. 3, 2,376 barrels 1.02

The average for ones and twos is ^'i.lZhi-

Market Conditions in England.

J. Forsyth Sniilh, (,'anadian Kruil Tradi:
Commissioner, .Manchesii-r, Kn^.

THliRE will be no difficulty this season
ia securing excellent prices for all
good Canadian apples, whether in
boxes or barrels, provided they can be
landed in satisfactory condition. Tii^
.short crop, high freight rates and steamei
.space limitations have so restricted sup-
plies that, in Glasgow and Liverpool especi-
ally, prices have considerably exceeded
early expectations. The demand continues
strong and steady, and is regarded by the
trade in general as normal, or even belter
than ordinary. In ivondon there has been
■a somewhat lessened demand for higu-
priced fruit on account of the lessening of
■the number of dianers and public functions
owing to the war, while the requirements of
a darltened London has also bad an adverse
effect by reducing the number of theatre
parties and similar evening festivities,
which are important factors in fancy apple
consumption. Londoa is also so near the
principal English apple-producing counties
thait it has been steadily supplied with large
quantities of home-grown fruit, and this
has had an observable effect on prices,
which have been considerably lower than
those obtained in the North.

Steamer Space and Rates.
Steamer space seems, if anything, more
difficult to secure, and, though particulars
are not obtainable from the shipping com-
panies, it is generally expected tliat ocean
rates will be still further increased.
Brokers' charges will also be raised.
Apples in Barrels.
Canadian apples, in the main, have been
arriving in good condition, with only a nor-
mal percentage of slack packs, though many
Nova Scotia No. 3's have been badly spot-
ted and wasty. In some cases color haa
been lacking, and the quality poor or only
fair, but reliable shippers have been send-
ing in some excellent stock, and, In general,
there has not been much cause for com-
plaint. There is a tendency observable,
however, in many packs of Ontario apples
to include a proportion of small apples
in No. 1 barrels. This Is, perhaps, natural.

We Solicit Your
Consignments

Good Prices Always

For Your Fruit and Vegetables

OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit,
vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the
Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses with com-
petent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcu-
pine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet
througU these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests.

Send for
Shipping Stamp

Branch Warenouses:

Sudbury, North Bay,

Cobalt, Cochrane and

Porcupine

H. PETERS

88 Front St. East, Toronto

References: The Cana-
dian Banl< of Commerce
(Market Branch) and
Commercial Agencies

January, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

vll

in a short crop year, but it .is likely to affect
the prestige of Caaadian apples seriously
on the British market.

Reliable Pack as an Asset.

A noticeaible feature on the various mar-
kets is the premium constantly placed by
buyers upon packs which have earned a
reputation for quality and reliability. There
are certain packers known to the trade
generally for the dependability of their out-
put, and whenever these favored "marks"
are offered for sale, the brisk demand al-
ways results in top prices. It cannot be
too strongly emphasized thait a pack favor-
ably known to the trade has a definite
monetary value, that this carefully built ap
reputation is a most valuable asset, and
that shippers contented to rank as second
or third-class packers over a period of years
are needlessly throwing away value that a
more business-like policy would have se-
cured for them.

Apples In Boxes.

California Yellow Newtowns in boxes are
reaching the market in considerable quan-
tities, and have found a ready sale, though,
as a rule, their quality leaves much to be
desired. The Yakima and Wenatchee dis-

tricts of Washington have also sent Jona-
thans, King Davids, Grimes Goldens, and
Winter Bananas, very good fruit, and most
of which arrived in excellent condition.
Some superior Yellow Newtowns from
Rogue River, Ore., have also been ob-
served. Arrangements for the placing of
these Western American apples are in the
hands of agents resident in London, who
advise as to the distribution to the various
markets. It would appear to be advisable
for British Columbia shippers of similar
popular varieties, box packed, not to allow
their American competitors to secure too
strong a foothold on the British market be-
fore offering them' serious competition. At
the present, for obvious reasons, the for-
eign box apple is far better known to the
trade than the Canadian. Nova Scotia and
Ontario apples in boxes have been on sale
in comparatively small quantities, and are
popular with certain sections of the trade.
Some large retailers are emphatic in their
preference for box-packed apples. As a
rule the Eastern box apple does not shov/
the skill and care in grading and packius,
the color and general perfection, that have
given the Western apple a distinctive place
in the market.

flUkj-KANT-KLOG SPRAYERn

m

» sites of sprays from one nozzle. Starts
or stops instantly— saves solution and
work. Send for catalog. Agents wanted,

Rochester Spray Pump Co.
J <p5 Broadway Rochoater. N. Y.

Niagara District Notes.

By F. G. H. Pattison, Winona, Ont.

The Growing Demand
Boosts the Prices

ORCHARDING

-THAT PAYS-

THE weather in the fruit belt has been
very '.-hangeabie. Up to Dec. 10th
it was open and mild, and very
favorable for plowing, pruning, setting
grape posts, etc. After that a nice little
winter set in, with about two inches of
snow and steady frost. But on Xmas Evt
a thaw took place, and Xmas day itself was
the most unpleasant experienced in these
parts for many years.

On awakening on Xmas morning every-
thing -was weeping; the skies, the horses,
the trees, and even the soil, sodden with
two inches of slush and water, and this
condition prevailed during the greater part
of Xmas day. To the writer, however, it
seemed the most appropriate Xmas possible
to this terrible war year of 1915. How
many million hearts the world over are
wppping now, as they never wept before?

And Is it not befitting that nature weep
also? "Rachel weeping for her children
and refusing to be comforted, because they
are not."

On Dec. 4th last, the first annual meeting
of the Lincoln and Welland Vegetable and
Fruit Growers' Association was held in the
County Buildings, St. Catharines.

There was a fair attendance of memb.ers.
R. H. Crow was unanimously re-elected as
President; L. Moyer, of Welland, as Vice-
President, and W. F. Mitchell, as Sec'y.-
Treasurer. The old committee was re-elect-
ed. Many matters of particular interest to
fruit and vegetable growers were discussed,
of which the tomato question occupied the
most prominent place, as it was on account
of the poor price offered for tomatoes last
year by the canning factories, that this As-
sociation was formed. The feeling of the

is easy work for the man who knows
how to put into practice the latest
up-to-date metliods of selection,
planting, protecting, pruning, har-
vesting, and marketing. Prof. Sears,
the manager of an active, profitable
orchard company, gives the facts you
must know and in such a way that
you easily understand them and
quickly put them into practice. You
cannot afford to make the experi-
ments that have resulted in the mak-
ing of this book but you can afford
to spend $1.50 and obtain all the
knowledge.

PRODUCTIVE
ORCHARDING

By F. C. Sears

Professor of Pomology

Massachttsetts
Agricultural College.

157 illustrations.
316 pages. Octavo
Handsome cloth.

KNOWLEDGE
BRINGS
SUCCESS

ORDERATONCE-^

Price, $1.50

Send for Free Circular of Farm Books
to the Book Depl.

The Horticultural Publshing Co.

Peterboro, Ont.

Trade Mark — Realstered.

START RIGHT

For Your 1916 Crop— By Using

NIAGARA SOLUBLE SULPHUR

NIAGARA LIME SULPHUR

NIAGARA ARSENATE OF LEAD

You know that the best crops of fruit in Ontario for the last
eight years have been produced with NIAGARA SPRAYS.
"Why experiment with imitations? Get the BEST. You need
the best to control the Scales, Fungus, Codling Moth, and
other orchard pests. Niagara always does the work. Niagara
means profits.

Niagara Brand Spray Co., Limited

Burlington - Ontario I

vJU

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EJdiUoD

Planet Jr. tooiS

cut down work and boost your crops

Old-time farming no longer pays — these scientific tools do the work
I of 3 to 6 men, give bigger yield, and save tlicir cost in a single season.
Invented^and made by a practical farmer and manufacturer, with half
^ a century's experience. Planet Jrs are strong and
lasting. Every tool fully guaranteed.

72-page Catalog (IG4 illustrations) freel
nescribesovcr 70 tools, including 12 entirely new ones and improve-
ments to our Seeder*. Whecl-l loc^. Hor-^c Hoes, Harrows. Or-
cliard- and r.eet-CuItivators. Write for it to our nearest Agency.

S L ADen & Co

Box iiosG Phi' Jelphia

2S Planet Jr Combined Hill and Drill Seeder, Double and
ingle Wheel-Hoe. Cultivator and Plow is a splendid comiii-
nation for the family garden, onion grower, or large gar-
dener. Is a perfect seeder, and combined double and
single wheel-hoe. Unbreakable steelframe. Capacity—
2 acres a day.

Planet Jr 1 2-tooth Harrow. CultiTator and Pulverizer

stronger, steadier in action, and cultivates more
thoroueiily ttian any other harrow
maOe. Non-clogginc steel

wheel. Inva.uable to the

market-gar-
dener, trucker.^
tobacco or
small-fruit
grower.

o-ZS**

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS

Gooseberries — Josselyn! Red Jacket, Downing,
Pearl, Houghton. Currants — Perfection! Ruby,
Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Profile, Champion,
Black Naples, Black Victoria, Boskoop Giant.
Raspberries — Herbert! Plum Farmer, Cuthbert,
Marlboro, Golden Queen. Garden Roots. Straw-
berry Plants, Rhubarb. Write for Catalogue.
WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, 496-4th Ave. W.,
OWEN SOUND, ONT.

Reducing Waste Jn the Orchard

Instead of letting apples rot and waste or dis-
posing of them as culls and "seconds," why not
sive your trees and bushes a little .systematic
spraying, and so get "first grade" prices for
your fruit. All the foremost fruit authorities
agree that the

It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless we made it

by reason of its improved construction, does the
work of spraying as no other machine can.
The Spramotor won first prize in the Canadian
Government Spraying contest at Grimsby, On-
tario, against eleven other makes. By actual
Government tests in 19 orchards it reduced the
percentage of loss in fruit over 80 per cent.
Used on potatoes a Spramotor has increased a yield of almost nothing to 400 bushels an acre.
Think how quickly such a saving or even a small fraction of such a saving would pay for
your Spramotor. The Spramotor is operated by hand, horse or gasoline engine: it can be
had for as low as $6 up to $400. Send for and read our valuable and interesting book on

MADE IN CANADA. NO DUTY TO PAY.

crop diseases — ■mailed free.
SPRAMOTOR WORKS,

2703 King Street, LONDON. CAN^Da

^ .^^ ^ ..N

la^lB^ISL^I^dilgk

Peerless Perfection

Made in Can.nda. Quality worlh.v of tlie name and i
Nation. A fence of defence— never gives offence.

Tho Fence That's
Locked Together

The attacks uud unsluugbts of animuls can't fazfi it, L

It's BtroiiK, yet springy. Manufactured from Upenl

Hearth Htet'l galvanized wire. When made by this I

process, impurities are burned out of the metnl. re-|

'moving OHO of tho chief ciiupca of rapid corrosion r-

nistiiig. If you are ci^nsitlering tile fviice question, let us estiir-

:in your job -and advise with you as to the t>est way to build-

f will put you In touch with our nearest agent. Send i

.' for our latest catalog. Askaboutour poultry tenciug ]

' and ornamental gates. A^fncifB nftirti/ tvery-

' tohrre. Agt-nts wtinttd in opMi territory.

E BimWElL-HOIlE WIRE FENCE CO., I

Winnipeg, Man., Hamilton, Onl.

meeting was that tbe canning compiuiieiy
had £0 improved their positions, that it was
felt that they would offer this year the old
price of ao cents per bushel, in which case
there would be growers wJlling to con-
tract. The President intimated In closing
that the next meeiiag would be held on the
first Saturday in January, and that a spec-
ial speaker would be secured to address the
members.

A meeting of the shareholders of the 3t.
Catharines Cold Storage Co., Ltd., was
held in the County Buildings on Wednesday,
Dec. 22nd. After the meeting Mr. E. Smith,
of the Grimsby Pre-Cooling Plant, gave aii
excellent address on "The Pre-Cooling of
Kruit for the Western and other marltets."

Mr. Geo. Baxter of the G. T.R. was al.so
present for the purpose of discussing the
matter of transportation, especially with
regard to shipping arrangements for the
coming season. A number of suggestions
were made by the growers, most of which
were promised consideration.

The first meeting of the Niagara Peninsula
Fruit Growers' Association for this winter
is to be held In the County Buildings, St
Catharines, on Dec. 30th, at which a full re-
port of the advertising and publicity com-
mittee will be presented; also the question
of the standardisation of fruit packages,
and some amendments to the "Fruit Marki-
Act," will be considered.

Early In December, J. B. Falrbalrn, of
Beamsville, left for a tour of Western On-
tario, to secure pointers from the books of
the different Co-operative Apple and Fruit
Growers' Associations, In order that in the
future the Important details of organiza-
tion, bookkeeping, etc., may be at the dis-
posal of the Ontario Department of Agricul-
ture, to be embodied In a pamphlet for the
benefit of companies yet to be formed.

By the will of the late Mr. M. F. Rltten-
house, of Chicago, the trustees of Union
School Sections No. 1 and No. 2, Clinton
Township, are given $20,000 In trust. This is
to be invested and the income applied to
the maintenance of the Rittenhouse Public
Library, Victoria Hall, and the grounds and
buildings belonging to the School Section.

That all is not yet complete harmony be-
tween the Canning Co.'s, is evidenced by
the fact that an action has been entered at
Oggoode Hall on behalf of the Canadian Can-
ners, Ltd.. the new Holding Company,
against the Trent Valley Canners Co.. of
Trenton, for $50,000. and against the Frank-
ford Canning and Preserving Co., of the
same place, for $50,000. These amounts are
claimed for breach of contract.

Quite recently head office officials of the
Dominion Canners, Ltd., have stated that
the markets are at present strong, with a
possibility of a large export demand, es-
pecially for tomatoes. They point out that
prices in the United States for tomatoes,
corn, and peas, are well up to Canadian
prices; in fact, where quality is taken into
consideration, they range higher. That is
to say. as regards the export business.
Dominion Canners will not be handicapped
by having to compete with the lower-priced
.American lines. From this it appears as
though the outlook for the Dominion Can-
ners' should be brightening up, and
it looks as though the company has a bet-
ter chance now to make profits.

Early in December there died in Oakville,
Alexander Robertson, a pioneer in one
branch of fruit industry. Mr. Robertson
settled In Oakville in 1830, and engaged In
fruit grooving, being one of the first men
there to grow strawberries in large quanti-
ties for the market. He began shipping
them In 1850. Mr. Robertson was born In
Sterling, Scotland.

January, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

ix

10-1S-2U

Tears from now the Bissell
Silo will be giving good ser-
vice. It is built of selected
timber, trea-ted with wood
preservatives, that prevent
decay. It has strong, rigid
walls, air-tight doors, and
hoops of heavy steel. There-
fore it lasts, simply because
it can't very well do any-
thing else. Our folder ex-
plains more fully — write
Dept. N.
T. E. BISSELL CO , Ltd.. L|or>, Ont.

See advt. also on page 14.

NEW AND RARE SEEDS

Unique collection. Hundreds of vari-
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Own saving. Catalogue free.

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ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG.

NOW

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We have a large q-.ianLityof fine Btock to offer for .spring
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Adfiress

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FONTHILL

ONI

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Best Varieties Lowest Prices
H. P. Van Wagner

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SANDER & SONS

ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND

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Catalogue on Application

RAW FURS

WOOL AND HIDES

At all times, whether peace or war, you
will do best by shipping your raw furs to
the fastest growing and most reliable fur
house in Canada. We have a large demand
for all kinds of raw furs, and are paying
highest market prices. It will pay you to
ship to us.

We pay all express charges, give honest
assortment, and make remittances same day
shipments are received.

Price list and tags sent on request by per-
sonal letter.

Write to-day and be convinced.

BRITISH RAW FUR COMPANY

28/2 West Market Street, Toronto.

Johnny-on-the-.Spot." on skids or 00
truck, will lake rare ol all your chores-
pumpiag, separating cream, pulping,
cburiung. wasning, etc.

Stop wasting your tune and enerKy in
useless drudgery. Let "Jnhnny-on-the-
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Gilson Manufacturing Co.

Limited

15 York St., Cuclph, Ontario

According to Mr. P. W. Hodgetts, Chiel
of the Ontario Fruit Division, Ontario can-
not hope to compete with British Columbia
and the Western States in the production
of high class apples for show purposes.
These showy apples are produced in an irri-
gation country. "We can't grow the splen-
did Spitzenbergs and Jonathans here that
they do," says Mr. Hodgetts, "and so it is
natural to expect that they will continue to
hold that trade."

The Canadian Club Fruit Campaign Com-
mittee, which has already shipped from
this district, including -St. Catharines and
Niagara Falls, Ont, 53,000 quarts of canned
fruits for the Canadian soldiers .in the over-
sea hospitals of England and France, is
now engaged in a campaign to secure dried
fruit to be forwarded directly to the men in
the trenches. A case of fruit prepared for
the soldiers is also being made ready for
presentation to King George. A case of a
dozen jars will also be sent to the Cana-
dian High Commissioner's office in London,
England, to (be placed on exhibition, through
the courtesy of Sir George Foster, Minister
of Trade and Commerce.

The following letter from Miss Strong,
Hospital Matron No. 2 Canadian iSta-
tionary Hospital, Boulogne, France, speaks
for itself: "The Secretary, Canadian Club,
Hamilton, Ontario.

"Dear Sir, — Please accept my sincere
thanks on behalf of No. 2 Canadian Station
ary Hospital, foi; the delicious fruit which
came to us yesterday through the (Red
Cross Commissioner, Canadians. We have
a number of Canadian patients here at pres-
ent, and they were delighted at the thought
of fruit grown and preserved at home.
Signed, Sincerely Yours, Annie C. Strong."

The Beamsvill© Preserving Company is
steadily receiving orders for canned goods
of all kinds, and expects, if the rush keeps
up, to have its big warehouse pretty well
emptied by spring. The cleaning out of
the various canning factories will be haileri
with delight 'by the growers, in view of the
conservative buying the past couple of sea-
sions by the factories, which were over-
stocked.

A most important Improvement has been
accomplished at St. Catharines in the com-
pletion of the new steel viaduct over the
old Well.and Canal, connecting St. Cath-
arines with the West, at a cost of $165,000.
This was opened for traffic on Dec. 20th
last.

Recently .there passed away at Dulverton
Fruit Farm, in the Township of Niagara,
Mrs. iLavina Fisher, widow of the late
Charles Fisher, and mother of Mr. Carl C.
Fisher, County Registrar, St. Catharines,
and 'Secretary of the Niagara Peninsula
FruitJffrowers' Association. Mrs. Fisher
was a daughter of Hamilton Goring, and
was born in Nia.gara Township, Nov IS,
1832.

A case of considerable importance to
fruit growers was decided recently. Mr.
W. F. Geddes Is a fruit grower at Grimsby.
He had his products shipped by rail to
Cobalt, and he himself sold from the car on
the tracks to all comers. The town of
Cobalt charged him with breaking the tran-
sient trader's by-law, but the magistrate
found in his favor on the ground that he
was selling the produce of his own farm.
Cobalt appealed the case, but Chancellor
Boyd gave judgment in Geddes' favor, on
the ground that the Act did not apply to a
farmer selling his own product.

A report from Grimsby says that tomato
growers are looking for the old price of 30
cents a bushel again next year on account
o'f the cleaning out of the canning factory

s

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This is a New Model for 1915, the result of
fifteen years* experience In Greenhouse con-
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Dotted lines show Icxiation of wind-ties
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FREE LAND

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Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain-
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Thousands of farmers have responded
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heing made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a home
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For full information as to terms, regu-
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H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonization
Parliament Buildings, TORONTO

HON. JAS. S. DUFF,

Minister of Agriculture
Parliament BIdgs., Toronto

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EdiUon.

Classified
Advertisements

Advertisements in this department in-
serted at rate of 3 cents a word for
each insertion, each figure, sign, or
single letter to count as one word,
minimum cost 30c., strictly cash in
advance.

REAL ESTATE

ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruits farms a speci-
alty. W. B. Calder, Grimsby.

NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Before
buying. It will pay you to consult me. I make
a specialty of fruit and grain farms. Melvln
Gay man & Co., St. Catharines.

FARMS — ^AU kinds, &U sizes, for sale, fruit
stock; grain and dairy farms. Let me know
what you are looking for. H. W. Dawson,
Brampton, Ont.

WANTED — To hear from owner of good farm
for sale. State cash price and description.
D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn.

MISCELLANEOUS

1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors,
any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue tree. East-
ern Ijabel Co., Ciintonville, Conn.

POULTRY AND LIVE STOCK.

FREE — To stockmen and poultrymen, our 80
page illustraited booklet on feeding; how to
construct a house which will aocomnjodate
100 hens; gives dimensions and measure-
ments of every piece of lumiber required.
Deals with the common diseases of stock and
poultry and the remedies. Tells how to cure
roup in four days. Contains full informa-
tion about Royal Purple Stock and Poultry
Foods and Remedies. The W. A. Jenkins
Mfg. Co., London, Canada.

Carters Tested Seeds Inc.

"Write for our 1916 Catalogue of
Garden, Lawn, and Farm Seeds.
Prices substantially reduced.
Stocks as good as ever.

Dept. A. 133 King St.
TORONTO, ONT.

East

Paint Without Oil

Remarkable Discovery That Cuts
Down the Cost of Paint Seventy-
Five Per Cent.

A Free Trial Package is Mailed to Everyone
Who Writes.

A. L. Rice, a prominent manufacturer of
Adams, N.T., has discovered a process of mak-
ing a new kind of paint without the use of oil
He calls it Powdrpaint. It comes In the form
of a dry powder and all that is required is cold
water to make a paint weather proof, fire proof
and as durable as oil paint. It adheres to any
surface, wood, stone or brick, spreads and looks
like oil paint and costs about one-fourth as
much.

Write to Mr. A. L. Rice, Manuf'r., 37 North
St., Adams, N.Y., and he will send you a free
trial package, also color card and full Informa-
tion showing you how you can save a good
many dollars. Write to-day.

Stocks througbouit Uie district. Wax orderii
for consignments of ca.iuie<l goods are
steadily growing.

According to a United Stales Govern-
ment report New York atate alone lost
many millions, through low prices, on its
peach crop of last season. Had our markets
been open to the New York Stale growers
then our Niagara District growers would
have known what low prices meant.

Alleghany Coimly larmers, N.Y., lost
$800,000 this year owing to the almost total
£aiiure o£ the potato crop. Farmers wlio
/aised as much as 5,000 bushels last year,
had to purchase for their own use this.
Most of them neglected to spray their po-
tato vines this year, with the result that
the crop was destroyed by blight.

Ontario Fruit Growers' Convention

The following is tlie program for the an-
nual convention of the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation, to be held in the Hotel Carls Rite,
Toronto, January 19, 20 and 21.

Wednesday, January 19th: 10 a.m.Presi-
dent's address, Elmer Lick, Oshawa. Trans-
portation report, G. E. Mcintosh, Forest.
Historical Committee report, A. W. Peart,
iBurlington.

2 p.m. — Packages: Berry Crates and Con-
tainers, J. B. Fairbairn, Beamsville. Econ-

omy Crates for Apples, J. W. Clark, Calns-
viUe. Baskets, F. M. Clement, Vlneland.
Boxes and Barrels, C. W. Baxter, Fruit In-
spector. Questions on Tender Fruita.

Thursday, January 20lh: 9.30 ajn. —
Marketing Tender Fruits: Amalgamation in
Niagara Peninsula, J. R. Hastings, Winona.
The Advertising of our Tender Fruits, W.
H. Bunting, St. Catharines, and T. B. Reveit,
Niagara-on-the-Lake. Results of the Pre-
cooling Exper.lmenta at Grimsby, Edwiu
Smith, Grimsby, and J. M. CreelmaL,
Grimsby. Questions on Tender Fruits.

2 p.im. — Fruit Marks Act: What Consti-
tutes a No. 2 Apple, D. Johnson, Fruit Com-
missioner, Ottawa. Shipping of Immature
Fruit, Fred Carpenter, Winona. Grading ol
Basket Fruits, P. .M. Clement, Vinelanil.
Questions on Apples.

Friday, January 21st: 9.30 a.m. — Marketing
Apples: The Co-operative Fruit Growers of
Ontario, Ltd., Elmer Lick, President, Osha-
wa. Better Net Returns for Local Associ-
ations, Dr. A. J. Grant, Thedford, and C.
P. Howard, Hagersville. Members' Difficul-
ties, A. E. Bellman, Bowmanville, and J. S.
H. Guest, Oakville. Questions on Apples.

2 p.m. — Marketing Problems, R. M. Wins-
low, British Columbia. Are Ontario Apples
Only a Second-Class Product? Gordon Fur-
row (Globe). The Leaf Rollers, L. Caesar,
Guelph.

PUREST- CLEAN est;

MOST RELIABLE

FOR SALE AT BEST

DEALERS.
WRITE FOR CATALOGUE

TORONTO
WINNIPEG

MONTREAL
VANCOUVER.

DUPUY & FERGUSON'S CATALOGUE
OF HIGH GRADE SEEDS FOR 1916

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is now ready for distribution; the hand
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D. & F.'s High Grade
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The descriptions are accurate, absolutely
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Write a post card for a FREE COPY to-
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60 FIRST PRIZES were awarded at the
Montreal Horticultural Exhibition, Sept.,
1916, to Mr. F. S. Watson, on products
grown from D. & F.'s seeds.

DUPUY & FERGUSON

38 Jacques Cartier Sq.

MONTREAL

The Canadian Horticultun^

Floral Edition

Vol. XXXIX

PETEHBORO. FEBRUARY, 1916

i\(). 2

The Fruit-Tree Leaf-Roller

Professor L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist, Guelph, Ont.

THERE are two moderately com-
mon leaf-rollers that attack fruit
trees, especially apple and pear
trees, in Ontario. One of these is known
as the Oblique-banded Leaf-roller from

-Moth of !iif J- rui! -t I ft' Lt'af-roller: the larger

one i.s a female, the .smaller a male.

(Both natural size.)

two broad bands that run obliquely
cross each of the front wings of the
dult moth, and the other the Fruit-
tree Leaf-roller. The former of these
insects, though found in almost every
orchard, has not to mj' own personal
knowledge ever caused any appreciable
amount of damage. The same has been
true of the latter species until abovit
three years ago. Up to that time it
had evidently been kept in check by
parasites, diseases or other factors, but
for some unknown reason these con-
trolling forces have of late become
weakened so that this insect is now one
of the most destructive fruit pests and
one of the most difficult to combat.

This is not a new pest. It occurs
from one end of the province to the
other, but fortunately up to the present
has, so far as the writer can tell, been
very abundant, and, therefore, very de-

structive in only three orchards. One
of these is situated near Trenton, an-
other near Hamilton, and the third
near Simcoe. In the first of these ap-
proximately 50% of the fruit during
the last two years has been either de-
stroj'ed or rendered culls. In the Ham-
ilton orchard the loss has not been
nearly so great, Math the exception of a
few trees which suffered severely. At
Siracoe from 40 to 50% of the apples,
as nearly as one can judge, were in-
jured in the infested part, about 10
acres, of a large 60 acre block of apples.

A peculiarity of the insect is its habit
of centering its attack upon a single
orchard and scarcely doing any dam-
age to neighboring orchards. Some-
times it will, as in the case of the Sim-
coe orchard, attack severely not the
whole orchard, but only a certain por-
tion of it. From this peculiarity one
feels hopeful that the great mass of the
orchards in the province may escape
severe attack even though a consider-
able number should become badly in-
fested.

Ontario is not the only province or
state troubled with this insect. During
the last few years it has become a
source of worry to fruit-growers in
New York and several other states. It

has been troublesome for many years in
Colorado, but is gradually becoming of
less importance there. I feel sure that
since it is not a recently imported pest
that in Ontario the forces which have
kept it in check in the past will in a
few years again gain the upper hand
and reduce it to a position of insignifi-
cance. In the meantime it is well to
know something about its life-history,
habits and means of control.

Description of Adult and Larva.

The adult is a small moth about half
an inch long when the wings are closed,
but with a wing expanse of nearly an
inch when these are stretched out. The
upper wings are a rusty brown, with
several silvery white markings, the hind
wings are a light ashy brown without
any markings. The larva, when full
grown, is a somewhat slender caterpil-
lar nearly an inch long, and of a pale,
yellowish green color with a black
head. They are usually to be found
concealed in a leaf loosely rolled up.
When disturbed they quickly wriggle
out of the leaf, and drop down on a
silken thread. When danger is past
they crawl up by this thread to the
tree again.

The Oblique-banded Leaf-roller
larva looks very much like this one, and

Kbk clu.ster.s of Fruit-tree Leaf-roller on apple twigs; the whitish ones to the right have
hatched, the others are unhatched. (Natural size.)

23

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral £}<Ution.

Full-grown larvae of the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller.
(Natural size.)

has the same habits, but is, as has been
said, seldom at all abundant.

Nature of the Injury.

The larvae of the Fruit-tree Leaf-
roller attack the leaves, fruit-buds, or
blossoms, and also the fruit. The at-
tack on the leaves begins about the
time they begin to open. At this date
the little larvae have just hatched out
of the egg. They at once work their
way in among the unfolding leaflets,
fasten them together with a few silken
threads and feed upon the inner tissues
in this sheltered position, Avhere it is
clear one cannot reach them with a
spray mixture. As the leaves get larger
they roll them either up or down, but
usually np, keeping them in this , posi-
tion by a little silken web. In these
they feed, often eating holes right
through them or devouring part of the
top or base. The fruit buds are often
bored into and destroyed and, when the
blossoms have opened, these are often
webbed together, and some of them de-
stroyed.

Once fruit begins to form the cater-
pillars prefer it to anything else, and,
coming out of their hiding places, they
eat holes in it. These holes frequently
extend to the core, but often do not go
so deeply. The Avorst injured apples
drop; the rest remain on the tree, but
are deformed and seldom are good
enough to grade as anything but culls.
It is by the attack on the fruit that
the chief injury is done.

Pears often suffer severely; plums
are also subject to attack, but so far
the chief injury has been to apples. The
pest is not confined entirely to fruit
trees, as it also feeds and breeds to some
extent on forest trees. In the orchard
the caterpillars will, where there are
weeds or clover, drop down in large
numbers and feed on these, but we have

never found eggs on any of these plants
but only on trees.

Brief Life-History.

. At this lime of the year (January)
the insects are in the egg stage. The
eggs are laid in small clusters and
nearly always on the upper side of two
or three year old twigs. This is the
place to hunt for them. The clusters
are, as seen in the photo, about one-
quarter of an inch or less in length,
and are oval and dark brown in color.
After hatching they soon become near-
ly white, and show the little holes out
of which the caterpillars come. Eggs
do not begin to hatch until the leaf-
buds have started to burst. Hatching,
however, continues for nearly a month,
especially ii the weather is cool.

The young larva attacks first the
opening leaflets, then the larger leaves,
fruit-buds, blossom and fruit. About
the middle of June they begin to be
full grown, and by July 1st moths may
be seen in the orchard. During the day
the moths conceal themselves among
the foliage, but if the branches are
shaken they will rapidly fly out with a
zig-zag motion and usually go down
into the grass or weeds to hide. Late
in the evening they begin to fly ar. aiud,
mate and lay their clusters of e.^gs on
the twigs. The last of the moths is
usually dead by the end of July, and
as there is only one brood, the insect
from July to the next May remains in
the egg stage.

In our study of this insect we found
that there were several kinds of para-
sites that attacked it, both in the larval
and pupal stage. The larvae were also
subject to disease. Birds and predace-
ous insects destroyed some, but it was
clear that all these forces combined
were not at present sufficient to keep
it in check.

Means of Control.

Anyone who has ever seen the tat-
tered foliage, and the holes eaten in
the apples v/ould think that all that was
necessary to control this biting pest
would be to spray the trees a couple of
times with arsenate of lead while the
injury was being done. I also had
great hopes of success by this method,
but, when I tried it I found that arsen-
ate of lead, no matter when or how
carfifuUy applied, did not kill more at
the most than 50%. It often did not
seem to destroy even that many. The
reason for this is that although the
larvae will die, if they eat the poison
while thej'' are still small, yet their
habit of feeding inside the little webbed
leaflets presents most of them from get-
ting any of the poison on their food,
and later on when they are half an inch
or so in length they seem to be able to
eat the poison and not be killed.
Arsenate 0£ lead does kill some, how-
ever, and we strongly advise any one

troubled with this pest to give the tree
two applications of arsenate of lead (4
lbs. to 40 gals, of dilute lime-sulphur
or bordeaux mixture), the first applica-
tion being just before the blossoms
open and the second just after they fall.
These are two of the regular sprayinga
that every apple and pear orchard
should receive even if this pest were
not present. Both sprayings should be
thorough and every leaf, if possible, be
covered bolh from above and below.
The Best Remedy.

Scalecide is a miscible oil spray,
manufactured by The B. G. Pratt Co.,
50 Church Street, New York City. It
costs about $30.00 per barrel, and
should be used at a dilution of 1 gal.
to 15 gals, of water, so that one barrel
will make 16 barrels of spray. When
diluted the spray looks like milk, and
is easy and pleasant to use. This or
some other good miscible oil is the only
substance yet known that will give real
good results against the pest. The
mixture must be applied just before the
leaf-buds burst in spring, and at that
date will destroy the eggs or prevent
their hatching, but will not do so if
applied in the autumn. Great care,
however, is necessary to see that every
egg mass is thoroughly wet; a mere
light mist spray will, therefore, not do.

In order to save material and make
the spraying easier badly infested trees
should be severely pruned and the
tops, if very high, lowered. In spray-
ing we must keep in mind that the egg&
are laid on the twigs, and not on the
branches, hence the former must be
carefully sprayed while the latter, un-
less there is San Jose Scale present,
may be disregarded. It is very diffi-
cult to cover every twig, and so one
should examine his work as he goes
along and see that this is being done.
A strong wind or high pressure to force
the spray right through the tree helps
greatly. The stronger the wind the
better.

Cultivate.

Many larvae were found feeding on
weeds, clover, etc., and also maay
pupae on the ground ; hence we believe
that good cultivation and discing
throughout June would destroy many
larvae and pupae. The last discing
should be as deep and as late as is safe
for the district. In some districts this
would be about the last week in June,
in others not until about July 10th.

Where fruit-growers have many
chickens, these could be kept in the
worst affected portion of the orchard,
and would destroy great numbers of
the larvae as they dropped doAvn on
their silken threads, or pupae when-
ever these were on the ground or on
weeds, but poultry would give best re-
sults where the orchard was cultivated
because they then would see the insects
more easilv.

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Orchards Sprays

A. W. Cook, Guelph, Ont.

THE successful horticulturist of to-
day has more to contend with
than those of some few years
ago. New insects and fungi have come
to combat his efforts, and naturally
such conditions have forced the fruit
grower to experiment with modern ap-
pliances, leading sprays, and resort to
putting into practical experience better
methods of spraying and a thorough
understanding of what to spray for,
what to spray with, when to spray, and
the results of thorough spraying meth-
ods. If he were to neglect spraying
"the most important" of the factors
which determine success in horticul-
ture, his adventure in fruit growing is
more than apt to spell disaster, not only
on his part, but upon those who live
about him. The key note of success in
fruit growing is thorough, efficient
spraying.

Spray materials are divided into two
classes: — fungicides and insecticides —
the former being used to control such
diseases as scab, bitter rot, powdery
mildew and brown rot. These are fun-
gus diseases and are tiny plants, but
live upon other plants. Fungicides are
also used to control San Jose scale and
Oyster scale, also a few minor insects.
Insecticides are for the plant's protec-
tion against such insects as the bud
moth, codling moth, and aphis ; these
being the most serious insect pests
which we have.

There is no small amount of differ-
ence in the estimation of fruit growers
with regard to the relative value of
our two well-known fungicides, lime

sulphur and bordeaux. Both of these
have their strong advocates, but the
happy medium is found to be a combin-
ation of the two. This opinion is firm
with mayy of our leading authorities,
and is being upheld with an increasing
number of practical men who have
proven it to be best to their own satis-
faction. It is true that with some of
our orchard fruits individual fungicides
have proven to be superior over the
others, bin we find in our apple orch-
ards that the combination of using lime
sulphur for our dormant spray, bor-
deaux for our second spray, and lime
sulphur for the succeeding sprays, will
prove to be more efficient in controlling
not only the apple scab, but also pro-
duce apples free from rust. Many
years, when lime sulphur was used for
the second spray, it left our apples with
a russety coating, which was objection-
able at packing time. The result was
that many apples had to be discarded
on this account. Lime sulphur is more
efficient and more practical in most in-
stances with all our orchard fruits.
However, bordeaux can be used more
successfully in the control of rot in
sweet cherries than lime sulphur, be-
cause of the fact that it may be applied
at later dates after the fruit has set,
while if lime sulphur was used it would
stain the fruit.

Arsenate of lead has been found to
be more efficient as an insecticide than
Paris green in controlling leaf-eating
insects. It is mixed more readily in
solution and is more convenient, be-
sides being a great deal more effective.

Work of Fruit-tree Leaf-roller on young apples. (Natural size.)

However, it will not control sucking in-
sects such as aphis. To control insects
with such habits, we must resort to in-
secticides which will cover their bodies,
and so block their breathing organs, or
eat their bodies and so destroy them.
Black Leaf Forty is most suitable, this
being in a very convenient form to use
to destroy such insects.

The three chief units in spraying are
— spray in time, spray thoroughly, and
know why j ou use a certain spray and
the results from their use.

The size of our orchards should be
understood, because of the necessity of
completing our spraying in the proper
time. A few days late, with an ineffi-
cient machine, will cost more than an
outfit of the proper size. Where one
has an orchard of from five acres up, a
power outfit is almost a necessity. Un-
less one has all the help that is required
to apply thoroughly, the spraying is apt
to be only a partial success. One must
always keep in mind that spraying
must invariably be done at the proper
season, especially where fungi is to be
controlled, and there is no better insur-
ance against a possibility of not being
able, than an efficient spray outfit which
is capable of spraying more trees than
you have in your own orchard. When
one is a little behind in his spraying,
it is a general rule that the orchard
does not receive a thorough spraying.
The results from such spraying are not
encouraging to others.

Thorough spraying means clean fruit,^
of a more saleable quality. To ensure
thoroughness, one must have pressure
behind the material which has been in-
telligently prepared. Spray with at
least 150 lbs. pressure. This means
that the uppermost limbs may be thor-
oughly covered, and it also means that
our insecticides are driven into the
calyx of our fruit. The importance of
this cannot be overestimated. One
must spray so that the mixture will
drop from the limbs of our trees. It
is best by far that we apply more than
what is really necessary, rather than an
insufficient quantity. The orchardist
who trys to save on his spray material
will invariably fall short at packing
time. Beginners should apply until it
drips, and with experience ithey will
learn just what amounts are really
necessary.

The importance of knowing one's
materials, so that he may mix them to
produce the best results, is great. It
is of no material value how well the
spraying has been done, so far as con-
trolling fungi and the various insects,
unless one has his spray properly and
thoroughly mixed. While it is possible
to deviate from set formulas to a small
extent, it is always advisable to adhere
to the regular proportions as have
proven to be most satisfactory. These
are to be had in the form of a regular

'J4

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Kloral EMitiou.

Spraying operations in an Ontario orchard. Tiiese trees need pruning.

calendar issued by the Department of
Agriculture, of Toronto, and should be
in the hands of every person who
sprays. Always have at your disposal
a hydrometer and a set of scales — two
very necessary assets towards success-
ful spraying.

Apples, pears, and fruits of a like
nature, require a dormant spray to con-
trol all scale insects. This is best ap-
plied just before the leaf buds begin to
burst. However, it may be done some
few days ahead of this time, or as the
buds are bursting. With the peach,
however, tlie best results are to be ob-
tained if the spraying is done just be-
fore the buds have begun to swell. This
spray is to control leaf curl. The
strength should be 1.032 to 1.035 for
the lime sulphur wash. If one were to
use weaker solutions, good results are
not often obtained.

The second application for apples
and pears should take place just as the
fruit buds are showing a pinkish tint.
This spraying is of great importance in
controlling the apple scab, bordeaux
being used. To it we add arsenate of
lead at 21/2 to 3 lbs. for every 40 gal-
lons of diluted spray, to control bud
moths and some minor insects. If
peaches require a second application for
the control of plum eurculi, 2 to 3 lbs.
of arsenate of lead can be used alone.
This is applied when the fruit is one-
third of an inch in size, and if it is
deemed advisable to spray for brown
rot, a solution of self-boiled lime sul-
phur may be applied about four weeks
after the blossoms have fallen.

The third application should be ap-
plied when 90% of the blossoms have
fallen. No time must be lost, because
the poison must invariably be forced

into the calyx end to control the cod-
ling moth. Use lime sulphur at a
strength of 1.008. If bordeaux is used
it will cause russeting of the apples.
Apply very thoroughly in the case of
apples to control the scab. If after a
lapse of ten days the weather is cold
and wet, it is absolutely tiecessaiy to
apply a fourth application in the case
of apples. Such weather is conducive
to a fresh outbreak of the scab, espe-
cially on the Snow's and Mcintosh.
Apply the same m-xtare as in the third
application, however, leaving out the
poison. A fourth application should in-
variably be given in the far eastern
counties along the St. Lawrence River.
Fall Conditions.

Towards the middle of August to mid
September, cold weather is apt to cause
a renewed attack of apple scab. In the
fall of 1914, many sections of Ontario
experienced just such weather. Fruit
which was practically free from such
scab became infected, not only on the
calyx end, but on the stem. For this
apply the same strength of lime sul-
phur as used in the third application.

The Department Spray Calendar and
Bulletin 198, should be in the hands of
every fruit grower. By frequently con-
sulting them one may prepare his own
fungicides. The directions for making
the same are found therein. The cost
when one prepares his own spray ma-
terial means a saving of about $2.00 to
$4.00 per barrel, all depending upon
the facilities for boiling.

The fruit grower who sprays most
thoroughly produces his crop at a
greater reduction in cost than the man
who plays at spraying. He has a
greater quantity of higher quality,
hence the larger number of barrels

which he can place upon the market.
Years of .'••mall prices, such as we are
experiencing, make it imperative that
we cut our operating expenses, so long
as it is in keeping with approved meth-
ods. A few dollars invested in addi-
tional spray material will pay greater
dividends than most men are aware of.
The fruit grower may spend money in
the pruning and cultivation of his or-
chard, aside from the interest on his
money, rent of land, etc., and then by
careless management at spraying time,
practically throw away the possibilit>
of high returns from his investment b\
using unintelligently prepared sprays,
applied without the knowledge of wh>
you spray.

If spraying is done methodically in
conjunction with the purpose to pro-
duce clean No. 1 fruit, the fruit grower
should overcome small returns. This is
a day of "quality," and spraying pro-
duces in its highest perfection. Spray
on time, spray with pressure, spray
with a purpose in view, and other
things being equal, a good dividend will
be assured to the fruit man from the
sale of high class fruit.

Pruning Peach Trees

Jas. Marshall, Hamilton, Ont.

Peach trees require more pruning
than almost any other tree. The main
limbs should be allowed to branch out
near the ground. Do not have the trunk
of the tree between the limbs and the
ground more than one foot or one and
one-half feet long. I prefer to have the
trunks shorter than this, as you can
then have a low-headed tree, if you
keep the tops cut back. My plan is to
begin to thin the limbs, and open out
the centre of the tree and leave it vase-
shaped, so that the sun can shine into
the tree. Do this any time in the win-
ter, when the trees are dormant. To-
wards spring, say in March when dan-
ger of bud freezing is over, cut back the
previous year's young growth severely
if the buds are good, as there are often
too many good buds, and if too many
are left the peaches will not likely be
large. Thinning fruit is necessary
where there is too much fruit on trees,
in order to have a good sample.

We spray our peach trees thoroughly
as early as we can in the spring with
home-boiled lime sulphur. I am not
finding fault with any other spray. The
chief thing is to get the spray on while
the buds are dormant. We finished our
first spraying last spring in March. The
work was done on fine sunny days when
the ground was frozen. By doing it
then, we did not cut up and tramp hard
the heavy clay soil, it was easier on the
horses to draw the hand and power
sprayers, and it prevented curl-leaf al-
most entirely.

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

K

The Control of Fruit Insects, With Special Reference

to Nova Scotia

G. E. Sanders, Field Officer in Charge Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Annapolis Royal, N. S.

THE day when entomologists and
plant pathologists laid down
rules for spraying, and the con-
trol of insects which they considered
applicable for a continent, is long past.
The more the life histories and habits
of insects and diseases are studied, the
less are experts inclined to recommend
treatments for districts outside those
in which they have conducted experi-
mental work or made careful observa-
tions. The making of blanket recom-
mendations, supposed to be applicable
to all conditions, has in the past been
a frequent source of embarrassment,
loss of confidence in experts and finan-
cial injury to the farmer or fruit
grower following such recommenda-
tions.

To-day the expert knows that cli-
matic conditions may cause unequal
variations in the various periods of
plant growth, which in turn may react
in a different manner on each insect
feeding on that plant. The life his-
tories and habits of insects may vary
with, or as sometimes happens, with-
out any apparent change in weather
conditions. Again the varieties grown
in different localities are usually not
the same, and varietal susceptibility
is one of the things to be considered in
recommending treatments. The tend-
ency is now to have each insect or dis-
ease investigated locally, and local
recommendations made therefrom, by
this means effecting a saving to the
farmer or fruit grower, either in ma-
terial for treatment or in efficiencv of

treatment, as well as gain in prestige
of the expert both as an individual
and as a class.

The investigation of apple insects in
Nova Scotia during the past four years
has demonstrated the value of the
ptudy of local insects under local con-
ditions in a striking manner.

First, in regard to the growth of the
apple tree, in relation to the budmoths,
which ai'e the most destructive Insect.s
attacking the apple in Nova Scotia:
in 1915, a period of twenty-four days
elapsed between the time the first
Gravenstein buds began to show green
until they were out in full bloom, or
from May 11 to June 4. The bloom in
Gravensteins lasted six days, or from
June 4 to June 9 inclusive. The period
of emergence of budmoth larvae from
their winter quarters covered a period
of fifteen days, or from May 9 to May
23 inclusive.

Tt is not an unusual occurrence in
Nova Scotia for the buds to start and
the leaves to become, say, one-half inch
across, and then a period of cold or
rainy weather set in and hold the
trees in practically the same condition
for a week or ten days, insect life dur-
ing such a period not being retarded to
the same extent as the trees. A study
of these dates easily accounts for the
budmoth reducing the set in blossom
clusters infested, by seventy-five to
eighty per cent, in Nova Scotian or-
chards. They also show the futility
of depending on a spray applied just
when the buds are beginning to show

Jt*

A dust sprayer at work

;i X'jw York aiatu t rchard. This form of sjjray lias been elvlng
unusually Kood results across the border.

green at the tips to control budmoth.

In order to control budmoth we must
find a means of getting poison to it
after the bud has opened, and when
some of the budmoths have drawn a
cluster of partly eaten leaves about
themselves. In this regard the Friend
Drive Nozzle has proved our salva-
tion. It has, in every case where it has
been used, given greater control of
budmoth than the mistry, whirlpool
and calyx nozzles, against which it was
tested ; and where used twice before
the blossoms in 1915, the first time on
May 15 and the next on May 31, with
of course two applications after the
blossoms, gave us the greatest control
of budmoth we have ever obtained,
namely ninety-two per cent, of the
larvae, which would normally become
adults, killed. The poison used in this
case was paste lead arsenate. The
value of this nozzle in budmoth con-
trol lies in the high nozzle velocity of
the spray, which when it strikes the
clusters of leaves gathered together by
the budmoth, does not settle on the
.outside without wetting the inside as
the fog and mist sprays do, but drives
in through the chinks and crevices of
the cluster of leaves, thoroughly coat-
ing t/he inside of the cluster -with
poison.

The biting insects ranking next in
importance in Nova Scotian orchards
are the fruit worms, of which there
are upwards of a dozen species, the
most common being Xylina bethunei.
We have found that the life histories
of the various species are very similar;
the eggs, which are mostly deposited
singly on the twigs of the apple, begin
to hatch just when the Gravenstein
buds begin to show pink, but owing to
the cool springs of Nova Scotia the
period of emergence is long drawn out,
the la.st of them hatching one month
later. During the first two weeks of
their existence as larvae, they feed on
leaves and blossoms, later feeding
mostly on the young fruit. When feed-
ing on fruit they are very hard to
poison as they eat so little surface for
a meal. The control of fruit worms
lies in having the leaves coated with
poison during its period of emergence,
or by applying poison in a spray when
the buds are showing pink, and in an-
other immediately after the blossoms.
These two sprays will give on an aver-
age sixty-five per cent, reduction in in-
jury to the picked fruit.

In 1915 it was thought that on ac-
count of the tendency in the larvae of
the fruit worm to drop to ground when
disturbed, that the mechanical effect
of the drive nozzle in disturbing the
leaves might increase control to a cer-
tain extent. To prove out this point,
two plots were sprayed with water, one
with the drive and one with a mist
nozzle and twt) left unsprayed. Where

n

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

noral BdilUon.

The residence of Mr. F. H. Johnson, of Bridget
plays an important part in his orchard

the water was sprayed on with a mist
nozzle, five per cent, of the apples were
injured by fruit worms ; where water
was applied with the drive nozzle 2.25
per cent, of the apples were injured,
and where the trees were not sprayed,
the injury amounted to 4.1 and 4.25
per cent, respectively. In six of the
seven comparisons that we had in 1915
between the drive and the mist nozzles
in fruit worm control, the use of the
drive resulted in the fewest apples in-
jured. In the seventh there was no
difference.

The Codling Moth.

Turning now to the Codling moth in
Nova Scotia: for some reason it is an
insect of very minor importance, the
greatest infestation recorded for the
year being from an unsprayed plot,
where 1.7 per cent, of the apples were
found to be wormy. As far as we have
been able to ascertain, it is single
brooded in Nova Scotia. There is only
two per cent, second brood in Maine,
where the season is both longer and
warmer than Nova Scotia. In view,
therefore, of the fact that the Codling
Moth is of so little importance in Nova
Scotia, the first spray after the blos-
soms may be advanced or retarded as
desired, with little or no injury to the
fruit crop on account of Codling Moth.
This is supported by the fact that the
spray applied immediately before the
blossoms controls 71.3 per cent, of the
Codling Moth, the spray after the blos-
soms alone controls 89.2 per cent., while
the spray two weeks after the blos-
soms controls 65.6 per cent. This
shows that the life history of the Cod-
ling Moth is drawn out over an enor-
mous period in Nova Scotia and that
it feeds extensively on the leaves be-
fore entering the fruit, thus minimizing
the already small importance of the
spray immediately after the blossoms
in Codling Moth control.

These notes on three groups of in-
sects, in all something less than 17

own, N.S., and a portion of the apiary which
operations. Note the article on this page.

species, go to show that the control of
certain insects is somewhat different
in Nova Scotia from their control in
other parts of North America. The
relative importance of the three in
their relation to one another is also
somewhat different. With 1.7 wormy
apples, the highest infestation of Cod-
ling Moth recorded, we have in Bud-
moth a high infestation of 96.4 per
cent, of the fruit buds in the spring,
which resulted in a 72.3 per cent, re-

duction in the total set of fruit as well
as an average of 40.5 per cent, of the
picked fruit from the unsprayed plots
in the same orchard injured by bud-
moth. In Fruit Worm we have this
j'ear a high infestation of seven per
cent, of the picked fruit injured, which
means 14.4 per cent, of the apples in
that plot had dropped during the
season as a result of fruit worm injury,
or a total injury of some 21.4 per cent,
of the total set by fruit worm.

The Apple Curculio has not, so far
as I am aware, been recorded from the
province, nor has the Lesser Apple
Worm.

The Falise Tarnished Plant Bug,
Lygus invitus, which is being investi-
gated by Prof. Brittain, does thou-
sands of dollars worth of damage an-
nually, but in Ontario Prof. Caesar re-
gards it as an unimportant species.
The Apple Maggot, while present, has
not yet affected the main fruit areas,
and the San Jose Scale, thanks to the
vigilance of the Provincial Entomolo-
gist, is not at present known to exist
in the province. I mention these to
show how different spraying condi-
tions are in Nova Scotia from other
apple growing sections, and the im-
portance of investigating the problems
of each locally.

A Nova Scotia Grower s Methods

A description of the methods of
orchard practice which have en-
abled Mr. F. H. Johnson, of
Bridgetown, N.S., to obtain an average
profit of one hundred dollars an acre
from a reclaimed orchard appeared in
the August, 1915, number of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist. A further ac-
count of Mr. Johnson's methods may
prove equally interesting.

"For a spray, I used to use poisoned
Bordeaux," said Mr. Johnson to a
representative of The Canadian Horti-
culturist some time ago, "but now I
use only lime sulphur with arsenate of
lead. I boil my own lime-sulphur, using
steam for boiling. With a test of 30
(Beaume), I dilute one gallon of lime-
sulphur to thirty-one gallons of water,
and mix five pounds of arsenate of lead
to one hundred gallons of spray. The
sprayer is kept at a pressure of two
hundred pounds. Water is conveyed
from a brook with a tank filler run by
an engine.

' ' I spray first in the spring when the
leaves are about the size of a ten-cent
piece. The second spraying takes place
when the blossoms first show pink ; the
third when the petals have about ail
fallen; the fourth ten days later, and
the fifth about a fortnight later. My
trees are most thoroughly sprayed un-
til every leaf and stem and branch and

trunk is covered. Drenching with the
mixture I use does not harm the trees
in the least. I begin to spray the trees
as soon as they are set out, as it is a
mistake to wait until they begin to
bear. The fact that they have no blos-
soms makes it possible to spray them a
little in advance of, or shortly after, the
bearing orchard. They should receive
the same number of applications as the
older trees. Lime-sulphur is very ef-
fective in ridding the apple trees of
oyster-shell bark lice. The trees
should be scraped to remove the rough
bark before applying the spray, to give
it a better chance to work on the scales.

Bees Are Kept.

"A few colonies of bees are kept for
the benefit of the orchard. . They are
proving a source of income from the
honey, besides the good work they do
in the orchard. I often suspect that
fruit growers do not always fully re-
alize the important part that bees play
in distributing the pollen. At all
events the increase of bees has not by
any means kept pace with the increase
in orchards. Growers whose orchards
are not situated near an apiary would
be well ad^ased to keep a few colonies.

' ' I buy my stock from local nurseries,
thus getting trees fully acclimated. The
stock costs about twenty-five dollars

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

>7

per hundred. The trees are set out as
early in the spring as the land is fit to
work. The standard trees are planted
forty feet apart. In between I plant
Wageners as fillers. The Wageners are
upright groovers, bear very young, and
do not interfere with the development
of the standard trees for a number of
years. Moreover, the fruit is of good

quality and appearance. I can recom-
mend the Wagener as a filler.

"In planting, I dig a fairly large
hole so as to fit all the roots in with-
out any crowding. I put some of the
surface soil in the bottom of the cavity
and place more over the roots of the
trees. The subsoil is placed on top and
the ground thoroughly firmed.

The Right and Wrong way to Care for an Orchard

W. E. Biggar, Provincial Inspector of Insect Pests, Hamilton

I

JN planting a young orchard care
should be taken on arriving from
the nursery with the trees not to
allow the roots to be exposed to the
hot sun and drying winds. See that
they are well heeled in with moist
earth, as soon as possible, preferably
in the field where you intend planting
them. After the planting is done, the
next thought and wish of the planter is
tO' secure a thrifty,vigorous growth in
the young trees. This can be done by
cultivating frequently — say, once or
twice a week up till th« last of July
or beginning of August — then cease
cultivation. It is wrong to continue
cultivation throughout the summer, be-
cause late cultivation keeps the trees
growing, and does not allow the wood
to ripen and harden, and then we get
winter injury, which often kills from
twenty-five to forty per cent, of the
trees. I have witnessed a number of
cases in different parts of Ontario of
winter injury directly traceable to late
cultivation.

In pruning a young orchard which
has not yet reached the bearing
age, do not prune too severely.
Excessive pruning checks the growth
of the young tree. A certain amount
of pruning is absolutely neces- -
sary in order to form a well balanced
head on t)ie tree ; but cutting away the
top until there are but a few short
stubs of branches left, as I have seen
in some instances, constitutes excessive
pruning. However, when a tree
reaches the bearing age then we must
prune.

While the pruning is being done, re-
move all the dried fruit found clinging
to the branches. Practically all this
dried fruit was diseased with brown
rot, and contains the spores of the dis-
ease, which will start the Brown Rot in
the fruit ot the coming season. Also
•cut out all branches affected with
Black Knot, cutting from four to six
inches below where the knot is visible.
This will insure removal of all spores
which sometimes extend some distance
in the bark, below the knots.

As soon as the pruning is finished,
gather the brush and burn it. It is
wrong to allow brush heaps to remain
from one season to another before
burning, because it is a breeding place
for Shotholc or Pinhole Borers. This

insect does considerable damage to
peach and cherry trees, especially the
young trees, and the -borers are one of
the main factors in spreading pear
blight.

Importance of Spraying.

Years ago people would buy scabby
or wormy apples and ask no questions,
until they made the discovery that
such fruit ^vas nearly half wasted when
the diseased and wormy parts had been
removed. Now the demand is for clean,
perfect fruit. This it is impossible to
obtain without spraying. In spraying
for San Jose Scale, prune and scrape
the trees thoroughly and use concen-
trated or commercial lime and sulphur,
testing by the hydrometer 1.300 specific
gravity. A.dd one gallon to six of water
and you have it strong enough to kill
scale.

Where many fail to control the
scale it is because Avhen spraying they
fail to get the under sides of the
branches and the tips of the limbs cov-
ered with spray mxture. All parts of
the tree must be covered with spray if
we expected to control San Jose Scale.
It is a mistake and decidedly wrong to
expect to keep scale under control in
an apple orchard without thorough
spraying.

Spraying should never be done soon
after a rain and while the branches are
still wet, for it is an absolute waste of
time and money, as the spray material
will have but little effect 'in killing

scale if applied while the trees are wet.
If it is a peach orchard you are spray-
ing, be sure and spray before the ter-
minal buds begin to swell, and then
you will positively control curl leaf. A
peach tree attacked by curl leaf is cer-
tainly a sick tree for the one year, and
will in all probability cause a loss of
that season 's crop of fruit.

Remove trees affected with Yellows.
It seems hard to convince some fruit
growers that it is a dangerous practice
to leave Yellows or Little Peach dis-
eased trees standing in the orchard
after being marked by the inspector.
By promptly removing the diseased
trees, the spread of the disease will be
kept well under control, but those who
are careless and allow the trees to re-
main standing for weeks after being
marked, pay dearly for their neglect.

I want to mention one instance. In
1914 an orchard was found with thirty-
eight diseased trees in it. Being short
of help the owner allowed the trees to
stand for some weeks after they were
marked. 'J'his past season of 1915 I was
requested to go with the local inspector
and together we marked three hundred
and eighty-seven trees diseased with
Yellows and Little Peach in this
orchard. When we told the owner the
number of trees we had marked he im-
mediately .sent a man with the axe and
cut them down. It seems to need an
experience of this kind to awaken some
men to the fact that Yellows and Little
Peach are a very dangerous disease to
trifle with.

We now have a staff of well trained
and efficient local inspectors, and for
the past three years the number of
trees diseased, with Yellows and Little
Peach has been reduced each year, un-
til the loss is but trifling. Sometimes
new men are elected in the Township
Councils, and a trained experienced in-
spector is discharged and an inexperi-
enced man is appointed in his place.
This practice hinders and obstructs our
work and often results disastrously.

There are numerous larpe plantations of .small fruit In Lambton County. The raspberry plan-
tation here shown Is that of Robt. W. Rlggs, of Arkona, Ont.

28

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

The KardMi of one who loves birds as well as flowers.

toirdhouse used.

Note the simply constructed type of

A Chat About Roses'

Percival H. Mitchell, Toronto, Ont.

THE qualities which are essential to
a good garden rose may be read-
ily stated; their order of merit,
however, being of personal preference.
For myself I would choose form as the
first requirement; second would be
color; third, continuity of bloom;
fourth, hardiness and vigor; fifth, frag-
rance, and sixth, freedom from inherent
diseases.

The form of a rose varies greatly
from the massive flattish blooms gen-
erally found in hybrid perpetuals,
through the globular shapes to the more
or less pointed blooms. They all have
their charms, although personally I do
not take kindly to the globular shape
such as the rose Caroline Testout pos-
sesses. In fact in the list to follow the
shape is my main reason for disqualify-
ing Caroline Testout from among the
first choice in the color, pink.

Rose colors are marvelous and very
often are quite as gorgeous as painted
by the raisers. Let me quote the color
description of Irish Pireflame, a recent
development in the single roses: — "In
the spiral bud state it is deep maddery
orange, splashed with crimson, which
as the bud develops becomes fiery
orange-crimson, changing to solid deli-
cate orange which becomes, as the
flower fully opens, rich, satiny, ochrey-
old-gold delicately sheened and veinat-
ed, crimson and pure lemonzone. Its
gorgeous superimposing intense color
gradations spontaneously convey the
idea of a flame. The handsome, grace-
ful wood is shiny purple chocolate, and
is festooned with varnished, deep,
bronzy, green, ovate foliage."

This is rather conjuring with the
spectrum, but the delicacy of the shad-

*Eztracts from a paper read at the recent annual
conTention In Toronto of the Ontario Hortienltural
Astooiation.

ings of many of the newer roses is
really beyond description.

The majority of the newer roses are
capable of producing four or five sets
of blooms within a period lasting from
June until November. While a number
of the hybrid perpetuals have really a
good second blooming period, the ma-
jority make a wonderful display in
June and are extremely shy during the
balance of the season. So far there are
but few climbing roses which flower
more than once during the summer.
Several of the roses with most pleasing
form and color are deficient in vigor
and the bush hardly aspires beyond the
straggling stage; two indispensible
roses, Madame Ravary and Arthur
Goodwin, are of this nature ; the bal-
ance of the roses, however, which I list
have good growth in the plant.

Fragrance.

One cannot think of roses without
associating fragrance. It is unfortun-
ate that quite a number of our best
roses are deficient, and the best white
rose, Frau Karl Druschki, is absolutely
lacking in perfume; the many other
representatives of the hybrid perpet-
uals, however, quite make up for this,
but it is one of the greatest aims of the
hybridizers to produce a fragrant Frau
Karl Druschki. The hybrid teas are in
general fragrant, but after several
years, when fragrance was not one of
the aims in the hybridizing, the demand
has come that the modern rose shall be
fragrant, and it is notable that several
of the best perfumed roses have been
among the most recent productions.
The teas as a class have a delicate odor,
and while they are described as tea-
scented, the fragrance is of widely
varied character. One of the sweetest

scented roses is Conrad Meyer, one of
the hybrid Rugosa roses.

The greatest ills we have to contend
with here in roses are mildew and black
spot. Many roses are specially subject
to mildew, and the naturally vigorous
rose is not immune, for Frau Karl
Druschki and Conrad Meyer, two of the
strongest roses, are quite addicted.
Black spot seems to have been imported
and is particularly noticeable on the
Pernatiana roses. Thus some of our
.strongest and finest roses are peculiarly
susceptable to such diseases, and we
must accept such roses and combat
their ills as they occur.

The development of new roses is now
followed along scientific lines. In Eng-
land and Ireland, especially in Ireland,
the production of novelties reaches
large numbers yearly. The catalogues
of such noted Irish raisers as Alex.
Dickson & Sons, Hugh Dickson, and
McGredy & Sons, all in the neighbor-
hood of Belfast, continually show won-
derful new roses. The raisers in Eng-
land, such a^Paul, Cant, Merryweather
& Sons, and the noted amateur. Rev. J.
H. Pemberton, also produce many, but
the most striking are of Irish origin
from the companies named. In France
there are many noted raisers, the most
important productions from France to-
day being from Pernet-Ducher, of
Lyons.

In purchasing roses it is essential to
secure the bushes from the most reliable
growers. The roses which are the most
satisfactory have generally been
budded on seedling briar stocks, and
thus a vigor of growth is attained which
could only be produced by many years
of growth of the rose on its own roots.
Moreover, the hybrid teas and several
of the hybrid perpetuals will bloom the
same season as when transplanted when
on the briar, so that the rose garden
may be realized soon after planting. In
some cases the own-root roses are to be
preferred, and again some are better on
the manetti stock than on the briar, and
the choice may lie further with the soil.
Most of the reliable growers, however,
have determined the proper stock
which is most suitable for garden
growth and furnish them in accord-
ance.

Bird houses may be made and put in
convenient trees. The birds seem to
prefer boxes that have weathered a
little.

Lobelia, snapdragon^ forget-me-not,
salvia and verbena may be sown in the
greenhouse late this month for early
plants.

The old-fashioned bleeding heart
makes a good plant at a corner of the
shrubbery and as it is a perennial will
return each year.

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

The Care of House Plants

2»

AT this season of the year, when
the garden is garbed in a
mantle of white, our thoughts
naturally turn to the window garden,
where every green leaf is doubly ap-
preciated. With what lender af-
fection we enjoy such plants as have
been reserved for beautifying the home
during these dark and often dreary
days.

When we consider the extent to
which flowers are grown in the home,
and the pleasure that is derived from
them, not to mention the tender and
affectionate regard many people have
for them, it is surprising that the
study of their habits and needs is not
more thorough and general.

The most essential need of house
plants is light; direct sunlight if pos-
sible ; but daylight and plenty of it.
The importance of plenty of light can-
not be overestimated. If this one con-
dition can be complied with, all others
can be so easily provided as to assure
success with but little effort. This is
worth remembering in every phase of
gardening experience. It will cause you
to pull aside the curtains, and roll up
the shades in the early morning so that
the plants will get the first gleams of
daylight.

Many householders, having become
disappointed at their inability to grow
plants and flowers in the living rooms,
have improvised plant rooms made out
of existing sun parlours, enclosed
piazzas, or they have built a small ad-
dition to the house for this particular
purpose. These, when properly de-
signed, prove most successful, not only
.as conservatories but as delightful
sitting-roonis. Indeed the combination
of sitting-room and conservatory is the
principle of an arrangement that is
likely to prove a feature of the build-
ing operations of the future among the
more enthusiastic amateur gardeners.

In those homes where only the liv-
ing-room is available it is possible to
keep a variety of plants in a com-
iparatively healthj^ condition in rooms
,on the south-east or south-west corners
that have good-sized windows on both
sides, provided that one is prepared to
consider their needs as of prime im-
portance and is willing to give them
the constant attention that every liv-
ing thing requires.

During the day allow the window to
perform its one essential function,
which is to admit daylight to the room.
With the room thus flooded with light
manj' foliage plants will thrive even
at considerable distance from the
window; in fact some plants have a
ninrvnlliiu* capacity for adapting

Henry Gibson

themselves to conditions that are far
from ideal. On the other hand flower-
ing plants are most exacting and will
tolerate no position short of the im-
mediate window-sill.

Proper watering is important. Hoav
much water should this plant have,
and how often should it be given? is a
question that has been asked over and
over again, and as many times answer-
ed with but little satisfaction to the
enquirer. The watering of plants is
one phase of home-culture that is the
least understood by the average
amateur, yet when one comes to give it
a little careful thought there is noth-
ing mysterious about it. It is very dif-
ficult for any one to lay down hard
And fast rules as to Hvhen a plant
should be watered, because the amount
of foliage that a plant may have, the
atmosphere in which it is growing, and
the effectiveness of the drainage to
carry away all superfluous water are
factors that have to be taken into con-
.sideration

A plant with a relatively large
amount of foliage and blossoms in a
small pot will need water more fre-
(juently than a plant with less foliage
in a comparatively larger pot. The
plant with considerable foliage will
lose more moisture through the leaves
than one with less foliage. In addition
to this the former has less soil about
its roots to retain moisture for any
length of time, whereas the plant with
the larger amount of soil to hold the
water, and less leaves to evaporate it,
will eventually die if adequate drain-
age is not provided at the roots to
carry off the excess water.

A plant growing in a dry atmosphere

will demand more water than one
growing in cooler and more moist
quarters. Plants do not like a dry,
arid atmosphere. The greater demand
made by the leaves upon the roots for
water is very trying to even the most
vigorous, and few survive this con-
dition long. There is no royal road to
tell when a plant should be watered.
The successful professional grower re-
lies entirely on his daily observation
of conditions as to the frequency of
watering.

Plants in the li^dng room have to put
•up with what heating and ventilating
they can get, but even these con-
ditions can, to a large extent, be made
,more favorable by the exercise of a
Jittle care. As already mentioned,
icxcessive heat, and a dry atmosphere
are not desirable. This condition is
frequently aggravated by the other
extreme of throwing open the doors
and windows to air the room, and by
poorly fitting sash that allow direct
drafts to strike the plants. Rooms
heated up to seventy-five and eighty
degrees, by steam, hot-air, or hot
water, are not really healthy for human
beings to say nothing of plants. A
certain amount of humidity in the
atmosphere is necessary for our health,
(ind so it is with plants. The kitchen
is bad enough, with the cooking range
and the intense heat that radiates
therefrom, yet here we do get some
moisture in the air from the boiling
water, and steam that escapes from the
kettles and pans.

To offset the dryness in the atmos-
phere of the living-room at least one
receptacle containing water should be
set in each room. A good place to set

An altra-ctive border on the .sloping edse of the lawn of Geo. Viekers. H:irrie, Ont.

ao

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Sditioo.

The modesl Kruenhouse of Mr. H. Goodchild. St. I-«,mbert. Que., made out of odds and ends, at

an expense of about fifteen dollars.

them is on the radiator. An even bet-
/ter method of providing moisture in
.the room is to have a flat tray of
galvanised iron, two inches deep, for
the plants to stand on. Pill it with a
layer of white pebbles, one and one-
half inches deep. The tray can be
made the length and width of the
window shelf. This arrangement is a
wonderful aid in watering, since the
superfluous water runs away among the
pebbles, and quickly evaporates, thus
saving the necessity of having to de-
vise some means of getting rid of it
and at the same time supplying much
needed moisture. Moreover, the whole
affair is neat and practical.

The same idea can be carried out to
a certain extent by filling the saucers
that the plant-pots stand in with peb-
bles, but the saucers are much more
trouble to look after. The evil of let-
ting plants stand in saucers half full of
water is an old one, that should be
avoided. Try and remember that your
plants are living things that have cer-
tain functions to perform in order to
live. It is impossible for air to pass

into the soil of a plant if the pot is
standing in water, yet in order to pro-
.perly carry on their work the tiny
roots must have air to breathe.

Every window devoted to plants
during the winter, should be double
glazed, if at all possible. Great care
should be exercised in airing the room
on very cold days, as it only takes a
few minutes to freeze a plant when the
temperature outside is much below the
freezing point. When circumstances
compel you to subject your plants to a
high temperature during the day they
should have a correspondingly low
temperature at night. A temperature
of seventy-five to eighty degrees dur-
ing the day should fall to fifty -five to
sixty degrees at night.

The cultivation of plants does not
depend so much on a study of
formulas ,or on higher education or
deep studies in botany, nor is it alto-
gether one of soils and fertilizers. It
is simply a question of whether or not
you are sufficiently enthusiastic to
study the needs of your plants, and
willing to supply them.

The Gloxinia

H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls,tOnt.

f

THE gloxinia is one of our best
tender perennial flowering plants.
It is easy to grow, and as it
flowers in six or seven months from
seed it usually affords a quick return
to the grower. The tubers may be car-
ried over for another year if desired,
although it is hardly necessary to do
so except in the case of desirable
varieties. Seedlings will furnish well
flowered and saleable plants.

Sow the main batch of seeds in Feb-
ruary or March. The plants from

these will flower in September and on-
ward. Seed sown in July or August
will produce an early spring display
which will be most desirable at that
time.

Gloxinias require a light porous soil.
Fibrous loam, leaf soil and sand in
equal proportions will suffice if good
drainage is afforded to the pot. When
sowing the seed see that the pots are
clean. Fill them to within one-half
inch of the top, sprinkle or screen a
layer of fine soil over the surface upon

which sow the seed thinly. It is not
necessary to cover the seed, bat if such
is done the lightest covering of soil
possible will be sufficient. Immerse
the pots in water until the soil is sat-
urated. Do not sprinkle the fine seeds
overhead. Place them in a warm posi-
tion with a humid atmosphere, and
.shade from sunlight.

When the seedlings are ready to
prick off do this singly in small pots,
lifting them carefully and planting
them so that their leaves rest directly
upon the soil. Do not cover the heart
under any circumstances. Shade from
intense sunlight through summer, and
air on all favorable occasions. Do not
crowd the plants, but allow their larger
and handsome leaves room to develop.
Crippled foliage will spoil the appear-
ance of the plants, the leaves being
equally as valuable as the flowers.

Repot finally into five-inch pots, and
as the flowering stage is reached re-
duce the humidity of the atmospher.
by ceasing to sprinkle the benches and
floors. The gloxinia requires aerial
moisture when in a growing state, but
resents it when the flowers appear.
Great damage may be done through
the damping of the flowers, their
beautj^ being marred and the sale of
the plants thus precluded.

A temperature of 60 to 70 degrees
eminently suits the gloxinia. See that
it does not fall or rise to any great de-
gree beyond these points. Afford
liquid manure twice every month, dis-
continuing this when the plants show
their flowers.

The gloxinia is one of the plants it
pays to hybridize, for the seedlings
may produce nearly all the known
<rolors and shades. The fall is the time
to do this work. The seed of all good
varieties should be collected by the
grower. One plant of each will pro-
duce more than enough for his re-
quirements, and he will have the satis-
faction of knowing that his next year's
plants will be at least equal in quality
to the parents. A well flowered batch
of gloxinias for beauty of foliage and
of flower is hard to surpass. When
dying off the gloxinias for their win-
ter's rest the amount of moisture at
the roots should be gradually reduced.
A gradual dying off is the only satis-
factory method of preparing the tuber
for winter storage, as the leaves will
fall naturally, leaving the tubers plump
and solid. Store them away on
shelves, spreading them on a layer of
peat or cocoanut fibre, also cover them
lightly with this material to prevent
undue evaporation of moisture from
their tissues. Prevent excessive dry-
ness and dampness, which alike are de-
leterious to the tubers. It is usually
well to discard the old tubers after the
second or third year, as at this age
deterioration usuallv occurs.

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

31

Notes on New Plants and Flowers

Wm. Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

THE ever-increasing demand for
something new in the floral world
is perhaps more intense now
than at any period in the history of
floriculture. This sometimes leads to
the introduction of varieties that are
often introduced with a great flourish
of trumpets in the way of advertising ;
varieties which on actual test, under
ordinary every-day conditions, dis-
close some point of weakness either in
habit of growth, color, or perhaps in
the constitution or endurance of the
plants, that make them worthless to
the general plant grower. Taking
these facts into consideration, I shall
first endeavor to give a brief review of
some of the newer or less known plants
that have been tested in the College
flower borders and grounds during the
past five years, most of which have
been noted in the reports of the On-
tario Horticultural Association during
the time mentioned. Those that have
-shown special suitability for the ama-
teur's garden only will be noted, with
date of year when reported on.

Annuals.

1910. Calendula Trianon and Calen-
dula Meteor. Height, one foot. These
varieties are improvements on the older
types of these easily grown, enduring
annuals. The rich coloring of the
flowers and the extremely late flower-
ing habit of these plants in the border
make them very aecepta/ble at this late
season of the year, when almost all
other flowers are past and gone.

Coreopsis marmorata. One and a
half feet. The bronzy-brown flowers of
this variety give it a place among these
useful border plants. It is a distinct
addition and relief to the yellow flower-
ing varieties.

Hyacinth Flowered Candytuft. The
large and enduring spikes of flowers
of this new type of Candytuft still
holds its superiority over the older
types of these flowers.

Sunflower Starlight. Three to four
feet. This miniature and free flower-
ing type of sunflower is very acceptable
as a decorative plant in the border, and
will furnish a bountiful supply of its
lemon-yellow blooms, that are so effec-
tive for cut flower decorations.

Dimorphotheca aurantiaca. Six in-
ches. This pretty orange-colored daisy,
originally introduced from South Af-
rica, makes a very pretty, showy bor-
der plant, more especially during the
hot summer weather, when sunshine is
abundant. It is a sun loving plant, clos-
ing up its flowers in dull weather,
which makes it almost useless as a cut

flower. As a border plant, especially
on rather light, sandy soil, it is very
effective.

1911. Diascia Barbarae. One foot.
Cannot be recommended only to those
who delight in a pretty, odd-looking
flower. It is not robust enough for the
average flower grower.

Eschscholtzia Thorburni. One foot.
A beautiful- form of the California
Poppy, but often reverts more or less
to the older types, when produced in
perfection, the rich, bronzy-crimson
coloring of its flowers is indescribably
beautiful.

1912. Rainbow Corn. Three to four
feet. The highly colored foliage of
this decorative maize still gives it a
place as a background plant for a bor-
der. Care must be taken in the selec-
tion of the seed to secure the best re-
sults.

1913. Centaurea cyanus flore pleno.
Three feet. This double variety of
corn flower can be recommended as
superior to the well-known single types
of these flowers, especially as a cut
flower.

Red Sunflower, Four to five feet.
This variety of sunflower, first intro-
duced by Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Eng-
land, is growing in popularity where
an easily-grown, effective border plant
is required, its rich bronzy-red and gold
flowers of medium size making it con-
spicuous as a border plant, and also
acceptable for decorative purposes as
a cut flower, where large quantities of
flowers are required.

Brilliant Rose petunia. One foot.
This variety, a production of Sutton &
Sons, is very effective in masses in
the border or as an edging plant. There
are several different colors of this com-
pact, dwarf growing type of petunia,
that are now catalogued by almost all
of our seedsmen.

Pentsteriion gloxinoides. Two feet.
The newer types of these make excel-
lent summer bedding plants. They
grow from eighteen inches to two feet
in height, and are something of the
same habit as the tall growing Snap-
dragons. The seed requires to be sown
early in March indoors, to get the best
flowering results.

Hardy Border Perennials.

1910. Anchusa Italica. Four feet.
Although a plant of a rather coarse
nature of grovrth, its showy, deep indi-
go-blue flowers, produced in profusion
from midsummer until quite late in the
autumn, make this plant a conspicuous
object in the border. For large peren-
nial borders or in the foreground of
shrubberies, it is very useful. It is
self-seeding and reproduces itself from
seed readily. It requires to be kept
within bounds on this account.

Dianthus latifolius flore pleno. (Ever-
blooming Sweet William.) This double
flowering tjT)e of the Dianthus makes
a very showy border plant. It suc-
ceeds best treated as a biennial.

Primula cortesoides sieboldii. Eight
inches. (Primula Sieboldii.) Planted
in a rather light soil rich in humus.

The ilower bed he.rt; .siit>wn wa.s iii:tiiU'a r>> lin- .-^i. i riiMuu-s i iui Li^uii ui id Society. St. Thomas

is surrounded on three sides by ravines, which cross many streets. This creates

"blind ends" on these streets. The planting of flower beds has been

adopted by the society as a means of beautifying these "blind ends."

32

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Kloral Edition.

Although Hailey.bury, Ont., is some throe huiid;>,u i....^., north of Toronto, it has numertms
fine gardens. A portion of on« and of a lawn facing the lake are here sJiown.

in a partially shaded part of the border,
this pretty little hardy dwarf primula
will give splendid results. It repro-
duces itself from seed quite readily in
the border. Its white and carmine
flowers produced in successive whorls
or tiers are a source of delight to all
flower lovers in early summer.

Primula malacoides. Twelve inches.
One of the best new flowering green-
house and window plants introduced
for several years. Both the white and
pink types^;he latter in various shades
of pink — -are very dainty, graceful
looking, decorative pot plants.

1913. Chrysanthemum Arcticum.
Three to four feet. One of our best
autumn flowering hardy ox-eye, daisy-
like chrysanthemums. A plant of this
covered with its white flowers helps
to brighten the border very materially
in early autumn. It propagates readily
from seed or divisions, and is of a hardy
enduring nature. Not a new plant, but
not as well known as it deserves to be.

Pentstemon laevigatus digitalis.
Three feet. Given a good, rich garden
soil, this hardy pentstemon makes a
good showing with its foxglove-like
flowers. The dwarf type often sold as
Pentstemon gracilis, that grows about
a foot in height and gives a profusion
of white and purple flowers in late sum-
mer and autumn, is a very free flower-
ing, attractive little border plant.

Scabiosa Caucasia. Eighteen inches.
This perennial type of the well-known
"Pin Cushion" plants (taking the com-
mon name from the similarity the
flower heads bear to a pin cushion),
gives to flower lovers its lavender-blue
flowers late in the season, when few
blue flowers are to be seen in the
garden.

1913. Dietamnus or Gas Plant. Two

feet. A good hardy border plant with
attractive deep green foliage that
makes it a decorative feature, even
when not surmounted with its sweetly
perfumed, showy spikes of white or
purple flowers. It is also suitable for
forming a lawn hedge.

Salvia globosa. A specimen plant of
this salvia, makes a great showing in
the border in early summer. Its sil-
very, pubescent foliage, surmounted by
its profuse branches of creamy-white
flowers, together with its globular habit
of growth, make it a very noticeable
plant among the more sombre green
foliage of most occupants of the border.
To get the best results, this plant should
be treated as a biennial, as the old
plants do not flower so well the second
year, and oftentimes get weakened
down if not killed altogether. A light
protection of garden trimmings such
as old flower stems is advisable during
Mdnter. Avoid covering it up with
heavy, close, protective material.

The Work of Earth Worms.— Early
last June I put a good coat of manure
on my asparagus patch, first loosening
the surface of the soil a little. The
manure was left lying without being
dug in, as the roots of the plants would
otherwise be seriously injured. On cut-
ting down the dead stalks in November,
I could find no trace of the manure ;
there was only a soft, even spongy,
layer of fine soil over the whole patch.
The earth worms, favored doubtless by
the heavy growth of the asparagus and
by the damp cool weather, had brought
up the soil from below and thoroughly
incorporated it with the manure above.
I had never before seen so fine an illus-
tration of Darwin's statement about the
work of earth worms. — H. (,'.

Flowers—Rubber Plants

B. C. Tillelt, Hamilton, Ont.

The rubber plant, (Fecus elastica) is
probably the most popular of all house
plants. At least part of the secret of
its success lies in the fact that — almost
literally — you cannot kill it. But that
is no excuse for abusing it, as there is
all the difference in the world between
a well-cared-for symmetrical plant and
one of the semi-denuded, lopsided, spot-
ted-leaved plants one so frequently
sees, and that which, as far as orna-
mentation is concerned, an empty pot
would be far more decorative.

The rubber requires, and deserves, a
good rich soil, and in the spring, sum-
mer and autumn, all the water the soil
will keep absorbed. Give less in winter,
as an excess at this time causes the
leaves to turn yellow and droop.

As the rubber is more difficult to
propagate than most house plants, and
since specimens will not get too large
for several years, it is best to get the
plants from the florist. It frequently
happens, however, that an old plant
which has been grown up to a single
stem becomes unwieldy and bare at the
bottom. In such cases the upper part
may be removed by "topping," and
the main trunk cut back to within six
to eighteen inches of the pot or tub.
Water should then be partly withheld
until new growth starts.

The old stem may thus be transform-
ed into a low bush plant. Frequently
it makes a very handsome specimen.
The topping should be performed by
making a deep upward slanting cut
with a sharp knife, at the point you
want in the pot for your new plant. In
the cut, stuff a little sphagnum moss;
remove this after a few days, and wash
the cut out with warm water, removing
the congealed sap. Insert fresh moss,
and with strips of soft cloth tie a good
handful over the wound. Keep this
moist constantly until the roots show
through the moss, which may be several
weeks. Then pot in moist earth, not
wet, and syringe daily, but do not
water the pots for two or three days.
Sometimes pots cut in halves and the
bottoms partly removed are used to
hold the moss in position. August is
the best month to propagate.

To renovate lawns that have become
worn out the whole surface should first
be scratched over with a sharp steel
rake. After stirring the surface without
unduly injuring the grass roots lawn
grass should be sown on the surface,
on*" pint for every three hundred square
feet. Now rake over so as to cover
seed. The seed should then be rolled
or beaten down.

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

33

Informal Planting of the Home Grounds'

Miss Mary Yates, Port Credit

THE type of gardening known as
formal requires suitable areas
and special attention to make
it a success. In fact, formal flower
gardening, as such, should be in places
apart, and not in the landscape at all.
Given special treatment, they have
great value of their own, but it should
be recognized that they are an indi-
vidual study, as indeed are. all per-
fect types. The Italian garden, with
its statuary, and costly symmetrical
bedding out, may be an interesting ad-
junct to large pleasure grounds. It
certainly is not in its true place as the
main planting of the small yard, or the
rural home. Delight is to be gained by
making Italian gardens: Or Japanese
gardens : Or paved gardens : Or by
gardening in walls : Or by the arrange-
ment of Dutch gardens, rockery bor-
ders, shrubbery, or a mass of roses :
Or by individual collections of irises,
hardy asters, paeonies : Or by making
bog gardens and fern alleys : And,
not the least enjoyable, by collecting
the native species.

But let these bear the same relation-
ship to the whole that the library or
music does to the dwelling place. Let
them be planned for, and approached
with due reserves.

Planting to Make a Picture.

The free, informal treatment of gar-
den spaces cannot be too strongly re-
commended for home grounds.

Was it, do you think, to geometric
designs in geraniums and coleus that
Tennyson's immortal lover invited his
sweetheart when he urged her to
"Come into the garden, Maud?"

•Extract from a paper read at the last annual
convtntlon of the Ontario Horticultural Asso-
ciation.

"Come into the garden, Maud !

For the black bat night has flown,
And the woodbine spices are wafted
abroad.

And the musk of the rose is blown. ' '

Neither would it be, I fancy, to -the
rows of the specialist's collection, or
to unsympathetic plantings of the dot-
ted type, but rather to a place of quiet
charm, filled perhaps with "the music
of some bird-haunted English lawn,"
where the plantings made a picture.

Too many gardens are only semi-liv-
ing, and are visited moreover by the
spirit of unrest that marks the tending.
No mistake, indeed, is more general
than to believe that, because a man
knows something of methods, of propa-
gation, or of botany, he is necessarily
able to plan the whole picture that
should express the individuality, the
ideals and the fancies of the owner.
Accumulation of knowledge is not the
smallest guarantee of intelligence in
art or philosophy, and does not, in fact,
assist in its development. Gardens or
pleasure grounds may be divided into
two classes — those having an aim or
ideal and those without one. The lat-
ter present too often, as Dean Bailey
says, a spectacle for the birds to laug'h
at, and of which we are quite consci-
ous but uncertain how to remedy the
evil.

Those who would put ideals into
their work should turn for inspiration
to the wild, where the grace, the pro-
fusion and the charm are the despair
of the garden maker. Concentration is
involved to prevent failure. Drudgery,
that gray angel of .success, is required
if we would become artists in the task
of creation or of development. Noth-
ing is easy that is Avorth while.

Every yard should form a picture
with each feature contributing its part
to one strong effect.

Use whenever possible the original
native planting of trees and, allowing
the freedom of nature to remain, de-
sign to suit these.

The house, its style and position, play
an important part in determining the
character and general design of gar-
dens and small yards. It is folly to
ignore this. The house is incomplete
Avithout a garden, and the garden with-
out a house. The blending of the two
together is an intellectual and emo-
tional art. Scattering trees and bushes
over the area defeats the fundamental
purpose of the place which is to ac-
centuate the homeliness of the home.
All powers of the imagination should
be brought into play to accomplish
this.

In most home grounds, the deficiencj-
is not in too little planting of trees and
shrubs, but that planting is meaning-
less and has no part in the general de-
sign. The primary considerations in a
good domain are the structural ele-
ments of the place, and should be de-
signed first. 'The flanking and border-
ing masses are then planted. Finally
the flo\yers and accessories. All this
means that the greatest artistic value
lies in the effect of the mass, and not
in the individual plant. Plant fewer
varieties and more of a kind.

In the plan maintain the open centre
and mass upon the boundaries. Or
plant in good groups, never scattering
aimlessly. The more closely these
groups can be made part of the gen-
eral design, tbe better the effect will
be.

Some persons likt^ painted stones,
others iron bulldogs, in the front yard,
and the word "Welcome" worked into
the door-mat, and others like barbered
trees. It would seem better taste to
put such curiosities in the back yard
where the owner may admire them
without molestation.

The central idea is the residence
with a full open green sward in front
of it. Trees and bushes are massed in-
to a framework to give effectiveness to
the picture of home and comfort. This
style of planting makes a landscape
even though the area be no longer than
a parlor.

This landscape at all seasons should
present features of interest. These are
gained by line effects, bold groupings
of trees and shrubs, good vistas, etc.,
becoming thereby independent of mere
color.

(To be contir^ued.)

Large beets may be put in moist soil
near a sunny window, and give a few
crops of greens between now and

Splrca Van Houttll blooming agdln.st the wall of the residence of Geo. Simpson, Ottawa. Ont. spring.

a

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EVUtion.

The Canadian Horticulturist

COMBINED WITH

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST
AND BEEKEEPER

with which has been Incorporated

The Canadian Bee Journal.

Published by The Horticultural

Publishing Company, Limited,

PETERBORO, ONTARIO

,',»/v»/.'f/l|/.>f AM/.if /,A»AVf /i|/,if;.'»AAf/

EDITORIAL

^1

mri\¥kWiwmim\m>mnm\Yt\7[

H. BRONSON COWAN. Managing Director.

The Only Magazines In Their Field In the
Dominion
Official Organs of the Ontario and
Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations
and of the Ontario, Manitoba and
New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associ-
ations.

REPRESENTATIVES
UNITED STATES
STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY.
Chicago Office — People's Gas Building.
New York Office— Tribune Building.

GREAT BRITAIN
W. A. Mountstephen, 16 Reasnt St., London, 8.W.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist Is published In
three editions on the 25th day of the month
preceding date of Issue. The first edition Is
known as the fruit edition, and is devoted
chiefly to the commercial fruit interests. The
second edition Is known as the floral edition,
and is devoted chiefly to the Interests of ama-
teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The
third edition is known as The Canadian Horti-
culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several
pages of matter appearing in the first and
second Issues are replaced by an equal number
of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping
interests of Canada.

2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti-
culturist In Canada and Great Britain, (1.00 a
year; three years for $2.00. and of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, |1.00 a year.
For United States and local subscriptions In
Peterboro (not called for at the Post Office).
25 cents extra a year, Including postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post Offlce
or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter.

4. Change of Address — When a change of ad-
dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dresses must be given.

B. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy re-
ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising
correspondence and copy to our Advertising
Manager, Peterboro, Ont.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT
The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
■for the year ending with December 1914. The
figures given are exclu.sive of samples and
spoiled copies. Most months, including the
sample copies, from 11,000 to 13,000 copies of
The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo-
ple known to be Interested in the growing of
fruits, flowers or veiretables.

January. 1914 ...11.570 August. 1914 12.675

February. 1914 ..11.550 September, 1914 .13.729

March. 1914 11,209 October, 1914 ...13,778

April, 1914 11.970 November. 1914 .12.967

May. 1914 12.368 December, 1914 .13,233

June. 1914 12,618

July, 1914 12,626 Total l.'>0,293

Average each Issue In 1907 6,627

Average each Issue In 1914 12,524

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon
application.

OUR GUARANTEE
We guarantee that every advertiser In this
Issue is reliable. We are able to do this because
the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti-
culturist are as carefully edited as the reading
columns, and because to protect our readers we
turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should
any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any
subscriber, we will make good the amount of
his loss, provided such transaction occurs within
one month from date of this Issue, that It is
reported to us within a week of its occurrence,
and that we find the facts to be as stated. It
Is a condition of this contract that in writing to
advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise-
ment In The Canadian Horticulturist."

Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex-
pense of our subscribers, who are our friends,
through the medium of these columns; but we
shall not attempt to adju.st trifling disputes be-
tween subscribers and honorable business men
who adverti.'*e. nor pay tlie debts of honest
liankrupts.

Communications should be addressed
THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

PETERBORO. ONT.

Dust Sprays

The problems of the Iruit grower ever
vary. Clianging conditions require oew
methods. Tlie ability of growers to analyse
their couditioas 'iind decide correctly when
the time has come for tlie adoption of new
practices la/rgely marks the difterence be-
tween the sucoessfui and the unsuccessful
grower.

Tihe use of liquid sprays is of sufficiently
recent origin to ensure anost of our fruit
growers ihaving vivid recollections of the
vigorous objections that were made to their
use 'When a few venturesome spirits 'first ex-
perimented with them. The fact that mod-
em Sipraying methods have saved the fruit
industry is so well linown as to need no
comment. Spraying is so generally prac-
tised it is only natural that efforts have
been made for years to devise new sprays
which, while equally effective, would be
more easily applied than .those now in use.

tRepresenitatives of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, who attended the re-
cent convention of the New York State
fruit Growers' Aj&sociation, were impressed
with the evidence there (brought out in
favor of the use of dust sprays for apples.
I'^or several years experiments have been
conducted by Lhe Agricultural Experimental
Station of Cornell University with dust
sprays. The information furnished during
the discussion supported the conclusdoas set
forth in Bulletin 369 of the Cornell Univer-
sity entitled "Dusting and (Spraying Experi-
ments with Apples." In brief tliis 'bulletin
contends, the dust spray does not control
scale insects, but it now seems settled 'that
a mixture of an insecticide and a fungicide
can be applied in powder form, using air as
a carrier, with better commercial results in
the control of preventaible apple diseases,
and of apple insects, than can be obtained by
spraying. The dust method makes it pos-
sible for the owner of a large acreage to
protect his orchard at critical times, a thing
that he has not ibeen able to do with the
slower liquid process.

The only objection, to the general adop-
tion of the dust method of spraying is that
there is no known dust preparation which
will kill scale insects and such insects as
aphis and pear psylla. For this reason
those persons who must spray for scale and
for aphis will do well to continue with the
liquid method.

Benefits claimed for the dust method are
that the equipment is lighter, the applica-
tion can be made more quickly and easily,
es for instance when the soil is wet, there
Is no trouble from clogging nozzles, higher
trees can be sprayed, and the cost, if any-
thing, is less. As yet this new method has
not been tested in Ontario, but arrange-
ments are being made by the Ontario De-
partment of Agriculture for a test during
the coming season. While it would not do
for fruit growers to rush into its use, all
fruit growers will be interested in the re-
sults obtained from the tests of this spray
that will be given next summer.

The Growers and the Canners

The Lincoln and Welland Vegetable
Growers' Association has decided to insist
that in future canning factories shall cease
10 regulate the growers' sale price on to-
matoes, and that no more tomatoes shall

be raised by its members and sold for twen-
ty-flve cents per bushel to the canning fac-
tories. On the other hand, the canning fac-
tories apparently do not wish to pay more
than twenty-five cents per bushel for to-
matoes contracted to them for the season of
1916. The only fair way to settle a differ-
ence of opinion of this kind is for represen-
tatives of the tomato growers on the one
hand, and of the canning factories on the
other, to meet together before the opening
of the season and agree upon the contract
price. That the canners are better able to
pay thirty cents per bushel this year than
they were to pay twenty-five cents last year
is fairly apparent when we consider the ad-
vance in the prices of canned tomatoes and
other staples during the last few months,
and the greatly increased export trade that
has come to Canadian factories since the
war. Great Britain used to obtain her sup-
ply of canned tomatoes from Italy, but since
Italy joined in the war she has been hold-
ing on to her supply of canned tomatoes,
and Britain has had to look elsewhere.
Under normal conditions it is not possible
for either Canada or the United States to
compete against Italy in this respect on ac-
count of the low price of labor and raw ma-
teria! in the latter country. There is a
short pack of tomatoes in the United States
also, and they are selling at higher prices
across the line than in this country. Our
Canadian canners have been exporting
thousands of cases of goods. This proved a
considerable factor in advancing the price
so rapidly during the last half of 1915. The
factories are likely to be entirely bare of
tomatoes by the time the new crop comes
in, a condition which has not prevailed for
several years. The case of canned peas is
somewhat similar. Uusually Britain buys
. the bulk of her canned peas from France
and Belgium, but now she has to look to
this continent for them. Canadian factories,
too, have had a considerable extra demand
for canned pears and other fruits. This
all means a strengthening of the canned
goods market, which is likely to continue
above the normal at least until after the
war. On the other hand, w-ith high wages
and scarcity of labor the growers are not
going to be able to make anything at the
low price of twenty-five cents, and it looks
as though it were a reasonable request for
them to ask an advance of five cents a
bushel.

The following is a table of the amount of
Canadian canned goods shipped during 1913,
1914, and 1915:—

Cases Cases Cases

Ports. 1915. 1914. 1913.

Glasgow S,945 7,611 27,362

London 143,112 27,282 48,556

Liverpool 166,196 28,048 45,126

Havre 8,967 31,696 29,968

Leith 2,099 6,000

Manchester ... 100 850 3,150

South Africa . . 1,575 835 161

Bristol 4,499

Antwerp 978 709

Hamburg 257 536

Belfast 3,900 6.432

Dublin ■-•■ 300

Hull 1.700 4.082

Newcastle 399 250

New Zealand . ... HI

Australia 2,370 21 •_^

Totals .... 341,589 105,756 172,632
This shows that in 1915 considerably more
canned goods were shipped than in 1913 and
1914 together.

The ambitious plan of work outlined at
the organization meeting of the new Cana-
dian League for Civic Improvement, as men-
tioned elsewhere in this issue, will be noted
with satisfaction by all who desire to see the

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

3&

work of civic improvement in Canada pro-
moted ere our towns and cities attain a size
which will make such improvement more
difficult. There has 'been a latent desire in
the hearts of many Canadians for a move-
ment of this character. It has only lacked
leadership to make it a potent force towards
improvement. The newly formed league,
with the influence behind it of Mr. Thos.
Adams, the town planning expert of the
Canadian Commission of Conservation, has
a broad field for work and will not lack for
ready public support throughout the Do-
minion.

The memt)ers of the Nova Scotia Fruit
Growers' Association, at their recent annual
convention, in Wolfville, placed themselves
unanimously on record as favoring the free
importation into Canada of fertilizers. We
are spending millions in Canada to en-
courage more production per acre. There
is no way in which this could better be pro-
moted than by making it easier for our fruit
growers and farmers to obtain the fertilizers
they need. By all means remove the tariff
on fertilizers. To call for increased pro-
duction and then to retard it hy making it
difficult for those who would increase their
production to do so by increasing the cost
of fertilizers is hardly consistent. We trust
the Government will see this and' act ac-
cordingly.

There is a movement on foot in Manitoba
having for its object the enactment of legis-
lation which will promote the formation of
horticultural societies along the lines which
have proven so successful in Ontario. Any
person who has visited Manitoba and talked
with the people of that province cannot help
being impressed lay the keen desire that
exists for the development of horticulture
in the urban and rural districts. A move-
ment of this kind should meet with hearty
response from the legislature and the socie-
ties interested will receive ready public sup-
port if they press this matter vigorously.

B PUBLISHER'S DESK

Our front cover illustration shows a dust
sprayer in operation in a New York state
orchard. The experiments conducted by
Cornell University indicate that this form
of spraying is likely, in the course of the
next few years, to toe used extensively.

The March issue of The Canadian Horti-
culturist will ibe crowded with interesting
articles. Many papers read at the conven-
tions of the pnovincial fruit growers' associa-
tions held during January have reached us.
It has "been utterly impossible for us to pub-
lish them all in this is.sue. Further conven-
tions will be held during the early part of
February. The pick of the papers from
these various conventions will be published
in our March issue and will form a feature
of special interest.

Among the special articles we expect to
publish in our March issue will be one
written specially for The Canadian Horticul-
turist by Mr. Jas. Marshall, of Hamilton,
giving the results of sixteen years' experi-
ence in peach growing. It will be illus-
trated. There will toe an article by Prof.
W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist for
Nova Scotia, entitled "Sucking Insects of
the Apple." One of the toest addresses de-
livered at the Convention of the Nova Scotia

Fruit Growers' Association, in January, dealt
with "Pruning Methods," and was delivered
by M. B. Davis, B.S.A., of the Central Ex-
perimental Farm, Ottawa. It will appear in
our March issue. The results of experi-
ments in the precooling of fruit conducted
in 1915 and their relation to the extension
of the tender fruit market will be discussed
by Edwin Smith, of the Cold Storage Divi-
sion, Grimsby, Ont. The "Packing of Apples
in Boxes and Barrels" will be handled by
C. W. Baxter, Chief Fruit Inspector, Ottawa,
while Dr. A. J. Grant, recently elected Presi-
dent of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, will deal with the sutoject, "Better Net
Returns for Local Associations."

In the floral pages of our March issue, Mr.
Wm. Hunt, of the Ontario Agricultural Col-
lege, will continue his article in this issue
by describing in detail some of the best
flowers for the amateur gardener. Illustra-
tions of several ti the varieties will appear.
There will toe aruillustrated article by John
Dunbar, of RocJ^^ter, N.Y., describing the
"History, Development and Propagation of
the Lilac." This is the season of the year
when plans are being laid for next summer's
gardens. The "Planning of the Home Lot"
will be dealt with toy Mr. F. E. Buck, B.S.A.,
of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.
Lack of space prevents our mentioning other
interesting features of our March issue. It
will be worth the price of a full year's suto-
scription.

An error appeared in the January issue
of The Canadian Horticulturist which, to our
regret, did Prof. Caesar, of the O. A. C, an
injustice. A few lines from a longer article
were inserted as an item at the bottom of
a page which quoted him as saying,

"It is best not to use Arsenate of Lead
on fruit trees. It cannot toe used with
lime sulphur at all, tout it may toe used with
Bordeaux Mixture. The Arsenate of Soda
will tourn everything if put on toy itself."
The fact is, as all fruit-growers know, Ar-
.■fenate of Lead can be comtoined safely either
with lime sulphur or Bordeaux mixture, or
may be used alone. It is up to the present
time the safest arsenical we have for use
on plants. The paragraph attributed to Prof.
Caesar, therefore, was misleading and in-
correct.

Notice the crowded condition of the ad-
vertising columns in this number of The
Canadian Horticulturist. It is one of the
largest and toest issues we have ever pub-
lished. As we expect our March issue will
be equally as good, if not better, advertisers
are again advised to reserve space early to
ensure our being atole to give them the best
possible position. Early action ensures our
best possible service.

mmvmiiimmtmmmmmimmmmmm

LISTOWEL.

.\R a result of a meeting of our citizens
lield on January 14'th, a horticuitural society
was organized in Listowel. The' society
plans to undertake the beautifying of the
town, the .holding of floral e»h4bitiona, the
distribution of horticultural literature, and
other similar lines of work. The following
officers were elected. Honorary iPresidenT,
H. B. Morphy, K. C, M. P.; President, J. M.
Camptoell; 1st Vice-President, Thos. .Male;
and Vice-President, W. IR. Clayton; Direc-

DR. A. J. GRANT, THEDFORD, ONT.

Dr. Grant was recently elected President of the Ontario

I'ruit Growers' Association.

tors, F. W. Hay, A. W. 'Feajther&tone, W. R.
Logie, A. H. Hawkins, T. L. Hamilton, R A.
Glimie, N. A. Gowdy, H. Goddard, J. H. Gun-
ther; iSecretary-Treas^urer, A. St. Geo. Haw-
kins.

ORILLIA.

Although Oriilia is one of the most pro-
gressive towns of its size in Ontario, it has
lacked a horticultu'ral society until one was
organized last month with ,Mr. Isaac Day, as
secretaryjtreasurer. The society is planning
to conduct consideiable aggressive work
during the coming year.

HAMILTON.

The Hamilton Horticultural Society held
a meeting January 21st, at which an illus-
trated lecture on "What can be Grown in
the Home Garden," was given by Mr. Wm.
Alien, of Toronto, bead gardener to Sir Eid-
mund Osier. The rociety has decided to
offer first, second and third prizes to the
members bringing in the largest number of
new members durins the year.

ST. THOMAS.

On account of the increased demand for
public flower beds, tiie iSt. Thomas Society
this year intends to purchase a much larger
quantity o£ flowers than ever before. The
society is using its influence in favor of the
preservation and increase of the natural
beauty of the ravines surrounding the city
and tffi'eir acquisition for public parks amd
driveways. A large order for many varie-
ties of flowers has toecn given for planting in
Pinafore Park, which the society hopes to
make one of the show places of Onitario. Mr.
John Dunbar Superiutendent of Parks, Ro-
chester. IN.Y., is to address the memtoers of
the society on February 16th. The address
will be Illustrated' toy lantern views.

The .Michigan Agricultural College, Kast

Ivansing, Mich., is distributing Technical

Bulletin No. 31, entitled "How Contact In-
secticides Km."

;i6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EVHtion.

Business Problems Discussed by Ontario Fruit

Growers

PROBUHMS relating to the marketing of
Uie fruit crop were much to the tore
throughout the sessions of the annual
convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association, held in Toronto, January li)th
to 21st. W'liere in other years much attea-
tion has been given to matters relating to
the growing of the crops this year such sub-
jects were scarcely considered.

Tilie sesions were business-like througb-
out. Practically every speaker was present
in person and on time. The attendance was
large, and the interest keen. President El-
mer Ijick kept things going expeditiousJy.

What Was Done.

The convention placed itself on record as
being in favor of dividing the No. 2 grade of
apples in the Fruit Marks Act into two
classes, in order that the requirements of
this grade may be more clearly deHned. It
favored the carrying out of a compreihensive
plan of advertising domestic fruits, the en-
actmeat of legislation to regulate the ship-
ping of immature fruit, and appointed a
committee to consult with the basket manu-
facturers to see if a standard for basket
packages cannot ibe devised. A -warning
was issued to fruit growers to beware of
undated testimonials published by manu-
facturers in their catalogues of spraying ma-
terials, etc. it being shown that some of
these testimonials were ten to twenty years
old. It appointed a committee to lay infor-
mation concerning the status of the fruit
industry in Ontario 'before the Domindon
Economic Commis-sion.

Officers Elected.

The following officers were elected: Pres.,
Dr. A. J. Grant, Thedford; Vice.jPres., F.
A. J. Sheppapd, St. Catharines; Sec.-Treas.,
P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto; Executive Com-
mittee, the officers, Elmer Liok, Oshawa,
and R. H. Dewar, Winona. Directors, C. W.
Gumey, Paris; Albert Stevenson, I>ong-
wood; R. B. Whyte, Ottawa; C. Casselman,
Iroquois; F. S. Wallbridge, Belleville; J. 6.
Waite, Wicklow; W. F. W. Fisher, iBuriing-
Um, and Paul Angle, Simcoe. Delegates to
the Ontario Horticultural Ex:hlbition:
-Messrs. (Lick, Dewar, Foster and Hodgetts.

Financial Statement.

The financial statement showed total re-
ceipts of $2,74'5, including a government
grant of $1,700, members fees, $309 and a
balance from 1914 of $708. The chief expen-
ditures were transportation investigations
$1,392, periodicals $72S, committees $144.
The balance on band at the end of the year
was $307.

Mr. W. T. flMacoun, Dominion Horticul-
turist, iad on exhibition an interesting col-
lection of seedling apples originated at the
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. These
included several promising varieties which
were commended by all who examined and
tested them.

President's Address.

Presideat Elmer Lick referred to pro-
blems growing out of the war, including the
increased •cost of transiportation and In
some cases lessened demand for fruit. One
result of the war will 'be a necessity for in-
creased revenue for war purposes with a cer-
tainty of higher taxes. Owing to the war
there Is bound to be a shortage of labor thla
year. Fruit growers were urged to econom-
ize on laibor and expenses and to pack and
grade to S'tandard.

The transportatloi agent of the Associa^
tion, G. E. Mcintosh, of Forest, urged that

Uie powers of the Railway Commission
should be extended. The Commission has no
power to award damages for delay ,lu transit,
cannot issue an order in reference to rough
handling, has no jurisdiction over the settle-
ment of claims, cannot Issue an order in re-
ference to delays, jolting or rough handling,
lias no jurLsdlotion over navigation com-
panies otlier than those controlled by rail-
way compan'ies, and cannot issue an order
for the extension of a privilege. Were its
powers extended it could aid the fruit grow-
ers in many ways such as to secure cars ia
reasonable time, promptly market perishable
fruit, secure a minimum speed Mmit, ensure
proper handling of shipments and secure
proper rules for the unloading and releasing
of cars. Portions of Mr. Mcintosh's report
will be puljlished later.

Attention was called by Mr. rMcIntosh to
the fact that the railways having failed to
secure an increase they asked for in the
charges for handling fruit, recently an-
nounced that they proposed to change the
tariff on the first of Decem^ber for heated
cars by increasing the rates as follows: From
Ontario to Winnipeg, $14; and to other points
.in Manitoba, $16. To Saskatchewan, $19;
and to Alberta, $22.60. In addition there will
be a charge of 50c per beater per day. The
convention passed a resolution recommend-
ing the Association to file a protest with the
Railway Commission against the proposed
change in the tariff.

Historical Committee.

In presenting the report of the Historical
Committee, Mr. A. W. Peart of Burlingtoa,
pointed out that these reports may not be
of great immediate interest 'because of the
familiarity of the public with the sujbjects
discussed. Nevertheless these reports, cov-
ering as ithey do the events of greatest im-
portance connected with the fruit industry,
may be of great interest 25 or 50 years hence
when future historians may strive to trace
out the important incidents connected with
the fruit industry of to-day. The report -pre-
sented by .Mr. Peart was concise yet com-
prehensive. It dealt with such important
matters as the formation of the Ontario Co-
operative Apple Growers' Association, the
esta'blis.hment of the Vineland Experimental
Station, Reciprocity, the early investigations
of .the late Dr. Wm. -Saunders, and the re-
sults that have flowed therefrom; a history
of the valuable work accomplished by the
late Robert Thompson, of St. Catharines,
and concluded with a reference to the inter-
est taken .by fruit growers In the great
European war in which Canada is playlog'
such an important part.

A Government Fruit Dealer.
Great interest wa;i taken in an address 'by
Mr. H. A. 'Emmerson. of the Markets Division
of the New York Department of Agriculture.
A few years ago the New York State De-
partment of Agrioulture found that the deal-
ers In live poultry la New York city had a
combine which reguiated the quantity and
prices of the poultry sold. Prosecutions were
laid against members of this combine, as a
result of which thirteen were sent to prison
and two died. It was found that somewhat
similar conditions governed the sale of fruit.
The Department engaged a warehouse and
opened up auction rooms to which fruit
growers were invited to consign their high
gnade fruit. The result was that prices to
the producer were .'ncreased about 35 per
cent, and reduced to the consumer about 20
per cent. Efforts were ■made 'by the dealers

to 'buy up the crop In the Slate, .but the Di
partment conducted auction saloe In the or-
chards and thus fru.itrated the plans of the
dealers. Mr. Emmerson left the impression
that the work of the Department had proved
a great success, and invited Ontario grower*
to ship their hig'h grade fruit to that mar-
ket.

Package Problem.
An. afternoon .session was devoted to the
consideration of the best packages to use In
the haadiing of fruit. Mr. J. B. Fairbaim,
of Beamsville, spoke on berry crates and con-
tainers; .Mr. J. W. Clark, of Cainsville, on
the economy crate for apples; F. M. Clemeat,
of Vineland, on ba.-kels, and C. W. Baxter, of
Brighton, on boxes and barrels. The papers
by Messrs. Clement aad Baxter will be pub-
lished in full in The Horticulturist. The dis-
cuss'ion of basket packages showed that
there Is a need for the adoption of standard
sizes, and a standard of construction. The
following committee was appointed to deal
with the matter: W. T. Glover, Burlington:
B. Piott, .Stoney Creek; W. H. Bunting, Si.
Catharines; R. H. Dewar, Winona; W. F. W.
Fisher, Burlington; J. R. Hastings, Winona;
F. M. Clement, Vineland; P. J. Carey, To-
ronto; Mr. Gardener, St. Catharines; Hew
son & Farrell; Merritt Bros.; Thf Northen
Veneer Co., Grimsby; Keenen Woodenwai-
Co., Owen Sound; The Orillia, Leamingtoi.
Forest, Oakville, and Arkona Basket Con,
panies, and the Gull River Lumber Co.

The Economy Crate.

The discussion of the "Economy Crate" led
by J. W. Clark, of Cainsville, proved a lively
one. This crate has been used extensively
in British Columibia. It is understood that
nearly 50 per cent, of the British Columbia
apple crop this year was marketed in this
style of crate. It v.as never used in On-
tario before last fall.

Last fall owing to the wet weather, during
the growing season, a large perceatage of
the apple crop had either to be sold as No. 3
grade or in some other way. This led the
Ontario Co-operative Apple Growers" Associa-
tion to use this crate for the lower grade
fruit. Mr. Clark urged in its favor that it
was cheap, its use saved space in shipping,
and it admitted air to the apples and thus
prevented the development of scab. Its in-
side measurement was 12 1-4 x 10 x 18 inches.
This gave it a capacity of 2,213 cubic inches,
or 13 inches more than the standard box. It
was a more convenient shape than the
standard box, which is 20 inches long. It
is also cheaper than the standard box,
which costs about 12c flat, while the crate
costs lie to 12c made up. Because the com-
sumer could see what he was buying he was
more ready to purchase than where No. 3
apples are sold in closed packages. Mr.
Clark considered that this type of package
had come to stay, as it helped to market a
grade of fruit that it has been difficult to
market heretofore. His Association had
marketed different grades of apples in these
crates, and had marked their crates 1, 2
and 3X respectively.

In the discussion which followed, objec-
tions to the use of this style of package -were
freely expressed, on the ground that it might
encourage an increased production of low
grade fruit, and that there was nothing to
prevent the use of crates of all kinds and
sizes. This would ultimately lead to great
confusion and its use would interfere with
the sale of high grade apples in standard
boxes. Mr. W. H. Dempsey, of Trenton,
pointed out a'bout 90 per cent, of apples
tend to harden and deteriorate when expos-
ed to the air, as they are when they are in

(Continued on page 40.)

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

37

The Grading of Basket Fruits'

F. M. Clement, Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland, Ont.

THE leading basket fruits are peaches,
pears, plums, grapes and cherries.
Cherries are seldom graded, the only
practice being to throw out all decayed,
cracked, damaged, under-ripe, and not at-
tractive fruits while picking or to look them
over and discard at the packing table those
unfit for shipment and sale.

Grapes are seldom graded. The poorer
packages are discarded, but it is not con-
sidered good practice to ship No. 2 grapes.

Plums, too, are ungraded. The best
trees of a variety may be sold as fancy
while the rest are sold as No. 1, but it is
seldom that the fruit from any one tree is
graded into two or three sizes.

Pears must be graded into at least two
grades for size, color, uniformity and free-
dom from blemishes.

Some apples are shipped in baskets, but
this cannot be considered a specialized
trade. Only the earlier varieties are sold
extensively in baskets.

Is it advisable to fix by law certain stand-
ards for basket peaches somewhat after
the plan enforced for apples under the
"Fruit Marks Act"? It has been maintained
that the standardization of grades and packs
is the work of individuals and associations.
Possibly it is, but if so, it is the work of
individuals and associations for apples also.
It seems to me that the best aid it is pos-
sible to give the grower to-day is to fix
by law certain standards that basket fruits
must come up to. Many objections can, of
course, be raised to such a policy because

•A paper read at the recent convention in
Toronto of the Ontario Fruit Growers' .\ssocia-
tion.

of the multiplicity of varieties and the
variation in the size and color of varieties
depending on the season, but apples vary
in size and color also and with them the
"Fruit Marks Act" works comparatively
smoothly. The number of grades advisable
would possibly be three or four. I give this
only as an illustration — Fancy, Choice, No.
1, and No. 2. For each grade, I believe it
will be possible with a little practice to fix
the maximum number of peaches that could
be put into that grade. Below a certain
fixed number the fruit might be considered
Fancy. Between this and another number
a little higher, the fruit would be Choice,
and between this number a little higher, the
fruit would be No. 1, and last above this
number, the fruit would be No. 2. This
would necessitate also the establishing of a
minimum weight per basket and would ap-
ply only to the layered peaches in closed
packages. This may be far in advance of
what is possible at present, and I realize
such a law could not be put into force with-
out a great deal of discussion and possibly
opposition, but still I believe it is an ideal
worth aiming at.

Suppose to-day, for instance, a big dealer
places an order with one of the buyers
and another order with one of the lead-
ing Associations, or he places orders with
Associations for Fancy and No. 1 fruit.
Has the dealer any guarantee that he will
receive a uniform grade of No. 1 from both
Associations or a uniform grade of Fancy?
He has only the reputation of the associa-
tion as a guarantee that the fruit will be of
good quality, but he has no guarantee that
the fruit will be up to a certain standard.

Douglas Gardens

OAKVILLE, ONT.

Our new and enlarged

Planting List

1916-17

Is Now Ready for
Mailing

It will be sent to all whose
names are now on our Mailing
List, and to others interested who
will send their names and ad-
dresses.

This Planting List is more than
a List of Plants. We have aimed
to make it interesting and in-
structive.

Send us your name and address.

JOHN CAVERS

Aylmer Sprayer

The Only Sprayer Made
Without Packed Joints

Used all over Canada by successful Fruit Growers and proved by many years of satisfactory service to be the
best. You know Aylmer Quality — the simple, substantial and reliable construction of the Aylmer Sprayer proves
quality in every detail. The only sprayer made without packed joints, eliminating all troubles Avith loose packing
on pistons. Our pistons are fitted with bronze rings, like pistons in automobile engines. Ask any Canadian Agri-
cultural College or Experimental Farm what they think of the Aylmer Sprayer.

YOU CAN MAKE BIG MONEY IN FRUIT AND FIELD CROPS— IF YOU SPRAY WITH AN AYLMER
SPRAYER.

The Aylmer Sprayer has won medals at home and abroad, in competition against
the world. It throws an unusually powerful, fine, misty spray which penetrates
into crevices of bark, buds and foliage where insects and their eggs are hidden,
and destroys scale, prevents blight and scab, and rids crops of fungus and insect
pests. The Aylmer Sprayer is used by seven Governments, is unsurpassed for
ease, reliability and efficiency.

Cut out this Coupon and mail it today

The up-to-date Sprayer is made
on the original lines of strength
and durability. Outfit D con-
sists of Pump, 10 feet hose,
couplings, 2 Bordeaux Nozzles,
brass stopcock, one Y, one
long extension rod. With-
out Barrel $20.00

Send Money Order and
Sprayer will be ship-
ped on next
freight, p r e -
paid t o your
R. R. Station any-
where in Ontario.
If you want bar-
rel, add 13 to
above price i n
your remit-
tance. Use
the coupon.

AYLMER PUMP & SCALE CO., Limited

43D Water St.. AYLMER. ONT.

Please ship me by early freisht an Aylmer Sprayer as described in this advertise-
ment; freight prepaid to my nea-rest R. R. Station; subject to GUARANTEE of
perfect satl.sfaction. Enclo-sed please find Money Order for $23.00 (witljout barrel,
$20.00). Please nls<> «.nr! me your list of "Approved Spraying Mixtures," Free.

Yours truly.

Name

Address ( P. O. )

Nearest R. R. Station

38

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral BddtloiL

-KANT-KLOG SPRAYER-i

0 i,lirii(ifBj>rayfl from one nozzle. Starts
or etupa instantly- Bavt-n solution and
work. Send for cataloi}. Ajrcnta wanted.

Rochester Spray Pump Co.
jg5 Bro«dw«y Rochoaf r, N. Y.

SEASON 1916
Early Cash Order Discount
4% January
3% February

Send for our New Catalogue

BEES-WAX WANTED

Best Market Price
Cash or Exchange

The Ham U Nott Co.,

LIMITED

BRANTfORD, ONT.

NOTICE TO CANADIAN BEEKEEPERS

We are making a specialty of the pound
package trade. Our improvement on the
package making it larger and lighter and
giving It more ventilation enables us to
guarantee its safe arrival. We will ship
from our yards in Alaibama during Ajpril,
May and June, packages and queens at the
following prices:

Pound package without queen, $1.25 — .with
queen, $2.00 — one for $1.00 — six for $4.50 —
12 for $8.50. Select tested, $2.00; breeders,
$3.00.

Our stock of 3 iband Italians have stood
the test for 20 years; there is none better.
We guarantee them to toe free from disease.
Pure mating and no inlbreeding. Your money
refunded if not satisfied. We .sold the A. I.
Root Co. two car-loads, and will sell them
this season. Our aim is to carry a surplus
of stock so as to fl.ll all orders by return
mail, 5 per cent, discount on all orders be-
fore March 15th.

Reference — ^American Exchange Bank of
Apalachicola, Pla. , and the A. I. Root Co.

After March 15th, our address will be
Fitzpatrick, Ala.

MARCHANT BROS., Sumatra, Fla.

Is it possible to fix standards and grade.s
for peaches? The grades mentioned would,
of course, have to be regulated for uni-
formity, color, maturity and freedom from
blemishes, the same as apples are.

Another objection that is raised to such
standards is that they would necessitate
certain standard packs as well. -The great-
est quantity of No. I's are packed in three
layers, three peaches wide. The pack is
known as a straight pack, that is, the
peaches are placed directly on top of each
other. It is maintained that when packed
in the interspaces, as is necessary with
apples in order to get a good pack, the fruit
will not stay in place and the pack is loose
and out of order by the time the package
reaches its destination. This may be true
to some extent, but I cannot understand
how it is generally true if the packing is
carefully and tightly done. By packing in
the spaces, a basket will take a larger peach
than when a straight pack is used.

The work of grading must be done by
hand as all varieties of peaches, except
possibly green Elbertas, are too soft for
machine grading.

One other method, or plan, might, I be-
lieve, be followed that would protect those
who wish to establish higher grades or
standards. A plan has been worked out by
one of the States to the South of us whereby
fruits packed according to certain standard.'*
and grades are stamped with a Government
stamp. These stamps are sold to growers
and .shippers who wish to use them. The
standard is high and the stamp is a guar-
antee of quality. Shipments are closely in-
spected and a very heavy penalty is fixed
for any who may use the stamp illegally.
This particular brand of fruit is exten-
sively advertised and the trade is beginning
to know it.

One other point also that might be men-
tioned here is the advisability of conduct-
ing packing schools throughout the tender
fruit districts. This seems necessary
whether a law regulating uniform grading
and packing is put in force or not.

The N.Y.Fruit Growers' Convention

Prof. J. W. Crow, Guelph. Ont.

In reply to a request of the editor for in-
formation in regard to the proceedings at
the recent convention of the New York
State Fruit Growers' Association, I might

QUEENS OF QUALITY

The Editor of the BiEEKEE5PBRS' REVIEW and his sons have 1,100 colonies of bees
worked for extracted honey. With all those bees working with equal advantage, all having
the same care and attention, they have an opportunity unexcelled to ascertain without a
reasonable doubt, colonies desirable as breeders from a honey producer's standpoint. Likely,
never in the history of beekeeping, was there a better opportunity to test out the honey
gettmg strain of bees than this. Think of it, 1,100 colonies with equal show, and a dozen of
those colonies storing 250 to 275 pounds of surplus honey this last poor (with us) season,
while the average of the entire 1,100 being not more than 40 pounds per colony. We have
sent two of our very best breeding oueens (their colonies producing 275 pounds surplus each,
during the season of 191B) to John M. Davis, and two to Ben. G. Davis, both of Spring Hill,
Tenn., and they will breed queens for the Review during the season of 1916, from those four
superior honey gathering breeding queens. Those young queens will be mated with their
thoroughbred drones. Our stock is of the three banded strain of Italian, »lso that of John
M. Davis, while Ben. G. Davis breeds that disease resisting strain of goldens, that is be-
coming so popular.

^Jjf?'* '^''"^ yo" are likely thinking that your strain of bees may be improved some by
the addition of this superior strain of Review queens and how you can secure one or more
of those superior honey gathering queens as a breeder. We will tell you: They will be
sold to none except Review subscribers. If you are a paid-in-advance subscriber to the
Review for 1916, we will mail you one of the daughters of those famous queens in June for
a dollar. If not a subscriber to the Review for 1916, send $1.75 for a year's subscription to
the Review and one of those famous young queens. Those queens are well worth two dollars
each, compared to the price usually charged for ordinary queens, but we are not trying to
make money out of this proposition, only we are anxious to have every subscriber of The
Beekeoper (Canadian postage free), a subscriber of the Review, and we are taking this
way to accomplish the object. A few of the very first orders for queens that we receive can
be mailed in May but the majority will not be mailed until June. Orders filled in rotation.
Have your order booked early and avoid disappointment

Address, with remittance,

THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, Northstar, Michigan

EEHIVE SUPPLIES

Try our Beginners' Outfit. 8-lu
frame Langstroth Bodies or Suptr^s
10 ins. deep; 2 Bottom Boards; L'
Covers; 80 Huffman Self-spacinsj
frame.<; S Dividing Board.s. Price
$t;.Oii. Write for prices.

SANDERS & BELL, Limited, St. Thaats, Oat.

B

WE STILL MAKE FOUNDATION
FOR SALE

We will buy your wax or make It Inte the
bttst grade of foundation at low rates.

W. A CHRYSLER & SOIS

Rt. No. 5, Chatham, Ont.

The Root Canadian House

185 Wright Ave. - - Toronto, Ont.

MAPLE SYRUP WANTED.
All kinds of Bee supplies, books and Jour-
nals. None better in quality. Put In your
order now for 1 tb. packages of bees. Satis-
faction guaranteed. Early discounts.

"POUNDS OF BEES."

To the practical Beekeepers of Canada.
Past exDerlence proves to us that it does not
pay to sell bees in pound packages earlier
than May 1st, but after that date, which is
Just after our Orange Blossom flow, finds
our hives full of young bees and sealed brood.
So we can offer bees after May 1st, 1 pound.
$1.50; 5 pound lots, $1.25; 10 pound lots, $1.00
per lb. In lots of 100 pounds in separate
pound packages, 90c. per pound F.O.B.
Rialto, CaL Untested queens to go with
them, $1.00 each, $4.25 for six, $8.00 per
dozen; $60.00 per 100, or queens by mail at
above prices. Safe arrival and satisfaction
to all customers. Express charges to or
near Toronto, around 25c. per pound in lots
i>f 10 or more at one time.

RIALTO HONEY CO. Rialto, Cal., U. S. A.

Beekeepers !

GET OUR NEW 1916 CATALOGUE.

Dovetailed Hives and Frames our
sipecial features. Bees, Queens, Wax,
etc. The pound package, including
Italian Queen, our specialty. Season's
output during 1915 — nearly 500 1-lb.
packages.

CHAS. E HOPPER & CO.

TORONTO, tNT.

BEEKEEPERS!

Jones ' Weed Process
Comb Foundation, Wax
worked into Founda-
tion, Italian Bees in
Pound Packages, Im-
proved Model Hives,
and a full line of Bee
Supplies. Catalogue
free.

Write us if you have any BEES-
WAX to offer.

F. W. JONES

BEDFORD, QUE.

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

»9

state I did not arrive in Rochester in time
to hear the discussion on "Dust Sprays,"
but I, nevertheless, heard a great deal
about it from Mr. D. Johnson, Dominion
Fruit Commissioner; Mr. Walter Dempsey,
of Trenton; Mr. W. F. Kydd, Toronto, and
from many others who were there. The
fruit growers seemed inclined to accept the
statement of the experimenters with regard
to results secured, and these results I may
say show satisfactory returns for codling
moth and scab when compared with re-
sults of careful spraying. Unfortunately,
the dust idea seems at present to be lim-
ited to codling moth, and scab, and will
not apply in the case of San Jose Scale,
peach leaf curl, or pear psylla, at least at
present.

The advantage of working with dust is
that one man and one horse can do con-
siderably more work in one day than can
be done by three men and two horses with
an ordinary power sprayer. The dust out-
fit costs from $125 to $250, and it is claimed
that forty acres of bearing apple orchard
can be thoroughly dusted in one da>.

The Ontario delegates were much inter-
ested in the work of the New York State
Commissioner of Foods and Markets, which
was thoroughly discussed before the con-
vention, and which received from the con-
vention a very hearty vote of confidence.
The commissioner is, of course, a govern-
ment officer, but the strange thing is that
he is established in business for the pur-
pose of marketing New York State food •
products. Any grower in New York State,
or for that matter in any other state, may
consign a shipment of any size to the com-
missioner. The goods are handled under
contract with one of the large auction sales
rooms, and a five per cent, charge is suf-
flcent to place the shipment into the hands
of the retailer.

DUST SPRAYS.

Very successful experiments in the use of
dust snrays have been carried on in New
York State, for several years. Cornell Uni-
versity of Ithica, New York, have been ex-
perimenting for five years and this year
have issued a bulletin No. 369, showing the
results of their experiments and the many
advantages of dusting.

During the recent New York State Fruit
1 irowers' Association the most important ad-
dress at the meeting was one by Professor
Reddick on the use of dust sprays. He told
the growers that they would have to use
dust, particularly those who have large or-
chards and find it impossible to get over
their spraying in three or four days or who
have trouble securing labor.

He showed twelve different advantages of
dusting over spraying for summer applica-
tion. The most important of which was the
great saving in time and labor. Our man
with a dusting machine being able to do
more work in one day than three men with
a power sprayer would do in four days.

Besides these experiments the Niagara
Spray Companies have been carrying on
some extensive investigations and during
the past year dusted a good many large or-
chards. They have issued a special bulle-
tin on the result of their work.

The Niagara Companies have always been
foremost in all matters of sprays. They
have worked out the most approved and up-
to-date dusting machine in the world. They
have installed complete machinery for
grinding and preparing all kinds of dust
sprays, so are in a position to take care of
any requirements for either machines or
materials.

The Niagara Brand Spray Co. of Burling-
ton, will be pleased to give any information
on this important subject.

COMB FOUNDATION

Made by the " Weed Process

»

The " Weed " Fonadati^n Sheeter

FOUNDATION made by this process excells all other in strength of texture.
This feature, combined with nice, straight uniform sheets, good cell walls
and thin base, gives it world-wide reputation tor general excellence of qual-
ity. So much better than the ordinary, and costs no more — Try it.

Customers' Wax made up by "Weed" Process.
Beeswax taken in payment of making at trade prices, if desired.

THE HAM & jNOTT CO., Limited, Bradford, Ont.

The Beekeepers' Review Clubbing Offer For 1916

The REVIEW for 1916 $1.00

Oct., Nov. and Dec, 1916, free.

American Bee Journal for 1916 1.00

Gloanings for 1916 1.00

One REVIEW HONEY QUEEN 1.00

Total $4.00

ALU FOUR

FOR ONLY

$3.00.

For description of REVIEW QUEEN see another column.
Gleanings, 30c.; A. B. J., 10c. ; Reviow Free.

Add for Canadian Postage

Address, with remittance,

The BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, Northstar, Michigan.

PRODUCTIVE BEEKEEPING

Is the title of a new book of 326 pages by Mr. Frank C. Pellett, State

Apiarist of Iowa.
As the name of this book indicates it Is especially adapted to the needs
of the practical beekeeper. Not a discussion of scientific principles,
but of practical methods.

Sources of Nectar, Wintering, Marketing, and Laws that Concern
the Beekeeper, are titles of chapters of special interest.
Regular price 11.50 postage extra.
We offer this latest book with the American Bee Journal one year,
both for $2.00, Canadian postage 15 cents extra.

134 illustrations, attractive cloth binding.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

Hamilton, Illinois

40

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral E>(MUon.

THE

BEEKEEPERS'
DIRECTORY

The following beekeepers will be able to
supply Bees and Queens In any quantity
for the season of 1916. Order early.

E. E. MOTT,

Glenwood, Mich.
Northern Bred Italian Queens.

J. P. MOORE,

Morgan, Ky.
Try Moore's Strain Next Year.

W. R. STIRLING,

Ridgetown, Ont.
Pine Italian Queens.

J. I. BANKS,

Dowelltown, Tenn.
Italian "Queens of Quality."

P. TEMPLE,

438 Gladstone Ave., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Bred Italian Stock.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.,

Newark, N.Y.
Northern Bred Italian Bees and Queens.

M. C. BERRY & CO.,

Successors to Brown & Berry,
Haynevllle, Ala.
Best bred Italian Queens and Bees.

THE PENN COMPANY,

Penn, Miss.
Bees and Queens.

P. W. JONES,

Bedford, Que.

Bees by the pound, also best Italian

Queens.

H. C. CLEMONS,

Boyd, Ky.
Three band Italians bred for business.

THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE,

185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian and U.S.A. bred queens and
bees. Bees by the pound or colony.

A. E. CRANDALL & SON,

Berlin, Conn.
"Quality" Italian Queens.

JOHN A. McKINNON,

St. Eugene, Ont.

Best northern bred stock.

WM. ATCHLEY,

of Mathls, Texas.
Wants to sell you your early bees by the
pound. Queens in season.

STOVER APIARIES

Mayhew, Miss.
Not a single complaint.

J. W. K. SHAW & CO.,

Loreauvllle, La.
Everyone knows their strain of three-
band Italians.

Business Problems Discussed by
Ontario Fiuit Growers

(Continued from page 36.)
an open crate. Strong exception was taken
by several of tlie growers to the fact that
the crates had been marked 1, 2 and 3X, a»
it was felt that the use of these grades
might tend to deceive that portion of the
public not aware of the fact that these
markings have been discontinued under the
Fruit Marks Act.

Mr. R. M. Winslow, of British Columbia,
showed that the use of this crate in British
Columbia has resulted in many different
styles and sizes of crates being used and
that these vary greatly in their construc-
tion. Their use as constituting quite a pro-
iblem, but apparently it is a package which
has come to stay. No action was taken by
the convention. It seemed to be the general
opinion that ultimately legislation will have
to ibe adopted covering the style and con-
struction of this stylo of package.
Marketing Tender Fruits.
A morning session was devoted to pro-
blems arising out of the marketing of ten-
der fruit. A carefully thought out address
on the necessity for amalgamation among
the fruit gro'wers in the Niagara district in
the marketing of their crop was given by
iMr. J. R. Hastings, of Winona who showed
that the time for such action has come and
why it is required.

The results of the advertiisiug campaign
conducted by the fruit growers of the
Niagara district last fall were described by
iMr. W. H. Buating, of iSt. Catharines. Al-
though the crop was large and the season
at times unfavorable, and trying financial
conditions prevailsd throughout the couit-
try, the advertisiing campaign had prevented
any serious re.tardation in the movement of
the crops during even the heaviest shipping
season. A demand had 'been created in
many districts where fruit had not been
sold before and in other distnicts the outlet
enlarged, with the result that distributioa
had been better than ever ibefore known.
The prices realized had not been large, but
this condition had teen anticipated. The
growers were well satisfied wilth the results
of the campaign.

Mr. T. B. Revett, of Niagara-on-the-Lake,
criticized the campaign to some extent, on
the ground that it had not increased the
price for fruit, and that it had not enabled
indivdidual growers to make direct sales. He
thought the campaign should have been so
conducted as to have established a uniform
price. By way of reply, Mr. Bunting quoted
from a Liondom, Ontario, paper which show-
ed that on one day in that city alone, eight
car loads of fruit had been sold, where for-
merly the consumption was a'bout eiight car
loads In a week.

The results of pre-cooling experiments at
Grlmslby were ffivcn iby Messrs. Edwin
Smith and J. M. Creelman, of Grimsby.
These papers will he published later.
The Fruit Marks Act.
Great interest centred In a diiscussiion of
what constitutes a No. 2 apple, as led off 'by
Dominion Fruit Commissioner, D. Johnson,
of Ottawa. Mr. Johnson stated that no
trouble has been experienced in regard to
the No. 1 grade. I'he difficulty centred
around the No. 2 grade. In brief, iMr. John-
son contended that it was absolutely neces-
sary that a definition shall be prepared for
the No. 3 grade, or that two grades be es-
taljllshed for the No. 2 grade. A committee
was appointed to consider the matter. This
committee later recommended in favor of
t-wo grades ibeing established as follows:
A "Quality" grade, -whdch must not in-

clude any cuUss, and be sound, of not less
than nearly medium size, and of fair color
for the variety, and not less than 85 per
cent, free from scab, worm holes, bruises
and other defects, and properly packed.

A "Domestic" grade which must include
no culls, 'be sound, of not less than nearly
medium size and fair color for the variety,
niinety per cent, free from worm holes, but
may be slightly affected by scab and other
minor defects, and properly packed."

This recommendation was approved by
the As.sociation. In view of the fact that
the matter would probably be considered by
other provincial associations the matter
was left in the hands of Messrs. W. H. G4'b-
.son, Newcastle; W. H. Dempsey, Trenton;
C. W. Gurney, Paris; Elmer Lick, Oshawa;
P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto; W. F. W. Fisher.
Burlington, and the president, Dr. Grant, of
Thedford, who will consult with the Domin-
ion Fruit Commissioner in regard to the
taking of further action.

A paper on the grading of basket fruits
was read by F. M. Clement, of Vineland.
This is published elsewhere in this issue.
Dr. A. J. Grant, of Thedford, and C. F.
Howard, of Hagersville, spoke on the ob-
taining of better net returns by local as-
sociations. Both these papers will be pub-
lished later. Prof. L. Caesar, of Guelph,
spoke on the Leaf Rollers. A paper by him
on this subject appears elsewhere In this
issue.

Ontario Apples Inferior.

Throughout the convention frequent re-
ference was made to the fact that apples
grown in British Columbia and the Pacific
Coast States were being sold regularly in
Toronto for higher prices than Ontario
packed fruit could command. It was ex-
plained that one reason for this was that
the western fruit was better colored, it was
packed more uniformly and each 'box con-
tained a certain num'ter of apples, the num-
ber of which was marked on the outside.
Doubt was expressed by Mr. P. W. Hodgetts
as to whether Ontario would ever be able
to hold its own with late varieties of apples
against this western fruit. The opinion
seemed to 'be tliat Ontario could do better
than she has been doing and that as soon
as co-operative methods have been adopted
more extensively an improvement would be
effected.

British Columbia Conditions.

That all is not well with the fruit grow-
ers of British Columbia, was shown by the
address given by Mr. R. M. Winslow, Sec-
retary of the British Columbia Fruit Grow-
ers' Association. Mr. Winslow showed that
in spite of the fact that the fruit growers of
the province have steadily improved their
methods of production, and of marketing
their fruit crops, they are heing seriously
handicapped by the large quantities of fruit
shipped Into Canada by the Western Pacific
Coast states. Each year some 1,000 car
loads of apples are sent into western Can-
ada and sold at the lowest American quota-
tion. The Northwestern States have plant-
ed enough apples to supply their markets
several times over. For years past their
product has not been sold at a price that
averaged the cost of production, and a large
part of their orchards are being cut down.
As the cost of production is lower in the
Pacific Coast States than in British Colum-
bia, this competition was proving most try-
ing to the British Columbia grower. It is
expected that the 1916 crop will be at least
double the 1915 crop. Mr. Winslow esti-
mated that for four years to come the aver-
age selling price of Northwestern apples
will be below the cost of production. To
meet the situation the executive of the iBrlt-

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

41

SOLUBLE SULPHUR

The Sulphur Spray
in Powder Form
Fungicide and
Insecticide

Why Pay Freight
Water?

WEIGHT 100 LBS.

Mr. R. H. Lewis, of Winona, who was for years
Government Scale Inspector, used Niagara Soluble
Sulphur on 14 acres badly infested with San Jose
Scale. He says it will control scale better and
cheaper, and he prefers it to all other material on
the market.

J. W. Clark, of Cainsville, Ont., used Soluble Sul-
phur, and says "there is no question about the Solu-
ble being cheaper and more convenient to handle."
Results satisfactory.

J. S. Freeman, of Freeman, Ont., cleaned up his orchard of bark louse, and scale,
with Soluble. He says, "I had an average quantity, practically free from scab, spot,
or worms, and mostly Number 1. I believe there is no better spray material on the
market than Soluble Sulphur."

Thousands of fruit growers testify as to the merits of Soluble Sulphur.
Ask for our Bulletin No. 4 on practical experiments with Soluble Sulphur in com-
mercial orchards.

Niagara Soluble Sulphur

Dissolves immediately in hot or cold water, contains no sediment, keeps indefin-
itely, does not freeze, sticks like paint. It's cheaper, easier to handle, no leak-
age or loss. Easy to mix and apply, no clogging of nozzles.

100 lbs. Soluble Sulphur makes more spray than a 600 lb. barrel of Solution.

It saves freight and storage, as it is conveniently packed in cans of 100, 50, 25 and
10 lbs. Works quicker and better than Solution. Gives a perfect control of San
Jose and other scales. A stronger and better fungicide for apple scab and other
fungous diseases.

"NO FUSS— NO MUSS"

WEIGHT 600 LBS>.

ARSENATE OF LEAD.

Swift's and Niagara Brand. Guaran-
teed highest grade — 15% arsenic
oxide. Mixes easiest and stays mixed.

NIAGARA LIME SULPHUR.

Was highest in Beaume Test. Clear
and uniform at all times — the pioneer
solution.

DUST SPRAYS.

Finest Powdered Sulphur — Powdered,
Arsenate of Lead. Dusting Machines.

Let us quote you on your requirements
WHEREVER FRUIT EXCELS NIAGARA SPRAY IS USED

The Niagara Brand Spray Co., Limited

BURLINGTON, ONTARIO

42

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Eddtlon.

55 First Prizes
in One Garden

What a source of satisfaction it
is to produce in your own garden
the finest vegetables and flowers,
fit to compete in a prize contest
with the best the neighborhood
can produce

You can do this if you sow

D. & F.'s
HIGH GRADE SEEDS

55 First Prizes taken by Mr. F. S.
Watson, of Lachine, Que., last
year on products grown from D.
& F.'s High Grade Seeds.

Have a prize garden yourself
this summer. Catalogue sent free
on request.

Dupuy S Ferguson

38 Jacques Cartier Square,
Montreal, Que.

i&h Columbia Fruit Growers' Association
has urged itlie amendment or Interpretation
of tlie Anti-iDumplng Clause of the Tariff
Act so as to Impose an adequate dumping
duty on fruits Imported at less than the
cost of production.

Final Resolutions.

Resolutions passed referred with regret
to the death of the late Eobt. Thompson, of
St. Catharines, md Major A. E. Kimmins, of
Winona, thanke^l iHon. Martin Burrell, Do-
minion Minister of .Agriculture, for the ap-
pointment of Mr. D. Johnson as Fruit Com-
missioner, thanlied Hon. Mr. Duff, Provincial
Minister of Agriculture, for work done by the
fruit branch under Mr. P. W. Hodgetts, at
the Vineland Statioii iby Mr. Clement, and
for 'the work of Prof. L. Cae.sar. Cold Stor-
age Commissioner, J. A. Ruddick, was con-
gratulated on the success of the work his
Division has done, in regard to the pre-cool-
ing of fruit. The a.s.sociation decided to
amend the constitution so thait 'the fees to
local associations vfii'i 'be &0c hereafter, in-
stead of 25c as formerly.

A Book That Will
Help You

To make your home look worth while — and
worth more.

Lovers of Roses

will And many suKtitstioiis in its list of 115
hardy varieties. It also lists many varieties,
new and old, of Shrubs, Vines, Herbaceous
I'erennlals, Trees and Bedding Plants.

The Book Is Free

Canadian Horticulturist.

to readers of the
Send for it to-day.

JOHN CONNON CO. Limited
HAMILTON, ONTARIO

Items of Interest

A free short course In fruit growing ana
vegetable gardening will ibe held at :Mac-
donald College, Quebec, 'February Tth to
11th.

The well known seed firm, "Kelway's," of
Bnglamd, has issued a little booklet entitled
"besit we Forget," giving a list of the em-
ployees of the tiTm who have enlisted in the
British Army or Navy since the war started.
The list includes almost fifty names. In
addition a still larger list is puibllshed of
former employees who have also enlisted.

Paint Without Oil

Remarkable Discovery That Cuts
Down the Cost of Paint Seventy-
Five Per Cent.

A Free Trial Package Is Mailed to Everyone
Who Writes.

A. K Rice, a prominent manufacturer of
Adams, N.T., ha3 discovered a process of mak-
ing a new kind of paint without the use of oil
He calls it Powdrpaint. It comes in the form
of a dry powder and all that is required Is cold
water to make a paint weather proof. Are proof
and as durable as oil paint. It adheres to any
surface, wood, stone or brick, spreads and looks
like oil paint and costs about one-fourth as
much.

Write to Mr. A. L. Rice. Manufr., 37 North
St., Adams, N.Y., and he will send you a free
trial package, also color card and full Informa-
tion showing you how you can save a good
many dollars. Write- to-day.

The Brantford Ideal Power Sprayer

CANNOT BE EXCELLED

Engine, Pump and
Pump Gear, mount-
ed on Heavy Steel
Beams and cannot
get out of alignment.

Phosphor Bronze

Bearings used

throughout.

The best and most

up-to-date outfit

money can buy.

We also manufacture complete lines of Gas and Gasoline Engines, Windmills, Tanks, Grain Grinders,

Steel Saw Frames, Water Boxes, Pumps, etc.

CATALOGUES DESCRIBING OUR DIFFERENT LINES. SENT ON REQUEST

GOOLD, SHAPLEY & MUIR CO. Ltd., BRANTFORD, ONT.

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

i&

Manitoba

J. A. Neilson, Manitoba Agricultural

College, Winnipeg.

The Manitoba Horticultural and Forestry
Association will hold their joint annual
convention at the Manitoba Agricultural
College on February 17th and 18th, 1916.
The convention this year promises to be a
very interesting one, as experts of the vari-
ous branches of horticulture will be present
to contribute to the success of the pro-
gramme. Mr. Robson Black, Secretary of
the Canadian Forestry Association, will
provide an illustrated lecture on Forestry
Problems. Mr. Norman Ross, Chief of Tree
Planting Division, Forestry Station at In-
dian Head; Mr. A. P. Stevenson, of Mor-
den; Dr. H. M. Speechly, of Pilot Mound;
Mr. J. J. Ring, of Crystal City, and other
leading horticulturists are expected to take
part in the programme. Representatives
are expected from Neepawa, Souris, Pilot
Mound, Stonewall, Killarney, Dauphin,
Brandon and other Societies. The discus-
.sions on the programme, and the exchange
of views and experiences by the delegates
from the different sections will doubtless
provide a considerable stimulus to the
growing interest in the work of Horticul-
ture and Forestry in Manitoba. The vari-
ous local societies have already done good
work, but much more remains to be done.
The following is a provisional pro-
gramme:—

Thursday Afternoon, Feb. 17th.
WOMEN'S MEETING.

1 p.m. — Inspection of buildings and green-
houses.

2 p.m. — Invocation.

Paper — "The test of house plants and how
to comfort them" — Miss Barbara Stratton,
Stonewall, Man.

Paper— Mrs. S. E. Clarke, 325 Vaughan
St., Winnipeg.

Address — "The Farmer's Vegetable and
Fruit Garden" — President J. B. Reynolds.

Illustrated lecture — "What Bees do with
Flowers" — R. M. Muckle, Lecturer in Bee-
keeping, Manitoba Agricultural College.

Addres.s — -"Vegetables as health pre-
servers"— Miss Ethel M. Eadie, Prof, of
Household Science, Manitoba Agricultural
College.

Illustrated lecture — "Birds in their rela-
tion to Horticulture"— Dr. H. M. Speechly,
Pilot Mound, Man.

Thursday Evening.

7.30 p.m. — Business Meeting — appointing
committees, receiving reports from local so-
cieties, draughting resolutions.
Friday Morning.

9.30 a.m. — Demonstrations in preparation
of spray mixtures — .1. A. Neilson, Assistant

FREE
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and amateur love.
It contains a most
complete list of the
Best Roses for ev-
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well as Dwarfs
and Climbers.

PliANT THP
BEST SEEDS,
BULBS, ROSES,
SHRUBS AND
VINES OBTAlNABIiE.

4

FINE

HARDY

TEA

ROSES

40c each,

4 for $1.25.

MRS. AARON WARD — Color Indian yellow, washed with salmon
Kold free blooming, a fine bedder.

J. B. CLARK (Irish)— Deep scarlet shaded blackish crimson,

nowers are large and beautiful.

K. AUGUSTA VICTORIA—
Creamy white, a di.stinct and
very beautiful variety.

KILLARNEY (lri»h)--Pale
pink, long pointed buds, lovely
and distinct, splendid for bed-
ding.

Phone Main 1510.

Wm. Rennie Co. Limited
TORONTO

ALSO AT

Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver

Don't forget to tell advertisers that you saw their ad-
vertisement in our Annual Spraying Number

Fruit and Vegetables Solicited

Branch Warehouses:

Sudbury, North Bay,

Cobalt, Cochrane

Porcupine

and

Send for
Shipping Stamp

WE GET YOU BEST PRICES

OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit,
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H. PETERS

88 Front St. East, Toronto

References: The Cana-
dian Bank of Commerce
(Market Branch) and
Commercial Agenclfes

44

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Business as Usual

The St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forwarding Co., Ltd.

The old reliable head(iuarter.s for Spraying Materials, Pumps
and all Fruit Growere Supplies.

Having purchased large quantities of Sulphur, Lime-Sulphur
Solution and Arsenate of Lead before the last big jump in
prices, we are in a position to supply growers in small lots at
present wholesale car load prices. Be sure and get our prices
before placing your orders. We sell the famous "Friend"
Power Spraying Machine and Outfits. Also the "Gould"
Pumps and Accessories.

The St. Catharines Cold storage & For'd Co., Limited

St. Catharines,

Ontario

Built for Business— The Ontario Fruit Sprayer Model 2-B.

It is powerful, very simple and low in price. The engine fills the tank, and
with our Patented Clutch engine can be used for any other purpose without taking
it off the Sprayer, a valuable feature not to be overlooked.

Write for our free catalogue on Spraying and Apple Evaporating.

FRUIT MACHINERY CO.,

Ingersoll, Ont.

in Horticulture, Manitoba Agricultural Col-
lege.

Address — "V'^egetable Storage" — James
Tribe, West Kildonan, Man.

Paper— Edward Mancer, Lot 12, St. Pauls,
Man.

Paper — "Markets and marketing garden
produce" — F. W. Hack, Lot 119, St. Vital,
Man.

Address — "How to have a successful farm
garden during a dry year" — J. J. Ring,
Crystal City, Man.

Address— "Spore production in plant dis-
eases"—V. W. Jackson, Prof, of Botany,
Manitoba Agricultural College.

Friday Afternoon.

1.30 p.m.— Demonstration of grafting— J.
A. Neilson.

Paper "Horticulture at Souris" — S. E.
Clarke, Souris, Man.

Paper — "Horticulture in and around Dau-
phin"— J. E. Boughen, Valley River, Man.

Paper— "Investigational work in Horticul-
ture at the Brandon Experimental Farm" —
S. A. Bjornason, Brandon, Man.

Address — "Horticultural experiences for
the year 1915"— A. P. Stevenson, Morden,
Man.

Paper — "Cultivation of the Iris" — F. L.
Skinner, Dropmore, Man.

Address — "Forest Notes for the year
1915" — Norman M. Ross, Chief of Tree
Planting Division, Indian Head, Sask.

Address — "Cutworms and their control"
— E. H. Strickland, Supt. Entomological
Lab., Lethbridge, Alta.

Friday Evening.

Address — Hon. Valentine Winkler, Minis-
ter of Agriculture, Winnipeg.

Illustrated lecture — "Forestry" — Robson
Black, Sec. Canadian Forestry Association,
Ottawa.

Address — "How plants live" — V. W. Jack-
son, Prof, of Botany, Manitoba Agricultural
College.

Saskatchewan's School Gardens

The furthering of agricultural education
in the primary schools of Saskatchewan,
inaugurated about a year ago, has already
given most encouraging results. Since the
formation of an agricultural instruction com-
mittee last winter and the appointment of
Messrs. Cocks and Bates as directors of
School Agriculture, much preparatory work
has been done by them to encourage the
formation of school gardens, by interview,
ing teachers and trustees, and by giving
lectures and addresses to public meetings.
A Farm Boys' Camp held at Regina Exhi-
bition was a pronounced success, and the
number of excellent Junior Fall Fairs, which
have been held at various points, show
clearly the good results obtained.

The benefit derived from bringing all the
children in the Province on an equal foot-
ing in school garden competitions is very
evident, and has been pointed out by many
public speakers, for not only have the
children of non-English-speaking communi-
ties had their share of successes in these
competitions, but several scholarship win-
ners are to be found amongst them.

The latest evidence of co-operation be-
tween the Departments of Education and
Agriculture is that the latter has under-
taken to provide the seeds of vegetables,
flowers, grasses, cereals and trees at a re-
duced price. A catalogue of the seeds is
now in course of preparation, and will be
sent out to every school district before the
end of the year.

February. 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

4S

League for Civic Improvement

A Civic Improvemeii't League for Canada
was formed in Ottawa, January 19tli and 20th
when about 150 delegates from different
parts of Canada attended a meeting held for
.that purpose. The conference, which was
eld in the Railway Committee Room o^ the
House of Commons, was opened by His
Royal Highness, The Duke of Connaught.

The objects of the proposed L-eague were
explained by Mr. Thos. Adams, the Town
Planning Expert of Uie Commission of Con-
servation. In a broad way they include the
advancement of general civic improvement,
the bettering of local forms of government,
Uie drawing of town planning schemes, the
re-planning of old districts on modern lines,
the improvement of housing conditions in
cities; the making and preservation of parks
and open spaces in cities; the regulation of
public advertising, the public performances
of music; the physical recreations of the
young and the cultivation of idle suburban
laU'd.

A proposal by Mr. Adams that the League
should aim at the institution of a depart-
ment of municipal aftairs in each province,
met with general approval as did a sugges-
tion that efforts might be made to promote
an International League, which could ap-
proach such a body as the Russell Sage
Foundation, and ask for a bequest which
would enable the League to make known
how various cities in the world promote
civic improvement. Those present included
many prominent men among whom -were Sir
John Willison, of Toronto, Dr. Jas. W. Rob-
ertson, of Ottawa, Mayor Walters, of Hamil-
ton, Mayor Waugh, of Winnipeg. A pro-
visional council was elected which will be
represemtative of all the provinces.

I don't get one-tenth as much out of The
Canadian Hortloultuiist as I ought, but I
get far more than the value of the subscrip-
tion. The fault is mine as the information
is certainly in the paper. It is for us readers
to use it. — -A. €. Campbell, Aylmer Blast, Que.

pKINNER
System of irrigation

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217 Water Street Troy. Ohio.

NEW AND RARE SEEDS

Unique collection. Hundreds of varl- ,
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This Is a N«w Model for 1916, the result of
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46

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EXUtiom.

PEERLESS PERFECTlOJhT

THE FENCE THAT
STAYS'PUT"

. Uneven Ground"'

PEERLESS Perfection
is one of the easiest
fences to erect, because
it stays "put." It can be
erected over the most hilly
and uneven ground, without
buckling, snapping or kinking.
Every joint is locked together
with the well-known "Peerless
Lock . ' ' The heavy stay wires we use pre-
vent sagging and require only about half as many posts as other fences.

Peerless Farm Fence

is made of the best Open Hearth steel fence wire. All the impurities
of the steel are burned out and all the strength and toughness left in.
Makes the fence elastic and spring3'. It will not snap or break under
sudden shocks or quick atmospheric changes. Our method of galvaniz-
ing prevents rust and the coating will not flake, peel or chip off.

Send for catalog. It also describes our farm gates,
poultry fencing and ornamental fencing.

Agents nearly everywhere. Jtgents wanted
in unassigned territory.

The Banwell-Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd.

Winnipeg, Manitoba Hamilton, Ontario

CENTRAL NURSERIES
For reliable Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Peach and Orna-
mental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, Grape Vines, Berry
Plants, E^vergreens, Hedges, etc. — good ones, too.

Also Seed Potatoes.
We ship direct to custoimers. Our new price catalogue
-will interest you. Note our offers — they are dependable
and O. K — 36 years at it. No agents for us.
Early Six Weeks' Seed Potatoes for sale.

A. G. HULL & SON, St. Catharines, Ontario

"TAYLOR-FORBES."

"MADE IN CANADA."

Tree Pruners

"Kansas."

"Happy Thought."

zUmiim^

"Orchard King.'

Patented because they are light, strong and easily operated. Sold by responsible
Hardware Dealers everywhere in Canada. Catalogue mailed on request.

TAYLOR-FORBES, Company, Limited

GUELPH, Canada

mrm«MiiiiiimM««iMiiimii«imiiMiifar»»r

The Poultry Yard

F. C. Elford, Experimental Farm, Ottawa

JWJWWiwwiiiiiiwuiiMnwiwwqBB!

Though February is not by any means the
hardest month of the year to get eggs, still
Sn most parts of Ontario it Is a month in
which we look for cold weather, and be-
cause of that It is usually somewhat trying
on the layers. The cold weather, however,
should not have a detrimental effect upon
the pullets, if care is taken that the house
is properly shielded. It is not necessary to
have a warm house, or even a house in which
water will not freeze, but it is necessary to
have a house through which the wind does
not blow. Though the air may be admitted
in the front of the house, the other three
sides should be wind proof. Take a look
through your henhouse and see that the
north side, and the two ends, are well bat-
tened. If this is not the case, take building
paper and neatly line the inside of the
house. Do it, however, with as little excite-
ment as possible, as undue noise or com-
motion in a pen of pullets may mean a good
many dollars loss in eggs.
Dampness.

At this time of the year, on days when the
weather is cold, too many poultr>Tnen in
wanting to provide against dampness, close
up the poultry house, so as to keep the hens
warm, and as a result dampness is experi-
enced. There are two ways to get nd of
dampness, either by putting a stove in the
building, or giving better ventilation.
Though at one time the stove was used, it
is not by any means to be advised. The
better plan i,s to open up the front of the
house and give the house lots of fresh air,
which should be Introduced by ventilation
without draught.

The south side of the poultry house should
have practically no solid wall, except about
eighteen inches up from the floor, which is
there merely for the purpose of keeping the
draught away from the hens when they are
scratching on the floor. From that to the
roof we should have cotton and glass. Our
experience here shows that about one third
glass to two thirds cotton is a good propor-
tion. Both glass and cotton should be
hinged so that it can be opened up whenever
the sun shines.

It is also a good plan, where the ceiling is
high, to have a straw loft. This can be done
by putting a few boards about six feet
from the floor and covering them with straw.
The straw will allow the air to filter through,
but not fast enough to cause a draft.
Feeding.

It is not a good plan to change the method
of feeding at this time of the year. A suit-
able system should have been started when
the pullets were placed in the pens, but in
case the system is not good, then the sooner
it is changed, the better, and in adopting
any system one must consider the local con-
ditions and the amount of work it will entail.
A good system, which many use, is to feed
grain night and morning in a heavy litter
on the floor, and dry mash in a hopper, or h
wet mash, once a day.

Grain mixtures may be composed of two
parts wheat, 1 part corn, one part oats, or
barley, or if corn is not available and buck-
wheat can be obtained, it might be fed in-
stead. The wheat should be good feeding
wbeat, that Is, wheat in which the grains
are solid, and not that In which there is a
considerable portion of dirt, and the only oats
to feed hens should be plump and heavy.

Feed this grain, but throw It on the litter
in the morning between «even and eight

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

«7

Carters Tested Seeds Inc.

Write for our 1916 Catalogue of
Garden, Lawn, and Farm Seeds.
Prices substantially reduced.
Stocks as good as ever.

Dept. A. 133 King St.
TORONTO, ONT.

East

Strawberry Plants that Grow

Selected plants. All standard varieties $3.50
to $6.00 per 1,000. Send for list.

Ontario Nursery Co. Ti

vraiLLINGTON. ONTARIO.

GLADIOLI

Gladioli are now amon^r the most popular
of summer cut flowers. We grow about five
acres, largely Groff's collections and GrofE's
named varieties: Peace, War, America, Blue
Jay, LiaLuna, Peachblow, Lavandula, and
many others.

We make mi special collections for Horti-
cultural Societies.

We also grow Paeonies, Dahlias, Peren-
nials. Flowering Shrubs and general Nursery
Stock.

Write for Catalogue.

CAMPBELL BROS.

SIMCOE, ONT.

o'clock, and in the evening long enough 'be-
fore dark that the hens will get a good feed
before they wish to go to roost. As to how
much to feed depends upon the birds. Feed
just what they will clean up, and whether
you are feeding too much or too little can
be easily asceriained by examining the litter.
Scrape a little of the straw off the floor, and
if you find any quantity of grain on the floor
you are feeding too much, on the other
hand, if there is practically no grain, you are
not feeding enough. The hens should have
just enough grain to keep them scratching
and not enough that they will ibecome dis-
couraged and not scratch.

As a rule the dry grain does not contain
enough protein for the high production of
eggs and the lack should toe made up in
some other way. This is frequently done
by feeding a mash. The mash may be fed
dry or, as is the case in some small flocks
where there is plenty of table scraps, it
might be mixed with the scraps and fed in
a moist condition. In this case a mash mix-
ture of the following: One part bran, two
parts shorts, one part corn meal or oats,
makes a good feed. If, however, the oats
in use are not very good, the hull should toe
removed. This dry material can be mixed
in with the table scraps and milk and fed
at noon, just what the hens will clean up
in about twenty minutes. Should it not be
possible to use table scraps, put the dry
mash into a self-feeding hopper, where the
birds can have free access to it, and add
to the dry mash ten per cent, of good toeef
scrap.

One of the most valuable poultry foods
is milk. Skim milk or touttermilk will bring
a better price in new laid eggs than in any
other product, and if milk is at all avail-
able, it ought to toe given to the hens. Milk
is used to advantage in the mixing of wet

BEST GLADIOLI
Half Price. February only.

Mrs. F. Pendleton, said to be the finest of
all, very large, wide-open flower, delicate
salmon pink, red mark in throat. IB cents.

Myrtle — the Queen of Gladioli, most lovely
of all, the most beautiful pink in Gladiolus.
30 cents.

Europa — the purest of whites, white as
us.

Peace — the grandest white. 10 cents.

Sohwaben — the strongest grrowlng, largest
flowering yellow on the market. 20 cents.

War—blood red, unrivalled for vigor, size
of bloom and brilliancy of color. 16 cents.

All home grown, superior to the Imported
stock usually sold.

H. P. VANWAGNER,
R. R. No. 5 ■ ■ Hamilton, Ont.

PRIZE DAHLIAS

Grown in Canada.
Twenty named varieties, $1.00. Fifteen
choice named varieties, $1.00. Ten Giant
prize-winners, all correctly named, $1.00.
Four different colors, 25c. All are field-
grown roots. Postpaid. Send for Catalogue
of over 200 beautiful varieties.
MISS G. S. DOUGLASS, Buctouche, N. B.

GLADIOLI BULBS

-Vmerica, Ught Pink. Per 100.

Bulbs 13-4 In. and up $1.75

11-2 in. to 13-4 in l.BO

'• 1 1-4 in. to 1 1-2 in. 1.2R

" 1 in. to 1 1-4 In 1.00

" 3-4 in. to 1 in 80

Napoleon — Bright, Brilliant Red, with

markings of cream and maroon.
Napoleon, Bulbs 1 1-4 in. to 1 1-2 In,
1 in. to 1 1-4 In. ..

" 3-4 in. to 1 in

50 or more at 100 rates
purchaser's expense. All
growing.

G. W. J. BRIDGER,

R. R. No. 1 - - - Sarnla, Ont

1.60
1.26
1.00

By express at
bulbs my own

NEWCASTLE- ON -TYNE

is the HUB of one

of the most densely
populated
and pros-
perous dis-
tricts in the
United
Kingdom.

iRBRDUCM

HARROGATE

YORK

An Excellent
Market for
Canadian
Growers.

We want regular weekly shipments of the best apples and
pears. Our wide connection enables us to dispose of It at excellent
prices.

Full i>articulars of quantities and varieties sent on request.

Cablet— LONGFIELD, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. A.B.C. Code,

5th Edition.
Bankers — Bank of Liverpool, Gallowgate Branch, Newcattle-on-

Tyne.

W. LONGFIELD & SON

1Z.14-16-22 Green Market, NEWCASTLE. ON-TYNE, ENGLAND.
Established 1868.

For the Land^s Sake

Use the best Manure
and get

GOOD CROPS

For Nurseries, Fruit Growers
and Gardeners.

Sure Growth Compost

(A Composition of all Natural Manures)

Makes poor land fertile and keeps fertile
land most productive.

Supplied by

S. W« Marchment

133 Victoria St., TORONTO

Telephone* : Main 2841 ; Residence. Park 951
Say rou MW thU wL in Tli* Caudiaa Hortieukivwt

48

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral l-^ilioii.

Spraying Pays

BECAUSE it saves your original investment so
that it can produce at a profit each year.
BECAUSE it keeps trees and plants healthy so
that they not only produce regularly but you get a larger,
more uniform and better quality crop.

BECAUSE only sprayed trees, for instance, produce uni-
formly good fruit, and good fruit brings
a fair price at any time.
BECAUSE it keeps stock quarters
healthful and prevents infection and
spread of disease. An ounce of pre-
vention beats a pound of cure any day.

It not only pays to spray, but it pays to do it thor-
oughly, with first class machinery and with the right
machine for each purpose.

ISONASE Sprayers

For u»e
in any
W«gon
Ctl. elc

20 gallon Sprayer.

50 gallon capacity.

are built with that choice in view^ — a large number (70)
of styles and combinations, most of which can grow to
more convenient and more efficient uses, and greater
power, for future growth in your spraying operations.

There are in this line Power Sprayers (50, 100, 150 and
250 gallons), Horizontal Barrel Sprayers (20, 50 and 100
gallons), vertical Barrel Sprayers (50 gallon, mounted or
otherwise). Bucket, Knapsack and Hand Sprayers, and
Traction Sprayers for field use in row crops.

Outside Pumps, high pressure, bronze ball
valves, hemp packing, all parts easily got at,
solutions touch brass parts only, thorough
mixing, a fine system of straining sediment,
nozzles that put the spray on as it should be,
and nozzle strainers for further protection —
these things characterize Iron Age Spray-
ers throughout.

We have agencies in all parts of the coun-
try with the most intelligent dealers. See the
nearest one and in the meantime write us
for "Spray" booklet and a spraying guide.

1 00 gallon PowcT Sprayci

'200 pounds prefs'ire with

6 to 8 n' zzUi

The Bateman- Wilkinson Co., Limited

466 Symington Ave., West Toronto, Ont.

P*wei Sprayer

Traction Sprayer

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS.
GOOSEBERRIES — Josselyn, Red Jacket, Down-
ing. Pearl, Houghton. CURRANTS — Perfection,
Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Profile, Cham-
pion, Black Naples, Black Victoria, Boskoop Giani.
RASPBERRIES — Herbert, Plum Farmer, St. Regis,
Cuthbert, Marlboro, Golden Queen, Brenekles
Orange. GARDEN ROOTS, Strawberry Plants,
Rhubarb. Write for Catalogue.
WIV}. FLEMING, Nurseryman, 496-4th Ave. W.,
OWEN SOUND, ONT.

STRAWBERRY «•«» all other small fruit plants SEED POTATOES

Our great now Strarwiberry "Grand Prize," the best FaJI-Bearlng kinds, and 50 others.
Herbert, Eaton. St. Regis Everbearing and other best Raspberries, also Blackberry,
Currant, Gooseberry and Grapes.

Splendid stock of Cobbler and Green Mountain Potatoes.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE FREE

H. L. McCONNELL & SON

Port Burwell, Ont,

mash when the wet mash is preferred.

Green food must be supplied for poultry
when they cannot obtain it themselves."
This can be given in the shape of roots.
such as mangels, beets, turnips, or vege-
tables, such as cabbage, or if none of these
are available, nicely cured clover leaves or
sprouted oats answer, but green food of
some kind should be available. If roots
are fed it is a good plan to split the root
down the centre and allow the hens to pick
out the pulp.

Niagara District Notes

F. G. H. Paltison, Winona, Ont.

The winter has been favorable to pruning
operations, and a great deal has been done
iu the Winona and Grimsiby seoUoos. In a
numtjer of vineyards the work has l>een fin-
ished, and in some of them the brusii has
been removed. A lot of tree pruning has
alPo l>een accomplished. On large fruit
farms, teaming has been suspended and the
permanent staff has been employed in prun-
ing a.lmost exclusively.

On January 7th a number of the heads of
co-operative fruiit companies m the Niagara
Peninsula, with some of the dealers and
growers, met in conference with Messrs. K.
C. Hart and J. B. Falrbairn, of the Markets
Branch of the Ontario Department of Agri-
culture, in an endeavor to map out a com-
prehensiive and satisfactory scheme for a
central organization to control at least 60
per cent, of the fruit output of the Niagara
district. Two different schemes were dis-
cussed, but no decision was reached. The
standardization of baskets was also con-
sidered. Most of those present were in
favor of a pint berry box and a four-fifth
quart box. Climax baskets were generally
favored. The present 6-quart basket and a
deeper 11-quart basket were also in general
favor. A niimber fancied the 9-quart, and
others wished the retention of the present
11-quart basket for plums and cherries.

On January 8th a well-atteaded meeting
of the Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' As-
sociation was held in the Court House, St.
Catharines. The meeting opened with a
short address on "The Standardization of
Fruit Baskets," by F. M. Clement, of Vine-
land, in which he pointed out the great need
of standard baskets for the packing and
shipping of fruit. A general discussion
showed that most of the members were in
favor of the following packages : The bushel
basket, the climax basket, the four-fifth
quart and two-fifth quart berry boxes, and
the standard apple, plum, and peach long
distance shipping crate. A strong com-
mittee was named to investigate and de-
termine the sizes of climax baskets best
adapted to fruit shipping and to report at
the annual meeting. Mr. Haycock, of Winni-
peg, spoke in the interesits of the Winnipeg
retail dealers, ufgiitg a standard 6-quart
climax basket.

A meeting of the Lincoln and Welland
Vegetable ajid Fruit Growers' Association
was held in St. Catharines on January &th.
It was decided that there should be no more
tomatoes raised and sold at 35 cents per
bushel, and that the canning factories must
not regulate the grower's sale price on that
product in future. An adoress on combina-
tion and co-operation was delivered by Thos.
Delworth, of Weston, who attached a great
deal of importance to the need of growers
being able to determine the cost of produc-
tion. He advocated the establishment of a
central headquarters, where informatlooi
could 'be procured by the growers with a

february. 191fi.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

49

FOR SALE

Everything from an apple tree
to a strawberry plant — shade,
ornamental and evergreen
trees, ornamental shrubs and
vines, roses, hardy flowering
plants, bulbs, asparagus —
guaranteed stock at reason-
able prices. 2c stamp for
catalog. Silver black foxes,
fishers, mink.
DOWNHaM BROS..B01 E, Slratkror.Oiit.

NORTHERN GROWN FRUIT TREES
FOR NORTHERN PLANTERS

At Lowest Prices consistent with Sterling
Quality.

ALBERT NURSERIES. Albert, New Brantwick

Deep Seedbeds
Properly Prepared

—That's what you get when you use
the deep-cutting, double-turning, level-
ing and compacting

"Acme"" Pulverizing Harrow^

"The coulters do the work" — yoa Bhoultl see
them mix the Boil. cut cioda, weeds and trash
and make the whole into a iirm yet mellowfseed-
bed several inches deep. The "Acme" is simple,
durable and easy to pull. SizesSft. to 17 1-2 ft.
wide. Tbousanus in use. Send for booklet now.

No 23,

6% ft. wide

Tlie JUateman- Wilkinson Co.
Limited

602 Symington Avenue Toronto. Ont.

Or the Manufacturers :

Duane H. Nash Inc.

ElmSt.,Millini!ton - New Jersey

Guaranteed

to
" MAKE
GOOD "

That means a lot to every buyer — guar-
anteed Sturdy, Healthy and true to name
by a firm that has been growing trees
right for 32 years — Apple, Pear, Peach,
Plum, Cherry and Quince Trees, also
Small Fruits and Ornamental Stock.
Direct to Vou at Grower's Prices

Quality before price la our motto, but
our personal supervision of all trees from
our nurseries to you, together with up-
to-date facilities, enables ua to sell Kelly
Trees at low prices.

Our catalog tells all about our trees
and prices. It Is our only salesman, and
you can order from the catalog Just as
well as If you visited us here in Dans-
ville — Why not do both?

Write for catalog to-day — It's worth
while.

KELLY BROS., Wholesale Narieriet

147 Main Street, Dansvllle, N. Y.
You'll never regret planting Kelly Trees.

view to es.tablisliiiig a standard price. He
held that the association should endeavor
io help the growers avoid losses. The
growers, too, should realize their situation,
and join either one or both of the local or-
ganizations.

On January 13th, the regular annual
meeting of the Niagara Peninsula Fruit
Growers' Association was held in the Court
House, .St. Catharines. Retiring President,
'R. H. Dewar, of Fruitland, occupied the
chair. The financial report showed the
total receipts for the year to be $994.24, and
exipenditures $625.91, leaving a 'balance on
hand of $368.'33. The chief subject of dis-
cussion was the question of a change in the
11-quart peach ibaskat, to permit Its holding
three layers of No. 1 peaches by taking in
the flare, using the same bottom, but giving
a quarter inch added height. The meeting
passed a resolution favoring the amended
11-quart 'basket recommended by ithe com-
mittee, but referred the que&tion back to
the committee for further consideration..
W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines, explained
the style of basket necessary. In packing
No. 1 peaches, the present height of basket
is not high enough. If the height of the bas-
ket were increased from one-eighth to one-
quarter of an inch, and the flare at the
ends of the basket reduced to the same
amount of flare on the other side, making a
flare of one-quarter inch all round, the best
interests of the fruit growers would ibe
served. David Allan, of Grimsby, was
strongly in favor of the change, declaring
that the marketing public does not want
two-layer baskets any longer. iMany of the
members felt that the present standard 11-
quart was an ideal package. President
Dewar contended that in the majority of
years the present basket would easily ac-
commodate No. 1 peaches. He had no ob-
jection to cutting an inch of the flare off
the ends of the basket. Complaint was
made of the changes in the sizes of basket
covers by different flrms, and a suggestion
made that the association take up the ques-
tion, and ask the Government to standardize
the basket covers. The matter was referred
back to the committee without any definite
conclusions being reached. Officers for the
ensuing year were elected as follows: Presi-
dent, J. H. Broderick, St. Catharines, 1st
Vice-President, J. R. Hastings, Winona; 2nd
Vice-President, S. H. Rittenhouse, Jordan
Harbor; 3rd Vice-President, D. Allan, Grims-
by; 4th Vice-President, P. J. iStewart, St.
Catliarines; Secretary-Treasurer, C. E.
iFlsher, St. Catharines, elected for the 20th
year.

A case of considerable Interest to fruit
growers was decided at the Wentworth Coun-
ty Court recently, when the jury found S. H.
iRittenhouse, a well-known fruit grower, of
Vineland, not liable for the injuries sustain-
ed by M.Ike LiukatohiA, while workifrg on de-
fendant's farm. The plaintiff was engaged
in spraying trees last spring for the defend-
ant, and claimed damages for injuries he
suffered when septic poisoning developed in
his right hand, due, he alleged, to the mix-
ture used in spraying. He charged negli-
gence on the part of his employer for not
Fupplying gloves before the poisoning set la.
The defence was that it was not the custom
of farm laborers to wear gloves, and that
this was the first case of poisoning known,
although the mixture was a s.tandard one,
and had been in use 'by fruit farmers for
years.

fMr. R. T-.. lanes, Hamilton, formerly sec-
retary-treasurer of the Dominion Canners,
has been appointed general manager, in
room of J. J. Nairn, who resigned on account
of ill-health.

Potatoes are scarce and prices have risen

Order
Canadian Grown Nursery Stock

direct from our Nurseries, and save all
middlemen's profits. Write at once for our
catalogue and price list of fruit trees, small
fruits, Roses, Shrubs, etc. Address

J. H. McCOMBS, UNION NURSERIES,
Fonthlll .... Oiitarlo

F
R
E
E

10 RDSES 35 SHRUBS 3S WHITE CLEMATIS

The first 100 who will send us their
name and address, not already on
our mailing list, will receive free
one of the above plants and our
new interesting spring catalogue.
Write to-day.

A. W. GRAHAM,

St. Thomas, Ont.
Grower and Importer of Roses,
Shrubs and everything beautiful
for garden and lawn.

What You Want In A Spraying Out it !

The first essential is thorough spraying
elTciency, then freedom from defects, dura-
bility, service and dollar-for-dollar value.
All this and more you get in the

It isnl a SPRAMOTOR unless wc made it

The supremacy of the SPRA3IOTOR In
every class is unquestionable. Every ma-
chine bearing the name is built to endure.
Its exclusive patented features will compel
you to pronounce it the best you ever saw.
Write for illustrated treatise to-day — FREE.

Made in Canada
No Duty to Pay

SPRAMOTOR WORKS

2706 Kins St. LonJon.Can.

FLOWER POTS

^Ht bMST MADt

PO|tEB'S
STAiilDARP

ffOf

We have a Large StO' k of all sized

FLOWER POTS

FERN OR BULB PANS

3/^ AZALEA POTS

and

RIMLESS PANS

Order* Filled Promptly. Send {or Prices.

The Foster Pottery Co., Ltd.

HAMILTON, ONT.

50

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EMUoa.

WHOLESALE PRICES

On strawberry plants to the planter. And other kinds of small fruit plants at very
low prices. Such as Raspberry, Blackberry, Currants, Gooseberry, and Grapes;
also best kinds of Rhubarb and Asparagus Roots. 23 years' experience in propa-
gating and shipping small fruit plants. There are no better plants grown In
Michigan. Everything fully guaranteed. Large illustrated and descriptive cata-
lo.?ue free.

A.WESTON & CO., Bridgman, Mich.

What will it costlbu
Not to sprai]
For Aphis ?

APHIS INJURED

p The U. S. Dep'tof Agric. Says $30,000,000

I is the annual damage done to the American Iruit crop by insects.
Aphis causes a considerable part of this loss and the standard in-
secticide recomniended by experiment stations and spraying ex
perts lor this and many other orchard pests is

"BLACK LEAF 40"

^^ Guaranteed to contain 40% Nicotine

^ THIS IS THE TIME TO SPRAY "BLACK LEAF 40" is not recom-

forAppe Aphis-just as the leaf mended for all insects; but for

buds show green. Don't delay Anhi« Pmt Pevla Hoti I nime

till the foUage gives the Aphis ^^X *^«" *^^y'^; /^o? ^""'«'

prot;ctii,n. Use "BLACK LEAF a°d many other soft-bodied suck-

40" when bnds are like the one '"2 insects it has proven to be a

shown in this picture. \Vrite us highly effective and a very eco-

lot Arple Aphis Bulletin. nomical insecticide.

- ■£• >-

ItKOrillE-SULPHnE

,2PouiiDsPrice)ZJ!

HAKES ioo GA'U-
EFFECTIVE SPMV.

accordingly. On the Hamilton market they
have been reuiling at $2.25 to 12.50 a bag,
and 13.00 Is Ulked of. Apple prices arc
steady and good applea are In demand, but
a lot of inferior apples are coming on the
market.

Th« annual meeting of the Burlington and
Nelson Horticultural Association was held
during the middle of January in BurUngton.
A oommlttee was appointed to secure new
memters for the purpose of enlarging the
organization. Geo. Blair and Paul Fisher
were appoiated to look after the purchase of
spray material this year. The following
were elected as officers and directors: Presi-
dent, H. T. Foster; Vice-President, G S
Freeman; Sec.-Treasurer, W. E. A. Peer; Di-
rectors: W. F. W. Fisher. W. V. Hopkins, J.
S. Freeman, R. C. Fowler, A. W. Peart, and
Arthur Lindley.

Problems of Fruit Growers

DIFFICULTIES that confront Ontario
fruit growers were discussed in a
helpful way ac meetings of frmt
growers held in connection with the recent
Lambton County Horticultural Exhibition.
In this connection Mr. D. J. Johnson, Do-
minion Fruit Commissioner, Ottawa, out-
lined work bis department has undertaken
on behalf of fruit growers.

When Mr. Johnson took office a UtUe
over a year ago the inspectors appointed to
adminster the Fruit Marks Act were re-
garded by the growers as spies. They
worked in large centres, and men who were
Jgnorantly violating the Act were fre-
quently summoned. To-day the inspectors
are going up and down the concess'ons and
side roads educating growers how to pack
and ship their fruit. Inspection is being
made at the point of shipment, and wl^re
asked for, certificates are issued to the
shipper of the car. In this way the inspec-
tors are coming to be regarded as the
growers' friend. The matter of fruit pack-
ages is now being considered by the De-
partment. There is great difference of opin-
ion among growers on this point, and Mr.
Johnson stated that the question would be
discussed at a series of fruit conferences
before action would be taken.

Advertising fruit as an article of daily
use rather than a luxury is being actively
taken up by Mr. Johnson. Increasing quan-
tities of fruit are being placed on the mar-
ket every year, and the grower must not
look for high prices. It is better to move
all the crop at a fair price and let the con-
sumer have more fruit for his money. Dur-
ing the past year fruit advertisements ap-
peared in almost every paper in the Do-
minion. The consumer was advised as to
the quantity of fruit, when best to pre-
serve fruit and what are the most desir-
able varieties. New ways of cooking and
preparing fruits are also being brought to
the attention of the housewife.

Efforts are being made by the Dominion
Fruit Branch, in conjunction with the De-
partment of Trade and Commerce, to open
new markets for Canadian fruits. Forsyth
Smith ,a successful British Columbia fruit
grower, has been placed in an office in
Liverpool, and has started a campaign to
place more Canadian fruit on the English
market. When conditions abroad are more
normal, men will be placed in other large
centres of consumption. Cold storage
trans.portation for tender fruits is also
being arranged. It is hoped by this means
to create markets for the enormous crop
which will be produced in Canada in the
next few years.
Carefully prepared and accurate tele-

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

fli

THE PUMP THAT LEADS THE WORLD

— that was awarded the
Grand Prize and the three
Gold Medals in open compe-
tition with the entire world
at the Panama Pacific Expo-
sition in 1915, is the justly
famous

BE Ajsr

This, remember, against
all manner and makes of
machines, in 1915 (not 20
years ago).

This pump has ten big,
special features, one notable
feature which should inter-
est every spray pump buyer is the patented
Pressure Regulator. It is the greatest single
improvement since power sprayers came into
general use. It reduces wear and tear 45% —
and saves 1-3 in gasohne. It maintains any
desired pressure, whether nozzles are open or
closed. It ehminates 90% of the troubles so
common in other power pumps.

j|t-i-arMin imimatmmmmimmmmmtmam

All Bean Pumps are direct gear connected
to engine — pumps driven by eccentrics, NOT
' worm driven, NO cranks.

Our illustrated catalogue, which is free, ex^
plains the other important features.

Investigate Now For Yourself.

Ask about Bulletin No. 4 — Practical Experi-
ments with Soluble Sulphur.

THE NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., Limited, Burlington, Ont.

DISSTON

Pruning

Saws

— a line comprising styles and sizes
for every requirement, all backed by
a reputation for Highest Quality and
Satisfactory Service.

D-24

Reg. U. S. Pat. Off.

No. 18

Don't wait until the last moment
and then be forced to use what-
ever saws your dealer may have
left in stock; make your selec-
tion now and get the saws ex-
actly suited to your requlre-
men-ts.

Our Pruning Saw Catalog will help in
your selection. Write to-day for a copy.

HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Limited

2 FRASER AVE., TORONTO, ONT.

52

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Kloral EJddtlon.

GREENHOUSES

Erected Anywhere in Canada

Our enlarged facilities now enable us to offer the advantages of
our thorough workmanship and knowledge, for the building of green-
liouses anywhere in Canada.

This is vitally important to those who formerly had to submit to high
American prices or forego the delights of a greenhouse with its flowers
and hothouse vegetables at any time in the year.

To those unacquainted with the superior advantages of our green-
houses we will gladly send Booklet B. It is full of suggestions for the
man who finds himself deprived of the pleasure of the garden at the
passing of Summer. Write for it.

GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, Limited

201 Church Street, TORONTO

Transportation Bldgf., St. James St. Montreal

'M=

■5a

ST R AW BERRIES Sunmier ui Fall B«*rin( and all Berr; Froit Plaott

We are headquarters for Summer and Fall Bearing: Strawberry Plants
Raspberries, Blacltberries, Gooseberries, Currants, Grapes, Fruit Trees.
Roses, Ornajnental Shrubs, Egrgs for Hatching, Crates, Basliets, Seed
Potatoes, etc. The very finest stock at rook-bottom prices! 32 years' ex-
perience.

Our catalog contains valualble information for fruit growers. Send for
it to-day — it's free.

L. J. FARMER, BOX 696, PULASKI, N. Y.

——^liaiHllvfkik,,"'' *•

"» Mul^^P'-^^'^ ^

, — =-- ' /!8K1B''"-vSSLij '*^~ ~'

\i__Liiiii=r'*^^3fc^B^^HLlB Jill --

^HHMUh^^^^^^S^^^ '

BRUCE'S DOMINANT SEEDS

.Tust as the British Fleet dominates the World's waters, so "BRUCE'S
SEEDS" are the dominant ones with the planter whose living depends upon
"Real Seeds."

It will be even more apparent at this time, when many seeds are in short
supply, that there will be more 8tocl<s offered by unreliable and inex-
perienced growers than in the past, and that houses with long established
reliable eonneetions such as we possess will have an incalculable advantage.

Why take a chance, when you can buy "The Best Seeds that Grow" —
BRUCE S — for very little more than so-called "cheap" seeds'

It costs as much to plant and care for poor seeds as good ones, and yon
have very meagre, unsntisfartory results to show in return for vour labor.

CHEAP SEEDS AEE DEAE IT YOU OET THEM FOE NOTHINO.

Send for our 128 page Catalogue of Seeds. Plants. Bulbs. Poultry
Supplies and Garden ImnleinentB, full of valuable information, which is now
ready and will he mailed PHEE to all applicants.

JOHN A. BRUCE & COMPANY, LIMITED

HAMILTON Established 1850 ONTARIO

graphic reports are compiled twice weekly
at the office ia Ottawa and mailed to every
grower in the Dominion. Many fruit dealers
resent this action, stating that it is the
growers' business to produce the fruit and
let the dealers look after the marketing.
Mr. Johnson views the matter ditferentiy,
and says it is the object of the Departmeui
to give the smallest fruit grower in the
Dominion as much Information on the fruit
situation as the largest dealer or shipper

British Columbia

The war in Europe is apt to have a disas-
trous effect on one branch of the fruit indus-
try in this province next year, judging from
the fact that about 80 per cent, of the ex-
pert fruit packers in the province have en-
listed. The Provincial Grovemment is en-
deavoring to d-eal with this sdtuaUon by hold-
ing as many packing and pruning schools
this winter as possible.

Recently only about twenty applications
for schools had been received by the De-
partment. This is not considered to be near-
ly enough to meet the demands of the situa-
tion, and the fruit growers of the province
are being urged to do all they can to en-
courage pupils to attend in the expecta-
tion that their services -will be urgently re-
quired next fall.

Bulletins and Reports.

Recent bulletins and reports which have
reached The Canadian Horticulturist in-
clude the following: The November issue of
The Manitoba Horticulturist, which is pub-
lished by the Manitoba Horticultural and
Forestry Association: Bulletin No. 24 on
Fruit Tree Diseases of Southern Ontario,
by W. A. McCubbin, of the Dominion Plant
Pathological Laboratory, St. Catharines.
Ont. This is one of the second series of
'bulletins on this subject. The Twenty-
ninth Annual Report of the Commissioners
of Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ont.,
gives aa account of the work accomplished'
during the past year. Excellent work is
being done at this park, which Is becom-
ing national in character.

The New Jersey Agricultural Experiment
Station, New Brunswick, N.J., is distribut-
ing circulars on "Marketing White Pota-
toes in New Jersey" and "Marketing Toma-
toes in New Jersey," by Charles M. Arthur.
Circular No. 153, on "Mushrooms, Edible and
Poisonous." by D. C. Babcock, and Circular
■No. 154, on "Some Important Insect Pests
of the Greenhouse." by R. D. Whitmarsh,
are being sent out by the Ohio Agricultural
Experiment Station. Wooster, Ohio.

Bulletin No. 160, on "Grape Pruning" and
Research Bulletin No. 21, on "Hardiness
in the Apple as Correlated with Structure
and Composition," are being distributed by
the Horticultural Experiment Station, Ames.
Iowa. Bulletin No. 186. on "Farm Apple
Storage," Is issued by the Vermont Agricul-
tural Experiment Station. Burlington, Vt.,
and Bulletin 37, entitled "Germination and
Infection with the Fungus of the Late
Blieht of Potato," by the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, Madison, Wisconsin.
These last circulars are well illustrated
and will "he found of interest and value.

The Wiscon.=!in Agricultural Experiment
Station, Madison. Wis., gives the results of
experiments in the control of cabbage yel-
lo^ws through disease resistance in Research
Bulletin 38. "Tink and Green Aohid of Po-
tato." is the title of Bulletin i242 of the Maine
Agricultural Experiment Station, Opono.

February, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

^

The N. S. Fruit Growers' Con-
vention

WITH tihe holding of the annual cooTen-
tiom o£ the iNova Sootia (Fruit
Gro-« ers' Association, the fruit grow-
ers of the Annapolis Valley feel each year
that they have concluded the worli of one
season, and they begin to plan for the sea-
son that lies ahead. This year's convention
was held at Wolfville, January 18th to 20th.
It included new features such as a public de-
bate, on the subject "Resolved that the gen-
eral adoption of mixed farming, by wiich is
meant the keeping of live stocli, and the
raising of feed for the same, in addition to
fruit growing, is in the best economic inter-
estt of the farmers of the fruit growing coun-
ties of Nova Scotia." The leaders for the
affirmative were: P. W. Foster and R. J.
Messenger. The negative leaders were: W.
H. Woods-worth and A. E. MaoMahon. Dr.
G. B. Cutter, of Acadia, acted as judge.

The speakers brought out many interest-
ing features. Others later joined in the dis-
cussion. Mr. S. B. Chute, speaking in favor
of specialized fruit growing, showed a gross

ROUGH ON RABBITS

Will protect young fruit trees from rabbits
when the snow Is deep. Directions with each
package. Put up in three sizes — small size
60c.. for 25 to 35 trees; second size $1.10, for
80 to 90 trees; largest size, 20 lbs., for 500
to 700 trees, price, $5.00. All orders promptly
attended to.
KING AGENCY King P.O., Ont.

Italian Queens

Three-Banded

Ready April 1, of an excep-
tionally vigorous and long-
lived strain of bees. They
are gentle, proliflc, and the best of honey
gatherers. Untested, $1.00; 3, $2.75; 6, $5.00;
12, $0.00. Tested, $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12. $12.50.
Send for my free circular and price list, and
see the natural conditions under which my
queens are raised. Will book orders now.

JOHN G. MILLER, Corpui Christi, Texas.

Corner C St., and Coleman Ave.

Practical Tools

For Profitable Pruning

Horticulturists have prac-
tically designed Bartlctt
Pruning Tools. Their bu«-
ercstiona and their own ex-
■ience have combined to pro-
uce pruning: toolsof quality that
are in world-wide use among: buc-
cesaful horticulturists.

Bartlelt Pruning Tools

pene

Strong, Durable, Easy Cutting

There are Beveral styles of Bartlott Prun-
ers— tnrt-e are doscnbcd briefly herewith.
No matter which one you buy you
canbecer- . Tw»^.«d Pr«n.r..

(No. 777) cuU clean
and eaay— dooB ncjt
witund tho bark-
riifht handed - 26
itn-h ash handles.
$2 00 prepaid.

I J' tain it is I
ii'/ carefully
made
from the
b e B t o f
materials
and is fully
guaranteed.
Jolnt*d Tr«« Trimmer-
(Uu 4) compound luvcr
bond -tiandl*! in 4 foot •ac-
tion* -- cAfi b« madn »ny
lensth doMircd up to 16 f«oC
-aimplo. con von lent, Rlronir,
durabla. K-f<>ot <Z Kectiuna

Pruning Saw-

I (No. 18) li^ht J
] wcinht" b lad o ,
I quickly turnnd
1 to cut ftt any
I anffla. $1.75
r prepaid.

26; IG'toft (4 »e.Uon») $3.50. prepaid Fori
loiur polo dtiduct 60c oo each length. '

Most dealers carry a complete line of Bart-
lctt Pruning- Tools. If yours does not, send directto
us. We'll •« you are supplied promptly. Send for
catalogue and free booklet on "How and When to
Prune." BARTLETT MFC. COMPANY,

16 Lafayette Ave. East, Detroit, Mich.

You Can Grow Prize Fruit by

SPRAYING

your fruit trees with the right sprayer.

Over two hundred prize winners at last year's Fairs were grow-
ers who used our Sprayer last Spring, and who followed our directions
about when and how to spray trees.

Your orchard can be made to produce three times its last year's
yield, and the extra profit will add many dollars to your bank bal-
ance if you spray with the

I. X. L. JUNIOR Automatic Power Sprayer

The 1. X. L. Junior is
made In two styles. It
consists of a 3% H.P. En-
gine, cypress tank, gear
driven vertical cylinder
pump, two 25 ft. leads of
Hose, two visible spray
nozzles, complete in all
details.

Weight, 450 lbs.

I. X. L. with 100 gallon tank, $165.00

I. X. L. with 150 gallon tank, 170.00

I. X. L. with 200 gallon tank, 180.00

For rough or hilly orchards, common in some parts, the machine

which best fills the requirements is our back-mounted

Pontiac Special

Automatic Power Sprayer

Thi.s machine is equipped with the same engine as the I.X.L., and
ia made with two size tanks.

150 Gallon Tank, 50 ft. Hose, 2 poles $200.00

200 Gallon Tank, 50 ft. Hose, 2 poles ?210.00

We have prepared a valuable booklet entitled, "Prize
Fruit and Vegetables from your Orchard and Garden,"
which is free to all farmers, fruit and vegetable growers.
Use the coupon and send for your copy to-day.

Canadian Sprayer Co.

TRENTON, ONTARIO

>^T^-i

tUI

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Fnoral SOitioti.

The Satisfaction

and Profits of

Gardening

are just in proportion to the
quality of the seeds you
pleuit! If you are ambitious
to produce prize-winning
vegetables and record crops
— or if you simply aim to
keep your table supplied
with the best — be sure to get

Ewings

Reliable Seeds

Forty-five years of success
in amateur and market gar-
dens have proved E wing's
to be sure in germination,
vigorous in growth, true to
name, and of choicest strains.

Our new 1916 Catalogue,
with its handsome 4-coior
cover, is bigger and finer
than ever. Write for a copy
at once, (it's free) and if your
dealer hasn't Ewing's Seeds,
order from us direct

The William Ewing Go. Limited

SEED MERCHANTS 48

McGlli Street - - Montreal

10-1S-2U

Tears from now the Bissell
SUo will be giving good ser-
vice. It Is built of selected
timber, treated with wood
preservatives, that prevent
decay. It has strong, rigid
walls, air-tight doors, and
hoops of heavy steel. There-
fore it lasts, simply because
it can't very well do any-
thing else. Our folder ex-
plains more fully — write
Dept. N.
T. E. BISSELL CO.. Ltd.. Elwa. Oat.

See advt. also on page IX

Income tor IH'5 of |21,440, and an expendi-
ture of $11,275, leaving a net balance on the
year's work of $10,165. NeyerUiele&s, the
Judge decided in favor of the affirmaUve.
Officers Elected.

The election of officers resulted as fol-
Iowb: President, F. A. Chipman, Nictaux;
Vlce-Presideat, Prof. W. S. Blair, Kentviile;
Secretary, Manning K. Ells, Port Williams;
Assistant Secretary, F. W. Foster, Kingston;
Treasurer, Geo. W. Munro, WolfvlUe; Execu-
tive, A. S. Banks, Berwick; S. C. Parker,
(Berwick; Fred. Johnson, Bridgetown; J.
SBlUott Smith, Wolfville. The Advertising
Committee, A. E. MaoMahon, F. W. Foster, S.
C. 'Parker, E. H. Johnson and J. E. Shaffner,
were reappointed.

The report of the tecretary-treasurer, Mr.
Manning K. Ells, showed total receipts oi
$1,063.44, and a cash balance on hand after
all ibiUs had been paid of $182.12.
President's Address.

President A. E. McMahon pointed out that
ia spite of the war Nova Scotia Fruit Grow-
ers had not suftered from existing condi-
tions, but in many respects had been benefit-
ed. This was due in part to the fact that
Nova iScotia had unusual advantages for the
marketing of its apple crop, inasmuch as it
was possible to land the apples of the pro-
vince on Britisih markets at lower prices
than any other fruit growing district on the
continent. The cost including such items as
inland rail, ocean freight, dock dues, cart-
age, insurance, commission, and handling, of
landing a barrel of apples from the Annapolis
Valley, via Halifax in Great Britain last sea-
son was $1.90. From Cobourg, Ontario, the
cost was $2.i&7; Forest, OnUrio, $2.70; Port-
land, Me., from $2.43 to $2.68, and New York
from $2.54 to $2.79. Nova Scotia growers
therefore, had an advantage by virtue of
their location of from. 63c to 78c a barrel
over the State of Maine, and 67c to 80c over
Ontario.

The war has advanced the cost i>er barrel
of shipping to Great Britain materially.
From 1912 to 1913 the cost was $1.25 .per
barrel. In 1914 it was $1.40, and last year it
jumped to $1.90. The shortage of labor in
England, conseQuent upon the war, has made
it difficult to unload apples promptly. The
advertisdng campaign conducted by the Do-
minion Government was commended.
The Addresses.

A number of interesting addresses were
given including one on ''Sucking Insects of
the Apple," by Prof. Brittain, and one on
"Pruning," hy 'Mr. M. B. Davis, of the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm. Ottawa, both of
whioh were illustrated iby lantern views.
Further mention of these addresses will be
made in the March issue of The Canadian
Horticulturisit as well as of an address by
Prof. Geo. E. Saunders, entitled "Results ob-
tained at the Dominion Entomological
Laboratory during 1915."

Owing to illness Prof. W. S. Blair was un-
able to be present, but two papers by him,
one entitled "Fertiiiaing Orchards in Nova
Scotia," and the other 'tScab Control in the
Dominion Experimental Orchards in Nova
Scotia," were read by his assistant, Mr. Lind-
say Bligh. Mr. W. H. Woodworth spoke on
"Lessons Learned from New England Fruit
Growers," and the subject "'Commercial
Strawiberry Growing and Marketing," was
dealt with by W. D. Fawcett, of SackviUe,
N.B., possibly the largest grower ol straw-
iberries in the Maritime Provinces.
The Economic Commission.

The convention passed two resolutions for
submission to the Dominion Industrial and
Economic Commission. One urged that the
possibility of the increased ,i)roduction of dog

CDCr Write us, giving some Idea of your
nVfjEi spraying needs and we will for-
ward, absolutely free, a copy of
our valuable Illustrated work on CROP
DI.SEASES. also full particulars of a

SPRAMOTOR

best suited to your requirements. We make
Sl'RAMOTORS from $6 up. Write us
to-day.

Made in Canadi
No Duty to Pay

SPRAMOTOR WORKS

2 7 g I.. Laaiaa.Caa

Merryweather's
Roses

are noted
throughout
the wffld.

Norteriei :

SOUTHWELL

ENGLAND

They are cheap ; they
are true to name ; the
trees are strong and
sturdy ; the newest
novelties and all the
old favorites in stock.

Rose* for Garden
Roies for Exhibition
Roies for Beds
Rotes for everywhere

STATE YOUR WANTS

and

CATALOGUE and QUOTATIONS

will be supplied by

M. A. BRUSH

SOLE AGENT FOR DOMINION OF CANADA
20 WELLINGTON ST. WEST

TORONTO

FREE LAND

For the SETTLER in

NEW ONTARIO

Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain-
able free and at a nominal cost are call-
ing for cultivation.

Thousands of farmers have responded
to the call of this fertile country and are
being made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a home
awaits you.

For full information as to terms, regu-
lations, and settlers rates, write to

H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonization
Parliament Buildingt, TORONTO

HON. G. HOWARD FERGUSON,
Minister of Lands, Forests and Mine*.
Parliament BIdgs., Toronto

Februaxj. 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

flsi fertilizer should be looked imto, and the
other the urgent necessity for placing all
fertilizers cm the frte list, thereby enabling
the farmer and fruit grower to cheapen pro-
ducUoo. The convention was a s^uocess
throughout.

Niagara District Notes.

The Bell Fruit Farms Canning Factory
at Grimsby has been rented by a new
company, known as "Bells, Ltd.," for the
purpose of making war munitions. About
75 men will be employed there this winter.

What with men enlisting and going to the
cities to engage In munition work at high
wages, it looks as though the fruit growers
and farmers in this district would ibe up
against the labor problem worse than ever
during the cominig season.

A new process of great commercial im-
portance for the production of potash has
been discovered by Howard F. Chappell,
one of the leading chemists of the United
States and President of the Mineral Pro-
ducts Co. Not only does the neiw process
produce potash, but also aluminum, and
both In quantities sufficient to make the
labor profitable even in competition with
tbe German market for the mineral. A
mine In Utah, 200 miles south of Salt Lake
City, is already in operation, about 25 tons
of potash and 50 tons of aluminum being
made every day from 100 to 150 tons of
ore. Although the process is a new and
secret one, the material is an ore that up
to now has been considered valueless. IL
Is alumite, from which potash alum is made,
and which was used for that purpose be-
fore the Egyptian civilization. This ore Is
made to yield potash instead of alum by a
process whose chief feature ,is intense heat.

c,

Planet Jr. Cultivators

have no equal anywhere

They produce the best crops and biggfest profits wherever used.
The result of a half century's experience of a practical farmer
and manufacturer. Fully guaranteed.
No. 76 Planet Jr Riding Cultivator plows, hills and
cultivates corn, potatoes, or similar crops 28 to
48 inches apart. Specially hardcnrd cultivator
I steels add SO per cent to wear. Dust-proof steel
axles. Pin-break or spring-trip standards.
Eifcht styles — lower prices than ever before.
No. 9 Planet Jr Horse Hoe is better made,
and capable of a greater variety of work
than any other cultivator. Its great strength
prevents breaking or bending; long frame
makes it steady runninp; new steel wheel pre-
vents clogging. 75 other styles of one-horse
cultivators — various prices.

New 72-pi>8re Catalog (184 illustrations) free!

Describes over 70 tools, includinif 12 entirefy new ones, and improve
iits to our Seeders. WheelHoes. Horse Hoes, Harrows. Orchard-.
ft- and Pivot-wheel Rjdi'i? Ciiltivalors. Write postal for it today
II fur name of nearest Aijency.

S L Allen & Co Box 1106G Philadelphia

The Georgian Bay Tree Pruner

Saves in Many Ways
Every Orchard
Needs One

The Price is $2.50
Write to G W.BULL, Mfr., Wiarlon, Onl.

^=?^^=aS'^>^S-:'^'"' /

Clean up that stony section of the farm
with a Bissell Steel Stone Boat. Built of
stiff steel with railing around edges; steel
runners. Sizes 2, 2i/^, and 3 ft. wide. Dif-
ferent styles for all kinds of farm and stable
work. Write Dept. N. for folder and prices.
T. E. Bissell Co., Limited, Elora, Ontario.
BISSELL STEEL STONE BOAT
See advt. also on pagre VHr.

RED CYPRESS HOT BED SASH

365-392
Pacific Ave.

WE MANUFACTURE ALL KINDS OF

Greenhouse Construction Material

Hot Bed Sash and Frames

HOT BED SASH.
8 in. Butted Glass.
Size— 3 ft. 2 in. X 6
ft. 0 in. for 4 rows.

8 in. Glass.

Price of above Sash,

Clear Red Cypress

Unglazed

NOTE:

When Ordering, state
whether for Lapped
or Butted Glass.

HOT BED SASH,
10 in. Lapped Glass.
Size— 3 ft. 0 in. X 6
ft. 0 in. for 3 rows.

10 in. Glass.

I'rice of above Sash,

Clear Red Cypress

Unglazed

$1.20

$1.15

MANUFACTURERS GREENHOUSE BARS AND SASH

BATTS LIMITED

West
Toronto

WRITE FOR FOLDER

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral SdlUon.

Classified
Advertisements

Advertisements In this department In-
•erted at rate of 3 cents a word for
each Insertion, each figure, sign, or
single letter to count as one word,
minimum cost 30c., strictly cash in
advance.

REAL ESTATE

ALL KINDS OF FARMS — Fruits fartna a speci-
alty. Writs for CaUlogue. W. B. Calder,
Qrimsby.

NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Before
buying, It will pay you to consult me. I make
a specialty of fruit and grain farms. Melvln
Gayman & Co., St. Catharines.

FARMS— All kinds, all sizes, for sale, fruit
stock, grain and dairy farms. Let me know
what you are looking for. H. W. EKawson,
Brampton, OnL

WANTED — To hear from owner of good farm
for sale. State cash price and description.
D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn.

rpHIRTT-FIVE ACRES, house, and orchard.
■•• Splendid beekeeping location. H. Twigg,
Orangeville, Ont.

SEEDS.

Bulbs— 1916 Catalogue now ready. Ask our
.special offer on Gladioli. State varieties and
size you require. Van Til-Hartman, Hillegon.
Holland, c|o P. C. Kuyper, 10-12 Broadway,
New York, N.T.

Canadian Grown Seed — Superior Tomato Seed,
"Herolds Earliana," highest germination,
hardier, producing earlier crops than others:
1-4 oz., 20e. ; packet, 10c.

Onion Seed of Selected "Yellow Globe Danvers":

1 lb., J2.25; 1-4 lb., 75c.; 1 oz., 25c.; packet, lOc.

Growers: Herolds Farms, Beamsville, Ont.

YOU WANT "Reliable Seeds," get our Seed
Price List and Save Money. Morgan's Sup-
ply House, London.

SPRAYING.

SAVE MONEY — Get our Spraying and Garden
Supply Catalog. Morgan's Supply House,
London.

BEE SUPPLIES.

BEEKEEPERS — Please write for our Catalog
Morgan's Supply House, London.

WANTED — Clover and Basswood Honey. State
price. Also a lady and gentleman to assist
in my apiary In Merlin from June 1st to Aug-
uspt 15th. G. A. Deadman, Brussels, Ont.

FOR SALE. — 8 Frame Hive bodies. T Supens —
good condition. Will Ellis, R.R. No. 3, Ni-
agara Falls, Ont.

MISCELLANEOUS

1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors,
any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. East-
ern Label Co., ClintonvlUe, Conn.

FREE

to stockmen and poultry-
men, our 80-paKe illustrated
booklet on feeding: how to
construct a house which will accommodate 100
hens: gives dimensions. 6nd measurements of
every piece of lumlaer rcqu.red. Deals with the
common disc.nscs of stock and poultry, and the
remedies. Tells how lo cure roup in four davs.
Contains lull informat on alxiur Roval Purpl*
Stock and Poult rv fooJ ^ and re ncxi i.-^
The W. a. Ji;nkins Mfu. (. o., London, C.*n.

Helping the Grower.

Speaking at a meeting of fruit grow-
er.s in Lambton County recently. Direc-
tor F. M. Clement, of tlie Vineland
Horticultural Experimental Station, stated
in conjuaction with the vegetable growers'
associations they had grown with fair suc-
cess a quantity of 'beet, carrot and onlou
seed. Certain roots had been selected as
parent stock from which to develop strains.
A quantity of this seed was being tested for
germination, and if found good will be dis-
tributed to members of the vegetable
growers' associations for test. The to-
mato seed selection work was also develop-
ing favorably. Twenty-five varieties are
under test. In the Niagara Peninsula fruit
growers had made many mistakes. They
had planted indiscriminately without
thought of markets, and though they had
met with success it was only through the
marketing agencies that what might have
proved a glut of fruit had been marketed
this year.

Fruit Problems Discussed,
Prof. J. W. Crow, of the Ontario Agricul-
tural College, said: "The apple orchard la
Western Ontario is a side line and does not
get uniformly good care and attention year
after year. There is an excellent opening
for growers who will plant a larger acre-
age of good varieties and stay with their
orchards consistently one year after another.
Many troubles arise from the fact that we
do not grow enough apples, or rather that
our units of production are too small. I be-
lieve there is every encouragement for the
planting of orchards of from twenty to fifty
or sixty acres.

"One of the most serious orchard troubles
in Ontario 1.s winter killing. This may take
the form of root killing, bark splitting or
of Injuries similar to the sun scald. The
greatest contributing cause of winter kill-
ing Is late growth of trees caused by late
cultivation, lack of cover crop, or perhaps
by poor drainage of the soil. Apple, pear,
plum and cherry trees of bearing age shoula
not be cultivated after July 1st in any year.
Peaches should not be tilled after July 15th
In any case. Sow a quick-growing cover crop
at the last cultivation. Oats, rye and vetch
or red clover are good. This cover crop
ripens the tree growth, and a cardinal aim
of the fruit grower Is to secure mature,
well-ripened wood In order to Insure winter
hardiness. My own preference Is for plow-
ing orchards In the fall, but not too early.
The latter part of October or beginning of
November Is early enough. On light land,
especially If wind swept, fall plowing might
be risky, but on clay land It effects a great
saving of 'time In the spring."

BULLETINS AND REPORTS.

Bulletin 74 of the Michigan Agricultural
College, East Lansing, Mich., gives the re-
sults of analyses of some materials sold as
Insecticides and Fungicides.

A number of Interesting bulletins and re-
ports have reached The Canadian Horticul-
turist during the past few weeks. In Cir-
cular 184 entitled "The Prairie Spirit In
Landscape Gardening," by Wllhelm Miller,
the nilnols Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, TJrbana, Illinois, Is distributing a 1x>ok-
!et of some thIrty-sIx pages that will prove
a delleht to all lovers of the beautiful In
horticulture. It Is one of the most profusely
Illustrated government (booklets of the size
we have seen, and the Illustrations are of
an exceptionally fine <iharacter.

Write for This

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Actual test showed pressure of 180
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!<nd thorouRhly saturate leaves
with the solution.
The AM-l»urpo«« Sprayvr for
frees. shn)bs. planU, potatoes, etc.
rumishc-d with convenient knap-
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We make flprayers in 40 styles^
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862 Maple St., Rochester, N. Y,

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Catalogue on AppUcalion

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ST. THOMAS

ONT.

The Canadian Horticultun^

Floral Edition

Vol. XXXIX

PETERBORO, MARCH, 1916

No. J?

Seventeen Years' Experience in Peach Growing

FOR seventeen years I have been ex-
perimenting in peach culture.
The farmers in this neighbor-
hood who had attempted to raise peach
trees did not have much success. The

James Marshall, Hamilton, Ont.

ing noticed this, I gradually kept plant-
ing trees each year on higher land, and
now I have my peach orchards planted
on the highest fields on the farm.

The last trees I planted were put out
in the years 1912 and 1913 in the spring
of each year. The rows are five six-
teenths of a mile long, north and south,
and one-fourth of a mile long, east and
west. The trees are planted sixteen feet
by twenty-two feet apart. If I were
planting again I would plant them
eighteen by twenty-two feet apart, as
the young trees are now closing in
some, where sixteen feet apart, and we
require plenty of room for spraying
purposes.

The site for a peach orchard should
be within three or four miles from a
large lake, which does not freeze over.
If possible, have it on an elevation, and
to the south of the lake, rather than to
the north of it, as the severity of the
cold is ameliorated by the northerly
winds passing over the open water. In
the Niagara Peninsula, we have two
lakes, Ontario and Erie, one to the north
and the other south. The> are a little
over thirty miles apart. I read in a
fruit paper that peach trees should not
be planted at more than an elevation of
two hundred feet aboVe the level of a

lake. I beg to differ with this, as our
elevation of orchard is probably nearly
five hundred feet above the level of
Lake Ontario, and the trees here that
do the best are those on the highest
hills.

Many growers say that sandy or
gravelly soil is the best for a peach
orchard. These soils generally afford
good natural drainage, while many clay
soils have a wet subsoil. If sandy or
gravelly soils have a wet subsoil, peach
trees will not thrive there. Underdrain-
ing two and one-half or three feet deep
is not sufficient for peach trees, as the
roots will strike into the moist soil,
which is injurious. If any person is
determined to grow peach trees where
there is a wet subsoil, they might pos-
sibly do so by underdraining about
seven feet deep, and placing the drains
not too far apart, provided that the site
is favorable in other respects. My ex-
perience has been with clay soil, fairly
heavy, there being no sandy soil on the
farm. Most of our trees are planted on
a limestone ridge, the trees doing well
with two feet of soil on rock, where
there are natural drains or sink-holes.
Where the soil is deep, and rather wet,
we make deep underdrains, and run the
water to sink-holes. We also plow up

V one-year-old St. John peach tree in bearing in
the orchard of Jas. Marshall, Hamilton, Ont.

trees did not live long, and the growers
became discouraged. Thus when I
started there were scarcely any peach
trees being planted in this section.

The first thing to consider in peach
growing is to secure a suitable site for
the orchard. If the trees are planted in
low-lying land, where fog and heavy
dew is seen in the mornings, the site is
not suitable, no matter how rich the
soil is. The trees may grow fast and
rank, but when three or four years
planted, they are likely to die. I made
this mistake seventeen years ago last
spring, and the only peach trees that
are alive yet and bearing well are those
which were planted on the higher land,
having a slope towards the north. Hav-

A portion of the peach orcharci .»r -J-ls Marsiiall. H.unilit

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Kloral Edition.

A well-loaded Triumph peach tree In the
orchard of Jas. Marshall, Hamilton, Ont.

each and throw the soil towards the
trees, which affords better surface
drainage, as it is injurious to the trees
for the water to lie around them.

I contend that peach trees thrive bet-
ter where they are on an elevation, with
a deep gorge, mountain face, or a large
tract of land lying down much lower
than the orchard, as the cold, frosty,
night air runs down off the ridges and
leaves the warmer air on the higher
land. Any person may notice this con-
dition when driving through a hilly
country at night during most of the
year.

There are about 5,500 peach trees in
one of my orchards, and about 500 pear,
plum and cherry trees in one corner,
where the land is low, and sloping to-
wards the south, there being a little
over 6,000 trees in the orchard. All
told, I have about 11,000 trees. Some
early kinds of peaches, such as May
Flower, Sneed Triumph, Admiral
Dewey, Belle-of-Georgia, and others,
bear well when planted two or three
years. Early Crawfords, and those of
the Crawford type, bear well when
planted four or five years.

The spring frosts do little or no in-
jury to the peach trees or fruit buds.
The time when they are injured is in
the winter, chiefly in February, when
we have low temperatures. Ten or
twelve degrees below zero does not seem

to injure them, and even if it goes fif-
teen degrees below, we may have a good
crop; but in 1914, when the tempera-
ture was twenty degrees below zero,
the peach crop was a failure, and the
only failure in eight years.

We allow corn, or even weeds, to
grow in the orchard the latter part of
the summer, in order to ripen up the
trees and check the later growth. (We
do not grow corn or other produce af-
ter trees begin to bear.) This hardens
and prepares the trees for winter, as in-
tense frost and dry weather in winter
will injure any late or tender growth.
We nearly always plow down weeds or
grassy growth late in the fall and do
not leave a cover crop to protect the
trees, as it is only a harbor for mice.
The plowing of soil prevents root freez-
ing, as it breaks the connection between
the frosty atmosphere and the subsoil,
and the air spaces caused by plowing
also prevent the frost from injuring the
roots. I very seldom have trees winter-
killed, in fact, only one year when I did

not plow in the fall, and there not being
much snow, the hard clay ground froze
deeply.

Mice often girdle fruit trees in the
winter under the snow. Some recom-
mend tramping the snow firmly around
the trees after every snowstorm, but 1
consider it an absurd proposition. It
might do where a person has only a few
trees, but if there were on an average
fourteen snowstorms each winter, and
if a person walked fast and tramped
the snow hard after each snowstorm in
an orchard such as mine, it would taks
fifty-six days to do the tramping, and
the mice would very likely often get
ahead of the tramper. It is a good way
to tar-paper around the trunk of each
tree, but I think it is much better to
take a spade and bank the soil firmly
around each tree in the fall, soon
enough to let the soil settle firmly
around tree. This also prevents water
from standing around trees, and it can
be worked down in the spring and thus
cover weeds or grass.

The Production of Vegetables from Seed*

A. J. Logsdail, B.S.A., Experimental Farm, Ottawa

favorable season at Ottawa, it seems to
me that there is an excellent opening
for many a man with a good practical
knowledge of market gardening and a
realization of the essential factors in
seed production to initiate and ultim-
ately build up an exceedingly profitable
business in home seed production.

Acclimatized seed produces better re-
sults, nine times out of ten, than similar
seed introduced from distant countries.
By the term of "seed" I refer strictly to
seed, not to roots, scions or cuttings,
though even in these instances there are
many examples of the superiority of
home-grown stock. The exception that
I have in mind is that of potatoes, but
a potato is nothing more or less than a
root cutting.

Sweet corn is another crop that is
particularly worthy of attention by
Canadian growers. The majority of
our sweet corn seed has been and is pro-
duced in areas to the south of us, which
possess longer summer seasons than our
own.

The continual importation of seed
year by year excludes the possibility of
ultimately acclimatizing and appreci-
ably shortening the season of growth of
these varieties. At the same time it
also precludes the possibility of pro-
ducing earlier maturing varieties than
are generally found on the market.

Sweet corn seed has been successfully
matured, improved, and selected at
Ottawa for a number of years. If this

fN growing the seed of root crops,
I care should be taken to select
roots that are uniform in shape,
tjrpical of the variety that they
represent, and in sound mature condi-
tion. With such roots as turnip, it is
advisable to twist rather than cut off
the tops when storing, for by cutting
off the tops too near the crown of the
root, one is liable to remove the ej'es
from which the flower shoots grow in
the spring. With beets and nmngels
this is not so likely to occur, as the eyes
are deeply set. Such roots, after they
have been selected, can be stored in
either a root cellar or pit. The pit is
often the more convenient, as it can be
made in a corner of the root field.
- In pitting roots, the pit should be so
constructed as to afford a dry bottom,
good drainage, and good ventilation.
Successive layers of straw and soil
should cover the roots. Straw drafts
along the top of the pit should be made
for ventilation, and such precautions
as possible to keep rats and mice from
making the pit their winter quarters.

Seed of certain market garden crops,
such as the seed of Paris Golden Yellow
Celery, is now quoted at between
twenty and thirty dollars a pound.
Such is only an example of the present
market quotation of many of our seeds.
Judging by the experimental work in
our small trial lots during the past un-

•A paper read at the last annual conven-
tion held In Toronto of the Ontario Vegetable
Growers' Association.

March, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

61

can be done as far north as Ottawa
with our comparatively short summers,
similar work can be carried on through-
out the province of Ontario, and if the
growers would take this matter up,
even in a small experimental way, the
old adage, "Many hands make light
work," M'ould produce wonderful re-
sults within a few years.

Owing to the quantity of field corn
grown for general horticultural pur-
poses, the areas selected for the grow-
ing of sweet corn seed should be distant
from field corn by about four to five
hundred yards, as corn intercrosses
very readily, owing to the fact that it
produces enormous quantities of light,
powdery pollen that is carried by the
wind. Sweet corn that has been pollen-
ated by field corn can be readily iso-
lated in the ear of grain, but such segre-
gation of seed greatly increases the cost
of production and tends to introduce
factors that will ultimately destroy the
pure type of the variety.

Corn can be covered with light fac-
tory cotton, provided the screeiLs are
not placed too close around the plants,
affording a fairly free circulation of

air; but if the grade of cotton be too
heavy or the enclosed corn too confined,
the pollen seems to lose its vitality, and
practically no seed is produced. At
Ottawa, seed has been successfully se-
cured in breeding cages made of a light
grade of cotton, but in a number of
instances no seed at all was secured
when the grade of the cotton was a
trifie too heavy.

Another crop from which a consider-
able quantity of seed has already been
saved (but the amount might easily be
doubled or trebled) is that of the
tomato crop. Tomato seed is easily ex-
tracted from ripe mature fruits by pass-
ing the pulp through a quarter-incli
mesh screen, thereby removing the
coarse cores and skin and breaking up
the texture of the pulp containing the
seed. If the pulp is then stored in
glass bottles until slight fermentation
has set in, the seed can be cleanly
separated from this pulp by washing it
with a stream of water on a screen of
1-12-inch mesh. The size of this mesh
is that of the ordinary netting used on
fly screen doors, and is large enough to
hold the seed on the top of the screen.

Problems of the Fruit Grower

Seth J. T. Bush, Morton, N.Y.

I HAVE been engaged in raising fruit
commercially ior thirty years, and
during that time have gathered
some information on the subject of
more or less value, but the older I grow
the more convinced I become of the
fact that a man "an learn something

•Extract from an address delivered last
month at the annual convention of the Niagara
District Fruit Growers' Association.

every day. Whatever success I may
have attained in fruit-growing has
been due largely to the fact that my
orchards are located along the south-
ern shore of Lake Ontario, where soil
and climatic conditions are well-nigh
perfect, and where the good old lake
tempers Uie wintry wind to the shorn
trees and stays the icy finger of Jack
Frost.

For thirty years we have been fav-
ored and protected, and during all that
time we have had very few failures of
a crop, and usually have received good
prices for cur fruit, but the past sea-
son brought to many, particularly
peach growers, a rude awakening, and
removed large quantities of conceit
from some who had become convinced
from continued prosperity that their
success was wholly due to their indi-
vidual wisdom.

There are many "problems" con-
fronting the fruit-grower, but we have
reached the point in our experience
now where the one great problem is
how to raise fruit at a profit. Hereto-
fore it has been a question of how
much profit, but the good old days are
past and gone, and we are face to face
with the problem of making any profit
at all. Very few, if any, peach grow-
ers in the United States made any
money last year, and hundreds of them
would have actually been ahead of the
game if they had not harvested a peach.
Millions of bushels of peaches rotted
on the trees in the United States last
season, and the situation will be the
same next fall providing there is a full
crop in all sections. Our own hope as
peach growers now lies in the activi-
ties of Jack Frost and disease. Three
years ago I told the peach growers of
New York just what would happen the
first time we had a full crop in all sec-
tions, and the past season saw the pro-
phesy fulfilled Avith a vengeance.

The peach business has been over-
done. For the past ten or fifteen years
the nurserymen have been unable to
fill their orders for trees. It having
been discovered that the Elberta peach
would live and thrive to a greater or

An exhibit of apples made b}- tlie Thedford iVuit Grower.s' Association last November at the Lambton County Horticultural Bzhlbition.

«

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral t^liiiwu

Prunln« operations in a plum orchard In the Niagara District.

less degree on almost any kind of soil,
it has been planted by the million in
almost every state in the United States
as well as in Canada, Avith the result
that with a full crop over the country,
the markets are glutted continuously
from July to November.

It is more than a question of dis-
tribution now; it is equally a question
of high grade, standardized sorting and
packing — of the Qjost efficient coopera-
tion among the growers — central pack-
ing houses economically operated —
precoolitig and first class refrigeration
and transportation — in other words,
the application of the very best up-to-
date business methods to our business
from start to finish.

I would hesitate to advise anyone to
plant peach trees. The day of big
profits is past and gone. Occasionally,
if from 50% to 75% of the crop hap-
pens to be destroyed throughout the
sections of greatest production, we may
get good prices, but it is a gamble,
pure and simple, from now on, and to
many of us it is but a part of life's
great lesson ; we prospered year after
year, until we got the idea that we
were pretty smart — taking to our-
selves ail the credit, when, as a matter
of fact, our good fortune was being
handed to us on ii platter, so to speak,
by a kind Providence.

From now on it looks like "the sur-
vival of the fittest."

The situation is going to be helped
more or less by the expected decided
diminution in fresh plantings, which I
hope will really amount to a complete
stoppage, and by the fact that many
orchards are going out from age, while
many others will be either badly neg-
lected or cut down.

Thousands of peach trees were cut
down in New York last fall, and I un-

derstand That the same was true in sev-
eral other states, and the old express-
ion, "the more the merrier," applies
very nicely here.

It is a strange paradox that while
hundreds ct cars of fine peaches last
season failed to return freight charges
to the grower, and hundreds of thou-
sands of half-bushel baskets of fine
fruit were sold in the large markets
for from 15c. to 25c. per basket, and
in some cases the fruit actually got
into the five and ten cent stores, some
of my friends in Boston, New York and
other cities were unable to secure any
first-class peaches from their grocers
for less than $1.00 to $1.25 a basket
When sucn a thing is possible in such
a season as the la.-(t, there is an Ethio-
pian in the wood pile.

I expect to see these conditions con-
front the apple and sour cherry grow-
ers, as these fruits have been planted
everywhere, and far more extensively
than the peach.

You will probably see an apple crop
produced in the United States within
the next teu years, so large that it will
be difficult to give the fruit away, to
say nothing of selling it at prices th.at
will permit the grower to break even
on his expense of production and hai-
vest. I am hopiag that this will be
within the next ten years, but it is
mighty likely to oectir within the next
five.

Look at the apple situation. All the
information obtainable last August and
September indicated that the apple
crop of the United States would not
exceed one-half the crop of the previ-
ous year, which was a very large one,
and growers and speculators acted ac-
cordingly, Avith the result that high
prices were paid and consumption
thereby checked instead of being en-

couraged. On December first everyone
was astonished to find that there were
one million more barrels of apples in
cold storage in the United States than
there were the year before, and thai
instead of our having half a crop wt
actually lir.d a bumper crop as coin
pared with former years.

This situation is explained, at least
in part, by the production of the young
orchards, lunning from a peck to a
barrel to the tree, which were not given
serious consideration, if they were con-
sidered at all, in making up the esti
mates. There are millions of thesei
young trees, and they are going toi
"have a lot to say" about the volum(
of the crop every year from now on

The fact that we are cut off from any
export business this year has been
serious handicap, as had that outlel!
been open as formerly, a large volu
of the supply could have been disposi
of through that channel. Also, had th^
true state of affairs with relation to thi
size of the crop been known last fall
the movement would have been start
ed at a much lower price with the re-
sult that the crop would have moved
lapidly into consumption at reasonabk
prices, and we would not now be cou;
fronted with the calamitous situatioE
of the cold storage plants being frono
fifty per cent, to seventy-five per cent
full of apples at !his late date.

You may think that I am a pessim-
ist, pure and simple, but I do not wisl
to be so regarded. I cannot conscienti
ously refrain from speaking the plaii
truth and warning innocent people wh<
are being misled and victimized by th«
hundreds by attractive pictures in th«
newspapers and magazines portraying
the easy life and overflowing purse o:
the average fruit-grower.

The only inference to be drawn fron
these gloAving accounts of farm life u
general, and fruit-growing in particu
lar, is that the whole business is ;
"cinch" — that all that is needed is ;
few acres of land somewhere, sufiicien
money to purchase and plant the trees
and patience to wait two or three year
before they can begin drawing cheque
The "cheque drawing" time alwa;
comes sure enougi\, but to the majorit
it will be a long road to "big profits

Cut out dead wood in fruit and for
est trees now.

Go over the plum trees and cut ou
all black knot.

Some pruning may be done on war
days late this month.

Either cut off any cedar apples oi
trees near the orchard or cut out th
trees.

Piece grafting of apples and som
ornamental stock may be done late i
March.

March, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

a

Pruning Trees to Promote Production'

M. B. Davis, B.S.A., Experimental Farm, Ottawa

A consideration of methods of
pruning divides itself into three
main divisions, first, the prun-
ing and training of the young tree be-
fore it reaches bearing age ; second, the
pruning treatment of the bearing tree,
and third, the best treatment for many
of the older, thick planted, high tree
orchards that are so common in many
districts to-day.

It may be well, first, if we ask our-
selves why we prune, for there are
those who contend that pruning is an
injury rather than a help. On the other
hand, there are those who go to the
other extreme and think that butcher-
ing their trees is the only treatment
worth while.

We prune primarily to obtain better
fruit and in so far as our pruning prac-
tices help along that one point, just so
far is our pruning a success. We do
not, or at least should not, prune to
obtain a beautiful or sightly tree. A
tree possessing beauty alone does not
add dollars to our pockets, so that look
at it as you may we prune only to ob-
tain better fruit. If left alone, with
plenty of room in which to grow, a tree
will, all other things being favorable,
produce an abundant quantity of fruit,
for nature will see to it that her prun-
ing is sufficient to keep the tree in ex-
cellent bearing condition, but what of
the quality? The quality will invari-
ably be of a low grade, for nature, when
it produced the apple did not have

•Extract from a paper read at the recent an-
nual convention of the Nova Scotia Fruit
Growers' Association.

man in mind, but merely produced the
fruit as a means of enclosing the seeds
in an attractive little parcel which
would nurture and protect them until
carried and scattered over the face of
the earth by some fruit loving animal.
Thus we come to the ultimate conclu-
sion that we prune only to obtain bet-
ter fruit from our trees.

There is no operation in the orchard
which requires greater care or greater
thought and study; there is no opera-
tion which in the long run has as much
to do with orchard profits as pruning.
I sometimes think that we fruit growers
have gone clean mad over spraying
and some other operations and in our
madness have forgotten the first and
fundamental road to success, proper
pruning.

The different types of trees that we
may grow may be roughly divided into
three classes. One is the pyramidal
form, another is the open centres, and
the one that I recommend for Nova
Scotia conditions is a combination of
the two. The first or pyramidal form,
which consists of a central leader, with
branches radiating off from it, gives
too large and too high a tree for your
conditions. It shuts out too much sun-
light, thus making the production of
clean, well colored fruit a more diffi-
cult task than it should be. Now there
is probably no fruit section under the
sun where all the available sunlight
possible is needed more than in the
two fruit growing valleys of Nova Sco-
tia; furthermore, there are few sec-

Thl.s Northern Spy tree was dehorned two years before this photograph was secured,
how the cuts were made and- the new growth and siirkors forming on barren arms.

Note

This shows a centre leader type of tree.

tions where insect pests, and fungous
diseases naturally thrive any better
than in your climate, so that the first
factor in directing the shape of the tree
is sanitation, and the central leader
type cannot be called a sanitary type
of tree. The open centre tree, while
possessing admirable sanitary qualities,
does not possess the strength of the cen-
tral leader type, so that a combination
of the two is more desirable.

The combination type consists in al-
lowing the central leader to grow for
the first year until five or six good
branches arranged in a whorl and well
spaced can be selected to form the
framework of the tree.

By well spacing these scaffold limbs
the tree is stronger than if all the limbs
should arise from a small area where
they would each be pulling against the
other and would break down under
heavy winds or heavy loads of fruit.
The central leader is not allowed to
grow to any great height, so that you
have a type with the combined advant-
ages of the pyramidal form and the
open centre and with their objections
eliminated.

Having decided on the form our tree
shall take we are now ready to follow
the pruning, year by year. The first
year, or the year the tree is set out, it
will be necessary to head back all
branches in order to give the roots an
opportunity to get a hold and to make
our trees stocky instead of long and
willowy. In recent experiments con-
ducted by the Station at Kentville,
trees cut back when planted made a
growth of 4.82 inches the first year and
twenty inches the second, while trees
not headed at all made a growth of one
inch the first year and only 2.4 inches
the second vear.

BS

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Wealthy apple trees not pruned at planting

time. This Is a good way to get trees with

long barren arms.

During tiie first two years of a tree 's
growth prune for wood. This adds to
the importance of this first cutting
back. To enable us to form a good,
strong, well-balanced head we must
have abundant wood growth and prun-
ing during the first four or five years
should be directed towards that end.
After that age our pruning practices
are radically changed.

In heading back, head back the
strongest branches the most and the
weakest the least, in order to give a cor-
rect balance to the tree. This may be
contrary to the popular opinion, but
that is because popular opinion has con-
fused the results of heading back a
tree as a whole with the results from
heading back separate branches.

This will probably be about all the
pruning required the first year, al-
though the tree should be looked at
during the latter part of June, and if
any branch is growing at the expense
of the rest, it should be nipped back,
bearing in mind the one aim, to get a
stocky and well-balanced growth to
select from. The first real pruning to
our newly^planted orchard comes in the
"ond spring.

As the tree is to be the modified
leader type, it is pruned so that the
central branch will maintain the lead,
and five other branches at most will be
selected, as previously stated. All other
branches are removed and the five se-
lected branches are cut back a consid-
erable distance, cutting the weaker
ones the least. As these main branches
will probably have some laterals on
them, it is advisable to remove these at
this time.

This second year much can generallj'
be gained by adopting a system of
summer pruning and continuing both
summer and spring pruning for a num-
ber of years. By spreading the prun-
ing over two periods like this, the shock
to the tree is at no time excessively
great, so that it is more easy to main-
tain a correct balance. Furthermore, a
whole season can often be gained by

summer pruning. Early in summer th«
branches cut back in the spring will
have put forward considerable growth.
As soon as this growth has reached a
stage where laterals can be spaced on
it, pinch back the branches and you
will thus gain a season.

It is a common practice to let the
terminal growths grew until the fol-
lowing spring, when it is found neces-
sary to remove, say, a foot or more of
new wood. This, means a waste of
energy, for you could have cut back
to that same point in summer and would
probably only have had to cut off six
inches or so of new wood. The idea is
to economize in the energy of the tree
and relegate as little of it as possible
to the brush pile, thus conserving it for
use by the tree itself and incidentally
gaining a seasoA in your pruning. By
the following spring each of the
branches pinched back in summer will
probably have a number of laterals at-
tached to them. All these laterals but
one for each main branch are removed,

Wealthy apple trees cut baclc at planting time.
This induces laterals and a stocky growth.

thus leaving twice as many branches as
there were the previous spring. Select,
of course, the best spaced and strongest
branches in every case.

In selecting these laterals make sure
that the lateral is not cut the same
length as the main branch, or the re-
sult will be weakened crotches, for if
lateral and main branch both bear equal
quantities of fruit one will be pulling
against the other. On the other hand,
if one is large and stronger the weaker
will have to yield to its pull and no
strain at all be placed on the crotch.

We now arrive at the summer of the
third year after planting, and as the
trees are well established and in good
condition, a considerable amount of
new wood should be put forth. This
new growth is again cut back, the same
as the previous year and new laterals
thus forced out. In this way another
season is gained by summer pruning
practices and we arrive at the fourth
spring after planting with a strong,
stockv tree containing well spaced and
well balanced lateral branches. This

spring it will only be necessary to clip
back too long or rangy laterals and thin
out the undesirable and cross branches
from the trees. i

During the summer little pruning
should be done, but attention must be
paid to too strong growing branches
and laterals, suppressing the strong U>
give the weaker an opportunity to de
velop. This practice of milder cutting
back and thinning out both spring and
summer is followed until the tret
reaches the age where it should come
into bearing. This age varies, of course,
with the variety and the locality. Our
idea up to the present has been to prune
for wood growth, now our procedure
changes and we prune for fruit. The
mistake is often made by growers ol
continuing the same practices during
the bearing age, as they did during the
frame forming peinod, thinking that th<
methods which have given them sucl-
fine and shapely trees should certainly
give them fruit, but such is not the
case.

A variety like Duchess or Wagenei
can stand more cutting back at this
stage than a variety like Gravenstein
or King; the former being weak
growers, tend to heavy and early fruit
ing, and the latter being vigorou.'^
growers tend more to wood production
Generally speaking, however, th(
spring pruning should merely consis
of removing cross branches, needless
branches and cutting back long, bar
ren, terminal growths, where laterab
are needed, but no regular system o1
unrestricted heading back should be|
adopted. This s'»^""i'1 be supplementec
by summer pruning to induce fruitful
ness, especially in the varieties whieV
are shy bearers and which take a lonj
time to come into bearing.

Spraying Suggestions

Don't think a week earlier or latei
than the date recommended is just ai
good.

Don't think that spraying alone wil
insure good fruit ; pruning and cultiva
tion are equally important.

Don't apply Bordeaux mixture u
wet weather, for it is liable to russe
the fruit.

Don't overspray. An even coatini
should be l-^ft on the fruit and foliage
any material which runs off does ni
good.

Don't expect results if the work i
not thoroughly done.

Don't apply lime-sulphur and arsen
ate of lead in a spell of extremely hot
bright weather, for it is liable to ca
serious burning.

Don't try to get along with a
chine which is worn out or too small
do good work ; if the work is worth dc
ing, it is worth doing well.

E^ai'Cti, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Planning the Home Lot

F. E. Buck, B.S.A., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa

69

AT some time or another • every
person tliinks of the possibility
of owning a home. Many peo-
ple, inoreover, actually plan and build
their own liouses. A real home con-
sists of ths house and its surroundings.
It soon becomes evident tha'; if it is
without external attractions it loses
much of that charm v/hich makes so
many homes of the older countries so
dear to memory. '!'he modern house is
often a great improvement on older
types, both from the standpoint oi
architecture and convenience, but it
frequently lacks in charm and simple
artistic beauty because its surroundings
are poor.

To miss making a house and lot into
a "home" is to miss a chance to in-
crease the cash value of the property.
The pleasures obtainable only from a
delightful home are also missed. Homes
attractive, pleasing, convenient, profit-
able and "homelike" are twentieth
century homes.

When to Start.

Real home making may be com-
menced at any period of the year. The
winter, for instance, affords a fine op-
portunity to make simple plans and
outline a jjolicy for the coming season.
A simple plan on paper, drawn to scale,
is not essential, but it will help. It
holds one to the practicable and saves
subsequent disappointment and mis-
takes.

Minimum Requirements.

The minimum lequirements of sim-
ple yet attractive homes are, in most
cases, three or four in number, for in-
stance :

1. In most cases, a good lawn.

2. Some simple shrubs and flowers.

3. Two or three trees.

4. An aiea for vegetables.

Many other features might be sug-
gested, but everything will depend on
the situation, location and size of the
lot. The accompanying plan is one
suggested for a home where the own-
er's time Ls limited. Its planting ar-
rangement will involve the very mini-
mum amount of labor and expense in
its upkeep.

How to Proceed.

The first consideration in most cases
is a good lawn. Around every house a
good lawn is like a good carpet in a
room. It should be well made and well
kept. It should not be cut into by
walks more than possible, and flowers
are more e.isily tended and will pro-
duce far better effects when placed in
borders at its boundaries rather than
in prominent beds in central places
where they rob the lawn of much
of its charm. A lawn broken up

by .flower beds generally looks smaller
than it actually is. In exceptional
cases a flower bed on the lawn is help-
ful and artistically pleasing. Informa-
tion on making and caring for the
lawn may be obtained on application
from the Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa.

The second consideration is that of
the permanent features on the lawn,
such as shrubs and trees. Flowering
shrubs cannot be too highly recom-
mended. They are useful around all
types of houses and public buildings.
Their beauty is unquestioned, and they
are the true furnishings of the ' ' out-of-
doors living room." They are most
useful and effectively placed when
planted In groups of three or four,
close to the house, as shown on the
plan. In such positions they help to
make the house and grounds a har-
monious whole. Other good positions
for shrubs are by boundary fences and
in the coi'ners of the lot. As single
specimens such shrubs as the hydran-
gea, the smoke tree and others of
similar habits always look well planted
in some permanent but suitable posi-
tion in the foreground of the lawn
area.

Flowers.

The two large classes of flowers
known in gardening terms as annuals
and herbaceous perennials will give
bloom, when selected with this end in
view, for six months of the year. For

flower borders down the side of the
house, or at the boundaries of the lot
close to a hedge or fence, the peren-
nial flowers will be found more satis-
factory. The heights and habits of
such plants must be known in order
to arrange them successfully, and in-
formation on this point may be obtain-
ed from the Cential Farm at Ottawa.

The "annuals," however, contain so
many of the very best flowers that
some of these flowers should be grown
also. Every garden should have in it
some of the old favorites like sweet
peas, china asters, mignonette, nastur-
tiums, and others. Often a part of the
lot at the rear of the house may be
given up for such flowers. They are
splendid for cutting for table decora-
tions. A small vegetable garden, when
there is room for it, will add much to
the interesting features of the lot.
Shade and Ornamental Trees.

A lot which is large enough to accom-
modate a good shade tree or two is
most desirable. Generally, however, it
is wiser not to attempt to plant large
shade trees on the average size city lot.
The smaller size ornamental trees like
the Mountain Ash, Flowering Crab Ap-
ples, Siberian Pea Tree, or some suit-
able evergreen tree are more suitable,
and will generally provide enough
shade. Shade trees as street trees are
most desirable, bat the roots of such
trees, where planted on the lot itself,
rob other plants of too much food and

An fiffoctlvp bed of llBht blue Iri.s In Uie garden of Mr. L^-nch Staunton. Hamilttm, Ont

80

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Fkwal EdlUon.

L/SWfN >\REA

■tOUSC AHC/K

^d00(i2^

VV^K U K

-^^^^ ^>

A SIMPLE PLANTING SCHEME TOR A TOWN LOT OF MCDI UM SIZE

I *f f^y I

moisture. It is difficult to get plants
to do well near trees for this reason.

Starting the Garden from Seed.

Some of the best gardens are those
which cost the least. Raising the
plants from seed is a cheap method of
beautifying the lot. In order to germ-
inate properly, seeds must be sown in
fine friable and fairly moist soil. Shade
must be provided for the first two or
three weeks. It Is a good plan to start
seeds in flats or pots, in the house or
a hot-bed. Seed should be covered
about three or four times the depth of
its diameter. That is, fine seed is just
covered with fine soil, while larger
seed is sown from one-eighth to one-
half inch deep, according to the size.
The soil must not be allowed to dry out,
and water must be applied with care
and caution. Several slightly different
methods will bruig equal success, as
there is no trick in successfully grow-
mg most flowers from seed. After the
seedlings are several inches high they
should be transplanted.

Some flowers may be raised success-
fully by sowing the seed out doors, as
sweet peas are sown. Transplanting is
not necessary in such cases. At the
time of transplanting the seedlings it
is well to remember that you will have
greater success if the work is done in
the evening or on a dull day. After
they are pricked out, water well. This
prevents wilting, and hastens growth.
About the middle of April is a good
time to start seed indoors. For outside
sowing, sow as soon as the ground is
dry enough, or about the first and sec-
ond weeks of May will give good re-
sults.

Beautifid Shrubs.

For early spring bloom — Snow Gar-
land (Spiraea arguta). Sweet Scented
Currant, (Kibes aureum) Lilacs.

For spring and summer — ^Van Hout-
te's Spiraea, Mock Orange, (Philadel-
phus) Honeysuckles.

For late summer and autumn effects
— Japanese Rose, (Rosa rugosa) Hy-
drangea paniculata, Japanese Barberry.

Evergreen Shrubs — Japanese Cy-
press, (Retinospora), Japanese Yew,
Junipers.

Ornamental Trees.

Small trees — Siberian Pea Tree,
Mountain A.sh, Flowering Crab Apple.

Large tiees— Weeping Cutleaved
Silver Maple, Purple Leaved Norway
Maple, Lindens (Basswoods).

Evergreens — White or Norway
Spruce, Rocky Mountain Blue Spruce,
Pines.

Small evergreen trees — Siberian Ar-
borvitae, Pyramidal Arbor-Vitae,
Dwarf Pines.

Perennial Flowers.

Bulbs for spring effects — Crocus,
Narcissus, Tulips.

Flowers for early spring — Colum-
bines, bleeding-heart. Oriental Poppy.

Flowers for spring — Iris, Paeonies,
Day Lilies.

Flowers for early summer — Pinks,
Foxgloves, Delphiniums, Hollyhocks.

Flowers for summer — Coreopsis,
Blanket Flower, Shasta Daisy, Lilies.

Flowers for late summer — Phloxes,
Rose Mallows, SuufloM'ers.

Flowers for autumn — Japanese Ane-
mones, Perennial Asters, Heleniums.
Vines for House and Porch.

For the house— Self-fastening Vir-
ginian Creeper.

For porch or verandah — Bitter
Sweet Vine, Dutchman's Pipe Vine.

For trellis work or fence — Native or
Japanese Clematis.

Annual Vines.

Cup and Saucer Vine, Canary Bird
Vine, Eceremocarpus, also Sweet Peas,
Nasturtiums and Morning Glories.

Annual Flowers.

Low growing — Pansy, Verbena,
Drummond Phlox.

Medium height — Snap-Dragons, Ten-
Week Stocks, China Asters.

Medium height also, if room, Petu-
nias, Zinnias, Pin Cushion flower.

Tall varieties — Cosmos, SalpiglossLs,
Everlasting Flowers.
Boses.

Six useful garden varieties — Frau
Karl Druschki, (whitej, Madame Rav-
ary, (yellow), Mrs. John Laing, (pink),
Ulrich Brunner, (cherry red), Hugh
Dickson, (brilliant crimson), Etoile de
France, (velvety crimson).

Pruning Shrubs
H. E. Thatcher

The pruning of hardy shrubs is one
of the most important matters connect
ed with them, but it is very imperfectls
understood. We see far too often the
lamentable results accruing from a lack
of knowledge of their individual n-
quirements. All that is generally coi--
sidered necessary is for an incompetent
woirkman to give tihe shrubs an annual
trimming with a pair of shears, witii
the result that when the work is finisli
ed the shrubs all have about the samt
rounded, stiff appearance ; much of the
old growth, which should have been re-
moved, is left and forms a mass of use-
less growth; and the young woo<i,
which should be carefully preserved
for future blossom, is cut away.

It is not possible to lay down any
hard and fast rule, as shrubs differ si>
much in their individual requirements,
but it is better not to prune at all than
to prune indiscriminately. The large
majority of flowering shrubs produce
their blossoms during the spring anc!
summer months, and some of these,
such as the Philadelphus, Deutzias and
Forsythias, which produce their
flowers on wood of the previous sea-
son's growth, are improved by having
some of the flowering stems cut clear
out as soon as the blossoms have fallen.
This will help to strengthen the new-
growths sent out from the base and
give them a better opportunity of be-
coming we'll ripened before winter sets
in.

The majority of hardy shrubs require
very little pruning beyond occasion-
ally removing the old growth so as to
keep them shapely and open to enable
them to receive the full benefit of the
sun and air. It is only by intelligent
study and actual practice that one can
become conversant with the require-
ments of different shrubs.

The sections that are enabled to en-
joy bird life the most are those that
contain thickets of shrubs and trees.
Birds nest and live in these and pay
their rent bj catching injurious insects
and furnishing music. Many birds have
brilliant plumage, which adds color
and beauty to the thicket in which
they live.

March, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

61

The Development and Propagation of the Lilac'

^^%roa

HE lilac, Syringa vulgaris, is the
queen of hardy garden shrubs.
No other garden shrub ap-
roaches it in popularity. The showy,
prominent, fragrant flower clusters
which are siiways borne abundantly, its

The Ulan Dr. Masters. ^Ir. Dunbar i.-^ -sliown.

adaptability to diverse soils provided
they are well drained, and its absolute
hardihood, combine to make it a favor-
ite. It appears to flower more abun-
dantly in the gardens and parks of the
north and north-eastern United States
and Canada than it does in Europe.
The result of this is seen in the remark-
able popularity the lilac has attained,
judging by the multitudes of people
that go to. see different public collec-
tions of lilacs in flower.

The home of the common lilac is
supposed to be on the mountains of
south-east Europe and along the rocky
banks of the Danube. About ten years
since it was found growing on the
higher mountains of Bulgaria. It had
the appearance there of being in native
conditions. Seedlings raised from seed
collected from these plants on the Bul-
garian mountains show primitive con-
ditions in flower. That is in the small
individual flowers, and small clusters,
there are all the appearances of a wild
type.

It is said to have been introduced
into the gardens of Great Britain about
1597. Loudon is his Arboretum et

John Dunbar, Rochester, N.Y.

Fruticetum Brittannicum, published in
1842, gives descriptions of seven vari-
eties, and states, "A number of plants
have been raised from seed by Mr. Wil-
liams, of Pitmaston, of which there are
six sorts tolerably distinct in the Horti-
cultural Society's garden. The French
nurserymen are also in possession of
new seedlings, but none of them that
we have seen are so well deserving of
culture as the common blue, violet, red,
and the white. ' ' This, then, was about
the status of the lilac in Europe about
seventy years since. During the pre-
\ious nearly two hundred and fifty
years of ics cultivation in British gar-
dens, nothing particularly noticeable
in the improvement of the lilac, at least
so far as f,ny records show, seems to
have been accomplished.

Different Species.

There are about twenty-five species
of lilacs known to science. A number
of new species were discovered during
the past fourteen years in western
China by the Chinese botanist and ex-
plorer, E. II. Wilson. The range of all
of the species of the genus is from
south and south-eastern Europe
through central Asia and the Hima-
layas to Mongolia, northern and west-
ern China, and Japan. It may appear
remarkable that no species of lilac has
ever been found native on this conti-
nent.

Some of the species are remarkably
handsome garden plants, and all of
them are worthy of cultivation.
Syringa Amurensis, from Manchuria,

has large -white fragrant loose clusters
of showy flowers about the middle of
June. It has very slender branches,
and grows eight to ten feet high.
Syringa chinensis was supposed at one
time to be a species, but it is now
known to be a hybrid between the com-
mon and Persian lilacs, and originated
at Rouen, I'rance, many years since,
and is sometimes known as the Rouen
Lilac. It has large, lax, flower clusters,
and varies from deep lilac, reddish
lilac to white. Syringa Giraldi comes
from northern China, and has pale
lavender flowers in long clusters, at the
en4,of April, and the first of May. It
grows six 10 eight feet tall.

Syringa Persia, Persian Lilac, comes
from Persia and Afghanistan, and is a
most dainty, beautiful shrub, with flow-
ers lilac and white. Syringa pubescens
comes from northern China, and has
loose clusters of pale rose-colored, fra-
grant flowers, at the end of May. This
is a most beautiful shrub, and grows
six to eight feet high. Syringa reflexa
is one of the new lilacs from western
China, and flowered with us last spring
for the first time. It has curving pani-
cles of rosy red flowers, and is most
distinct and pretty. Syringa Swegin-
zowii is a new lilac from some part of
eastern Asia, with dainty clusters of
white flowers shading to pink, and flow-
ered with us for the flrst time last
spring.

Syringa villosa is a lilac from north-
ern China, and grows wild in the neigh-
borhood of Pekin. It is one of the

•Extract from a paper read at the last an-
nual convention of the Ontario HortlouUural
Aasoc>at)»n.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^B 'v^HHH^^C^^^^iS

% 0^^.

— -— - ^*

■'r^**>'\m

.^

A close view of the lilacs Leon Gambetta and the Doctor Masters.

62

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

ihe piTfiiniul IjDidur in the (,'araen oi .\lr. A. u. Palmer, Hamilton, is a source of much plea-
sure. On the right may be seen lilium auratum. .-Kt the rear of the fence border is rose color

phlox. Note the bird house.

handsomest of the species and pro-
duces erect, showy clusters of pale,
rose-colored flowers during the first
week in June. The foliage is beauti-
ful and characteristic. Syringa japon-
ica is from Japan, and approaches more
nearly to the size of a tree than any
other lilae. It has enormous white
flower clusters about the end of .June,
and is the latest of all lilacs to flower.
Syringa oMata comes from northern
China, and is about the earliest of the
lilacs to bloom, and is sometimes in
flower about April 26th. It is the only
one that has handsomely colored foli-
age in the fall, and turns to a deep
scarlet red. Syringa Wolfii is another
new lilac from western China, and
flowered with us for the first time last
spring, and is of a deep shade of lilac,
with flowers produced in great profus-
ion.

All of the species of lilacs can be
easily raised from seed, which should
be sowed as soon as ripe. Varieties
can be budded, grafted, raised from
green cuttings, layers, or suckers (pro-
vided the suckers are taken from vari-
eties that are upon their own roots). It
is always preferable to have varieties
upon their own roots, but they are
usually hard to obtain. Green cuttings
should be taken as soon as the wood
has made its full growth, about the
first or second week in June, and placed
in four to five inches of sharp sand in
a hot-bed in which sufficient stable
manure has been packed to create good
bottom heat. The sashes should be
kept closed for several weeks and shad-
ed from sunshine at all times of the
day by cotton-cloth three feet away
from the glass. The cuttings should
never be allowed to become dry. They
should be well rooted by August or
September, and they can either be pot-
ted and kept in a cool green-house or
planted in a frame and protected

throughout the first winter.

The next best method of propagation
is to wedge graft on the roots of the
California Privet, using two-year-old
privet stock, the roots need not be
more than three inches long. This
should be done about the first of Feb-
ruary. The graft? should be placed in
"flats" about four inches deep, deep
enough for the unions to be covered
with soil. If the flats are placed on a
green-house bench with bottom heat
and a moderate temperature overhead
not to exceed fifty-five degrees, they
will soon unite and root. They can be
planted out in the nursery about the
middle of May. If this stock is planted
sufficiently deep it invariably gets on
its own roots and the privet ultimately
disappears and dies.

Buddin;^ on to the California Privot
is practised in many nurseries. They
grow witli tremendous vigor for a few
years, but ficcording to our observ.a-
tions they are short lived. Budding on
to the common lilac stock is oiteu re-
sorted to, but in this case there has to
be a constant repressing of suckers, and
if ordinary vigilance is neglec+ed fiie
graft will soon be overpowered, [iayi^i--
ing is an easy method, but requires pa-
tience, riiis should be done in spring
and it takes about two vears beforf the
layer is fit to be disturbed.

A selection of the most distinct vari-
eties of 'ilacs, including some of the
newer ones and some older standard
kinds would be as follows: Single
flowered, in shades of purple-red, vio-
let-red, and carmine-red; Danton, Ca-
vour, Pasteur, Milton, Reaumur, Negro,
Congo, Toussaint 1' Overture, and
Uncle Tom. Single flowered, in shades
of blue to bluish mauve; Beautre, Gil-
bert, Crampel, coerulea superba, and
Colmariensis. Single flowered, in
shade of bright lilac pink; macros-
tachia, lilarosa, amoena, Schermer-

hornii, and Lovaniensis. Single flow-
ered white; Vestale, Madame Florent
Stcpman, Virginalia, Kate Ilarlin,
Princess Alexandra, Marie LeGraye,
and Frau Bertha Daniman. Double
flowered, :n shades of purple-red, vio-
let-red, and carmine-ied ; Charles Jolv,
Paul Ilariot, Stadtgartner Ilothpletz,
De Saussure, La tour d' Auvergne, and
Matechal de Ba.ssompiere.

Double flowered in shades of blue
to bluish-mauve; Marc Micheli, Maur-
ice de Viliiiorin, President Viger, Con-
dorcet, Godroy, Viviand Morel, Abel
Carriere, O'ivier de Serres, and Victor
Lemoine. Double flowered in shades of
light pink; Louis Henry, Edouard An-
dre, Conite de Kerchove, \Valdeck Ros-
seau, and JIadame Jules Finger.
Double flowered white ; Madame Lemo-
ine, Miss Ellen Willmott, Jeaiie d'Arc,
Dame Blanche, Obelisque, Madame de
Miller, and Madame Casimir Perier.

Ginseng Growing

Wm. Cilgour, Peterboro, Out.

There are two varieties of ginseng,
Canadian and American. In the au-
tumn of 1903 I received several hun-
dred ginseng roots, purchnsed from a
grower in Joplin, Missouri, U.S.A.
Two hundred of the roots were three
years old. They came up the following
spring and made a Ihrifly growth all
summer, but not one of the seeds ripen-
ed. They grew on late into October,
when the first heavy frost cut them
down. These roots were accustomfd to
a longer growing .season in their native
climate, hence their failure to ripen, ex-
cept in favorable seasons, when planted
in the north. 1 saw by the latter part
of September that I would have no rijje
seeds from those plants. I hf-ard of a
man who had a small plot of ginseng in
the backwoods so I drove thirty miles
north of the city to his place and bought
one thousand roots — all the one, two,
and three year old plants he had. The
following summer, the three-year-old
plants of this lot produced a fine crop
of scd. They were all ripe and har-
vested by the middle of September. The
nati\e root has this advantage over the
southern. We have a f^ill crop of ripe
seeds, and we can dig the roots for
market early in September and dry them
in the sun.

Look for scale and mealy bug on *
ferns and other house plants. To rid
the plants of the insects wash with soap
and water, using a soft sponge or
brush, then cleanse with clear water.
Rain water is better than well water,
since it does not contain alkali, which
often leaves white streaks on the
leaves.

March, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Starting Seeds in the Hot Bed

63

I

ONE of the greatest difficulties or
rather drawbacks that the
Canadian gardener has to con-
tend witli is the shortness of the out-
door gardening season. Severe frosts
in late spring and early fall make the
actual growing season a brief one at
the most, but by making use of a hot-
bed one can have vegetables and flow-
ers anywhere from two weeks to two
months ahead of those who wait until
the ground is warm enough before
planting the seed. Moreover, a hot-bed
furnishes an outlet for one's pent-up
energies niter a winter of more or less
inactivity. Kipling says :
"The cure for this ill is not to sit still,
And frowst with a book by the fire,
But to take a large hoe, and a shovel,
also.
And dig till you gently perspire."
Hotbeds may be either above or be-
low ground, but for early growing, and
more especially for a climate like that
of Canada, we prefer those below
ground. A pit about four feet deep,
with concrete sides and bottom, and
provided with bottom drains and pro-
visions for sash constitutes an ideal
place for a hot-bed. The length, of
course, depends on the quantity of pro-
duce to be raised. Regulation sash are
six feet by three feet.

If you have not a structure of this
kind the cold frame can be made into
a pit by digging out the soil to a depth
of two feet or more. By making up a
layer of manure a foot or more larger
than the area of che frame to be used
and eighteen inches deep, one can have
a very satisfactory hx)t-bed above
ground which will generate enough
heat to resist any cold spell that is
generally experienced in March.

Material for making up the hot-bed
is generally easy to get. Dry leaves
and horse s<able manure in equal parts
is all that is needed. By adding the
leaves the heat is not so intense, and
lasts much longer. The material
should be turned every three or four
days to prevent too rapid fermentation,
and to thoroughly mix. After several
turnings and the excess of ammonia has
escaped, it is ready to put in the frame.
For a frame or pit fifteen by six feet
use three cne-horse loads of this ma-
terial to make the bed two feet thick.
Tramp it Avell down so as to keep in the
heat for the longest possible time.
Usually after placing the manure in the
frames it will become quite hot, and a
thermometer should be put in to indi-
cate the degree of heat. Not infre-
quently a temperature of over one hun-
dred degrees will be registered, but not
till this has settled to ninety or less.

Henry Gibson

and gives indications of remaining at
a steadily agreeable point should the
soil be put on. The soil should be of
a light sandy nature, made up of two
parts good garden soil, one part leaf-
mold with enough sand to make it por-
ous. A layer five or six inches thick
is enough for the raising of either seeds
or rooting cuttings.

Lettuce is one ot the most looked for
early vegetables from the garden, and
by sowing seed in such a hot-bed as we
have described, transplanting the seed-
lings when large enough to handle into
a cold frame, heads may be had ready
for cutting by the latter part of May.

In order to make the most of the
space radish may be sown between the
rows of lettuce. It will be used before
the lettuce becomes too large to need
the room.

Carrots lespond readily to hot Ijed
culture, and if sov.'n thinly in drills six
inches apart and no thinning done un-
til they are fit to use, quite a s irp'?'
can be had from very few rows. E.irJy
Short Horn and Paris Forcing .'ire llie
best that we have tried. Beet tops a''e
a good substitute for spinach in cprly
spring, and by sowing seed early in
March one may expect to have the tops
fit for use in six weeks. Sow as sug-
gested for carrots, and if the tops are
not used ycu will nave young beets for
the table in May, several weeks before
you could have them from the open
ground. Onion sets may be planted for
an early supply of salads, or seed may

be sown a) id the yeedlings used as soon
as they are large enough.

Vegetables can be started for trans-
planting to the open garden as soon as
weather conditions permit. Among
these the chief are cabbage, cauliflower,
onions, leeks, tomatoes, egg-plant, pep-
pers and celery. Tomatoes, egg-plant
and peppers are :nore tender than the
others named, and should be carefully
protected from cold di-afts, and hard-
ened well to outside conditions before
being set out in the open. In fact, all
seedlings raised in a hot-bed or green-
house require to be well hardened off
before planting out, but the three men-
tioned are more tender than the others
and more care should be taken with
them.

Asters, stocks, antirrhinums, petun-
ias, verbenas, and almost every con-
ceivable form of garden flowers that
grow from seed can be successfully
raised in ihe hot bed. Those wanted
for later use can be as well sown out-
doors when the soil is warm enough,
but for early cutting sow in the hot-
bed and transplant to a cold frame to
harden off before planting to the open
ground.

There maj be among beginners a lit-
tle confusion as i"o what is the differ-
ence between the terms "cold frames"
and "hoi-beds." Cold frames are
w^armed by the sun only, and are cap-
able of resisting but little frost. They
are used chiefly for gradually harden-
ing the nlants to outside conditions.

A commodious lawn with a well arranged perennial border to enhance its attractiveness.

64

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

I'loral EditioiL.

T%.

'*;

ll*r

'^9 I

HHt^jiHHI

The Aster (Michelmas Daisy) Novaae Anglae
Rost;na.

Hot-beds, as will have been gathered
from the description of one in the mak-
ing, are warmed by a bed of manure
giving heat by fermentation. Both are
a sort of small green-house with almost
unlimited possibilities. Don't get the
idea that they are to be used only for
securing a supply of early flowers and
vegetables. You may also have a late
supply in the fall, and during the sum-
mer montlis they may be used for grow-
ing perennials from seed. Cuttings of
most kinds of bedding plants are read-
ily rooted by the aid of the "little
green-houses. ' '

Ventilation is a phase of hot-bed and
cold frame culture that should receive
careful attention. Too much of it will
chill your plants, and too little will
make them soft. This is especially so
when they have been transferred from
the hot-bed to the cold frame to harden
off.

In cold weather raise the sash slight-
ly on the side away from the wind at
mid-day when the sun is hot. In warm-
er weather the sash can be slid down
or elevated to admit plenty of air.
During very cold weather some cover-
ing should be put upon the glass. Straw
or burlap mats are very convenient for
this purpose. When hardening off
plants do it by degrees, so that when
the time comes to plant out, the plants
are getting the maximum amount of air
in the frame.

Those v/lio are unfortunate enough
not to have a hot-bed may have early
plants to set out by starting the seeds
in the living room or the kitchen. To
do this you will require some boxes,
"flats," they are called by the florist,
in which to sow the seed. Twelve by
twenty-four inches is a convenient size,
but for home use haddock boxes that

can be readily obtained from the gro-
cer ^re just the thing. These should
have a layer of moss or coarse leaf-
mold, put in the bottom to provide
drainage, aiid be filled to within an inch
of the top with the same kind of soil
that was recommended for the hot-bed,
then thoroughly watered. When the
surplus water has drained away the
seed can be sown. Sow thinly and as
evenly as possible and cover the seed
but slightly. The directions on the
package are a good guide in this. Many
failures of seed to grow can be traced
to its being covered too deeply. Cover
with a sheet of glass, shade with news-
paper and stand the box in a warm
place. Heat may he furnished by ele-
vating the boxes on bricks over the
radiator or on the kitchen range. A
sunny window in a warm room may be

brought into use. In short, each indi-
vidual house will have its own little
corners where the boxes may be placed.
Care must be taken not to allow the
soil to get dry or the seed will not
grow. Look over them at frequent in-
tervals, and if any show signs of need-
ing water, place them in the sink where
the water can soak up through the bot-
tom of the box and through the soil by
what is known as capillary attraction.
When the seed germinates give them
the lightest position in the house, and
when large enough lo handle, trans-
plant to other boxes, planting ih-j seed-
lings two inches apart. Where a num-
ber of varieties of seeds are grown in
this way, and transplanted, they occupy
a good deal of room, and a cold frame
should be provided for them, the same
as for the hot-bed plants.

Informal Planting of Home Grounds*

Miss Mary Yates, Port Credit

NO garden is at its best unless it has
a beautiful lawn. To dot it over
with flower beds, be they never
so gay, or with trees be they never so
stately, is to leave it no longer a lawn,
but a flower garden or a shrubbery.
When lawn, flower beds and trees are
wanted, let the lawn proper be made
smaller and detached portions of it be
given up to the flower beds and trees,
or let them be placed upon its margin.
This will be to the advantage of the
flower beds, trees and lawn.

The easiest way to spoil a good lawn
is to put a flower bed in it. It should
be free and generous. The more it is
cut up and worried with trivial effects,
the smaller and meaner it looks.
Flowers, too, need a background, and
border planting sets bounds to a place
and makes it one's own. The places
for flowers are along borders, against
groups, by the corners of the residence,
in front of the porches, using their
colors, as an artist does his paints and
palette, to give life and finish to the
whole.

Wood Lot.

The pleasure grounds and general
landscape should have some definite
connection with the wood lot. This may
be had by masses of flowering shrubs, a
thicket of free-growing roses, a planta-
tion of hydrangeas, or the lawn can
slope up gently by grass paths to a
rock garden with dwarf shrubs and
alpines.

Have a Plan.

It is most desirable to have a definite
plan on paper and draw to a scale, giv-
ing the location of the leading features,
such as the house, wood lot, outbuild-

• Continued from Feibruary issue.

ings, service areas (clothes yard, soils,
manures, nursery bed, frames, etc.),
vegetable garden, drives, walks, lawn,
to serve as a general guide for medita-
tion, rearrangement and development
of future plans. Make this plan with a
key having numbers to correspond with
the list of plants used.

The View.

An important feature, not included
in the plan, is the vista or view obtain-
able from the grounds. From our own
drive a neighbor's orchard makes a
glory, whether in bloom, in fruit, or
when the bare branches form a delicate
tracery against the sky. To take the
best advantage of this, it was neces-
sary to make a special type of fence.

A garden overlooking a magnificent
view of the Georgian Bay has used such
restraint in the planting that the eye
is never violently dragged back to
trivialities in the foreground, but ap-
pears to be conducted quietly to the
scene beyond. Andrew White's garden
on the hillside was planted to be an in-
spiration to students passing to the
Agricultural College at Cornell Uni-
versity. . .

To bring the planting into Ime with
these schemes, some consideration as
to methods is necessary. A few years
ago Mr. P. E. Buck, of the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa, gave an
admirable plan for grouping the four
flower periods. This has formed the
basis of my own informal plantings,
and cannot be too strongly recom-
mended as a working scheme by which
to plan pictures for large or small

gardens. , , „ r.

In May we have Dutch bulbs, such

as tulips and narcissus, and shrubs and

alpines and such other flowers as prim-

March, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

roses, forget-me-not, dwarf iris, bleed-
ing heart, rockets, anchusa and pole-
monium.

In June and July there are the
ardent flowers, such as paeonies,
irises, columbines, Canterbury bells,
and such wood flowers as trilliums,
spring anemones, lily of the valley and
Solomon's seal.

In July and August vre find the
showy flowers, such as perennial
phlox, bocconia, delphiniums, platyco-
don, campanulas, eryngium, lobelia
syphiliticae, echinops Ritro.

In September and October we enter
upon the prevailing flowers, such as
dahlias for display, perennial sun-
flowers or helianthus, heleniums, pyre-
thrum uliginosum, and others similar.

Other varieties to give life and fin-
ish are campanulas, pyrethrums, gypso-
phila, thalictrum, fox-gloves, pinks and
oriental poppies.

Annuals may also be used to fill in.
Roses should be planted in a bed by
themselves.

New Plants and Flowers

A NUMBER of hardy chrysanthe-
niunis have been under test for
several years in the garden at the
Guelph Agricultural College, and have

The White Queen Aster.

given very good flowering results,
especially last season. The greatest
obstacle to success with them is on ac-
count of the attacks made on them in
June and July by the small tarnished
plant bug (lygus pretensis). This
pest punctures and destroys the ter-
minal point of growth of the plant, de-
stroying the buds when they are in an
embryo condition, causing the growth
to produce blind or flowerless growth.
The best partial remedy for these pests
is to dust the terminal points of growth
every few days in hot weather with
pyrethrum powder, wood ashes or soft
coal soot. Asters and dahlias are also
badly injured in the same way by this
pest. A sure remedy for the attacks
of this insect is badly needed by flower
growers.

The following is a list of ten good
varieties for planting in the garden.

Early spring is the best time to plant.

Carrie (filso sold as "Glory of Seven
Oaks"), golden yellow; Hermine
(Pompon), white; Cactus, bronzy red;
Champagne, ruby red; Champ d'Or,
golden yellow; La Pactole, bronzy
gold; La Somme, mauve pink; l^den,
rose red; October Gold, old gold;
Queen of Earlies, pure white.

Plants of these hardy varieties gave
good flowering results last season from
August to the second week in Novem-
ber. There should be more of them
seen in our perennial borders, bright-
ening up as they do their whole sur-
roundings at a time of the year when
the garden usually looks forlorn and
desolate.

Spring' Flowering Bulbs.

An interesting test was started at
the college last fall with early flower-
ing tulips and the Darwin type of
tulip. A consignment of seven differ-
ent varieties of early flowering tulips
was received from the Dominion Ex-
perimental Station at Sydney, Van-
couver Island, B.C., with a request that
a test of these Canadian grown bulbs
be made with imported stock of the
same varieties. As far as the appear-
ance, solidity and size of the bulbs are
concerned, they compare very favor-
ably with imported stock of the same
varieties.

A list of twelve good varieties of
Darwin and Rembrandt tulips will be
found in the following varieties for the
amateur's garden. These two types
and the May flowering, or cottage gar-
den tulips, as well as the Bizarre and
By-bloemen tulips, are too seldom seen
in our gardens. They are well suited
for permanent planting in perennial
borders where they can be left undis-
turbed for several years, and will give
good results. They are not as well
suited for flower beds or borders where
summer decorative plants are grown,
as they do not like to be dug up or dis-
turbed very frequently when planted.
The early flowering tulips are best for
the last named purpose, but these are
not nearly as effective for permanent

planting as the Darwins, Rembrandts,
etc., first mentioned. These last named
are rapidly coming into prominence,
and are very beautiful.

12 Darwin Tulips.

Andre Dorian, Anthony Roozen,
Charles H. Marot, Clara Butt, Dante,
Dream, Europe, Fra Angelico, Gret-
chen, Harry Veitch, Mr. Farncombe
Sanders, "Wedding Veil.

12 Rembrandt Tulips.
Alladin, Le Printemps, Bellona, Marco
Spado, Candida, Purity, Diana, Red
Prince, Esopus, Sirene, Gretchen,
Undine.

Hardy Border Perennials.

In addition to the tests mentioned,
over two hundred dift'erent varieties of
hardy border perennials, most of them
new or not common varieties, were
planted in the trial grounds last spring.
They have not, however, been planted
long enough to give any very definite
information on them. These will be
subjected to the severest winter test
possible, as they are planted on a very
exposed piece of ground and will be
given very little, if any, artificial pro-
tection during the coming winter.

The following varieties have shown
points of merit that will doubtless give
them a place among the better known,
older types and varieties of these
plants.
List of Perennial Asters (Michelmas
Daisies) Tested.

Anglica rosea, 4 ft. ; A. L. Fardell,
4 ft. ; Beauty of Colwill, 4 ft. ; Baldur,
4 ft.; Cordifolia elegans, 3 ft.; Dor-
wrochren, 4 ft. ; Ericoides Enchantress,

2 ft. ; Finchley White, 4 ft. ; Mrs. E. N.
Raynor, 4 ft. ; Snowflake, 3 ft. ; Thomp-
sonii (dwarf), 18 in.; White Queen,

3 ft.

•i>..»'.''-'.';

The Florlbunda Aster.

«6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

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turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should
any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any
subscriber, we will make good the amount of
his loss, provided such transaction occurs within
one month from date of this Issue, that It Is
reported to us within a week of Its occurrence,
and that we And the facts to be as stated. It
Is a condition of this contract that In writing to
advertisers you state: "I saw vour advertise-
ment In The Canadlair Horticulturist."

Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex-
pense of our subscribers, who are our friends,
through the medium of these columns: but we
shall not attempt to adjust trining disputes be-
tween subscribers and honorable business men
who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest
bankrupts.

Communications should be addreaaaA
THE CANADIAN HORTICliUTUKIST,
PETERBORO, ONT.

mmm m hi m mi iai mu .ai «i tMi-^nimm

EDITORIAL

iwmwmwn^iMSim

The Duly on Apples

The recent announcement by the Do-
minion Finance Minister, Hon. Thos. White,
of the Government's iatention to increase
the duty on apples to ninety cents a barrel,
wihich Is equivalent to thirty cemts a box,
was heard with relief by thousands of Cana-
dian fiuu growers, who were loolting for-
ward with apprehension to the marketing
conditions wluch were likely to and may
even yei prevail next fall and winter. The
agitiaticn to have the duty increased was
conducted mainly, in fact almost entirely, by
the fruit growers of British Columbia. Only
Uhose who are in close touch with the
thorough manner in which the case for the
frut growers was prepared and presented
largely by Mr. R. M. Winslow, secretary
of the British Columbia Fruit Growers'
Association, and a committee of directors
of the association, can appreciate how ably
the case for the fruit growers was handled
by those who had it in charge.

The memorandum submitted to the gov-
ernment s'howed that the fruit growers of
British Columbia had exerted every effort
to place t-heir industry on a paying basis
by the adopticn of modem methods of cul-
tivation, the growing of suiUble varieties,
and the use of co-operative principles, but
had failed to make the industry profitable.
This, it was contended, was because of* the
competition of Pacific Coast fruit growers
in the States, who, for some years, owing
to excessive plantings, have been market-
ing their fruit in Canada at prices not only
below the cost of production in Canada but
in the States as well. The government was
shown thait the cost of prodnotion in British
Columbia during the past four years has
been higher than in Washington and Ore-
gon. The cost of labor has averaged ten
per cent, to twenty 'per cent, higher, and
of ithe various materials entering into apple
production, such as spraying equipment, box
materials, nails, fruit paper and implements,
about twenty-five per cent. more.

The memorandum set forth that in 1914
importations of fruits suoh as cherries, cur-
rants, peaches, plums, apples and grapes,
with the duty included, but not the freight
charges, amounted In value to over $4,000-
000.

The imports of apples between 1909 and
1914 increased from 56,763 barrels to 330,-
907 barrels, in spite of the fact that in at
least two of these years, 1912 and 1914,
large quantities of apples were not harvest-
ed at all. These increased importations
were made In face of the fact that home
production in Canada during the .same
period showed a great increase.

The increase in the duty, it is believed,
will tend to offset the ihandioap Canadian
fruit growers are under through having to
pay a duty on their supplies, and thus will
help to pnt the fruit grower In Canada on
a more equal footing with the United States
growers. Wliiile it is not expected that this
increased duty will prove of permanent
benefit, inapmuoh as during the next few
years it will be capitalized in the form ot
increased land values, and the benefit there-
fore go to the land owner rather than to
the grower, nevertheless it will be a relief
frr the DreseTi.t which will be much appre-
ciated by many Canadian fruit growers,
especially those in Western Canada.

Town Planning in Practice

When the Guelpih Horticultural Society
a year or so ago urged joint action by the
horticultural societies of Ontario to have the
assessment act so amended that people who
improve their homes by the planting ot
vines and flowers shall not have their assess-
ment increased. Its members touched on a
problem that was much larger than most of
them probably realized. It is one of the
greatest problems of our modern civilization.
In these days when public bodies are co-
operating to reduce the cost of living by
the erection of working men's homes and to
improve civic conditions by the planting ot
parks, their efforts are Inevitably handi-
capped and often thwarted by the exorbitant
prices asked for land. As long as nothing
is done to prevent land advancing in value,
where parks are planned and working men's
homes erected the benefits sought will sel-
dt>m or never be realized.

In Manchester, Eng., in 1909 a Housing
and Town Planning Act was passed with
the object of reducing the cost of town and
estate development. Commenting on the re-
sults of this act, not long since the Man-
chester City News pointed out that the re-
sult had been to increase instead of dimin-
ish these charges. Continuing, it said:

"Unless care Is taken, town planning
will result in worse living conditions
instead of better — vide Paris and Ber-
lin. Extravagant development raises
rents and makes decent living conditions
economically impossible except for the
favore;! few. The city beautiful is of
no practical use unless it be also a city
of common sense, providing healthy
homes for all classes."

The real problem is how to make land so
cheap that it will be available for park and
housing purposes. Tne best way to do this
is to remove the taxes from buildings and
to increase them on land values. This wlU
have the effect of squeezing out the specu-
lators and forcing unused land, or only
partly used land, into use at prices which
will keen down rental costs and make land
more readily available for park purposes.
Once tills is realized more rapid progress
will be made.

The Collapse of Cooperation

So much has been said of late years about
the benefits to be derived by the adoption
of modern cooperative principles In the mar-
keting of fruit, and such glowing pictures
have been painted of the prosperity of fruit
growers in sections where cooperative
methods have been established, that there
is a tendency in the minds of many fruit
growers, and of the public generally, to ex-
pect that the adoption of cooperative meth-
ods will solve practically all the difficulties
that afflift both the grower and the con-
sumer. This Is unfortunate, as it will In-
evitably result in disillusion. Where co-
operative methods are introduced success-
fully they invariably result in decided bene-
fits both to the grower and the consumer.
They fall short, however, of solving many
of the greatest difficulties inherent in the
fruit industry.

During the past ten years very successful
cooperative organizations were established
in the Pacific Coast States, more particularly
those of Washington and Oregon. Some oet
these organizations have been held up as
models for other fruit districts to follow.
In spite of the early successes which at-
tended their Inauguration these organiza-
tions have utterly failed to prevent the

March, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

•7

development of disastrous conditions for the
fruit growers in these States. The early
successes resulted in excessive plantings.
Many growers seemed to expect that 'their
associations would have no difficulty finding
a market for all the fruit they might grow.
Their hopes have been cruelly disappointed,
as for several years past their product has
not been sold at a price which has averaged
the cost of production.

Of the 550,000 acres reported to have been
planted in the states mentioned it is ex-
pected that seventy-five per cent, or more
must go under to enable the balance to sur-
vive. During the four years ending in 1914
tiheir own. authorities estimate that the
average selling price has been over twenty
per cent, a box below the average cost of
produation. 'Mr. J. Howard Wright, the
president of the Washington State Horii-
cultuiai Society, in a recent address before
that body, said, "Sheriffs' sales and fore-
closures are the order of the day." Prof.
W. S. Thornber, Director of the Extension
Department, Washington State College,
speaking at the Northwest Growers' Coun-
cil in Spokane, said that ninety-five per cent,
of the growers in one of the most successful
valleys would gladly sell their holdings for
considerably less than they paid for them,
and wiirn?iy lose their time aad interest
in the bargain.

The Canadian Horticulturist is and has
always been a strong advocate of coopera-
tive methods. Their introduction at the
present moment in the Niagara District, as
well as in the apiple districts of Ontario,
would work a vast improvement in the
financial returns to the growers. It is un-
wise, however, to look on cooperation as a
"curp-all" It is to be advocated wherever
needed, but if we recognize that it will not
prevent u^^ from suffering from the mistakes
of overplant'ng or other mismanagement,
we will take greater precaution to avoid
the making of such mistakes.

• • *

At the annual convention of the Manitoba
Horticultural Association, held last month
in Winnipeg, a special committee was ap-
pointed to urge the enactment in that pro-
vioice of a Horticultural Societies Act, simi-
lar in character to the one which has proved
so successful in Ontario. As the residents
of iManitrba are keenly anxious to have the
horticultural possibilities of their province
fully developed, this committee's efforts are
likely to be crowned with success. The hor-
ticulturists of Ontario, and in other pro-
vinces as well, will fol'low their efforts with
interest.

• * *

Our fruit experiment stations are Inter-
ested in the problem of preventing bees
from being destroyed by the use of sprays
and poison baits in the orchard and garden.
Every year a considerable number of chil-
dTen die through drinking fly poisons con-
taining arsenic. The State of Michigan has
adopted a law to (prevent the sale of fly-
paper or other forms of fly-killers which
contain arsenic or oth«r poison in sufficient
quantity to be dangerous to the health of
people. This matter is worthy of receiving
more attention than it has hitherto.

• • •

Some But or fruit-b&arlng trees set out
on country roads fifty feet apart, would add
much beauty and comfort to the high-
way. It would be necessary, of course, to
have well-rounded roadways to drain oCT
the water, for mud holes and poor roadbeds
would not dry out quite so fast as where
the sun shines on the roadbed all the time.
The better road beds would be well worth
while.

iNow is a igood time to take down tntj
advertising placards that may adorn our
fences, trees or buildings. They detract
from the appearance of the premises and
mar all efforts at civic improvement.

PUBLISHER'S DESK

rmmmmmmmmiiwmmmmmmm*m

This issue of The Canadian Horticulturist
reflects the interesting character of many
of the fruit growers and horticultural con-
ventions that have been held during the past
couple of months, inasmuch as it contains,
either in whole or in part, a number of the
best papers read by well-known authorities
at these gatherings. In this respect The
Canadian Horticulturist acts as a clearing
house for the dissem'nation of horticultural
information throughout Canada. By the
publication of these papers thousands of
people who are unable to attend the meet-
ings, but who are interested in the discus-
sions, are enabled to keep in touch with the
latest thought and work of our leading
authorities. More good is frequently accom-
plished by the publication of these reports
in this manner than in any other way.

O'f the four special editions of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist published each year, the
April Number is the one most eagerly
watched for by those who are specially
interested iu gardens and flowers. Next
month's issue will be our Fifth Annual
Spring Gardening and Planting Number.
The front cover will be different from any
ive have ever pub'.ished and most attractive
and pleasing in appearance. While articles
relating to gardening will be prominent
throughout, all departments of the paper
will b° strong. Mr. V. E. (Buck, of the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm, will discuss the
popularity of annuals, describe the benefits
derived from growing them and methods of
cultivation, and give a list of the best vari-
eties. Mr. A. P. Marshall, of Niagara Falls,
Ont.. w'll relate how last year, by the use
of $3.00 worth of seed and a vacant plot,
rnoush vegetables were grown for a family
of seven. Miss Chrissie Anderson, of An-
caster, will explain how she made her gar-
den pay. The "Growing of Asters" will be
dealt w'th hv M'*. A. V. Main, of Ottawa.
A aplpnd'd nlanfing fable for vegetables for
the home garden will be given by Mr. W.
T. Macoun. Dominion Horticulturist. These
are onlv an outline of the features of the
floral section.

• • •

In the fruit pages Mr. Seth J. T. Bush, of
Morton, N.Y,, will d'scuss other problems
of the fruit grower than those he mentions
so interpstiriigly in this i^sue. He will also
deal with the subject. "Success and Failure
In Cold Storage." Prof. W. S. Blair, of
Kentvllle, N.S., will contribute a paper on
"Orchard Fertilization," based on the results
of exoeriments conducted at the Kentville
Exineriment Station. "Packages for 'Long
Distance Shipment of Tender Fruits" will
be the sn'blect of an article by J. M. Creel-
man, B.S.A.. of the Cold Storage Station,
Grimsby, while "Better Net Returns for
Local Associations" -wiU be dealt with by
C. F. Howard of Hagersville. There will
be a practical helnful article by L. G. Robin-
son, of Berw'ck, N.S., on sipraylng. In sipite
of the fact that this will be one of the larg-
est Issues of the year, advertising space will
be at a premium, and advertisers are again
urged to make reservationis early.

SOCIETY NOTES

Stratford

The Horticultural Annual for 1916 issued
by the Stratford Horticultural Society la
ambitious in character. It is nicely printed
on a good quality of paper, well illustrated,
and contains 20 pages. The report of the
president, covering last year's work. Is
printed, as well as a list of the officers and
committee and the options tor 1916. A
school children's exhibit of bulbs will be
held in the spring, and exhibitions of sea-
sonable flowers in May, June, July and Aug-
ust. There will be a school grounds com-
petition and a lawn aad garden competition.
The membership last year was over 500.
Over 26,000 bulbs and plants were distribut-
ed last year, and 230 school children's home
gardens were entered in the children's gar-
den competition.

Guelph

The Guelph Horticultural Society Is one
of the most active in the province. Last
year, in addition to givimg The Canadian
Horticulturist to all its members, it dis-
tributed plants, bulbs, small fruits, vegetable
seeds, shrubs and implements, or certificates
to the value of '50c 'for horticultural requi-
sites, to be purchased at any seed store.
Vegetable and aster seeds and gladioli bull»
were distributed in the senior grades of
each group to be grown at home by the
people. The society attended to the plant'
ing and arranging of window boxes at the
city hall, fire hall, post office and public
library, all of which helped to beautify th«
city.

Hamilton

An interesting public lecture was arranged
by tihe 'Hamilton Horticultural Society tor
the evening of February 18th, which included
an illustrated lecture by Mr. W. A. Childs,
M.A., on "Wild and Informal Gardens." A
nipmbers'hip competition is being conducted,
and arrangements are under way for month-
ly lectures and garden meetings during tht
summer.

St. Thomas

Winter as well as summer the members
of the "St. Thomas Horticul'tural Society
are active. Last month an interesting lec-
ture was given by John Dunbar, Superintend-
ent of Parks of Rochester, N.Y., wlho spoke
on the "Influences of City Parks on Civic
Life." Mr. Dunbar, an article by whom &^
pears In this issue, was made an honorary
member of the society. Tlie society has de-
cided to ask the city council for permission
to enclose a small space in the middle of
the woods at the south end of Pinafore Park,
where tihe natural plants now growing can
be protected and various other plants intro-
duced from surrounding woods and propa-
gated. iMembers of the society are planning
to form a botanical or nature .study olnb for
the purpose of studying the plants that grow
In the surrounding woods, and having tiheTO
introduced Into Pinafore Park, where they
may be protected. The society has dlstri-
biitpd its list of options for 1916, whi<ih are
unusually liberal and attractive.

M

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Eddtioo.

Better Net Returns for Local Associations'

Dr. A. J. Grant, Manager Thedford Fruit Growers' Association

THEIR'E are many ways in which the
memibers of iVuit growers' associa-
■ilons can increase their net returns,
Such as by decreasing many of the expense
Items in coanection with the production
and haudl'iug of apples. Few mem'bers of
local associations reahy understand the sell-
ing siiaadards for apples, and yet the stand-
ards are the bame as those governing the
saie of aty other commodity, viz.: quality.

Anybody can understand lliat a barrel or
box of No. 1 apples will sell for more than
the same quantity of No. 2 stock, or that
good Spya and Snows will &eU for more than
lieliefleure, but when it comes to the sale of
a car-load or several car-loads or perhaps
the entire pack of an associaiioa, then we
are liable to lose sight of the fact that it
Is the complexion of the entire lot of ap-
ples, from the standpoint of quality, which
governs the price. Uenerally speaking, the
greater the percentage of No. 1 red fruit, and
ithe fewer poor varieties, the greater the sell-
ing price per package. I know a man who in
the season of 1914, when low prices prevail-
ed, exported one car of very excellent Bald-
wins, making a net return of some $3.30 par
barrel. The price was noised about the dis-
trict and ucibody took the trouble to ask for
the details of the sale, so that much dissatis-
faction arose among the members of several
associations because they did not receive at
least $3.30 per barrel for their entire out-
put, including varying quantities of inferior
Tarieties as well as low percentages of No.
1 apples. This brings us to the first point
that I would like to drive home. If you ex-
pect your managers to get you in on the top
notch prices which you hear quoted from
time to time, give them the necessary per-
centage of good No. 1 red fruit and a first
class variety list. These are the elements
which make for high prices. The packs with
a low percentage of No. 1 and with perhaps
a lot of poor varieties, must accept lower
prices, under the same market conditions.

Thorough pruning, intelligent cultivation
and persistent spraying are the things which
we must look to, if we v^ish to raise our per-
centage of No. 1 apples. The poor variety list
must be assisted by liberal grafting to good
commercial sorts. Many growers are afflict-
ed with inferior varieties in the orchard and
oftentimee none too freely blessed with
quick selling varieties, bet us graft those
kinds which are deprecaating the sale of our
pack and get at it quickly. When you im-
prove your variety list you will improve
your returns by no small margin.

In our association we found it such a dif-
ficult thiing to get thorough pruning that we
have started out a pruning gang to make a
complete circuit of every orchard in the
organization. If the grower wishes, we pay
the pruning expenses and charge it up to
next season's apples. You can't talk good
prices for apples from unpruned trees.
Prune well first, then spray, as the season
demands it, at least three or four times, and
you have taken a big stride toward putting
more money in your pocket at the end of
the season. I cannot pass such a topic as
spraying without emphasizing thoroughness
and a sufficient number of applications. We
take It for granted that all apply the three
standard sprays, but there is a most critical
(period just after the apples are nicely form-
ed, and lasting several weeks. If the weath-
er at this time Is damp and cool then set

•A paper read at the recent annual conven-
tion in Toronto of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association.

busy with tlie spray pump, and you virill be
making money pretty fast. Drench your
trees with abundance of good chemicals and
save money by anUcipatmg your wants in
spray material and ordering in suUicient
quantity at the proper time to get in on the
best price. We can save some money by
using a cheaper and more easiUy packed con-
tainer for our lower grades.

By producing good fruit which sells for
more money, you increase your returns in
another way. It costs less money to grade
and pack a good run of apples than It does
to handle a rpoor run. We sometimes hear
association members complaining about the
cost of packing; here is the very place to
lessen the cost by produoing better apples.
I have frequently noted. In our own packing
house, the remarkable difference between
the time required to go through a good run
of apples as compared to that required for
apples which were grading low with a lot of
culls.

One of the best ways that I know of assur-
ing yourself a ready market for your pack,
at a good price, is to establisn standards for
your various grades, (getting well in advance
of the requirements of the fruit-marks aot)
and then guard these standards most zeal-
ously. One of the greatest shortcomings oi
the apple buUn-ess is summed up right hera
Most of us are too easily satisfied with the
ideal apple for a particular grade. We have
in mind siimply what will pass inspection,
and forget the really important thing — what
the consumer is going to think about it after
he has paid some real good money for the
barrel or ibox of apples.

Why is it that we can walk down the
streets of Toronto and see such an abund-
ance of high class apples on sale which have
been brought in from the Western United
States, and far away British Columbia? You
will find the same conditions in other On-
tario cities. The quantity Imported is
steadily increasing because there is a de-
mand for a high class, reliable apple, pro-
perly packed, and we fruit growers will per-
sist in blinding ourselves to this big out-
standing fact. What usually happens any
line of business which refuses point-blank
to supply what people are demanding? The
business has difiiculties, and mighty serious
difl^culties, if a san^ line of policy is not
adopted. Our grading of apples, generally
speaking, is much too low and for this rea-
son the trade demanding high class stock
must seek its requirements elsewhere, there-
by losing for us the cream of the business
with the accompanying high prices. We have
some progressive individual growers and
some associations who have been packing
iiigh class grades and doing well in the in-
dustry. Why not every grower and associa-
tion emulate the example of these few, and
bend every effort toward producing first class
apples. Let every one of us broaden our
sphere of vision as to what is really a first
class No. 1 apple, and a first class No. 2 ap-
ple.

We have associations in Ontario who can
always sell their pack at a good advance
over the common herd. Why? Simply be-
cause they have es-tabllshed a reputation
with the trade for a high class, uniform
pack. Let every association try to estab-
li?h standards of grading which will assure
them a good reputation with the trade and
whem you are fortunate enoueh to win this
reputation, guard it carefully as one of your
best assets.

The famous Climax fruit box, which was so
thoroughly discu.ssed at the recent convention
of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association is
here shown. It la cheaper than the standard
box and allows the buyer to see what he pur-
chases. As no standards for it have been set
by law, one of the objections raised to its use
is tliat this type of box will soon be made of
many different sizes and widtii and thickness
of slats, and thus result In confusion, as has
been the case to some extent in British Co-
lumbia, where it Is used extensively. It Is a
box that evidently has come to stay, and, there-
fore, should be standardized as soon as possible.

One of the best ways to lose the reputa-
tion of a good pack is to become economical,
in the wrong direction, and employ some
cheap, unreliable labor; you save a few dol-
lars in the pay roll and lose many hundred,
as well as getting in wrong with the trade —
a loss which cannot be estimated in money.
There are two brands of economy, '"Business
Economy," or "Stopping Leaks" and "Fool-
ish Economy." Let me commend to you the
former as one of the key-stones of success
in the apple business or any other busdness,
but foolish economy is doing more right
now to hold back fruit growers' associations
than many other agencies combined. Com-
MenDug at your manager, who should have
a thorough knowledge of the business, down
tnrough the whole staff, you must have com-
petent men. The ideal combination is
"Brains," and "Energy," hard to get, but
when you get such a staff, pay them first
class wages and they will show results
everytime, if the growers will give them the
proper fruit to handle. They will bring
your brand of apples to the surface so that
you will be sure of a ready market at fair
prices, regardless ol overhead conditions.
There Is always a demand for the good
article.

The market for apples is a very unstable
one and it is our business as growers, to do
ail possible toward writing the word "apples"
indelibly upon the want-list of every house-
wife. How are we going to do this? First
and foremost — give the consumer a run for
his money by supplying him with good, re-
liable, uniform fruit at a reasonable price;
pare your cost of production and overhead
expenses to the lowest possible limit, but
don't do it at the expense of quality or uni-
formity of grade. I would like to see every
association using central packing houses, as
It is then possible to get uniform grading.
Keep to your standards. The central pack-
ing method is cheaper than the orchard
pack, and it is easier to get one good capa-
ble foreman, Who will stick to his grades,
than it is to get several foremen to handle
orchard gangs. In the latter you cannot get
the same uniformity, as you have too many
individual opinions.

Much can be accomplished along educa-
tional lines. Everybody Is now clamoring
for Northern Spy; we won't deny the fact
that it is the best general purpose apple
that we produce, in its season; but there
are other apples of merit which we are pro-
ducing in large quantities, the virtues of
which are largely unknown to the public.

Marcli, iai6.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

e»

Some excellent newspaper advertlsdng has
already been carried on wiUi much benefit.
We hope to see this advertisinig continued.

There is another method of educating the
public, and that is througu the legitimate
fruit trade. There has been too much an-
tagonism in the past, between the fruit
itrade and the fruit growers. Such a state of
affairs is not in the best interests of either
party and a better understanding all around
would help the industry. We need the fruit
jobber and the retailer and they need us;
they can boost our wares to their own ad-
Tant&ge, as well as ours, but everybody con-
cerned must have confidence in "the other
fellow." Every retailer has his clientele of
customers, who look to him for advice la
such matters; these men can do much to-
ward stimulating the demand for apples by
recommending the proper variety for certain
purposes, varieties in season, etc. Let us
bury the hatchet and get closer together.

Many of our associations have another
pernicious habit which reduces our net re-
turns. That is forcing on the market un-
seasonable varieties. Lack of storage facili-

ties is a difficulty in many cases, but there
is always storage to be had in the larger
centres, and the holding of some of the lat-
er maturing varieties for even a few weeks
may make a great difference in the neit re-
turns to the grower on the season's busi-
ness. I ani not advising associations to go
in for wholesale storage of apples, but I am
advising that you offer the various varieties
when the trade wants them. We growers
are sometimes in such a hurry for our
cheque at the close of the season, that a
sacrifice is made in order to turn all the
apples into money.

The business of a fruit growers' associa-
tion should be conducted upon sound busi-
ness principles, keeping as free as possible
from speculative ventures, but you will have
your reverses, just the same as any other
business. Learn to take such things cheer-
fully; you will have good seasons and you
will have bad seasons, and I have repeatedly
noticed that the fellow who is dodging In
and out of associations always jumps the
traces after a lean season and misses the
good one to follow.

Basket Packages for Fruit

F. M. Clement, Horticultural Experimental Station, Vineland, Ont.

THE ba.=?ket as we use it to-day is not
the product of a day or a year, but
has been evolved from home-made
boxes, baskets of various sizes and shapes,
boxes and other containers that at various
times have been used for delivering fruits to
the markets. It is a temporary container,
being only used for delivery and then dis-
carded or destroyed. The consumer pays
for the container with each basket of fruit
that he buys. The factor of cost in the
basket is essentially then an important one.
Because of the demand for a basket at a
low price, the tendency has been somewhat
to make a cheap basket — cheap material,
cheap manufacture, cheap basket. The
leading growers, however, demand a good-
quality basket. The veneer may vary in

thickness. Veneer of good quality, cut in
not more than sixteen to the inch for six-
quart baskets, and not more than fourteen
to the inch for eleven-quart baskets, makes
a fairly substantial package. Material of
hard wood of excellent quality may be cut
a little thinner; the handle for six quarts
should be cut not more than eight to the
inch, and for eleven-quarts not more than
seven to the inch. The bands must be
strong, of good material, and all parts must
be well nailed. I shall be pleased to have
the opinion of manufacturers on these
standards.

The sizes of the so-called "six" and
"eleven-quart" baskets are fixed by law, but
it is difficult to find baskets that are con-
structed exactly according to the standards.

AYLMER SPRAYERS

have won Medals
and are used by
•even Governments

USE'

AYLIVIER
SPRAYER

Aylmer Sprayer
Outfit :

Piimp, complete, 10
icct hose; 2 Bordeai.x
nozzles; I brass stop
cock; I Y; 1 long ex-
tension rod; Without
Iarrcl5y5.25- Lined
liamboo extension
rod. in place of
iron rod, $1.50
extra. Bar-
rel,S3.00ex-
tra. Shipped
freight pre-
paid, any
station in
Oatarios

Fruit growers use
Aylmer Sprayers be-
cause they give RE-
SULTS. Aylmer
Sprayers have the force to
drive the mixture intocrc-
vicea of bark and buds and
make it penetrate the hiding
placesof the destructive little insects. No time wasted
on repairs during the Spraying Season if you KCt
Sprayer that DOES NOT GET OUT OF ORDER.
Ajiy man who has had the exasperating experience of
having to stop o:i account of loose "racking" on the,
pstons, will be glad to own an Aylmer Sprayer. It is
the only Sprayer constructed without troublesome
"packing." In the Aylmer, the pistons are made tight
by three bronze expanding ring'', the same as the
pistons in automobile engines. This Sprayer is easy
to pump and there is no pressure leakage; every
ounce of pressure being turned into 6pray work.
Agitators prevent clogging; nozzles are up-ti
date; throw full distance and with lull
power from a stream to a spray,
livery part designed to give perfect
ecr^'ire. Prices low. F R E F
OUIDE TO SPRAY Ml
TURtS sent on re-
quest.

Aylmer Pump and Scale Co. Ltd.

WATER ST., AYLMER, ONT.

Douglas Gardens

OAKVILLE, ONT.

A gentleman who lives in Toronto,
and who has had experience in building
and planting, has recently been exam-
ining the lists of Herbaceous Perennials
to be found in many of the leading
Plant Catalogues issued in the U. S.
ajid Canada. His conclusions given —
not to the writer — but to a mutusil
friend, is that there Is no occasion for
going past Douglas Gardens for this
class of plants: that the prices are no
higher, and the plants are at least equal
to the best to be found elsewhere.

The testimonials, the originals of
which are in our possession, printed In
our new and enlarged Planting List, go
to support this gentleman's conclusion.

We are ready to send this Planting
List to all who request it, and to fill
orders from old and new customers with
plants fully equal to the best to be got
anywhere, and superior to most that are
sold elsewhere.

JOHN CAVERS

Peerless
Plant Boxes

MADE

Close Cornered with
New Machinery out
of Hardwood Veneer

PEERLESS IN NAME

AND

PEERLESS IN QUALITY

Order Early from

Canada Wood
Products Co.

ST. THOMAS

ONT.

70

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

NOTICE TO CANADIAN BEEKEEPERS

We are making a specialty of tihe pound package trade. Our Improvement
on the package, making it larger and lighter and giviag It more ventilation,
eaables us to guarantee its safe arrival. We will ship from our yards in Alabama
during April, May and June, packages and queens at the following prices:

Pound package without queen, $1.25 — with queen, $2.00; 2-pound package wltlh
queen, $2.65 — without queen, $1.90; 3-pound package with queen, $3.50 — without
queen, $2.75. Queens, untested — one tor $1.00, six for $4.50, 12 for $8.50. Select,
tested, $2.00; breeders, $3.00.

Our stock of 3 band Italians have s*ood the test for 20 years; there is none
better. We guarantee them to be free from disease. Pure mating and no inbreed-
ing. Your money refunded if not satisfied. We sold the A. I. Root Co. two car-
loads, and will sell them this season. Our aim is to carry a surplus of S'tock so
as to fill all orders by return mall. 5 per cent, discount on all orders before
March loth.

Reference — American Exchange (Bank of Apalachicola, Fla., and the A. I.
Root Co.

After March 15th our address will be Fitrpatrick, Ala.

MARCHANT BROS., SUMATRA, FLA.

PRODUCTIVE BEEKEEPIING

is the title of a new book of 326 pages by Mr. Frank C. Pellett, State

Apiarist of Iowa.
As the name of this book indicates it is especially adapted to the needs
of the practical beekeeper. Not a dibcu&sion of scientific principles,
but of practical methods.

Sources of Nectar, Wintering, Marki^ting, and Laws that Concern
the Beekeeper, are titles of chapters of special interest.
Regular price $1.50 postage extra.
We offer this latest book with the American Bee Journal one year,
both for $2.00, Canadian postage 15 cents extra.

134 illustrations, attractive cloth binding.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

Heimilton, Illinois

Baskets manufactured by various com-
panies vary so much that much inconveni-
ence is caused in uniform packing, iinding
covers to fit, and loading In the car. It is
suggested that when once the size for
quantity and the dimensions are fixed by
law, the blocks be supplied to the manu-
facturer by the government to insure uni-
formity of manufacture.

The quantity the ba.skets should hold,
and the shape the baskets shall take, are
important. Two sizes of baskets for quan-
tity seem to be recognized by all growers;
that is, those baskets that are now known
as ".six" and ordinary "eleven-quart." The
former is generally accepted as it now
stands for all small fruits, including grapes
and fancy peaches. With certain require-
ments of quality in manufacture, no change
seems advisable. The latter basket, that
is the package that is now known as the
eleven-quart, has come in for a great deal of
criticism. It is claimed that it is too low to
take three rows of No. 1 peaches layered,
and that with the variation between the
size of the bottom and the top fixed by law,
it is impossible to pack three layers of uni-
form size. The smaller peaches must be,
of necessity, placed in the bottom if a uni-
form pack is to be maintained. The law
does not permit this; consequently it seems
necessary to modify the package or the law.
The quantity it holds seems satisfactory to
both grower and consumer. It is also a
convenient package to h.indle.

The law states that a basket shall be a
certain length at the top and at the bottom,
the difference being two inches. At the
same time the law states the baskets shall
be a certain width at the top and at the
bottom, the difference being 1% in. This
permits of much more flare at the ends than
at the sides. Why this difference? The
strength of the basket is somewhat weak-

CANADIAN BEE WARE

Double walled and single walled dovetailed hives — Canadian standard
in width, power outfits, excluders, ventilating escapes, smokers, sections,
wedge drivers, Fdn. fasteners, shipping cases, bees, queens, honey, wax,
comb foundation (including Dadant's — finest in ihe world).

Everything for the Beekeeper manufactured on the premises.

Our work is a by-word for accuracy and finish. Our prodiucts bear
the imprint of thought and care, even in the smallest detail. This is
because we are PRACTICAL APIARISTS.

BEES AND QUEE>S

How about your 1 lb. combless package of bees? Also Queens. In
order to handle early business we have established an apiary at Hayne-
ville, Alabama. All orders mailed to Chas. E. Hopper & Co. at this
address will receive the same prompt attention as if addressed to the
home oflBce.

We are prepared to
handle Carniolan and
Caucasian bees, though
w^e no longer breed them.
Orders for these should
be sent to the home office.
All bees will be ready for
shipment the first week
of April.

Protection Hive — the hive that Is making a clean
sweep everywhere.

CHAS. E. HOPPER & CO., Toronto, Ont.

26 years of knowledge and experience we give you in every order.

1 lb. Combless Package of Bees, Queen
included. The modern way to ship bees.

Maxch, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

71

ened by the increased slope of the ends,
for which there is apparently no necessity.
It is also this increased length of top over
bottom that makes uniform packing most
difficult. Some flare is necessary in the
basket because of conditions of manufac-
ture and the advisability of "nesting" for
shipment and storage.

For packing the fruit, the more perpen-
dicular the side the easier and more uni-
formly the fruit can be packed. The dif-
ference in width between top and bottom
also permits of air circulation between the
baskets, so essential in long-distance re-
frigerator shipments. The minimum flare
for manufacture is, however, sufficient for
a maximum of ventilation in the car.

Generally speaking, we are agreed on the
more perpendicular side, but the point that
seems to be more difficult of decision is
how high the basket should be. Keeping
in mind the fact that this ba.sket is also
used for cherries and plums that are some-
what soft sometimes, it seems necessary
then to make the height the ma.ximum that
will get three layers of No. 1 peaches. The
whole situation, then, evolves itself into
one of size of No. 1 peaches, and then the
minimum height that will accommodate
three layers of peaches of this size. The
present government standard for the eleven
quart is five and three-quarters inches deep
perpendicular. I am highly in favor of in-
creasing the height of this package one-
quarter inch. This will raise the standards
of No. I's. This basket will accommodate
three layers of No. 1 peaches and at the
same time not make it too deep for the
softer fruits.

There is in use quite largely al'^o a basket
known locally as the nine quart. This is
made with the same size of bottom as the
common eleven quart, but the height is the
same as that of the six quart. This basket
will take two layers of fancy fruit. By law,
this basket must be stamped with the num-
ber of quarts it contains when full before it
is a legal package. This package might
also be standardized for certain grades of
fruit. It takes two layers of fancy peaches
exactly. At the same time, if th's is stand-
ardized it should be made a special pack-
age for a certain grade of fruit and be pro-
tected from the poorer grades.

One other package that was used some-
what last year was the American Bushel,
which holds forty-five pounds net of fruit or
three eleven quart baskets. The place of
this package is difficult to establish. A
certain trade will take a large quantity of
fruit for canning purposes in this package.
At the same time, it tends to lessen a great
deal the price to the grower. The price
is already at a minimum, and if there is
any danger of this package cutting into
the basket trade I would not favor it.

COMB FOUNDATION

The Fall Packing and Exhibition Number
in September of The Canadian Horticultur-
ist was the best magazine I have ever seen.
— H. A. Nicholls, F.R.H.S., London, Ont.

The Root Canadian House

185 Wright Ave. - ■ Toronto, Ont.

MAPLE SYRUP WANTED.
All kinds of Bee supplies, books and Jour-
nals. None better in quality. Put In your
order now for 1 lb. packages of bees. Satis-
faction guaranteed. Early discounts.

WE STILL MAKE FOUNDATION
^0R SALE

We will buy your wax or make It into the
best grade of foundation at low rates.

W. A CHRYSLER & SON

Rt. No. 6, Chatham, Ont.

Made by the " Weed Process

»

The " ^eed " Fsnidati n 5hceter

FOUNDATION made by this process excells all other in strength of texture.
This feature, combined with nice, straight uniform sheets, good cell walls
and thin base, gives it world-wide reputation for general excellence of qual-
ity. So much better than the ordinary, and costs no more — Try it.

Customers' Wax made up by "Weed" Process.
Beeswax taken In payment of making at trade prices, If desired.

THE H\M & NOTT CO., Limited, Brantford, Ont.

The Rarest and B?st Offer Yet

A dauKhter of one of Dr. Miller's best honey getting queens and the Beekeeper's
Review one year for only $2.00. Every one will want a daughter of those famous world
champion honey producers, l.i.'^ten to the record: a yard of 72 colonies produced in one
season 17,684 finished sections of comb honey, or an average of 245 sections per colony.
This is without a doubt the world's record crop from a yard of that size. Start breed-
ing up a honey strain of bees by using one of those famous daughters this season. This
is the first time stock from this noted yard has been on sale. Our breeder, one of the
very best In the gulf states, will breed from one of those best queens, and as his original
stock is of the best three banded stock, wonderful results are to be expected. L,et us
book your order at this time for one of those fine queens, for we only have for sale
something like 500 for June delivery. The queen is well worth all we are asking, $2.00
and the Review a year.

10)0 Poand Packages of Combless Bees For Sale with Queen

Did you ever ask a breeder to quote you a price upon a thousand pound packages of
comble.ss bees? If you did, you will have noticed that he took his pencil from his pocket
and began to figure what such a sale would save him in advertising, postage, office help,
etc., and the result would be that he would make you a veo-y close price. Now we have
tiiat very close price on one pound packages of bees, and, as is usual with us to charge
no profit on supplies furnished subscribers of the Review, none will be charged upon
those, but our subscriber will get all the advantage of this good buy. Notice that this
close price is not for a late fall delivery, but for April and May delivery^ — later deliveries
at a less price that will be quoted later, or by mail for the asking. Upon this deal we
have two big points: First, the price; second, an old experienced breeder who has
.spent his life breeding bees and queens for the market. We mention this so you wlU
not get it into your heads that this is a "cheap John" lot of goods, but that they are
aa good as money can buy, no matter what price you pay. The price is $16.00 for ten
pound packages of these combless bees, each containing a young untested three banded
Italian queen of this sea.son's rearing. Additional pound packages, without queens, one
dollar each. For larger lots ask for special price, stating how many you can use and
when the delivery Is to be made. They are shipped from Alabama, in light, well ven-
tilated cages, by express. Just a word to the wise: Book your order early! Address

THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, Northstar, Michigan

72

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

THE

BEEKEEPERS^
DIRECTORY

The followtnR beekeepers will be able to
supply Uees nnd Queens In any quantity
for Uie teaHon of 1916. Order early.

E. E. MOTT,

Glenwood, Mich.
Northern Bred Italian Queens.

J. P. MOORE,

Morgan, Ky.
Try Moore's Strain Next Tear.

W. R. STIRLING,

RIdgetown, Ont.
Fine Italian Queens.

J. I. BANKS,

Dowelltown, Tenn.
Italian "Queens of Quality."

P. TEMPLE,

438 Gladstone Ave., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Bred Italian Stock.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.,

Newark, N.Y.
Northern Bred Italian Bees and Queens.

M. C. BERRY & CO.,

Successors to Brown & Berry,
Haynevllle, Ala.
Best bred Italian Queens and Bees.

THE PENN COMPANY,

Penn, Miss.
Bees and Queens.

F. W. JONES,

Bedfo/d, Que.

Bees by the pound, also best Italian

Queens.

H. 0. CLEMONS,

Boyd, Ky.
Three band Italians bred for business.

THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE,

185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian and U.S.A. bred queens and
bees. Bees by the pound or colony.

A. E. CRANDALL & SON,

Berlin, Conn.
•■Quality" Italian Queens.

JOHN A. McKINNON,

St. Eugene, Ont.
Best northern bred stock.

WM. ATCHLEY,

of Mathls, Texas.
Wants to sell you your early bees by the
pound. Queens in season.

STOVER APIARIES

Mayhew, Miss.
Not a single complaint.

J. W. E. SHAW & CO.,

Loreauville, La,
S}veryone knows their strain of three-
band Italians.

Apples in Boxes and Barrels

C. W. Baxter, Chief Fruit Inspector, Ottawa.

^ liNCE the box as a. oommercial package
^ for apples came lato promineace a few
*^ years ago, the merits of both it and the
'barrel have been so ofien debated that there
is Jittle that is new left to be said on the
subject, especially with reference to the
ibarrel. The question has often been asked,
"Wiiiich is the best lockage for apples, the
■barrel or the box?" There is no one best
package. Our experience in marketing the
crops of 1914 and 1915 has shown this.

'^Box Packing" and the marketing of ap-
ples in boxes have been making history rap-
idly during the last few years, it is not
long since our Instructors were teaching go
many different styles of packs, that the aver-
age packer in the east was so confused that
he despaired of ever being able to pack ap-
ples in .boxes commercially. This, however,
lias been overcome, and we have, to-day,
lour simple rules, which, if foUowetl, will
give ns a perfect pack. In fact, experienced
packers tell us that nearly all the apples In
Eastern Canada can be packed under the
three styles, "3-2, 2-2, and 2-1." The methods
to determine the style of packs to be used
have been simplified, and with good fruit;
practice is the only other thing necessary to
turn ont a box pack equal to the best.

We say "Box Packing" has been making
history. Let us review this history briefly:
We are indebted to the growers and pack-
ers of California and the Pacific Coast
States for the inauguration and perfecting
of the present methods. Necessity had
much to do in bringing this about. The
growers in the Pacific Coast States having
bought fruit land of high value, realized
that because of their being situated so far
distant from the large markets of the east
and because of the heavy freight charges In
placing their fruit on these markets, they
must put out a pack that would be superior
to, and different from, the eastern product,
in order to obtain their fair share of the
trade.

The appearance of these neat packages of
very fine looking fruit, and the high prices
realized, had a stimulating effect on eastern
growers and packers.

It cannot be said tiiat they were quick to
adopt the box as a package for apples nor
have they taken kindly to it yet, but I be-
lieve it was in a degree responsible for the
improvemenit in barrel packing and grading,
which we have seen. I also believe that
this has been largely responsible for bring-
ing about apple packing laws In the various
states and the federal law of the United
States.

As the production of apples on the Pacific
Coast increased and ithe Eia,stem product im-

•Extract from an address delivered at the
recent annual convention of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association.

Pound

Packages
and Queens

We have established a Bee and Queen
Breeding Yard In the south to handle our
growing trade. You should order early to
avoid delay. Send order on a postal, — no
money until Bees arrive. Oellvery begins
April 1st. If possible order In 5 lb. lots, It
is cheaper In express charges. Satisfaction
guaranteed. Price, $3.25 per lb.

CHaS. E. hopper & CO.. TORONTO. ONT.

Italian Bees and Queens

3 banded from select imported mothers.
Bees by the pound. Safe arrival and satis-
faction guaranteed. Give us a trial order.
Write for prices. No disease. Are now
booking orders for early delivery.

Maxwell Scott & Co.

121 Hogarth Avenue - Toronto, Ont.

"POU DS OF PIE"

To the practical Beekeepers of Canada.
PaJSt experience proves to us that It does not
pay to sell bees in pound pacltages earlier
than May 1st, but after thai date, which is
Just after our Orange Blossom flow, finds
our hives full of young bees and sealed brood.
So we can offer bees after May Ist, 1 pound,
tl.60; 6 pound lots, $1.26; 10 pound lots. Jl.OO
per lb. In lots of 100 pounds In separate
pound packages, 90c. per pound F.O. B.
Rialto, Cal. Untested queens to go with
them. $1.00 each, $4.25 for six. $8.00 per
dozen; $60.00 per 100, or queens by mail at
above prices. Safe arrival and satisfaction
to all customers. Express charges to or
near Toronto, around 25c. per pound In lots
of 10 or more at one time.
RIALTO HONtY CO., Hialto, C.1.,U.S. A.

3 Band Italian Queers

My Queens are bred from imported

mothers. They are the best for honey

gathering and gentleness. I till orders as
promptly as possible.

PRICES
April 1st to July 1st

1 6 12

Untested 75 4.25 8.00

Sei. Untested 90 o.DO 9.00

rested 1.25 7.00 13.00

Sel. Tested 2.00 11. uO 2u.u0

GUARANTEE
That all Queens will reach you in good
condition and to be purely mated, and will
give perfect satisfaction.

L. L. Forehand

Fort Deprrit Ala., U.S.A.

Italian Quezns

Three-Banded

Ready April 1, of an excep-
tionally vigorous and long-
lived strain of bees. They
are gentle, prolific, and the best of honey
gatherers. Untested, $1.00; 3, $2.75; 6. $5.00;
12. $9.00. Tested, $1.25; 6, $6.50: 12, $12. aO.
Send for my free circular and price list, and
see the natural conditions under which my
queens are raised. Will book orders now.

JOHN G M'LLER, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Corner C St., and Coleman Ave.

BEEKEEPERS!

Jones' Weed Process
Comb Foundation, Wax
worked into Founda-
tion, Italian Bees in
Pound Packages, Im-
proved Model Hives,
and a full line of Bee
Supplies. Catalogue '
free.

Write us if you have any BEES-
WAX to offer.

F. W. JONES

BEDFORD, QUE.

March, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

73

proved in quality and rpacking, the average
price realized for boxes in the Eastern mar-
kets was not so great. Wider markets were
sought and large shipme<nts were made to
the Prairies. Two or three years experience
in these markets has revealed the fact that
the demand for the higher grades, such as
Extra Fancy, Fancy and No. I's, wrapped
and carefully packed, was very limited and
that what the majority of the consumers
wanted was apples of good quality; but they
did not want to pay for frills. The result
was that a cheaper package was adopted
and this season a large portion of the Pacific
crop was marketed in open crates. Whether
this is a desirable package or not will likely
be discussed later, and it may be a question
of individual market requirements, but our
experience with apples in boxes properly
handled, wrapped and packed, indicates that
the demand for these at remunerative prices
to the grower has lis limitations. I am of
the opinion that the future demand for ap-
ples iu boxes will be determined largely by
the improvements in the methods of grading
and packing In barrels.

Precooling Fruit Markets*

Edwin Smith, Di)minion Cold Storage Division,
Grimsby, Out.

THE precooling work at Grimsby is
divided into, first, commercial cold
storage and the precooling of fruit for
the general public; second, demonstrations
in fruit handling, packing, precooling and
transportation; third, experimental re-
frigeration tests.

The first precooling last season was with
strawberries. On June 28th a shipment was
handled for the Vineland Growers' Co-
operative for Winnipeg Market. The berries
were shipped by refrigerated express, and
the car was opened on July 2ndL The ber-
riesi arrived at destination without decay
but sales were poor owing to a poor
market. From an economical and temporal
view the shipment was a failure. The
fruit was ripe at the time of forwarding
and was shipped in Ontario 24-quart
crates-, — the poorest strawberry package
that could be used for that purpose. The
berries arrived in a fair condition, so that
from a physical standpoint the venture was
successful and further trials are to be
made.

Our experiments with the maturity of
strawberries for precooled shipments indi-
cate that while ripe strawberries lose in-
texture and will not stand the package
pressure for this length of shipment, on the
other hand berries picked green advance
but little in color when precooled and ship-
ped under refrigeration. Strawberries
must show some color, but must still be
firm when picked for precooled shipments.
Precooling Cherries.

At the beginning of the season a carload
shipment of cherries was made Jointly with
the Grimsby Fruit Growers', Ltd., and the
Winona Fruit Growers', Ltd., to Winnipeg,
Including Early Richmonds and a few
Black Tartarians. This shipment was of
special Importance for three reasons:
First, the Early Richmond is not consider-
ed as good a shipper as the Montmorency;
Second, it tested sweet cherries on freight
shipments to the west and, third, it gave
sour cherries a ten day shipping test. As
all lots arrived in Winnipeg in good con-
dition it showed that Early Richmond
cherries could be precooled and shipped

•Extract from an address delivered at the
recent annual convention of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association.

HOT BED SASH

Manufactured from

CLEAR BED CYFBESS.

Stock size 3 ft. 4 in. x 6 ft. 0 in., fur four rows of 8 inch
glass, lapped.

Prifee— 13/8 in. thick $1.20

13^ in. thick $1.50

F.O.B. TORONTO.

We recommend the 1% thick as it is more substantial
and will give better satisfaction.

Write for CATALOGUE of our SASH, DOOBS
HABDWOOD FLOOBING, etc.

R. LAIDLAW LUMBER CO.

' Everythins in Lumber '

65 YONGE ST.

TORONTO

WHOLESALE PRICES

On strawberry plants to the planter. And other kinds of small fruit plants at very
low prices. Such as Raspberry, Blackberry, Currants, Gooseberry, and Grapes;
also best kinds of Rhubarb and Asparagus Roots. 23 years' experience in propa-
gating and shipping small fruit plants. There are no better plants grown in
Michigan. Everything fully guaranteed. Large illustrated and descriptive cata-
logue free.

A.WESTON &, CO., Bridgman, Mich.

Business as Usual

The St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forwarding Co., Ltd.

The old reliable headquarters for Spraying Materials, Pumps
and all Fruit Growers Supplies.

Having purchased large quantities of Sulphur, Lime-Sulphur
Solution and Arsenate of Lead before the last big jump in
prices, we are in a position to supply growers in small lots at
present wholesale car load prices. Be sure and get our prices
before placing your orders. We sell the famous "Friend"
Power Spraying Machine and Outfits. Also the "Gould"
Pumps and Accessories.

The St. Catharines Cold Storage & For'd Co.^Limited

St. Catharines,

Ontario

T4

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

(Floral Edition.

Don't Limit the
Beauties of Your
Flow^cr Garden

by thoughtless seed buying!
Choose the varieties with an
eye to the possibiHties of
your own particular space
and location — but be even
more careful to get

Ewings

Reliable Seeds

Then you can be quite sure
that the seeds will germinate
and grow — that the plants
will be strong and healthy —
and that the bloom will be
abundant and beautiful.

Write for our new 1916
Illustrated Catalogue — the
biggest and finest yet! It
will help you to plan — and
realize — a garden that will
be a delishL If your dealer
has not Ewing's order direct
from us.

The William Ewing Go. Limited

SEED MERCHANTS i^

McGIII Street - - Montreal

The Georgian Bay Tree Pruner

Saves in ManyWays
Every Orchard
Needs One

The Price is 12.50

Write to G. W.BULL, Mfr.,Wi.rJoB, Oit.

west nearly as well as Montmorencies,
standing a shipping test of ten days, and
that sweet cherries may also be precooled
and shipped west.

To demonstrate how precooled cherries
stand up after withdrawal from the re-
frigerator car a part of the experimental
shipment was re-shipped by ordinary ex-
press to Brandon, and arrived there in good
condition, selling for a higher figure than
these in Winnipeg.

Cherries that have been picked for ten
days even though they have been under
refrigeration will not stand up as well as
freshly picked fruit. Ripening t)rocesses
take place slowly under refrigeration and
thus lower the vitality of the fruit. How-
ever, cherries will not perish immediately
upon withdrawal from refrigeration and if
they have not been under refrigeration for
more than eight or ten days most varieties
will stand up long enough for marketing.
Upon first withdrawal from the refriger-
ator car there is a rapid condensation of
moisture upon the surface of the fruit (not
so heavy on the prairies as in the east on
account of the low relative humidity of the
air in the west). This gradually disappears,
but the moisture has helped to germinate
mold spores. During the day of unloading
and distribution the cherries remain in good
condition, without much sign of change.
After twenty-four hours from the car, or on
the following morning, the fruit will appear
in as good condition, but upon careful ex-
amination will show discolored spots,
especially where it has been bruised. After
thirty-six hours the discolored spots begin
to show decay, which begins to be serious
after two days from the car, unless kept
in cold storage.

Plum Precooling.

The precooling of plums has been very
successful from the first. Shipments in
1915 were more active and gave more satis-
faction than in 1914, since better care was
given by the growers to the maturity and
condition of the fruit. The greatest dis-
tances that precooled plums were shipped
were to Prince Albert, Saskatchewan and
Glasgow, Scotland.

Plums retain their flavor and texture
under refrigeration better than any of our
tender fruits, and during the past year
fears of shippers and the trade relative to
the keeping quality of precooled plums
have been alleged. Our experimental tests
with plum varieties have been made to de-
termine which varieties are suitable for
long distance shipments after precooling.
The following have proven most satis-
factory: Bradshaw, Monarch, Grand Duke,
Reine Claude, Damson, Abundance and
Burbank.

Much difficulty has been experienced in
shipping tomatoes to the Western Prov-
inces, due largely to a lack of tomato ship-
ping information and standards. Thus far
precooling has not helped to any extent,
since when picked firm enough for ordin-
ary shipments the tomatoes would not have
color enough for a precooled shipment.
During 1914 one shipment of over-ripe
stock was precooled and met -with bad re-
sults. The cause of the loss was attributed
to precooling. Demonstrations in 1915 have
shown that it was not a question of pre-
cooling so much as one of maturity. For a
precooled shipment the tomato must have
color, but must still be firm enough to
stand the necessary "package pressure; the
tomato must be free from cracks for best
results.

Few Peach Shipments.-

During 1915 peach shipments from On-
tario to the western Provinces were Tery
light. A greater tonnage of cherries was

Merryweather's
Roses

Norttrirt :

SOUIhWELL

ENGLA»D

Send for list of col-
lections to be delivered
after April 15th, 1916, In
time for Spring plant-
ing.

15 Best Hybrid Perpet-
uals for $3.00. 18 Best
Hybrid Teas for »5.50.
12 Best Ted and N..--
sette Scented for $3.75.

12 Best Decoration Hybrid Tea for »3.75.
12 Best Roses for Table Decoration, »3.75.

M. A. BRUSH

SOLE AGENT Ff)K DOMINION OF CANADA

20 Wtl INGTON ST. WEST

TORONTO, ONT.

Guaranteed

to
" MAKE
GOOD"

That means a lot to every buyer — guar-
anteed Sturdy, Healthy and true to name
by a firm that has been growing trees
right for 32 years — Apple, Pear, Peach.
Plum. Cherry and Quince Trees, also
Small Fruits and Ornamental Stocii.
Direct to You at Grower's Prices

Quality before price is our motto, but
our personal supervision of all trees from
our nurseries to you, together with up-
to-date facilities, enables us to sell Kelly
Trees at low prices.

Our catalog tells all about our trees
and prices. It Is our only salesman, and
you can order from the catalog Just aa
well as if you visited us here in Dans-
ville — Why not do both?

Write for catalog to-day — It's worth
while.

KELLY BROS., Wholesale Narteriet

14S Main Street, Oansvllle, N. Y.
You'll never regret planting Kelly Tre«s.

Too Much Mustard

It costs but 80c an acre to kill wild mus-
tard when you use a Spramotor. If you
spray for four years you will be able to
pull all that comes up the fifth year. Tlie
mustard plants will be killed without in
any way injuring the grain.

SPRAMOTCR

is made in many styles and sizes, from the
largest horse and wagon outfit to the small
portable Knapsack Sprayer, at prices from
$6 up to $400. Over 20 valuable patented
features obtainable in no other machine
are embodied in the Spramotor. Made in
Canada. No duty to pay.
Write for booklet of crop diseases — free.

Spramotor Works, 2709Kio(St.,Toi onto. Can.

March, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

75

precooled for western shipment than of
peaches. The small western movements
were due to fairly good local demands in
the early part of the season, a late crop in
Ontario and low prices in -.he west at the
height of the marketing season. Low pricos
in the west were due to (u) a large con-
sumption of California, Washington and
British Columbia peaches before the On-
tario shipping season had started, and (b)
the lower cost of WashingLon and British
Columbia fruit.

Prom a physiical standpoint the pre-
cooleu peach shipmelits were very success-
ful. A shipment of Early Crawfords was
two weeks under refrigeration and arrived
in Winnipeg in good condition. A succo-3S-
ful shipment of Elbertas was made to Glas-
gow. The farthest western shipment >vas
10 Prince Albert, Saskatchewan.

Tests with the- maturity of peaches for
precooled shipments show that a peacn
must not be green at the time of picking,
but must be picked before showing any
indications of softening as ripe peaches be-
come mealy, lose flavor and are practicably
worthless when held for any length of
time under refrigeration. Tests have
shown that such varieties as Belle of
Georgia, Yellow St. John, Early Crawford
and Elberta, if properly picked and packed
may be precooled and shipped to nearly
;ny part of the Dominion.

Extension of Markets.

It has been shown that by precooliag the
better varieties of our tender fruits, not
including berries, they may be shipped to
remote parts of the Dominion without de-
cay or waste. With the exception of sour
cherries, the western shipments of which
increased some 900 per cent in 1915 over
those in 1914, the surplus of Ontario's
fruits has not felt the influence that pre-
cooling has on the extension of markets.
The reasons for this are obvious.

In the past the Ontario grower has been
marketing a high priced product when
compared with prices received in other dis-
tricts in North America. Abnormally high
land values and a very great increase in
production have followed. Before the in-
crease in production was felt cheaper
fruits from the United States came across
the border to be used in Canadian canning
factories and to fill up the outlying markets
In the Canadian prairies. The importation
of fruit for these markets became an es-
tablished trade and one that is hard to
break off, so that during 1913, the year
when tons of tender fruits rotted on the
ground in Ontario for want of markets,
and when calamity first stared the Niagara
District fruit grower in the face, the Do-
minion of Canada imported from the
United States 12,149,207 pounds of peaches,
6,197.700 pound's of plums, 6,026,691 pounds
of grapes, and 11,054,228 pounds of pears,
apricots, quinces and nectarines — or an
equivalent of 1,767 carloads of tender fruits
such as might have been grown at home.
The importation of tender fruits from the
United States has made a steady increase,
and to-day is greater than it ever has been.

Our Fruit Commissioner's reports Indi-
cate that a large proportion of these im-
11 ?o into our Prairie markets. For
three weeks during the peach rush of the
past season arrivals in Winnipeg ran as
follows: First week, imported 30 cars,
Ontario 13 cars, British Columbia 10 cars;
second week, imported 22 cars, Ontario 10
cars, British Columbia 16 cars; third week,
imported 25 cars, Ontario 10 cars, British
Columbia 13 cars. Points further west have
been consuming imported fruit at a rate to
make ratios even more striking. Without
d-oubt we have let markets slip out of our

This Year Grow
Bigger Crops

|\ yf AKE up your mind that you will make each

acre yield a bumper crop this year. Fertilize

more thoroughly than you have ever done before.

FERTILIZERS

are strictly high-grade. They have proved their worth and
are recommended by progressive Canadian farmers from
the Atlantic to the Pacific. They are thoroughly mixed,
well-balanced, complete in every way. Following are the
principal lines for 1916 :

Guaranteed Analysis

Available

Available

Ammonia.

Phos. Acid.

Potash.

Ammonia.

Phos. Acid.

Potash

2

10

0

3

10

1

3

10

0

4

9

1

4

10

0

0

10

2

5

12

0

2

9

2

0

12

1

3

7

2

1

12

1

1

8

3

2

10

1

2

7

3

Our 1916 Fertilizer folder contains complete particulars
about Harab-Davies Fertilizers. Write for it.

The Ontario Fertilizers, Limited

West Toronto, Ontario

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS.
GOOSEBERRIES— Josselyn, Red Jacket, Down-
Ing, Pearl, Houghton. CURRANTS— Perfection,
Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Profile, Cham-
pion, Black Naples, Black Victoria, Boskoop Oiant.
RASPBERRIES — Herbert, Plum Farmer, St. Regis,
Cuthbert, Marlboro, Golden Queen, Brinckle's
Orange. GARDEN ROOTS, Strawberry Plants,
Rhubarb. Write for Catalogue.
WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, 496-4th Ave. W.,
OWEN SOUND. ONT.

T6

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

^^j-KANT-KLOG SPRAYERn

m

9 »l»»«of BprayBfromoncnozzlr. Starts

or Btop« lii«t«nUy— BavM B*)iution and

work. S0nd/oreataloij. Aacntswantcd,

■oelMStMr apny Pump Co.

ltoch»Bt»r, M,.Tt-^

Uy^ly] J Q5 Bre««lw«Y

Northern Grown Apple Trees

$18.00 per hundred.
C.O.D.

Albert Nurieries, Albert, New Bmnswick

SANDER & SONS

ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND

ORCHID GROWERS. The Finest

Stock in the World
Catalogue on AppUcalion

FOR SALE

Everything: from an apple tree
to a strawberry plant— shade,
ornamental and evergreen
trees, ornamental shrubs and
vines, roses, hardy flowering
plants, bulbs, asparagus —
guaranteed stook at reason-
able prices. Catalogue Free.
Silver black foxes, flshers,
mink.
DOWNHAM BROS.,B<» E, Strtlhrot.Oat.

Strawberry Plants

stocky, well rooted plants. Carefully and
securely packed for shipment by mail or ex-
press. Free catalogue and price list.

S. H. RITTENHOUSE

Jordan Harbor, - Ontario

Bigger Crops!
Better Quality

It will pay you biz to
Bpray the Brown's Auto
Spray way thisyear;tben
yoa can be sure of thor-
OWff/isprayinK. And then
you can be sure of more,
finer fruits, vegetables,
JField crops, flowers.
850,000 users — farmers,
orcnardists, pardoners,
U. S. Experiment Sta-
tions, recommend to you

—in alltheir40 styles, hand
and power. They especially re-
commend Style No. 1— shown
here. Capacity, 4 gallons, jusL
right for 5 acres field crops or ]
acre trees. Fitted with Auto-
i'op nozzle. Throws ail kindsof I
sprays. Wonderfully fast,
tnorougli work. See it— ana
entire line— at your dealer's. Or
write us for low prices. Free
catalog an d Free Spraying
Guide.

E. C. Brown Co.

862 Mapk St., RocheBter^N.Y,

hands large enough to consume more ten-
der fruits than Ontario Is producing to-day,
and the reason for this has been the extra-
ordinary prices we have received In Oa-
tario and Quebec in the good old daya.

The Ontario peach Is not largely used In
the Prairie Provinces owing to the heavy
purchases of Washington Elbertas by the
wholesale trade early in the season. The
trade prefers to purchase Washington El-
bertas over Ontario because of their earlier
.season, their dependable packing, and
formerly because of their lower cost. Be-
caus>e of the past failures in shipping it Is
now diflScult to make f.o.b. sales of Ontario
peaches to the western trade, and it Is
going to be very difficult to capture even a
small part of the peach trade from the
United States.

The only way that we can interest the
western trade is to show them that they
can secure a better article for less money
in Ontario than in the state of Washing-
ton. By precooling, proper packing and
good salesmanship, this can be done.

In the past the Ontario shipper has de-
manded high prices in the west to meet the
risk of long distance shipments. In the
future he will have to wipe out this risk by
pre-cooling, and thus sell at a price that
Hvill come under the lowest price his com-
petitor can make. At normal times the
minimum that Wenatchee or Yakima
peaches can be laid down in Winnipeg or
Brandon is 75c per box. Deducting freight,
icing and pre^cooling charges, and we have
58c at the Ontario shipping point. Deduct
packing and selling charges and 37c is left
to the grower for 20 pounds of peaches. In
order to compete with the Washington
grower the Ontario grower must grow his
peaches for l%c per pound.

By eliminating the risks of long distance
shipments through pre-cooling, and lower-
ing the eost of the fruit to the consumer, a
large increase in consumption will result.
One shipment of pre-cooled cherries was
sold in Winnipeg by the T. Eaton Co. for
50c per 6-qt. basket. So eager were the
Winnipeg housekeepers to secure fancy
cherries at so reasonable a price that the
entire carload of 2,333 baskets were sold
in 30 minutes^

One shipper has made the statement that
by systematic salesmanship and by making
Jire-cooled shipments; the entire Ontario
cherry and plum crops could he marketed
in the Prairie Provinces with greater net
returns than are now being received with
the added markets of Ontario, Quebec and
the Maritime Provinces.

In 1901 the population of the three pro-
vinces to the west was 419,512. In 1911
this had increased to 1,322,709. Is it not
safe to say that by 1921, only five years
hence, this population will reach 2,500,000?
By that time are our importations of ten-
der fruits from the United States going to
increas« from 1,767 cars to 2,500 cars, or
are the growers of Canada going to extend
their markets to absorb the increased de-
mand for fruit? By pre-cooling we can
deliver the goods to these remote markets,
and it only remains for the growers to de-
cide how much of the trade they wish to
supply, or how much they wish to give to
the United States.

Shipping Immature Fruit

O

F. Carpenter

NE of the main aims of fruit growers
has been, and is, to increase the con-
sumption of fruit and enlarge our

Carters Tested Seeds Inc.

Write for our 1916 Catalogue of
Garden, Lawn, and Farm Seeds.
Prices substantially reduced.
Stocks as good as ever.

Dept A. 133 King St. East
TORONTO, ONT.

''^^5^'=:.^^^^:^w

„H^i dP that Stony section of the farm
!^i« » Blssell Steel Stone Boat. Built of
stiff steel with railing around edges" steel
runners Sizes 2, 2V4, and 3 ft. wide af-
ferent styles for all kinds of farm and stable
work. Write Dept. N. for folde™and nr?r..^°

BISSELL STEEL STONE BOAT
See advt. also on page VIU.

'•^EBESTMAOt

FOSTER'S

Standarp

POT

Orders Filled

We have a large
stock of all size

FLOWER POTS

FiRN OR BULB PANS

% AZALEA POTS
and RImles* Pans
Promptly. Send for Prices.

THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd.

HAMILTON, ONT.

FRUIT MACHINERY CO.

INGERSOLL, ONT.

Manufacturers of the Ontario Power
Sprayer Model 2-B, the handiest of them
all. Engine fliis the tank. Also a com-
plete line of Apple Evaporating Machin-
ery and power evaporator equipment.
Our complete power systems for evap-
orating as we install them are practical,
sanitary and labor saving.

Write for free illustrated catalogue on
spraying and evaporating.

•Extract from an address delivered at the
recent Annual Convention of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association.

TRADE MARK

ploughs— Wilkinson

* *^ W REGISTERED

U.S.S.SoftCentreSteelMoldboards, highly I
temperedandKuaranteedtocleaninanysoiL '
Steelbeams. steel landsidesandhigh carbon
steel coulter. Clevises can be used either
stiff or swing:. Each plough is fitted especi-
ally with its own pair of handles— rock elm,

lony and heavy and thoroughly braced. The lone body
mates it a very steady running plough. Sharrs of all
widths — specials tor stony or clay land. The plough
shown turns a beautilul furrow, with mioiiiium draft
and narrow furrow at finish. Ask fur caLalogue.

Tli« Sftteman-WllUoton Oo.,
Limited
461 Symlncton Are..
xiifont4

e

Marcii, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

77

market, and, by so doing to keep the de-
mand equal to and, better, sufficiently
ahead of the supply to regulate prices so as
to bring profitable returns to the grower.
To further this a large amount of money
and much time is being spent by the gov-
ernment co-operative associations, dealers
and individual growers. Added to this the
fruit grower has been assisted through the
medium of lectures, demonstrations, etcetra,
to grow a class of fruit at the least cost
that will meet the demands and require-
ments of the consumer. The transporta-
tion companies have been, and are being
urged to give more rapid and better ser-
vice. The fruit Inspectors are trying to
regulate the pack so as to give the con-
sumers an honestly packed package. Prac-
tically everything we are attempting to ac-
complish is favoring a larger market and
an increased consumption. The question
naturally arises, are we doing all we can
to increase consumption? I say, emphati-
cally, NO, for until such time, especially
for the tender fruit industry, as the ship-
ping of Immature fruit is either prohibited
or regulated, we cannot expect to obtain
the largest consumption of fruit.

Most growers do not appreciate the
amount of damage done to our markets
through the shipping of immature fruit.
The grower in his own case when he de-
sires fruit during the fruit season for his
own consumption goes to the tree or vine
and selects a fruit that he knows will sat-
isfy his taste. He seldom does this indis-
criminately, for if he did he might obtain
one such as the consumer frequently gets,
which is immature. When he attempts to
eat it one bite is most likely sufficient.
The fruit does not appeal to his taste and
he has more consideration for the subse-
quent possible condition of his internal or-
gans than to attempt to eat it. Even in
view of the saving practices of this time of
war the fruit in this case is most likely
wasted, yet much fruit reaches the con-
sumer in practically the same condition, and
we expect him to consume it. What is the
result? If It is to be used as fresh fruit.
It will last a long time, and, if for canning
purposes, it cannot have the flavor and will
require more sugar than ordinarily used to
make it palatable. It appears as If some
growers were in league with the sugar
man.

What is the consumer's position. In
most cases he is not and never will be com-
petent to judge as to the maturity of the
fruit from exterior appearances. Possibly
he does not know where the individual
basket came from, other than that it is On-
tario fruit, and as a result hurls his high
explosives on the Ontario fruit growers as
a body, tells his friends and neighbors of
his experience, and, after the bad flavor

Strawberry Plants that Grow

Selected plants. All standard varieties $3.50
to }6.00 per 1,000. Send for list.

Ontario Nursery Co.

WELLINGTON, ONTARIO.

ST. REGIS EVERBEARING

are the first raspberries to ripen and they
continue to bear until the ground freezes in
the fall. Plants $1.00 per doz., $3.00 per hun-
dred, $25.00 per thousand.

EDWARD LOWDEN

Hamilton, .... Ontario

MALLORY'S
Strawberry Plants

give satisfaction
enjovment
profit

Dnnlap. Wonder.WiUlams. S4.0U :

Amout. Uncle ,Iim, «5.00 per 1000,

200 plants. 50 each i>f four

varieties for 81.00.

We also have rood Seed Corn. Send/or Pricf LUt.
N.E. MALLORY, :: Blenheim, Ontario

Order

Canadian Grown Nursery'Stock

direct from our Nurseries, and save all mid-
dlemen's profits. Write at once for our de-
scriptive catalogue and special prices for
fruit trees, small fruits, Roses, Shrubs, etc.
Address

J. H. McCombs, Union Nurseries

Fonthill, Ontario

Here's positive

proof of the strength

of Peerless Fencing. This

actually happened. We don't ask

you to take our word for it. Read what

the owner says. Here's his letter: —

)earSirs: I am writing a testimonial as to the strength
of your Peerless Junior Chicken Fencinfj. Mine is four feet high.
It turned two horses, each weighing 1400 pounds. They ran full tilt
into the fencing about 2 rods from each other at the same time. The result
was that thry t\irned a somersault over the fence, alighting on their heads and necks,
scratching them up some, but the fence remained intact. Vours truly,

Joe Boothroyd, Surrey Center, B. C.
Think of it! A dead weight of nearly a ten and a half cominsr witli violent force against our
poultry fencing — not field fencing — and yet

Our PEERLESS Junior Poultry Fencing Held

What greater te.'it atn voti ask ? We build it stronger than is necessary uiuler ordinary circtim-
5taiices. We build it of Open Hearth steel wire with all the inipiirilies burned out and all the
strength and toughness left in. Well galvanized. F.ver.v intersection is locked together with a
Peerless Lock. Top and bottom wires of Peerless Poultry Fencing are heavy — extra strong. Con-
sequently, lewer posts are required. Peerless fencing cant sag— cant get out of shape— can't help
giving absolute satisfaction.

Catalog giving details on request. Describes our poultry, farm and oraamentnl fencing,
also Peerless farm gates.

Mgencles almost everyivhere, Agents tvant»d la alt
unassigned territory.

The Banwell-Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd.

Winnipeg, Manitoba
Hamilton, Ont.

Send to-day for catalogue.

SAVE 100%

You would not pay the bank 100% interest on money! Yet if you save
a few dollars on the price of a cheaper Sprayer than the Bean, you will pay
100% annually on every dollar.

Delays are expen.sive in the spraying season and repairs cost real money.

The Bean Sprayer is built for work — not to meet catch-penny competi-
tion; built for maximum efficiency — not minimum cost.

NO ANCIENT HISTORY

about the prizes the Bean has won. On straight merit in competition with
the world, It was awarded the Gold Medal and Grand Prize at the Panama
Pacific Exposition in 1915. All sizes — Hand and Power.

NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., Burlington, Ontario

EVERYTHING i Soluble Sulphur, Lime Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead, Dust Sprays)
FOR SPRAYING / and Ousters, and Accessories i

78

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Planet Jr. cuMors

The garden tools for big results"

They are saying time, lightening labor, and producing better crops for
. ,.°^^r '^° million farmers and gardeners. Planet Jr tools last a
life-time. Fully guaranteed. 72-page Catalog, free!

Describes over 70 tools including 12 rnlirely new ones, and improvements
oour Seeders. Whcel-IIoes.Horsc Hoes. Harrows, and Corn. I'olato Or.
chard, and Beet Riding-Cultivators. Write for it to our nearest Agency.

S L Allen & Co Boxnoec Philadelphia

No. 4 Planet Jr Combined Hill and DriU Seeder, Wheel-Hoc, Cultiva-
r and Plow pays (or itseK in a single season in (lie family eardtn
as well as in larger acreage. Sows all garden seeds (in drills or
. hills), plows, opens furrows and covers them, hoes and culti-
vates easily and thoroughly all through the season.

No. 1 1 Planet Jr Combined Double and Single Wbeel-Hoe.
. jltivator, Plovir and Rake. Straddles crops till 20 inche
hiKh. tiien works between. The plows open furrows
and cover them. The cultivator teeth work deep
or shallow. The hoes are wonderful weed-
killers. The rakes do fine cu'tivation and
irather up trash. Unbreakable steel frame.
Strong high steel wheels anf riprially
li.Trdened steels — new thi;
year. The greatest
hand.»ilti-
vating tool I
in the
world.

pKINNER

^YSTEM OF IRRIGATION

(D

niuui cuinplcie. Prcvt'cis drouglii loss-
es. Reduces labor bills. Increases profit.
SpecUil Portable Line for $11.75. Send for
new BiiUciin.

The Skinner Irrigation Co.
217 Water Street Troy, Ohio.

NEW AND RARE SEEDS

Unique collection. Hundreds of vari-
eties adapted for the Canadian cli-
mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy.
Own saving. Catalogue free.

Perry's Hardy Plant Farm

ENFIELD, (VIIODLESEX, ENQ.

CENTRAL NURSERIES
For reliable Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Peach and Orna-
mental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, Grape Vines, Berry
Plants, BJvergreens, Hedges, etc. — good ones, too.

Also Seed Potatoes.
We ship direct to customers. Our new price catalogue
■will Interest you. Note our offers — they are dependable

and O. K 36 years at it. No agents for us.

Early Six Weeks' Seed Potatoes for sale.

A. G. HULL & SON, St. Catharines, Ontario

Insure your crops
with a

It isn t a SPPAMOTOR unless we made it

You find it good business to insure your life,
your health, your home, then why not in-
sure your crops upon which your livelihood
depends? A few minutes' work with a Spra-
motor at suitable intervals will rid your
crops of fungus diseases, and assure their arriving at maturity in that
hard, healthful condition that secures first-grade prices. We have Spra-
motors adapted for every kind of spraying in every part of the world.
Let us quote you prices and terms to meet your own special needs.
Meanwhile write for a copy of our booklet which describes the various
styles of Spramotors and gives valuable information about the treat-
ment of crop diseases. Made in Canada. No duty to pay.

SpramOtOr W Orks, 27O8 King street, London, Canada

coincident with his attempt of consuming
this fruit has passed away, and he begins
to feel fruit hungry again, what happens?
He Is cautious In buying Ontario fruit, and
If a banana or orange will satisfy his ap-
petite as well, will llliely spend more money
to assist In building up the fruit Industry of
our competitors, and at the same time take
pleasure in knocking ours. On the other
band, if he Is fortunate enough to secure
a basket of mature fruit, it does not last
long. He possibly feels more physically fit
after using it and in a short time will want
it replaced, and as a consequence, uses many
times the quantity of fruit than when de-
ceived occasionally as mentioned. Is this
not a fair comparison? I could cite you
in.stances to prove it, it necessary, taken
from consuming centres close to the point
of production, where the distance from mar
ket could not be made use of as an excuse
for the sale of immature fruit.

The 1916 Outlook for Apples

As the war develops, the outlook for the
sale of the 1916 crop of apples does not ap
pear to improve. Referring to this situa-
tion Mr. Elmer Lick, of Oshawa, President
of the Ontario Cooperative Apple Growers'
Association, is quoted in a receut issue of
The Globe, as follows: .

"The most serious feature," said 'Mr. Lick.
"is that we shall find our export trade whol-
ly cut off for the year. Even if the seas are
kept open, and even if apples are accepted
for shipment, the delay in carrying the fruit
from shipping station to place of consump-
tion, in my judgment, puts an export trade
out of the question. Some apples which our
association sent to Manchester last season
were a month In reaching their destination.
It is not likely that record can be bettered
this year, and tor every four or five days
apples are on the way, in excess of two
weeks, you may write off a shilling a barrel
in the selling price. The loss by delay and
heavy freight rates combined are a fatal
handicap on European shipments.

"This means that we shall be confined to
the home market, and the home market is
not big enough to consume the entire home
product — at high prices. If, however, grow-
ers are prepared to advertise their fruit,
and to accept the prices ruling a year ago.
there is no doubt in my mind that the home
market can absorb three times what it Is
absorbing this year.

Capture the Western Market

"Our Urst duty is to plan to get a hold on
the western trade. We are going to be
faced there by stiff competition from British
Columbia and Oregon. But we have one
stroa? factor in our favor — 'the predisposi-
tion of Ontario people in the west in favoi
of the Ontario apples. There is hope, too,
as an outcome of negotiations now under
way, that cooperative apple-growers in the

The Williams
Strawberry

This famous strawberry still main-
tains its lead over all others in this
district as a commercial berry. We
have a fine stock of plants for spring
setting, and can quote favorable rates on
large or small orders. Satisfaction
guaranteed. Send for circular.

W. H. BUNTING

TbeCtrletonFraitFt'm, St. Catharines, Ont.

March, 3916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

79

east may be able to sell direct to coopera-
tive grain-growers in the west at a total cost
of twenty-five cents per barrel for the agea-
cies doing the handling.

"No matter what is done, however, we can-
not loolc for high prices; but even if we get
only 50 cents a barrel for fruit on the trees

is year we shall not do so badly if, as a
fpsult of lower prices this season, we can
evelop a larger consumptive market in the
years to come. Most of our apple-growers
are mixed farmers, and this is where we
have an advantage over the specialized
fruit-growers of British Columbia and
Oregon. We can stand a year of adversity
«s they cannot. We can live under condi-
tions that will put them out of business.
Still it will be necessary, even in our case,
to reduce our expenditures to the minimum.
Where an orchard is pretty well clear of
bark louse I would be inclined to omit the
flrst spraying, the most expensive of the
lot. On the other hand, if an orchard has
been long in sod I would cultivate it well
this year with a view of bringing it Into full
production next season.

"I can see nothing else for It but fairly
low prices this season, particularly for the
poorer varieties. It may be, however, as
In other seasons, that as a result of low
prices in the early part, consumption may
run away beyond expectations, and that to-
wards the close of the season there may be
scarcity and comparatively high prices in
consequence." *

How to Prevent Co-operation

If the farmers in your neighborhood want
to co-operate in the shipping of their pro-
duce, never ship with them, but immedi-
ately notify the largest speculators what is
going on, so that they may buy your pro-
duce at a little better price and enough of
your neigibbor's stock to make cooperative
shipping impossible. By doing this you will
be doing your community a good turn, be-
cause the speculator is usually one of your
citizens, and you must assist him in build-
ing up his business. Anyway, the extra
money that your neighbors would get by
cooperative shipping might cause them
some embarrassment.

If this plan does not commend itself to
you, then agree to ship with your neigh-
bors; but at the last moment sell to the
old-time speculator for a little more money
than you think you will get cooperatively,
and in that way prove to the community
that cooperation i.s all a humbug, and that
it pays well to be a traitor.

If the cooperative organization happens
to sustain some loss on one of their ship-
ments, due to unusual circumstances or
conditions, even if absolutely unavoidable,
get all the information possible and make
It your special business to see everyone
you can and tell them all you can about it.
In this connection \ery telling work can
be done by careful exaggeration, double or
treble the quantity of goods concerned, paint
It very black, make it very much worse than
it actually is, because the fact that there
may be a little truth in it will enable you
to carry that class of campaign a very long
way successfully. Pretend to sympathize
with the cooperatora and pretend that you
could have handled the business better;
that will make them dissatisfied.

Incidentally you should be careful not to
mention that you have yourself met with
much worse luck en various occasions in
the past. This, method of procedure has
much to recommend It. Your neighbors will
consider you very much Interested In their
welfare, and therefore a real good fellow.

Implements for Orchard and

Vineyard

Spring Tooth Harrows

10, IS, or 17 Teeth

The 10-Tooth size is in one Section and can be fur-
nished with handles for vineyard work when so
ordered.

Spraying Outfits

Small outfits on skids — large out-
fits on wheels.

Hand and Power Spraying Equip-
ment of all kinds.

Vineyard Plows

Both Walking and Riding Plows
especially built for orchard and
vineyard work.

Orchard Disc Harrows

REVERSIBLE

To throw the dirt to or from
the trees or vines.

ADJUSTABLE

Gangs can be adjusted as re-
quired. Extension can be
furnished for working under
branches.

Cultivators

A great variety — for cultivatiag
small fruit — for vineyards — for
orchards.

Grape and Berry Hoes
etc.

Toronto

Montreal

Moncton

Winnipeg

Regina

Massey - Harris

Co., Limited

Saskatoon
Yorkton
Swift Current
Calgary
Edmonton

i Practical Gardening Tools

TOOLS like these will do all of the necessary work (except plowing and har-
rowing) economically, whether for home, farm or market gardens. You
[ can plant certain crops close and straight, and work them close and
safely, with wheel hoes. You save ground, save heavy investment for tools
at tne start and yet do the best kind of work with profitable results.

IBONM

Hand Seed Drills
and Wheel Hoes

"^rM

I ■Wilt sow, cultivate, ridge, furrow, eta better than you can with any old
fashioned tools and ten times quicker. Pushed ahead a step at a time, tnese
tools can be worked by women, or grown boys or girls. We show nere a
few only but we make 38 styles and combinations from wluch to choose.
Prices, $3.00 to $14.50. There are also many attachments for special worn
Ask ynurdcnliTto showthnm nml write ns forbookk-t "GiirdoninK With
Mu.k.rn'l'o.,lB." Also.forhuri'ohoc-.s.liorrowaiuKjcultivotore.BprayiTB.ctc

TlieB.teman-WilkiD»onCo.,L't'd 462 Symington Ave. Toronto, Ontario.

No. I9C
Whr<.l

uhivator ^

-~m

No. 97 r^'«le
Cultivator

No.2oWlied
Hoe

No. ji Wheel
riow

^'

kO

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EdlUon

Fire Blight Destroys
Thousands of Trees

FIRE BLIGHT OF THE APPLE

IS SPREAD BY APHIS

APHIS CHECKS GROWTH OF TREES

APHIS CAUSES LEAVES TO CURL

APHIS DEFORMS FRUIT

DESTROY APHIS WITH

"BLACK LEAF 40"

Guaranteed 40^ Nicotine

^Your dealer wiil furnish you thisj

^efTective insecticide in concentrated j

^form — 200 gallons of spray fromj

^the 2-lb. can costs $2.50 — l.OOOj

^ Ralloni from the 10-lb. can ^

^ costs $10.75. If he willi

^not supply you we will j

^send it to you, express^

^prepaid, upon receipt^

^of price. Write forj

Free Bulletins to

the address

below.

^

Blackleaff

MCOTINC-SULPHATI

2PQunDsfricet?8

MANES 2o6 GAI!*.

cpFECTive sMwr.

UtMHRUXJUmuaCft

BLACK LEAF 40

- 40% Nicotine -

CAeKENTUCKY TOBACCO PRODUCT CO.

INCOIU^On^TED

LOUISVIIvLE,, KENTUCKY.

The Best Horse Cllppln" ■^'^
Machine

That is what customers in every country say
of the

Stewart i^ Maclilne

It turns easiest, clips fastest and endures the
longest. Its file hard cut steel gears running
in oil will last a lifetime. It has feet of new
style, easy running flexible shaft and the new
patented Stewart cutting head, highest grade.

Clip off the heavy winter coat from your norses

before the eprins work begins. They will look

better, feel better and do better work. Get

one of the Stewart Ball-Bearing Machines

from your hardware, saddlery or imple-

ment merchant, at only $9.25.

Inslnt on a Stewart Machine, the only
one that will sive you trood service. Write
us if your merchant does not have it.

CHIftaeOFi FXIBIE SHAFT CO-

E. DIJ N. LA SALLE ST. ihicaoo. ill-

I The Poultry Yard

9 F. C. Elford, ExpcrimenUl Farm, OtUwa

aasm

Grit and oyster shell should be In a
hopper, to which the hens have access at
all times. The grit may te the commercial
product, or if you are situated so that you
can get a supply of coarse sand or fine
gravel In the fall, It will answer very well.
Oyster shell is a convenient form of supply-
ing the lime necessary, and the egg shellB
may be used for the same purpose, but
should be broken up fine before they are
fed so that the hen will not get Into the
habit of eating the eggs.

Sixty-flve per cent, of the contents of the
egg is water. This means that the hen
must have plenty of drinking water. Open
pans or pails are the Ijest water vessels foi»
winter, because they can be emptied and
cleaned more readily than other vessels.
Where It is almost Impossible to have a
fairly constant supply of water before the
hens, see that there is a pan of fresh snow
put In. In fact, fresh snow Is sometimes
used exclusively, though where the condi-
tions are such that water can be supplied,
it is better, and if the chill Is taken off It.
it will remain longer without freezing.

Mark the Laying Pullets.

By this time a pullet should be laying
well. Those that are not .should be marked
or rather those that are laying should be
marked so that only such will be kept
another year. The pullet that does not lay
in January will not likely pay for her keep
and should be discarded in the spring
Those that are laying should be kept for
breeders another year.

The best results cannot be obtained from
a flock in which hoth hens and pullets run
together. The pullets should he fed better
than the hens at this time of the year, be-
cause it Is from them that the fresh egg?
should be coming. If the flock Is of any
size, and a division could be made In the
house, so that the pullets will be kept by
themselves, it would be worth while to do !♦

Keep things clean. Though the winter
Is cold, don't think that there will bo no
mites. Watch out for them. Clean out thi»
house frequently. Put In a nice clean litter
occa.sionally, give the hens a comfortable,
though It may be a cold house, and If you
have a good strain of birds, fed judiciously,
you ought to have been getting eggs since
early In January.

We Solicit Your
Consignments

Send for
Shipping Stamp

Good Prices Always

For Your Fruit and Vegetables

OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit,
vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the
Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses with com-
petent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcu-
pine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet
through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your Interests.

Branch Warehouses:

Sudbury, North Bay,

Cobalt, Cochrane and

Porcupine

H. PETERS

88 Front St. Elast, Toronto

References: The Cana-
dian Bank of Commerce
(Market Branch) and
Commercial Agencies

March, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

n

Niagara Peninsula Fniit-Growers

F. G. H. Pattison, Winona.

The annual spring meeting of the Niagara
Peninsula Fruit-Growers' Association opeued
at Grimsby on the afternoon of February
23rd. Mr. W. A. dVlcCubbio, of St. Cath-
arines, in an address on "Fruit Diseases of
the Year," referred to the currant rust, a
new disease which hrst appeared at Font-
hill, Grimsby and St. Catharines, and has
now spread as far as Oakville. It attacks
the black currant chiefly, covering the
undersides of the leaves with a conspicuous
orange coating. It is very infectious, and
spreads from patch to patch. The rust
spores die in the fall on the currant, but are
carried over in the white pine, which acts
as a secondary rust, through the winter, to
infect the currants again the following
spring. It is likely to be much worse next
season, although it seriously affected the
crop in sojne places last season. Growers
must get rid of the white pine or lose their
currants. The Department is going to try
and get rid of all affected white pine next
season.

C. A. Pratt, Benton Harbor, Mich., gave
a practical talk on peaches, their mode of
growing, cultivating and marketing them
ia Michigan. The chief variety grown there
is Elberta.

Dominion Fruit Commissioner D. Johnson
gave a comprehensive view of the present
condition of the fruu industry, with special
reference to the advertising campaign con-
ducted by the Dominion Fruit Branch last
season.

Mr. W. T. Macoun, of the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, gave a short address
on the leading principles of pruning, and
Prof. Caesar, of the O.A.C., Guelph, gave a
description of the newest sprays and how
to control a number of the most important
fungus diseases and insect pests.

Mr. David Allan, of Grimsby, while in
favor of advertising, was of opinion that the
dealers, etc., hai pul the prices of peaches
down too low last year.

Mr. E.- D. Reed, of Hamilton, reviewed the
whole campaign of advertising last year in
connection with the Niagara Peninsula Pub-
licity Campaign. He read a number of let-
ters from dealers and merchants in numer-
ous towns and villages in Qntario, all testi-
fying to the good results obtained by the
advertising last season. iMr. Reed was of
opinion that by the use of larger space in
the newspapers of these towns that much
greater results could be obtained next sea-
son with the expenditure of very little more
money.

"Co-operation, or Problems of the Fruit
Grower," was ably handled by Mr. S. J. T.
Bush, of Rochester. N.Y. This was by far
the best address of the day. It is published
In part in this issue of The Canadian Horti-
culturist, by special request of the growers.

Dominion Ins.tructor P. J. Carey spoke on
"The Packing, Handling and Marketing of
Basket Fruit." This address also will be
published In The Canadian Horticulturist.

St. Catharines Meeting.

The convention was continued on Febru-
ary 24th in St. Catharines. There was a
capital attendance. Prof. Caesar gave an
address oa "Injurious Insects, Diseases and
Sprays," mucli the same as the one given
at Grimsby.

IMr. W. T. Macoun followed, his subject
being, "Apples, Best Varieties for Profit."
He believed that tlie apple Is going to he
the most Important fruit In Canada. Every
grower In the Niagara District should have
at least a small apple orchard. He consid-
ered that after the war Canada would have

'3i^- r^ ^..V,'*',^
* -'ail- ' • J!t V

Much of the success with a well-planned flower or vegetable garden
depends upon the wise and careful selection of seeds. KEITH'S, by sup-
plying only the highest quality seeds, has well earned the title

THE STANDARD FOR FIFTY YEARS

You will not be satisfied till you see a copy of our "Golden Juhilee Cata-
logue." It contains the full line of our "Quality" seeds.

~ Send a post card to-day

GEO. KEITH & SONS

120 King St. E. - - - Toronto, Ont.

Ott's Giant

THE new variety of strawberry reproduced above was cultivated from a chance
seedling found by George Ott, of Arkona, Ont. The stems and leaves of this
plant average 12 Inches in length, and It contains 114 berries, the largest
berry measuring 5% inches in circumference. It will yield one-third more per
acre than any other variety which Mr. Ott has herettfore grown. The berry com-
mands also a higher price in the market than the older varieties.

Ott's Giant is being put on the market for the second time this coming spring,
1916. For a full description of this wonderful new berry and price list, send a
post card to George Ott, Arkona, Ont.

82

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

You Can Grow Prize Fruit by

SPRAYING

your fruit trees with the right sprayer.

Over two hundred prize winners at last year's Fairs were grow-
ers who used our Sprayer last Spring, and who followed our directions
about when and how to spray trees.

Your orchard can be made to produce three times its last year's
yield, and the extra profit will add many dollars to your banlc bal-
ance if you spray with the

I. X. L. JUNIOR Automatic Power Sprayer

The I. X. L. Junior is
made in two styles. It
consists of a 3% H.P. En-
gine, cypress tank, gear
driven vertical cylindei
pump, two 25 ft. leads of
Hose, two visible spray
nozzles, complete in all
details.

Weight, 450 lbs.

i. X. L. with 100 gallon tank, $165.00

I. X. L. with 150 gallon tank, 170.00

I. X. L. with 200 gallon tank, 180.00

For rough or hilly orchards, common in some parts, the machine

which best fills the requirements is our back-mounted

Pontiac Special

Automatic Power Sprayer

This machine is equipped with the same engine as the I.X.L., and
is made with two size tanks.

150 Gallon Tank, 50 ft. Hose, 2 poles $200.00

:00 Gallon Tank, 50 ft. Hose, 2 poles $210.00

We have prepared a valuable booklet entitled, "Prize
Fruit and Vegetables from your Orchard and Garden,"
which is free to all farmers, fruit and vegetable growers.
Use the coupon and send for your copy to-day.

Canadian Sprayer Co.

TRENTON, ONTARIO

.^til'^^ov-^"^

exceptional chances to place her apples in
the British and other colonial markets at
an advantage. He gave a full account of
what they were doing at Ottawa in the
originating of new varieties. Seven hundred
varieties had been tested there, and they
had one hundred kinds that were very pro-
mising and likely to cake the place of older
kinds. He thought it would be profitable in
the future to grow early-beariag varieties.
By planting trees closer judiciously, a large
amount of fruit couid be obtained from a
small piece of ground in a short time. He
recommendGd the following varieties for the
Niagara District: Red Astrachan. Duchess.
Wealthy, Gravenstcin, Blenheim, Hubbard-
son, Mcintosh, Fameuse, Greening, Baldwin.
Spy. He considered that good summer, fall
and winter varieties of the highest quality
would be very profltuble In the Niagara Dis-
trict.

Mr. McCubbin repeated his address on
"Fruit Diseases of the Year."

Mr. C. A. Pratt gave a capital address on
"Strawberries." Large crops of good fruit
can't be grown from poor plants. First-class
plants and rich soil are necessary. Barn-
yard manure Is the best manure for the
strawberry. In plantmg make an opening
In the soil, place the plant in It and make
the soil firm against the roots. Plants must
be cultivated well and carefully, and the
crowns must not be covered with soil. They
grow a propagating bed for plants every
year. For variettea they grow Senator Dun-
lap for early, Gandy and Brandywine for
late. Rotating the crops is the best way to
control insect diseases. For the last "two
or three years they ppray their fltrawherries
wUh Conner sulnhate; first, lust before the
bloRsomins: next, l>Ptween blossoming and
picking. Chlckwepd Is a hard pronosttion in
a strawberry patch. They mulch their
plants with marsh hay. It should be done
earlv in the fall.

iMr. D. Johnson spoke on the marketing
of fruit, and sugeested that the growers
should get together in the Niagara District
and formulate a plan to market their fruit
co-operatively. Last year they had come to-
gether and advprtised Niaeara District fruit,
consequently Niagara peaches had been used
where they had never been used before.
"This year you exncct again to have a large
crop of peaches, therefore you should organ-
ize now, and be ready to handle the crop."

Prof. J. W. Crow, of Guelph, considered
fruit growing too risky for a man to raise
only one kind of fruit, and advocated an
apple orchard in addition to other kinds of
fruit for the Niagara District. He strongly
urged fruit growera to raise a variety of
fruits, as in this way a paying crop could
be raised every year. He was of opinion
that Northern Spys in Ontario are usually
produced at a loss. Many fruit growers
injure their business by asking too high a
price for their frulL.

Mr. Bush repeated his excelleat address
as given at Grimsby.

Mr. E. D. Reed gave full dara couceminu
the Publicity Association's advertising cam-
paign of last season. The greatest benefit
derived last year was when the Dominion
Government helped by inserting large show
advertisements in the dally newspapers.

An informal round-table talk was held in
the evening, at wiiich marketing and co-
operation were the chief subjects discussed.

iMr. W. T. Macoun spoke the last day on
'^Small Fruits." He advised getting plants
nearby if possible, as the loss was heavy
when obtained from a distance. Currants
needed severe pruning, good manuring with
barnyard manure, and a soil with plenty of
moisture. Mr. Macoun went fully into the

!'■

larch, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

83

aeUiods of cultivating currants, goosebei^
ies and raspberries.

Mr. C. A. Pratt spoke on "Grapes, Pears
.nd Cliernes." In Michigan they suffered a
rood deal from black rot, but had controlled
t with Bordeaux Mixture. Concord was the
inly grape grown there commercially The
trowing of pears in Michigan has been lim-
ted by reason of the blight, but along the
ake shore they do not suffer much from
iat. They cultivate till the beginning of
rune, and then let the weeds, etc, grow
ip. Keiffer and Bartlett are the chief vari-
ities In cherries they used to grow Gover-
lor Wood and other varieties, but now
Black Tartarian is the only cherry beine

^uh^?'^^'''''- '^^''^ ^""^ <>""« successful
irith Windsor and Montmorency in sour
Sherries. They ship their cherries in 16-
luart crates.

Mr. Bush gave aa admirable address on
jold storage, which will be given in full In
rhe Canadian Horticulturist.

Mr Pratt spoke on peaches, and Mr
□reelman gave a thorough account of the
3re-cooling of tender fruits and the best
tZh. packages in shipping pre-cooled

fruits, as evidenced by a series of experi-

Th! Vn''" .^"""'"^ Pre-Cooling Station
The following resclution was adopted-
Resoved that this Association endorse
Che work of the Niagara Peninsula Publicity
fn^'ZT^ i" advertising the tender fruits
B?mnnl *i"! "■«'=°«"nend that work along
IDiel" "»P>-°^ed lines be continued In

The Outlets for Low Grade Fruits*

P. B. Culverhouse, Experimental Station
Vmeland, Ont.
The question has been asked- "Whnt
prospects have the tender fruit ^owerT for
disposing of more of their low graTe fruit
in the form of by-products'
mirvi'!'® ^^^^' ^'■*P^« ''ave gone partly to

SIS s;?,, i^.r„7'-i.r

^f ;, ;. ^^^ wine-maker, however used
mostly the Concord. In 1915 granM for
wlne-making were reduced by tw,^thlrds
.Legislation and popular opinion is Ttronflv
::-«d;f'= "^ the amount of alcohoHc beverages
manufactured. The making of uX
^merited grape juice looks like the industry

V JTr- ''"l' '"=^"^''-'' ^'" take on V
the best Concords.. Therefore, we mav
classify grape production of the futur^^m
the following manner:

(1) Red varieties— Niagaras, Wordens
rma^rker'^' '"' '''''' --rietiTsTol'n

?^l n®n ^°"'=°'"'Js for grape Juice.
' T^hia fK ^ ,""' varieties for jelly making.
fof w 'f '^'^'' °' ^'•^Pe '« the only one
,LZy.^'"'^^ "'''"'■^- By removing it from
'ontario'^r"" "^''"■''' °'""'° S'-^Pes an^

'ness of nnT^- ^^"^ ^"^ ^^ "^^"^'ng "usl-

^ hof, ^n1^'*P°»^ °^ more and more
ojf^their small bunches of unevenly ripened

Peaches.

ders'ired'''"frtif^'T9':'' '°"!''^ '»'• ^^> "n-
S n/?ni.; ^ ^ overripe fruit of all
peaches^ wfth ''*''"'^^'= ^*> windfalls; (5)
reaches. '^ ^"^ '"""'■ ^«> ^'^'^bby

'hMe* np,°.'h "Tf '"^ ^ay to dispose of
3er!ourv nf ''' ^^ ""^"^ Producing them,
seriously, no grower can afford to stoo im

tZnVZ "^^^"'''^"on for producing' S
j^^^dllng hl9 crop. Granted, however, the

J

What Have You Done Since October?

Have the winter months been wasted as far as your
flowers and vegetables are concerned? They have been
busy months with all enthusiasts who own a greenhouse,
and horticulture is a particularly delightful hobby when
winter reigns outside.

Of course, much depends on the eflSciency of your green-
house— that is why we can count as our clients the big
professional florists, whose whole income during one-half
the year depends on flowers raised under glass.

We will build a house to suit everybody. Let us know
your requirements, and write us for booklet B of green-
houses.

GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, Limited

201 Church Street, TORONTO

Transportation Bldg., St. James St. Montreal

J^^ (Style "S" — Short bowed stay In lower half, exactly as shown.) ^Oy

Beauty, Economy, Perfect Weave

These and complete satisfaction you get in Frost Improved
Lawn Fence, because —

(1) — It is perfectly woven on the Intest automatic power machine, the

only one In (Canada. The spacing is only l-MH inches, and the fabric

is tightly and uniformly woven throughout. Every stay stands

straight.

(2) — The material is all our own make best quality heavily galvanized

Frost Hard Steel Wire. I.,aterals are two No. 13 wires tightly cabled,

with the deeply crimped No. 9 uprights firmly interlaced.

i3) —Our heavy zinc coating (galvanized) Is more durable than paint
which quickly cracks and peels off) and enables us to sell our improved
ence at lower prices than the h^'nd-woven, painted fences.

FROST IMPROVED LAWN FENCE

can be erected on wooden or iron posts. It adds beauty and
value to any private property or public buildings, church yards,
etc. We make three different styles of fabric, and gates with
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Frost Angle Steel Picket Fence is widely used for Cem-
eteries. Manufacturing Plants, Public and Private
Grounds, etc. Write us for two-color Illustrated folder.

61

^

Frost Wire Fence Co., Ltd.

Hamilton, Ont. m

«4

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

lEARNmiHLADyAra^

OFB!

iimjmRBcz.

:;a^.y

L':Sfcffl

1). P. W. PAINTS i

Direct From Our Plant to You

At Factory Prices

Our new paint folio is prepared
with your requirements in mind.
You will find it interesting. It
explains the economy and satis-
faction of buying from us — not
from stock — right from the mill.

This folio is yours without cost.

Send us a postal asking for folio No.ClS
DOMINION PAINT WORKS, Limited,

Toronto OF WALKERVILLE, Winnipeg

Montreal ONTARIO Vancouver

IBlsii

STRAWBERRY .»<i.iioih.r,MU(r«itpia.u S[[D PDTATCES

Our great new Stra-wbeixy "Grand Prize," the best Fall-Bearing kinds, and 60 others.
Herbert, Eston, St. Regis Everbearing and other best Raspberries, also Bladiberry,
Currant, Gooseiwrry and Grapes.

Splendid stock of Cobbler and Green Mountain Potatoes.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE tREE

H. L. McCONNELL & SON

iPcrtEuiwell, Cnt

3 Grand Varieties-Good as Gold

Beans

Corn

Peas

FREE
John A. Bruce & Co., Ltd., ^.-«S,S

— Refuge Wax — Pods round, clear and transparent and of handsome appear-
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% lb. 15c., 1 lb. 45c., 5 lbs. $2.00. Postpaid.

— Golden Bantam — An early, hardy, productive variety, of finest quality and
delicious flavor. It is a ricli, cream yellow, deepening to orange-yellow when
ripe. Vi lb. lOc, 1 lb. 30e., 5 lbs., $1.40. Postpaid.

. — Bruce's Early Settler — A grand extra early wrinkled marrow variety. The
pods ar« large, deep green, and filled with large peas, possessing the rich flavor
and quality of the toest late varieties. It attains a height of about H4 feet and
is very productive. V^ lb. 15c., 1 lb. 40c., 5 lbs. $1.75. Postpaid.
If sent by Express at purchaser's expense, deduct 10c per pound.

BRUCE'S Seeds are the cheapest, because they are the best.
Our handsomely illustrated 128-page catalogue of Vegetable, Farm and Flower
Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Poultry Supplies, Garden Implements, etc., for 1916. Send
for it.

ntario

ix Yeais

greatest efficiency some of these low grade
fruits are bound to appear.

Undersized, split and scabby peaches, if
not too ripe, may be used in the canning
factory for pie peaches. For this purpo.'ie
they are sliced and canned in water. This
product is cheap, but should dispose of a
great deal of our peaches.

Overripe and gummy peaches and wind-
falls should be used for jam making.
Peach jam is not very popular. It is not
advertised .sufficiently to be known by the
public. We made some at Vlneland last
year, however, which was very good
Fairly large quantities were made in com-
mercial jam factories. The question might
well be asked: "Why couldn't a large quan-
tity of peach jam be sold for army pur-
poses?" It could be prepared cheaply, la
very healthful, and anyone who tastes well
made peach jam will agree that it is a
splendid product.

The idea of evaporating our peaches s
promising. If such an industry were estab-
lished here many undersized peacbee could
very likely be used.

It may be pointed out that local canning
factories and evaporators. If run properly
and successfully, will not only accept much
low grade fruit, but will prevent much ot
the waste due to overripeness. Because
factories are nearby the grower can dls
pose of greater quantities with less labor
Therefore there will be less spoilage.

Manitoba

J. A. Neilson, Manitoba Agricultural
College, Winnipeg.

The annual convention o£ the Manitoba
iHorticultural and Forestry Association was
held In the Manitoba Agricultural College,
February 17th and ISth. About sixty dele-
gates were in attendance. The meetings
were characterized by earnest attention,
practical papers, and interesting discussions.

President J. B. Reynolds, o* the Manitoba
Agricultural College, gave an address on
"The Farmer's Vegftable and Fruit Gar-
den." He stated thai a fruit and vegetable
garden should be found on every farm home.
A good garden has a three-told value: 1, Its
value to the family; 2 Its value as an edu-
cation; and 3, As a recreation.

Miss Ethel M. Eadie, Professor of House-
Itold Science at the Manitoba Agricultural
College, read a paper on "Vegetables as
Human Food." Miss Ea/iie showed that
vegetables exert a beneficial effect on the
health of the human body through the action
of the various salts which they contain.
Some vegetables, such as beans, peas and
lentils, contain more protein than meat, and
are a cheaper food.

Mr. James Tribe, of Kildonan, discussed
the "Storage of Vegetables"; Professor
Churchill, the "Value ot Drainage to a Mar-
ket Gardener"; Mr. J. J. Ring, of Crystal
City, the "Farmer's Kitchen Garden," and
Messrs. S. E. Clarke, ot Souris, and J. E.
Boughen, ot Dauphin, and George Harper,
of Neepawa, gave brief addresses on various
phases of horticulture. J. A. Neilson, ot the
Horticultural Department, gave a demon-
stration and short talk on the preparation
and use of Bordeaux Mixture.

Miss Barbara Stratton, of Stonewall, read
a paper on "The Pests of House Plants and
How to Combat Thera." Mrs. S. E. Clarke,
Winnipeg, gave a paper on "The Raising of
House Plants from Seeds," and Mr. R. M.
Muckle, Provincial Apiarist, gave an illus-
trated lecture on "What Bees Do With
Flowers."

Professor V. W. Jackson gave an Inters

March. 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Til

esting lecture, illustrated by lantern slideB,
on "Spore Production in Plant Diseases."
Mr. E. H. Strickland, officer in charge o£ the
Entomological Laboratory at Lethbridge, Al-
berta, gave a full account of the work which
he has been doing on "Cutworms and Their
Conitrol." Mr. Strickland presented some
interesting matter on the life history of
some of the injurious species of cutworms.
In his experiments he found the poisoned
bran mash a failure. He secured very good
results by using the following preparation:
i50 pounds shorts, 1 pound paris green, 1
gallon molasses and 2% gallons water. Mix
the shorts and the paris green together dry.
Dissolve the molasses in the water and add
it slowly to the shorts and paris green.
Thoroughly mix, and when completed the
material should be dry enough to crumble
finely. Apply at the rate oif 35 pounds to
the acre. If the land is dry and the cut-
worms do not come to the surface, harrow
the bait in. In control experiments this mix-
ture has destroyed 75 per cent, to 80 per
cent, of the cutworms.

iMr. Norman Ross, Superintendent of the
Dominion Forestry Station at Indian Head,
gave an interesting review of the work of
the past year, and hriefly outlined some of
the work lor the present year. Mr. Ross
reported an increasing interest in the work
of tree planting on the Prairies. School-
ground planting was being taken up by the
Saskatchewan Government, and it is expect-
ed that a great increase in this work will
follow as a result of careful supervision and
up-to-date methods. Coniferous trees have
proved to be better able to stand drouth
than deciduous trees.

The United States Forestry Department
had, during the past two years, made a
careful study of the 'Canadian methods of
forestration for a prairie country. It is an
interesting tribute to the Canadian Forestry
Department to notice that the American
authorities have practically adopted in full
the Canadian methods.

S. A. BJornason gave an outline of the
horticultural work at the Brandon Experi-
mental Farm in 1915.

iMr. A. P. Stevenson, one of the successful
pioneer horticulturists of Manitoba, gave an
interesting paper on "Experiences in Horti-
culture in 1915." Mr. Stevenson has the
largest and one of the best fruit plantations
In Manitoba. In the face of unfavorable
climatic conditions he was able to produce
150 barrels of standard and crab apples.
The best bearing standard varieties of
apples proved to be the Ositrekoff, Sim-
brisk and Hibernal, in the order named.
Several varieties of the Russian Bush Mo-
rello Cherries came into bearing during the
past season. Of there the Vladimir and the
Shubianca proved to be the best. The Com-
pass Cherry is one of the best hybrids test-
ed. Sansota and Kaga were found fairly
satisfactory. The Carrie Gooseberry, a
seedling of the Houghton, produced a heavy
crop of large-sized fruit which was superior
to the mother plant. The Everbearing
Strawberry was found to be quite satisfac-
tory. A good yield of line quality fruit was
secured. The Agwam, a variety of Black-
berry, has been round hardy enough to
stamd the winter in Manitoba. Two crops
of this fine fruit have been produced. A
variety of Red Raspberry Seedling No. 4,
was secured from the Fruit-fBreeding Station
at (Excelsior, Minn. This variety is one of
the besit of the seedling raspberries so far
tested. The Herbert, a seedling variety,
originated at Ottawa, was /found quite satis-
factory.

The convention was brought to a close on
Friday evening by an illustrated lecture on
•The Piieht to Save the Forests," by (Mr.

'Mt is such a
saving in labor I
must have a power
outfit."

In his sixth order to us, Mr. J. C.
Harris, of Ingersoll, Ont., says more
for the Spramotor than our most en-
thusiastic advertisement. A man may
buy a thing once and be dissatisfied,
but when he comes back for additional
purchases, there is only one conclus-
ion that we can come to, and that is
that article must be all right.

We never claimed
more for the Spra-
motor than that it
would do the work
required of it effect-
ively and economically, and in all things
give satisfaction. And letters which we
have received and are constantly receiv-
ing from farmers all over Canada, sig-
nify that our statements have been met
with a service that is making staunch

^AiHXimO&P:

It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless wc made it

friends for the Spra-
motor wherever it is
used. Over 100 Gold
Medals and Special
Awards to the credit
of the Spramotor show; that these ex-
pressions of confidence are merited.
Suppose you write now while the
matter is fresh in your mind for
a copy of our booklet on crop
diseases.

Made in Canada — No duty to pay.

Spramotor Works, 2707 King Street, London, Canada

^igQ^ei)

-took first

MEDAL
HONOR

DEPARTMENT OF

MANUFACTURES AND
VARIED (NDUSTRIES

prize in the alarm clock class at the
San Francisco fair.

Big Ben was shown every day of the fair,
almost ten months. He was Judged on ap-
pearance, performance, pedigree. He carried
off the Medal of Honor, the highest award on
alarm clocks.

Big Ben is shown by all good dealers. Ask
to have him put through his paces. In tha
United States $2.50. In Canada $3.00.

Western Clock Co.
La Salle, lUlnola Makers of Westdoz

v»l

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

a

NEW TOMATO

ALACRITY"

Developed by experts at the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa.

Earliett of all Red Tomatoes

ALiACRITT produces a closer compact
vine, set quite as freeiy witii fine smooth
tomatoes, wliich are usualiy ready to
market ten days earlier tlian any other
strain.

The entire crop can be gathered generally
in al)out three weeks from the time the first
fruit ripens.

ALACRITY is undoubtedly the very best
earliest scarlet fruited tomato.

1916 FLOWER AND VEGETABLE SEED

Cattl gae Free on Reqaest

Dupuy & Ferguson, Seedsmen,

38 Jacques Cartier Square,
MONTREAL, - - QUEBEC

A Book That Will
Help You

To make your home look worth while — and
worth more.

Lovers of Roses

will find many suggestions in its list of 115
hardy varieties. It also lists many varieties,
new and old, of Shrubs, Vines, Herbaceous
Perennials, Trees and Bedding Plants.

The Book Is Free

to readers of the Canadian Horticulturist.
Send for it to-day.

JOHN CONNON CO. Limited
HAMILTON, ONTARIO

8TYl.e c

This Is a New Model for 1916, the result of
fifteen years' experience In Qreenbouse con-
struction for Canada.

Dotted lines show location of wind-ties
that positively prevents vibration of the sash.

Supplied in widths up to 26 feet 2^ inches
from post to post.

KING CONSTRUCTION CO.,
40 Dovercourt Road - Toronto.

Robson Black, Secretary Canadian Forestry
Association. Mr. Blacli empnasized tlie tact
tiiat our forest supplies are being rapidly
depleted by Ure aud by lumbering opera-
lions. Tlie limber requirements of Lbe
Canadian l^aciilc Railway aione were very
great. Tliis company uses In a single year
6,000,000 railway tibs, 200,000 fence posts,
'60,000 telegraph poles and 6,000,000 feet of
lumber. Dunng the past century Canada
lost one half of its total forest wealth by
fires. To offset the great loss caused by
forest fires an efficienit Federal aud Provin-
cial system of forest Are protection is
urgently needed.

Niagara District Notes

By K. G. H. Paulson, Winona

On February 5th an important meeting of
the members of the local co-operative asso-
ciation, promiaent growers and dealers, was
heid for the purpose of considering further
and better co-operaiion for the Niagara dis-
trict. Messrs. F. C. Hart and J. B. Fairbairn,
of the Markets Branch of the Provincial
Department of Agriculture, represented the
Department.

It was proposed to divide the Niagara fruit
belt into three districts. No. 1 to take in
the portion of the fruit belt between the
eastern outskirts of Hamilton and the Six-
leen-.Miie Creek below Jordan. No. 2, from
the Sixteen-iMiie Creek to the Niagara River.
No. 3, the district between Hamilton and
Toronto, lying along the lake sJiore.

For District No. 1, J. R. Hastings, of
Winona, preseated a plan worked out by
himself in conjunction with 'Messrs. Hart
and Fairbairn. After a good deal of discus-
sion a strong committee was appointed to
draft a constitution and draw up a definite
and clear-cut scheme to place before the
fruit growers of the district.

Da February Ist the Ontario Vegetable
Growers' Association held their annual busi-
ness meeting in Toronto, and elected officers
for 1916, as follows: President, F. F. Reeves,
Humber Bay; Vice-President, J. J. Davis,
'London; Second Vice-President, E. K. Purdy,
Kingston; Secretary-Treasurer, J. Lockie
Wilsoa, Toronto. The officers, with the ad-
dition of Thos. Delworth, of Weston, form
the executive. The Association will hold
field-crop competitions in early potatoes,
celery, onions and potatoes, and special
prizes will be given for the best kept gar-
den of any vegetable grower, not less than
three acres. The Province will be divided
into four districts in each competition.

On February 16th a Vegetable Growers'
conference was held at Burlington, both
afternoon and evening, with the following
speakers: J. A. Campbell, ILeamington,
"Growing of Onions for Profit"; J. iMcFar-
lane, Brantford, "SUinner Irrigation for the
Vegetable Grower"; F. F. Reeves, Humber
Bay, "Greenhouse Crops"; S. C. Johnston,
iProvincial Vegetable Specialist, gave an
Illustrated address on "Insects and Fungus
Diseases Affecting the Vegetable Grower."

On February 16th another Vegetable
Growers' conferencs was held at Barton-
ville, with Mr. S. C. Johnston in the chair.
Mr. Johnston explained that the object of
these vegetable conferences was the giving
of practical information to vegetable grow-
ers by experienced vegetable growers from
a different locality. More money could be
made by growing vegetables of first-class
quality on a limited scale than by growing
a large area of moderate quality. Mr. Wal-
ter Cook gave a very interesting and prac-
tical talk on "Hotbeds." iMr. Thos. Del-
worth, of Weston, went thoroughly Into the
question of "Greenhouse Crops." In the

PRIZE DAHLIAS

Grown In Canada.
Twenty named varieties, Jl.OO. Fifteen
Choice named varieties. jl.OO. Ten Giant
prize-winners, all correctly named. 11.00.
I'our different colors, 25c. All are field-
grown roots. Postpaid. .Send for Catalogue
of over 200 beautiful varieties.
MISS G. S. DOUGLASS, Buctouche, N. B.

Choice Dahlia Roots For Sale

both single and double, of all varieties, tlic
be.st that money could obtain; also a quan-
tity of extra good mixed ones, at very rea-
sonable rates.
List of varieties on application.

J. T PAYNE, Dahlia Specialitt
Campbell St., - . Strathroy. Ont.

F
R
E
E

MRJ3ES JS5HUUB5 JS WHITE CLEMA IIS

The first 100 who will send us their
name and address, not already on
our mailing list, will receive free
one of the above plants and our
new interesting spring catalogue.
Write to-day.

A. W. GRAHAM,

St. Thomas, Ont.
Grower and Importer of Roses,
Shrubs and everything beautiful
for garden and lawn.

DahliaSjGIadiolus and Perennial Phlox

15 choice Dahlias, ail different, post-

,„Paid J1.15

oO choice large fiowering Gladiolus,

postpaid 1.15

12 Perennial Phlox, new, large flower-
ing, postpaid 115

5 Dahlias, 12 choice Gladiolus, 5 Per.

Phlox, postpaid 1.15

Sask., Maritime Provinces, Alberta and
British Columbia, postage 5c. extra.

GEO. E. EGERTON,

112 Chalmers St., - . Gait, Ont.

GLADIOLUS

Cultural Directions Free.
List of varieties of superior merit.

H. P. VANWAGNER

R. R. No. 5

Hamilton, Ont.

1 0- 1 5-20

Tears from now the Bissell
Silo will be giving good
service. It is built of selected
timber, treated with wood
preservatives that prevent
decay. It has strong, rigid
walls, air-tight doors, and
hoops of heavy steel. There-
fore it lasts, simply because
it can't very well do any-
thing else. Our folder ex-
plains more fully — write
Dept. N.

T. E. aiSSELL CO.. Ltd., tl.ra, 0.t.
See advt. also on page 76.

Marcli, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

eveaing '^Skinner Irrigatiai" was discussed,
and Mr. S. C. JohnsLon gave an address on
"Insects and Flingus Diseases," illustrated
by limelight views.

On tlie evening of Thursday, February
17th, Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London, Ont.,
gave a splendid lecture ia 'Hamilton on
"iBird Life," to the members of the Hamilton
Scientific Association. iMr. Saunders de-
scribed the reasons and results of bird emi-
gration, and urged the erection of bird shel-
ters in different parts of the Province. In
Illustrating this novel and admirable lecture
Mr. Saunders used stuffed birds, limelight
views of birds and their habits, and also
Imitated with marvellous accuracy the dif-
ferent bird calls. 'Mr. Saunders advocated
his hearers to take up the study of birds
and to identify them by their calls rather
than by their appearance.

At the Niagara-on-the-lLake branch of the
Dominion Canners, Limited, the employees
have been busy lately making up a large
shipment of canned goods for Montreal and
other places. At this factory there is still
a considerable share of last year's pack to
be disposed of.

The Vineland Canning Factory has
chaaged ownership.

At a meeting of the shareholders of the
Northern Veneer Company, held at the head
office, Grimsby, Oat., it was decided to go
into voluntary liquidatioa and IMoLeod, Tew
& Co., of Hamilton, were appointed as-
signees. This company was capitalized at
1200,000, and manufactured baskets and
other supplies for fruit growers of .the
Niagara Peninsula. The head office was at
Grimsby, with branches at Winona, fleams-
ville, Burlington and Copetown.

There is aot likely to be much planting
of new orchards or vineyards this spring.
In consequence of this there will be a small
movement of nursery stock, probably the
smallest in some years.

The acreage planted to tomatoes is likely
to be larger this season, as canning factory
stocks are pretty well cleared out. It seems,
. clear, however, that the canning factories
are not going to pay more than 25 cents per
bushel this year, and some contracts have
already been made at that figure, in spite
of the efforts of the Lincoln and Welland
Vegetable Growers' Association to hold the
growers together in demanding a better
price. There is a probability that the price
of baskets will go up before long. The pre-
sent rates are $42 par thousand for 11-quart
and $34 per thousand for 6-quart. The
makers say they are losing money at those
prices owing to the increase in the price
of the raw material, especially bottoms.

FREE LAND

For the SETTLER in

NEW ONTARIO

Mllllona of acres of virgin soil obtain-
able free and at a nominal cost are call-
InK for cultivation.

Thousands of farmers have responded
to the call of this fertile country and are
belns made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a home
awaits you.

For full Information as to terms, regu-
lations, and settlers rates, write to

H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonl2atlon
Parliament Buildings, TORONTO

HON. G. HOWARD FERGUSON,
Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines.
Parliament BIdgs., Toronto

Parsons'

Strawberry

Plants for Sale

It is an established
fact that the "Par-
sons" have become a
universal favorite at
the canning factory
and at the home,
possessing many good
qualities, viz., a vig-
orous grower, excel-
lent flavor and ex-
ceedingly productive.
This season's stock
comes from a piece of
new ground (the first
s t r aw berry plant
crop), therefore will
be free from all plant
diisease. These plants
will be carefully
packed in slatted
crates, with plenty of
moss to protect roots.
Shipped by express to
any address in Can-
ada. $3.75 per M.
F.O.B. Niagara Falls,
Ont. Cash with or-
der.

A two-acre field of strawberries 5 months after setting tlie plants.

R.R. No. 3. Portage Road, W. E. FITCH, NIAGARA FALLS, Ont.

"TAYLOR-FORBES."

"MADE IN CANADA."

Tree Pruners

a^

"Kansas."

"Orchard King."

Patented because they are light, strong and easily operated. Sold by responsible
Hardware Dealers everywhere in Canada. Catalogue mailed on request.

TAYLOR-FORBES, Company, Limited

GUELPH, Canada

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Classified
Advertisements

Adverticements in this department In-
•erted at rate of 3 centa a word for
each Insertion, each figure, sign, or
single letter to count as one word,
minimum cost 30c., strictly cash In
advance.

REAL ESTATE

ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit farms a »p»cl-
alty. Write for CatatOKue. W. B. Calder,
Qrlmsbjr.

NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Before
buying. It will pay you to consult me. I make
a specialty of fruit and grain farms. Melvln
Gayman & Co., St. Catharines.

FARMS— All kinds, all sizes, for sale, fruit

stock, grain and dairy farms. Let me know

what you are looking for. H. W. J>awson,
Brampton. OnL

CALIFORNIA little suburban farms for sale,
suitable for poultry, fruit and garden. Easy
payments. Write E. R. WaJte, Shawnee,
Oldahoma.

rpHIRTT-FIVE ACRES, house, and orchard.
■'• Splendid beekeeping location. H. Twigg,
Orangeville, Ont.

SEEDS.

YOU WANT "Reliable Seeds," get our Seed
Price List and Save Money. Morgan's Sup-
ply House, London.

PRIZE DAHLIAS— Twenty bulbs, $1.00. Field
grown roots, 20 different varieties. Mrs. A.
H. Switzer, R. R. No. 6, St. Mary's, Ont.

SPRAYING.

SAVE MONEY— Oet our Spraying and Garden
Supply Catalog. Morgan's Supply House,
London.

SPRAYERS for every need: Bucket, Knapsack,
Barrel, Traction and Gas Engine machines.
D. E. Watson, Uxlxridge, Ont.

BEE SUPPLIES.

BEEKEEPERS — Please write for our Catalog.
Morgan's Supply House, London.

1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors,
any wording, lor $1.30. Catalogue free. East-
ern Label Co., CllntonviUe, Conn.

■\jrANTED — Honey extractor.
Breckenrldge, Que.

Alfred Farls,

FOR SALE. — S Frame Hive bodies. T Supers —
good condition. Will Ellis, R.R. No. 3, Ni-
agara Falls, Ont.

BEES.

ITALIAN QUEENS and early shipments of bees
by the pound from Texas. Write us for prices.
R. V. & M. C. Stearns, Brady, Texas.

BEES and QUEENS — From Georgia. Tested
Queens $1.25, untested 75c. Bees by the lb ,
$1.00. J. W. Sherman, Valdosta, Ga.

BEES AND. QUEENS from my New Jisrsey
apiary. Hives and Supplies. J. H. M. Cook.
70 Cortland St., New York City. - ^

CARNIOLAN, GOLDEN AND THREE BAND-
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Ready to go April 1st. Write for price list.
C. B. Bankston, Buffalo, Leon Co., Texas.

CHOICE ITAulAN BEES — Excellent workers.
Chris. Grlmoidby, Owen Sound, Ont.

Annapolis Valley, N.S.

Manning Ells, Port Williams, N.S.

Although apple prices have been tilgih In
the Valley right through the season, the
growers are not in an optimistic frame of
mind as to the future. More than any other
fruit-producing section In Canada we de-
pend for our returns on the English market.
There In all normal times we have a steady
demand and paying prices. The transporta-
tion charges are lower than lor any of our
competitors, and a farmer with a small
orchard can ship direct as well as the larg-
est operator. But the whole thing hangs on
transportation, and now -with few boats and
a prospect of fewer, with freight rates
steadily climbing, and no relief in sight until
some time after the end of the war, the out-
Jook seems anything but rosy

However, things are not always as bad as
they seem, like the old farmer who said
that he had had a great many troubles in
his life, most of which had never happened.
To date it is a fact, as pointed out by the
President of the Print Growers' Association
in his annual address, that the war has not
caused a smaller amount of money to come
into the Valley for apples the past two sea-
sons. It 'would seem poor economy to
neglect the orchard at this stage of the
game. No one is setting more trees, how-
ever, and the nurserymen are living off the
profits of years gone by.

The debate on Mixed Farming versus
Fruit Growing at the recent fruit growers'
meeting was more largely attended than
any other session of the convention. All
classes In the Valley seem to consider that
the fruit grower is not doing his duty as
his father did before him, In producing beef,
butter and 'hogs, in addition to apples. No
doubt the cause of all this Interest in the
fanner's business is the feeling that if more
of these commodities were produced, prices
would be easier and the consumer benefit.
To the unprejudiced observer, the fact that
so many in the Val'.ey are giving more and
more attention to orcharding should be prima
facie evidence that that is the line where
lies the greatest reward for their efforts.

The new movement In New York to sell
fruit by auction has not been suffered to
come into being without opposition. At the
recent New York State Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation meeting a sirong fight was put up
by a number of the large apple growers and
buyers to discredit it but the Association
stood by the scheme, and pledged apple
shipments to auction markets. As that Is
the most representative fruit-growers' asso-
ciation In the State, this endorsement was
very gratifying to auction supporters, and
will probably result in a large auction plant
being established at Rochester, which. It Is
claimed, will save millions to Western N«w
York growers. — F. G. H. Pattlson.

HELP WANTED.

GARDENER WANTED to take charge of
Springbank Park. London, Canada. Apply to
E. V. Buchanan. General Manager, Public
Utilities Commission, London, Ontajrio.

~~ PLANT STOCK.

FOR SALE — Choice assortment of flowering
perennial plants and vines. Jl,ist and prices
sent on application to B. P. Smart, 64 King
Street Brockville, Ont.

^■^%^"^* to 5tockmen and poultry-
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common diseases of stock and poultry, and the
remedies. Tells how to cure roup in four days.
Contains lull information about Roval Purple
Stock and PoultrV foods and remedies
..The W. a. Jenkins Mfg. Co., London, Can.

Fine Work!"

--that's what you'll say when you see
the soil, manure and stubble mixed over
and over with the

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"The coulters do the work." They cut
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502 Symington Ave, Toronto, Ont.

Seeding, Cultivating,
Growing, Marketing

VEGETABLES

■EASY MONEY-

if you apply the scientific methods,
but, — can you afford to make the
experiments that have been carried
out at the government stations and
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must taka advantage of their work.
If you cannot go to an agricultural
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chase the book that is used in the
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gives you the substance of the scien-
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PRODUCTIVE

VEGETABLE
GROWING

By John W.Lloyd

Professor of Olericul-
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320 pages.
192 illustrations.

Octavo.
Handsome cloth.

SECURE THIS

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Send for Free Circular of Farm Books
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The Horticultural Publishing Co.

Peterboro, Ont.

The Canadian Horticultun^

Floral Edition

Vol. XXXIX

PETERBORO. APRIJ., 1916

No. 4

Essentials to Success in Fruit Growing

THE growing of fruit, when, proper-
ly conducted, is a business Avhieh
requires all the brains, all the
patience, all the care and sometimes all
the money a man has, to carry it on
successfully. The old idea that it took
a "smart" man to be a lawyer, a doctor,
or a merchant, but that any fool could
be a farmer, has at last been exploded,
and in its place has come the realization
that in the successful farmer and fruit-
grower must be combined the shrewd-
ness of the lawyer, the sympathetic in-
sight of the physician, and the practical
wisdom and foresight of the merchant
and manufacturer.

To be a successful fruitgrower, a man
must know how to prune his trees ; how
and when to spray them, and how to
thin whenever that is necessary or ad-
visable. He should know his soil and

Seth J. T. Bush, Morton, N.Y.

what it needs to properly nourish and
sustain the trees and mature the fruit.
He should know the relative value of
different varieties ; their bearing, carry-
ing and keeping qualities. I would not
recommend the raising of a great many
varieties, and it is always important to
plant only the varieties suited to your
soil and climatic conditions. The man
who raises any kind of fruit on a ear-
lot basis has a distinct advantage over
the man who, perhaps, raises more fruit
but can not load solid cars of one
variety. The question of fertilizer for
our orchards is a vital one. The man
who depends wholly on ^commercial
fertilizers for his orchards, or any other
part of his farm for that matter, is
making a serious mistake. If I could
get all the good barnyard manure and
all the good cover crops I need, I would

not buy a pound of commercial fertil-
izer, with the exception of nitrate of
soda as a top-dressing for pastures,
meadows, and wheat in the spring.

With the right kind of cover crop to
plow under, and proper cultivation
afterwards, you will need mighty little
else, and you may have to eliminate the
cover crop occasionally. I am not, how-
ever, advocating barnyard manure for
peaches. A fruit grower should walk
through his orchards at least once every
week through the summer, and be on
the lookout constantly for the various
diseases and ills that the tree is heir to.

In the case of peaches, the "grub-
bing" of the trees is one of the most
essential things, and should be done
thoroughly at least once each year — in
May or June. The "Grubs" must be
removed or they will ruin the trees in

k

New Brunswick within a few years should rank up well &a a fruit bearine proaincc. The orchard here shown is that of R

■Rurton. N.B. MAny more orohard.s vrlll .«*hortly come Into hearlne.

Barker

86

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition

The strawberry crop last year of Geo. Johnson, Peterboro, Ont. Are you planning to grow one

like it this year?

short order. Every diseased peach tree
should be pulled up and burned the mo-
ment it is discovered; don't try to save
part of the tree which does not seem to
be affected, as disease after it once ap-
pears, will spread rapidly, and the en-
tire tree will usually be affected before
the fruit can be harvested.

There ought to be a strict law, and a
rigid enforcement of -it, to protect the
fruit grower from his careless neighbor.
The man who will not properly look
after these things is a menace to his
neighborhood, and should be forced to
do so or be severely punished by the
state.

Exporting Peaches.

If this wretched European war ever
ends, and the people over there have
any money left with which to buy fruit,
I believe that the Elberta peach can be
exported with success, if picked at the
proper time, pre-cooled and quickly de-
livered to the sliip under proper refrig-
eration. The experiment has been tried
by western growers, with not very
satisfactory results, it is true, but the
eastern orchards have several days ad-
vantage, particularly those within five
hundred miles of the seaboard. The
experiment, I understand, has also been
tried by Canadian growers, under the
supervision of the Canadian Depart-
ment of Agriculture, with much better
results.

The principal obstacle in the way of
doing this successfully, is the absence
of railroad tracks on the New York
docks, which would permit cars to be
.switched direct to the side of the steam-
er, and a quick transfer of fruit to the
steamer's refrigerators, also a lack of
proper refrigerator space on most of
the ocean liners.

Pre-cooling peaches for shipment to
any market is an essential to the great-
est success. The greatest losses
sustained by growers have been due to

improper refrigeration, and absolutely
inexcusable transportation service
furnished by the railroad companies.
If cars are properly iced and cold, and
the fruit is cold when loaded, it will
carry three times as far, thereby widen-
ing the distribution, and arrive in first
class condition, usually with but one re-
icing. We have our own ice plant at
Morton, and ice our own cars, and try
to have the cars iced from 24 to 48 hours
before they are loaded, so that they
will be absolutely cold — around 40 de-
grees— usually about 36, so that the
peaches coming from the cold rooms
where they have been held at 34 to 36
degrees for two to four days, will not
undergo any decided change in
temperature, and will not "eat up" all
the ice in the bunkers before the car
can reach the first icing station. Last
season we shipped cars of peaches as
far as Tampa, Florida, under these
conditions, successfully.

What The West Has Done.

Most fruit growers are supposed to be
in the business for profit, but a lot of
them, like Rip Van Winkle, have been
asleep for twenty years, and many, I
fear, never will wake up. The whole
world has heard of the Hood River Val-
ley of Oregon, and the Wenatchee Val-
ley of Washington. These people have
been able to overcome a freight handi-
cap of $1.51 per barrel (figured as three
boxes) and a haul of three thousand
miles, and sell their apples here in our
midst, where the finest flavored apples
in the world are grown, for three and
four times what we receive for oui-s.
Co-operation is the thing that has done
it. Elimination of every needless ex-
pense, and a package that could be
absolutely guaranteed.

It is much cheaper to operate one
large, efficient, convenient packing
plant in a community, than thirty or
fifty individual plants, and it is abso-

lutely the only ,way by which a stand-
ard, uniform pack can be obtained.
There is no experiment about it ; it has
been thoroughly tried out and proven
im unqualified success.

Selling Problem.
It is not a question any longer of how
to grow good fruit, or how to increase
the yield ; it is a question of HOW TO
SELL IT. The cost of production is in-
creasing all the time, and unless wc
adopt a better system, which guaran-
tees an honest, uniform pack, and keeps
the "cull" out of the package alto
gether, at the same time securing each
year better and wider distribution,
prices will go down until we reach a
point where any chance for a reason-
able return on our investment will
vanish.

The selling of fruit is a specialized
industry, and should be handled by ex-
perts. We are really manufacturers —
manufacturers of the world's food sup-
ply— but unlike all other manufactur-
ers, we have been blundering along on
the principle of every man for himself,
and the Devil take the hindmost.

Imagine any other manufacturer go-
ing ahead an entire year in total blind-
ness and ignorance of what his expenses
were or Avhat his product would bring !
He does not do business that way — not
much. Before he will turn a wheel he
must know exactly what the cost of pro-
duction will be, and the exact price his
product will sell for. The tariff must
be properly adjusted for the manufac-
turer; there must be "gentlemen's
agreements," and secret trade combina-
tions; every contract must contain a
"strike clause" and a "war clause,"
and in all cases ONE SET OF MEN
produce the article and ANOTHER SET
OF MEN sell it, while the farmer and
fruit grower generally insists on play-
ing the game from every angle, without
any regard whatever to his qualifica-
tions.

The average man has some difficulty
in being an expert in more than one line
of endeavor. The man who plans his
crops; plants, tills, fertilizes, sprays,
prunes, thins, harvests and prepares
them for market, at the same time run-
ning the gauntlet of germs, parasite?
and adverse climatic conditions, has
done at least ONE MAN'S WORK, and
he ought to have sense enough to see
that the sale and distribution of his pro-
duct is ANOTHER MAN'S WORK, and
should be handled only by men who ar?
experts in that particular business.
Different Lines of Work.
The production and the sale an 1
distribution of the products of the farm
and orchard are two separate and
distinct propositions, and call for en
tirely different qualifications in the
men who do the work. A man may bo i

April, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

»7

the most successful grower of hiprli
grade fruit, but have no ability at all
as a salesman, and this is usually the
case. It takes no ability to accept the
first offer that happens along; any fool
can give his property away. The man
who puts his whole time, thought and
energy into_the production of a crop,
has no time to study market conditions
1 and transportation and distribution
problems.

"When Benjamin/ Franklin told his
fellow-signers of the Declaration of In-

dependence that they must hang to-
gether, or they would surely hang
singly, he uttered a warning which
seems pretty well suited to present day
conditions confronting the farmers and
fruit growei*s of this country. The old
adage "In Union there is Strength,"
was never more self-evident than it is
to-day; every other business in the
country has adopted the plan of com-
bining interests, but the farmer and
fruit grower continues to permit him-
self to be used as a foot-ball to be kicked

about by every conscienceless specu-
lator that comes along; continues to go
through life asking two questions:
"How much is it?" and "How much
will you give me?" letting someone else
set the price on everything that he sells
and everything that he buys.

The individual grower is helpless in
the battle of to-day.

Methods that were good enough for
our grandfathers will no longer answer
— this is a progressive age and times
have changed.

Orchard Fertilization

SINCE our fertilizer supply is being
shut off, owing to the war, it
seems desirable that we should
modify our orchard practices in order
to meet conditions as they exist. With
an unlimited supply of potash at a
reasonable rate we have had little need
to worry about the potash require-
ments of our orchards; in fact, in
many cases probably more potash than
actually necessarj' has been used in
the past. This, however, does not say
that we can do without this element in
the years to come. The hope is that
the shortage in this fertilizer is only
temporary. Nitrogen also has in the
past been reasonable as compared with
present prices of seventv dollars per
ton for nitrate of soda, which last year
cost us only fifty dollars. The various
phosphatic fertilizers have also ad-
vanced.

An acre of apples producing one
hundred barrels, according to analysis,
will take from the soil approximately
as much nitrogen and phosphorus as an
acre of wheat producing fifteen bush-
els, and about three times as much
potash.

Prof. W. S. Blair, Kentville, N.S.

we are making the best use of the
means at our disposal to obtain all of
this element we can from the air by
growing leguminous orchard cover
crops. An analysis of the various
cover crops in their green state gives
a comparative idea of their fertilizing
constituents.

>3

Nitrogen

Phosphoric Acid
Potash

.64
.14

.47

e

C

o

CO

§

V

So

g

■a

u

V

PUc^

o

«

.46

.43

.41

.11

.13

.13

.36

.49

.45

It will be noticed that according to
this the crops run fairly uniform in
tlieir green state.

Experiments conducted at Ottawa
give the following comparative values
of the different leguminous cover crops
seeded July 13th and collected Octo-
ber 20th :

Weight of Nitrogen

crops per per

acre. acre,
tons. lbs.
Mam. Red Clover steons

and leaves 6 1,319 82

Mam. Red Clover roots. . . 3 1,200 48

Total 10 670 130

Common Red Clover stems

and leaves 4 1,779 70

Common Red Clover roots. 2 1,445 47

Total 7 1,224 117

Crimson Clover stems and

leaves 11 234 86

Crimson Clover roots 3 201 19

Total 14 435 ~io4

Hairy Vetch stems and

leaves 11 1,895 129

Hairy Vetch roots 2 346 18

Total 14 240 ~147

The common vetch was not grown
for comparison in this test, but the
chances are that it will compare hardly
as favorably as the hairy vetch, but
better than crimson clover.

That the turning under of such a
cover crop does supply a large amount
of nitrogen, which is taken from the
air, is shown by tests conducted by
following grain on land which had

Nitrogen

Phosphoric Acid

~ itash

.65

Apples. Wheat.
.45 .43 .41

71,4 10

45% 16

Experiments have shown that a fer-
I tilizer carrying thirty pounds nitro-
' sren, fifty pounds phosphoric acid and
fifty pounds potash should be furnish-
'1 to a full bearing orchard annually,
vvill be noticed that the phosphoric
acid called for is much in exce-ss of
the amount the plant requires accord-
ing to analysis, but in actual practice
it is found that plants generally re-
quire an amount of phosphorus in ex-
cess of that called for from a chemical
analysis of the product grown.

Considering the fact that nitrogen is
one of the most important fertilizing
•elements, it is well for us to see that

•Extract from a paper read at the last an-
flK2L«,".?"nilii?"». "' *^^ ^°^* Scotia Prult A flve-year-.,)d .vi, i,,i„.-,h u.-,- in the Glenburn drchards of W. A. Fraser. Trenton. Ont. which
«»rwwers Association. b<,re a bushel of apples.

lii'

88

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Pruning operations in the orchard of J. A. Campbell. .Vultsville, Ont.

used.

Note the type of ladder

previously been in grain with which
red clover had been sown, as compared
with adjoining plots not seeded to
clover. The results were as follows :

1st year.
straw grain
lbs. ibush. lbs.

5.110

65

Banner oats ■where clover

seed with the grain crop

had been turned under

Banner oats where no clover

had been seeded with the

grain crop 2,260 44 4

Gain from clover 2,860 10 30

2nd year.
Banner oats where clover
seed with the grain crop

had been turned under 3,270 44 38

Banner oats where no clover
had been seeded with the
grain crop 2,320 33 36

Gain from clover

950

11

A total gain of 3,800 lbs. straw, 21
bushels 32 lbs. grain for the two years
from seeding clover with the grain crop,
the growth of which was plowed under
in the fall of the same year. This in-
crease of crop is equal to approximately
twenty-five dollars, at present prices,
and the gain must have been due prin-
cipally to the one crop of clover.

Similar tests with corn and potatoes
show the following gains :

tons. lbs
Corn where clover sown with grain

was plowed under 19 1,660

Corn where no clover was plowed - ,,„

under 1» 1^

Gain from clover S ^'O

Per acre.
Bush. lbs.
Potatoes wliere clover sown -with

grain was plowed under 320

Potatoes without clover 280 4U

Gain from clover 39 20

Repeated tests show that the clover
does not lessen the yield of grain when
seeded with it, and similarly a cover
crop is not a detriment in orchard prac-
tice, but rather a gain.

It has been said that a good crop of
clover turned under is worth as much
in fertilizing value as ten tons of
manure per acre. It would seem from
what we can find out that this is pretty

largely true. At least investigation
shows that a vigorous crop of clover
contains in stems, leaves and roots:

100 lbs. Nitrogen.
30 lbs. Phosphoric Acid.
85 lbs. Potash.

and well made barnyard manure from
well fed animals contains in one ton:

10 ibs. nitrogen in 10 tons 100 lbs.
5 lbs. phosphoric acid In 10 tons 50 lbs.
9 lbs. potash in 10 tons 90 lbs.

At the present price of commercial
fertilizer; that is, nitrate of soda seven-
ty dollars a ton, slag sixteen dollars a
ton, and muriate of potash we will say
$150 a ton, although even at that price
it is not available. Probably if you are
buying mixed fertilizers you will pay at
that rate per pound at least. Nitrate
of soda contains about fifteen per cent,
nitrogen, one ton would contain three
hundred pounds, which at seventy dol-
lars would be 23 1-3 cents a pound.
Phosphorus approximately six cents a
pound, and potash at the assumed price
would be fifteen cents a pound, as
muriate of potash contains fifty per
cent, potash, or one thousand pounds in
one ton.

Figured then on this basis, a ton of
well made stable manure, from well fed
stock, would be worth as follows :

10 lbs. Nitrogen at 23V4c $2.36

6 lbs. Phosphoric Acid at 6c 30

9 Ibs. Potash at 16c per lb 1.35

Value per ton $4.00

Considering, therefore, the scarcity
of potash, we cannot afford to let this
important fertilizing element be lost
through our method of handling.

The foregoing is calculated according
to the prices you have to pay for the
various fertilizing constituents in com-
mercial fertilizers, and does not include
the value of manures for their humus
contents. In both cover crops and
manure, we are liable too often to for-
get about the important part humus

plays in producing conditions suitable
for crops other than the supplying of
necessary plant food.

When speaking of well fed and well
kept stable manure, it is well for us to
keep in mind that manure from animals
poorly fed is not nearly as valuable as
that from well fed animals, and that a
manure fi'om which the liquids have
been lost is not nearly as valuable a.s
one where it has been retained. Just
in this connection it is interesting to
note that almost half of the total value
of the excrement lies in the urine.
Nearly four-fifths of the potash is found
in the liquids voided by animals.

The object of this address is to show
the comparative value of the legu-
minous crops as compared with .stable j
manure, and if possible to encourage a
more extensive growth of the nitrogen
gathering crops in our orchards.

It would seem to me, in the face of i
conditions that at present €xist, we
should adopt some system to make a
greater use of the clover and vetch than
we have in the past.

In conclusion I would say we should
depend more than M'e have upon clover ; i
that if necessary, stable manure should |
be used to give the necessary plant food
and soil conditions to secure a good
stand, and liming usually will be neces-
sary. Basic slag may in some cases be
used to furnish the lime requirements,
in addition to the phosphorus. In case
acid phosphate is used, lime should also
be used. The potash can in a measure
be secured by taking more care of our
stable manures, and using more absorb-
ents, such as straw, sawdust and dried
peat, to hold the liquids voided by our
farm stock.

Seasonable Hints

The first thing that should be attend-
ed to in the orchard this spring is the
cultivation of the land about the bushes
and fruit trees. With an ordinary hoe
and rake, the land should be deeply
worked and pulverized, and after each
rain it should be loosened again. Upon
the manner in which this is done will
depend largely the supply of moisture
and food for the summer. Leave the
winter covering of straw on as long as
possible. If uncovered too soon, the
plants will blossom early, and may get
caught by late spring frosts. Of course
if the weather continues so that the
plants make vigorous growth, it will be
necessary to remove the covering
earlier.

Grapes should not be uncovered until
later, or the young buds will be liable to
get nipped by frosts. It is better to
hrfve a good crop of fruit a little late
than none at all.

Raspberries may be uncovered now,
if they were covered in the fall.

April, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

g»

Spraying Methods in Nova Scotia.

L. D. Robinson, Berwick, N.S,

SO far as Nova Scotia is concerned,
spraying is the most important
factor in the production of first-
class fruit. Here, pruning, cultivation,
fertilization and thinning count for
little, where thorough spraying has been
neglected. In the Annapolis Valley,
especially, the congestion of orchards,
aggravated by numerous wild apple-
trees growing in pastures, on the road-
side, and even in the woods, greatly
facilitates the spread of orchard pests,
and places a high premium on spraying.
Since the introduction of lime sulphur
. s a fungicide, the popularity of Bor-
deaux has steadily declined, owing to
its greater tender cy to cause spray
injury. At present, Bordeaux is pro-
hibitive on account of the demand for
copper for war purposes. A new rival
if lime sulphur, "soluble sulphur," was
placed on the market last year.

Notwithstanding some serious burn-
ing that resulted from its use, there are
good reasons for regarding it as the
coming spray. Experiments conducted
by Prof. G. E. Sanders, on the premises
of S. B. Chute, Berwick, appear to prove
conclusively that "soluble sulphur"
gives excellent results when used with
lime arsenate, instead of lead arsenate.
However, the wise orchardist will not
give up the use of lime sulphur till
further experiments make assurance
doubly sure that a better fungicide hah
displaced it.

Insecticides.

In combining insecticides with fungi-

cides, care must be taken that reactions
injurious to fruit and foliage do not
occur. If these combinations result in
the presence of free arsenic, burning is
sure to follow. Paris green will com-
bine well with Bordeaux, but not with
lime sulphur. Lead arsenate is an ex-
cellent insecticide to use with lime sul-
phur or Bordeaux, but causes excessive
burning when used with soda sulphur
(soluble sulphur) as many proved last
year, to their sorrow. Lime arsenate
being a stable compound, can be used
without danger of spray injury, with
either of the three fungicides.

Lead arsenate at the rate of five
pounds to one hundred gallons, should
be used in all sprays for the orchard.
This should first be reduced in water,
and poured into the spray tank when
the machine is in full motion. It should
be remembered that the poison in all
properly prepared sprays is not a liquid,
but a fine powder in suspension. A few
moments must always be allowed after
starting the machine, to stir up the
poison, before the nozzles are opened.

Examine fruit buds carefully before
applying the first spray, for apple scab,
and if aphids are present, add Black-
leaf forty to this spray, at the rate of
one pint to one hundred gallons.

Dilutions of Lime Sulphur.

The margin between the effective
strength and danger point in the use
of lime sulphur spray is narrow. It is
very important that accurate dilutions
should be made, and this can only be

The product of this ciop of tomatoes averaijed one dollar a plant. The first fruit was picked

Feb. 10, 1916. It was grown hy II. Hem stock, hardener for J. B. I>aldlaw,

The Granse, Whttby, Ont.

accomplished by the use of the hydro-
meter. AVhen this instrument is allowed
to come to rest in pure water 60 degrees
F., the figures 1,000 appear at the sur-
face. If salt be now added, the glass
will rise in exact proportion to the
quantity dissolved. When placed in
any dilution of lime sulphur, the deci-
mal part of the reading at the surface
denotes its strength.

Careful experiments have shovni
that the strength of lime sulphur dilu-
tions for use on foliage, and the time of
application should be as follows :

1st application, when blossom buds
show green, 1.009.

2nd application, when blossom buds
show red, 1.008.

3rd application, when most blossoms
have fallen, 1.007.

4th application, 10 to 12 days after
3rd application, 1.0069.

5th application, when apples are the
size of large crabs; if wet and cold,
1.0069.

When scale or bark louse is present,
use dormant strength for 1st applica-
tion, 1.03.

Place the hydrometer in a portion of
the concentrate to be used. Suppose it
to come to rest with the figures l.?88 at
the surface. The decimal .288 denotes
its strength, and the decimal .009 that
of the first spray for apple scab. It is
evident that the dilution figure will be
found by dividing .288 by .009, which
gives 32. This means that to make a
dilution 1.009 hydrometer strength,
each 32 gallons must contain exactly one
,gallon of the concentrate. To find the
number of gallons concentrate to use in
making 160 gallons, we simply divide
160 by our dilution figure 32^ which
gives us five gallons.

We can obtain the same result more
briefly as follows :
160— .288

=160X009

.009 =5.

288
Hence the following simple rule for
making any dilution from any lime
sulphur concentrate: Multiply the
number of gallons dilution to be made,
by the decimal part of the desired
strength, and divide this result by the
decimal part of the strength of the con-
centrate used. The result will be the
required number of gallons concentrate
to be used in making the dilution.

Apparatus.

The power sprayer is necessary in all
orchards producing upwards of five
hundred barrels yearly. A good ma-
ehine should combine simplicity, light-
ness and durability. It should contain
a blade propeller agitator, and be cap-
able of maintaining a pressure of at
least two hundred pounds on two lines

90

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

of hose. The lines of hose should be
from thirty-five to fifty feet in length,
fitted with rods eight to sixteen feet
long, according to the size of the trees,
and nozzles capable of throwing a driv-
ing spray, rather than a fog-like spray.

Asters and their Requirements.

A. V. Main, Ottawa, Ont.

THIN, sandy soil or impoverished
ground does not suit asters.
They require a good rich soil,
especially if watering is not done.
Where there is an abundance of water
and time in which to apply it, rich soil
is not so imperative.

The best asters come from what
gardeners call good deep soil, moder-
ately supplied with rotted manure.
Cultivate it regularly with the hoe and
use water sparingly. Instead, dig deep

and prepare the ground for the
droughts, that we seldom escape.
Queen of the Market, Purity and Day-
breaks stand close planting, twelve
inches both ways. The taller branch-
ing sorts require eighteen inches and
two feet between the rows where
ground is not valued by the foot. An
application of your favorite garden
fertilizer in August will help to
furnish exhibition winners.

I have not found disbudding the
plants, or confining the plants to three
and four blooms, of any particular ad-
vantage. With a new piece of ground,
deeply cultivated, good stocky plants
to begin with and good varieties,
blooms will coiTie fit either for market
or exhibition and give profitable re-
turns. One of the best disbudders is
the aster bug. It is a most destructive
j>est that bleeds the best of buds and

causes them to wilt. I never knew (>:
such a visitor until I entered the ci:
limits. The best remedy I know is tu
^et up at daybreak and spray with
hellebore, while the dew is on the
j)Iants. I use an electric insect o
terminator, made at Woodstock, Ont.
It is a pair of bellows, which are used
with dry powder. It holds three-
quarters of a pound of hellebore. Pull
directions are given with it.

Plants that become yellow from stem
rot should be pulled out. Asters will
be more free from pests and diseases
jf fresh locations are given them and,
as already stated, an uninterrupted
growth from the seed bed to finished
bloom. Late sowings in May outdoors
proves that we often err in raising the
plants, in a greenhouse temperature,
that gets "uncanny," dry and hot, not
once but many times.

Plan of a Home Vegetable Garden

The following planting table has been prepared to meet the requirements of a town or city lot 33 x 30 feet.

and plants is $2.30, and the estimated value of the products $25.00.

W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist.

The estimated cost of the seeds

Row.

Kind of
Vegetable.

1 Parsnips

2 Beets

3 Carrots

4 Onions

5 Onion Sets

8 Early Cabbage

Cauliflower . . .

and

9
10
11

12

Spinach, Mustard
and Cress

Lettuce and Radish,
followed by Squasti
And Melons (3 hills
of each, 6 ft apart).

Dwarf Early Pea

Second Early Pea

Late Pea (semi-
dwarf)

Lettuce and Radish
(2nd sowing of
this). Might be a

path

Sown or planted after

IS Early Beans, %; Late
Beans, V4

1* Late Cabbage and
Cauliflower

Seed required
for 30-ft. row.

1 pacliet

1 ounce

1 paxjket

Vi ounce

I'/i pounds

12 plants each

1 packet each .

1 packet each.

4 ounces
4 ounces

4 ounces

1 packet each.,
danger of frost

2 ounjces each .
10 iplants each

16 Celery (start plants

early 1 packet

17

Swede Turnips. Sow
June 16 to July 1..

Peppers & Egg Plant,
or 3rd sowing of
Lettuce and Radiali
or more Late Cau-
liflower, or early
sowing of Parsley..

18 Tomatoes, trained to
single stems and
tied to 6-foot stakes
or wires

19 Early Corn, followed
by late sowing of
Lettuce & Radish

29 Later Corn, about 2

ft. from ijoundary.. 1 nacket

1 packet

1 packet each..

1 packet or 15
plants, 2 feet
apart

1 packet

Distance apart of rows.

18 ins. from boundary
12 ins. from row 1 . . .
12 ins. from row 2 . . .
xz iiis. Irom row 3 . . .
12 ins. from row 4 . .

15 ins. from row 5

15 ins. from row 6

12 ins. from row 7

12 ins.
18 ins.

from row 8
from row 9 .

18 ins. from row 10

18 ins. from row 11
is over.

18 ins. from row 12

18 ins. from row 13

24 ins. from row 14

24 Ins. froim row 16

18 ins. from row 16

24 ins. from row 17

36 ins. from row 18
36 Ins. from row 19

Depth to sow
seed.

% inch . ,
% inch . .
H inch .,
14 inch ..
2 inches

Roots well
covered

Vi inch

V4, and % inch

Lettuce 6 ins. . .
Radish as ready

2 inches
2 inches

2 inches

% to % inch..

2 inches

Roots -well
covered , . .

Vi inch
H inch

Roots well
covered . . .

Distance to
thin plants.

2 ins. apart

2 ins apart or as ready..
1% ins. apart or as ready.

1 in. apart

Plant 2 ins. apart

Plant 15 ins apart

4 to 6 inches apart

1 in. apart
1 In. apart

1 in. apart

As before for these ...

Plant 2 ins. apart

18 ins. apart

Plant 5 ins. apart

5 to 7 ins. apart

Plants 15 ins. apart

Roots well Plants 2 feet apart
covered . .

50 to 70 days

21 to 36 days

Muskmelons 110 to

144 days.
Watermelons 96 to

161 days.
Squash 66 to 104

days.

49 to 61 days

52 to 56 days

63 to 71 days

. i 2 Inches : Hills 3 ft. apart, 5 plants

! i per hill

2 in^he«

Ditto

Time required to
develop for use.
Based on results
at Ottawa^

107 to 112 days
53 to 70 days . . .
64 to 76 days . . .
93 to 120 days . .
56 days

102 to 121 days

60 days

As before

Early, 47 to 53 days
Late. 66 to 76 days.

107 to 123 days
6 months

60 to 90 days

Penpprs. 132 to 178
days

Etr" P'->r\ts. 150 to
162 days

Yield per 30 foot
row

60 to 80 lbs.
60 to 60 lbs.
65 to 76 lbs.
40 to 60 lbs.
40 to 60 lbs.

3 to 6 lbs. per head

Weight varies
much.

Ditto.

6 to 7 quarts in pod
Ditto.

6 to 9 quarts in pod

Weigiht varies
much.

10 to 20 quarts.

4 to 6 lbs. per head

12 to 19 ozs. per
head.

60 to 80 lbs.

Tield varies much.

108 to 179 days, de-
162 days, de-
pendlnsr on when
started and sea-
son

100 to 150 lbs.

66 to 94 days 40 to 50 ears.

77 to 112 days ' Ditto.

In addition to these, cucumbers would be grown over wire netting tacked to one of the fences. Melons, cucumibers and squash should be thinned to]
from three to six plants per hill. ■ .

April, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Growing Vegetables for a Family of Seven

»i

HAT to do with a vacant lot
that had been used for two
seasons to keep chickens in

as the problem that faced me in the
spring of 1915. The soil needed some
refreshing and how to provide it and
obtain a return for the trouble was
the question.

Owing to the war and probable hig*h
prices for food stuflfs, campaigns were
!arried on last spring recommending
nore production and suggesting the
utilizing of all available land to grow
some useful crop. This, coupled with
a desire to practise greater economy,
prompted the idea of working this lot
of about fifty feet by one hundred and
twenty feet in vegetable crops suit-
able for a table where young but
hungry mouths let nothing go to
waste and are ready to tuck away a
good healthy quantity of all that's
good at every meal.

Since part of this yard must keep the
few breeding hens, a small part was
yarded for them, leaving all of the
balance free to be used for garden pur-
poses. Owing to the nature of the land
it looked like a difficult matter to ac-
complish anything, and as the neigh-
bors said as soon as dry weather start-
ed the ground would bake hard and
everything would dry up. It was
natural to almost lean to their view,
but if the land was to be refreshed in
any ease, it was worth a trial.

A. P. Marshall, Niagara Falls, Ont.

Not having developed the idea until
well along toward spring the land did
not get any fall preparation. We ob-
tained a little stable manure, used
what hen manure was available, and
sprinkled the soil with a little air-
slacked lime and had a man plow and
harrow the land well. If we could
have had a disc harrow, better prepara-
tion could have been made of the land,
making less work afterwards, but the
harrow was too big to get through the
gateway. The manner in which the
household appreciated the big variety
of fresh, crisp vegetables was ample re-
payment for the effort, and as we were
able to have crops as early as the
market growers and earlier than our
fieighbors, in spite of poor first con-
ditions, great satisfaction was felt with
the effort.

In the meantime, before planting,
time was spent in carefully selecting a
good variety of seeds to give a steady
supply, once the crops started to bear.
When these were finally selected there
was just $3.00 worth to order, besides
a peck of local potatoes, thirty-five
cents, and two dozen tomato plants,
twenty-five cents, making three dol-
lars and sixty cents in all. The team-
ing, manure, plowing, and harrowing
cost two dollars and seventy-five cents,
so that the total cost was six dollars
and thirty-five cents. When we con-
sider the healthful occupation it gave.

the satisfaction of being able to pick
our own supply as we wanted it, and
the saving effected, the experiment was
a huge success.

In dividing up the land, thre« long
paths were made the full length of the
garden. Each bed was about six feet
square, except where small, round,
tapering beds were formed to let vines
run. With a late start and no time to
lose, plantings were begun as fast as
the beds were got ready, and plantings
made each week-end until all the seeds
were used. With each kind of seed,
however, only a small portion was used
at each planting so that new lots were
coming up to give continuous supply
throughout the season. In some cases,
where frost got the first plantings,
later sowings came rig*ht along and fol-
lowed so close as to get in as early as
it was possible and avoid the frost.

Our varieties consisted of three
varieties of peas, four of beans, two
beets, one turnip, two carrots, two let-
tuce, two radishes, three corn, two
parsnips, one parsley, one cabbage,
two tomatoes, one summer squash,
two squash, two pumpkins, one
muskmelon, one watermelon, two
cucumbers and potatoes, with sun-
flower and mangels for the chickens.
Our potatoes were used as soon as pro-
duced, without waiting for quantity,
and supplied seven of us from early
July until the end of August, when

victoria Park. Peterboro. Ont., the flower beds In which are planted and the grounds cared for by the local horticultural society.

n

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition

there was no trouble securing all we
wanted at a fair price.

Of the other vegetables, we obtained
all we could eat, being obliged to give
away and sell some to prevent waste.
All tops and unused parts went to the
chickens. Thus everything was turned
into some use. As the crops were taken
oxit it became possible to enlarge the
chicken yards and finally, by yarding
tender stuff, the whole place was given
over to them. Besides this, beans,
peas, tomatoes, cucumbers and similar
vegetables were put up in jars for
winter use, spreading the use of the
crop over the whole season. Pumpkins,
squash and such things were placed in
the cellar to gladden the hearts of the
little ones as well as the grown-ups
when turned into pumpkin pies and
similar culinary delights.

Of course the crop did not produce
itself just by preparing the soil and
putting the seeds in the ground. Had
they been left to themselves, 'hardly
anything would have growTi, for most
of the land would have baked as bard
as a brick. The simple plan followed
was to make a hurry-up job of hoeing
the whole place as quickly as possible
after every rain. Having no facilities
for watering, this was the only course
to follow and it worked well. Of
course the vines were sprinkled with
lime occasionally to keep off the bugs.
This we found the most effective
remedy we have ever used.

We attribute the results entirely to
the preparation of the soil, good seeds,
frequent hoeing, especially after every
rain, and to our never allowing the soil
to get in the condition it would have
had it been left alone to Choke off all
the growth at the start. Anyone who
wishes can figure what seven healthy
people will eat in a season and then
add considerable to that and then de-
cide whether the effort to utilize a
vacant lot proved profitable or not.
By planning a lil/tle noAV, one can ar-
range to take advantage of every op-
portunity for getting the best results
the next season.

Roll the lawn with the heaviest roller
you can get, and do it often. Have you
decided to feed the lawn this year? Re-
member that constant cutting, year
after year, takes away a large amoun'
of plant food, so that in time the lawn
is sure to deteriorate. It's the same
with the lawn as it is with the vegetable
garden; if you don't feed it, it won't
feed you. You have to feed the grass
if you would have a fine greensward.
The mulch you had on all winter will
have been beneficial to it since the rains
and melting snow will have washed
down valuable plant food.

There are specially prepared lawn
fertilizers that are good to a certain ex-
tent, but the manufacturers of these,
wishing to create a good impression at
the outset, usually include in them a
large percentage of sulphate of am-
monia or nitrate of soda. These cer-

Garden Suggestions

Henry Gibson

The mulch of manure that hds been
on the lawn all winter may now be
raked off and carted away. Go over
the lawn with an iron-toothed rake, and
tear out all the crab grass that you can
find. This is the time to repair and sow
down any bare spots in the lawn; the
sooner it is done now, the less patchy it
will look. Any new lawns that are be-
ing contemplated should be sown at the
earliest possible moment when the soil
is in condition. It is better to sod any
steep grades that are likely to wash
badly, or you will have to be sowing all
the time.

tainly do what is claimed for them, i.e.,
make the lawn green in a short time,
but the trouble is that the effect is not
lasting. These two ingredients are
stimulants, rather than real plant foods,
and their efl'ect upon the lawn may be
likened to a whip upon a tired and
hungry horse ; it makes him go faster
for the time being, but it does not ap-
pease the hunger.

Roses must be pruned hard bnck to
get good results. The hybrids should
be cut back to two or three eyes. Teas
do not require such heroic treatment,
and as they burst into leaf sooner than
do the hybrids when pruned, we like to
leave them until the last for pruning.

For trellis work, or around the piazza,
if you are thinking of any new roses,
don't overlook some of the Penzance
sweet briars ; they are good.

Pi an m / SJasl

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For description of this table read the article by Mr. Geo. Baldwin,

Page 9

3.

AprU, 19X6.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

»3

Planning the Garden of Satisfaction

HEREWITH are shown two plans
of gardens intended to suit the
requirements of the average
backyard gardener. Number one is
for a combined flower and vegetable,
and number two is solely for vege-
tables. The varieties given are the
best as determined from actuaJl experi-
ence. They can be relied upon. These
plans wijil not suit all gardens as to
location and size, but are given as an
idea upon which to plan. By all means
plan. It's the only way.

By the time this is in print there will
.still be time to make a hotbed or cold-
frame to raise your own plants, and
thus save time and expense. The fol-
lowing are the names of a few of the
best varieties of flowers with which to
beautify the surroundings of your
lawn : Climbing roses, crimson ramb-
ler, Dorothy Perkins, and Tauschen-
don. Clematis ; Jackmamni, hollyhocks.
Buy the plants, as they do not bloom
the first year from seed. If you insist
on growing them from seed, procure
Ohaters double mixed.

For bush roses, the following are six
of the best: Marquis de Sinety, cop-
per and yellow; Miss Cynthia Forde,
rosy pink ; Mrs. A. E. Coxhead, red ver-
million; Mrs. "W. C. Miller, blush sal-
mon rose ; Mollie Shamian Crawford,
pure white ; Juliet, gold on one side of
petal and rosy red on reverse side.
Paeonies: Festiva Maxima white;
Humeii, rosy pink; iris; Mrs. Horice
Darwin, Madame Chereau, Pallida Dal-
matica. Delphiniums: Duke of Con-
naught, Musea, Persimmon. Helian-
thus: Miss Mellish and Daniel Dewar.
Shrubs and annuals are too well
known to need describing. Be sure to
get a good strain of af?ters and gladioli,
as there is nothing that will set a gar-
den off better than these.

Now for the tooth.some vegetables.
We Avill take them in the order shown
in the plan on page 92: Cabbages,
unless you want variety, Henderson's
Summer Early will answer all purposes
for early, mid, late. It is a good plan to
order of your seedsman now if you do
not raise your own plants, as they
grow most of the best varieties for
sale, and by ordering now you can gen-
erally get what you want.

There are several good varieties of
peas and beans. Those marked on the
plan will give good satisfaction. Don't
forget that the Telephone Pea is tall
growing and requires some brush or
netting to run up. The writer has ex-
perimented with thirty varieties of
potatoes for the last five years. The
three given on the plan have proved
to be the best during that time. They

By Geo. Baldwin, F.R.H.S.

were grown on a clay loam with sandy
sub-soil, and are varieties the seed of
which can be secured in almost any
feed store.

Cucumbers are best raised in the
frame and transplanted to the ground
when the weather permits, as the
squash-Jbug plays havoc with the young
seedlings when grown outside. The
two varieties of carrots are good for
nearly all soils, but if you have a deep
loamy soil, try Carter's Red Elephant.
The same comment applies to beets and
parsnips. If you want the long blood
red beet, or the long Sutton's Student
parsnip you must have deep soil.

Leeks are best grovm. in the trench
with the celery and earthed up togeth-
er. Try some. Salsify is splendid for
soups when siliced up; in fact, you
would almost think you had oyster
soup. Marrows, use white busih.
Squash, Green Hubbard and Summer
Crookneck are good. You will find by
growing the Southport red, white and

yellow onions you get the best for
flavor and keeping, but if you want
them big, it will be necessary to start
them inside, and have them eight
inches long by May 24th, the time for
planting out. Plant them in rich soil
land give lots of moisture.

While a row each of radish and let-
tuce is shown on the plan, it is not
■absolutely necessary, as they can be
igrown to advantage in between cab-
bage rows, or on the ridges of the
celery trench. Do not deprive your-
self of the early Golden Bantam com ;
it is by far the best early corn, and
Country Gentleman or Stowell's Ever-
green for late.

Get two or three nail kegs from the
hardware and place over some of the
rhubarb roots, packing manure around
the outside, and have rhubarb a month
earlier. Do not cut the asparagus the
first year, and do not let the seeds
ripen, but cut the brush off early in
the fall, and lay on the bed for pro-
tection.

*»» -

- im"^-^^

4fV

4W. ^r

'■ \

r>^.

■->v-'ii#3^5; ^

-■'^'^-V-

■'T

*^':^m:'

A celery bed, three weeks after planting, -with radishes growing along the top of the ridges.

94

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition

Turn the unsightly board fence Into a source of profit by covering it with tomato, grape and

similar vines.

If your strawberry bed is two years
old, take the runners in late August
and make a new bed. Four years is
the life of the strawberry patch. For
the hills of cucumber, squash, marrows
and pumpkins, dig a hole fifteen inches
square and deep, and tramp in ten or
twelve inches of well decayed manure
in the bottom, covering over with three
or four inches of rich soil. Keep the
roots moist and the tops dry, and you
will have good results. It is not neces-
sary to grow these on little hills or
mounds; in fact, from my experience
the reverse is the best method. Try it.

You will notice that no space has
been allotted for tomatoes. They are
very accommodatihg, and will grow in
any old place except full shade. I get
the best results from planting them up
against the fence on the north side of
the garden, tying them to chicken wire,
which is stretched on the fence from
one end to the other. Prepare the
place for each root the same as for
squash and pumpkins, allowing a space
of four feet for each plant. The fruit
ripens quicker, and by proper atten-
tion a greater yield is attained, besides
helping to keep the garden cool in the

hot days. Full cultural directions for
onions, cabbage, tomatoes and celery
wi'll be given in later editions.

The May issue of The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist Avill contain an article de-
scribing the preparation of the garden
for planting, and necessary precau-
tions to be taken to combat the insect
pests. Prepare the celery trench a
couple or three weeks before planting
time in the following manner and see
if you cannot have celery this year as
sweet as a nut and fit to set before the
King. The plan shows six feet for this
purpose, so mark off the required
width and length, then throw into
ridges on each side nine inches of the
soil, then put six inches of decayed
manure and dig that in as deep as pos-
sible, throwing three inches of fine soil
on top. Level it off, and let it settle
till June 1st. Order your plants now
if you are not grooving them, allowing
eight inches to a plant in rows eighteen
inches wide. The accompanying photo
will show you how to cover up an un-
sightly board fence. All the pumpkins
in the foreground were grown on the
fence, besides grapes and tomatoes
galore.

Early Work in the Flower Garden

Mrs. E. V. Nicholson, St. Catharines, Ont.

A DESCRIPTION of how one ama-
teur starts planting seed for early
spring flowers may be of interest
to beginners. In the first place, I pro-
cure the best seed that can be bought,
and then prepare the ground. The soil
is placed in the oven and .well heated so
as to kill the seeds of weeds. The rea-
son I like to kill the weed ,seeds is be-
cause they always grow much more
quickly than the other seeds, and by the
time the flower seeds are up the weeds
crowd out the smaller plants.

Next I secure some four or five inch
pots and fill them until within three
inches of the top. I then take a small
sieve and sift some earth on the top and
sow the seeds. A little more earth is
then sifted on them. A small board that
is perfectly smooth, so that nothing will
stick to it, is next placed over the top
of the poty' Some seeds are so small they
will cling to a piece of wood if it is at
all rough.

Seeds of scabiosa, marigold, and other
similar flowers that are large do not

require so much care in planting. 1
cover them thoroughly, for they grow
lietfer, and then have a pan of more than
lukewarm water and set the pots in it.
letting the water come up as far or far-
ther up on the pots than the earth in the
pot. When the earth begins to look
moist, I take them out and drain them
well. Then, if I have a hotbed ready I
put them in there. If not, I put them
on the top of the furnace and watch
them carefully to see that they do not
become too hot.

I have had petuniiis up in two days by
following this plan. I cover them with
a piece of glass or some brown paper,
the paper being just as good as the glass.
The reason I like planting seeds in pots
instead of boxes is that we are not rais-
ing plants for sale, and if you plant them
in boxes you will have phlox, stocks,
single nnd double petunias, plumed and
dwarfed celosia, marigolds, asters, etc.,
all together, and I do not like that. Some
seeds are long, some fine, some have a
fine leaf, and some are large, and when
watered they are apt to get washed to-
gether, and then again some are so
much longer than others in germinating
tha.t they keep the others back.

Transplanting.

When the plants are the right size 1
take a fish box and transplant them about
three inches apart. After transplant-
ing them I always keep them out of the
sun for a day or two in order to let them
stand up a little before putting them in
the window or hotbed. I also start my
perennial seeds the same way. Asters
I do not start until May. I plant them
in a similar manner. I always have the
best of luck when using pots, and they
do not take up so much room as boxes
on the furnace. W^hen I water them I
always put them in a pail of warm water.

I put my plants on the furnace in order
that I may have early flowers and be
cause our hotbed is not ready. That,
therefore, is the only way I can do. A
furnace is not very hot at this time of
year. I find it really a good idea, as it
is a bother to have a lot of boxes around
the kitchen. Our cellar is light aid warm
and is almost as good as a hotbed. Last
April the seeds that I started on top of
the furnace were out by about the middle
of the month and transplanted into pots,
and did well.

Plant enough fruit trees and bushes
so that you can share with the robin
and other birds. It pays to have them
around.

The Rex begoitia is one of the most
attractive house plants. Its variegated
foliage always adds color and attrac-
tiveness to the window garden.

Don't make bird house openings
larger tha)i will easilj' accommodate the
inhabitant. They prefer small open-
ings as they are easier to protect.

April, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

»&

Annual Flowers Worthy of Favor

F. E. Buck, Central Ebcperimental Farm, Ottawa

'HOSE flowers known as annuals,
the life of which does not ex-
tend beyond one season, are
lore popular to-day than ever be'fore.
Some flowers in the great annual class
lire perhaps better known than any
lowers. The names of such as sweet
)eas, china asters, mignonette, nas-
turtiums, stocks, are almost house-
lold words. This fact alone is proof
fthat they must be popular.

The three main reasons for this popu-
iarity are perhaps the ease with which
they may be grown, the cheapness of
the seed of annual flowers, and the
long blooming season of many of them.
For instance those mentioned, and
many other annuals, will continue in
bloom for ten weeks to three months.
Few perennial flowers or shrubs can
equal them in this regard.

All the energy of the annual flower
is put into its short life ; it does not
seek to sitore up food for the next year
as do perennial flowers, consequently
its life, although short, is a gay one.
From seed to seed, in a period of about
five short months, is the life cycle of
most annuals.

Typical Annuals.

Attention can be drawn best to the
merits and pos.sibilities of annuals by
taking one or two typical examples.
The sweet pea is perhaps the most
popular of all annuals. During the
past fifteen years it has passed through
a remarkable period. The development
of the sweet pea, and some other an-
nuals as well, during the early years of
this centurj' has been in response to
a popular demand for easily grown
flowers suitable for the smalllest as
well as the most pretentious gardens.
Such annual flo^vers have done much
t^ make our towns and cities more

beautiful and life a pleasanter thing.

Keats, many years ago, immortalized
the sweet pea in charming verse when
he wrote :
"Here are sweet peas on tiptoe for a

. flight,
With -\\'ings of delicate blush o'er tip-
ped with white ;
And taper fingers catching at all

things,
To bind them all about with tiny
rings."

However, very feAv were grown in
those days. Few colors were known,
not half a dozen. Few people had
much regard for them. Introduced
from Sicil.y about 1700, it was not till
1870 that any improvement in regard
to the size, vigor, or -substance of the
flower took place.

The years 1901- '02- '03 were other
very important dates in the life of the
sweet pea, for in these years the l)eau-
tiful, modern sweet peas known as the
Spencers were introduced to the pub-
lic. The Spencers are handsomer than
most types, owing to the fact that the
"stamdard" is waved or frilled, the
"standard" being the largest of the
five petals or colored parts of the
flower. From ithose years on the popu-
larity of the sweet pea increased so
rapidly that a few years ago over fifty
tons of sweet pea seed sold in Great
Britain a'lone in one j'ear.

For the Small Garden.

The spirit which old Thomas Brown
breathes in these verses
"A garden is a lovesome thing, God

wot,
Rose plot,
FVinged pool,
Ferned grot —
The veriest school of peace ;

And yet the fool

Contends that God is not —

Not God! in gardens! when the eve i&

cool?
Nay, but I have a sign :
'Tis very sure G-od walks in mine. ' '

will be eventually the spirit which
directs every man or woman who takes
up gardening for a hobby. To one,
however, who has had no practice in
gardening effort, the grooving of a few
simiple annual flowers makes a success-
ful start more assured, and annuals are
often the best flowers for the beginner
with the small garden.

Easy to Grow.

In all districits which have weather
conditions similar to those at Montreal,
Ottawa or north of Toronto, the best
way to grow annuals with success is to
sow the seed during the first two weeks
in April. It should be so\vn either in
the house, in a greenhouse, or in hot-
beds. Good, friable, loamy soil and
flower pots or shallow boxes for hold-
ing the same are all that is necessary
in the way of material. Good seed
should be used. Intelligent seed sow-
ing, careful attention to proper water-
ing and temperature will invariably
hmng the best results. The seedlings
will be strengthened and made more
stocky if they are once transplanted
before planting out into the garden,
but this is not absolutely necessary.

Certain annuals also will do best if
the seed is sown directly into the place
which they are to occupy in the gar-
den. Most people know that flowers
like the sweet pea, nasturtium, pop-
pies, portulaca, and climbers like the
Morning Glories, should be so^vn direct
and not transplanted. In such cases
the seed should be sown about the first
week in May or before, if the soil is fit.
Many people may not know, however,
that such flowers as balsams, candytuft,
cosmos, calliopsis, gaillardias, everlast-
ings, liniums, lupines and petunias will

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The nearly four liuTidrod aster blooms here ."ihown wen- sathered on one occasion in the parden of Mr. Gadsb.v. of Hamilton. They comprised five

colors and were grown from a twenty-flve cent package of .seed.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

One of the walks in the modest garden of T. H. Taylor. Hamilton, Ont.

do remarkably well when the seed is
also sown directly into the garden.
Advantages of Growing Annuals.

One reason for the popularity of an-
nuals is that they are easy to grow.
They have several other advantages
over all other flowers.

Annual flowers may be used to fill
up the gaps in the perennial borders
and to give bloom during those periods
of the summer when few other flowers
or shrubs are in season.

Annuals may be used to produce
bold effects by using large mast^es of
them in strategic positions. For in-
stance, petunias, verbenas, Shirley pop-
pies, salvia, snapdragons, will prove
very effective when used in this way.

For new gardens annuals are prac-
tically the only flowers which may be
depended upon to give fine effects the
first year inasmuch as perennial flow-
ers and shrubs will not flower till the
second and third years after planting.

No other groups of flowers are so
rich in fragrant flowers as the annuals :

"The perfume of tree and flower, of
grass and mellow earth, is Nature's in-
cense." The best known fragrant an-
nuals r.re ■ Sweet peas, mignonette, ten
week stocks, nicotiana, petunias, espe-
cially doubles, candytuft, pinks.

For cut flmvers annuals give splen-
did rewards. The following is a repre-
sentative list of annuaOs which give
abundance of suitable blooms for cut-
ting for decorative purposes.

Annuals for Cut Flowers.

China asters, sweet peas, nastur-
tiums, sweet sultan (Centaurea), pin
cushion flower (Sweet Scabious), single
collarette dahlias, ten week stocks,
mignonette, snapdragons, everlastings,
zinnias, galdiopsis, or coreopsis.

The following annuals are among
the most beautiful of all flowers :

Salpiglossis, sweet peas, godetias,
lavateras or mallows, shirley poppies,
ten week stocla?, larkspurs (tall varie-
ties), snapdragons, verbenas, petunias,
cosmos (early flowering), Swan River
daisy.

How 1 MadejMy Garden Pay

Miss Chrissie Anderson, Box 83, A ncaster, Ont.

WE have a garden plot sixty-two
by seventy-five feet, bounded
on the east side by a peren-
nial border about six feet wide, filled
with old-fashioned flowers, clumps of
purple iris, ribbon grass and paeonies.
These bloomed so profusely it occurred,
to me our garden might be made a
source of profit as well as of pleasure.
It was decided to use the whole plot of
grqund for flowers.

In the fall, I ordered two hundred
bulbs, tulips and daffodils, which I
tucked into comers in the border. I
had a box fllled with earth and carried
into the house so when March came I
filled a number of shallow boxes and
sowed my seeds. Three packets of

Crego Giant asters, pink, white and
lavendar, and three of snap-dragon,
pink and white. In the first week of
April we had a load of stable manure
spread over the garden, which was
then plowed and harrowed and raked
into shape. The border was lightly
forked over so the plants were undis-
turbed.

Next I set to work to plant my
sweet peas. I had three long trenches
dug, about a foot deep and three feet
apart. I added a layer of manure,
covered with earth, then the seeds, each
eolor by itself, and more earth, filling
in the trenches as the peas came
through. Seventy-five gladioli came
next, in rows a foot apart. Then six

rows of dahlias, about two feet apart,
and three large aster beds.

Meanwhile my seed boxes in their
.sunny south windows had not been
idle, and about the middle of May I
had two hundred and fifty asters to
fill the beds. I set them out, a foot and
a half apart. I had two hundred snap-
dragons, which I treated the same way,
except that I waited until the end of
May, before transplanting.

The end of April our bulbs began to
bloom. "We sold fifteen dozen tulipn
and daffodils, for from fifteen to
twenty-five cents a dozen, to hotels for
table decorations. The iris were next
in order and eight dozen spikes iv«nt
to a florist at twenty five cents a
dozen. Meanwhile the paeonies were
coming out and we had thirteen dozen
blooms at thirty-five cents a dozen.
These we sold to hn-tels and tea rooms,
as their price was better.

Our sweet peas began to flower the
end of June and we made a contract to
supply a florist with so many hundred
blooms a week at forty cents a
hundred, but we reckoned without the
green fly. Owing to the wet season
this pest was very bad, and in spite of
much spraying, our peas were gradu-
ally ruined. Still we were able to fill
our contract to the extent of eleven
hundred blooms. They were put up in
bunches of twenty-five, each color by
itself. The snap-dragons we sold the
same way at seventy-five cents a
hundred. During the season we sold
fourteen hundred blossoms.

Gladioli are popular, but the price
was low, being twenty cents a dozen.
We had twelve dozen. Dahlias were
cheap and plentiful. We had, in all,
two thousand blooms.

Our a-sters were lovely and flowered
profusely. We sold two thousand
blooms to a florist at seventy-five cents
a hundred. These flowers were cut the
night before shipping and kept in
water over night. Then they were
packed in cardboard boxes.

As we live only seven miles from the
city, transportation was an easy
matter.

Tulips and daffodils, 15 doz $ 3.00

Iris, 8 doz 2.00

Peonies, 13 doz 4.55

Sweet peas, 1,100 blooms 4.40

Snap-dragons, 1,400 blooms 10.50

Gladioli, 12 doz 2.40

Dahlias, 2,000 blooms 15.00

Asters, 2,000 blooms , . 15.00

$56.85

Onion sets may be planted as soon
as the land can be worked. They are
plentiful and of good quality this year.
Use either white or yellow kinds ; they
look better on the table and are milder
than the red.

April. 1916.

THE

CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

»7

Sowing Vegetables

John Gall, Inglewood, Ont.

HE importance of buying seed of a
good strain cannot be overesti-
uialed. No matter how high the
price may seem, if it be known to the
purchaser to be of the best, better to
have it than run the risk of losing the
crop or having a measly-looking return
for labor and trouble expended through
the purchasing of cheap seed.

Vegetables may be divided into two
groups — the cool season and the warm
season vegetables. The cool season
vegetables do best at a low temperature
and may be started in the open in the
beginning of May, or even earlier, ac-
cording to the condition of the ground,
which must always be in a fit condition
before any attempt should be made to
work it up. The following include the
chief cool season crops: Peas, carrots,
beets, parsnips, radish, turnips, cab-
bage, cauliflower, lettuce, spinach, pars-
ley, celery and onions.

The warm season vegetables include :
Tomatoes, egg plant, cucumbers,
melons, beans, peppers and corn. Seed
of these should not be sown until after
the middle of May, or until the ground
has warmed up. "Warm season vege-
tables require warm soil and a southern
exposure, whereas the cool season vege-
tables require a northern situation. If
very early vegetables are wanted, the
southern exposure is necessary.

The soil best suited to beans is that
which is rather light than otherwise, al-
ways provided that it is thoroughly en-
riched by manure. The seed should be
sown about the middle of May for an
early crop, the best variety being Early
Red Valentine (green pod). Golden
Wax (golden pod). Successional sow-

ings may be made about every two
weeks until the middle of July.

The seed for beets should be sown as
early as the ground becomes fit to work
in spring for an early crop, and about
the beginning of June for winter use.
Any good soil will grow good beets.
Sow in rows one foot apart. Egyptian
Turnip (early), Detroit Half Long
Blood (late).

Sow carrots in rows fourteen inches
apart in the beginning of May. These
should be grown in deep, thoroughly
prepared soil of loose, open texture, to
admit of even root development. Cul-
tivation should be kept up during the
season to continue an even growth.
Danvers Half Long is the best to
obtain.

Cauliflowers require a cool, rich
loam, a northern exposure being most
suitable. The growth of this plant
should never be checked. For early
cauliflower, start seed about *he end
of March, and it will be ready for the
open ground at the beginning of May.
Sow seed for late varieties in early
May and transplant about the end of
June to rows thirty inches apart and
twenty between the plants. Variety :
Erfurt.

Any good soil will grow cabbage. A
warm, sandy loam is most suitable for
early varieties, a northern exposure
being best for the late cabbage. Start
seed and handle the same as for cauli-
flower. Jersey Wakefield (early), Au-
tumn King (late).

Celery may be blanched by standing
boards, ten to twelve inches wide, on
their edge at each side of the row close

up to the plant . Variety : Paris Golden
Yellow.

A warm, friable, rich soil should be
chosen for corn. The seed is sown in
hills three feet apart each way and
four plants allowed to grow to the hill.
Sow about the middle of May for both
early and late varieties. Golden Ban-
tam (early), Country Gentleman (latej.

Sow cucumbers in hills made in rows
six feet apart and four feet apart in
the row. This should be done in the
beginning of June. Allow four plants
to develop to each hill. Variety : White
Spine.

Lettuce oan be grown on any good
garden soil. Sow in the open ground
as soon as it is fit to be worked. Thin
out to six inches apart in rows of one
foot. Successional sowings may be
made every ten days or so up to the
beginning of June. Sow in August for
a late crop on well-prepared soil.
Variety: Unrivalled.

Onions do best on a very rich loam.
Sow in rows on the level ground, twelve
inches apart, as early in the spring as
possible. Varieties: Mammoth Silver
King and Yellow Globe Danvers.

Boy.s at work r,r<..p.irinp for de I.Htabl,. veKelable.s. at ti.e Iri .sh Hoy.s' Home, He.spoler, Ont

April Garden Reminders

Canna and Caladium bulbs must be
started at once, if they were not at-
tended to earlier.

Plant sweet peas as soon as the
ground can be worked. A long row Ib
best. Chicken wire makes a good sup-
port.

Always unpack nursery stock as soon
as it is received and learn whether it
is in good condition or not. It may
then be heeled in till ready to plant.

Look after worn spots on the lavsTi.
Manure them well and spade deeply.
Rake and sow grass seed.

Some of the Schizanthus hybrids are
striking flowers. They may be used as
cut-flowers, and always attract atten-
tion.

Give boys and girls plots of land for
gardens of their own. They will take
more interest in things that are their
ovm and perhaps this interest will
spread.

Rosa Rugosa bushes should be cut
back to within 18 inches or two feet of
the ground each year. This keeps the
plant smaller and prevents it from be-
coming rough and unsightly.

If nursery stock is received in a dry
condition, thoroughly wet the plants
and either heel them in or put them in
a cool, moist cellar for a few days.

A good lawn is secured by sowing a
thoroughly well prepared, rich soil
with 42 pounds of pure Kentucky blue
grass, 5 pounds solid redtop and 3
pounds of white clover per acre. Sow
as soon as the land can be Well pre-
pared, rake the seed in well, and roll
lightly.

98

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

The Canadian Horticulturist

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AND BEEKEEPER

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proper solution of larger issues directly
affecting the welfare of the nation, and
even nations, of which we form a part. Yet
the fact is, there are social and economic
issues pressing for speedy adjustment on
this continent whicli, if not dealt with in
time, may overwhelm our much-boasted
twentieth century civilization.

Attention was drawn on a previous occa-
sion in The Canadian Horticulturist to a
remark made at the Dominion Fruit Con-
ference, two years ago, by Mr. Elmer Licit,
ot Oshawa, during a discussion of home
marlcets. In effect Mr. iLiok said: "The
disturbing fact that confronts us, when we
study tlie possibilities of our home mar-
kets, is the large percentage of the people
who are not able to buy apples at any price."
This condition is one of far-reaching im-
portance to the fruit grower. If the pro-
portion of our large urban population which
can purchase fruit is increasing from year
to year, then the outlet at home for our
fruit will increase in proportion, and many
of the disastrous effects now expected to
result from the heavy overplantings of the
last few years may never occur. Should
it be, however, that the proportion of peo-
ple who are unable to "buy fruit is increas-
ing steadily, even it more or less un-
observed, then our markets will be cor-
respondingly curtailed and the benefits it
is now expected will result from the adop-
tion ot •cooperative methods and improved
principles of orchard practice will be large-
ly annulled, and conditions may even grow
worse instead ot better.

Steadily tor several years back the dif-
ficulty ot finding profllable markets for our
fruit has been increasing. Everywhere
fruit growers are awakening to the men-
ace of this new condition. A tew years
ago almost the only subjects discussed at
the annual conventions of fruit growers
were those which related to methods of
cultivation and orchard practice. To-day
questions ot marketing monopolize the at-
tention of those who attend these gather-
ings. Mr. iBush, of Morton, N.Y., expresses
the situation very clearly in this issue In
his statement that "it is not a question any
longer ot how to grow good fruit, or how
to Increase the yield; it is a question of
how to sell it."

The fact is, as students of economics have
noticed tor some years, the proportion ot
people able to purchase fruit is rapidly
declining. This is due to the fact that
wealth is just as rapidly concentrating in
the hands of the few. The wealthy are
growing more wealthy; the poor, poorer.

Because ot the increasing social unrest
which has been leading to costly and Taloody
strikes in the United States, the govern-
ment of that country, some two years ago,
appointed a commission ot experts to in-
vestigate conditions and report as to needed
remedies. The report ot this commission
has been made public. It reveals an alarm-
ing condition. The national government is
warned that unless it addresses itself whole-
heartedly to the adjustment of conditions
the welfare of the nation will be imperilled.

We have not the exact figures beside ua
at the moment, but according to this re
port approximately 60 per cent, ot the
wealth ot the nation is controlled by 5 pei
cent, of the population, and 3o per cent,
ot the wealth by 30 per cent, ot the popula-
tion. The remaining 60 per cent, ot the
population controls only 5 per cent, of the
wealth. In some large industries as high
as 37 per cent, of the men employed are
unable to earn enough to support their
families. This condition has compelled
their wives to work in order to earn enough
to maintain their families. In New York
over 90 per cent, ot the people do not own
their own homes, and 9 per cent, ot those
who die are buried in paupers' graves.
These conditions do not apply only to the
urban population. Tenancy Is increasing
rapidly among the farmers. In some coun-
ties as high as 70 per cent, of the farmers
are tenants, and in some states over 50
per cent, are tenants. Startling evidences
ot degeneration are appearing in these
communities.

It will not do for us to say that "these
conditions apply only to the United States.
Such a statement would not be true. The
same forces -which have been working in
the States are operating in Canada. They
have been the cause of the slums which of
late years have become a feature ot such
cities as Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, and
even of some ot our smaller cities. We
have not space here to refer to the reme-
dies recommended in the report of the
United States commission already referred
to. Mention will -be made ot them later.
We must first recognize and admit the ex-
istence of these conditions and the influence
they are destined to have on our welfare
before we will be -willing to consider the
radical remedies that have been proposed
for their removal

Protect the Plants

With the advent of spring an uncontroll-
able desire seizes upon thousands to wander
forth from the towns and cities of our land
into the wood.s and dells in search of the
beautiful wild flowers that make the leafy
spaces glorious. We all sympathize with
this feeling tor we have all felt and given
away to it and hope to do so again, many
times in the future. The unfortunate fea-
ture of it is, however, that many of those
who thus go forth pick the graceful deni-
zens of the wood for the mere passing
pleasure of carrying them home. It does
not seem to occur to such that their acts
may destroy the plants and even help to
result in their extinction as a species.

Already in Canada there are many fine
groves ot trees in which wild flowers used
to bloom profusely but from which they have
disappeared forever through the careless ac-
tions of the thoughtless flower hunter. Most
people who love a flower well enough to
seek and pick it in the woods, love it well
enough to refrain from picking it if shown
the harmful effects likely to attend such an ]
act. There is a great educational work to
be done.

We would like to see horticultural socle-
ties this spring throughout the length and
breadth of Canada take steps to protect our
native wild flo-wers. Now is the time to do
it. Notices inserted in the local papers,
signs posted in the woods, talks given to the
children in the schools and even the pass-
ing ot bylaws by municipal councils and park
commissioners would be attended by valu-
able results. Who will enlist in the cam-
paign this spring to protect the flowers we
all love?

April, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

99

1^,

Patriotism and Production

The hearty response that was made by the
people of Canada last year to the "Patriot-
Bm and Production" campaign showed how
leeply the hearts of the people were moved.
This year it is going to be difficult, in fact,
ipossible, to obtain results equal to those
HChieved a year ago, because of the short-
age of labor. This makes it doubly neces-
sary that everything possible shall be done
increase the efficiency of those who re-
lain. Every possible handicap should be
i'emoved which tends to decrease produc-
tion. One of these is the duty on ferti-
lizers.

An orchard or field well enriched may
easily produce two and three times the crop
for the same amount of labor as another
field depleted in fertility. Anything, there-
fore, which will make it easy for fruit
growers to add fertility to their soil will
enable them to double and treble the re-
turns for their labor. The tariff now in
force in Canada on fertilizers is ten per
cent., which is equivalent to an average of
about three dollars a ton. In 1914 Canada
imported from the United States fertilizers
'o the amount of $752,357, which vielded a
revenue of about ?75,000. The revenue de-
rived on importations from other countries
was small. From the standpoint of revenue
the duty is of comparatively little value to
<'anada.

According to the "Agricultural War Book"
lielgium used two hundred and twenty-four
pounds of concentrated fertilizer per acre
of cultivated land, Holland one hundred and
eighty pounds, Germany one hundred and
fifty pounds. Great Britain seventy pounds,
the United States sixteen pounds, and Can-
ida only three one hundredths of a pound.
.Surely this is proof that the use of ferti-
lizers needs to be encouraged in Canada.
We hope the Dominion Government will re-
•iiove the duty before the present session of
,<arl lament prorogues.

Horticultural societies which are plan-
ing to hold exhibitions of flowers this
-pring might well follow the example of
he St. Thomas and other horticultural so-
rieties which give the flowers shown at their
exhibitions to the hospitals for distribution.
With the flowers the St. Thomas society dis-
tributes the society sends a little card read-
ing somewhat as follows: "To Miss Blank,
vAmasa Wood Hospital, with the compliments
of the St. Thomas Horticultural Society,
hoping for your speedy recovery." Kindly
Uttle acts like this are long remembered by
the recipients and nothing does more to
popularize the work of our societies among
the sick who receive these floral reminders
and their friends.

The front cover illustration on this issue
of The Canadian Horticulturist will, we trust,
strengthen the determination of all who see
It and whose means permit of their doing
no to have a beautiful garden this spring.
We may not all be able to have a lily pond
but even the most humble home may have
at least a few flowers. It our front cover
Illustration results in the strengthening of
the love of flowers in the hearts of only
some it will have accomplished the purpose
for which it was intended.
* • »

It is not necessary that we shall call at-
tention here to the helpful, timely articles
^'lat feature this Fifth Annual Spring Gar-

dening and Planting Number of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist. The articles speak for
themselves. An earnest effort has been
made to give our readers information that
will be inspirational, practical and helpful.
We trust that this number will meet with
the same measure of approval as have the
four preceding annual issues of this char-
acter.

* * *

Year by year greater and greater efforts
have been put forth by horticultural socie-
ties throughout Canada to interest school
children in the growing of flowers. Each
year large quantities of seeds and plants
are distributed free and prizes are offered
for competition among the children. This
has created a demand for simple, practical
directions in the growing of flowers which
can be furnished to the children. The Cana-
dian Horticulturist is planning to publish a
series of such articles through the summer
and to have these printed in pamphlet form
at a minimum of expense for distribution
among those horticultural societies which
desire them. They will be written by some
of Canada's best known authorities who are
also lovers of children. Within the next
few weeks we trust to have our arrange-
ments for their publication completed, in
order that the first of the articles may ap-
pear in our May issue. Full particulars will
appear In this column next month.

* * *

Are you doing what you can to introduce
The Canadian Horticulturist to your friends?
A few words of commendation of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist to a friend may be all
that is required to induce him to subscribe
for a year or more. In this way you will
not only be able to help your friend but to
extend the field of usefulness of the only
horticultural magazine in Canada that is
working for the promotion of the fruit and
floral interests of the country. Let us have
your co-operation. It will be appreciated.

rmtwmkSVhWk-^'ritvmmkwmiimm^mM/Mti;

Peterboro

The annual announcement of the Peter-
boro Horticultural Society is a demonstra-
tion of the splendid work being done by
many horticultural societies. Four free pre-
miums are given to all the members, in-
cluding a yearly subscription to The Cana-
dian Horticulturist, participation in a fall
distribution of Dutch bulbs, consisting of
six hyacinths, six daffodils and six paper
white narcissus, the annual report of the
Ontario Horticultural Association and a
choice of any one out of eleven options.
Among the options are fifteen Gladioli
corms, choice mixed; six salvia plants, five
perennial larkspurs, five double hollyhocks,
and one ounce of Spencer's Sweet Pea Seed.
This society has charge of the work done in
the city parks. A special committee of the
society looks after this work with the sanc-
tion of the city council. Garden and lawn
competitions are also held.

m

Hamilton

An illustrated lecture on "Intensive Cul-
tivation" was given in the lecture hall of
the Old Library Building on March 17th,
by Mr. F. G. H. Pattison, of Winona, Ont.,
the editorial representative of The Canadian
Horticulturist in the Niagara District. The
address proved most interesting. The so-
ciety has about completed arrangements for
the distribution of its spring premiums.
• • •

The following reports of work accomplish-

ed last year by the horticultural societies
mentioned were read at the last annual con-
vention of the Ontario Horticultural Asso-
ciation by Mr. Lockie Wilson, Superinten-
dent of Horticultural Societies:

Amherstburg

Options were given to members, flowers
and shrubs supplied for beds in the park
and all parts of the town, and these kept
in order by the society. The Town Council
made a grant of $60.00 and the County
Council $25.00 towards the work.

Barrie

A new feature taken up last year was a
sweet pea show, which was so successful
that it will be repeated in 1916. A similar
one for tulips and paeonies is also intended.
The exhibits are placed in a large store
window so as to be seen by all who pass.
The annual exhibition was very successful,
the attendance being larger than in 1914
and entries equal in quality.

Belleville

The work of this society has been plant-
ing in the beds in the Queen Victoria and
Corby Parks last fall of tulip bulbs, and this
spring of plants. Distribution of seeds to
the public school children in the spring. A
flower show was held in the Queen Victoria
School on September 29th, from seeds given
to the children. Although late in the season
the show was a success, and the children
of all the different classes took an enthusias-
tic part in it. The society has succeeded
in having all of the public school teachers
take a personal interest in this department
of horticulture.

Berl

m

The usual outdoor competition was held
and outside judges procured. The competi-
tion becomes keener each year, and the gen-
eral appearance of the city shows the ef-
forts of the society to be beneficial. The
children's garden work was continued and
the interest taken by the teachers was
shown in the improved work of the chil-
dren. The Annual Exhibition held on Au-
gust 25th and 26th was better than ever, and
in all classes the exhibits were an improve-
ment over those of the previous year. The
children's classes were well filled with the
product of the seed distributed by the so-
ciety, as well as those open to the various
products of the gardens. The increase In
the gate receipts was a sign that the gen-
eral public are interested in the work and
the Directors feel encouraged with the show-
ing. Many of the factories are doing some
planting around their premises as a result
of the work of this society, and the ceme-
tery was much imnroved this year through
the endeavors of the president, who has a
seat in the council.

St. Thomas

Attention is called to an advertisement
that appears elsewhere in this issue, as
well as to a small reading notice relating
to the St. Thomas horticultural society. The
latter reached us too late for insertion on
this page. They indicate the good work
being done by this society.

"Experiments with Oaibbage" Is the title
of Bulletin No. 137 Issued by the Pennsyl-
vania State College of Agriculture, Centre
County, Pa. The bi-monthly Zoological
Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Department of
Agriculture, Harrlsburg, Pa., deals with In-
sect pests and the lime sulphur solution in
the issues for September and November.
1915.

100

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EditUm.

Success and Failure in Cold Storage*

S. J. T. Bu8>i, Morton, N.Y.

THE cold storage business is of great
importance to the fruit industry, but
Is very little understood or appre-
ciated by growers generally. If it were not
for the cold storage houses holding the
bulk of the apple crop every year and per-
mitting it to be placed upon the market
gradually, there would be mighty little
"present," to say nothing of a future, to
the apple industry in the United States.

The common storage limit is usually
February first, but in chemical plants it is
common practice to successfully hold ap-
ples into May and June. Just consider for
a moment what the conditions would have
been In 1914, with the enormous crop, had
It been necessary to market it all by Febru-
ary first. As it was, we were able to sell
"A" grade Baldwins from cold storage early
in June for ?6.00 and $6.50 per barrel, and
got as high as $4.00 for "B" grade.

My experience in the storing of apples
has not been extensive, although I am now
very much interested in that business, hav-
ing organized a comipany two years ago and
built last year at Morton, N.Y., what is con-
ceded to be one of the finest and most up-
to-date plants in this country. Our idea
was from the start to make it a GROWERS*
storage, and we have among our 125 stock-
holders practically every grower an that
vicinity. To begin with, this gives us
enough apples produced by our own stock-
holders to fill our 60,000-barrel plant in any
ordinary season. We did not get the plant
completed In time to use it last year, but
being of reinforced concrete construction,
this was really a good thing, as the building
had nearly a year to dry out and was in the
finest possible condition when we com-
menced business in August. Building opera-
tions should begin not later than April first
on a plant of this kind if it is to be ready
for use in September or October.

We spent three months and hundreds of
dollars in travelling about the country In-
specting various plants, interviewing own-
ers and managers, and consulting with
manufacturers of refrigerating machinery.
Our idea is that the place for economy Is In
operation of a plant and not in construction,
and we carried through the project from
start to finish with the idea of getting the
best that money would buy.

We were told by cold storage engineers
that 100 horse power was altogther suffi-
cient for our requirements, but we installed
three 75-horse power units; we were told
that two Inches of cork insulation was suffi-
cient, but we put on four Inches, in two
2-lnch sheets with broken joints; we were
told that one system, i.e., the direct expan-
sion ammonia system, was all we couid
possibly have any use for, but we, in addi-
tion to that system, installed the most
elaborate cold air circulating system to be
found in any plant In this country. This
gives us two separate and distinct re-
frigerating systems, enabling us to carry a
wider range of commodities and to keep the
air in all rooms sweet and pure at all times
— carry oft the accumulation of gases
thrown off by the fruit and prevent the
"pocketing" of dead or foul air In any of
the rooms.

We were told that It was possible to build
a 60,000-barrel house at a maximum cost of
$1.50 per barrel of capacity, but we found
that a first class plant of the capacity men-
tioned cannot be built for a cent less than

^* An ai3dr«S3 delivered at the recent annual
bnventlon of the Niagara District Fruit Qrow-
fg .AstiOTi/ftlon.

$2.00 per barrel, and for a plant as com-
plete as ours the cost is $2.50 per barrel.

So far as I know, ours is the only plant
in the country using producer gas for power
— also the only one of its size using a maxi-
mum of one ton of coal per day. Other
plants of similar capacity in Western New
York use from four to six tons of coal daily.

The fact that we are now able, with the
plant filled to its utmost capacity, and with
carloads of fruit coming in and going out
daily, to hold our temperatures without
variation and only operate one engine and
one ice machine from two to six hours of
each twenty-four, Is sufficient justification
for our heavy expenditure for the best pos-
sible insulation. Our plant being absolutely
fireproof, there being no wood about it ex-
cept the refrigerator doors, we enjoy an
insurance rate of thirty cents against a rate
of from $1.00 to $1.75 (usually the latter
figure) applying to other plants in the State.

As fruit growers, having experienced in
common with our friends in other sections
and States the most inefficient refrigeration
-service on the part of the railway com-
panies, we decided to have our own' ice
plant and manufacture our own Ice and ice
our own ears. This feature has proven lo
be one of the most satisfactory as well as
one of the most profitable features of our
proposition. Instead of being compelled to
accept a refrigerator car that had been Iced
inadequately and improperly from twenty-
four to seventy-two hours before we got It,
and being forced to pay for all the ice the
bunkers could hold, notwithstanding the fact
that we never got it, we are able to ice
our cars to capacity with a far better quality
of ice than that supplied by the railway
company, and at a lower cost, and when our
cars leave Morton the bunkers are full, in-
stead of from one-third to three-quarters
empty as in the past.

In building our plant, we had In mind Its
enlargement at the least possible cost as
soon as conditions warranted the outlay. We
can double the capacity now without in-
creasing our power plant a single horse
power.

We manufacture our own electric current
for the operation of two large thirty-barrel
elevators, hoisting machinery, lighting sys-
tem, pumps, grading machines, air cir-
culating system, etc. We also expect to
furnish light for the village of Morton as
soon as we can get to it. We operate me-
chanical fruit grading machines for our
patrons in large, well-lighted, convenient
packing rooms by electric power.

The establishment of such a plant In a
large producing section is of inestimable
value to the growers. It makes them inde-
pendent of the "dealer" or speculator.
When harvest tame arrives, they know that
they have as good a place in which to hold
their fruit in case the market is unsatis-
factory as the dealer can have. It is really
worth, conservatively speaking, fifty cents
per barrel on their entire crop.

If the grower needs money with which to
pay his help and running expenses, he can
do just what practically all the dealers do,
take his warehouse receipts to his bank and
get an advance of from 50c to $1.50 per bar-
rel and hold his fruit until the market suits
him.

Another great advantage to the growers
in having such a plant is the facility it af-
fords for the accumulation of small lots of
fruit into carloads, which is precisely what
the dealer does — precooling it as it is col-
lected and shipping it out in the very best

possible condition to carry well to marKei.

We are particularly fortunate at Morton
In having an apparently inexhaustible sup-
ply of sweet, pure, cold water, obtained
from wells within one hundred feet of our
engine room. Ability to use this water
direct from the wells at a temperature of
fifty-one degrees, and allow it to run away.
Increases the efficiency of our ice machines
about forty per cent.

As I have said, our proposition at Morton
is a growers' proposition. Three years ago
I organized the Eastern Fruit and Produce
Exchange, with headquarters at Rochester,
which supplies our growers with the most
complete sales machinery. Next came the
cold storage plant, and now we are organlz
ing a bank, and in due course will come
the cooper shop, canning factory, dehy-
drating plant, and vinegar factory, with coal
sheds and fertilizer and basket storages.

We are after every nickle that is to be
obtained from our business.

We believe that duty and common sense
demand that we do our own speculating,
and that when It comes to a division of the
proceeds and profits obtainable from the
results of our toil and investment, thai
division should be with our own families,
and not with those who have taken no risk,
borne no hardships, and suffered no
anxieties as the seasons have come ana
gone.

One of the things that surprised me and
vexed me greatly when I was trying to col-
lect definite information upon which to base
plans for our plant was the great difficulty
experienced in finding anyone from whom
positive and reliable advice could be ob-
tained. If we had not been possessed with
a determination to know all the "whys and
w^herefores" before going ahead with our
plans, I hate to contemplate the mistakes
we might have made.

There are so many things done absolutely
wrong in many of the plants we visited that
I am Impelled to utter a friendly warning to
my fellow growers and to extend to them all
an invitation to visit our plant at Morton
and to secure from us the benefit of all
that we have learned at a cost of much time
and money. We will be only too glad to be
of assistance.

There are a few "donts" that occur to us
as worth while to pass along to our friends
who may soon or sometime be interested in
the building of a cold storage plant.

1. Don't use wood — use reinforced con-
crete, because of the low insurance rate, low
cost of upkeep, and lack of depreciation.

2. Don't use granulated cork, as it is of
little value as compared with sheet cork.

3. Don't allow the contractor to use steel
nulls in putting up the sheet cork Insulation,
as has been done in many, if not most of
the plants throughout the country, because
it is a perfectly absurd performance and
largely destroys the value and efficiency of
your insulation. Use nothing but wooden
nails, as they are non-conductors. How
anyone possessed of any common sense
could be induced to pay from $25,000 to
$30,000 for high-grade insulation and then
permit workmen to literally fill it full of
holes, which is really what happens when
the cork is fastened in place with thousands
of steel nails, is beyond our comprehension.

4. Don't make the mistake of having too
little packing room space.

5. Don't build your plant so that the long
way of your cold rooms will be away from
the railroad, but rather have the trucking
distance just as short as possible. Labor
in handling such a plant is a very large Item.
At Morton this year we have operated our
plant with one-half to one-third the number
of employees that are used in plants of simi-
lar capacity in western New York.

6. Don't make the mistake of having nar- i

A-pril, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

101

row shipping or receiving platforms — it will
be found that sixteen feet is none too wide,
and the longer they are the better; and so
far as it is possible have them covered.
Service is the thing to be considered first,
last, and all the time.

7. Don't keep your patrons waiting — ^have
facilities for unloading half a dozen cars
and wagons at the same time.

8. Don't undertalie to operate your plant
with a short stub switch, but have a track
(on your own land if possible) that will hold
twenty-four or more refrigerator cars, and
which has double ends, so that the cars may
pass the plant for loading or unloading and
not have to be pulled out where they came
in, and thus cause all sorts of delay and
inconvenience. With your track on a very
slight grade, you can easily start the loaded
or unloaded cars t)n their way as soon as
they are ready, in case there is no shifting
engine available, and there never is, at all
times.

9. Don't have your air ducts built of any-
thing but wood, as metal air ducts will
sweat and drip and cause much trouble and
annoyance; and don't let anyone talk you
out of installing a cold air ventilating sys-
tem, because it is one of , the important things
to have in connection with any cold storage
plant.

10. Don't let anyone talk you into piping
your house at a ratio less than 18 to 1, and
If you are going to handle peaches or other
fruits that do not call for temperatures lower
than 34 degrees, do not have the pipes in
rooms that are to be held at 34 or above
hung on the ceiling, as they will drip and
cause you all kinds of trouble; but have
them hung on the side walls, one above the
other, so that one drip pan will catch and
carry off all of the drip and prevent it get-
ting on the fruit. The cold blast system is
much the best for peaches.

Peerless
Climax Fruit Baskets

Heaviest, Strongest
and Best

In the market. Especially
suitable for long distance
shipping.

Protect your requirements by
ordering EARLY

Canada
Wood Products Co.

ST. THOMAS, ONT.

11. Don't build your plant where the drain-
age Is poor.

12. Don't build a house without means of
passing from one side to the other without
opening doors to cold rooms. Our plant is
the only one that I know of that has a pas-
sage way from one side to the other which
permits employees to get quickly across the
building without opening and closing cold
room doors a hundred times daily in the
busy season; this feature is of Inestimable
value.

13. Don't forget that different kinds of
products require that they be held at differ-
ent temperatures, and that, as an illustra-
tion, Twenty Ounce apples will freeze solid
in a room where Baldwins will not be even
touched. Unfortunately, you will not find
anyone to tell you all these things; the
manufacturers of ice machines ought to
know all of these things, and do luiow many
of them, but they seem to be principally
interested in selling their machines and
don't trouble themselves to put you wise.

14. Don't have any windows in your cold
rooms, the air ducts will give all the ventila-
tion required and the best; and be sure to
have vestibules and curtain.s at entrances to
the rooms that are used the most; and,
finally, don't get the idea that it is an easy
or simple matter to raise $100,000 or $150,000
in a rural community, or that as a grower
you can afford, from a business standpoint
and a matter of self-preservation, to refuse
to go in with your neighbors and fellow
fruitgrowers to the extent of your ability
and secure for yourselves the facilities and
advantages 1 have outlined.

If your apples are going into cold storage
at all, they should if possible go in the same
day they are picked, and in any case with
the least possible delay.

I fully realize that it is not possible to
have a 50,000-barrel plant at many points,
and while a plant of that capacity is more
economically operated than a smaller one
for obvious re^isons, it is desirable to have
these facilities for holding your fruit even
though on a much smaller scale, as the ad-
vantages and "dividends" to be received are
not confined by any means to those received
in the nature of stock dividends.

The business of farming and fruitgrowing
is the greatest business In the land. The

DOUGLAS GARDENS

OAKVILLE, ONT.

Herbaceous Perennials

Asters (Michaelmas Daisies), 14 sorts,

each If 0

Achillea, "The Pearl," each 15c,

Anchusa italica, var. Dropmore each 20c
Aqullegia, mixed, strong plant.?, each 15c

Artemisia lactiflora (new), each 20c

IBoltonla Asteroides (False Starwort),

6&.ch . .....•••••••••••■ • • ••••■••••• -L&C

Campanula, 4 sorts, each 20c

Chrysanthemum Ullginosum, each .. 15c
Coreopsis grandiflora, each ..... ... . 15c

Delphiniums, Gold Medal Hybrids,

ga^ch *''<^

Dianthus ' baxbatus (Sweet William),

G&ch

Dianthus pluraarius, Mrs. Sinkins.

^a.ch ^"^

Dicentra (Bleeding Heart), each 20c

Digitalis (Foxglove), in mixed colors,

qq_qIi 15c

Echinacea. (Rudbeckiai purpurea,

gach ^^

Galega (Goafs Rue), cornea plena,

gg^gh 15C

Geum Coocineum, Winchmore Hill, ,

each °**^

Gypsophila paniculata (Baby's;^

Breath), single, each ■■■■■■■,■■■:■;.• ""^
Gypsophila paniculata (Baby s

Breath), double, each ••••■• • 25C

Helianthus, Multi max, single and

double, each ]°°

Helenium, 3 sorts, each i»c

Helenlum, 2 sorts, each ^"c

Hemerocallis, 2 sorts, each 15C

Hemeiocallls, 3 sorts, each ZOc

Hollyhocks, a fine strain, single and

double, each • /," ' "J " '

Iberis. Gibraltarica (Hardy Candy-

tuft), each w"';c

Kniphofla (Tritoma) Pfltzerii, each.. IBc
Oenothera (Evening Primrose), 2

sorts, each ■ • ■ • • ■ ■ • • ■ • • '■"'^

Plants at 15c each are 10 for J1.25.
Plants at 20c each are 10 for $1.60.
Plants at 25c each are 10 tor J/.ZS.

Please add postage, as per schedule, to
remittance. Planting list sent free on
request.

JOHN CAVERS

value of the farm products of the United
States is ten billion dollars annually — a
business to command the respect, the In-

New Seed Oats

BRUCE'S NEW LEADER

The first to produce 5 mature grains in a spikelet. It Is
medium early, ear thick set and spreading, grain plump,
white, thin husk, straw strong, of fine quality. It will
give a greater yield than any other cereal in cultivation,
and is adaptable to any soil. Peck 75c., bushel $2.00
here. Postpaid. 25c. lb.

BRUCE'S CONQUEROR. A new variety from Northern
Europe, very heavy yielder, straw Is strong, of medium j
height, grain Is plump, thin skinned, pearly white, and
makes splendid Oat Meal. It is hardy and ripens medium
early. Peck 40c., bushel $1.25 here. Postpaid 25c. lb., 5
lbs. for $1.00.

NEW O.A.C. NO. 72. A new variety of exceptional
merit, an Immense yielder and of fine appearance. It is
a branching White Oat, early, and the straw is good and
strong, the hull is thin and the grain weighs well. Peck
60c, bushel $2.00 here. Postpaid 2Bc lb., 6 lbs. for $1.00.
New 2% bushel cotton bags SOc. each extna.

f^ni^r' Our handsomely illustrated
r K r h Flower Seeds, Plants, Bulbs,
K KXLtRj jj,ig gena for ](_

JOHN A. BRUCE & CO., LIMITED

HAMILTON, CANADA

itllHlness

Kstalillshi'd

I8.W

12S-page catalogue of Vegetable, Farm and
Poultry Supplies, Garden Implements, etc., for

102

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

BEES FOR SALE

Italian Bees, lb.. J2.26; 6 lbs., $10.60; 1-L.
Frame. $2;00; 2 Kr. Nuc. $3.00; All with
Queens. Italian Queens, 7Bc each; 6 for $4.00.
Complete Catalogue Free. LLstlng Begin-
ner's Outfit.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.

Box C, - NEWARK, N.Y., US.A.

Northern Bred Italian Queens

I'roliflc and hard for Oie norlli. None better.
nana of "XntroduclnB Queens and Increase,"
25c.

E. E. MOTT
Glenwocd ... Michigan

PRODUCTIVE BEEKEEPING

Is the title of a new book of 326 pages by Mr. Frank C. Pellett, State

Apiarist of Iowa.
As the name of this book indicates It Is especially adapted to the needs
of the practical beekeeper. Not a discu&sion of scientific principles,
but of practical methods.

Sources of Nectar, Wintering, Markutmg, and Laws that Concern
the Beekeeper, are titles of chapters of special interest.
Regular price $1.50 postage extra.
We offer this latest bool< with the American Bee Journal one year,
both for $2.00, Canadian postage 15 cents extra.

134 illustrations, attractive cloth binding.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

Hamilton, Illinois

NOTICE TO CANADIAN BEEKEEPERS

We are making a specialty of tihe pound package trade. Our Improvement
on the package, making It larger and lighter and giving it more ventilation,
enables us to guarantee its safe arrival. We will ship from our yards in Alabama
during April, May and June, packages and queens at the following prices:

Pound package without queen, |1.25 — with queen, $2.00; 2-pound package wIHh
queen, $2.65 — without queen, $1.90; 3-pound package with queen, $3.50— without
queen, $2.75. Queens, untested— one for $1.00, six for $4.50, 12 for $8.50. Select,
tested, $2.00; breeders, $3.00.

Our stock of 3 band Italians have stood the test for 20 years; there Is none
better. We guarantee them to be free from disease. Pure mating and no inbreed-
ing. Your money refunded If not satls^fied. We sold the A. I. Root Co. two car-
loads, and will sell them this season. Our aim Is to carry a surplus of S'tock so
as to All all orders by return mall. 5 per cent, discount on all orders before
March 15th.

Reference— American Exchange Bank of Apajlachicola, Fla., and the A. I.
Root Co.

After March 15th our address will be Fitzpatrick, Ala.

MARCHANT BROS., SUMATRA, FLA.

The Rarest and Best Offer Yet

sei^n 17 684 flnl?h^ sl^Mon^^f 'Vi^ record: a yard of 72 colonies produced In one
Th^fs without a dm. hfth»toH^^ ^°^^y- °'".*" average of 245 sections per colony,

inis 13 wicnout a doubt the worlds record crop from a yard of that siyc Stnrf hrporf

o^thffl^ \°'i?^ ^'^';^'1 "/ ^^^ ^y "«'"& o"e of those famous daughters this sia^on This
Ui^Ko^^J 'I'?'*' stock from this noted yard has been on sale Our breede?^ne'of the
^f.^L f ' f".l"*.r"/ f'ates, will breed from one of those best queens and as h°s orllin^
stock is of the best three banded stock, wonderful results are tS be expected LeT^fj

somethfn"; nke^BOO^fo^'funrLfr """^ ^Sf. **'°«« ""« Queens.^'for we onfy'have f^ s^e
Ind^e Review a ye^ delivery. The queen is well worth all we are asking, $2.00

lODO Pound Packages of Combless Bees For Sale withQueen

comhleJb'cf.7^^''u^^n,f ^^A^^"" "'•,?"u°*« ^°" ^ P''''^« "P°" a thousand pound packages of
fS^^f . i " you did, you will have noticed that he took his pencil from his pocket

e^c" a^n*d the" "el^ilt would 'he*Jh'«,^>.'^ ^"".'^ '"''S *>"" '" advertisfn^f postage" offlce'^'help
ti.„i r,„ ,, I '^®®"'' would be that he would make you a veo-y close price Now we have
n^ ,.7„fl7 "^"^^ "'■ v^ "? "".« P°""<' packages of bees, and, as is usual with us t^char™
no profit on supplies furnished subscribers of the Review? none will be chireeduofn
J^S.Tpr"ciTnotYcS''^^li7?.,rJ■,^^ the advantage of this goo"l buy. NoticeThttXs
at a le^ prfce that w^l h! ^^ ♦''hT.''*'' ^"^ f""- April and May delivery-later deliveries
have two big nornts^F^r,/'?ht^ '^'^'■• ""^ ^y mail for the asking. Upon this deal we
Jil^t Vt? t°t^ J^ }■■ fii^st. 'he price; second, an od experienced breeder who ha^
l^r.f^L^% '!^"; '"■eed'ng bees and queens for the market. We ment^n th!s so T'ou wtll
2? goSd L mon^rca^^it 'n^' '''\% '' a "cheap John" lot of Ss, but thit they lie
pSund na^kiSes of t?S,fi Jo^Tk, "^k*"" ^^at price you pay. The price is $16.00 for ten
rViiioi, „,, .25 . of these combless bees, each conta n ng a young untested three banded
do^ Lr"each For^ir/^???^' 'l%'"«- Additional pound packaJLs without queens^, one
when the deUverv H%? i^ l,?'S« f% ^Pec'^l price, stating how many you cln use and
tllated cLes bv ein-l.. ?,^?®- ^^^I .^""^ ^shipped from Alabama, in light, well ven-
luatea cages, by expre.ss. Just a word to the wise: Book your order early! Address

THE BEEKEEPERS' REVIEW, Northstar, Michigan

telligence and the ambitions of men. Let
us accept the responsibility that goes with
our calling and bend our effort.s to the im-
provement of all conditions affecting our
live.s and our business.

With our facfi.s turned toward the morn-
ing, and cur wagon hitched to a star, let
there be a common bond of sympathy and
interest stretching from every farm on every
hillside, plain, and valley of this broad Do
minion to every other farm and fireside,
carrying and embodying good cheer and fel-
low.ship among all the .son.s and daughters
of agriculture and horticulture, to the end
that your calling may be dignified, your liv-
ing made easier and better, and your lives
nobler and purer as they are lived close to
Nature and Nature's God.

The Effect of the Increased Duty

Editor— The Canadian Horticulturist: I
have read with interest your editorial In
the March issue of The Canadian Horticul-
turist upon the increased duty upon apples,
and desire to expres.s my belief in the cor-
rectness of your view. While the increased
duty will give .some temporary relief to the
growers of Briti.sh Columbia, it will not be
of permanent benefit. Not only will the
financial benefits be capitalized upon the
value of the orchards, but it will act as a
hindrance to prevent the removal of the
real handicap.s which burden the develop-
ment of all land property in the great prov-
ince.

Our protective tariff policy imposed a
greater burden upon the agricultural pro
gress of Briti.sh Columbia than upon that
of other provinces, owing to the expense
of irrigation in the drv district.s and the
high cost of clearing the heavily-timbered
parts of the coast land.s and other districts.
The high cost of living during years of
bringing the land under cultivation, and the
necessity for inten.'se cultivation of the
available lands, has led largely to the grow-
ing of truck crops and of fruits, the perish-
able nature of which — or the competition of
which from loc^l points — makes it a prac-
tical impossibility to obtain any fair return
in the provincial or prairie markets open to
them.

Not only ha,«i this prevented profitable
results, but the high tariff caused a special
injury to the fruit industry (1st) by en-
couraging the dishonest booming of land,
(2nd) by leading growers to engage in
reckle.ss planting of all kinds of fruit of
almost every variety known, which too
often was planted so close together that
proper development was not possible, un-
til one marvels at the folly and waste of a
, large part of British Columbia orchards.

Thp high tariff was used to bolster up the
prohibitory railw-ay and express charges
which have .seriously militated against the
well-being and progress of the province.

Tw^o illustrations may make my argument
clear. Freight charge.s last year on com-
mercial fertilizers from Victoria to Sum-
merland. on Lake Okanagan, were IIS.OO a
ton, making the cost of sunerphosphate
about $40.00 a ton, while here it was
bought for $22.00 a ton: and ground rock
phosphate was delivered for $9.00 per ton
by the carload from Tennessee. Grain
from Calgary points to Briti.sh Columbia
buyers in the Interior or at Vancouver wa.s
charged 19c freight per bushel for di.stances
of 500 to 650 miles, while from Calgary 1o
Fort William, 1,227 miles, the freight was
13 3-lOc per bushel. In such ways high
tariffs have worked to cause that province
far greater losses than the extra price It
ha.s brought to fruit growers could begin to
pay for. My conviction is that only after
high tariffs are removed will the Pacific
Province fully come to its own.

April, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

103

1 believe that a fair competition with
[the Oregon and Washington fruit growers

Tould in the result be better for the grow-
lers of British Columbia than protection

rhich in the end costs more than it bene-

BtB.

Yours truly,

HENRY MOYLE.

The Fall Packing and Exhibition Number

September of The Canadian Horticultur-

Bt was the best magazine I have ever seen.

it gives a good account of the month's work

the garden.— H. A. Nicholls, F.R.H.S.,

jondon, Ont.

"POUNDS OF BEES"

To the practical Beekeepers of Canada.
Past experience proves to us that It does not
pay to sell bees in pound packages earlier
than May 1st, but after that date, which is
just after our Orange Blossom flow, finds
our hives full of young bees and sealed brood.
So we can offer bees after May 1st, 1 pound,
J1.60; 6 pound lots, J1.25; 10 pound lots, Jl.OO
per lb. In lots of 100 pounds in separate
pound packages. 90c. per pound F.O.B.
Rialto, Cal. Untested queens to go with
them. $1.00 each, J4.25 for six, J8.00 per
dozen; $60.00 per 100, or queens by mail at
above prices. Safe arrival and satisfaction
to all customers. Express charges to or
near Toronto, around 25c. per pound in lots
of 10 or more at one time.
RIALTO HONEY CO., Rialto, Cal., U.S.A.

BEEKEEPERS!

Jones' Weed Process
Comb Foundation, Wax
worked into Founda-
tion, Italian Bees in
Pound Packages, Im-
proved Model Hives,
and a full line of Bee
Supplies. Catalogue

free.

Write us if you have any BEES-
WAX to offer.

F. W. JONES

BEDFORD, QUE.

BEES

Bees a'-e a money mak
iriK a«.seton any fann,
brinKing annually a far
Rreator return to your
table anil at the mai ket
than I hey cost in caro
and expense. Do ynu
know the twentie h
renrurv methods? Buy
PRODUCTIVE BEE-
KEEPING, learn how
to m:ike a beginning
and how to see it
ihrouith. Itttives the
methods found to
be I he best money-
makers by exieoBive
honey produeeia. The
illuai rations (five in pietori
neodr-d to explain ihe text.

135 'lustrations. 3»6 pages. Octavo. Hand-
some clft'n. Si.sonet Postage or expressaee
extra iOc.

Addrctt -BOOK DEPT.

The Horticul'oral Pablishing Co.

Peterboro, Ont.

al form all that is

THE SIBBALD WAX PRESS

Cheap, SlroDd t>nd
Efficient

Now is the time to render
that pile of old combs
into nice cakes of yel-
low wax. The SIBBALD
PRESS is just the machine
for the Job, it will soon pay
for itself in the extra wax
obtained. Wax taken in pay-
ment or in exchange for
goods of any kind.

Two sizes — 19 in., $9.50;
13 in., $6.00.

The HAM & NOTT COMPANY, Ltd., Brantford, Ont.

Southern Headquarters

-FOR-

Italian Bees and Queens

Swarms in packages, 1 lb. bees $1.50, 2 lbs. bees $2.50; 50 or
more packages 12iAc. less each. If queens are wanted with the
above add price of her to the above. Three band Italian un-
tested queens 75c each; tested $1.25 each. No reduction for
quantity of queens on April and May deliveries. No disease.
Safe arrival and pure mating I guarantee. We can supply and
satisfy you. We spare no labor nor money to produce the best
for you is why we cannot make a lower price. We have long
since passed the experimental stage in this business. We will
care for your interest.

W. D. ACHOR D

FITZPATRICK - - ALA., U. S. A.

"Queen Breeder and Pioneer Successful shipper of bees in packages."

The Root Canadian House

185 Wright Ave. - - Toronto, Ont.

MAPLE SYRUP WANTED.
All kinds of Bee supplies, books and Jour-
nals. None better in quality. Put In your
order now for 1 lb. packages of bees. Satis-
faction guaranteed. Bariy discounts.

WE STILL MAKE FOUNDATION
FOR SALE

We will buy your wax or make it into the
best erode of foundation at low rates.

W. A CHRYSLER & SON

Rt. No. 5, Chatham, Ont.

104

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

noral Edition.

THE

BEEKEEPERS^
DIRECTORY

The followlnc beekeepers will be able to
«upply Bees and Queens In any quantity
for the season of 1916. Order early.

E. E. MOTT,

Glenwood, Mich.
Northern Bred Italian Queens.

J. P. MOORE,

Morgan, Ky.
Try Moore's Strain Next Tear.

W. R. STIRLING,

RIdfletown, Ont.
Fine Italian Queens.

J. I. BANKS,

Dowelltown, Tenn.
Italian "Queens of Quality."

P. TEMPLE,

438 Gladstone Ave., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian Bred Italian Stock.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.,

Newark, N.Y.
Northern Bred Italian Bees and Queens.

M. 0. BERRY & CO.,

Successors to Brown & Berry,
Haynevllle, Ala.
Best bred Italian Queens and Bees.

THE PENN COMPANY,

Penn, Miss.
Bees and Queens.

P. W. JONES,

Bedford, Que.

Beea by the pound, also best Italian

Queens.

H. C. CLEMONS,

Boyd, Ky.
Three band Italians bred for business.

THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE,

185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont.
Canadian and U.S.A. bred queens and
bees. Bees by the pound or colony.

A. E. CRANDALL & SON,

Berlin, Conn.

"Quality" Italian Queens.

JOHN A. McKINNON,

St. Eugene, Ont.
Best northern bred stock.

WM. ATCHLEY,

of Mathls, Texaa.
Wants to sell you your early bees by the
pound. Queens In season.

J. W. K. SHAW & CO.,

Loreauville, La.
Everyone knows their strain of three-
band Italians.

Better Net Returns

C. F. Howard, Hagersville, Ont.

One of the prime factors in securing bet-
ter returns for our apples is in maintaining
a uniformity of pacli. If the con.sumer cau
rely upon the stamp on any brand or pack-
age to mean uniformity of pack, it will
mean a greater demand for our product.
Herein lies our greatest weakness, so far
as our local Association is concerned. Each
member is responsible for the packing of
his fruit according to a set of rules laid
down by our association, and of course
under a rigid inspection, yet there is a far
greater variation in grading and packing
than there should be. We have endeavored
by means of educational work along the
line of packing demonstrations and pack-
ing schools to overcome this difficulty, and
I may say that they are improving the con-
dition to a considerable extent; but, be-
cause of the fact that orcharding is mostly
a side Idne in our district, the nece.ssary
attention is not given to this work that
there should be.

Also, we can increase our net returns
greatly by increasing our percentage of
No. 1 fruit. The past two or three years
have been off years with us, for the growth
and spread of the apple scab has got be-
yond our control to such an extent that
the profits have been practically eaten up.
Last year we left over 40% of our apples
in the orchards, a large part of them being
No. 3's, and practically all undisposed of.
Thi.s year we were hit harder than ever,
but fortunately by the introduction of the
new apple box, which we made use of, we
disposed of our entire crop to good advan-
tage. But I maintain that our growers
must study to produce a very high per-
centage of No. 1 apples in order to realize
profits on their apple crop.

In regard to the marketing of our crop,
1 may say that we have grown up with the
Co-operative Fruit Growers of Ontario,
Ltd., having been one of its units since the
year of its organization. I am an out-and-
out supporter of cooperation, and believe
that therein lies the solution of our market-
ing problems. Our association is small,
not yet producing 5,000 barrels of apples.
To place this amount on the market in-
dividually would make it necessary to
handle them through a middleman or the
ordinary channels of the apple trade. We
would also have, separately, to carry the
risks Involved in shipping and of collect-
ing payments. This has meant a good deal
to our association already, for we have
saved the loss of a part payment on a car
of apples, and the central is now fighting
the railroad on the partial loss on another
car. In unity there is strength, and the
central organization can aid very greatly in
these matters, especially the smaller asso-
ciations.

The control of the market is essential if
we are to get better net returns. This does
not mean a control that will squeeze the con-
sumer. We must bear in mind that our
product is more of a luxury to many than
an actual necessity. I mean a control in
fairness to the producer as well as con-
sumer. Such control can only be accom-
plished through provincial wide cooperation.
It is utter folly for producing organizations
to go out on the markets and compete one
against the other. This state of affairs only
places us at the mercy of the shrewd
dealers.

Again, I claim that through organized ef-
fort we are in a better position to direct
our product to the markets where prices
rule highest, without the usual result of a
glutted market and a slump in price. Even

• A paper read at the last annual convention
of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association.

QUEENS

REARED IN CANADA
From the BEST Italian Stock

$1.00 Each; Six for $5.00

P. TEMPLE

438 GUdttone Atc. TORONTO, ONT.

FOR SALE

Leather Colored Italian Queens

A few choice breeding queens at $10.00
each, spring delivery. I guarantee these
queens to be as good as any Imported queen,
barring none. If purchaser is not satisfied
after one year's trial return queen and 1
will refund the $10.00.

Warranted purely mated queens $1.00 each
or $10.00 dozen. Untested, after July 1st,
75c each or $9.00 a doz.

A few choice cols, of Italian bees In 9
frame hives at $10.00 per col.

Tested Queens $1.50 each.

JOHN A. McKINNON
St. Eugen - Ontario

Italian Queens

Three-Banded

Ready April 1, of an excep-
tionally vigorous and long-
lived strain of bees. They
are gentle, prolific, and the best of honey
gatherers. Untested, $1.00: 3. $2.75; 6. $5.00:
12, $9.00. Tested, $1.25; 6. $6.50; 12, $12.50.
Send for my free circular and price list, and
see the natural conditions under which my
queens are raised. Will book orders now.

JOHN G. MILLER. Corpus Christ!, Texas.

Corner C St., and Coleman Ave.

Three Bar d jtalian Queens

They are bred from imported mothers.
They are the best for honey producing pur-
pose, very gentle and not Inclined to swarm.

If you buy once you will buy always.

Guarantee that all queens will reach you
In good condition, to be purely mated and
will give perfect satisfaction. All orders
filled at once.
April 1 to May 1.

Prices. 1 6 12

Untested $.75 $4.25 $8.00

Select Untested 90 B.OO 9.00

Tested 1.25 7.00 13.00

Select Tested 2.00 11.00 20.00

L L FOREHAND,

Fort Deposit, Ala.

Pound

Packages
and Queens

We have established a Bee and Queen
Breeding Yard in the south to handle our
growing trade. You should order early to
avoid delay. Send order on a postal. — no
money until Bees arrive. Delivery begins
April 1st. If possible order In 5 lb. lots. It
Is cheaper In express charges. Satisfaction
guaranteed. Price, $3.25 per lb.
CHAS. E. HOPPER & CO.. TORONTO. ONT.

Vpril, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

lOS

111 a year of scarcity like last year, sucli
conditions occurred in many of our markets.
In a year of plenty we feel the need of ex-
tended markets, wliicti can best be sought
,out by the central.

The publicity of our business through
Ipducational propaganda and press agencies

m be far better governed with lesser ex-
Ipense through a central head, and eventu-
ally return to the producer in dollars and
cents. The advertising of the apple and its

aany uses will lead to a greater consump-
ion. The varieties of apples are very little

aown by the consuming public. The Spy
heems to have found over-ruling preference,
Bven to the exclusion of many other good
irarieties in their season. We find it diffi-
cult to supply the high percentage of Spys

sked for in our orders. Most of our or-
chards were planted by our forefathers, and
we find in them a great collection of
varieties, which is a sad mistake from a
commercial standpoint. Anyone contem-
plating a new plantation should give this
matter of varieties serious consideration.

Possibly one of the greatest means of in-
creased profit to the grower is a closer con-
nection with the consumer. Doubtless the
West will ever continue to be one of the
best markets for Ontario apples. It will
need developing along the lines of coopera-
tion, the west with the east. Agricultural
organizations in the west have already been
securing a part of their supply of fruit from
our cooperative organizations in Ontario.
There seems to be an organized effort in the
west to defeat any such negotiations. Even
our local association, in their own com-
petition for this market, are hampering the
trade to a great extent. But the west, with
its ever-increasing population, will create
a demand for our Ontario apples that, with
proper attention, will mean better net re-
turns for our producers. In conclusion, I
would say, let us lend ourselves to a more
extended system of cooperation, and there-
by make for prosperity in our local associa-
tion work.

Fruitgrower Wins Suit

A case which has been hanging fire for
some time, and which is of unusual interest
to fruitgrowers in general, has just been
concluded in the County Court at Hamilton.

This was an action brought by the Whit-
ing Nursery Company of Boston, U.S.A.,
against C. Coulson, a Beamsville fruit-
grower, for $103, alleged to be due the nur-
sery company for fruit trees supplied him
by the plaintiff company.

The defendant, Mr. Coulson, in his state-
ment of the defence, says that after giving
tlie order for the trees, and prior to their
delivery, he notified the company in writing
to cancel the order. Mr. Coulson also
claims that the order was secured through
misrepresentation, and because of this, and
his notice to the company to cancel the
order, he refused to accept the trees when
they were later shipped to him, returned
the shipment to the company, and refused
to pay them.

The plaintiffs state that the order re-
ceived from Mr. Coulson in writing wa-s
marked "not subject to countermand," that
the trees were shipped according to agree-
ment, and that the order was not obtained
fJiTough misrepresentation.

Mr. Whiting, manager of the nursery
company, under examination by Mr. Staun-
ton, said he did not grow the trees, but pur-
chased them from a nursery company in
Boston, and that the order taken from Mr.
Coulson reitumed the trees to his place the

SWEET PEAS

Keith's Finest Mixed Spencer Varieties.
Postpaid 1 oz. 15c— ^4 lb. 50c — V, lb. 90c—
1 lb. $1.75.

Keith's Sterling Mixture. Large flow-
ering varieties. Postpaid 1 oz. 10c — V^ lb.
20c— 1 lb. 70c.

GLADIOLI

Keith's Best Mixture, 30c per doz., $1.50
per 100 by express, or postpaid 40c per
do;<;., $2.00 per 100.

NASTURTIUMS

Keith's Special Mixture of Dwarf Varie-
ties. Postpaid 1 oz. 10c— V4 lb. 40c— 1 lib.

rsc.

Keith's Special Mixture of Climbing
Varieties. Postpaid 1 oz. 16c — % lb. 50c —
I lb. $1.00.

BEGONIAS

Crimson, Pink, White, Yellow. Single
6c each, 50c doz. Double 10c each, 76c
ioz.. Postpaid.

GEO. KEITH & SON

120 King St. E.

Toronto, Ont.

Start a Backyard Garden This

pring

W

HY not decide now to have a garden this spring, and pre-
pare your hot beds at once. In another couple of
weeks you should have your seeds suoh as onions, to-
matoes, beets, leittuce, cabbage, ajid of course a number of
varieties of flowers for the flower garden all planted.

Uiiliud

BATTS LIMITED

MANUFACTURERS ALSO OF GREENHOUSE BARS AND SASH

366-415 PACIFIC AVENUE - - WEST TORONTO

106

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Spraying Pays

SAVES your crop from loss, helps tree and plant tr> produce better and
larger crops, prevents spread of disease, insures a longer life fortrees and
a longer growing time foi vines each year. Blight hit potatoes in many
states in 1915— many million bushels lost. Spraying would have saved them.

mNASE Sprayers

Include bucket, barrel, power and potato spraytrs in niriiiy sizes and vari-
ety of equipment to suit each man's needs. We want to show you what each
one is, how they are made and what thev will do. Ask your dealer to
show you these tools and write us for booklet describing all of them fully.
We also have a spraying guide which we are glad to send.

TIieBateman-Wakin.onCo..L't'd, 464 SymiagtOBAve. Toronto, Ontario.

Also Potato Machinery, Garden Tools, Fertilizer Distributors, etc:

Potato ifr»j»<

The Williains
Strawberry

This famous strawberry still main-
tains Its lead over all others In this
district as a commercial berry. We
have a fine stock of plants for spring
setting, and can quote favorable rates on
large or small orders. Satisfaction
guaranteed. Send for circular.

W. H. BUNTING

TlicCiiletonFraitFatm, St. Catharines, Ont.

FRUIT MACHINERY CO.

INGERSOLL, ONT.

Manufacturers of the Ontario Power
Sprayer Mode! 2-B, the handiest of them
all. Engine fills the tank. Also a com-
plete line of Apple Evaporating Machin-
ery and power evaporator equipment.
Our complete power systems for evap-
orating as we install them are practical,
sanitary and labor saving.

Write for free Illustrated catalogue on
spraying and evaporating.

PEERLESS PERFECTlOlr

A

THE FENCE THAT
STAYS'PUT"

Erect Ovei- v*jp-.
Uneven Ground>

PEERLESS Perfection
is one of the easiest
fences to erect, because
it stays "put." It can be
erected over the most hilly
and uneven ground, without
buckling, snapping or kinking.
Every joint is locked together
with the well-known "Peerless
Lock . " The heavy stay wires we use pre-
vent sagging and require only about half as many posts as other fences.

Peerless Farm Fence

is made of the best Open Hearth steel fence wire. All the impurities
of the steel are burned out and all the strength and toughness left in.
Makes the fence elastic and springy. It will not snap or break under
sudden shocks or quick atmospheric changes. Our method of galvaniz-
ing prevents rust and the coating will not flake, peel or chip off.

Send for catalog. It also describes our farm gates,
poultry fencing and ornatnental fencing.

Agents nearly everywhere. Jtgents wanted
in unassigned. territory.

The Banwell-Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd.

Winnipeg, Manitoba Hamilton, Ontario

.same day that he, Mr. Oliver, delivert'd
them to Mr. Coulson.

Mr. Daley, manager of the E. D. Smith
nursery, Winona, called as witness for the
defendant, stated that Shiro plum trees,
sold Mr. CouLson as special varieties at 75
cents each, were a very ordinary variety
and were sold by Canadian nurserymen at
30 cents each. He had examined the trees
shipped to Coulson from the Boston com-
pan.v, and found some of them first-class
and some others of an inferior quality.

After remaining out nearly two hours, the
jury brought in a verdict in favor of the
defendant, Coulson.

^^(■■■■■^■■■■■■■■■■I

The Poultry Yard

F. C. Elford, Experimental Farm, Ottawa

Bwwwwwwiiiwjmi

Operating the Incubator

A few instructions for operating the ma-
chine are given here, but it must be borne
in mind that, as a rule, the general direc
tions given by the manufacturers should be
followed fairly closely, at least until they
have proven unsatisfactory for local condi-
tions. One of the reason why first hatches
often are so successjful is because rules tor
operation are closely adhered to, but b.v
the time the operator has run oft two or
three hatches, he begins to think he knows
more than the manufacturers, and makes
rules of his own, which are sometimes fol-
lowed by disastrous results. Therefore,
whatever shall be said is to be taken in a
general way and not to replace direct in-
structions intended for any particular make
of incubator, but to help out in case these
instructions do not prove, in your individual
case, the best.

The Temperature.

There are two kinds of thermometers In
general use, those that hang up and those
that stand or rest on the eggs. Usually
102% degrees is recommended for the stand-
ing thermometer and 103 lor the hanging
thermometers. •

In starting the machine, run it for several
days without the eggs so as to insure good
regulation, and when the eggs are put in, see
that the temperature comes up in a rea
sonable time. If the hatches are slow in
coming off, raise the temperature in suc-
ceeding hatches and vice versa. It Is a
good plan to have an extra thermometer on
hand in case of accident, and thermometers
should be tested each spring before the
incubation season.

Humidity.

Climatic conditions in most parts of Can-
ada are such as to make it advisable to sup-
ply moisture. A relative humidity of from
50 to 60 inside the egg chamher gives most
satisfactory results. Moisture checks the
undue evaporation of the eggs, and, as a
rule, the more ventilation that is given the
more moisture will be required. When
there is no hygrometer to register humidity,
a fair indication of the proper amount can
be ascertained by watching the air cell. At
the first test on the seventh day, the air
space ought to be about one-eighth the size
of the egg, and on the sixteenth day about
one-fourth.

Moisture can be applied in a pan beneath
the egg tray, or, in some makes of machines,
a wet sponge can be placed above the hot-
air pipes with satisfaction.

As a rule, if at hatching time the chicks

April. 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

107

Clean up that stony section ot the farm
with a Bissell Steel Stone Boat. Built ot
stiff steel with railing around edges; steel
runners. Sizes 2, 214, and 3 ft. wide. Dif-
ferent styles for all kinds of farm and stable
work. Write Dept. N. for folder and prices.
T. E. Bissell Co., Limited, Elora, Ontario.
BISSELL STEEL STONE BOAT
See advt. also on page IX.

FOR SALE

Everything from an apple tree
to a strawberry plant — shade,
ornamental and evergreen
trees, ornamental shrubs and
vines, roses, hardy flowering
plants. bulbs. asparagus-
guaranteed stock at reason-
able prices. Catalogue Free.
Silver black foxes, fishers,
mink.
LOWNHAM BROS..B01 E, Sn.ibicj.Oni

Strawberry Plants that Grow

Selected plant*. AJl standard varieties t3.60
to $6.00 per 1,000. Send for list.

Ontario Nursery Co.

WELLINGTON. ONTARIO.

Strawberry Plants

Stocky, well rooted plants. Carefully and
securely packed for shipment by mall or ex-
press. Free catalogue and price list.

S. H. RITTENHOUSE

Jordan Harbor, - Ontario

FREE LAND

For the SETTLER in

NEW ONTARIO

MiUlona of acres of virgin soil obtain-
able free and at a nominal cost are call-
ing for cultivation.

Thousands of farmers have responded
to the call of this fertile country and are
being made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a horns
awaits you.

For full information as to terras, ref-
lations, and settlers rates, write to

H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonization
Parliament Buildings, TORONTO

HON. G. HOWARD FERGUSON,
Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines.

Brown's Auto Sprays

Mean Big Crops

Finer fruits, more, better^
vegetables. Auto Sprayy "
No, l—here ehown — doHtroys
boKB, prevents bllRht anddis-
caSG. 4 gallon capacity. Fast
workintr, economical. Throws
mist-liko spray dt i>ow<.Tful
Ptrram. Cannot clojj. 'KlKiyles
—hand or powtT. Ot low
H prices- and vrtlunble Spray-
Write % ir)g Guide KKEE. Address
For \ The E. C. Brown Co,
Free X. ^^^ Mni>\c St.

o ^^ Rochester

SprayingJ^^^ N y.
Guide

A Reliable and Economical
Source of Power

A MASSEY-HARRIS ENGINE mounted on
■^^^ Skids can be moved around to any place where
you need help in the way of power.

You will be surprised to find the many uses to which
it can be put and the small cost as compared with
manual labor, not only around the farm but in the
dairy and kitchen, where it does so much to lighten
the work of the women on the farm.

And perhaps the most interesting part of it is that an
Engine costs nothing in "salary" or "keep" when
not running.

Our Catalogue "Farm Power" gioes many suggestions

for Saving Labor.

♦♦♦♦♦♦

MASSEY-HARRIS CO., Limited.

Head Offices — Toronto, Canada.

— Branches at —

Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon,

Swift Current, Calgary, Yorkton, Edmonton.

— Agencies Everywhere —

WHOLESALE PRICES

On strawberry plants to the planter. And other kinds of small fruit plants at very
low prices. Such as Raspberry, Blackberry, Currants', Gooseberry, and Grapes;
also best kinds of Rhubarb and Asparagus Roots. 23 years' experience In propa-
gating and shipping small fruit plants. There are no better plants grown In
Miciilgan. Everything fully guaranteed. Large Illustrated and descriptive cata-
logue free.

A.WESTON &, CO., Bridgman, Mich.

108

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Planet Jr. Cultivators

—biggest savers for farm and gardeir

Why worry along with slow out-of-date inipleincnts and meagre results?
Planet Jr tools are far more economical— they do 3 to 6 times the work,
get bigger, better crops, and outlast several ordinary implements. Fully
guaranteed. You are actually losing money when-
ever you cultivate without them.

No. 72 Planet Jr 2-row, 2-hone Pirot-whecl CuUivalor

saves a man, a team, and a cultivator every day it is used.

Cultivates 2 rows of corn, potatoes, beans, etc.atonepas-

saee, even if rows are crooked or irregular width.

In check rows and listed corn it also beats any
crtool. Can be equipped with sprinRtrip stand-
ards, discs, sweeps, hoe steels, and furrowinK shovels.
Specially hardened cultivating steels add 50 per cent
to wear. Also spring lift, new this year.
No. 8 Planet JrHorse Hoe and Cultivator is stronger,
better-made and capable of a greater variety of
work than any other horse hoe made. Non-clog-
ging steel wheel. Depth-regulator and extra-
long frame make it run steady. Adjustable
for both depth and width. 15 other styles ot
(mr-horse cultivators— various prices.
New 72-page Catalog (184 illustrations) free!

Describes over 70 tools, including 12 entirely new ones, and
Imiirovements to our Seeders, Wheel-Hoes. Horse-Hoes.
Harrows. Orcliard-. Beet- and Plvot-wheel Ki'Hng Cultiva-
tors. Write us for name of nearest Asreney.

SLAIIen&Co Boxiioec Philadelphia

CENTRAL NURSERIES
For reliable Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Peach and Orna-
mental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, Grape Vines, Berry
Plants, EJvergrreens, Hedges, etc. — good ones, too.

Also Seed Potatoes.
We ship direct to customers. Our new price oatalogrue
will interest you. Note our offers — they are dependable

and O. K 35 years at it. No agents for us.

Early Six Weeks' Seed Potatoes for sale.

A. G. HULL &. SON, St, Catharines, Ontario

STRAWBERRY PLANTS

The Cream of the strawberry world. Only a few thousaJid each of the following choice
varieties to offer. Order early.

"Pride of Michigan" B. "Chesapeake" B, "Donan" B. "FendaU" P, "Kellogg's Prize" P.
Price 75c per 100, $5.00 per 1,000.

Two grand everbearing varietie.s — "Superb" B, "Progressive" B, at $1.50 per 100, $10.00
per 1,000.

Those marked P are Piatilates and should always be plajvted with Bisexual varieties
marked B.

The Mitchell Nursery and Floral Co.

MITCHELL ONTARIO

are drieU up and the air apace large, too
much ventilation has been allowed, or not
enough moisture given, or botli, ajid U, on
the other hand, the chicks look as though
they were drowned and a very little air
space is seen, there has heem too llttl*-
ventilation or too much moisture or both.
Cooling and Turning.

From the second day to the seventeeo'tb,
the eggs should be turned twice a day and
cooled once; in very warm weather they
may be cooled twice a day. No stated time
can be given for cooling, so muoh depends
upon the temperature of the room and the
ventilation and moisture given. In turning,
it is not necessary to turn each individual
eeg over, but rather to shuffle the eggs, and
in doing so, work tiiose at the outside to
the centre and vice versa.
Testing.

Usiuany two tests are sufficient, one for
fertility and one for dead germs. The test,
for fertility should take place on the seventh
or eight day ot incubation. At this time, as
the eggs are held before a light the infertile
eggs will appear uniformly t)right, while the
fertile eggs will show a dark spot with a
cloudy portion around it. At the second
teat, which is for the purpose of detecting
the dead germs, an egg with a live germ will
have an appearance much the same as that
on the seventh day, only the germ will ai>-
pear larger and darker; probably one-halt orf
the egg will appear dark, and the air space
■will be larger. The dead germ will not be
much larger than when seen at the first
test, which would indicate that it had not
grown as the others had. It also may be
stuck to the shell and look like a red streak,
or as it is called, a blood ring. All of these
should be discarded, as they -will not develop
into chicks.

Practice only will make one perfect In
testing. It is a good plan to crack an egg
occasionally to see what is inside, but if
you are not sure whether the germ is alive
or not, and do not want to break the egg,
mark it so that you will know what it look-
ed like when you see whether it hatches or
not

When the War is Over

"We should plan now for the proper ex-
ploitation of the European market when the
war is over," said Mr. Elmer Lick, ot Osh-

You Realize That You Musf Spray

No need now to talk about spraying to the progressive orchardist of Canada. He knows.
The question is, "Which is the best pump equipment?" The saving of a few dollars may prove very expensive.
lii^'h pressure, large capacity, and long, uninterrupted service, are essential to spraying efficiency. Naturally,
these feiitures are not to be found in a cheap pump.
They are ¥> T? A 1VT SPRAY
found.n 13 t, /V IN PUMP

Die

The Bean gives more than one hundred cents ot vatue
for every dollar that It costs. The Bean saves time,
money and temper. It Is the most economical for the re-
gular sprayer.

Let us refer you to people who use the Bean and know
its advantages. All sizes, hand and power.

Send tor Catalogue and Price List.

The Niagara Brand Spray Co., Limited

Burlington, Ontario

EVERYTHING FOR C Soluble Sulphur, Lime Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead, Dust Sprays
SPRAYING (and Dusters, Hand and Power Pump* and Accessories

April, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

109

awa, past president of the Outarlo Fruit
Orowers' Association, in a recent issue of
the Toronto Globe. "Before the war we had
begun to develop an outlet in Copenhagen.
We should give special attention to that
market when peace is restored. Just be-
yond Copenhagen lies Russia, with its teem-
ing millioas, and an almost unlimited mar-
ket can be found there for our Ben Davis,
which is peculiarly well fitted for long-dis-
tance carnage.

Hull is another point that should not be
overlooked. Golden Russets will do better
in Liondon than anywhere else. Manchester
l8 the best market for Spies. These are all
points to be considered in connection with
the 'after-the-war" situation. A most import-
ant point to bear in mind is the necessity
oif taking the management of our export
apple business into our own hands, just as
we are doing in the case of our western ap-
ple trade."

Packages for Tender Fruit*

J. M. Creelman, Grimsby, Ont.

THE question of fruit packages has been
much discussed for some time now,
and has led to an estimable aim for
the standardization of fruit packages. Need-
less to say it is a hard question to handle,
and, so far, no one has completely coped
with it. I do not mean to recommend any
standards, but simply to give you the results
of our experiments at Grimsby with some
packages for the shipments of strawberries,
cherries and peaches.

We did not try all the packages used in
different parts of this conUnent. It is hardly
possible to test them all at once. How-
ever, we did have most of those which we
believed to be the best.

1 Intend to treat this subject only from
the standpoint of loag distance shipments.
The local markets are a different phase, but
a package which is suitable for long dis-
tance shipments is usually suitable for local
disposition, unless too expensive. That Is,
the local market may not pay a sufficiently
remunerative price to pay to pack in such
a package.

The points which any package must have
to be satisfactory are diverse, but all are
essential. First, a package must be strong
enough to stand shipment without serious
damage to itself or to its contents. Second-
ly, it must be so constructed as to give the
maximum of protection to the contents.
Thirdly, it should be attractive in appear-
ance. Fourthly, yes, I put it last on pur-
pose, the cost of the package must not be
prohibitive. There Is a fifth point which,
although not absolutely necessary, neverthe-
less, is one -which should not be overlooked.
The package ought to be planned for effici-
ency in loading and handling. This is a
point well worth some good sound think-
ing. You must also consider the market's
demands, but this Is of lesser account, be-
cau.<;e thi.-? can be changed by education.

Another thing we must take into considera^
Uon is the tendency apparent to reduce the
size of fruit packages. We see in the case
of apples the tendency is to use the box
rather than the barrel. For soft fruits we
see an increased use of the six-quart basket
where formerly the eleven-quart basket was
used nearly altogether.

Tho twpnty-four-quart crate commonly
used for the shipment of strawberries in
Ontario does not measure up to any of the
requirements which we named. It is more
or less fragile, often being broken in transit.

• RxtrBct from a paper read at the last an-
nual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association.

AYLMER SPRAYERS
have won Medals
and are used by
Sevan Governments

USE

AYLIVI ER
SPRAYER

Aylmer Sprayer
Outfit D

Fig. liG
Pump complete. 10
ft. iiose with coup-
lings attached. 2
Friend Nuz'/,les. 1
BrassSlopCock.I Y.
1 lonjf Iron Exten-
sion Rod, withort.
barrel. S20. 00.
Lined Bamboo
Extension
Kod in place
of iron. $2.00 ex-
tra: with barrel
»«.00 extra.
Shipped prepaid
to any station in
Ontario.

Fruit growers use
Aylincr Sprayers be-
cause they give RE-
SULTS. Aylmer ,
Sprayers have the force to
drive the .nixture into cre-
vices of bark and buds a. —
make it penetrate the hiding
places of the destructive little insects. No tiine wasted
on reoairs during the Spraying Season if you get _
Sprry« that DOES NOT GET OUT OF ORDER.
Any man who has had the exasperating experience of
having to stop on account of loose " packing on the
p-stons, will be glad to own an Aylmer Sprayer. It is I
the only Sprayer constructed without troublesome
"oackine." In the Aylmer, the pistons are made tight '

LCKin^. Ill y-ll^ t^yiiii^k, u...- ,,...... ..

by three bronze expanding rings, the same as the
pistons in automobile engines. This Sprayer is easy
to pump and there is no pressure leakage; every
ounce of pressure being turned into spray work
Agitators prevent dogging; nozzles are UP-to-
date; throw full distance and with lull
power from a stream to a spray,

Wl seryice. Prices low. !• K 1. 1
■nuriU^ GUIDE TO SPRAY MIX-
TURES sent on re
quest.

Aylmer Pump and Scale Co. Ltd.

WATER ST., AYUWER, ONT.

PLANTS

strawberries

Faspberries

Blackberries

Gooseberries

Currants

Grapes

Asparagus

Seed Potatoes

"GRAND PRIZE," tihe most wonderful Strawberry
we have ever grown, also the best Fall Bearing
kinds and 50 other new and standard sorts.
RASPBERRIES, Including St. Regis Everbearing,
Herbert, Eaton, Haymaker, Royal Purple, Plum
Parmeir and the beet older kinds.

Select lost of all the other Small Fruits. Our offerings
are the result of 20 years of testing and selection.

Our Green Mountain and Cobbler Potatoes are
bright, dean, healthy stock, the rigiht kind to plant.

~a7 we^dle our entire fields, the plants we offer are the best grade, and not the lltUe
plantk dug from between the rows to make paths for the pickers. Those are the Cheap
John" plants.

Our FREE CATALOG contains full descrlptkuns of varieties, cultural directions and
much other valuable Information. Send for It.

He L. McConnell & Son,

Port Burvrell _ - - - -

Ontario

TRADE MARK

Ploughs— WilkinsoD

U.S.S. Soft Centre Steel Moldboards, highly I
tempered andguaranteedtocleaninany soil. '^

Steelbearas.steellandsidesandhik'hcarbon
steel coulter. Clevises can be used either
stiff or swinff. Each plough is fitted especi-
ally with its own pair of handles— rock elm.

lonif and heavy and tliorouzlily braced. The long body
makes it a very steady runiiinif plough. Shares of all
widilis— specials ("f stony or clay land. The plough
showD turns a beautiiul (urrow, wuh mmimum dr.ilt
»ud narrow furruw at fiuiali. Astc fur caialokiuc.
The Bateman-Wllkluson Co.,
Limited
461 bymiuglOD A^*.,

_, ^ .^ Yurouto CMiada.

No*

A Book That Will
Help You

To make your home look worth while — and
worth more.

Lovers of Roses

will find many suggestions in its list of IIB
hardy varieties. It also lists many varieties,
new and old, of Shrubs, Vines, Herbaceous
Perennials, Trees and Bedding Plants.

The Book Is Free

to readers of the Canadian Hortlculturlit.
Send for it to-day.

JOHN CONNON CO. Limited
HAMILTON, ONTARIO

110

TFTE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

DUPUY & FERGUSON'S
High -Grade Seeds

We especially recommend our "SELECTED
STRAINS" of llswer and vegetable seeds to those
who desire the best. They are sold direct only.

Here are some specials sent prepaid anywhere
in Canada.

BEANS: Ferguson's Innproved Golden
Strlnglesa Wax. Pkt. lOc, % lb. 25c, 1
lb. 45c.

BEET: Ferguson's Improved Dark Red
Beet. Pkt. 5c., oz. 20c.

CABBAGE: Ferguson's Copenhagen Mar-
ket. Pkt. lOc, % oz. 35c., 1 oz. 60c.

CORN: Ferguson's Early Malcolm. Pkt.
lOc, % lb. 25c, 1 lb. 40c.

CUCUMBERS: Ferguson's Extra Lone
• White Spine. Pkt. lOc. oz. 26c.

SWEET PEAS: Ferguson's

Pkt.

LETTUCE: Ferguson's Wayahead.

lOc, oz. 26c.
ONION: Ferguson's Selected Red Globe.

Pkt. 5c., oz. 35c.
PEA: Ferguson's World Record.

10c. , hi lb. 30c., 1 lb. 50c.
RADISH: Ferguson's White Icicle.

5c., oz. 15c.
TOMATO: Fergruson's O.K. Pkt.

V4 oz. 75c

Exposition, 1916 Collection

Pkt.
Pkt.

15c..

15 of the finest giant Exhibition sorts In one grand collection, $1.25.

Debbie's Cream: Best Cream Spencer.

Elfrlda Pearson: Best and largest light

pink.

George Herbert: Best rose crimson.

Helen Lewis: Best orange.

Helen Pierce Spencer: Ijarge white

flaked blue.

Illuminator: Beautiful salmon orange.

King Edward Spencer: Best red.

King White: Best white.

Mrs. Cuthbertson: Giant rose and light

pink.

Write for our big FREE Catalogue on

New Margaret Madison: Best pale lav-
ender.

New Miriam Beaver: HUB novelty and

best light cream pink.

Nubian: Best maroon.

R. F. Felton: Best lavender.

Royal Purple: Best purple.

Wedgwood: Best blue.

D. & F.'s Waved or Countess Strain
Mixed Sweet Peas, a splendid assorted
collection, Pkt. lOc, oz. 30c., Vt lb. 90c..
1 lib. $3.00.

"SEEDS OF KNOWN QUALITY"

DUPUY & FERGUSON

38 Jacques Cartier Square - - MONTREAL

OF BDYING PAIMLIMRECE.

J

U p. W. PAINTS

Direct From Our Plant to You

At Factory Prices

Our new paint folio is prepared
with your requirements in mind.
You will find it interesting. It
explains the economy and satis-
faction of buying from us — not
from stock — right from the mill.

This folio is yours without cost.

Send us a postal asking for folio No.DlS
DOMINION PAINT WORKS, Limited,

OF WALKERVILLE,
ONTARIO

ISI§hMi

It is a rough, uaattractlve looking package,
and does not, aa a coasequence, do Uie fruit
justice, k is easily pilfered, and in car lots
loads very badiy on accoiuit of the tiandles.

Its greatest fault is m the dividers. These
are of veneer and rest on the fruit rather
than on the boxes, in this way the whole
weight of the two upper layers is on tho
lower ones and the separators resting on Ui<
fruit crush It. WitA this form of separators
or dividers it is impossible to fill the cup»
-without crushing, and if not the fruit In
spector will have you over the coals foi
not filling them. It has been found also
that the fruit upon suipment settles so thai
it appears to have been only partly filled
Here, again, the inspector may get after a
man even when he filled the boxes before
shipment.

An experimental shipment was made
through our plant last summer by the Vine-
land Growers Cooperative Company. These |
berries were in Ontario twenty-four-quan
crates and were shipped by Refrigerated Ex-
press. Included in the car were lots of the
B.C. 4-'5 quart and B.C. full pint crates.
These are the two packages used by the
shipping districts of the western States and
British Columbia.

The fruit in the Ontario crates was found
to be rather unattractive in appearance
The crates were somewhat damaged and the
berries were badly settled in the cups.

The B.C. 4-5 quart was in better shape, but
here, again, the berries were settled in the
cups so as to look as if they had not been
properly filled.

The B.C. full pint was in the best shape.
The berries were not settled and were
brig'ht and attractive, and along with the
4-0 quart this package was much more at-
tractive to look at.

However, it was when the financial re-
turns were examined that the big difference
was apparent. It was found that the B.C.
4-5 quart was only selling for 20c more a
crate than the B.C. pint, which, in turn, was
selling for 10c more than the Ontario crate.
Figure that out. The B.C. pint was selling
for 10c more than the Ontario twenty-four-
quart crate, although it contained only about
half as much fruit.

This package, the western full pint. Is the
one used principally by the shippers of
Hood River, Oregon and Spokane, Washing-
ton, and British Columbia. It has very
largely supplanted the larger 4-5 quart, as
It brings higher net returns. In Winnipeg
it brings from $3.00 to $4.00 to the -whole-
saler.

So far I have considered only shipments
to the west, where I feel safe in saying that
if we are to comTiete in that market we must
use the Pint Hallock Crate.

In the western markets we have a sepai-
ate and distinct problem. As stated, the
Ontario twenty- four-quart crate is unsatis-
factory, and is of no use for western ship-
ments. Now, the pint package is not likely
to ever find favor in the east, as It is a
package for use where high prices rule.
Then as for the 4-5 quart, it is also rather
doubtful, as the easterners look askance at
the raised bottom and call them "cheaters."
The package that is more likely to be of
use is one of the type of the American crate
or our twenty-seven-quart or thirty-six-quart,
•with thicker stripes in the dividers. This
would tend to reduce crushing, and would
still retain the cups the market is used to;
also this type is larger and more pilfer proof,
and is easier to load as It has no handles.
Further, it is more attractive in itself and
displays tlie fruit better.

In summing up the strawberry work it
seems to resolve itself into this: For ship-
ments to the ^weat use the B.C. full pint

April, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

ill

crate, and for eastern shipments we will
taave to adapt either the American crate or
the twenly-seven-quart or thirty-six-quart to
our needs.

We assured ourselves by practical experi-
ments in the season of 1914 that sour cher-
ries could be marketed in good condition in
Winnipeg, and then we wondered whether
we were using the proper packages. This
question was al&o in the minds of the
British Columbia growers, and so we de-
cided to test the relative merits of the
Ontario six-quart Climax basket and the
four-basket plum crate which was used by
the British Columbia people.

A mixed carload shipment was made, and
a comparison was thus arrived at. There
vas not much to choose between them as
for condition, but there was a difference in
.©turns. The six-quart Climax sold at an
average price of 60c, which netted the
grower 38c; while the four-basket crate
averaged $1.4>6, whloh is a net return of
S5.1C.

Then there was a factor which cannot be
expressed in figures or illustrated, but it
was found that the six-quart basket sold
much more readily than the four-basket
crate.

Further Tests.

Having satisfied ourselves we could ship
sour cherries to Winnipeg, we decided to
try some sweet ones. Also, we decided to
make a package test. With this end in
view, shipment was made to Winnipeg in
taie B.C. full pint, the B.C. 4-5 quart, the
four-basket crate, and the Woolverton crate;
this last is a crate containing 3-6 quart leno
baskets. It was found that the fruit in the
best condition was in the B.C. 4-5 quart and
pint. The pint also gave the best returns,
as it averaged the grower a net return of
14.3c per pound, with the 4-5 quart second
with 11.5c per pound.

The Woolverton crate sliows itself to be
a commendable package for shipment from
the field without repacking. I forgot to
mention it, but the other packages were all
repacked and faced in tbe warehouse. It
comes a close third with an average of
10.3c per pound net. The four-basket crate
was a poor fourth, with only a net return
of 6 5c per pound.

This seems to be simple, as here we have
again the same package as we recommended
for strawberries. This package also sold
fairly well in Montreal. They do not seem
iM> advrpe to taking cherries in It as they
do .-^rra'.vberries.

Kansas City Orchard Duster

Made by the Dust Sprayer Mf** ' ,., Kansas City, Mo.
The only machine on the market thiw has been thoroughly tried out
in orchard work. Used in all the experimental work carried on by
New York College of Agriculture.

Made in all sizes. Send tor catalogue and booklet, "How to Prepare

Dust Mixtures."

WM. L. TERHUNE %7\t^vllXl'i,T

Sole Distributor for the "SUPERFINE" sulphur for dusting.

POUND PACKAGES

OF BEST

ITALIAN BEES

We are now ready to ship pound
packages of bees in any quantity from
our southern yard at Hayneville, Ala-
bama. First shipment was received
March 27th at our Head Office, To-
ronto.

Each package contains 1 good un-
tested Italian queen and a little more
than one pound of bees, to allow tor
loss en route.

Prices J3.25 per pound package,
P. O. B. Toronto.

1 lb. Combless Package of Bees, Queen
included. The modern way to ship bees.

CHAS. E. HOPPER & CO.

Toronto

Ontario

HE TRIED BOTH

L. K. Shourds, of Wellington, Ontario, wanted to be sure. He used Lime-Sulphur Solution on half his
Orchard, and Soluble Sulphur on the other half. Now he knows, and uses SOLUBLE SULPHUR only.
He sprayed for fungus, after it had started. Soluble Sulphur cleaned it out.

SOLUBLE SULPHUR

is not only better than Lime-Sulphur Solution, but it is more convenient. Shipped
in powder form in 100 lb. drums. It means less freight — no leakage — no loss — ^no
heavy barrels to handle — Easy to mix — Sticks like paint — Does not clog the nozzles.

Send to-day for price list on SPRAYS and SPRAYERS.

Niagara Brand Spray Co., Burlington, Ontario

Everything for Spraying— Soluble Sulphur, Lime-Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead, Dust

Sprays and Dusters, Hand and Power Pumps.

112

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Successful '^^ the -ult

OrchardinGi tillage, cui-

tivate your
trees as you -would your corn— use an
"Acme" Orcbard Harrow

It gets in close under the branches. Cuts,
slices, turns the soil twice. levels and
compacts— all at one operation. Many
sizes— extension and regular. Kills small
weeds, cultivates deep, mulches thor-
oughly. Send for new free booklet —now.

Tbe Bateman-WIIkinson Co.. L't'd

502 Symington Ave. Toronto, Ont.

Give Your Horses

and

Fiir

for the warm weather

J When the heavy coat that holds the wet sweat
I and dirt 13 removed they git more koo<] from
J their feed, are healtliier and work better,
I They are more easily kept clean, and their im*
I proved appearance t^eatly adds to
Ithoir sailing price. It also
1 pnys to clip the flanks and

uddsrs of your cows— you ct
I oloan milk. Clip them with the

Stewart

Bali-Bearing

Machine

It turns easier, clips faster and
closer and stays sharp longer
than any other. Gears are cut
from solid steel bar. They are
enclosed, protected and run in
oil; little friction, little wear.
Has six feet of new style, easy
runniuK flexible shaft and the
celebrated Stewart single ten-
sion clippinK head, hiphcst
grade. Price complete $9.25.
CHICAGOFLEXIBLE SHAFT CO.
£ 61^ N, USalle, Chicago, HI-

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS.
GOOSEBERRIES — Josselyn, Red Jacket, Down-
ing, Pearl, Houghton. CURRANTS — Perfection,
Ruby, Cherry, White Grape, Lee's Profile, Cham-
pion, Black Naples, Black Victoria, Boskoop Giant.
RASPBERRIES— Herbert, Plum Farmer, St. Regli,
Cuthbert, Marlboro. Golden Queen, Brinckle's
Orange, etc. etc. vGARDEN ROOTS, Strawberry
Plants, Rhubarb. Write for Catalogue.
WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman, 496-4th Ave. W.,
OWEN SOUND, ONT.

Fire Blight Destroys
Thousands of Trees

FIRE BLIGHT OF THE APPLE

IS SPREAD BY APHIS

APHIS CHECKS GROWTH OF TREES

APHIS CAUSES LEAVES TO CURL

APHIS DEFORMS FRUIT

DESTROY APHiS WITH

"BLACK LEAF 40"

Guaranteed 40^ Nicotine

^Your dealer will furnish you thUj

^effective insecticide in concentrated t

^form — 200 gallons of spray fromj

^the 2-lb. can costs $2.50 — 1,000^

^gallons from the 10-Ib. canj

^coits $10.75. If he willj

^not supply you we will^

^send it to you, express^

^prepaid, upon receipt J

^of price. Write forj

Free Bulletins to

the address

below.

Blackleafffl

MCOnilE-silLPHATI

2Pburiosfticeia

HAKtS too GA1&
EFFECTIVE SP1UV.

uusniu,icmoaft

BLACK LEAF 40

- 407a Nicotine -

C%(?KENTUCKY TOBACCO PRODUCTXO.

IMCOfU*OnATED

LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY.

Shipping Immature Fruit*

F. Carpenter

With the result.? of immature fruit reach
Ing the con.sumer apparent. Is It not a fact
that it Is difficult to appreciate the amount
of damage done to our market by shipping
It? Jellot Colt, of California, states that
for every dollar made on green fruit by the
extra early shipper, perhaps ten are lost
later by conservative shippers through gen-
eral depreciation of the market. Low price?
are caused directly through a few sales of
Immature fruit.

Who is at fault? Is the grower only to
be censored for the shipping of this class of
fruit? Or Is It the dealer, or both? Doe?
the climate govern the time of picking and
maturity? Or does the price? As an example
in the- past fruit season: — The season waf
late, the consumers, especially In the west,
were asking for grapes, or. In other words,
the demand was good. The wholesale
houses there wired back to their dealers In
the Niagara district offering or guarantee-
ing a good price. The dealer went to the
grower and possibly spurred on by the fact
that he could make a good profit for him-
self before the rush of fruit started, advised
him that his fruit was ready for picking
and offered him from two to three cents a
basket more than he would be likely to ob-
tain when the main crop was moving. Do
you blame the grower for taking the offer,
and rushing his picking, though he knew
himself that the fruit was not in the best
condition for consumption? Do you blame
the dealer for shipping? There is no law
against it, so he possibly concluded that the
law favored It.

During the shipping season the average
grower or shipper Is so busy that In some
cases the dictates of his own conscience are
apparently overlooked. What Is the re
suit? Some consumers will possibly get
enough fruit In one basket to do for the
whole season; and the whole industry suf-
fers as a consequence. It seems that the
righteous have to answer for the sins of the
wicked, and that something Is wrong when
practically worthless fruit brings high
prices and good fruit goes begging a few
weeks later. Some might claim that the
Boards of Health have jurisdiction over
such packages on the grounds that they are
unfit for human consumption. If the fruit
Is mildewed, or otherwise diseased or over-
ripe, or covered with scale or fly specks,
they might take action; but in so far as
the average officer of a Board of Health Is
competent to judge of maturity In fruit he
would be little, if any, better than the aver-
age consumer.

Practically all kinds of fruit are more or
less affected, some more than others, de-
pending on several factors such as supply
and demand, season and ignorance and In-
difference on the part of grower or shipper
An example of the working of the factor
supply and demand could be cited In the
case of the sale of Riene Claude plums for
green gauees, some two to four weeks be-
fore the Riene Claudes are matured. The
later the season, the more there Is of Im-
mature fruit shipped. There are some
places In Ontario where they are trying
to grow commercially certain kinds of ten-
der fruits where they can be brought to
maturity only In favorable seasons. In
these places the growth should be discour-
aged.

The Remedy.

FYom observations here and In other
fruit districts the question appears serious
enough to demand a remedy. Co-operation
is and will no doubt in the future play an
important part in the solution of the prob-

•(Oontdnued from March issue.)

April. 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

113

Cheap
Copper Sulphate

can no longer he had but growers of Potatoes,
Grapes and Vegetables who have used Sullocide
for the past 5 or 6 years say that they prefer it
to Bordeaux mixture as it is cheaper and easier
to use and equally effective. 1 gallon makes
200 gallona of Spray. Write today for booklet.

B. G. Pratt Company

Dept. 43
50 Church St. - New York

GLADIOLUS

Cultural Directions Free.
List of varieties of superior merit.

H. P. VANWAGNER

R. R. No. 5 Hamilton, Ont.

PRIZE DAHLIAS

Grown In Canada.
Twenty named varieties, $1.00. Fifteen
choice named varieties, $1.00. Ten Giant
prize-winners, all correctly named, $1.00.
Four different colors, 25c. Ail are (leld-
grown roots. Postpaid. Send for Catalogue
of over 200 beautiful varieties.
MISS G. S. DOIJGLASS, Buctouche, N. B.

NEW AND RARE SEEDS

Unique collection. Hundreds of vari-
eties adapted for the Canadian cli-
mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy.
Own saving. Catalogue free.

Perry's Hardy Plant Farm

ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG.

Dahlias, Gladiolus and Perennial Phlox

15 choice Dahlias, all different, post-
paid $1.15

50 choice large flowering Gladiolus,
postpaid 1.15

12 Perennial Phlox, new, large flower-
ing, postpaid 1.15

5 Dflhlias, 12 choice Gladiolus, 5 Per.

Phlox, postpaid 1.15

Sask., Maritime Provinces. Alberta and
British Columbia, postage 5c. extra.

GEO. E. EGERTON,
112 Chalmers St., - - Gait, Ont.

Guaranteed

to
" MAKE
GOOD "

That means a lot to every buyer — guar-
anteed Sturdy, Healthy and true to name
by a firm that has been growing trees
right for 32 years — ^Appie, Pear, Peaoh,
Plum, Cherry and Quince Trees, also
Small Fruits and Ornamental Stock.
Direct to You at Grower's Prices

Quality before price Is our motto, but
our personal supervision of all trees from
our nurseries to you, together with up-
to-date facilities, enables us to sell Kell/
Trees at low prices.

Our catalog tells all about our trees
and prices. It Is our only salesman, and
you can order from the catalog Just as
well as If you visited us here In Dans-
ville— Why not do both?

Write for catalog to-day — ^It'a worth
while.

KELLY BROS., Wholesale Norteriet

Its Main Street, Dansvllle, N. Y.
Tou'U never regret planting Kelly Trees.

THE COMPLETE LINE

FERTILIZERS

GROW BIGGER CROPS

Notwithstanding scarcity of all fertilizer materials and
the very high cost of same as compared with other years,
we are offering again this year a most complete line of
Harab-Davies Fertilizers at very reasonable prices. We
can supply you with brands containing up to 3% Potash.

Write for our 1916 Booklet. We will mail it to you
prdmptly, free of charge, and will have our local agent in
your locality call and give you further particulars and
prices. Now is the time to figure out your requirements
for this coming season. Write us to-day.

-Made in Canada, by-

The Ontario Fertilizers Limited

West Toronto, O ntar io ■

.No.CCr^. Drill .

^No.i Double and J
^ijigleWh.Ho&

Practical Gardening Tools

TOOLSlilce these will do all of the necessary worit (except plowing and har-
rowing) economically, whether for home, farm or market gardens. You
can plant certain crops close and straight, and worlt them close and
safely, with wheel hoes. You save ground, save heavy investment for tools
at t.ie start and yet do the best Icind of work with profitable results.

in/iU A/*P Hand Seed Drills
UimMMEi and Wheel Hoes

I Wilt sow, cultivate, ridge, furrow, etc. better than you can with any old
fashioned tools and ten times quicker. Pushed ahead a step at a time, these
tools can be worked by women, or grown boys or girls. We show here a
few only but we make 38 styles and combinations from which to choose.
Prices, $3.00 to $14.50. There are also many attachments for special worK
AsIc your dealer to show them and write U3 for booklet "Gardening With
Modern Tools." Also, f or h*,rse hoes. luirrowaandcultivators.spraycrs.etc

TfaeBateman-WilkinsonCo.,L't'd 462 Symington Ave. Toronto, Ontario.

No.»7ni»ic

CuiUvatox

rcCC

No. 20 Wheel .
Hoe

No. Ti Wheel

Plow

^'

Northern Grown Nursery Stock For Sale

Our nurserlea are sltuaAed on the table land of the Ottawa Valley. We are the
originators and direct propagutors of the famous Mcintosh Red Apple tree. We do all
our own grafting on crab roots, which assures a strong, hardy root system. All of our
scions are taken from our thoroughbred Mcintosh Red Orchard. Every tree In this
orchard was grafted from the origilma tree that gives the fruit the same beautiful color
and delicious flavor as the original. We also grow a full line of other hardy varieties of
apple, pear, plum, cherry, small fruits, flowering shrubs, shade and ornamental trees.
We never had San Jose scale or any insect pests. Send want list for prices.

McINTOSH NURSERY CO, Dundalk. Ontario

114

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition

A CORRECTION

From the ** Canadian Countryman" Feb. 22, 1916

In our issue of DECEMBER 18, a leading article was published
entitled "Fruit Growers Entering an Era of Prosperity," written by
Dan Johnson, Dominion Fruit Commissioner. In describing the
orchard and operations of B. J. Case, of Sodus, New York, the state-
ment was made that Mr. Case sprayed his orchard three times with
a solution of lime sulphur.

In a recent communication regarding this matter, Mr. Johnson
writes: "THE ORCHARD OF MR. B. J. CASE, OF SODUS, N.Y.,
WAS SPRAYED WITH SOLUBLE SULPHUR AND NOT WITH
ORDINARY LIME SULPHUR."

Send for Bulletin No. 4, on

SOLUBLE SULPHUR

Niagara Brand Spray Co., Limited, Burlington, Ontario

Everything for Spraying: — Soluble Sulphur, Lime Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead,
Dust Sprays and Dusters, Hand and Power Pumps.

Parsons'

Strawberry

Plants for Sale

It is an established
fact that the "Par-
sons'* have become a
universal favorite at
the canning factory
and at the home,
ix)ssessing many good
qualities, viz., a vig-
orous grower, excel-
lent flavor and ex-
ceedingly productive.
This season's stoclc
comes from a piece of
new ground (the first
s t r aw b e p r y plant
crop), therefore will
be free from all plant
diisease. These plants
will be carefully
packed in slatted
crates, with plenty of
moss to protect roots.
Shipped by express to
any address In Can-
ada. $3.75 ' per M.
r.O.B. Niagara Falls.
Ont. Cash with or-
der.

A two-acre field of strawberries 5 months after setting the plants.

R.R.No.3. Portage Road, W. E. FITCH, NIAGARA FALLS, Ont.

lem. A manager of a co-operative associa-
tion, if he is Bincere, and working for the
best interests of his members, will ship a
class of goods that will meet with the ap-
proval of his customers and this will ban-
immature fruit. However, in order to be
of immediate benefit to the Industry it ap
pears as if some prohibitory legislation
should be enacted. A law regulating it,
though it might seldom be necessary to en-
force it, might have a good moral effect
on the grower and shipper. I am Indebted
to Professor Crow at Guelph for informa
tion in regards to its regulation in other
fruit districts. In Florida there is a law
regulating the maturity of fruit for ship-
ping, which allows only a maximum acidity
according to the kind of fruit. It is a com-
paratively easy acid te-st which can be per-
formed by any one who has the equipment
and follows the directions. For example:
Florida grapes packed for table use shall
be well matured and .show a sugar content
of not less than seventeen per cent. Ballings
scale, etc. As to bringing a law of that
nature into effect here, it appears to me
that considerable experimental work would
have to be done to determine the maximum
acidity to allow in the different kinds of
fruit. A general discussion by the growers,
shippers and others will possibly be a means
of solving the question.

Fruit Notes

F. G, H. Paulson, Winona, Ont.

The outlook for the sale of the 1916 crop
of apples does not appear to be very good,
as far as the export trade to Great Britain
is concerned. Even if apples are accepted
for shipment, the delays all along the route
and the high freight rates will be almost pro-
hibitive for Ontario apples. Probably Nova
Scotia will continue to ship to Great Britain,
as their freight rates are lower. They have
a much shorter haul, by their own steamers,
and can control their shipments better.
Should there be a large crop, as is quite
probable, the home market will be scarcely
large enough to consume Ontario's entire
product, except at a moderate price. TTie
Western market, however, may prove the
Ontario apple growers' salvation, as the ad-
vance in duty to 90 cents a barrel will give
him a better show in that market, evem al-
though he may have to meet strong com-
petition from British Columbia.

The following history of a box of Spy
apples is interesting. This box was the
gift from a Hamilton man to an officer al
the front, and was grown and packed at
Burlington. The apples were shipped tn
November, 1915, and forwarded to France.
The officer, to whom they were consigned

Branch Warenouses:

Sudbury, North Bay,

Cobalt, Cochrane and

Porcupine

Send for
Shipping Stamp

Fruit and Vegetables Solicited

WE GET YOU BEST PRICES

OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fnilt,
vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the
Toronto IVIarket, we have established branch warehouses with com-
petent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcu-
pine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet
through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests.

H. PETERS

88 Front St. East, Toronto

References: The Cana-
dian Bank of Commerce
(Market Branch) and
Commercial AgenclM

April, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

116

was transferred to Alexandria, and the ap-
ples followed. Before the gift reached him
he was again transferred, and he first made
the acquaintance of the box in Greece, dur-
ing the last week of February, 1916. In
spite of all the delays, etc., every apple in
the box was in first-class condition whea the
gift was received.

I

A Tulip Festival.

The St. Thomas Horticultural Society,
which is the largest and most progressive
in Ontario, is holding a Tulip Festival on
May 11 to 14, which promises to bring a
large attendance from all parts of Ontario.
This event is being held under the auspices
of the Ontario Horticultural Association,
with the object of showing the representa-
tives of the smaller societies the methods
followed by the banner society.

A tulip show will be the main feature, but
visitors will be shown about the city, where
160 public boulevard beds containing 25,000
tulips planted by the society will be in full
bloom. In the parks and private gardens,
which will be open to inspection, will be
found 200,000 more. Sunday, the 14th, will
be "Tulip Sunday."

There will be reduced railroad rates, and
valuable prizes will be given at the flower
show. The exhibit of tulips will comprise
200 varieties. It will probably be the finest
collection ever shown in Canada.

Reports having been circulated that the
entire plant of The Lord & Burnham Co..
at St. Catharines, Ontario, had been turned
over to the militia for militia purposes, The
Canadian Horticulturist has been asked to
state that when this plant was built it was
made large enough to take care of all ex-
pansion for the next five years. Only about
one-seventh of the floor space not immedi-
ately needed for business purposes has been
turned over to the militia. The rest of the
building is in constant use by the company
In connection with their Canadian business.

Make"MoreWOOl MOHGy?

Yoo can easily net from 15 to 20 par cent
mor*on •vory shocp. Don't shear, in the old
hurd swc:i,ty way. Don't have ach-
ing, swollen wrists. Shear with

I The Stewart il'.'nn.
Shearing Machine

*'^V

Has ball bcarinKa

wliero friction or wear occurs, lias ^
hall hearinK shearing head of %

-itcst improved Stewart pattern. ^ "
Complete, including four combs ^
and four cutters of the celebrated *
Kt.'wiirt quality ^4.25. Get
one from your dealer, or send
t?..l)0 and we will ship C. 0. D.
f(ir balance.

ChicwiFo Flexible
Shatt Co.
E6'2N.
USalle I
Ch.case

Wi-itf

\J>

2fi babios poisoned in 11 slates
fortunately sonn^ rccovt-red.

Save the Babies

Catch the disease-car
rying fly that strays intc
your home with safe,
efficient, non-poisonous
TANGLEFOOT; no!
arsenic poison in an oper
saucer set within reach of the
baby, or a can from which a poison-
ed wick protrudes, sweetened to
attract both flies and babies.

Flies kill many babies, and fly
poison more than all other poisons
combined —

— But in homes where careful
mothers have protected their babies
from such risks by using only
TANGLEFOOT, both dangers are
avoided.

The Journal of the Michigan

Made in Canada by THE O. & W.

I State Medical Society
reports 26 cases of
arsenical poisoning from
fly destroyers in 1915
in only 11 states; In

1914 there were 46

cases in 14 states.
It states editorially:

"Symptoms of arsenical poisoning
are very similar to those of cholera in-
fantum; undoubtedly a number of cases
of cholera Infantum were really cases of
arsenical poisoning, but death, if occur-
ring, was attributed to cholera infantum.

"We repeat, arsenical fly-destroying
devices are dangerous and should be
abolished. Health official.' should be-
come aroused to prevent further loss of
life from their source. Our Michigan
Legislature, this last session, passed a
law regulating the sale of poisonous fly
papers." (70)

THUM CO., Walkerville, Ontario

American Address: Grand Rapids, Mich.

New Brunswick Seed Potatoes

Choice seed potatoes will be almost impossible to get at plant-
ing time. Order your requirements now while I have some to
sell.
Write for price list.

C. FRED FAWCETT, - UPPER SACKVILLE, N.B.

The Modern
Method

Remember the Day
You Sprinkled
the Potatoes?

You used a sprinkling can and barrel. About half-way through the rain came up,
washed oft the solution and made it necessary for you to do the work all over
again. The chances are if you had had a

W^fnmo&i^

It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless wc made it

you would have been able to do the
spraying soon enough for the plants
to get the benefit. With a Spramotor
remember, you can spray an acre of
potatoes thoroughly in 15 minutes. It
sprays four rows at once — three noz-
zles to a row — and is adjustable up to
40 inches. It has a capacity of 12
nozzles with a guaranteed pressure

of 125 lbs. at every one: all working.
The fact that the Spramotor has over
100 Gold Medals and First Awards to
its credit, shows that it is able to do
the work the way you want it done.
The cost,, too, is lower than you
Imagine — as low as |6 up to $400.
Booklet on request. Made in Canada.
No duty to pay.

Spramotor Works, 2710 King Street, London, Canada

116

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Put in as Big a Garden

as you Possibly can

this Spring

—but be sure you put it in RIGHT I Thorough
tilling and plenty of fertilizer are bolh important,
but not more so than the choice of seeds. 'Like
produces like", and you cannot expect fine crops
from inferior seeds.

Ewing's Reliable Seeds

ate grown from selected plants of the very best
strains. They are clean, vigorous, sure to grow
and for over Forty Years have been producing
the finest gardens in Canada.

Your first step will be a wise one if you choose
Ewing's Seeds. Gel them from your dealer,
or if he hasn't them order from us direct.
THE WILLIAM EWING CO., LIMITED
Seed Merchants, McGill Street, Montreal 43

100,000 Farms
run on his Schedule

Put your early rising dred thousand of them live

problems in Big Ben's
hands — just tell him
what time in the morn-
ing you want to get
things stirring around
your place.

He's calling time and keep-
ing time now for five million
families — more than a hun-

on farms.

See Big Ben today at your
dealer^s. 7 inches tall, handsome,
built to last for years. Rings two
woys-onceforfive straight minutes.
or at half-minute intervals for ten
minutes, unless you shut him off ,
Price $2.50 in the States, $3.00 in
Canada.

If your dealer hasn*t him, send
a money order to his makers and
he*ll come direct by parcel post, all
charges prepaid.

Western Clock Co.

La Salle, IIU, U.S.A. Makers of Westctox

Items of Interest

The Vlneland (Ont.) Horticultural Ex-
periment Station has home-grown onion and
beet seed for distribution in small quanti-
ties. Any person may have either one, or
both kinds, as desired, by sending his name
and address to the Experiment Station at
Vineland Station. Each person Is asked to
report on the success obtained from this
seed in comparison with other seeds used.
This seed was produced on the Station farm
last season from selected slock, and is of
excellent quality. Anyone desiring to select
plants from this seed for further seed pro-
duction would have good stock to select
from.

I have small fruits, raspberries, currants,
strawberries, and some young apple trees
which are doing very well. Some of the
trees do well here. I have box elder, cara-
gana, lilac, mountain ash, American elm,
Russian poplar, laurel, leaved willow, roses
of several kinds (the roses are .slightly
covered with earth for winter). Nearly all
perennials do well.— R. W. Mclntyre, Ed-
monton, Alta.

During the years in which I have sub-
scribed for The Canadian Horticulturist, I
have derived great pleasure and profit from
It. — A. Carson, Barrle, Ont.

Strawl)erry Plants

PAUL JONES,

The most productive variety
offered for sale to-day. Rewastick,
Hub, Bethel, Winner, Manhattan.
AU the standards — 50 varieties.

E. B. STEVENSON,
270 Grange St, - Guelph, Ont.

FLOWERPOTS

^•^t BEST MAOt

FOSTEPS

Standard

POT

We have a Large Stock of all (ized

FLOWER POTS

FERN OR BULB PANS

3/^ AZALEA POTS

and

RIMLESS PANS

Ordert Filled Prompdy. Send for Prices.

The Foster Pottery Co., Ltd.

HAMIUTON, ONT.

\pril, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

▼ii

Pointers for Fruit Growers

Seth J. T. Bush, Morton, N.Y.

Agriculture and horticulture are the
rocks upon which all true prosperity must
rest. When the farmer and fruitgrower
are prosperous and happy, their condition
is reflected in every line of trade, and the
whole country prospers.

When conditions are reversed, business
stagnation and poverty follow.

The farmers and fruitgrowers hold their
prosperity as well as their destiny in their
own hands — they have hesitated and fol-
lowed slip-shod methods long enough. They
have got to get together and stick together,
if they hope to reap the reward to which
their labor and investment entitles them.

While the grower has been trying to hide

s inferior fruit in the middle of the barrel,
..L- has been at the same time "hiding his
light under a bushel," in spite of the Divine
command not to do so.

The consumer is obliged to pay for his
fruit with a standard dollar, and he is en-
titled to a standard package.

The grower who is unwilling to join with
his neighbors in an honest effort to improve
conditions which affect his business, de-
serves nothing better than the thirty-five
cents out of the dollar that he receives,
and .stands a fair chance of always carrying
with him a "patch on the seat of his
breeches" as an indication of his enterprise
and resourcefulness.

There is never but one reason why a
dealer or speculator will not buy as readily
from an exchange manager as from the
grower direct, and that reason is because

SANDER & SONS

ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND

ORCHID GROM^ERS. The Finert

Stock in the World
Catalogue on Application

Northern Grown Apple Trees

$18.00 per hundred.
C.O.D.

Albert Nurseries, Albert, New Brunswick

The Georgian Bay Tree Pruner

Savcs in MaayWayt
Every Orchard
Needs One

The Price i< $2.50
Writ, to G. W.BULL, Mfr., Wiirton, Ont.

it

pn^... - «|mgm|||||^^^2|||||

If' iiiiiiiili

1

i

lii

u

^^^S^ j^^^^milii

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II

WmmSBSj^Kk

' 'I^KE''M

II

Hiiilillijj

N^^WnlHy 1 I^HMHHUHyNHHIIti

"Vj^Mjw^B^jpT mu

ng^^m[U

mSaSSmm^^^^^g

»

■

|^^9

(Style "L"— Long stay on wood scantling and posts.)

Improve the Front of Your Property

Nothing will add more to both the appearance and value
of private or public property than a neat Frost Improved
Lavpn Fence.

It is very artistic in its symmetrical design, and has the
strength and quality for long, long service, because we make
it throughout of special standard Frost Hard Steel Wire, made
and heavily galvanized in our own mills.

Proper proportions and perfect fabric are ensured by weaving
on the latest automatic power machine — the only one of its
kind in all Canada.

FROST IMPROVED LAWN FENCE

is based upon the "Quality First" idea from start to finish.
The heavy zinc coating it receives is more durable than paint
and will not crack and peel off, besides baing fully rustproof.

Laterals are formed of two No. 13 wires tightly cabled.
Stays are evenly spaced, uniform and straight-standing.

Can also be erected on iron posts with pipe railing. «„

Write for illustrated lawn fence booklet in two colors, free.
Frost Wire Fence Co., Ltd., - - Hamilton, Ont

■^

r

What Is A Conservatory Going To Cost ?

THE truth is we can erect you a greenhouse for any sum you
care to mention, within reason.
We can deliver a small house in sections and erect it
in a few hours with connections to your present heating appa-
ratus— on the other hand, we have all the facilities to erect the
largest commercial greenhouse, complete with heating, ventilat-
ing and drainage.

There's no need to pay extravagant prices for your green-
house when our prices are as low as is consistent with the high
quality of material and workmanship we maintain.

Write us now while this address is before you. One of our
greenhouses would add more than its cost to the value of your
home.

GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, Limited

Dept. B, 201 Church Street, TORONTO

Transportation BIdg., St. James St. Montreal

:^i

Till

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition

WhyDontYou
Paint the Barn?

Costs loo much just now, you say.
(Ordinarily you would be right; but not
if you use a Spramoior. It may sur-
prise you to know that a barn 40 x 60
% 18 feet, with two gables— 4,320
square feet to cover with paint — can
be covered with 200 pounds of fireproof
paint for $18, and can be done in half
a day, with two men. The

It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless we made it

applies the paint as fast as twenty men with brushes, and it drives it into every
crack and crevice. It is possible and profitable to make your buildings fire-proof
and sanitary at a cost of one-tenth the price of oil paints. Then in addition to thi.s
you have the Spramotor for other uses. Divide its cost by the number of things
"ou can use it for and you'll be surprised to flhd how quickly a Spramotor pays
for itself. MADE IN CANADA— NO DUTY TO PAY.

Spramotor Works, 2711 King Street., London, Canada

^ :00 Percent .
-Planter^

Wilkinson
Plows

and Repairs

More Potato Profits

MACHINERY may make all the difference between profit and no profit in
growingpotatoes. Get the right ones. Wemakecompletelinesofplantmg,
weeding, cultivating, spraying, ridging and digging tools, all of which we
guarantee. SO years of factory and farm experience back of thera. We duke
to tell you about all JFll/lA/ Mt^V

potato machines but have room here for one only. Potato Planters put
bne Piece in every space and only one. Isn t it better to plant right to make
every foot of ground count and none of the rest of the work wasted ? baves
one or two bushels of seed on every acre. Sold with or without fertilizer dis-
frihutor Other DOtato machines are Kid mi7 and Walking CulUvatoraFmir KnA S\x:
RowSpraytra (also one with low nozzles to reach undersme ot leaves), potato Dxggi:T,
and Kidgers. Also makers of famous Wilkinson Plows.

Ask your dealer to show them but write us for seprrnte book

for each lino. Sent Free to all who state in which they

are interested. How many acres are you going to plant?

,eBBtcnian-Wilkin.onCo.,L*td ■, «S Symington Ave. Toronto, Ont.

We also make Garden Tools for praci.^_. ..mncra and Sprayers of every kind.

1

RidtaE

Cultivator .

IHitato Spray ei*
4 or 6 Row

Potato Ridger

,.WithDi8liBif

^ wanted

Potato^,
Digger

With
Enpine

if wanted ^

he can buy cheaper from the grower direct.
If he can't buy from the grower, he MUST
buy from the exchange manager.

A good many simpletons are constantly
laying the flattering unction to their soaU
that they are a good deal smarter than their
neighbors, and can "put one over" the other
fellow very easily; but they are living in a
fool's paradise and deceiving no one but
themselves. I would urge every grower who
is proud of his business and hopes for the
reward to which his investment and labor
entitle him to do everything in his power
to help to elevate the standard of his pro-
ducts and increase his own prosperity.

Don't be content to be "dumb driven cat-
tle," but rise above the petty neighborhood
suspicions and jealousies and show the
world that there may be "captains of in-
dustry" on the farms as well as in the In-
dustrial centres of your great country.

Cease to permit yourself to be exploitea
and used by speculators, to be played one
against the other, to force prices down; but,
standing together, reverse the order and
play .speculator against speculatoi to force
prices to a point that will insure you honor
and prosperity among your fellow men.

Niagara District Fruit Notes

F. G. H. PatlisOD, Winona

Generally speaking, fruit trees, vines and
bushes have come through the winter well.
In one or two localities some damage is re-
ported to have been done to peach buds.
Nursery stock sales have reached the low-
est point in years. - Even baskets are not
selling as well as usual. In sipite of this
condition, however, a good many car loads
of manure have come into the district, so
the matter of keeping up fertility is not be-
ing neglected. Pruning is well forward
amongst all progressive fruit growers.
Labor of a kind worth having is decidedly
scarce and wages are inclined to be higher
than last year.

A report from Beamsville says that tomato
growers in that neighborhood are not likely
to plant a large acreage this spring on ac-
count of the labor situation, and the small
price being paid per basket by the canning
factories. No great quantity has been con-
tracted for as yet.

A good deal of uneasiness iprevails
amongst the fruit growers over the pros-
pects of a prohable shortage of experienced
help when the season opens. This is fore-
casited by the number of advertisements in
the district papers for fruit farm help, and
by the number asking for berry pickers
months in advance of the season. As to
iprices for the coming crop of tender fruits,
there are two features that are decidedly
encouraging and these are: (1) That unem-
ployment in the cities is almost unknown,
all mechajiics, etc., being employed at good
— and in a number of cases at record wages.
These classes are the largest buyers of fruit
when they have the money; (2) The can-
ning factories will be forced to purchase
more fruit and vegetables than they have in
the past two years, if they wish to keep
their plants going to meet the increased de-
mand likely to come soon.

The advertising campaign, so successful
last season, is to be placed on a wider and
more far reaching basis, and steps will be
taken towards further co-operation In dis-
tribut'on and marketing.

On March 8th and ftth, the Norfolk Fnrt
Oroiwers' Association in connection w:
the Provincial Penartment of Agriculture
held a successful Fru't convention at Slmcoe.
President Joseph Gilhertson declared that
now was the time for fruit growers to give
their orchards the best attention on ac-

April, 191«.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

ix

STRAWBERRY PLANTS

If you are interested in the growing ot this
jflne fruit, write for price list of varieties

and valualole information how to grow
[healthy plants and best quality berries.

IAS. E. JOHNSON & BROS., SI.VICOE, ONT.

[ever bearing strawberries

Fin« quality and wonderful in bearing all
tseason. Get some and plant them this spring
land pick berries all summer till they freeze
Lup 50 plants for $1.00. 100 plants for $1.75.

In U. S. money. We pay the postage.

Lost Springs Nursery and Fruit Farm,
Lost Springs, Kansas, U.S.A.

MALLORY'S
Strawberry Plants

give satisfaction
enjovoient
profit

Dunlap. Wondor.WiUiams. Sl.OO :

Amout. Uncle Jim, «5.00 per lOtO.

200 plants. 50 each of four

varieties for $1.00.

Wo also have good Seed Corn. Sendfor Price List.
N. E. M \LLORY, :: Blenheim, Ontario

Order

Canadian Grown Nursery Stock

direct from our Nurseries, and save all niid-
dlemen's profits. Write at once for our de-
scriptive catalogue and special prices for
fruit trees, small fruits, Roses, Shrubs, etc.
Address

J. H. McCOMBS

Union Wholesale Nurseries
Fonthill, Ontario

s

KINNER

YSTEM OF IRRIGATION

Control complete. Prevents drought loss-
eB. Reduces labor bills. IncreaseB profit.
Special Portable Line for $11.75. Send for
new Bulletin.

The Skinner Irrigation Co.
217 Water Street Troy, Ohio.

10-15-20

Tears from now the Bissell
Silo will be giving good
service. It Is built ot selected
timber, treated with wood
preservatives that prevent
decay. It has strong, rigid
walls, air-tight doors, and
hoops of heavy steel. There-
fore It lasts, simply because
It can't very well do any-
thing else. Our folder ex-
plains more fully — write
Dept. N.

T. E. BISSELL CO.. Ltd.. riira. Out.

See advt. also on page 107.

STYLE C

This Is a New Model for 191B, the result of
fifteen years' experience In Greenhouse con-
struction for Canada.

Dotted lines show location of wind-tlea
that positively prevents vibration of the sash.

Supplied In widths up to 26 feet 2^ Inches
from post to post.

KING CONSTRUCTION CO.,

40 Dovercourt Road

Toronto.

"One Man" Spraying

Another Solution to Your Hired Help Problem

Sprayer Complete as you see it, with wheels, etc. — $200.00.

Not only is it important that you should get the most and
the best that your orchard, field and garden will produce,
but the alert farmer and fruit grower will diminish his
need for hired help by using labor-saving methods.
The I.X.L. Junior Automatic Power Sprayer enables one
man to do the work that usually requires the time of two
men. The I.X.L. Junior is made in three sizes. It consists
of a 3 H.P. Engine, cypress tank, gear driven vertical
cylinder pump, two 25 ft. leads of hose, two visible spray
nozzles, complete in all details.

For Garden Spraying we recommend the I.X.L. Vegetable
or Potato Sprayer, which can be converted to orchard
spraying by attaching spray poles to hose.
Write for price and complete description. Fill out the
coupon for our Booklet on Spraying.

CANADIAN SPRAYER COMPANY
TRENTON, ONTARIO

Canadian Sprayer Co.
Trenton, Ont.

Sirs:

Kindly send me your book on Spraying.

Name

Prov

Size of Orchard

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral E<Ution.

count of many orchards being neglected.
The followlttg were the chief speakers: P.
J. Curey, Toronto, gave two addreases on
"The Packing and Marketing of Fruit."
Prof. J. W. Crow, on "Cultivation and Cove'r
Crops for Orchards." F. L. Gabel, Ancaster,
on "Strawberry and Rasipberry Culture."

District Representative Neff, a general ad-
dress on "Fruit Growing." R. R. Waddle,
Chief Fruit Inspector for Western Ontario,
on '"Pruning," and Prof. Caesar, on "Apple
Seal) an4 "Leaf Roller." A very interesting
letter was received from 'Manager Jas. E.
Johnson., at present In iPloorida, of which the

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS

Advertisements in this department inserted at rate of 3 cents a word for each in-
sertion, each figure, sign, or single letter to count as one word, minimum cost 30c.,
strictly cash in advance.

REAL ESTATE

ALL KINDS OF FARMS — Frudt farms a speci-
alty. - Write for Cat«loKU«. W. B. Calder,
Qrlmsby.

NIAGARA DISTRICT FRUIT FARMS— Berore
buying. It will pay you to consult me. I make
a specialty of fruit and grain farms. Melvln
Gay man & Co., St. Catharines.

FARMS — ^All kinds, all sizes, for sale, fruit,
stock, grain and dairy farms. Let me know
what you are looking for. H. W. Dawson,
Brampton, Ont.

CALIFORNIA suburban farms for sale. Easy
payments. Write E. R. Walte, Shawnee,
Oklahoma,

SEEDS.

YOU WANT "Reliable Seeds," get our Seed
Price List and Save Money. Morgan's Sup-
ply House, London.

PRIZE DAHLIAS— Twenty bulbs $1.00, field
grown, very beautiful, all colors, named. Mrs.
A. H. Swltzer, R. 6, St. Mary's, Ont.

PLANT AND NURSERY STOCK.

FOR SALE — Choice assortment of flowering
perennial plants and vines. List and prices
sent on application to E. P. Smart, 64 King
Street Brockville, Ont.

BEAUTIFUL GARDEN FLOWERS— Catalogue
describing my collection sent free. The larg-
est collection of perennial plants in Canada.
Malcolm Westland, Tambling Corner, Lon-
don.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS.— Plants from pedi-
greed stock from $3.50 per thousand. Send for
list. Leavens Orchards, Bloorafield. Ontario.

FOR SALE — Three hundred pounds Weed Pro-
cess Comb Foundation, any wedght. R. F.
Holtermann, Brantford, Ont.

BEES and QUEENS from my New Jersey
Apiary. Price list free. J. H. M. Cook. 70.
Cortland St., New York Olty.

BEES FOR SALE— W.
Jctn, Ont.

S. Walton. Soarboro

ITALIAN BEES AND QUtENS ajs adverti.sed
on page 102. Catalogue free. Deroy Taylor
Co., Newark, N.Y.

ITALIAN BEES — good workers, no disease.
Lawrence Wheeler, Brussels Ont.

BEE SUPPLIES.

BEEKEEPERS — Please write for our Catalog.
Morgan's Supply House, London.

1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors,
any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. East-
ern Label Co., CllntonvlUe, Conn.

BARGAIN in S frame comb honey .supers, -\baut
forty with gate separators for no bee-way
sections 4^ x 4^ x 1V4 inch., most of them
filled with sections and foundation, 45c each.
I. Lajigstroth, Forest, Ont.

WANTE[>^Secontd hand Honey Extractor. Ap-
ply to R. Rear, Penetang, Ont.

EMPLOYMENT.

GARDENER WANTED to take charge of
Sprlngbank Park, London, Canada. Apply to
E. v. Buchanan, General Manager, Public
Utilities Commission, London, Ontario.

COMPETENT MAN, age 40, wants position,
orchard, garden, poultry. Write, Orchardist,
c|o Canadian Horticulturist, Peterboro, Ont.

keyaote was that apple growers in Norfolk
County should produce apples of good qual-
ity and then look for good average prices
ill such fruit during the coaning sea^'-'i '"H
for some years to come.

That the Uomlniooi Canners losi .,lu.w.
last season is apparent from their annual
report for the year iyi5, submitted at tlip
annual meeting lield in the head oflic
Hamilton, on March 1st. This showed a
loss for the year of $i94,438, as against a
profit in 1914 of 1330,858, in 1913, H66,415,
and in 1912, $503,409. I am informed on
good authority that to break even this com-
ing season is the best they can expect.

For having in his possession three boxes
of apples packed contrary to the Inspection
and Sales Act, Frank Everett was fined $10
and costs in the Toronto Police Court by
Magistrate Kingsford recently. The magis-
trate described the offence as beiog very
seHous, as it was against the good name of
Canada.

Several meetings on the question of ajual-
gamation of the fruit growers and dealers
of the Niagara District in one central or-
gainization, were held during the past month
both at St. Caitharines and Grimsby. It was
decided that, as the system of marketing In
the Western portion is different from that
adopted at St. Catharines and East, that it
•would be better for each to organize separ-
ately for the present. Accordingly, the
coiamittee appointed to organize District
•No. 1, from Hamilton to the Sixteen Mile
Creek, east of Jordan, is still going on with
its work drafting the by-laws, etc., and pre-
paring for organization.

Tomato growers around Grimsby predict
that the Canning factories will have to pay
30 cents per bushel for tomatoes before the
season comes to a close. They base their
predictions on the grounds that tomatoes
cannot be grown for 25 cents, and that the
factories must have them next fall.

The fruit growers in Genesee and Monro
counties. New York State, are complaining
of great damage done to their fruit orchards
by the Leaf Roller.

A number of box packing and pruning
demonstrations are being held in Went-
worth county. On 'March '22nd, one was held
at Waterdown, and on March 33rd at Dun-
das.

Sugar is advancing in price again and
will probably be very high by the time fruit
comes in. This situation during the past
two years has been a serious detriment to
the tender fruit industry.

SPRAYING.

SAVE MONEY— Get our Spraying and Garden
Supply Catalog. Morgan's Supply House,
London.

SPRAYERS for every need: Bucket, Knapsack,
Barrel, Traction and Gas Engine machines.
D. E. Watson, Uxbridge, Ont.

BEES.

ITALIAN QUEENS and early shipments of bees
by the pound from Texas. Write us for prices.
R. V. & M. C. Stearns, Brady, Texas.

CARNIOLAN, GOLDEN AND THREE BAND-
ED ITALIANS Bees by the pound. Nuclei.
Ready to go April 1st. Write for price list.
C. B. Bankston, Buffalo, Leon Co., Texas.

BEES— Per pound, $2.15; per frame, $2.35;
queen, $1.00. Address Aurora Apiary, Aurora,
Ont.

CHOICE ITALIAN BEES, Langstroth hives,
no disease. Chris. Grimoldby, Owen Sound
Ont.

Festival of Tulips

ST. THOMAS, MAY 11, 12, 13 and 14

Visit the Flower City of Ontario on these dates. See the finest
collection of tulips in Canada. Exhibition of 200 varieties — May
11, 12 and 13. Tulip Sunday, May 14.

See 160 public boulevard beds containing 25,000 tulips planted
by the Society in full bloom. Parks and private gardens contain-
ing 200,000 more, open to inspection by visitors. Reduced rates on
all railroads. Splendid accommodation for visitors. All under the
auspices of the Ontario Horticultural Association. For further in-
formation write St. Thomas Horticullural Society.

The Canadian Horticultun^

Floral Edition

)1. XXXIX

PETERBORO, MAY, 1916

No. 6

Factors of Success in Strawberry Growing

F. L. Gable, Dominion Fruit Inspector, Toronto

WHAT soil is most suitable for
strawberries? No iruit, plant
or weed will thrive on as
iiany different soils as the strawberry,
>ut which soil is best? It is generally
<lmitted sardy loam will produce the
greatest crops of berries, provided it is
V ell manured and cultivated, although
I great many berries are grown on
'Cavy lands successfully. The straw-
perry requires an abundance of moist-
ure although damp soggy soil on low
md is absolutely useless for growing
liem. Safe advice to give an inexperi-
iiced grower with only ordinary farm
md to choose from would be to use the
i>ot where the greatest variety of farm
crops do the best. The nearer it ap-
proaches what is considered good gar-
den soil the better.

Do not plant strawberries on ground
not previously cultivated for two years
jis it is apt to be infested by cut-worms,
\\ hite grubs or other harmful pests. It
is also apt to be full of weeds and grass
seed. The best land is that which has
been in a hoe crop the previous year,
' (corn is not so good), it being both free
from insects and weeds.

To prepare that ground. It is best to
plow in a good coating of manure be-
fore planting. This can be applied es-
pecially heavy if well rotted. It is also
advisable to broadcast agricultural lime
at the rate of one-half ton per acre.
Your ground should be well cultivated
as early as possible in the spring. The
earlier you get your plants set the bet-
ter, as strawberries thrive in cool, moist
weather and cannot stand much heat
and drought.

The dig^ng of plants and their se-
lection should be done carefully. Only
good healthy plants should be used.
These should have the dead leaves
pulled off and the plants should be
well trimmed. In buying plants make
sure that they are trimmed ready for
planting and do not allow the wind or
sun on plants. They should be covered
with a wet bag or cloth and the plants
kept thoroughly wet until planted. The
rows should be three and a half to four

•Extract from an address delivered before the
members o( the Norfolk Fruit Growers" Asso-

'^latfoM,

feet apart and the plants set from
eighteen inches to thirty inches apart
according to the variety. The spade is
useful to use in planting, as by a little
experimenting you will find you can
make a good wedge-shaped opening
and by spreading the roots out in this
opening and tramping the plant in well
■Vi'ith the crown just above the earth
you will find your plants will grow
nicely.

As soon as your plants are set, culti-
vation and hoeing should begin. Con-
tinue It each week throughout the sum-
mer. Do not allow weeds to get a
start. The blossoms rhould be picked
off. Do not allow runners until after
July 1st, when they should be allowed
to run, but placed in the row each way
from the mother plant. If properly
placed you w-ill soon get a matted row.

Strawbei-ries are troubled somewhat

with fungus diseases which may reduce
your crop unless controlled. This is
easily done by spraying well in the
spring, aftei' growth begins, as well as
two or three times when they start
growing again after picking.

Another point in strawberry grow-
ing which is often neglected, although
it pays the best of all, is mulching with
straw or very coarse manure. About
four good loads of straw to the acre
applied just after the ground is frozen
and raked off between rows in the
spring after the plants start growing,
will not only protect your plants
through the winter, but will hold them
back in the spring safe from late frosts.
By raking this off in the row it helps
to keep the moisture during the sum-
mer drought, when moisture is a neces-
sity. It also helps to prevent having
sandy berries.

A well-loaded Ducbess apple tree in the orchard at the CentraJ Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

118

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Kdttloo.

7&..ijs>. &-^^^^. jipm^r

orchard, it wouid paj' to put in a
larger quantity of poison than usual
in the last fipray.

i.ci ijci^ijuia. Past President of the Quebec Fruit Growers' Society, among the cherry
trees which ibloom at the Olta Agricultural Institute, Olta, Que.

Two Fruit Pests to Watch For*

G. E. Sanders, Entomological Division, Annapolis Royal, N.S.

LAST year I warned the fruit grow-
ers of Nova Scotia of a wide-
spread outbreak of Canker
worm, which would damage many orch-
ards in the spring of 1916 — that warn-
ing was based on the reports of our
brown tail moth inspectors. This year,
reports from the same men say that the
infestation is increasing, and that a
great aniovmt of damage will be done
this spring. Some few owners have al-
ready applied tanglefoot bands. Where
these bands were not applied very
thorough spraying in 1916 is all that
can now be depended upon to control
Canker Worm. If you saw any number
of light gcey moths about the trunks
of youi' trees last November you can
depend upon it tiiat they w.'U eat m.ore
or less of the leaves from your trees
this spring, and cause you some loss.

In regavd to pprajing for Canker
Worm, we, of course, all know what a
hard insect it is To poison. When more
than half grown it apparently thrives
en arsenic, so in order to control it we
must have the leaves thoroi'ghly coated
with poison when it emerges from the
egg and begins feeding, lov it is then
comparatively easj to kill. Most of the
Canker Worms emerge about five days
before the blossoms show pink, so* if
your orchard is infested put on the
pink bud or second spray a couple of
days earlier than usual, or else retard
your semi-dormant or first spray until
the leaf is as large as a twenty-five cent
piece, using in both &pra\s & larger
quantity of poison thnn usual.

The present outbreak is wide, cover-
ing the whole Annapolis "Valley, and in

•Extract from a paper read at the last an-
nual convention of the Nova Scotia Fruit
Growers' Association.

a general way only the orchards that
have been heavily sprayed for the past
two years are in any way free from
them.

Tussock Moth.

We are now on the eve of another
outbreak also of Tussock Moths. In-
spection has shown this outbreak to be
widespread, probably heavier in the
West end ot the Annapolis A'' alley than
fn the east. The Tu.«sock Moth Avas
particvilarly bad in the east, end of the
valley in 1906; the next outbreak in
1912 did not affect the valley so much.
This present outbreak will damage a
few orchards in 1916, but will not
reach its height until 19:i7. In one
orchard this year I found a large
amount of fruit disfigured by the feed-
ing of the larvae. The injury might, at
first glance, be mistaken for that of the
I'ruit Worm, but the feedrng is done
later and does not heal out so per-
fectly. The app'io is seldon- deformed,
the edge of the eaten r.reas Lre irregu-
lai, often ;jxtending irregularly over
half of the apple.

The eggs of the Tussock Moth were
deposited by the female about August
30, about 150 eggs in a cluster, on the
old pupa ca.v-, anA covered with a f'-o^t-
iiig or froth to protect them. They n.ay
I'c found on any part of toe tree, usu-
ally on the fruit spurs of the apple. The
young larvae will emerge daring the
last week .,f June am' feed for two ov
tbree M-eeks on apple leaves, iater feed-
ing on the fruit to a certain extent. In
order to control Tussock Moth we must
put poison into our last summer spray,
or that going on during the last week
of June. If the eggs of the Tussock
Moth are in any way numerous in an

Dusting Fruit Trees

1.1. JohiiHon, Duininion Fruit Cominiseioner,
Ottawa

I was much impressed v.ith the ad-
dress delivered on '•Du^•ing Fruit
Trees" by I'rofcssor Reddl.k of Cor-
nell Agricultural College, before the
New York Iruit Growers' ..\ssociation
this year. Professor Reddick stated
that after five year;) experimenting
Avith the dusting of fruit trees for scab
and insects affecting the fruit and foli-
age, iij was convinced that as good re-
sults could be obtained, as by spray-
ing the trees with liquid sprays. The
expense of treating an orchard in this
way is about equal to that of the com-
mon method of spraying. Two men
and one horse can dust thirty acres a
day of full growii Baldwin trees. In
this way a great saving of time is
effected, be&ides getting the poison on
the tree at just the proper time.

Dusting machines can be attached to
' an ordinary spray pump engine and are
offered by many manufacturers at
prices ranging from $25 to $120. Up
to the present I understand that they
have not been able to produce a dust
that would be of sufficient strength to
destroy Sau Jose scale or Oyster Shell
scale, but Professor Reddick intimated
that lie hoped to obt.-iin a dust which
would be equal to such demands.

The material used in dusting is, I un-
derstand, composed of sulphur, arsen-
ate of lead and gypsum, which is
ground into a line dust that will pass
'hrougit a two hundred mesh sieve.
This mixtuj-e is blov.i' out through a
pipe and float.-; away like smoke
through the air, and ii' applied on the
Avind f.ide of a tree will thoroughly
cover it.

It was the general impression among
the fr'iit growers at the New York con- \
ventioii that the dustmg of orchards
may in time do away with the liquid
spraying of trees, particularly in orch-
ards not aifected witn scale. I would,
however, atvise the fruit growers of
Canada that they sticl; to tlie old and
thoroughly tried sprays, until our
Canadian Experiment Stations have
proved that dusting is satisfactory un-
der all climatic conditions.

Color is the greatest need of the
apple grower. In order to get this, you
must prune so as to let the sun, which
gives color, into all parts of the tree.
The later cultivation is kept up the less
color you will have.

One of the best ways to control in-
sects on strawberries is by rotation of
crops and clean cultivation.

May, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

ii«

How Blossoms Are Fertilized'

Prof. J. E. Hewitt, B.S.A., Guelph, Ont.

'HE production of millions of dol-
lars worth of fruit depends
largely upon insect pollination,
md no insect is so important in this
rork, according to A. A. Phillips, of
Bureau of Entomology, Wash., as
16 honey bee. It is a most conserva-
estimate to claim that the honey
bee does more good to agriculture in its
office as a cross pollinator than it does
a honey gatherer.

What is there to support this state-
ment? The indirect evidence we sec
in abundance in the numerous and won-
derful adaptations of flowers to pre-
vent self-fertilization and to insure in-
sect pollination. The direct evidence
has been obtained by experiments car-
ried on by the various experimental
.stations and is very conclusive.

Prof. Waite, of Washington, whose
experiments were published in the Year
Book of the United States Department
of Agriculture, reports as follows :

"Out of 2,586 blossoms covered with
gauze netting only three apples set
fruit. Of these the Baldwin, Spitzen-
burg and Fameuse set some fruit. The
Baldwin, which is often self fertilized,
gave four times better results when
cross-pollinated. Cross-pollinated ap-
ples were larger, more highly colored
and better supplied with seed."

Results With Pears.

•'The Anjou, Bartlett, Clapp's Fav-
orite and Clairgeau were found to be
completely self-sterile, while the Flem-
ish Beauty, Seckle and Angouleme were
found to be more or less self-fertile.

"Out of 153 blossoms covered of the
Arkansas Lombai-d no fruit set, and
out of 475 blossoms covered of the Wild
Goose (Prunus Americana), no fruit
set; out of 90 blossoms covered of the
Japanese Plum Mearu no fruit set."

Prof. Waugh reports the following
insects pollinating the plum: Honey
bee, bumble bee, wasp -and some sliort-
tongued bees. Prof. Waugh confirmed
Waite 's work with the plum and draws
the following conclusions from his ex-
periments: The results indicate that
the insect visits are of prime import-
ance in the pollination of plums. Ob-
servation in the field shows that the
common honey bees are nearly always
the most active workers and the ones
which by the character of their opera-
tions in the flower may be held chiefly
re.sponsible for distribution of pol-
len.

Mr. C. H. Hooper, in the Journal of
the Royal Horticultural Society, March,
1912, reports that when insects were

• Extract from an address given at a short
course In beekeeiping at the Guelph Agricul-
tural College,

excluded from gooseberries and red and
white currants, practically no fruit was
formed; from cherries a single fruit
set ; from plums a few set fruit ; from
apples out of 63 varieties onlj^ one set
and matured fruit, viz. : Irish Peach ;
and from raspberries, fruit set but re-
sults were not so good as with flowers
exposed.

Red Clover.

Darwin states that one hundred
flower heads on plants protected by a
net did not produce a single seed, while
a hundred heads on plants growing out-
side, which were visited by bees, yield-
ed 68 grains of seeds.

Darwin's experiments with white

clover proved that cross-pollination is
necessary. Twenty covered heads
yielded a single aborted seed, while ten
unprotected heads visited by bees yield-
ed 220 seeds.

In Bulletin 157 of the Kansas Agri-
cultural Experimental Station it is
stated that extensive experiments have
shown that seed production is almost
entirely prevented when insects are ex-
cluded from the blossoms.

In conclusion it may be said that bees
are absolutely indispensable for the pro-
duction of fruit and clover seed. With
cross-pollination apples are more vig-
orous and more resistant to disease.

Practically no insects work except
bees when apples are in blossom. Some
varieties of apples are self-fertile, but
even these have more and better fruit
when bees are present.

Lime in the Orchard

Prof. W. S. Blair, KentviUe, N.S.

I AM often asked if I would advise
lime for an orchard. My reply is, yes !
for the purpose of starting a clover
cover crop, if for nothing else. It is
doubtful of what value lime is to in-
crease our apple crops, but certainly
many orchards will not produce clover
without lime. The quantity per acre
required will vary somewhat, and in
many eases all the lime requirements
may be made up by a judicious use of
slag. I am convinced, by our experi-
ments at Kentville, that lime in some
form is essential in order to get a

growth of clover on many of our soils.
The reason why vetch has given better
results than clover is that vetch will
thrive on soils which are quite acid, al-
though liming is usiially helpful to it.
It has, therefore, a far wider range of
adaptability than clover, which tends
to disappear altogether when soils be-
come exceedingly acid.

Lime, of itself, will not always give
increased crops. On poor soils there
is not the gain one might expect, for
lime will not furnish the necessary
nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid.

Loading up with ammunition for the fig'ht against th^ pests.

District, Ont.

i'hotu takfii in Liif Niagara

120

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

A Ruined Family Tree

By Herbert F. McDoug'al.

AWOKN codling moth, with spray in his eye, climbed out to the tip
of a limb, and wearily took in the damp landscape with a vision
constructed and dim, and he mumbled and muttered under his
breath, of latter-day happenings dire, when a man with a hose and a
nozzle that worked could put out a pest like fire.

"That old apple tree, where I spent happy hours, will never again be
the same, since that modern man with his poisonous spray and his knowl-
edge of insects came ; he has broken my home and has poisoned my eye,
and the iron has entered my soul, and he s made it so hot for this old
codling moth, that the said moth is hunting his hole.

"Generations my family had lived in that tree, and had thrived on
its generous fruit, and the man who evicted us moths from our homes
is nothing much short of a brute. He has put a kink in our family line,
and has brought to us nothing but woe; for we can't live on dope like
he shot in my eye, and I reckon we'll all have to go.

"It is sad to eonsider the fate of a bug that has had an existence so
gay; we were happy so long as men let us alone, but we can't stand this
new-fangled spray. It is true that the man with a deed to that tree may
think he was well in his right when he cranked up his sprayer and loaded
his hose, and put a proud family to flight.

"But it's certainly hard on a well-meaning bug to have his existence
cut short, just in order that apples may grow big and red and be of de-
sirable sort. He has shot our traditions all full of rough holes, and he's
certainly hard upon me ; and, however it blossoms and bears ruddy fruit,
to us it's a bum family tree." — ^Fruit Grower and Farmer.

We hear considerable about the abil-
ity of lime to liberate potash from the
soil. Where soils have been fertilized
generously with potash in recent years,
the USB' of lime will add noticably, for
a time, to the quantities of potash which
plants can take from the soil. This is
due to the fact that lime enters into
certain compounds replacing potash,
which then passes into solution in the
soil water, or is held in the soil in such
a physical state as to be more readily
available than before. It is obvious
that an end to such a possibility will
soon be reached, for there will not be
sufficient potash remaining in these
readily decomposable compounds to be
liberated to any practical extent. The
most of the potash in soils is present in
such combinations that lime will have
no practical decomposing effect upon
it. It seems to me little can be hoped
for in a practical way by attempting to
set free potash for crops by liming.

The fact that large quantities of pot-
ash have, in recent years, been used in
the Annapolis Valley, will materially
help out in our present potash shortage,
but the source of our potash supply in
the future should be through the clover
plant, with its deep feeding root sj^tem,
which will do more to liberate potash
than will the lime.

Many of our orchard lands are so de-
ficient in humus and plant food that
they will not grow cover crops even if
lime is used. If such is the case, a sys-
*"m should be adopted to give to the

orchard sufficient stable manure to get
a good clover crop started, after which
there will be little difficulty in secur-
ing a good catch. From five tons of
good stable manure to ten tons of
poorer grades per acre should be suf-
ficient, if properly applied, to give an
excellent catch. If necessary, to this
soil should be added about from two to
four tons of ground limestone per acre.
In some cases slag is all that will be re-
quired, and this can be applied at the
rate of one thousand pounds every three
years. It may be that it is best to give
a good application at once, rather than
spreading .it in small quantities over
several years. In other cases it may be
that lime only is required. This can be
determined by the vigour of growth in
the orchard, and quality of the fruit
previously produced.

Pear Blight starts in the spring of
the year when the blossoms are open
and that is the time it is carried, es-
pecially to apples. There is only one
thing to do with pear blight, and that
is to act quickly and keep on acting.
To control it as few twigs as possible
should be left for the insects to feed
on. Early in the season every affected
twig should be cut out. Be sure to
disinfect your tools, because if you cut.
a diseased part and then cut a healthy
part, you are almost sure to give it the
disease.— Prof. L. Caesar, 0. A. C,
Guelph, Ont.

Essentials of Success

Seth J. T. Bush, Morton, N.Y.

One mistake very often made by per-
sons who think they have "heard the
call" to go into fruit raising comes
through their undertaking a twenty-
five or ilfty acre orchard proposition
with a five or ten acre capital. You
can't sweep back the tide with a broom,
and it is much better to operate on a
small scale and do it thoroughly than
to undertake something beyond your
ability or nieans.

All land is not fruit land, and it is
useless to try to grow fruit success-
fully unless you have the right kind of
soil and other favorable conditions, and
with these it is also useless unless you
are prepared to spray, cultivate, prune
and thin properly. All this costs money,
and a great deal of it, and requires
much labor, and that is not all the
story. When you have done all the
needed things to produce a fine crop
of fruit, you will still fail of success
if you do not properly grade and pack
your fruit.

There never has been a time in the
history of fruit growing when the abso-
lute necessity for honest, uniform grad-
ing and packing w as so apparent. We
have got to leave the "culls" out of
the package.

Every package of poor fruit that is
allowed to go on the market reduces
the price you are able to obtain for
your good fruit. It is a mistaken idea
for any man to think that when he
succeeds in selling his inferior fruit,
other than at the cider mill, evaporator
or canning factory, that he is "just so
much ahead."

We can and do raise enough high
grade fruit in this country every year
to supply all the demands, and each
year the necessity of more markets and
better distribution is more apparent.
All infei'ior fruit should go into by-
products, and none of it be packed in
baskets and barrels, and thus go into
consumption to the disgust of many
and satisfaction • of but few.

We are told that the peach contains
a far greater percentage of sugar than
the beet, and our scientific friends
should tell us how to extract this sugar.
The very finest material for setting
prints in fabrics manufactured abroad
is obtained from dried fruits. These
matters call for careful investigation.

The grower must know when his
fruit is ready to pick, and it must be
picked when it is ready, not before or
two or three days after, but just at the
right time, or the returns will not be
satisfactory, as the fruit will not carrj-
properly, snd there are so many
peaches grown nowadays that people
do not have to buy imperfect fruit.
In any case, consumers will not pay
fancj- prices for it.

M.iy, 19 IG.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Preparations for Planting

121

BEFORE discussiiis' the preparation
of the grardeu for planting, let us
pay a little attention to the lawn.
If j'oii have not ah-eady taken care of
'ip renovating of the la\vn, it is not
"1 late yet. Get a sliai"p toothed rake
*ad .seoi'e the lawn from top to bot-
tom, then thoroughly mix the follow-
ing ingredients: One pound Kentucky
blue grass, one pound white clover,
•one pound nitrate of soda (ground up
"le), and about two shovelfuls of sift-
1 soil (these quantities for a lawn
twenty-five by thirty feet). Wait un-
til the wind has subsided, then scatter
the mixture on broadcast, raking it
over again lightly. If there are no
signs of raiu, get the hose and give the
ground a good soaking, then use tlie
roller or i)ounder. Above all, keep the
dandeliiiu from blooming. Dig out the
roots as much as possible.

Did you take the suggestion given
in the April issue and raise your own
plants? If not, get as many boxes of
,plants as you require to fill in bare
.spots in the perennial and other bor-
ders. Let me here give a word of eau-
ition as to handling these seedlings.
Do not jerk them out of the boxes, but
immerse the box, plants and all, in a
pail of not too cold water for fifteen
<minutes, then slit the sides of the box,
squeezing the ball of rootlets gently,
take the plants out carefully and lay
them down one by one M'here required.
You will then not have to comi)lain
about the poor quality of the plants.
Be sure to dibble the holes big enough,
.so that roots will be in a downwairl
position, press the earth firmly
about the j-oots, and finally give them
.some water. Do this in the evening if
po.ssible. This applies to vegetables as
well as to flowers.

Feed the rose bushes with liquid
nianurp from the time the bud appears
U you ran see the color of the bloom,
'id then stop. If they are bothered
ith green fiy or aphis, and you can-
not keep them down with the hose, use
the prepared nicotine or whale-oil soap,
following directions on the packages.
Give the paconies some support when
blooms l>egin to get bea\T. Do not
allow more than about twelve or four-
teen shoots of the phlox or delphiiiiuni
to bloom, cutting off all others close
to the ground. Re sparing with water
on hollyhocks, as they are liable to rot
or get brown s)>ot on leaves. Pull out
stray shoots of helianthus, which Avill
persist in coming up where not wanted.
Do not have too many blooms on asters,
but thin out and let us have bigger
asters this :\ear. Try a few salpiglos-
'licy are just as cheap, and very

Geo. Baldwin, F.R.H.S., Toronto, Ont.

pleasing, and above all plant some
gladioli in. clumps as well as singles
dotted here and there. If you are
using a hot or cold fraime, be very par-
ticular about moisture and air and give
the seedlings lots of i^oom.

May is the mo.st critical month in
the calendar, for if preparation and
proper planting is not done, failure
will be the result. Go at the work,
therefore, diligently and cautiously.
Fii-st of all, the garden having been
manured, dug, and rough raked, get,
for an ordinary sized garden four
pounds slacked lime and two pounds
]>o\vdei'ed sulphur and mix them thor-
oughly. Scatter the mixtm*e broad-
east from top to l)ottom. Comib it into
the soil with the rake. This being
done and May the twenty-fourth hav-
ing arrived, have ready the seed-box,
boxes of plants, a hoe with feet an<l
inches marked on the handle, a rake,
dibble, line, can of water, and a one-
inch board to stand on between the
I'ows. You will then be ready to plant
the calibage. As an extra precaution
against cut-worms, mix a teaspoonful
of paris green, one pound of bran,
enough water to make a paste, and
scatter it here and there along the
i-ows of both cabbage and cauliflower.

The celery trench was prepared two
weeks ago. Keep the plants a little
longer, till June 1st, then plant very
carefully eight inches apart and rows
eighteen inches apart, and let us see
if we cannot have some No. 1 celery
this year, paying particular attention
to cultivating, watering, feeding, and

earthing up later on. For peas, make
the drills Avith the corner of the hoe
two inches deep, and use lots of seed,
thinning out if they come too thick.
^Vith the beans make the drills two
inches deei.j and the full width of the
hoe, and stagger the beans zig-zag
eight inches apart, firming the earth
down hard on top.

In a small garden, ^^'here you are
limited to a small space for potatoes,
make the rows two feet apart, putting
tubei"s fifteen inches apart, five inches
deep in light soil and four inches in
heaA';^''. Use medium sized potatoeis
and cut into three or four pieces, leav-
ing two eye.s to each piece. Be ever
on the alert for the potato-bug and
don't let them get ahead of j-ou. Use
paris green as often as required. In
a large plot of potatoes, where more
room can be given, make rows thirty
inches apai't and tubers twelve inches.

In planting seeds of cucumber and
squash, press the seeds in edgeways an
inch deep, ten to a hill, and thin out
to five, at the same time sow a fen-
seeds of radis'h for the squash bug to
feed on. Do not put water on the
foliage. Sow carrots a half-inch deej)
and thickly, beets an inch deep and
thickly, pai'snips put a pinCh of seed
every six inches along the line a half-
inch deep and thin out, leaving the
.strongest jylan'ts. ' Leeks ai-e recom-
mended to be grown with celery, earth-
ing up at the same time.

Sow salsify a half-inch deep and thin
it out to four inches apart. Onions re-
quire a good rich and sunny location.

Density in the Flower Bordei-. The Po.s.slbilities of :i Small Plot l)en)on.5trated.

122

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Sanseveria Uaurentii in flower. Grown by H.
Irwin, Westmaunt, Que.

Sow them half an indi deep if you
have not started them in heat, feed
with liquid manure once in ten days,
the same as for celerj' ; cultivate be-
tween freely, and let us have some good
sized and mild onions this year, by
attending to them frequently. Oorn
can be grown in hills or rows, the lat-
ter for preference. Earth them up the
same as for potatoes, and drive a stake
at each end of the row, with a wire
for protection against wind. Cut
asparagus with a knife below ground,
never pull it. Sprinkle salt on the
bed during the growing season.

Cut off the bloom of strawberi^ies if
they were only planted last fall and
have a good crop next year. The fol-
lowing year take the runners and
.start a new bed, having it in good
shape by the time the old one is past
usefulness. Tomatoes plant every ionr
feet along the south side of a north
fence. Trim out all laiterals but four,
training these up fan-shaped either to
stakes or netting. Do not let suckers
come up from the roots and never
water the foliage, thus avoiding the
black spot on fruit.

Do not chase the birds out of your
garden, especially the sparrows, as they
destroy their weight in insects every
week. Protect the peas, lettuce, and
black currants from the sparrows by
throwing a few crumbs regularly in
another part of the garden, covering

j)eas and lettuce with fine gauze net-
ting or chees€-<;loth till they are well
up. For currants tie some black
thread about the bushes, with pieces
of white paper dangling. Use -white
hellebore for red currant and grape
catei'piMars, and slug shot for cabbage
worm. Don't kill bees, darning-
needles, crickets, lady-bugs, spiders,
frogs and toads, as they feed on harm-

ful insects, and should be encouragiil
Make a comjKJst heap now, so thai
you will have some good stuff to dig
into your garden next fall. Dig a hob-
the size required, putting layers o:"
earth and manure to a foot or two
above the ground, covering the whole
with four or five inches of earth, on
top of which grow vegetable marrows,
or .squaslh.

Luxuries for the Home Garden

Miss Harris, Brome Co., Qu<;.

ASPARAGUS and mushrooms are
counted among the almost pro-
hibitively expensive luxuries for
the home table. Their scarcity and the
uniformlj- high prices demanded for
them gives Color to the prevailing idea
that their culture is difficult and suc-
cess possible only to the expert gar-
dener and greenhouseman. True,
neither asparagus nor mushrooms are
grown in a day but anyone who has
the patient forethought to cultivate
biennials and perennials instead of
spending all his labor on annuals which
will show more immediate results, need
not shrink from the starting of aspar-
agus and mushroom beds.

"Patience is a virtue —

Get it if you can —
Often found in woman,

But seldom found in man."

And so, to women gardeners especially,
I would say, b.y all means have a mush-
I'oom and an asparagus bed, cheat the
greengrocer and have these luxuries
plentiful on your table throughout the
season; only patience, along with one
or two other favorable conditions, are
necessary to certain success.

The Asparagus Bed.

If you are better endowed than most,
with the virtue just alluded to and
wish your asparagus bed to cost as lit-
tle as possible, you may plant the seed
in spring or early summer. The bed
should be dug deep, made very rich
and the soil well worked until it is fine
and light. Sow the seed thinly in shal-
low drills, about two or three feet
apart, covering with an inch of soil.
When the seedlings are a couple of
■^^Teks old thin them out so as to leave
only the stronger ones standing not
closer than two inches apart. Through-
out the season the bed must be kept
watered and well cultivated, the soil
around the plants being stirred occa-
sionally and no weeds allowed to grow.
The following spring they may be
transplanted two feet apart in perman-
ent beds and will commence bearing in
three or four years from planting.

An easier and quicker way is to pur-
chase good roots from a reliable seeds-

man. By so doing you will save two
years or more.

For the home garden a convenieir
size for an asparagus bed is five feei
wide, so that the middle can be easil.v
reached from either side, and of a
length sufficient to plant the number
of roots desired. Plant in three rows,
one in the middle and one on each side
of the bed, taking care that the side
rows are at least a foot from the edge
of the bed. Dig lengthwise trenches
about eight inches deep and place the
roots in them a foot apart, spreading
out the roots of each plant and placing
in such a way that the crown or top
will be covered about three inches when
the trench is filled in.

Keep the beds free from weeds. Do
not allow the surface to bake.

When the plants are well started cul-
tivate between the rows with a hand
cultivator or hoe. Some growers give
the bed an application of salt dug into,
the surface of the soil every year, one
half pound to the square yard, which i-
very beneficial.

Remember that the better and deeper
the soil of your asparagus bed is pre-
pared beforehand and the more ferti-
lizer you supply it, the more and better
asparagus you will get, so do not
neglect your bed this season becaus.
you do not expect to cut the tendti
shoots until next year or the year after.

Special knives can be bought for cut-
ting asparagus but any sharp knife
carefully used will serve. Thrust the
knife down into the soil at an angle
so as to sever the asparagus stalk two
or three inches below the surface of the
bed — never try to pull up the stalks.

If good, large roots are planted and
properly cultivated, you should be abl(^
to cut a little asparagus the following
spring, but a good crop will not be
gathered until the bed is two or three
vears old.

"Do you know that your chickens
come over into my garden?"

"I thought they must be doing
that!"

"Why did you think so?"

"Because they never come back."

May, 1916.

123

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Annual Flowers in Association With Other Plants

To the beginner in gardening,
especially if his or her garden is
of small size, there are few more
useful flowers than hardy annuals, and
few that will give such a bountiful re-
turn for a small outlay of time and
money. Indeed, these annuals, which
may be sown in the open garden, may
be looked upon as a sort of sheet-anchor
for the novice, to fill up blank spaces
where perhaps some more ambitious
gardening scheme has gone awrj', or to
fill the hiatus caused by the passing of
spring-flowering perennials or bulbous
plants. The gardener in a large estab-
lishment can rely upon pot plants or
nursery stock to make good these gaps,
but the beginner can seldom afford this,
and still less frequently has the facili-
ties for carrying it into effect.

Too often, bulbs, especially the May-
flowering tulips, are a source of great
worry to the amateur. Owing to their
late flowering and .subsequent ripening
of the foliage, they cannot, with safety,
be removed from beds or borders suf-
ficiently early to admit of the planting
of the ordinary bedding plants, and for
this reason many forego the pleasure
that these bulbs are capable of produc-

■ *^^

w -^

John Gall, Inglewood, Ont.

ing, and ban them from their gardens.
This is a great mistake, and one that can
easily be obviated if we would make use
of hardy annuals. In early May, seeds
of these can be sown between the
bulbous plants, and by^the time the lat-
ter have finished flowering, and the
leaves have died down, the annuals will
be well on the way towards the flower-
ing stage, and the bulbs none the worse
for the association. Even beds of daffo-
dils may be successfully treated in this
way, and if the bulbs are lifted in early
fall, before they have made extensive
root growth, and replanted at once, they
will be in much better condition than if
they were lifted this spring, before their
foliage had properly ripened, to make
way for the geraniums that are so often
relied upon for the summer display. It
is true that these bedding plants com-
mence to flower almost as soon as they
are planted, and that the annuals sel-
dom commence before July, but the four
weeks or so that the beds or border
spaces are without blossom is not no-
ticed in a garden of mixed flowers. It
is mentioned to prevent possible dis-
appointment to would-be growers of
annuals.

Apart from those annuals which can
be sown between the bulbs or spring-
flowering perennials, there are many
half-hardy sorts that may be raised in
frame or greenhouse, and planted out
between the permanent occupants dur-
ing the latter part of May. In this cate-
gory come. Stocks, China Asters, Neme-
sias, Verbenas, and Antirrhinums, all
of which are capable of providing a
glorious riot of color during the summer
and until frost arrives.

There are just one or two simple
cultural details that ought to be ob-
served if success is to be assured with
this association of annuals with peren-
nials and bulbous plants. First of all,
the soil needs some little preparation,
especially if seeds are to be sown. I
have always found it advisable to light-
ly point between the plants with a
small fork, so as to get about two inches
of fine, workable soil. Into this some
superphosphate of lime, a large handful
to a square yard, is well worked, as this
provides food of a lasting character to
the annuals just at their flowering
period. Then, thin sowing is absolutely
essential. Sturdy seedlings only are of
any use for this kind of gardening, or,

^,:. #

W^f^9.

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^i .-^

^^.

Li.ji.

.I^J\

ppwittiiwiiij-jttiii'iiwp.ii

-»j

This .sj.lemiiu niulhod of inttre-stinfj school children in the preservation of bird life is being followed with succe.s.s by the "Garden Arts and
Crafts section of the Hamilton Horticultural Society. Some 200 boys in the manual training classes of the city schools competed In a bird
hou.se competition. Mrs. R. B. Potts, the secretary of the Hamilton Society, may be seen. The second man- on Mrs. Potts' left Is John A.

Webber, the president of the society.

K'4

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Kdition.

The Conservatory and a glimpse Into the garden of the Miss«s Thompson, Peterboro', Ont.
Although of modest dimensions the surroundings of this home are among the moat

attractive in the city.

indeed, for any other; hence one must
impress upon the beginner the vital im-
portance of space from the outset. A
weak seedling can never make a strong
plant; hence it is necessary to lay a
good foundation. This thin sowing
then, must be supplemented by a rigor-
ous thinning of the seedlings at the out-
?iet of their existence. This is necessary
even when annuals are being grown
alone, but doubly so when in association
with other plants.

It will not materially harm the bulbs
nr herbaceous plants if .just a few, a

very few, of their largest leaves are re-
moved to give the annuals more light
and air during the early stages of their
career. To bulb enthusiasts this will, I
know, seem like rank heresy; but in
gardening as in everything else, it is
advisable at times to adopt a policy of
give-and-take.

There are a good many hardy annuals
suitable for this association, such as
godetias, clarkias, candytuft, virginian
stock, leptosiphon, nigella, Miss Jekyll,
larkspurs, alyssum, mignonette, Shirley
poppies, annual chrysanthemums, and
pot marigolds.

Spring Work With House Plants

E. E. Kerrison, Calgary, Alberta

THE spring is a good time to repot
our feriis. A good mixture of
soil comprises three parts of
fibrous loam, one part of sand, leaf soil
and well-drie'd cow manure. Rub
through a sieve, mix well together. Use
clean pots with good drainage. Water
once thoroughly after repotting, and
then water sparingly for a time until
the roots have started into the new soil.
Most people in the winter buy flower-
ing plants in bloom or just coming into
bloom, but when spring sets in they
begin to start propagating cuttings of
various kinds, or buy young plants that
have just started. With plenty of
fresh air and sunshine, they get quick
results, and the cuttings soon develop
into nice plants.

Some of the flowering plants grown
here are primulas, cyclamen, begonias,
cinerarias, geraniums, petunias, lilies,
chrysanthemums, fuchsias, heliotrope,
impatiens. etc. Primula obeonica
makes a nice house plant, as they bloom ■
nearlv all the year around. The new

improved variety, Gigantea, is a very
strong grower and blooms much finer
than the old variety, and can be had in
several colore. The Chinese primula
is still a favorite. The colors are very
striking, especially the deep red. Cy-
clamen still stands one of the foremost
of winter flowering plants. They bloom
freely for several months. Some of the
newest varieties are very striking, es-
pecially the Butterfly, which is beauti-
fully fringed and waved. The foliage
is also very attractive.

Cyclamen and Primula obeonica in
their young stages will grow well in a
sandv loam. Spray foliage often, with
careful watering at the root. Over-
watering at this stage will turn the
foliage yellow. When you have good
developed plants and ready to be re-
potted into five or six inch pots, use a
good stiff loam with a dust of bonemeal
or dried cow manure. After pots are
well filled with roots, they will take a
"liberal Supply of water. Chinese
primula require very much the same

treatment, except overhead watering.
This variety is likely to damp off if
watei- is allowed to settle in the crown.

Pick off all faded flowers and dead
leaves. They not only .spoil llie look of
your plants, but also help to create dis-
ease. Begonias, tuberous-rooted, are
amongst the choicest flowering plants.
They bloom in the summer season,
single and double flowers of the richesi
colors. They can be grown from seed,
but will need very careful treatment.
It is better for the amateur to get one
or two year old tubers. These can be
easily started. A good plan is to let
them sprout in damp moss before por-
ting, as the bottom and top of the
tubers are so much alike that you can
hardly tell the difference. Be" careful
with watering until they have ■ well
started. For potting, use one part leaf
soil, one part turfy loam, one part sand,
and one part garden loam.

Some beautiful varieties can be had
in the fibrous-rooted begonias. These
are usually started from cuttings. The
Christmas varieties are much admired.
Glorie de Loraine have been popular
now for over twenty years. The Cin-
cinnati, a new and improved variety,
makes a handsome pot plant. It may
be a little difficult to start these in
their young stage, but you are well it-
paid later for your trouble.
Geraniums.

Geraniums are the most useful plant.-^
of any I know. They can be u.sed in
so many waj's, as a pot plant, or for
window boxes, flower beds, etc. A few
good varieties worth growing are S. A.
Nutt, double scarlet ; Universe, single
scarlet; A. Riccard, double scarlet:
Beaute Poitevine, double pink; Jean
Viaud, double pink; Mrs. E. G. Hill,
single pink; Wonder, single scarlet.
Fall-struck cuttings make the best
plants for summer flowering.

Do not use soil too rich for geraniums.
Old plants that have been carried
through the winter in many cases get
far too much water, with the result that
they are now leggy and very unsightly
looking plants. They should have been
kept on the dry side in the winter time,
as with lack of air and sunshine they
make all sappy growth. The best
thing now is to cut them hard back and
let them break again. The tops can
easih' be rooted in a mixture of sand
and soil.

. Chrysanthemums.

Chrysanthemums can be started from
cuttings. Some varieties that will make
good pot plants for October flowering
are: Golden Glow, double yellow; Oc- ;
tober Frost, double white ; Ladysmith, ■
single pink. For November and Decem- ':
ber flowering: Nellie Pockett, double
white: Cheltonic, double yellow; Kers-
lake, double white ; Ivory, double pink
and white ; Bmiline, single pink ; Ger-

May, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

125

) trude, single white; Rapheil Beauty,
j single red ; Kitty Borne, single yellow.
I To grow good pot, mums, start with
healthy, strong cuttings. They will
readily root in sand and soil. When
cuttings are well rooted, put them into
two and a half inch pots. When these
are filled with roots pinch out the tops,
which will make them break and give
you the foundation. If you have not
sufficient shoots they can be topped
again later. Repot as required up to a
six inch pot, which is large enough for
them to flower. The ideal spot for
young mum plants in the spring is in a
cold frame. In the summer they may
stand in the open. Select a spot where
they will be sheltered from the Avind
and hot sun, othenvise the pots will dry
out too quickly. Stand the pots on
ashes to prevent the worms from enter-
ing the pots. They will grow outside
until signs of frost. Use good, turfy

loam for potting, and feed with liquid
manure when buds are well set.

Hyacinths, daffodils, and tulips are
now in bloom and help to remind us
that spring is here. They make nice
pot plants. People are growing more
bulbs each year. Hyacinths are noted
for their fragrance. They can be grown
a single bulb, in a four or five inch pot,
or three bulbs in a seven inch pot or
pan.

Daffodils and tulips look best grown
in clusters. These are usually planted
in October and November. A mixture
of good garden loam and Avell decayed
manure suits bulbs. It is a good plan
to stand the pots of bulbs in the cellar
after you have given them a good wa-
tering, and to cover with ashes. In
about six weeks they should be nicely
sprouted, with pots full of roots and
ready to be taken up to the light where
they can have regular treatment.

Garden Suggestions for May

Henry Gibson

MAY is the month of the poets,
the queen of the calendar, yet
it is a month of many activi-
ties for the gardener. Nature has
brought us to the threshold of summer
and is whispering to us of the unfold-
ing beauties that shortly are to be
spread before us. The orchards will
be white and pink, with a thousand
temptations for the tuneful birds and
buzzing bees. The iris will be unfurl-
ing its bannerets of royal purple and
golden yellow. The tulips will add a
glow of color to the beds and borders
that ere long will be planted to more
tender subjects from the greenhouse,
and at last we will be made to forget
that Jack Frost ever tried our patience
with his Avintry pranks.

Now, when planting operations are
going on, is the time to add some at-
tractions for the songsters. There are
innumerable varieties of shrubs that
produce berries that the birds can feed
on during the cold weather. Si)ace
forbids giving anything like an ex-
haustive list of the shrubs here, but we
will mention a few off-hand as a sort
of guide to go by: Morus Rubra (red
mulben-y), Prunuses, in variety, Cor-
nus Alterifolia (blue cornel), Vac-
ciniuni Perisylvanicum (lowbush blue-
berry). Viburnums, in variety, Rhubus
(thimbleberry), Sambucus Canadensis
(common elder), Symphoricarpus
(snowberry). More and more interest
is being evinced each year in the pre-
servation of our native birds, and much

can be done by attracting them to the
garden and around the house. It ma\'
be claimed by some, and it is true to a
certain extent, that birds do a lot oi
damage in the garden by picking up
the seeds that one sows, and eating the
small fruits. Birds do not always, as
is supposed, pick up the seeds from a
newly-planted piece of ground. They
are invariably after the grubs. The
damage to the fruit can be overcome
by planting a few mulberries in close
proximity to the fruit patch. Bird>
prefer mulberries to either blackberries
or raspberries. Sunflower seeds should
be planted in a corner of every garden
for the birds to feed on in the fall.
Water should be provided in shallow
receptacles, which may assume some
ornamental form if the owner so
desires, but let them be shallow.

The Flower Garden.

In normal seasons a number of the
more hardy annuals can be sown in the
open ground about the middle of May.
The tender ones should be accom-
modated in a cold frame or mild hot-
bed. Commence to harden off those
annuals that were started early in the
hotbed or greenhouse, preparatory to
planting out. Montbretias and gladi-
olus can be planted as soon as the
ground is fit to work without being
sticky. Gladiolus should be planted
several times throughout this month
and next, so as to have a succession of
flowers all through the season. Dor-
mant roots of dahlias may be set out,
but where young, green plants are to be
put out, it would be advisable to wait
until all danger from frost is past.
Dahlias are very tender, and the least
bit of fro.st will render them useless.

Perennials that are still to move
should be attended to at the earliest
possible moment. Get the planting of

This unique and strlkine stone wall, which .separates Spadina Park from the residence of Mr. A. W. Au.stin, Toronto, is a ."source of much p'oasui

to large numbers of people each year. It i.s 1,000 feet long.

126

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Kloral Edition.

The work of students In bulb culture at the Guelph Agricultural College, in the department
where Mr. Wm. Hunt is the chief presiding genius.

shrubberies completed as soon as pos-
sible this month.

There are numerous varieties of
hardy annuals that are close rivals of
the best of the bedding plants. Many
of them are very useful for house and
table decoration. Moreover, by select-
ing!: different varieties these annuals
may be had in bloom from June to
frost. Almost all of them love plenty
of sunshine, but there are a few that
will thrive in shade. Among the latter
may be mentioned nasturtiums. They
do not require a rich soil at any time,
and when grown in the shade no man-
ure whatever should be used. Such
subjects as poppies, mignonette and
<>larkias, when thinned to a foot apart,
will branch freely and flower for two or
three months.

Next to the sweet peas, the early
hai-dy outdoor chrysanthemum is one
of the best flowers for garden decora-
tion. Old plants that have been pro-
tected in a cold frame over the winter
months will now be throwing up strong
groM^ths and can be divided into several
pieces each ^vith two or three shoots.
Plants obtained in this manner are very
little inferior to those raised from cut-
tings. They .should be planted firmly
when set out in the garden and given a
good watering as soon as planting is
completed.

In addition to the gladioli and
iriontbretias mentioned, there are
some other bulbs that may be
set out in May, and which will
add color to the beds and borders later
in the season \\-'hen the beauty of the
annuals is fading. Amaryllis of the old
belladonna type, planted now,' will en-
liven things with a rich variety of color
during the latter days of August, as
will crinums and Hycinthiis Candicans.
The latter is an excellent companion
plant for delphiniums and similar tall-
growing subjects. When planted in

groups, Hj^inthus Candicans produces

a very pleasing effect when in bloom.

The Vegetable Garden.

Potatoes should be put in the ground
as soon as possible. If you have had
trouble with scab, don't hesitate to
treat the seed with formaldehyde. One
pint of the material diluted with thirty
gallons of water is the regulation
strength to use. The seed should not
be allowed to remain in this solution
for more than two hours. Be sure to
lay the seed out to dry before planting.

Several sowings of peas, beans, and
other vegetables should be made this
month to provide a succession for the
kitchen. No hard and fast rule can be
laid down for this, at least as to the
quantity, for each one must be guided
by the quantity consumed. Late cab-
bage, cauliflower, and other brassicas
may be sown. If 3'ou have early plants
of melons and cucumbers to put out,
wait until the end of the month, but in
the meantime you would do well to sow
a few seeds of these plants in the pre-
pared hills. In doing this you are as-
sured of a crop should those early ones
you set out be caught by a belated
cold spell. The seeds will not be up
through the ground for some time, and
therefore will survive any cold that
comes along at this time of the year.

Make an effort to arrange the plant-
ing of the various crops in the vege-
table garden so that those crops that
remain in the ground all the season are
all together. Among these we may men-
tion Swiss chard, chicory, cardoon, arti-
choke, eeleriac. parsley, parsnips, sal-
sifv, and New Zealand spinach.

All root crops that are liable to the
attacks of maggots should have the
ground dusted with soot previous to
planting. Many growers use and re-
commend lime, but personally we pre-
fer the soot, and use about one quai-t to
twentv feet of drill.

The Invalid's Garden

By Eunice Buchanan

If there is a delicate person who needs
some interest to draw him out of doors,
try a small cold frame in a sheltered,
yet sunny spot. The frame can be of
the professional type, or it can be an
ordinary home-made affair, of four
sides, and a storm window for lights.
Take out the soil within the square for
a foot, or even two feet, and fill in the
hole with rich friable soil, to which has
been added a (|uantity of rotted
manure.

The invalid may not be the only mem-
ber of the family who desires such a
garden, especially if they patronize the
seat put beside it, or a comfortable bag
of hay, or other kneeler put there for
the invalid to work upon. A good steel
trowel is a necessity, while a garden
box fitted with tools, and a watering
can add to the pleasure. A set of child-
ren's garden tools is also useful,
e.specially for working at the back of
the frame, where it is difficult to reach
with the short handles.

A square wooden box is easily made
into a garden "basket" by nailing a
piece of barrel hoop over the centre for
a handle, and tacking straps inside for
the accommodation of scissors, weeders,
hand fork, labels, seed packets or what
ever the gardener fancies ; but an ordin-
ary four-tined table fork will, with the
aid of the trowel, do nearly all the in-
tensive culture needed.

The choice of flowers to be grown,
naturally rests with the owner, but I
have found that nothing gives greater
satisfaction than pansies, which by
shutting the frame on cold nights dur
ing spring and late fall, give an enorm-
ous quantity of blossoms from one end
of the season to the other. Of course
it is necessary to pick the flowers be-
fore they form seed, and here enters the
.]oy of giving.

The little English daisy also gives a
continuous supply of flowers, if treated
in the same way. Where the plants are
close together, and the ground moist,
slugs will appear, also there are little
worms which eat the pansies, but theae
may prove blessings in disguise, and
give the owner an extra excuse to pet
the plants.

There are also annuals which may be
selected from the catalogues, thus al-
lowing the invalid to share the pleasure
of the ordinary gardener's plans before
the spring comes. Carnations answer
well to this treatment, the frame afford-
ing, with the evergreen brush laid on,
sufficient protection for the winter.
We leave the frame open all winter.
but cover with brush.

If annuals have been grown, the
frame should be dug and put in order

.May, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

127

after the frosts of fall, when a variety
of bulbs maj' be planted in rows, mark-
ing the end of each row with a stake,

I

f^~« HOUGH it may seem a simple mat-
I ter enough on the surface, there
is a good deal in potting plants
properly. The pots should be well
drained, using for this purpose pieces
of broken pots, and placing one large
piece over the hole in the bottom of
your pot. A little sphagnum or rough
material of some kind should next be
placed over the crocks to keep the soil
from being washed down and blocking
the drainage. Then put an inch or so

and putting a label to each variety. The
rows should be arranged to allow inter-
cropping of annuals in the spring

Pointers in Potting

John Gall, Inglewood, Ont.

Turning plants out of pots.

of the soil before placing the plant in
position, and fill in with the compost,
pressing this down rather firmly with
the fingei-s until the pot is nearly but
not quite full. (See Figure 4.)

If the pot is overfilled (see Figure 1),
insufficient room is left for watering,
while, if not filled full enough, not
only does the pot not contain enough
soil, but the plant is liable to become
"drowned" when water is given.
(Note Figure 2.) Figure three de-
picts a plant potted on one side — a
clumsy if not hideous style ; and
Figure four, a plant potted properly.
There ought always to be enough space
left between the top of the pot and
the surface of the soil to permit givin<r
sufficient water to saturate the whole
of the soil and moisten all the roots.

Some people seem to throw the
jilants into the pots almost anyhow,
and still they grow and do well — just
a large piece of crock over the drain-
age hole (sometimes not even that),
and then perhaps a few of the rough
lumps of the compost being considered
quite sufficient. This plan may answer
well enough in a country garden,
xrhere plants seem to thrive under any
condition, but too much care cannot be
taken in the town garden. "What's
worth doing is worth doing well," is
an old adage that should not be for-
gotten, even in the potting of plants.
Something always depends upon the
state of the soil or compost. If it is
sufficiently coai-se or porous, compara-
tively little drainage will be necessary,

|t, if at all fine, plenty should be

given. Plants that require much water,
such as spiraeas, etc., should also have
plenty of drainage. In fact, I believe
in this in almost all cases, as, if a little
too much water is given at any time, no
harm is done. Most plants, especially
those of the "hard-wooded" or shrubby
type, require to be potted very firmly
— that is, to have the soil made almost
hard in the pots — but in the case of
soft-wooded plants, generally, pot
rather loosely for rapid growth, and
more firmly for early bloom.

Illustration two shows exactly how a
plant should be turned out of its pot
for purposes of examination. Figure
C shows the correct placing of the
drainage, one large piece of crock be-
ing shown with the hollow side down-
wards (as it would be were the plant
replaced in the pot as at. D). This
should always be sufficiently large to
well cover the drainage hole at the
bottom of the pot, and any other ma-
terial for drainage, snch as smaller
crocks, should surround it, while a
little sphagnum (moss) should be
placed above it, so that the compost
may not be washed through. This lat-
ter, if of proper constituents, that is,
containing a certain amount of sand,
fibrous loam, and leaf mould, can
hardly be made too firm by fair means,
but a soil composed solely of heavy
garden loam will have its porosity en-
dangered if rammed about the roots
with undue vigor. In all potting
operations, see that the roots of the
plants are laid out in the soil, that is to
sav, thev should not have the soil

Good and i>oor potting.

thrown on them, but among them. It
is wise also, generally, to finish off with
a surfacing of sand, while the compost
should be slightly lower at the rim of
the pot than at the collar of the plant.

The Flower Border

It is best to locate the flower border
at the side or back of the lawn, rather
than make it too prominent a feature in
the front yard. It shows to best advan-
tage against a background of shrubbery,
or near a building or fence, which can
be covered with vines and climbers. The
size of the border need be limited only
by the extent of the grounds and the
time that they can be put upon it. A
border with irregular oudine varying
from five to ten feet in width is prefer-
able to a narrow one between straight
boundary lines.

The ground for the flower border
should be prepared deeply and thorough-
ly, and be made as rich as possible by
digging in plenty of well rotted manure
or compost. The work of stocking a
border may be done at various times
throughout the .season. Early in the
spring is the best time to sow seeds and
do most of the planting ; the transplant-
ing of seedlings may be done at any time
during the season when the ground is
moist. Hardy bulbs and tuberous rooted
plants should be planted in the fall.

This beauty spot was situated In St. Thonias and was the work of the St. Thomas Horticul-
tural Society. The bed was planted by the owner. The urn was owned and planted by th«
society. Varieties of flowers for the bed were suggested by the society.

128

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Bdttlon.

The Canadian Horticulturist

COMBINKD WITH

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST
AND BEEKEEPER

with which has been Incorporated

The Canadian Bee Journal,

Publlehed by The Horticultural

Publishing Company, Limited,

PETERBORO, ONTARIO
H. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director.

The Only Magazines In Their Field In the
Dominion
Ofncial Organs of the Ontario and
Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations
and of the Ontario, Manitoba and
New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associ-
ations.

REPRESENTATIVES
UNITED STATES
STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY.
Chicago Otnce— People's Gas Building.
New York Office — Tribune Building.

GREAT BRITAIN
W. A. Mountstephen, 16 Regent St., London, S.W.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in
three editions on the 25th day of the month
preceding date of issue. The first edition is
known as the fruit edition, and Is devoted
chiefly to the commercial fruit Interests. The
second edition is known as the floral edition
and Is devoted chiefly to the Intbrests of ama-
teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The
third edition Is known as The Canadian Horti-
culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several
pages of matter appearing In the first and
second issues are replaced by an equal number
of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping
Interests of Canada.

2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti-
culturist In Canada and Great Britain. Jl.OO a
year; three years for J2.00. and of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year
For United States and local subscriptions Iri
Peterboro (not called for at the Post Office)
25 cents extra a year. Including postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post Office
"■"^ ^P""^^^^""*-^ Order, or Registered Letter.

4. Change of Address— When a change of ad-
dress Is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dresses must be given.

6. Advertising rate.s. Jl.40 an Inch. Copy re-
ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising
correspondence and copy to our Advertising
Manager, Peterboro, Ont.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT
"The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation, of The Canadian Hortlriilturlst
for the year ending with December 1915. The
figures given are exclusive of samples and
spoiled copies. Most months. Including the
oample copies, from 11.000 to 13.000 copies of
Toe Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo-
ple known to be Intere.-sted in the growing of
fruits, flowers or vegptables,

January, 1915 .. .11,158 August, 1915 ..,.10,294
S^/.h^Tdii"^ --JS'ti? September, 1915 .10 067

¥*'^S'^'J?J® ^"'^^ October. 1915 .,,10 017

April, 1915 10.917 November, 1915 , 9 704

fule. Ts!, ■:■■:■ -ItiU °^'=^™*^'-' '''' -J^

July, 1915 10,448 Total 124,920

Average each Issue In 1907 6,627

Average each Issue In 1915 10,410

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon

application.

OUR GUARANTEE

We guarantee that every advertiser In this
issue is reliable. We are able to do this because
the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti-
culturist are as carefully edited as the reading
columns, and becau.-se to protect our readers we
turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should
any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any
subscriber, we will make good the amount of
his loss, provided such transaction occurs within
one month from date of this issue, that it is
reported to us within a week of its occurrence
and that we find the facts to be as stated. It
Is a condition of this contract that In writing to
advertisers you state: "I saw vour advertise-
ment In The Canadian Horticulturist."

Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex-
pense of our subscribers, who are our friends,
through the medium of these columns: but we
shall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes be-
tween subscribers and honorable business men
who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest
bankrupts.

Communications should be addressed
THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

PETERBORO. ONT.

Home Market Conditions

We have so definitely accepted the ex-
pectation that the population of Canada
during the next few decades is destined to
increase b.v millions, and our home markets
in proportion, that we are apt to overlook
other factors In the situation which may pre-
vent these home markets from consuming as
much of the products of our farms and or-
chards as might otherwise be expected. All
history shows that as the population of a
country increases, and towns and large
cities spring up, the poverty of the masses
grows with even greater rapidity. A.s the
free land of the world has become occupied,
this tendency has increased. It seems des-
tined to increase even more rapidly during
the next few decades than ever before.

Anything which tends to impoverish the
masses automatically reduces the value of
our home markets as consumers of fruit in
a like proportion. If, in cities like To-
ronto, Montreal and Winnipeg, the propor-
tion of people earning less than enough to
enable them to buy fruit for family con-
sumption is increasing, the con.suming
power of these cities, as far as fruit growers
are concerned, is decreasing in the same
ratio. What, then, are the conditions?

In the April issue of The Canadian Horti-
culturist, reference was made to the final
report of the Commission on Industrial Re-
lations appointed by Congress in 1912 to
investigate industrial conditions in the
United States. Th«, report of this commis-
sion was made public last fall. The com-
mission reports, after investigating condi-
tions in all parts of the United States, that,
while in some lines of industry higher
wages are being paid than ever before, the
lack of steady employment is annually driv-
ing hundreds of thousands of otherwise pro-
ductive citizens into poverty and bitter
despair, and thus, to use the words of the
report, is "sapping the very basis of na-
tional efficiency and germinating the seeds
of revolution." Between one-fourth and
one-third of the male workers, eighteen
years of age and over, in factories and
mines, earn less than $10 a week: from
two-thirds to three fourths earn less than
$15, and only about one-tenth earn more
than $20 a week. This does not take into
consideration the loss of working time for
any cause. From two-thirds to three-fourths
of women workers in factories, stores or
laundries, and in industrial occupations
generally, work at wages of less than $S
a week. Against this condition of the work-
ing classes the commission reports tha*^
wealth is concentrating in the hands of a
few to such an extent that one private for-
tune in the United States Is equivalent to
the agpregate wealth of two million fivp
hundred thousand of those who are classed
as poor, who are shown to own on the aver-
age about four hundred dollars each. A
little less than two million people own
twenty per cent, more of the nation's wealth
than the other ninety million.

The report makes it clear that this con-
dition is extending, and that it is beginning
to menace the welfare of the nation. On
this point the report says: "While vast in-
herited fortunes automatically treble and
multiply in volume, two-thirds of those who
toil from eight to twelve hours a day re-
ceive less than enough to support them-
selves in decency and in comfort." Two of
the commissioners, in a supplemental report,
state "that hungry, poorly-clothed. and with-
out the opportunities that a fully-rounded

life requires, these peoide become filled '
with a sullen resentment that bodes no good
for the future of the Republic; unrest exiF'
in some instances to an alarming exten-
These people have no regard for law (,■
government, and are in reality a latent vo
cano, as dangerous to society as are tli.
volcanos of nature to the landscape su:
rounding them. Thirty thousand worker
in a single strike have followed the leadt
ship of men who denounced governmei.
and call for relentless warfare on organized
society."

What has all this got to do with u.s?
Only this, that when we discuss marketing
problems we should recogrnize that fundu
mentally they are much larger than mo--
of us have yet realized. We have got to
grapple with and .settle transportation
rates, the introduction of co-operative
methods, the better grading and packing
of our fruit, and similar features of the
situation, but we must recognize al.so that
even were these all settlefl there are still
larger problems rapidly forcing theniselves
to the front which must be dealt with also.
Our own prosperity and welfare is involved
in their proper adjustment.

Mother's Day

The observance of Mother's Day ha
leaped more suddenly into public favor than
its modern originators could have antici-
pated. Only five years ago. those who ad-
vocated the claims of this day for general
observance were looked upon by many as
faddists and received but scant attention.,
In Canada some people opposed it a.s a
whim imported from the United States.
To-day, the day is observed by millions on
both sides of the line.

This year, Mother's Day will fall on Sun-
day, May 14th. At first the custom was to
wear a red flower for a mother living, and
a white flower for a mother dead. The
popularity of the day has been such, how-
ever, that florists have been unable to sup-
ply the demand for flowers, and thus the
public has been led to purchase and wear
flowers of any color irrespective of what
the color was supposed to represent. To-
day, the original distinction in color has
practically disappeared.

A pleasing feature of the celebration of
the day has been the tendency of Sunday
schools and churches to hold special ser-
vices or to devote special attention to it in
connection with their regular services. This
custom Is extending. This year the day is
likely to be more generally observed than
ever before. Let us do what we can
through observing it to honor not only our
own mothers, but to bring pleasure to the
hearts of all mothers, and at the same time
teach children to appreciate more fully the
beauty and worth of a mother's love.
World conditions this year should lead us
to observe the day with unusual tenderness.

The War's Influence Appearing

The economic effects of the world situa-
tion brought about by the war are only
now becoming apparent to the majority of
people on this continent. The advancing
cost of many necessitie.s is leading us to
realize that it is impossible for twenty mil-
lion men to be fighting one another in
Europe, and as many more people to be em-
ployed in the production of ammunition and
other war requisites, without the produc-
tion of the comforts and necessities of life
being tremendously reduced and their cost
increased In proportion. When the war
broke out, the stocks of retailers, whole-
salers and manufacturers in most lines were
abundant. As time has progressed, how-
ever, these stocks have been depleted until

May, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

129

now the margin in most lines is small in-
deed, and in many lines has been wiped out.
As pointed out elsewhere in this issue,
the cost of grape twine has increased from
ten cents to twenty-flve cents a pound, and
of blue stone from fifteen cents to thirty
cents a pound. These advances are typical
of similar advances that are taking place in
many other lines. The supply of woollen
goods has become so depleted that they can
hardly be obtained. The price of certain
inks used in the publishing business has ad-
vanced from twenty-flve cents to a dollar
and a half to two dollars a pound. The
public as yet does not realize this condition.
The thrift campaign that has been inaugur-
ated by the Dominion Government is there-
fore timely and necessary. If the war con-
tinues much longer it is going to be neces-
sary for all of us, including those in com-
fortable circumstances, to exercise every
economy to make ends meet. The interests
of the nation require that we should start
now if we have not already done so.

with it, we have been holding it. Informa-
tion as to whom this article was by will be
appreciated.

Each year when the spring fever makes
itself feit, thousands of amateur "fruit and
flower growers feel the impulse which first
stirred them as children to dig in the earth
and grow things. With many the impulse
dies almost as soon as felt. With others a
half-hearted start is made but is soon aban-
doned. The proportion of those who pro-
ceed and succeed is lamentably small. One
reason for this is the lack of helpful infor-
mation in regard to how to grow even the
most common flowers and vegetables. Early
this spring horticultural societies would be
well advised were they to appoint press
committees to deal with this situation.
These committees might clip helpful articles,
such as several of those, for instance, which
appear in this month's issue of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist, and hand them to their
local paper for publication. Every paper
in the land is free to republish the articles
that appear in The Canadian Horticulturist.
Probably there Is no one way in which so-
cieties could accomplish more helpful work
than by making public timely, practical
articles just when needed.

At the recent session of the Ontario
Legislature, the fine for spraying fruit trees
in bloom was increased from one dollar to
five dollars. The reason for the amend-
ment was the fact that many fruit growers
were not deterred from spraying their trees
by the formerly small fine. The article in
this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist,
by Prof. Hewitt, showing the marked influ-
ence bees have in fertilizing fruit blossoms,
reveals how important it is that bees shall
be protected from poisonous sprays during
the blooming season. It is in the interest
of fruit growers that the statute shall be
enforced.

PUBLISHER'S DESK

ik\/k^ik\ikwmkWk¥iiimY/^<'rm6i'm/wrs\

Our front cover illustration shows a scene
in the garden of Mr. Jo<hn Drust, of Ben-
miller, Huron Co., Ont. Were the promised
bloom there shown to be realized this year
in the orchards of the land the question of
over-production would then be serious.

Some time since we received an interest-
ing typewritten article entitled "Green-
house Problems." which appeared to be the
manuscript, of an address delivered at some
meeting of fruit or vegetable growers. A^
the name of the author was not 'nrni.ihed

One of the oldest subscribers of The
Canadian Horticulturist is Mr. Chris. Firth,
the secretary of the Durham Horticultural
Society. Mr. Firth is one of a very few,
we believe less than half a dozen, men who
have taken The Canadian Horticulturist
every year since its inception in 1878. In
a letter to The Canadian Horticulturist, re-
ceived during April, Mr. Firth expressed
the belief that he had been taking The
Canadian Horticulturist since 1873. This,
however, could not be the case, as The
Canadian Horticulturist was not started
until January, 1878. However, Mr. Firth
was probably a member of The Ontario
Fruit Growers' Association in 1873, which
five years later started The Canadian Horti-
culturist. The long continued association
of Mr. Firth with The Canadian Horticul-
turist and his loyal support is much appre-
ciated by all connected with it. We trust
he will continue a regular reader for years
to come.

One of the interesting features of the
June issue of The 'anadian Horticulturist
will be an article entitled "The Control of
Enemies of the Rose," by iMr. P. E. Buck, of
the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.
Mr. Buck's articles are always practical and
helpful and this one will be especially in-
teresting to rose growers.

Horticultural societies that would like us
to send sample copies to prospective mem-
bers are requested to send us lists of names
and addresses as early in the spi^ng as pos-
sible. This is an. excellent method of ob-
taining new members where The Canadian
Horticulturist is given as a premium.
* • •

We have openings for subscription repre-
sentatives in the leading fruit districts.
Those interested are invited to write to
us direct.

SOCIETY NOTES i

\:^rm6iYifmt^mmi'ntw»^rkvmmmmmmrm

The St. Thomas Tulip Show.
Great preparations are being made by the
members of The 'St. Thomas Horticultural
Society for the Festival of Tulips which will
be held in St. Thomas, May 11 to 14. The
festival will be conducted under the auspices
of The Ontario Horticultural Association.
Everything will be free. Some two hun-
dred varieties of tulips of every shade and
color will be on exhibition. The public beds
along the streets contain 25,000 tulips and
the parks and private gardens have 200,000
more. It is expected that these will be In
full bloom. A cup is being offered to the
Society making the best display of twenty-
tive varieties of five blooms each, and a
medal for the best five blooms of any one
variety. Sunday, May 14 will be known as
Tulip Sunday. Special rates have been
granted by the railroads. Societies that can
conveniently do so might find it profitable
to send delegates.

Hamilton.
The illustration of Hamilton boys with
bird houses of their own construction pub-
lished elsewhere in this issue shows an in-
teresting line of work conducted this year
by the Hamilton Horticultural iSociety.
Under the auspices of the society a series
of garden Arts and Crafts Exhibitions is

being conducted. The first of these was the
bird house section. Fully two hundred bird
liouses were presented for competition. The
competitors were members of the manual
training classes of tllie city. The exhibits
were shown in one of the city stores. Some
of the bird houses were sold by the boys,
the proceeds being turned over to the Red
Cross funds. The Boys' Scout bird house
display will be staged shortly and the Gar-
den Stands Section about the same time.
The iMay meeting of the Society will take
the form of a trip to Dr. Clark's tulip gar-
den at Grimsby.

Export Apple Trade

By F. H. Grindley, B.S.A., Assistant to the Fruit
Commissioner, Ottawa

OWING largely to the fact that cargo
space on transatlantic steamers is
considerably restricted, frtiit shippers
have met with some difficulty this year in
the matter of delays in transit. After ar-
rival at British ports, fruit is frequently left
in the ship's hold for periods extending
sometimes as long as two weeks. These
delays result in a deterioration of the
quality of the fruit and a consequent falling
off in the prices received by the shipper.

Recently, too, when the matter of limiting
the imports of certain commodities was
under consideration by the British Govern-
ment, many classes of fruit (including ap-
ples) were listed. For several days this
caused quite a panic among English fruit
dealers, inasmuch as such a move would
very seriously affect about two hundred
thousand of these men in that country.
Fortunately, apples were later removed
from the list, and Canadian shippers now
have an open market in England for that
fruit, provided that the necessary vessel
space can be obtained.

There are, however, so many shipments
of more necessary food stuffs, etc., being
imported into Great Britain that apples are
sometimes delayed at points of export.
Twenty-flve carloads (5,000 barrels) of On-
tario apples, consigned to England via Bos-
ton on the s.s. Franklin, were held up at
the latter port on account of the vessel be-
ing unexpectedly commandeered by the
British Government. A serious situation re-
sulted, inasmuch as there was no other
vessel leaving Boston for fur weeks, and
the local market was already supplied with

''we have been advised ^^ f r_^ J Forsy^tli
smith, Canadian Government Fruit Trade
commissioner, of Leeds, England, that a
similar situation, or one X^,«T annle
nounced, will exist when the ne^xt apple
"h ppmg season opens, and we feel that
Canadian shippers will do well to ake any
steps which may lead to a more satisfactory
consideration of their interests.

U is not possible to predict just what con-
ditions will surround the Canadian export
frut trade in six months' time but it seems
reasonable to suppose that it the home de^
mand can be increased there should be no
difficulty in disposing of an average crop,
especiany as the quantity of American ap-
ples imported into Canada promises to he
considerably below normal.

Items of Interest.

The death took place In February of Mr.
Thos H. Cunningham, Inspector of Fruit
Pests for British Columbia, Mr. Cunning^
ham served the Board of Horticulture of
British Columbia for many years, with zeal
that made his name known throughout the
province. Much of the freedom of the pro-
vince from serious pests is due to the efforts
of IMr. Cunningham to prevent the importa-
tion of infected stock.

130

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EJdttlon.

Co-Operation in the Niagara District*

J. R. Flastings, Winona, Ont.

IT seems to 'be the prevailing opinion
among the fruit growers of the Niagara
Peninsula that It has become advIsaWe,
if not absolutely necessary to do something
—to take some step calculated to bring a
measure of relief to the fruit grower and to
place the fruit-growing industry on a more
satisfactory basis. The question as to
whether or not nooperation offers the
much-needed relilef, and whether co-opera-
tion on an extended scale can be put in suc-
cessful operation in the Niagara Peninsula
is being much discussed.

We have in the Niagara Peninsula a num-
ber of organizations supposed to he working
along cooperative lines. Some of them
have not been very successful, through no
fault of cooperation, however, but rather for
the lack of cooperation as -well as for other
reasons. A few have met with a fair degree
of success — are bringing to their members
results as satisfactory as can be expected
under present conditions and methods of
marketing and these give promise of greater
strength and usefulnes.s. We may here ask
if cooperation on a very limited scale and
under the most adverse conditions imagin-
able brings to its members ibetter results
than the average fruit grower is receiving
is it not reasonable to suppose that on a
jnore extended scale, with greatly increased
strength and with the adverse conditions
largely eliminated, it will bring added
benefits and satisfaction to its members?

Every man who has given the matter in-
telligent consideration admits that better
results, financial and otherwise, come from
.successful cooperative endieavor than from
individual effort. I am speaking now of the
average individual, not the man who raises
far atove the average quantity of fruit. We
have fruit growers who can market their
fruit crops to the best advantage, perhaps
as well or better than a cooperative, but it
ends there. It is the rank and file of the
fruit growers we are considering, the sub-
merged nine-tenths, the fruit growing in-
dustry as a whole.

The money end should not be the only
consideration. Well ordered cooperation
will bring to its devotees benefits that can-
not be measured in dollars and cents. The
man whose mental make-up renders it im-
possible for him to average up all the re-
sults and remain steadfast and loyal to his
organization will never become a good co-
operator, and it is doubtful if he should be
allowed to enlist under the 'banner of co-
operation. He is one of the misfits of the
fruit growing ibusiness— he will be con-
stantly tempted by the extra cent or nickle
per basket that will be dangled before his
eyes, probably "by some interest antagonistic
to cooperation.

Benefits of Cooperation.

What claims then do I make for co-
operation? I have in mind, of course, a
properly organized company, every detail
thoroughily systematized and hammered Into
shape and efficiently managed. Whoever
heard of such a concern going to the wall?
Such organizations do not fail — they live
and flourish, or, having served the purposies
for which they were created, pass grace-
fully and orderly out of existence.

Successful cooperation will relieve the
fruit grower of th« task of marketing his
fruit and enable him to igive more attention
to other dietails to which he is better
qualified to attend.

An address delivered at the last annual con-
vention of the Ontario FruJt Growers' Associa-
tion.

It will give him the best prices for his
product that under all the circumstances
he is entitled to receive and higher average
prices than he could otherwise get.

It will furnish his supplies of practically
all kinds at lower prices than he could get
in any other way.

It will not act as a panacea for all his
fruit growing ills, nor will it enable him to
eat the bread of idleness, but if he is posi-
sessed of a sound mind and healthy body It
will stimulate his interest in his work and
render less irksome some of its tasks and
by so doing will make him a more contented
and satisfied man — a better citizen, there-
fore a more useful member of society.

No— it will not of Itself take him to
Heaven, but will go a long way towards
keeping him out of the other place. Order
is Heaven's first law, also one of the
cardinal principles of cooperation, hence the
fruit grower who attains order is already on
his way to better things.

In some communities, I understand that
the man who does not belong to a co-
operative organization is not looked upon
with much favor by the other church mem-
bers, and the banks view him with an eye
of suspicion.

There is not a single detail in the fruit
grower's business experience which may not
be benefited 'by cooperative effort. It has
been said that the training of a child should
begin ibefore it is born, and so with co-
operation. It should begin its work before
the potential orchardist plants his trees, and
I do not know of any reason why it should
not aid him in the selection of his land. I
imagine an organization handling annually
a million or more dollars worth of fruit
would be a better judge as to the varieties
to set out and the land best adapted to the
different varieties than the average real
estate man or nursery representative.

Well ordered cooperation would have
thoroughly qualified men, part of whose
duties it would "be to give advice and guid-
ance in all matters, such as planting, prun-
ing, spraying, cultivation, picking and pack-
ing. The organization would act as a clear-
ing house for all details affecting the busi-
ness welfare of the individual members.

And now we ask— is it ipossible to put
such an organization in successful operation
in the Niagara Peninsula? In my judgment
it is practicable. The western end of the
peninsula at least offers an Ideal field for
the venture but, let me say, that no at-
tempt should be made to put such an organ-
ization in operation until every detail has
been put in perfect shape and the whole
structure made ready for the work to ibe
done. This will be no easy task and will
require the active assistance and support
of those men who have had many years
experience in the marketing of the fruits of
th« district, as well as all other tranches of
the industry. There are many problems to
solve — many situations to meet — which are
peculiar to our particular district and its
products and which will have to be dealt
with in a special way since there are no
experiences that I know of which will be a
sure guide for us.

We will have to work out our own salva-
tion. It can be done if the fruit growers
feel that they are ready for it. The main
thing is to have a fruit growers' organiza-
tion, an organization controlled ^by the
growers, with the fruit growers in charge of
their own business.
Two plans of organization have been con-

sidered— one patterned after the California
Fruit Growers' Exchange and a numiber of
others already in operation both in the
United States and Canada. The California
Exchange is, as you know, simply the sell-
ing agency for a great many local con-
cerns scattered over hundreds of miles of
territory— handling the products of these
local organizations in car lots to the large
centres and mostly on consignment. While
this plan might in a measure succeed in the
Niaigara Peninsula it is not the one best
suited to our needs.

I ran across an article some little time
ago which referred to an organization which
had decided to discard the Central Selling
Agency as an unnecessary and useless ap-
pendix, and I think, if adopted by our dis-
trict, we would soon have on our hands a
very bad case of appendicitis.

The nature of our business requires that
there must be close connection, a much
closer cooperation than in those cases
where only car lots are handled and which,
to a considerable extent, go to the large
centres, much on consignment.

I would not, for the present at least, sug-
gest one organization for the whole Niagara
Peninsula. It might be better to consider
two organizations — one for the Western end
and another for the Eastern — and I do not
know of any rea.son why a third could not
be organized to include the district from
Hamilton to Toronto, and the three work in
harmony.

I have been asked if a growers' organiza-
tion, controlling practically all the fruit of
the district, should become a reality, what
about the dealers who at present are our
largest distributors? What about the com-
mission men?

Our dealers, .some of whom are large
growers, should become members of the
growers' organization and some of them,
and all those who are growers, should be
as-ked to maintain their present selling
organizations and continue to act as dis-
tributors operating, however, in strict co-
operation with the growers' company. In
that event the dealers would get their fruit
from the organization instead of from the
individual grower, and I know- of no good
reason why an arrangement along these
lines, satisfactory to all interested, could
not be put into effect.

We have some excellent men in the com-
mission business whose services in handling *
fruit in the large centres could not well be
dispensed with. However, the relation at
present existing as between grower or ship-
per and commission man would be some-
what altered, and in the course of time this
branch of the business would come directly
within the control of the growers' organiza-
tion.

Some time, when the horizon of the farm-
er and fruit grower extends itself, when co-
operation has spread abroad over the land,
there wSll be in each large centre in the Do-
minion a Produce Exchange tmder the con-
trol of the producers' organization where
farm products of all kinds will be handled.
When the fruit growers' organization has
once got well on its way, when the leaven
of cooperation shall have begun to exert its
power and influence, the dealer, the com-
mission man. each interest will, without
sacrifice, fit into some useful niche in the
new order of things.

Enclosed you will find ?2.00 for my sub-
scription to The Canadian Horticulturist up
to September, 191S. I always give my copies
of The Canadian Horticulturist away, as
even after they are a year old they are
always useful.— Signed: W. R. Puckey, Coal
Creek Mines. B.C.

May, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

131

Apples in Boxes and Barrels'

C. W. Baxter, Dominion Fruit Division; Ottawa

THOSE who have visited the Prairie mar-
kets, especially in Western Saskatche-
wan and Alberta, will have noticed
the small proportion of apples offered
for saJe in barrels. In many towns and
small cities, we coul:! not find a s.ingle bar-
rel of apples. In answer to inquiries as to
why these conditions prevailed we were told
that it was because of the past misdeeds of
the few eastern shippers who had .practiced
"Boot-legging" or "stove-piping." Again we
were told that if Ontario growers want to
sell their apples on these markets they must
pack them all in boxes, and not being satis-
fied with this answer we continued our in-
quiries and concluded that the reason, was
largely a question of prohibitive freight rates.
However, Ontario growers are not likely to
worry over these markets. They realize that
British Columbia can very well take care
of them.

The trade channels thraugh which most
of the boxed apples have been sold in the
markets, on both sides of the International
Boundary from Saskatchewan and Minnesota
Elast are the hotels, fruit stores, fruit stands,
apartment houses and private homes. The
hotels, restaurants and fruit stands use prac-
tically nine-tenths of the total. Why do
they prefer to pay a higher price for apples
in iboxes rather than in barrels? Taken in
the order named, some of the reasons may
be, "-that the hotels and restaurants prefer
them hecause the fruit is of uniform size
and quality, W they want apples for haking
or pastry they can get them uaiformly large.
If for serving for fre«h fruit, uniformly med-
ium to nearly medium size. Caterers have
the individual coat of serving the public figur-
ed out to a fine point and uniformity in size
helps them to carry this out in practice.
F'-'iit s.tores and fruit stands .prefer them

A paper read at the recent annual conven-
tion of the Ontario Fruit Growers' A.ssociation.

because of the uniform size, color and
quality. The fact that the numiber of apples
contained in the package is marked on the
outside is considered a decided advantage
and aids ithe dealer in determining whether
the apples wiU be sold at five cents each, two
tor five cents, or three for ten cents. The
profits on apples sold in this way usually
range from one hundred per cent, to three
hundred per cent, seldom less than one
hundred. To increase the consumption ot
apples by handling greater quantities at
smaller profits is never considered. The
proportion used -by consumers in apartment
houses has been limited, in private homes
very limdted.

Has the eastern Canadian apple grower
been getting his share of this business? We
find the answer in the large quantities of ap-
ples imported into eastern Canada annually.
Does the eastern Canadian grower grow ap-
ples of sufficiently high quality to warrant
his going after this trade? The quality is un-
excelled. Is this trade worth catering to? 1
think it is; hut if you intend to cater to this
class of trade, you cannot afford to lose sight
of the fact that the commercial standard
for apples in boxes has heen placed at a very
hiigh point and unless this standard is reach-
ed and maintained, there is no advantage in
packing in tooxes. The Inspection and Sale
Act does not require a higher standard for
apples in boxes than it does in barrels, but
the standard has been set commercially.
Wrapping apples of low grades in paper and
putting them in 'boxes, as some of our east-
ern growers have done, will never gam this
trade. The disappointment to the purchaser
is a detriment to the whole industry.

There is an established trade tor apples
packed in boxes, though dt is limited. Every
grower should ibe in a position to take ad-
vantage of this trade should the opportunity
offer.

AYLMER SPRAYERS

hav« won Medal*
and are used by
••van Governmenta

USE

AYLIVIER
SPRAYER

Aylmer Spra yei
Outfit D

Pamp <-onipIeU>. lU
ft. hose with c»»uii-
Untcs aitached. 2
Friend Nozzles. 1
BraasStopCoLk, 1 Y.
I lonjT Iron ExU-n-
siim Uod, without,
barret, S20.00<
Lined Bamboo
Kxtenslon
liod In place
of iron. r^.OlJ ex-
tra; with barrel
>4.00 extra!
Shipped prepaid
to any station Id
Ontario.

Fruit growers use
Aylmer Sprayers be-
cause they give RE-
SULTS, Aylmer ^
Sprayers have the force to
drive the mixture intocrc-
vices of baric and buds and
make it penetrate the hiding
places of the destrtictivc little insects. Notime wasted

Any man who has had the exaspcratinK experience of
having to stop on account of loose "packing on the |
pistons. wUl be glad to own an Aylmer Sprayer. It is
the only Sprayer constructed without troublesome ,
■•packing " In the Aylmer, the pistons are made tight
by three bronze expanding rings, the same as
olltons in automobile engines. This Sprayer is easy ^
to pump and there is no pressure leakage; every
ounce of pressure being turned into spray work.
Agitators prevent clogging; nozzles are up-'"-
date- throw full distance and
power from a stream to a spray.
Every part designed to give i^rfect
seiyice. Prices low. FKtJ
UIDE TO SPRAY Ml
TURES sent on re-
quest.

Aylmer Pump and Scale Co. Ltd.

WATER ST.. AYLMER. ONT.

Douglas Gardens

OAKVILLE, ONT.

Antirrhinum (Snapdragon), including sil-
ver pinks, each 10 cts.; 10, 60 cts.

Asters (China), sax sorts, including up-
right white and shell pink, 10 for 25
cts.; 100, $1.25.

Begonias, Fibrous-rooted, 3 for 40 cts.;
10, $1.00.

Geraniums, 5 sorts, each 10 cts.; 10, ?1.
do. Strong plants, 10 for $1.25 per

express,

Pansies, Mixed colors, each 5 cts.; 10, 40

cts.
Salvia, iionflie, each 10 cts.; 10, 75 cts.
Stocks, 10 weeks, each 5 cts.: 10, 25 cts.
Dahlias, 10 sorts, strong plants, each 15

cts.; 10, $1.25.
Gladiolus, America, 3 for 25 cts.
Gladiolus, Mrs. Francis King, 3 tor 20

cts.; 10, 60 cts.
Gladiolus, Peace, 3 for 55 cts.
Gladiolus, Spring Song, 3 for 25 cts.; 10,

70 cts.
Gladiolus, Unnamed, light colors, 10. 35

cts.; 25, 75c.
Gladiolus, Unnamed, red, 10, 30 cts.; 25,

65c.
Planting List sent on request.

JOHN CAVERS

Give Your Horses

i;#Riie

and

Fit

for the warm weather

When the heavy coat that holds the wet sweat
and dirt is removed they get more Bood from
their feed, are healthier and work better.
They are more easily kept clean, and their im-
proved appearance greatly add* to
their selDnc prioe. It also
pays to clip the flanks and
udders of your cows— you got
clean milk. Clip them with the

Stewart

Ball-Bsaring

Machine

It turns easier, clips faster and
closer and stays sharp longer
than any other. Gears are cut
from solid stool bar. They are
enclosed, protected and run in
oil; little friction, little wear.
Has six feet of new atyle, eai^y
ronninK flexible shaft and the
celebrated Stewart Binglo t<n-
aion clippinK head, ^hiKhrat
grade. I'rice complete 99.ZO.

CHICUO FLUiaiE SHIFT CO. ^V *9'^i

e 6u N. LaSalU, Chleato, III.

132

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Kditioii.

THREE BANDED ITALIAN QUEENS

Bred from imported mothers. Guarantee
that all queens will reach you In good con-
dition and to be purely mated.
April 1 to May 1.

Prices. 1 6 12

Untested $.75 t 4.25 J 8.00

Select Untested 90 6.00 9.00

Tested 1.25 7.00 13.00

Select Tested 2.00 11.00 20.00

L..L.. FOREHAND - Fort Depoait. Ala.

WE STILL MAKE FOUNDATION
FOR SALE

We will buy your wax or make it inte the
best grade of foundation at low rates.

W. A. CHRYSLER & SON

Rt. No. 5, Chatham, Ont.

PRODUCTIVE BEEKEEPING

is the title of a new book of 326 pages by Mr. Frank C. Pellett, State

Apiarist of Iowa.
As the name of this bool^ indicates it is especially adapted to the needs
of the practical beekeeper. Not a discussion of scientific principles,
but of practical methods.

Sources of Nectar, Wintering, Marketing, and Laws that Concern
the Beekeeper, are titles of chapters of special interest.
Regular price 11.50 postage extra.
We offer this latest book with the American Bee Journal one year,
both for $2.00, Canadian postage 15 cents extra.

134 illustrations, attractive cloth binding.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

Hamilton, Illinois

'ix.

NOTICE TO CANADIAN BEEKEEPERS

We are making a specialty of tihe pound package trade. Our improvement
on the package, making it larger and lighter and givinig It more ventilation,
enables us to guarantee its safe arrival. We wlU ship from our yards in Alabama
during April, May ajwl June, packages and queens at the following prices:

Pound package without queen, J1.25 — with queen, $2.00; 2-'poun<l package witlh
queen, $2.65 — without queen, $1.90; 3-pound ipackage with queen, $3.50 — without
queen, $2.T5. Queens, untested — one for $1.00, six for $4.50, 12 for $8.50. Select,
tesited, $2.00; breeders, $3.00.

Our stock of 3 band Italians have stood the test for 20 years; there is none
better. We guarantee them to be free from disease. Pure mating and no Inbreed-
ing. Your money refunded if not satisfied. We sold the A. I. Root Co. two car-
loads, and will sell them this season. Our aim is to carry a surplus of stock so
as to fill all orders by return mail. 5 per cent, discount on all orders before
March l&th.

Reference — Amierican Exchange Bank of Apailachlcola, Fla., and the A. I.
Root Co.

After March 15th our address will be Fitzpatrick, Ala.
MARCHANT BROS., SUMATRA, FLA.

THE SIBBALD WAX PRESS

Cheap, Strong and
Efficient

NOW is the time to render
that pile of old combs
into nice cakes of yel-
low wax. The SIBBALD
PRESS is just the machine
for the job, it will soon pay
for itself in the extra wax
obtained. Wax taken in pay-
ment or in exchange for
goods of any kind.

Two sizes — 19 in., $9.50;
13 in., $6.00.

the HAM & INOTT COMPANY. Ltd., Brantford, Ont.

The barrel we have had Willi u.s always in
eastern Canada. If eastern apple growers
were asked to choose one package only,
ninety-nine per cent, would choose the bar-
rel. We have made some improvements la
our methods of packing and grading in bar-
rels during the past few years, but the pro-
gress has been slow. Our apples are given
the preference over our competitors to Oi'-
.south of us in the European markets, ai.
on reading the comments of our competitor
as to the reason for this preference, we fln
that they give considerable credit to ou:
legislation, the Inspection and Sale Act. If
we are to maintain this preference we must
improve our method.s of packing and gradin;--
Fruit legislation and apple packing laws ar
live topics dn the United States. Apple
from the s^tate of Maine have been forgln
to the front. "Virginia, too, has made pr'^
gress, and during the past year. New York
State with her four million barrels, through
her apple packing laws has made rapid prf>-
gress. In fact, we are told that the grower^
In that state were able to sell their appl'
in markets where, previous to this year, thf ;
were debarred because of the unreliab.
methods of packing and grading. Noa
there may not be any cause for alarm; but
as progressive apple growers, you cannot
afford to lose sight of what your competitor
are doing; you must not only hold the ma:
kets you now have, but reach out for wider
nisrkf ts.

In what way can we improve our method
of packing In barrels?

By improved methods of produotlon.
spraying, thinning, pruning, etc.

By more careful packing and pressing.
Over-pressing is one of our greatest evils in
barrel packing.

By more careful packing and handling of
our apples.

By more careful grading.

By having fewer low grades and when we
have them to put tliem where they belong,
through the evaporator, the cider mill and
the vinegar factory. We have had our 1^
son this year in packing cider apples."

The question of packages f^r apples, like
that of all other fruit, is largely a question
of markets. Every grower should, as tar
as possible, be in a position to avail himself
of any advantage in marketing, by being pre-
pared to pack his fruit in any legal package;
which that market demands.

How Not to Cooperate

If you hear of a local company about to
be organized, go and meet with them and
pretend to help theTU, and by doing so per-
suade them to engage an agent of one of
the speculators as their manager. This
man should be intelligent enough to handle
the affairs in such a manner that the co-
operative members will be di.«couraged.
Another effective plan is to advertise that
you have made a tremendous price for your
produce. This Is always safe because no
one can disprove it, and if it came to a show
down you could always witlihold your bad
account sales, and put in all your good one?.

It will quickly be seen that you have a
big advantage over the Co-operative Com-
pany because they "nave to pay out on the
price they publish, while you simply have
to say yours is so nnich. There i.« another
good feature of this method: it may be that
something is necessary to reassure your
creditors, and by the above trick you accom-
plish that and hit the co-operators at the
same time. If all of these suggestions do
not work, then devise some other way, and
when you have found one that will work,
give us your plans so that we can instruct
other growers like you.

May. 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

133

Comb Foundation

A Limited quantity for quiclc saJe, while
it lasts. Section, per lb., 60c. Light brood
for shallow frames, o5c. "Will accept wax
in exchange.

A. E. HOSHAL, Beamsville, Ont-

NORTHERN BRED ITALIAN QUEENS

Friends, have you E. F. Brood? If so, 1
liave many letters saying that they are great
resisters of B.F.B. I have hundreds of
queens in Canada. Three band strain bred
to right brightness to resist best. Unt. $1.00,
choice Sel. Tested $1.30. Plans how to "In-
troduce Queen and Increase," 25c. List

Free.

E. E. MOTT, Glenwood, Mich.

BEES FOR SALE

Italian Bees, lb., $2.25; 5 lbs., $10.50; 1-L
Frame, $2.00; 2 Fr. Nuc, $3.00; All with
Queens. Italian Queens, 75c each; 6 for $4.00.
Complete Catalogrue Free. Listing Begin-
ner's Outfit.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.

Box C, - - NEWARK, N.Y., US.A.

FINE QUEENS AND BEES

We have made arrangements with two of
the best beelseepers in the south to furnish
our northern trade with early bees and
queens at a very low price. Bees $1.50 lb.,
2 frame nuclei with untested queen $2.60.
Bees shipped direct from the southern
yards. ^^^ ^ BROWN & CO.,
Lynnhurst Apiaries, Wilson, Wis.

QUEENS

REARED IN CANADA

From the BEST
Italian Stock

$1.00 Each;

Six for $5.00

P. TEMPLE

438 Gladttone Ave. TORONTO, ONT.

Bees by the Pound, Nuclei
or Colonies

We are still l)ooking orders. Northern or
.southern bred, and bred for business. Hard
to excel.

Let us quote you prices on large or small
quantities. Our prices are right. We guar-
antee safe delivery or money refunded.
BEE SUPPLIES.

Sole .\gent3 for Root's Famous Goods.
Also Canadian made goods.

Anything from M" cement coated nail to a
Power Kxtracrting Outfit.

All kinds of Bee Literature. Ask for Cat-
alogue. ■

Address —

THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE,
185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont.

Southern Headquarters

-FOR-

Italian Bees and Queens

Swarms in packages, 1 lb. bees $1.50, 2 lbs. bees $2.50 ; 50 or
more packages 12i4c. less each. If queens are wanted with the
above add price of her to the above. ' Three band Italian un-
tested queens 75c each; tested $1.25 each. No reduction for
quantity of queens on April and May deliveries. No disease.
Safe arrival and pure mating I guarantee. We can supply and
satisfy you. We spare no labor nor money to produce the best
for you is why we cannot make a lower price. We have long
since passed the experimental stage in this business. We m-'11
care for your interest.

W. D. ACHOR D

FITZPATRICK - - ALA., U. S. A.

"Queen Breeder and Pioneer Successful shipper of bees in packages."

To Canadian Beekeepers

WE are making a specialty of shipping bees and queens into CANADA this season.
Situated, as we are, only a short distance from the Canadian line, we practically
eliminate the loss by shipping and save to the purchaser the high ex.press rate he is
compelled to pay to southern beekeepers.

We are hreeding from bees and queens that produced a surplus of 300 pounds per
colony in a 24-day honey flow, and that are unexcelled for proliflcness, gentleness and
honey gathering.

Last season we did a very nice business with Canadian beekeepers. Several of
them have ordered from us again this season, reporting to us that they were well
pleased and that in their opinion our stock was the best on the marliet. WE HAVE
PLEASED AND SATISFIED OTHERS, AND WE CAN SURELY SATISFY AND
PLEASE YOU. We fill all orders promptly or at such time as the purchaser may de-
sire, and guarantee safe delivery on all shipments into Canada and entire satisfaction
to you in every respect. Our aim is to give the purchaser the best stock on the market
at the time he wants it. We ask you to give us a trial and let us prove to you that
ever.vthing we claim for our bees is true.

Island Bred Italian Queens.

16 12

$7.50 $12.00

10.50 18.00

15.00 24.00

$5.00 and $10.00

Prices on bees by the pound, F.O.B.

Canton, Shipment begins May 10,

Untested $1.50

Tested 2.00

Sel. Tested 3.00

Tested Breeding Queens,
each.

% lb

1 lb

2 lbs 3.00

1
.$1.50
1.00

3 lbs.
5 lbs.

4.00
5.50

$7.50
10.50
15.00
21.00
27.50

12

$12.00
18.00
27.50
36.00
50.00

(These prices are Without Queens.)

Prices on Nucleus and Full Colonies, without queens. .Shipping now.

1 Frame Nucleus $2.00 2 Frame Nuclei $3.00

5 Frame Nuclei 5.00 8 Frame Colony 8.50

3 Frame Nuclei $4.00

10 Frame Colony 10.00

The J. E. Mar chant Bee & Honey Co,
CANTON, OHIO

134

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EMltion.

QUEENS OF QUALITY
The genuine "QUAMTY" kind of dark
Italians. Unt., 75c each, $8.00 per doz. Clr-

J. I. BANKS, DOWELLTOWN, TENN.

Three Banded and Golden
Italian Queens

Untested— $1.00 each; 6 for $5.00; 12 for

$9.oa

Selected untested— 1 for $1.25; 6 for $7.00;
12 for $14.00.

W. R. STIRLING

Queen Breeder. RIDGETOWN, ONT.

Send for Price List. Cash with Order.

BEEKEEPtRS!

Jones ' Weed Process
Comb Foundation, Wax
worked into Founda-
tion, Italian Bees in
Pound Packages, Im-
proved Model Hives,
and a full line of Bee
Supplies. Catalogue
free.

Write us if you have any BEES-
WAX to offer.

F. W. JONES

BEDFORD, QUE.

Italian Queens

Three-Banded

Reedy April 1, of an erceip-
tlonally vigorous and long-
lived strain of bees. They
are gentle, prolific, and the best of honey
gatherers. Untested, $1.00; 3, $2.75; 6, $5.00;
12, $9.00. Tested, $1.25; 6, $6.50; 12, $12.50,
Send for my free circular and price list, and
see the natural conditions under which my
queens are raised. Will book orders now.

JOHN G. MILLER, Corpus Christi, Texas-
Corner C St., and Coleman Ave.

FOR SALE
Leather Colored Italian Queens

A few choice breeding queens at $10.00
each, spring delivery. I guarantee these
queens to be as good &s any Imported queen,
barring none. If purchaser la not satisfied
after one year's trial return queen and I
will refund the $10.00.

Warranted purely majted queens $1.00 each
or $10.00 dozen. Untested, after July 1st,
75c each or $9.00 a doz.

A few choice ools, of Italian bees in 9
frame hives at $10.00 per col.

Tested Queens $1.50 each.

JOHN A. McKINNON
St. Eugene - Ontario

The Apple Situation at the Coast*

R. C. Abbott, CoaHt Market Commissioner, Victoria, B.C.

A statement In regard to the apple situ-
ation in the city of Vancouver last
season may be of interest. The mar-
ket was in favor of the British Columbia
grown product.

British Columbia grown apples of 1914
wea-e on sale In Vancouver up to May Ist.
The varieties con-sisted of Yellow New-
towns, Spitzenburg, Ben Davis, Hall's Jen-
ettes. Red Cheek, Pippins, Grimes' Golden,
Baldwin and Spys. Most of these varieties
showed waste. The Baldwins from the
Okanagan Valley held up well.

From the time the early apples first ar-
rived on the market till the end of the year
our supply was equal to the demand, as
far as quantity was concerned, yet at times
somewhat short on certain sizes and grrades.
The early apple market was supplied almost
entirely with British Columtiia apples, there
having been only a few boxes of inferior

•Extract from a paper read at the recent an-
nual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
As.sociatlon.

quality brought in from Wenachee.

During the latter part of September and
the early part of October the demand fav-
ored the No. 1 grade, but on account of the
high prices it suddenly changed to the No.
3 grade and crated stock, and held stronp'
to this class of apple right up to the fii
week In December, when it sudden i/
changed again to the better grades.

The pack and grade of British Columbia
apples last season was well up to standard,
which will work to the benefit of our grow-
ers in the future. Notwithstanding this
there are a few facts we feel we must com-
ment upon. Wholesalers complain that in
buying a car of apples they do not know
what they are going to get as to sizes, etc.
This is a very important fact, and shipping
organizations would do well to furnish their
brokers with a (detailed) manifest showing
the number of boxes of each size contained
in the car and any other information neces-
sary. Large sizes of dessert apples are
poor sellers on these markets, yet jobbers

Before the Calyx Closes

Just as the blossoms fall, a day may mean many barrels of apples de-
stroyed by codling moth. The moth requires poison.

SWIFT'S BRAND ARSENATE OF LEAD IS THE BEST.

Control your apple scab at the same time. That needs a fungicide, anrt
the most efficient is

SOLUBLE SULPHUR

Mix Arsenate of Lead and Soluble Sulphur for
the second and third spray. A drum of Soluble
Sulphur makes 4,000 gallons of Summer Spray.
A barrel of Lime Sulphur Solution only make.i
1,600 gallons. Witih Soluble Sulphur there is no
loss from leakage, no empty barrels to return —
less freight — less muss — no clogged nozzles. Be

ready for the falling blossoms. Send to-day for :'

prices on Sprays and Sprayers.

The Niagara Brand Spray Co.

BURLINGTON, ONT.

Everything for Spraying — Soluble Sulphur, Lime Sulphur, Arsenate of
Lead, Dust Sprays and Dusters, Hand and Power Pumps, and Accessories.

. Mo.eCcrm.Drill

I Double and i
jingle Wh.Uo<

Practical Gardening Tools

TOOLS like these ■will do all of the necessary work (except plowing and har-
rowing) economically, whether for home, farm or market gardens. You
can plant certain crops close and straight, and work them close and
safely, with wheel hoes. You save ground, save heavy investment for tools
at the start and yet do the best kind of work with profitable results.

moHM

Hand Seed Drills
and Wheel Hoes

Will sow. cultivate, ridge, furrow, etc. better than you can with any old
fashioned tools and ten times quicker. Pushed ahead a step at a time, these
tools can be worked by women, or grown boys or girls. We show here a
few only but we make 38 styles and combinations from which to choose.
Prices, $3.00 to $14.50. There are also many attachments for special worn.
Ask vour dealer to show them and write us forbooklet "Gardeningr With
Modem Tools." Also.for horse hoes, harrowsand cultivators, sprayers. etc

TlieB«t*m«n-Wilkin»oiiCo.,L't'd 462 SvmiogtoDATe. Toronto, Ontario.

No. 2o Wheel .^
Hoe

No. u Wheel

now

^^

May, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

135

can always handle a certain proportion in
each. oar.

A very important matter is the estaiblish-
ment of a standard lor the No. 3 grade by
selling organizations themselves. The wide
_s<:ope used in putting up this grade cor-
~ Inly works against the growers and is
bnfusing to the consumer. For one organi-
ition ships in 'lOrchard run" stock graded
3, and another takes out the No. I's
id No. 2's and ships in the balance as No.
Igrade, Avliile still another shipper will send
I, under iNo. 3 grade, that which is no bet-
fr than hog feed, yet all these to the con-
limer and also to the trade are simtply
Jrade No. 3."

A noticeable feature of our apples last

eason was their poor keeping quality, caused

the abnormal climatic conditions last

eason, which caused nearly all kinds of

_ i-uit to mature at least twelve days sooner

tlian other years.

Viewing the apple situatioa right through
the season we believe it was the most sat-
isfactory year that our growers have ever
experienced on this market, both as to price
and the quantity sold. Further, I believe
had our people been able to supply the
grades and varieties requested at times by
the commission houses the imported apples
couW have been entirely cut out.

TTie demand for British Columbia apples
is proved by the fact that a car of fancy
apples from Cas'hmere, Washington, Ijrought
in early in September and distributed along
wholesale row was not cleaned up till late
in November. The price of American apples
declining in November, the "Vancouver job-
bers, anticipating a rapid rise in prices
after the first of the year, placed the great-
er portion of imported apples broug'ht in
during November and December in storage
to be brought out after the British Columbia

Peerless
Climax Fruit Baskets

AND BERRY BOXES

s^^^Sf''^s^uBKKKI^IB^ //'•ffsf"!*

Heaviest, Strongest
and Best

In the market. Especially
suitable for long distance
shipping;

Protect your requirements by
ordering EARLY

Canada
Wood Products Co,

ST. THOMAS, ONT.

^

«<^

Keith's
Seeds
Are Superior

To demonstrate their superiority we will send the fol-
lowing six packets of seeds, together with onr
GOLDEN JUBILEE CATALOGUE,
Post free for 20c.

Keith's Selected White Tip Radish.
Keith's Big Boston Lettuce.

Keith's Selected Hollow Crown Parsnips.
Keith's Victoria Asters.

Keith's Finest Mixed Pansies.

Keith's Large-Flowering Sweet Peas.

GEO. KEITH & SONS
124 KING ST. EAST
Toronto, Ont.

Start a Backyard Garden This

pring

W

HY not decide now to have a garden this spring, and pre-
pare your hot beds at once. In another couple of
weeks you should have your seeds such as onions, to-
matoes, beets, lettuce, cabbag'e, ajid of course a number of
varieties of flowers for the flower garden all planted.

Uoilazcd

BATTS LIMITED

MANUFACTURERS ALSO OF GREENHOUSE BARS AND SASH

366-415 PACIFIC AVENUE - - WEST TORONTO

136

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition

A Reliable and Economical
Source of Power

AMASSEY-HARRIS ENGINE mounted on
Skids can be moved around to any place where
you need help in the way of power.

You will be surprised to find the many uses to which
it can be put and the small cost as compared with
manual labor, not only around the farm but in the
dairy and kitchen, where it does so much to lighten
the work of the women on the farm.

And perhaps the most interesting part of it is that an
Engine costs nothing in "salary" or "keep" when
not running.

Our Catalogue " Farm Power " gioea many suggestions
for Saving Labor.

♦♦♦♦♦♦

MASSEY-HARRIS CO., Limited.

Head Offices — Toronto, Canada.

— Branches at —

Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon,

Swift Current, Calgary, Yorkton, Edmonton.

— Agencies Everywhere —

PEERLESS LAWN FENCING

f

■ A BEAUTIFUL lawn fence gives any piece of property that symmetrical, pleas-

■ i*- in^j, orderly appearance that not only affords its owner a keen sense of pleasure

■ and satisfaction while occupying the premises, but when offered for sale, it brings
H a better price. It's an investment — not an expense.

V

I^nHances Property Values

Poerless Ornamental Fencintj

made of strong, blifl, galvauizeil wire that will not sag. In addition to galvanizinjr.

every strand is given a coating of zinc enamel
paint, thus forming the best possible insurance
against rust. Peerless Ornamental Fence is
made in several styles. It's easy to erect and
holds its shape for years.

Send for fr e catalog. If intei««ted. ask about
our farm ond poultry fenciuK. Acents nearly
everywhere. Agents wauled ia open territory.

The Banwell-Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd.

Witmipeg. Man. Hamilton. Ont.

sloclt IS cleaned up.

The heavy months for imports were Janu
ary, February, March, October and Novein
ber. Two interesting facts In regard to ih-
importsi are, that cut of the total of 118, 24u
boxes brought in, 66,111 boxes were received
during the first three months of the year
and 18,170 boxes were on hand at the ti. ;
of the year.

Recent Publications

Copies of the following publications have
reached The Canadian Horticulturist during
the past few weeks: "Varieties of Apples in
Ohio," being iBuUetin 290, issued by th«
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Woos-
ter, Ohio; Bulletin 244, from the Maine
Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono,
-Maine, on "Blueberry Insects In Maine";
Bulletin No. 43, entitled "The Principal
Parasites of the Peach." This bulletin deals
also with the care and ii.anagement of peach
orchajds. It is being Lssued by the Georgia
State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga.
"Insects Attacking Cabbage and Allied
Crops in Connecticut" is the title of Bul-
letin 190 from the Agriculural Experiment
Station, New Haven, Conn. "Common Dis-
eases of Beans" are dealt with In Circular
50 of the New Jersey Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, New Brunswick, NJ.

The University of Illinois Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, Urbana, 111., is distributing
Bulletin 185. entitled "Field Experiments in
Spraying Apple Orchards." This bulletin
contains a number of spray tables tor fruit
growers. "Fertilizing iLawn and Garden
Soils" is the title of Circular 24, issued by
the Iowa State College of Agriculture, Ames,
Iowa.

FOR SALE

Black Raspberr.v plants, Cumberland and
Corinth varieties, good strong plants. Or-
der early, as stock is limited.

P. P. Carruthers, Manager F. P. Macklem
Farm, Lake Road, Grimsby. Phone 137

NEW AND RARE SEEDS

Unique collection. Hundreds of vari-
eties adapted for the Canadian cli-
mate. Perennial and perfectly hsirdy.
Own saving. Catalogue free.

Perry's Hardy Plant Farm

ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG.

SANDER & SONS

ST. ALBANS, ENGLAND

ORCHID GROW^ERS. The Finest

Stock in the World

Calalogue on Application

STYLE

llhls is a New Model for 1915, the result of
fifteen years' experience In Greenhouse con-
■truction for Canada.

Dotted lines show location of wind-ties
that positively prevents vibration of the aasb.

Supplied in widths up to 26 feet 2^ Inches
from post to post.

KING CONSTRUCTION CO.,
40 Dovercourt Road - Toronto.

May, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

137

Make the Back Yard a Garden This Year

Why Fight Against Nature?

BOARD FENCES STIFLE GROWTH

Get Dyer^s Lawn Fence

Let In the sunshine, pure air, and
make nature smile.

Get Ms special prices n<yw.

Dyer, the Fence Man

47D E. Wellington St., TORONTO, ONT.

The BEST Seeds

Make the BEST Garden

Be sure to get Steel* Briggs' quality
newer and vegetable seeds, bulbs, per-
ennial plants, shrubs, and roses. All
the newest varieties.

Our Catalogue tells about theim.

Steele Briggs Seed Co.

LIMITED
TORONTO, ONTARIO

Every citizen can render service in the
production of foodstuffs. Even in the heart
of populous cities something can frequently
be done. Cellars and roofs have been uti-
lized for this purpose in New York. Every
ounce of needed produce grown is so much
added to the wealth of the country. If some
part of the energy of every householder in
Canada were bent upon producing something
eatable, no matter how small, thousands of
tons of valuable producr; would be forthcoming,
all of which, whether consumed in the house-
hold or not, would help to make available for
u.se in other ways an equal quantity, and would
aid in modifying the cost of living. I^ast year
considera,ble progress was made in the appro-
priation of seemingly waste land in towns and
cities to useful purposes. Considerabie succe.ss
was achieved, and this year it is not to be
doubted the experiment will be extended with
greater results. In fact. In many centres plans
made la,st fall or during the winter are already
being carried out.

Germany has laid down utilization of the
land as one of her first principles. Every inch
of land, according to the Teutonic proclaima-
tion, that is not used is so much of the coun-
try's resources wasted. France has adopted a
I'egulation to the effect that every bit of space
must be used for production: tailing this being
done by the owner the state is to take posses-
sion. Britain has given orders that golf courses
and all meadow land are to be used for grazing
purposes, and that previous pastures are to be
put down in crops. Private parks are also
being wooded out and the land devoted to prac-
tical agriculture. A campaign is being con-
ducted, having for its object the utilization of
backyard gardens and all manner of vacant
land. Thus the chief belligerents are setting
the world an example in production and thrift
that Canada would be wise to profit by as widely
as possible, and that municipalities and public
bodies should do their utmost to encourage.

Scores of reports of the operations carried on
in the season of 1915 by small householders
speak of produce being grown worth from
twenty-five to fifty dollars, every dollar of
which meant .so much added to the wealth of
the country as well as .saved in the cost of
living. Financial profit is not the only gain
forthcoming. Lessons of industry and thrift
are Inculcated and the whole household, from
the oldest to the youngest, come under the
influence of those qualities. They also have the
gratiflcation of eating fresh vegetables, the en-
joyment of which is tremendously enhanced by
the proud knowledge that they are home grown.
What the families cannot eat themselves they
have the pleasure of giving or selling to their
neighbors, or sending to some charity. It is
hard to imagine any greater or more enduring
satisfaction than a household in modest cir-
cumstances can experience than that to be
derived as the reward of loving Industry in a
backyard garden.

Get the Best

We are headquarters for
"Vegetable Seeds,
Flower Seeds,
Lawn Grass,
Roses,

Flowering Shrubs,
Perennial Plants,
Garden Sundries.
Catalogue Free.

J. A. SIMMERS, Limited

Toronto, Ontario

BULBS, SEEDS, PLANTS

Established 18S6.

Harab-Davies

Fertilizers

have been sold for over
ten years, and are used
in large quantities all
over Eastern Canada.
They are true plant
foods.

Ontario Fertilizers Limited
Toronto

Rennie's Garden Seed Book

For 47 years the leading authority on Vegetable, Flower and Farm Seeds, Plants and Bulbs.

You need it. Send for free copy to-day.

It describes more than 1,500 of the best varieties of

Vegetables, Flowers, Shrubs, Vines, Fruits,
and hardy plants suitable for all parts of Canada.

Scores of varieties of
Asters, Pansies, Petunias, Phlox, Sweet Peas, Climbing and
Dwarf Roses, Dahlias, Gladiolus, Paeonies, and Phlox Plants,
Etc., for beautifying the home grounds.

WM. RENNIE CO., Limited Adelaide & jARVis STS., TORONTO

BRANCHES:

190 McGill St., Montreal, Que. 394 Portage Ave., Winnipeg, Man. 1138 Homer St., Vancouver, B.C.

138

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

noral Bdttloj

BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS

Prizes New York State Fair, Canadliiii National Exhibition. Berlin Horticultural
Society and nmny other places. nuriiv-ujiurai

All colors, early and late varieties. »1.00 per hundrp.l hv express. Jl 15
per hundred by mall. Cbargres prepaid on over 300
C. MORTIMER BEZZO,

BERLIN, ONT.

Reducing Waste in the Orchard

Instead of letting apples rot and waste or dis-
po.-jInK of them as culls and "seconds," why
not give your trees and bushes a little sys-
tematic .spraying and so get '■(Irst grade" prices
for your fruit. All the foremost fruit authori-
ties agree that the

by reason of its improved construction, dot-s
the work of spraying as no other machine can.
The Spramotor won first prize in the Canadian
Government Spraying contest at Grimshy, On-
tario against eleven other makes. By actual
Government tests in 19 orchards it reduced the

percentage of loss in fruit over 80 per cent.
Used on potatoes a Spramotor has Increased
a yield of almost nothing to 400 bushels an
acre. Think how quickly such a saving or
even a small fraction of such a saving
would pay for your Spramotor. The Spra-

motor Is operated toy hand, horse or gaso-
line engine; it can be had for as low as
$6 up to $400. Send for and read our valu-
able and interesting book on crop diseases
— ^mailed free.
MADE IN CANADA. NO DUTY TO PAY

SPRAMOTOR WORKS, 2713 KING STREET, LONDON, CANADA

Flowering Bulbs

GLADIOLUS

These are most effective in the flower garden, the
colors are magnificent and they are easily grown. Prices
are here — we offer:

Choice Mixed— 10 for 30c, 25 for 65c, $2.00 for 100

Groff's Hybrid Seedling Mfxed— 10 for 40c, 25 tor 75c
$2.50 for 100.

Bruce's White and Light Shades— 10 for 50c, 25 for
$1.00, $3.50 for 100,

Chlldsl Mixed— 10 for 60c, 25 for $1.25, $4.50 for 100.

Bruce's Superb Mixed — iMade up by ourselves from all
varieties— the best, 10 for 60c, 25 for $1.35, $5.00 for 100.

Named Varieties — .Vny color (see catalogue), 7c to 25c
eacii.

If to be mailed add Postage at rate of 10c for 10 20c
for 25, and 50o for 100.

DAHLIAS

Splendid Named Sorts— All colors— 20c each, 3 for 55c
$2.00 for 1 dozen.

Ordinary Varletles^Mixed 10c each. 3 for 30c, $1.00 for
1 dozen.

If to be mailed add Postage at rate of 5c each 50c
dozen. Where there are Express Offices, Express is
cheaper than Mali for lots of over 6 Dahlias or over 50
filadiolus.

FRFF '-'"'■ handsomely illustrated 128-page catalogue
„, *•' Vegetable, Flower and Farm Seeds, Bultos,

Plants, Poultry Supplies, Garden Implements, etc. Write
for it.

JOHN A. BRUCE & CO., Limited

Eilahlhhed 1850. HAMILTON, ONT.

1

wt

w.

^%^1

Mk

»-^!pw^

t

^^^

^^K...

.■3f!>«J^'- ■■•■^^^

^r^

''^i/w^ I *<^^^H

1

H

More Potato Profits

MACHINERY may make all the difference between profit and no profit in
growingpotatoes. Get the right ones. Wemakecompletelinesof planting,
weeding, cultivating, spraying, ridging and digging tools, all of which we
guarantee. 80 years of factory and farm experience back of them. We'd like
to tell you about all

.100 Percent .
J'lanter-,

Wilkinson
I'lowa

ut Repairs

m//M

IX)tato machines but have room here for one only. Potato Planters put
one piece in every space and only one- Isn't it better to plant right to make
every foot of ground count and none of the rest of the work wasted ? Saves
one or two bushels of seed on every acre. Sold with or without fertilizer dis-
tributor. Other potato machinea arc Kid inff and Walking CuUivatDrn Four and Six
Bow Sprayers (also ono with low nozzlt-s to reach underside of leaves), /"ofa/o Diggers
and Ridgers. Also makers of famous Wilkinson Plows.

Ask your dealer to show them but write us for separate book

for each line. Sent Fr«« to all who state in which they

are interested. How many acres are you eninn to plant?

The Bateinan-Wilkm«onCo.,L't*d •, 465 Symington Ave. Toroqto, Ont.

We also make Garden Toots for practical farmers and Sprayers of every kind.

Ridiuf;
Cultivator

Potato S]
4or6I

Potato Ridgwr

.With Dislw if

wanted

Potato',
Digger

With
Kn^ne

if wanted ,

Niagara District Notes

By P. G. H. Pattison, Winona
Spring In this district has opened nlcel)
Fruit trees, vines, and berry buslies hav.
come througli the winter well and glv^
promi.se of a good crop. The land has sel
tied, and some .spraying has been done
chiefly of peach trees. A great deal o
commercial lime-sulphur is being used
although some of the large growers an
u.sing the old home-boiled. Soluble sulphu
is al.so being used.

From accounts in some sections the Sai
Jose Scale is pretty bad this spring. In thi
neighborhood of Hamilton it is very bad ii
some parts, having attaclced the ornamenta
shrubs and trees in many of the privati
grounds. A number of people seem to b(
still Ignorant that the scale attacks quite i
number of ornamental shrubs and Bom<
shade trees, notably the mountain ash. I
also attacljs .some kinds of roses. Th(
spread of the scale in the grounds and door
yards of the cities and towns in Southerr
Ontario is a serious matter, and one whicl
demands prompt action on the part of citj
and town councils.

Towards the end of March a meeting ol
the directors of the Niagara Peninsuls
Fruit Growers' Association was held at St
Catharines, at which it was decided to ad
vertise heavily during the present season
the work to be placed in the hands of a com
miltee called the Niagara Peninsula Publi
city Association. The following persons
'vere elected directors of the committee:
.T. B. Fairbairn, Beamsville, chairman;
C. E. Fisher, secretary; Wm. Stewart, F.
A. J. Sheppard, W. Gayman, and P. M,
Clement.

It was decided that the campaign this
season will be more intensive than last, and
a system will be adopted wherebv the actual
contributors to the advertising' fund will
receive the chief benefits.

Spraying and grape tying are going to
cost fruit growers more than usual this
season. To give only two items: Grape
twine, which sold last spring for 10 cents
a pound, has increased to 25 cents; and
bluestone, which sold at 15 cents, has in-
creased to 30 cents per lb.

The outlook for better selling prices for
the tender fruits is better than for the past
two years. Money is plentiful with the
classes of people in the cities who buv
largely of fruit when they have the monev,
and with an active and well-conducted ad-
vertising campaign for Niagara district
fruit, the volume of sales should be larger
and better prices should be obtained. One
mistake made last season was starting the
prices of several kinds of tender fruits too
low, and it is to be hoped that this mistake
will not be repeated again this season.

There are several reasons why good wine
has almost never been made in this coua-
try. To begin with, it is a question whether
we have the right kind of grapes. Next, it
requires great care and knowledge to be
exercised at each stage of the making
Finally, it must be kept from 10 to 20 years
in casks of a particular kind of wood, at an
exactly even temperature, which should nit
vary more than five degrees. All this be-
fore it is bottled and put upon the market
This involves a large amount of capital,
a long waiting for any returns, and a class
of expert help not to be had In this country.
Moreover, owing to the tendency of the peo-
ple here towards prohibition, no one In
their senses would invest money in a plant
capable of turning out a first-class article
of light wine. Grape growers here will have
to look to unfermented grape juice produc-
tion, and not to light wines, for an extension
of their industry.
Grape juice, although very insipid to any-

May, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

13V

Dahlias, Gladiolus and Perennial Phlox

16 choice Dahlias, all different, post-
paid ♦1-1»

60 choice large flowering Gladiolus,
postpaid l-l"

12 Perennial Phlox, new, large flower-
ing, postpaid 1-lB

6 Dahlias, 12 choice Gladiolus, 5 Per.

Phlox, postpaid l-iS

Sask., Maritime Provinces, Alberta and
British Columbia, postage 5c. extra.

GEO. E. EGERTON,

112 Chalmers St., - - Gait, Ont.

The Satisfactioa

and Profits of

Gardening

are just in proportion to the
quality of the seeds you
plant! If you are ambitious
to produce prize-winning
vegetables and record crops
— or if you simply aim to
keep your table supplied
with the best — be sure to get

E wings

Reliable Seeds

Forty-five years of success
in amateur and market gar-
dens have proved Ewing's
to be sure in germination,
vigorous in growth, true to
n£une, and of choicest strains.

Our new 1916 Catalogue,
with its handsome 4-color
cover, is bigger and finer
than ever. Write for a copy
at once, (it's free) and if your
dealer hasn't Ewing's Seeds,
order from us direct

The William Ewing Go. Limited

SEED MERCHANTS is

McGili Street - • Montreal

The iieaidic,j^^
Ouifii 01

XTOTHING else on the
■'■^ market meets the needs
of the farmer or gardener
so completely. It is con-
structed entirely of metal,

ensuring long service. All parts of the pump in contact

with the liquid are made of brass. The

OK

CANADIAN

ONE-MAN SPRAYER— Wheelbarrow Type

is certainly a gem of an outfit. For spraying field
crops, the pump is worked automatically by the wheel
and will thoroughly coat two rows on each trip. The
nozzles are adjustable for wide or narrow rows and
high or low vines. It has a lo-gallon tank, and will
handle any liquid spraying mixture. This outfit
can be instantly adjusted for spraying trees,
shrubbery, hedges, etc., by hand pumping. 4
It can also be used for window washing, ^^
buggy washing, white-washing and fire
protection. You will certainly appreciate ^4
the value of this compact little machine.

Write for literature, information on
spraying mixtures, etc. Mail the

coupon to-day.

4S-B

Canadian
^* Potato
■4 Machinery

Co., Ltd.,
«« Stone Rd., Gait.
Please send me full
your

particulars
one-man sprayer.

lEftRraClHLA]

OTBlJYINGJE^I^CTLDIREar^

-;7i^rr

FRQtLFACTOBI^K.

i'&i

D. p. W. PAINTS

v\ ft ^'^ « * Direct From Our Plant to You

At Factory Prices

Our new paint folio is prepared
with your requireinents in mind.
You will find it interesting. It
explains the economy and satis-
faction of buying from us — not
from stock — right from the mill.

This folio is yours without cost.

Send us a postal asking for folio No.ElS

DOMINION PAINT WORKS, Limited,

OF WALKERVllXE, •

ONTARIO

PAi

140

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Strawberry Plants that Grow

Selected planta. All itandard rarietiea $3.50
to $(.00 per 1,000. Send for list.

Ontario Nursery Co.

WBLUNGTON. ONTARIO.

LAST CALL

Tou want strawljerrles this year. This Is
the la-^t call — send for our booklet to-day.
GroTv the best — It tells how.

JAS. E. JOHNSON & BROS.
Slmcoe, Ontario

Just As a Clock

If he didn't have an
alarm in his make-up
he'd be the best three
dollar clock that ever
kept track of the day on
any farm.

As it is, he's two good
clocks in one — a reliable
alarm to get up by, a punctual
timekeeper to serve in parlor,

dining room, or kitchen. He
goes quietly about his work —
you hear Iiim only when he
calls.

Handle him with reason-
able care, — he'll last for
years.

7 inches tall. Price $3.00 at your
dealer's. If your dealer hasn't him.
send a money order to bis maimers
and he*ll come direct by. parcel
post, all charges prepaid.

Western Clock Co.

La Salle, 111., U.S.A.

Makers of Westclox

one .accustomed to drink good wine, is a
pleasant enough summer drink, and seenu ■
to suit the public taste In large sections of
Ihe United States, while It is making cor
sldfirable strides in public favor here. 1
can bt much more easily made than wln<
and can be put on the market at once wit!
out any "watchful waiting."

A report from Grim.sby says: "The or
chards have come through the winter ir
excellent condition, and prospects are goo
for a fine showing of buds. Very few nc-
orchards will be seen in the district, order
for nursery stock this spring being main)
for filling in or extending."

The acreage of tomatoes will probably gt-
back to the old average again, on account
of the cleaning out of the stocks in the fac-
tory warehouses. The majority of the can-'
ning factories have made contracts for
tomatoes in this section.

Reports from Lambton county indicate
the promise of a good crop of fruit there.
Peaches have wintered well and have a fine
show of buds. Rabbits and mice, however, >
have done injury to young tree-s. The ap-
ple crop in Lambton county is expected to
be large this year, and arrangements are
being made for the manufacture of barrels,
so as to have them stored ready before the
busy season arrives.

There is a boom on in co-operation ther*
Lambton county has a Beekeepers' Associ:.
tion, a Fruit and Vegetable Growers' Asso-
ciation, composed of 13 local associations,
and hclding an exhibition every year; and a
Lambton County Co-operative A.ssociation,
representing nearly 50 Farmers' CIub.«
throughout the county.

Prof. Caesar, of the O.A.C., Guelph, ha
been at Vineland recently on a trip of in-
spection. The San Jose Scale is stated to
be more prevalent there than ever this sea-
son. Spraying commenced In that locality
some days ago. William Betler is acting as
inspector, overseeing the fumigation of
nursery stock before shipment at Vineland.

iJiuimiiiBMiuiiiMmuiiiiouBMMafTmpi

The Poultry Yard

, C. Elford, Experimental Farm, Ottawa

r»v/»vaw»wi>»/j\'«\'/»wiv»'»w»*»w» ,«, « .> .i .>..> i .a >

All brooders should provide a varied
temperature. Underneath the hove.r should

HH

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■

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■

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EVERYTHING NEW

FRESH— PURE

RELL\BLE

Ask }four dealer or write
RENNIE-S — TORONTO

MONTREAL WINNIPEG VANCOUVER

f

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May. 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

CDC-C Write us giving some idea of
FREE your spraying needs and we
will forward, absolutely free, a copy of

iEeL^rj-'^J^f^u" ----" - ^

It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless wc made It

best suited to your requirements. We
make SPRAMOTORS from $6.00 up.
Write us to-day. Made in Canada. No
duty to pay.
SPRAMOTOR WORKS. 2713 Kint Sti<«l, Lnd«, Cauda

/^KINNER

c)

YSTEM OF IRRIGATION

Control complete. Prevents drouBht loss-
es. Heduces labor bills. Increases profit.
Hpcelal Portable Line for $11.75. Send for
new Bulletin.

The Skinner Irrigation Co.
217 Water Street Troy, Ohio.

FREE LAND

For the SETTLER in

NEW ONTARIO

Minions of acres of virgin soil obtain-
able free and at a nominal cost are call-
ing for cultivation.

Thousands of farmers have responded
to the call of this fertile country and are
being made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a home
awaits you.

For full Information as to terms, regu-
lations, and settlers rates, write to

H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonization
Parliament Buildings, TORONTO

HON. Q. HOWARD FERGUSON,
Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines.

SMALL FRUIT PLANTS

GOOSEBERRIES —
.Josselyn, Red Jacket,
Downing, Pearl,
Houghton. ClIR-
flA-NTS — Perfection,
Ruby, Cherry, White
Grape, Lee's Profile,
Champion, Black
Naples, Black Vic-
toria. Boskoop Giant.
U.\SPBBRRIES— Her-
bert. Plum Farmer. St. Regis, Cuthbert,
Marlboro, Golden Queen, Brinckle's Orange,
etc.. etc. Write for Catalogue.

WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman
496.4th Ave. W., OWEN SOUND, ONT.

Cheap
Copper Sulphate

can no longer be had but growers of Potatoes,
Grapes and Vegetables who have used Sulfocide
for the past 5 or 6 years say that they prefer it
to Bordeaux mixture as it is cheaper and easier
to use and equally effective. 1 gallon makes
200 gallons of Spray. Write today for booklet.

B. G. Pratt Company

Dept. 43

50 Church St.

New York

PROVED
THE BEST BY
EVERY TEST

CANADA'S
GREATEST
SEED HOUSE,

jariiVi nri

IN CANADA

' Bucket
Spray
Pump

Spraying Pays

SAVES your crop from loss, helps tree and plant to produce better and
larger crops, prevents spread of disease, insures a longer life for trees and
a longer growing time for vines each year. Blight hit potatoes in many
states in 1915— many million bushels lost. Spraying would have saved them.

ZBWvlfiF Sprayers

Include bucket, barrel, jwwer and potato sprayers in many sizes and vari-
ety of equipment to suit each man's needs. We want to show you what each
one is. how they are made and what they will do; Ask your dealer to
show you these tools and write us for booklet describing all of them fully.
We also have a spraying guide which we are slad to send.

TheB«lemaD-WilkiiuonCo.,L't'd, 464 SymingtoDATe. Toronto, Ontario.

Also Potato Machinery, Garden Tools, Fertilizer Distributors, etc:

I too Oal.

S5 aal. ^ Ro'

Good Prices Always

For Your Fruit knd Vegetables

OUR (acilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit,
vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connecUon on the
Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses with com-
petent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcu-
pine. In time of congestion on Uie Toronto market we have a ready outlet
through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests.

We Solicit Your
Consignments

Send for
Shipping Stamp

Branch Warehoutes:

Sudbury, North Bay,

Cobalt, Cochrane and

Porcupine

H. PETERS

88 Front St. East, Toronto

References: Th« Cana-
dian Bank of Commerca
(Market Branch) ami
Commercial Agenclta

vi.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Mltion.

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS

Advertisements in this department inserted at rate of 3 cents a word for each In-
sertion, each figure, sign, or single letter to count as one word, minimum cost 30c.,
strictly cash In advance.

REAL ESTATE

ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit farms a speci-
alty. Write for Catalogue. W. B. Calder,
QrlmSby.

FARMS— AU kinds, all sizes, for sale, fruit
stock, grain and dairy farms. Let me know
mhat you are looking for. H. W. Dawson,
Brampton, Ont.

CALIFORNIA FARMS FOR SALE. Write for
list. E. n. Waite, Shawnee. Oklahoma.

SEEDS.

YOU WANT "Reliable Seeds," get our Seed
Price List and Save Money. Morgran's Sup-
ply House, London.

PLANT AND NURSERY STOCK.

FOR SALE — Large plants of strikingly beau-
tiful Delphinium, double flowers, pink and
blue mixed, 3 for 50c. E. P. Smart, 64 King
St., Brockville, Ont.

BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS, $1.00 per
hundred. See advertisement on page 138.

PLANTS FOR SALE — Ornamental shrubs,
hedging and perennials. Strong, thrifty
plants at moderate prices. Prompt shipment.
W. O. Burgess, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ont.

FOR SALE — Choice assortment of flowering
perennial plants and vines. List and prices
-sent on application to E. P. Smart, 64 King
Street, Brockville, Ont.

SPRAYING.

SAVE MONEY— Get our Spraying and Garden
Supply Catalog. Morgan's Supply House,
London.

SPRAYERS for every need: Bucket, Knapsack,
Barrel, Traction and Gas Engine machines.
D. E. Watson, Uxbrldge, Ont.

BEES.

CARNIOLAN, GOLDEN AND THREE BAND-
ED ITALIANS. Bees by the pound, Nuclei.
Ready to go April Ist. Write for price list.
C. B. Bankston, Buffalo, Leon Co., Texas.

BEES— Per pound, $2.15; per frame, $2.35;
queen, $1.00. Address Aurora Apiary, Aurora,
Ont.

CHOICE ITALIAN BEES, Langstroth hives,
no disease. Chris. Grimoldby, Owen Sound
Ont.

MAPLEWOOD HONEY BEE FARM— Quality
queens $1.00. Special price in quantities.
George H. Rea, Reynoldsville, Pa.

150 HIVES OF BEES FOR SALE— Never had
foul brood in our yards. Wm. Bueglass. R3
Bright, Ont.

ITALIAN BEES FOR SALE— Nine dollars per
colony. Including one comb Honey Super
Miss Gerrie, Ingersoll, Ont.

BEST THREE BANDED QUEENS at lowest
prices, after June 1. .-Uso Bees by the pound
Satisfaction guaranteed. Send for circular
J. H. Haughey, Berrien Springs, Mich.

LET US send you price list and descriptive
circular of our bees and queens, and if you
vrill tell us what size and how many pack-
ages you may want we will tell what the

■ Express will amount to. R. V & M C
Stearns, Brady, Texas.

GOLDEN and leather colored Italians, 32 years'
experience as honey producer and queen
breeder. Prices — Select untested 1 oueen
$1.00: 6, $4.00; 12, $7.25. Tested— 1, $1.50; 12,
$15.00. Make P.O. Orders payable to Fertllla.
Money returned for any queens not satisfac-
tory. B. J. Cole, Fertllla, Riverside Co.,
Calif.

GRAY CAUCASIANS — ^Early breeders, great
honey-gatherers; cap beautifully white; great
comb-builders; very prolific; gentle; hardy;
good winterers. Untested, $1; select untest-
ed, $1.25; tested, $1.50; select tested, $2.00
H. W. Fulmer, Box 12, Andalusia, Pa.

BEES and QUEENS from my New Jersey
Apiary. Price list free. J. H. M. Cook, 70
Cortland St., New Tork Oity.

BEES FOR SALE— W. S. Walton. Soarboro
Jotn, Onit.

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS as advertised
on page 133. Catalogue free. Deroy Taylor
Co., Newark, N.T.

BEE SUPPLIES.

BEEKEEPERS— Please write for our Catalog.
Morgan's Supply House, London.

1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors,
any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. E&at-
ern Label Co., Clintonvllle, Conn.

FOR SALE — Three hundred pounds Weed Pro-
cess Comb Foundation, any weight. R. F.
Holtermann, Brantford, Ont.

A DAUGHTER of one of Dr. MUler's best honey
queens, and the Beekeeper's Review for 1916
for only $2.00. A daughter of one of the
very best honey-getting queens selected from
1.100 colonies worked for extracted honey,
from the yards of E. D. Townsend & Sons,
and the Review for 1916 for only $1.75. The
queens will be mailed in June direct from
our breeders in the South. A rare buy. Bee-
keepers' Review, North Star, Mich., U.S A

WANTED— Honey Extractor, four frames
State condition, make and price. W W
Nancekivell Ingersoll, Ont.

Deep Seedbeds
Properly Prepared

--Thafs what you get when you u>=e
Jhe deep-cutting, double-turning, level-
ing and compacting

"Acme" Pulverizing Harrow

■'The coulters do the work"— you should sco
tnem mix the soil, cut clods, weeds and trash
Bnd make the whole into a firm yet mellowpeed-
bed several inches deep. The ' 'Acme" is simple
durable and easy to pull. Sizes 3 ft. to 17 1-2 ft

6% ft. wide

Tbe Bateman- WlHdnson Co.

Limited

"' Symington Avenue Toronto. Ont.

be warm. Another compartment should 1.
provided where the temperature i.s a little
lower, and the colony house or the brooder
house floor should have even a still lower
temperature. This gives a chance for the
chicks to accommodate themselves to the
temperature they wish.

Moderate Heat Required.
It is not necessary to have the cold com-
partment of the brooder very warm. When
chicks are well .supplied with heat under-
neath the hover, they can do with a fairly
cold temperature in the run. In fact,
strong, hardy chicks a week old will thrive
even if allowed on frozen ground for a little
while during the day.

Constant care is essential in that the
chicks are not allowed to forget where the
heat is. On this account the extension of
the yard should be gradual.

The brooder should be set level. This
Insures an even distribution of heat be-
neath the hover.

It is best to have the runway from the
hover compartment on a level with the floor
of the house. There Is then not so much
danger of the chicks being unable to get
back to the heat before chilling.

Chicks require a variety of food the same
as anything else. That is, a change now
and again is appreciated by them.

Fine grit should be fed the chicks right
from the start. When the chicks are two
weeks old, they can be given grit the size
of a grain of wheat.

Finely cracked grains are the best to feed
for the first few days, but it is astonishing
how quickly chicks can take whole wheat.

An occasional feed of scalded milk or
boiled rice will help bowel trouble. Be sure
to watch the young chicks for head lice. If
they are not doing well, and you cannot
locate the trouble, look for head lice.

Milk at all times makes good feed for
chicks. If it is supplied, other animal foods
are not so essential.

Provide Animal Food.
Animal food of some kind will have to
be supplied; if it is not in the shape of milk,
it can be given in table scraps or beef
scraps. Ground green bone Is also good if
fed in limited quantities, and if it Is not
decomposed.

If chicks get weak on their legs, it is a
sign that either the feed or the condition.=t
are wrong. Change both. Give more bone-
forming food, more green food and more
exercise. Get the chicks off the hard floor.
Give them fresh soil or green grass to run
on.

If chicks crowd In the brooder, it is a sign
that there is too little heat. Give more of
It at once.

Strawberry Plants

The cream of the strawberry world. Only
a few thousand each of the following choice
varieties to offer. Order early.

"Pride of Michigan" B, "Chesapeake" B,
"Donan" B, "Fendall" P, "Kelloggr's Prize"
P. Price 75c per hundred, $5.00 per thou-
sand

Those marked P are Pistilates and should
always be planted with Bisexual varieties
marked B.

Large stock of vegetable and bedding
plants at lowest prices. Tomato, celery,
cabbage, cauliflower, geraniums, petunias,
coleus, cannas, verbenas, salvia, asters.
pansiies, stocks, etc. Write for prices and
varieties.

The Mitchell Nursery and
Floral Company

MITCHELL

ONTARIO

The Canadian Horticultun^^,

Floral Edition * vi IJK

=^

^/^z

Vol. XXXIX

PETERBORO, JUNE, 1916

No. 6"~"

Some Phases of Packing and Marketing Basket Fruit'

By P. J. Carey, of the Dominion Fruit Division, Toronto

WITH the fruit grower and fruit
handler there is always some-

thing new. Each year brings
its lessons and calls for some new lines
of action on the part of the growers in
order to combat what seems to be an
ever-increasing trouble along the dif-
ferent lines of fruit handling. It would
seem, then, as necessary to preach the
gospel of good practice from time to
time to the grower as it is to hear the
Sunday sermon. It was easy in the old
days for the lecturer to impress his
audience. There were scores of theor-
ies advanced fresh and untried, many
of which have since been exploded.
Speakers in addressing meetings in
those days had a habit of saying pleas-
ing things to the growers in the differ-
ent sections, and the meetings used to
turn into a sort of a mutual admiration
society.

A different audience faces the speak-
er now-a-days. He feels that every
word he utters is under fire, and may
receive sharp criticism. The time has
arrived now for plain talk, and I in-
tend to say plain things.

^Extract from an address delivered in the
Niag-ara Peninsula.

The subject I am discussing is a large
one, and I will touch only what strikes
me as the most important points. First,
I intend to deal with inspection work
for a short time. While not a fruit in-
spector, my duties are still not far re-
moved from that work, and I take a
hand in it when necessary.

Most growers may think that we
should have made greater headway
along the line of better packing of
fruit. There were betv/een twenty and
thirty prosecutions on basket fruit last
season mostly in the Niagara peninsula.
This, oi course, was in the overfacing of
baskets, and I may s.-iy, that many of
the cases were very pronounced.

Every grower is vitally interested in
this matter of faulty packing. It has
the most damaging effect on the trade.
The consumer who has purchased a
fraudulently packed package of fruit is
never very ready to believe that there
is such a thing as an honest fruit-
grower, and is loud in proclaiming the
misdemeanor to the whole community.
In some cases he will overdraw the pic-
ture.

Now, as all the cases of violation in
small fruit are in over-facing, and, of

course, in having a fraudulent complex-
ion, it has a much more damaging effect
than in the matter of apples in barrels
and boxes. As in the latter, it is large-
ly a question of grading which often
may be met by the packer setting up
that it was accidental or owing to a
lack of judgment as to what constitutes
the grade called for.

In the case of apples when below
grade fruit may still be useful, while
in the case of small fruits, where they
are largely used from the hand, when a
package contains a large percentage of
trash it is rendered almost useless. In
the case of small fruits the violation is
much more readily detected and 'conse-
quently more damaging to the trade.

As regards the relative degrees of
gravity of the two characters of vio-
lations "below grade" and "over fac-
ing." The first named might be acci-
dental or due to a lack of knowledge.
It leaves a hope that l.he accused may
still be honest, but whoi we find in-
ferior to useless fruit systematically
placed in a basket witn a layer of beau-
tiful specimens on top, it is hard to
make out a case for the defence.

NoAv, I -would not like to say that all

■niat this crop of strawberries was a money-maker may be surmised b y a Klanoe at It. Grown by W. H. Rodgers, Northumberland county Ont

Photo courtesy R. M. Kellog-g Co.

142

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1916:

The orchard of F. H. Johnson, Bridgetown, N.S., in which clean cultivation is practised.

those prosecuted for the over-facing of
packages were dishont^st, in fact, I be-
lieve iliat some packci-s M'ho have had
bad training will pack a fraudulent
package when their employer would not
wish it packed in that way, but he
would still be responsible for the vio-
lation.

Where it is fairly evident that a vio-
lation has occurred through a lack of
knowledge of the work or of the re-
quirements of the law the inspectors
are instructed to set the packer right
and give him another chance, but the
Dominion Fruit Commissioner has
taken strong grounds on all cases of the
over- facing of packages, and has given
sharp instructions to stamp out this
trouble by prosecuting in every case
where the evidence will warrant it.

There are three grades of violators.
The llrst is the slovenly fellow who
never does an> thing right, for whom
there is but little hope. The inspectors
are slow to act harshly with a fellow of
this kind, but there is a limit, and he
must pick up the requirements if he
wants to remain in the fruit business.
In the second grade there are manj
varieties. There is the "want to he
good ' ' sort of a fellow who blames it on
the hired man, or, perhaps, on his wife.
Some justify a little sliady packing by
setting up the excuse ihat the other fel-
lows are out to do yoa, anyway, and it,
is better to do them first. From this
grade or middle class the inspectors
make many good converts M-hen they
are shown where their actions lead.

The third grade is the "out-and-
outer," who has no iove for the in-
spector or the law, av.d who, if he has
nothhii? but good fruii to put up, would
put it up almost grudgingly.

There are but few of thie latter class,
and, for that matter, the number in all
classes of faulty packers is a small per-
centage of our growers, and is steadily
growing less.

It is surprising what a large percent-

age of peach growers have not grasped
the best method of placing fruit in bas-
kets. We have scores of good basket
packers, and we also have many who
make a very rough job of it. Some
blame the basket, but it would seem
that the basket does not cut much
figure now that so many are follow-
ing the practice of using the heaped
basket.

The grading of peaches and other
basket fruits is a very advanced step
in proper packing. It insured honesty
of packing by removing the cause. It
gives to the man to whom money is no
object just what he wants, and he is
ready to pay well for it. It gives to
the men less fortunate a grade, the
price of which is within his reach. It
does away with the necessity of putting
fruit of different sizes within the same
basket, and enables the packer to do
better work. The inspector never finds
much trouble in graded basljet fruit.

Pleasing the Consumer.

If there is one thing more than an-
other with which the growers can be
blamed it is their lack of effort to
please the consvimer. Perhaps less than
fifty per cent, of those engaged in fruit
growing as a business have any thought
for the future standing of their ship-
ments on the market or make any at-
tempt to build up a reputation by mak-
ing a special effort of pleasing the con-
sumer.

Pleasing the customer after all is a
key to the whole situation. It is the
impression the consumer has of the last
package of fruit used that does the rul-
ing as to whether he wants another
package. The difference between a
good and a bad impression may mean
the difference between success and fail-
ure to the grower.

The strength of a chain is shown in
its weakest link. In the face of the
present situation there should be no
broken link if fruit growing is to have

any more than a fighting chance as a
business.

Much has been said of commission
' men, transportation companies and
faulty marketing, but the strongest link
in the chain of marketing fruit i»
forged at the orchard or packing house
when the grower puts up properly ma-
tured fruit honestly packed in strong
packages, and starts it on its journey
under the best conditions possible. The
man who instead has no thought but to
get the best of the deal by placing at-
tractive fruit on top covering culls be-
low, or the slovenly packer who may be
honest enough but packs his fruit in a
careless and unattractive manner have
in my judgment broken a link in the
marketing chain that cannot be re-
paired.

If a stronger feeling of responsibil-
ity, more public spirit and an aim at
higher ideals was worked up among the
growers it would be productive of much
good. Successful growers will tell you
that the effort is not a difficult one,
and if one were to ask them what was
the greatest pleasure they felt in their
season's work, the answer would be in
the knowledge of the fact that they had
pleased the consumer.

Another substantial way to please the
consumer is by lengthening the period
of the life of the fruit. Too large a per-
centage of the basket fruit reaches the
consumer in a wasted condition, caused
by heating in transit. Peaches with
discolored spots are not desirable
either from the hand or to be used for
canning. In many cases fruit other-
wise of good quality has to be cut half
away before it is fit for use. Some
method of pre-cooling or at least of
using refrigerator cars would meet the
requirement and go a long way in help-
ing the sale of more fruit. Freshly
picked fruit put into box cars where
the temperature is often eighty to
ninety degrees, perhaps to remain in
the cars over night, is sure to give poor
satisfaction and often is in the first or
second stage of decay before it reaches
the consumer. It would be argued by
some that these precautions mean ad-
ditional expense, but the sooner the
growers wake up to the fact that with-
out the consuming public they Avould
have to shut up shop, the better for the
success of their labors. It paj^s to sat-
isfy the consumer.

Fair to good success has attended the
shipping of small fruits to the north-
west markets with the exception of
peaches and strawberries. I am afraid
our peaches are too tender for long dis-
tance markets except under special
treatment. For export market our
peach shipments are likely to remain in
the experimental stage for some time.
The same can be said of the north-west
markets as far as shipping in a general
way is concerned.

I

June, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

143

The key to the situation is distribu-
tion. In 1904, when I took up the work
on small fruits in Toronto, it was the
I common practice of commission men to
[ at once restamp thousands of baskets of
I peaches and reship them to the towns
and villages of Ontario. In some cases
the fruit was in the first stages of de-
cay. We did not take long to arrive at
' the conclusion that this was a faulty
method of marketing. I have had an
opportunity at times to be at the re-
ceiving point when this reshipped fruit
'■ reached its destination and the con-
i Burners were not always anxious to re-
peat their orders.

I hold no brief for the express com-
panies who are not blameless, but I
think that they have received all this
condemnation that is coming to th ii.
While travelling from Brockville to
Renfrew not long ago I took the trou-
ble to stop off at each station to watch
the small shipments being put off at the
different stops. In three cases the deal-
er to whom the fruit was shipped re-
fused to take it off the hands of the ex-
press company, and I did not blame
them. The baskets were weakly, the

covers loose, and in many cases fruit
had been pilfered. This can be said of
thousands of baskets of small fruit in
Ontario.

We have thousands of consumers, in-
cluding farmers all over Ontario, who
are anxious to have some Canadian
peaches if they can secure the fruit in
fair condition. Straight shipments
direct from the orchards to the towns
and villages all over Ontario seems to
be the only proper method. Surely re-
liable men can be found to look after
the local distribution. In order to put
the best methods into practice, cooper-
ation seems to be the only plan. In
the fruit business it looks like the sur-
vival of the fittest, and in my judgment
the cooperative associations are the fit-
test.

With the increased production and
the high priced land that has been
taken up by many fruit growers in the
peninsula these questions constitute a
serious matter for those concerned.
Nothing but the closest attention and
the employing of the very best methods
on the part of the growers will save the
day.

Results from the Skinner Irrigation System*

O. J. Robb, Horlicultural Experiment Station, Vineland, Ont.

OUR Skinner Irrigation system
covers nearly thi-ee acres of
medium soil, some of which is
sandy and some heavy. This system
has been operated during two seasons.
In 1914 we learned that tomatoes were
not benefitted by watering if proper
cultivation was given them. We had
no small fruit under the system in 1915,
but we had two plots of strawberries
and one of raspberries each with ad-
joining check plots.

Results from the season of 1915 show
a decided advantage from watering the
strawberries, but with the raspberries
the unwatered plot gave the larger
yield, which amounted to 33%, in spite
of the fact that the watered section had
larger and better foliage and appeared
much stronger every way. One point
noticed here was the condition of the
plants early in the spring. The plants
that had been watered the previous sea-
son were killed back and showed much
more injury than the unwatered plants.
All the raspberry plants were only two
years old this past season. Better re-
sults are looked for during the coming
season. Three varieties were included
in this test and two systems of cultiva-
tion were practiced.

I'he results with the strawberries
wore more satisfying and clearly dem-
onstrated the value of a good supply of
water at the right time. Only once
during last season did the berries suffer
for lack of rain in our section, but at

•A pa-per read at the last annual convention
or the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association.

the same time the watered plants came
on earlier, bore later, and looked
fresher all the time than the unwatered
plants.

One plot contained forty-five variet-
ies under test where irrigation gave
various results, but with few exceptions
all were in favor of irrigation. Only
one row of each variety was planted,
thus the results from watering are not
so reliable as on a larger area.

Our commercial plot consisted of four
varieties planted in duplicate, namely,
Michael's Early, Steven's Late, Cham-

pion, Sample and the Williams. These
were planted in rows sixty feet long
and made up an area .137 of an acre
with an adjoining check plot of similar
size.

The yield on the watered plot
amounted to 781.5 boxes, whereas the
yield on the unwatered plot amounted
to only 605 boxes, a gain of 176.5 boxes
on the watered plot. This extra yield
for one acre amounts to 1,288 boxes.
These, if sold at eight cents a box,
would bring in $103.04 as revenue from
irrigating. Deducting from this the
estimated cost of applying the water as
figured out by counting a ten hour day
as sufficient time to apply one inch of
water over one acre this Avould cost :
$1.20 for gasolene.
.50 for oil.
1.50 for labor.

.46 for depreciation on invest-,
ment.
This gives $3.60 as cost of applying
one inch of water on one acre. But
10.3 inches of water was applied during
the season so the actual cost of irrigat-
ing this plot of berries per acre was
$3.60 X 20.3=$37.08 ; $103,04— $37.08
=$65.12 as actual profit per acre from
irrigation. In a dry season this would
be much more favorable.

Other crops showing increased yields
were asparagus, celery, carrots and
beets. A decided loss was observed with
the onions. Practically all the irrigat-
ing was done during the months of
May, June and July. August was a
very wet month and no irrigating was
done.

In an ordinary season with good cul-
tivation no extra heavy yields may be
looked for from irrigating except in
growing a crop like celery or aspara-
gus. The main advantage of the sys-
tem is its use in a dry section, and in
seasons where *a fruit crop such as

Thinning Duchess apples In a Northumberland county or

■liard, b(>:(l,

l.al^o Ontario.

144

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Juae, 1910.

An orchard in which beans have been grrown as a cover crop. This crop is grown by a con-
siderable number of the growers in Southern Ontario.

strawberries may suffer from a long
hot spell. It is needed then and needed
badly. It often makes the difference
between a good substantial profit and a
heavy loss. It is a good investment.

An experiment to test the tempera-
ture of the soil at different depths on
the watered and unwatered blocks was
carried out last season. "We found that
the watered soil is somewhat lower in
temperature at six inch depths, ranging
from two to three degrees. It often

equalled the unwatered soil tempera-
ture during the day, but it always
dropped much lower during the night.
The temperature at thirty inch depths
was warmer on the watered than the
unwatered soil. The greatest factors
in controlling soil temperatures are
heavy rains with low air temperatures
and the action of sunshine. Under or-
dinary conditions irrigation will not
lower the soil temperature to any
extent.

Spraying at Different Dates'

Prof. W. S- Blair, Kentville, N.S.

IN order to gather information as to
the value of the early sprays as
compared with the later ones a
series of tests in w^ich plots were
sprayed twice before, 5nd twice after
the blossoms in 1915, were compared
with those sprayed once before the
blossoms and twice after.

In one series of experiments the one
spray before the blossoms was put on
about midway between the first spray,
which was put on just after the leaf
buds were nicely opened May 17th, and
the second spray put on just before the
first petals opened May 31st, or just be-
fore or about the time the blossom
clusters were showing pink. This we
have called a midway spray.

In the other test the one spray be-
fore blossoms Avas put on just before
the petals of the fiower clusters opened.

There was a difference of from two
to three per cent, only in favor of two
sprays before the blossoms. The two
most important sprays were the ones
just before and just after blossoming.
From results obtained it would seem
that should the period between the

• Extract from a 'paper read at the last an-
nual convention of the Nova Scotia Fruit
Growers' Association

opening of the leaf buds and the open-
ing of the petals of the flower clusters
be short owing to weather conditions,
one spray may be sufficient to give
practically clean fruit, but should this
period be extended two sprays should
be given.

A study of results from soluble sul-
phur plots sprayed at different dates
indicates that the early spray was quite
an important one, and that the two
applications before the blossoms were
advisable. On the day following the
application of the midway spray at
Berwick there was a sharp rainfall of
about quarter of an inch, as was the
case with the spray after blossoming,
which showed that soluble sulphur is
not an adhesive spray, and that a
heavy, quick rainfall may reduce its
fungicidal value and bring about in-
creased burning, as was the case with
these sprays.

It would seem, therefore, that it is
wise to make two anplications before
blossoms : first after the leaf buds open,
and second just before the blossoms
onen, which dates correspond with
those advised for the best control of
insects.

Fruit Pests to Fight Now

J i: you are a cherry grower and have
been troubled in pi'evious seasons with
\\hitc maggots in the cherries, spray
just before the blush begins to appear
on the Montmorencies, using the fol-
lowing mixture: Two to three pounds
arsenate of lead (paste) to forty gal-
lons water, sweetened by the addition
of one gallon of cheap molasses. L*
not spray the early varieties at this
time. In applying the spray, the treen
should be given just a moderately thor-
ough application, so that nearly every
leaf will be lightly covered.

Pear slug is troublesome on both
pears and cherries. The small, blackish,
slug-like larvae feed on the upper sur-
face of the leaves, causing the foliage
to present a brovv'nish appearance.
They can be easily controlled by spray-
ing with two or three pounds of arsen-
ate of lead to forty gallons watei-,
whenever the slugs are numerous
enough to warrant it, unless the fruit is
beginning to ripen, applying the spray
to the upper surface of the leaves. If
you have only a few trees, dust them
with hellebore or air-slaked lime.

The brown rot of peaches, plums and
cherries annually causes great loss to
Ontario fruit growers. For peaches,
spray with self-boiled lime-sulphur
about one month after the fruit has set.
If the trees have been well pruned
earlier in the year, so as to admit
plenty of sunshine and a free circula-
tion of air, the disease is much easier
controlled on both plums and cherries,
as well as peaches, as it thrives most in
a close, humid atmosphere. If rot starts
to develop as the fruit of either plums
or cherries is ripening, spray with am-
moniacal copper carbonate (copper
carbonate, five ounces; ammonia, three
pints; water, forty-five gallons). Go
through the orchard after the fruit is
all harvested, pick or knock all dis-
eased fruit from the trees and bury or
plough under. These "mummy" fruits
if allowed to hang on the trees, serve
to carry the disease over till the follow-
ing season.

Pear blight cannot be controlled b
spraying. The only effective remedy v
to keep the diseased wood cut ou"
Throughout the growing season, watcii
for and remove promptly all blighted
twigs or branches as they appear, cut-
ting well below the diseased portion.
Disinfect pruning tools and cuts at
once with corrosive sublimate, one to
one thousand.

Strawberries are about ninety-seven
per cent, water, and as this water
forms in the berries while they are ma-
turing and ripening, it is essential that
the plants be supplied with plenty of
moisture during the fruiting season.

June, 191C.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

145

Best Packages for Tender Fruit Shipments'

J. M. Oreelman, B.S.A., Dominion Cold Storsge Division, Grimsby, Ont.

IN peach packages there has been
quite a conti'oversy as to just what
packages are best. We have tried
out a number, namely, the six-quart
and eleven-quart Climax baskets, the
six-quart and eleven quart Leno bas-
kets in the Hunter and Woolverton
crates, the Michigan bushel basket, and
the Standard peach box. These pack-
ages we observed and had others ex-
press their opinions on them.-
I The method of behavior of the Cli-
>niax basket is, in long-distance ship-
■ments, more or less known to us. It is
fairly satisfactory under some circum-
stances, but it is not a trustworthy
package ; that is, it is very easy to put
up a dishonest pack. In fact, it is
easier to do so than otherwise, and this
is not a satisfactory condition, and it is
very easily broken, and does not dis-
play its contents overly well.

The Hunter crate is a two-story
affair which holds four eleven-quart or
six six-quart lenos. It is of rough un-
dressed lumber, which rather depreci-
ates from its appearance. Further, it
is very heavy, weighing about eighty
pounds. It is a bulky package, and not
an appealing one to look at. Further,
it is not altogether satisfactory for
long-distance shipments, as the fruit on
the top cannot be packed perfectly firm
and moves slightly with the motion of
the car. A long journey is likely to
cause a bruise or soft spot from this
rubbing. It may have its use as an ex-
press package, but it is not pilfer-proof
and is unattractive. Dressing of the
wood might help this to a great extent.

The Woolverton crate is a much more
attractive crate. It is smaller and is
built in two sizes, for three six-quart
or three eleven-quart leno baskets. The
cover is solid, of two pieces, and the
sides are near the top, which makes it
pilfer-proof. It is rather open at the
bottom, and so allows for good ventila-
tion. It is strong, and yet is not heavy,
as it weighs about thirty-five pounds
for the six quarts and sixty pounds for
the eleven quarts, or maybe a little
heavier. It is a much more attractive
package, but has the same fault as the
Hunter crate, in that the jarring causes
trouble from bruising. This package,
however, seems to be admirably suited
for express shipments of small lots. Its
worst fault is that it is too bulky to be
of use for carload shipments. That is,
you fill your car full and yet have not
your minimum weight. This last is
also a fault of the Hunter crate.
Bushel Baskets.

There has been an impression gai;i-
ing headway among some fruit grower:!

•Extract from a paper read at the last annual
chuTo" "' **** Ontario Fruit Growers' Asso-

that the bushel ba'^iket, as used \i\ a
number of the Aiuericax; peaeh-grov/iug
districts, was just what was needed in
'his country. With this idea, we made
a shipment of Elberla peaches in
bushels to Winnipeg. These were
picked hard ripe and packed in these
baskets, which had a post in the centre
for support and a paper pad over the
top for protection. The fruit arrived
in Winnipeg in excellent shape, but
would not sell. In fact, they hardly
brought the freight and icing on them.

Package Not Satisfactory.

Here seems a funny state of affairs.
The package was attrtictive, in its way;
was strong enough, it loaded easily in
the ear, was cheap, but the market
didn't want it. Why? Well, I simply
summed it up this way: Peaches in
Winnipeg, as in nearly all the west, are
more or less of a luxury, being com-
paratively high-priced, and being so
they Mere used to them in an expensive
package, so did not take to these. They
expect their expensive fruit put up
right, and will pay for it that way. This
practically throws the bushel basket
out as a peach basket for long-distance
shipments, because it means that, al-
though it may carry the peaches in
good shape, by the time they go some
distance, they are too expensive to
bring good prices in a large package,
because people can't afford to pay a
high price for a lot.

In the west they desire a high-class
package for peaches. We find there
the standard western peach box, 181/2
by 11V2> and with varying depths from
four inches to five inches. Practicallv

all the peaches that enter the west are
in this case, at least all that come in
from Washington, Oregon, and British
Columbia. In it the peaches are
packed in a diagonal pack and are
wrapped in tissue paper. This seems to
be the ideal package. It is strong, at-
tractive, displays the fruit well, if pro-
perly packed, loads easily in cars, is ex-
cellent for express shipment, pilfer-
proof, with cleats, allows plenty of ven-
tilation, is the most efficient to handle,
if trucks are used, and it is not hard to
pack. It is, in my opinion, the ideal
package for peaches. I believe it is
also the only package in which peaches
can be shipped to England.

I have always heard it said that to
put peaches in England the shipper
ate up all his profits in packing. Ail I
saw packed were certainly eating up a
bunch of profits in excelsior and simi-
lar material.

Seeing no reason why hard ripe El-
bertas should not go to England in a
straight commercial pack, last summer,
when the Grimsby Co-operative Grow-
ers were shipping three cars of pears to
Glasgow, we put in thirteen cases of
Elbertas packed commercially, that is,
just wrapped in paper. To make it per-
fectly commercial, I had one of the
girls pack them up, and I told her
nothing except that I wanted them
packed. Although there was some
waste in the pears, the peaches arrived
in excellent shape and sold for four-
pence to sixpence apiece.

For shipment to the Canadian west,
I would use for strawberries and sweet
cherries the British Columbia full pint
Hallock crate ; for sour cherries, the
six-quart Climax basket, and for
peaches the Standard western peach
box.

Handling strawberries on a commercial plantation. Note the type of picker's basket used.

i-ie

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1916.

A. ^\'oo(ipe<•ker after tlio borei-.> apii with a
billful of wood-boring' larvae. They a'-e
great destroyers of codling moth and other
insect pests.

Useful Birds

Two useful birds that deserve to be
encouraged and protected are the
Woodpecker and the Chickadee. The
Woodpecl<er feeds on larvae and small
insects, which are found in crevices of
the bark ; securing them with its pro-
trusible tongue. This tongue is sharp,
hard at the end, has barbs directed
backward, and can be extended several
inches. The red-headed Woodpecker,
besides digging insects out of bark,
seizes them on the wing. In the ex-
amination of over seven hundred
stomachs of Woodpeckers, animal food,
mostly insects, was found to constitute
seventy-six per cent, of the diet, and
vegetable matter twenty-four per cent.
The animal food consists largely of
beetles and caterpillars, and includes
many harmful species.

The Chickadee is another most active
insect destroyer. It is especially active
in the vicinity of any timber or wood
chopping. The birds will become very
familiar, and will readily make friends.
Not being equipped, as the Wood-
pecker is, with a long bill, they take
advantage of the cutting of cordwood,
etc., to secure the grubs found iinder
the bark or exposed in the cutting. As
a rule, however, they feed upon the in-
sects of the orchard, the bush or
.shrubbery.

The Woodpscker and the Chickadee
are only two of many birds which are
of great service both in the city and
country. They should be protected in
order that they may continue their
valuable work.

Lime! Sulphur and Paris Green

Prof. W. .S Blair, Kenlville, N.S.

ONE plot of Kings at Berwick, con-
taining three trees, in 1915 was
sprayed four times with lime
sulphur, sp. gr. 1.008, with V/^ pounds
of paris green per 100 gallons. These
trees were sprayed on the same dates
as other King plots. The hand pump
was used at a pressure of 140 pounds.
The amount of bloom was the same on
these as adjoining trees.

As a result of this application not
only was the foliage badly injured and
the trees practically defoliated, but the
fruit clu.>5ters Avere so damaged that all
the fruit dropped soon after blossom-
ing and not a single fruit developed.
This experiment would show that paris
green cannot be used in the lime sul-
phur spray without causing very great
injury to foliage and possibly the loss
of an entire crop of fruit.

What Co-operation Means

Seth J. T. Bush, Morton, N.Y.

Co-operation is a call to reason; it
represents a deliberate effort on the
part of the growers to secure for them-
selves a larger part of the consumer's
dollar, through the elimination of much
needless expense in the sale and distii-
bution of their products.

It means better packing, the elimina-
tion of glutted markets, protection of
the grower's interests, prompt coll^jc-
tion of just damage claims, and better
prices for what you buv and what vou
sell.

It means a discontinuance of the
custom of allowing the "dealer" and
speculator to place a mortgage of from
10 to 25 per cent, on the crops you pro-
duce.

It means that the grower will do his
own gambling, and have a chance at the
■ results.

"ITigh-Cost-of-Living" prices don't
help the farmer, because he doesn't get
them ; his part of the consumer's dollar
is only THIRTY-FIVE CENTS.

It is a fundamental principle of eco-
nomics that higher .prices stimulate
production, but it will not work unless
the increased price goes to the pro-
ducer, where it helongs.

As the population of our cities has in-
creased a great deal faster than the
population of the country at large, the
difference in the price paid by the con-
sumer, and that received by the pro-
ducer, has increased in like proportion,
until a condition of commercial piracy
exists, which has no justification what-
ever, and must be fought by every
means available.

The producer must receive his legiti-
mate proportion of the value of his
product. Co-operation, direct selling,
and the elimination of all needless ex-
pen.se and commissions are all means to
this end.

There are many things which the
grower needs — things which are vital
to his success, but individually he can
do little or nothing toward their attain-
ment. We need and must liave better
transportation facilities — a wider dis-
tribution of our products to every nook
and corner, where they will be appreci-
ated and consumed, and better and
saner legislation on all matters affect-
ing our business.

The freight rates charged bj- the
transportation companies, on peaches
in particular, should be reduced.

The Compost Heap

Successful gardening operations
necessitate the possession of a good
compost heap. It is easily made and a
wonderful convenience and help. It
stimulates growth in flowers and pro-
duces bigger and more highly colored
blooms. For roses especially it is un-
equalled. A compost heap of manure
from cow barns is used by all big rose
growers.

The foundation of a compost heap
is manure wiiich is best obt^iined from
a cow stable. In case this is not avail-
able, strawy manure from horse stables
or droppings from poultry houses will
serve.

Pile the manure about a foot deep,
then alternate layers of sods, lawn
clippings, weeds and any other vege-
table material with manure. In dry
Aveathcr the heap should be watered
and should then be left until the ma-
terial begins to decay. Turn the heap
over occasionally and add some fertiliz-
ing material; also some additional clip-
pings, weeds, leaves and other similar
material. One advantage of a compost
heap is that it affords a means of eon-
verting almost every kind of garbage
into valuable fertilizer.

A compost heap of this character
should stand a year to be really most
valuable as a fertilizer. If, however,
it has been kept damp and turned fre-
quently it can be used in the course of
two or three months. In a year's time
a compost heap should be mellow, fine
and black and sufficiently moist to
make a ball when squeezed in the hand.
It should not be wet nor should it
emit an offensive odor. Once started,
a compost heap may be maintained
j-ear after year by occasionally adding
the materials from which it was origin-
allv made.

■ June, 1918.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

147

A Velvety Lawn Adds Beauty to the Garden

T

I HERE is no feature of our garden
more important, if we would
have it look well, than a perfect
piece of lawn. It may be said to be
the frame to the picture — the hnishing
touch. A really good velvety lawn is,
in fact, worthy and generally receives
as much admiration as the flower bor-
ders behind it. There are some lawns,
hardly worthy of the name lawns, that
never were good and never will be, ex-
cept by relaying. A perfect lawn de-
pends, to a vei-y great extent, upon
the seed used. This must be the best
lawn seed and guaranteed free from
hay, meadow grass or clover seed.

A new lawn can be laid down either
in the spring or in the fall. Spring
planting makes the new grass to be-
come well established before frosts ar-
rive, but fall planting has this advan-
tage that any weeds coming up will be
killed before they can seed. Of the two
plans spring seeding is the most recom-
mended. Before putting the seed on
!he ground it answers to thoroughly
\\ oil prepare the soil. All weeds, roots,
stones and rubbish must be removed.
Indeed, if one can .«pare the time, and
the lawn is not to be a very large one,
it is an excellent plan to put the surface
■ lil through the sieve, so as to get a
di'cssing of an inch deep or so, of ner-
fiH'tlv clean soil all over. If the soil is

B. C. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont.

a very poor one, some well rotted
manure must be mixed in with the sift-
ed soil or at any rate kept near the sur-
face. After the soil has been carefully
levelled with the rake it should be roll-
ed, or carefully trodden or beaten
down. It must then be raked over
gently again. This raking must be
very carefully done so that the surface
is left absolutely level and free from
even a single small stone. For this pur-
pose employ the back of the rake when
the soil is fairly dry.

It is essential that the seed should be
sown on absolutely even ground. It
must not, therefore, be trodden on
again after the final raking. In order
to avoid this, a strip of ground about
three feet wide should be marked off
with the garden line. After this has
been sown, rake out the feet marks, and
measure off another strip of the ground
in the same way, each time levelling
out the sower's feet marks.

The seed must be evenly sown and
fairly thickly, so that all the ground is
well covered. It should then be light-
ly raked in, taking care that the even-
ness of the ground is not disturbed,
and that no footprints are left. The
ground should then be rolled in order
to bury any uncovered seed, which
will then germinate with the first
shower of rain. If the weather re-

mains dry, the ground may be syringed
over. As to the quantity of seed re-
quired, one pound will sow about
thirty square yards of ground.

The grass should be allowed to grow
until it is four inches high and should
then be cut with a sharp scythe ; after-
ward the machine may be used, setting
it high; cutting too close weakens the
young plants. Those who have made
new lawns this year, will find them
making good growth by now. If there
are any bare places these should be re-
seeded. The new lawn should be cut
regularly once a Aveek, and when there
is little rainfall, watered in the shade
of the evening. Never water grass
when the sun is overhead. A suitable
tool should be used to remove weeds,
such as dandelions, daisies, plantains,
docks, etc. These will always appear
even when the best seed has been sown,
as there are certain to be some weed
seeds in the ground, but, if taken in
time, the grass will soon become mas-
ter of these, and they will disappear.

In. order to possess a fine lawn, there
must be constant cutting, rolling, and
watering. Nor should the broom be
spared, a thorough brooming does a
lawn good. Always use a catcher on
the mower. It is !\, mistake to leave the
clippings on the lawn. If the weather
is excessively hot and dry, there is

A really yood vi;lvi:l> lawn, such as the one here shown, Ls worthy of as much admiration as tlie flower border which constitutes its frame.

148

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1916,

A bed of maid«n hair ferns, 9 years old, in the

gurden of Dr. Doug-las G. Storms, Hamilton,

Ont.

some advantage in leaving the clip-
pings as they help to conserve the mois-
ture, but they do not improve the ap-
pearance of the lawn. In very dry
weather the lawn .^.hould not be cut too
close. This can be avoided by lowering
the roller a little.

It pays to roll the lawn. The best
time to do this is early morning when
the dew is fresh upon it. If there are
an abundance of worm hills, brush the
lawn over first, and spread this valuable
new soil over it.

Nothing enhances the looks of a
well kept lawn more than well kept
edges. There is an art in edging. A
line should always be used when mak-
ing a new edge, especially around a
curve. Edging need onlv be done once
or twice a year. Grass that overgrows
the edge can be readily kent back with
the long handled edging shears. Neat-
ly trimmed edges, whether around a
lawn, around trees, walls or borders is
the artist's finishing touch, as is the
ribbon to the bride's bouquet.

Where practicable, use winding
paths and small strips of grass dividing
your flower beds or vegetable garden
beds; these greatlv increase the "beauty
of a garden. Over such strips a per-
gola mav be arranged and a charming
effect given to the whole by training
over the pergola some climbing roses
.such as Crimson Eambler or Dorothy
Perkins.

Transplanting Ferns

Dr. Douglas G. Storms, Hamilton, Ont.

The accompanying illustration shows
a bed of Adiantum Pedatum (Maiden
Hair Fern) in my garden. At the time
of photographing these plants were
seven or eight years old. The plants
were taken from the woods at any
time that I chanced upon them, some
in the latent state, others half grown,
and still more full grown.

The plants were taken up with lots
of the natural mould about them and
planted in the bed as soon as I reached
home. After once being planted they
were never touched, but left severely
alone. The bed was located on the
north side of an out-house in the rear
of my garden, but was exposed a good
part of the day to the full heat of the
sun, which, by the way, does not affect
this particular variety of fern, harm-
fuilly. Anyone ^v'ishing to make a bed
of the Maiden Hair Fern has only this
,to rememlber, plant them carefully and
then do not coddle them.

ments, furrows may ho opened, seed
covered, and weeds killed.

Plant a few pots or berry boxes of
cucumbers, melons, or other vegetables
for early use. Keep in cold frame or
hotbed until the first week of June,
when all danger of frost is over, and
then plant out.

It Is important in establishing a lawn to
choose a site where the soil is deep, fer-
tile, and in good phy.sical condition. If
these conditions are not found naturally
they should be obtained artificially by
drainage, cultivation and liberal manur-
ing.

June Vegetable Reminders

Set out a strawberrj' and a raspberry
bed.

Make another sowing of peas, spin-
ach and radishes.

See that a bird bath is built, out of
reach of the cat.

There is still time to sow grass seed
and establish a good lawn.
. Every garden should have an herb
border. Many of the herbs are orna-
mental as well as useful.

Keep the onion field clean and well
cultivated.

Make another sowing of peas, beans,
beets, carrots, spinach, and Swiss chard.

Clean seed, clean soil, and good culti-
vation should give a good crop of
potatoes.

Thorough cultivation must be given
vegetables, fruit and flowers, if best
results are to be obtained.

Poppers and egg-plant should not be
planted outside until settled warm
weather arrives.

Peas and beans may be planted be-
tween rows of newly-set raspberries to
advantage.

A few radish seed scattered with
onion or other slow growing seed will
mark the rows so that cultivation may
begin even before the plants are up.

It pays to prepare vegetables as well
as fruits neatly for market. Clean, at-
tractive packages do not cost much
more than unattractive ones and bring
much better prices.

Soak celery or tomato plants thor-
oughly for several hours before trans-
planting. This will enable you to carry
more dirt with the plant.

A good hand cultivator makes gar-
dening easier. With proper attach-

June Floral Suggestions.-

Roses should have been pnined be-
fore this, but may be gone over now.
All weak or injured wood should be
cut out.

Don't forget to plant a few nastur-
tiums, California poppies, i)etunias, or
other annuals in the garden.

Liver of sulphur (powdered sulphur)
dusted on the leaves of roses and other
garden plants inclined to mildew will
keep it in check.

Plant a few gladioli bulbs. They pro-
vide excellent cut flowers in early
autumn. The bulbs are cheap this year
and should be planted in quantities.

Set out shade trees and shrubs if it
has not been attended to. Spread the
roots well and fill in ^vith fine rich soil.
Always make this soil firm about the
roots. Leave the top soil loose.

Flowering cannas require a warm,
rich soil and must be given plenty of
water in hot weather. Many varieties
flower well. The bulbs are easily stored
over winter if not allowed to get wet
or too dry.

Mignonette is hard to transplant, but
the seeds may be sown where it is de-
sired they shall bloom.

Ferns from the woods and swamps
will make attractive the shadiest spots
about the house. Leaf mould or decay-
ed chip dirt will provide a soil which
develops a .luxurious growth almost
equal to that in their native haunts.

If you have a bare, dry spot that gets
the sun all day, where other flowers do
not thrive, seed it to portulacas. They
will crowd out the weeds and give you
an abundance of bright, cheery flowers
all summer long.

Keep the lawn mowed this month if
a close, fine sward is wanted. Nitrate
of soda is a good fertilizer to apply for
quick efTect on the lawn. Use at the rate
of from 150 to 200 pounds per acre. Put
on just before watering or during a rain.
It should be applied two or three times
during the summer.

The Baby Rambler rose succeeds very
well planted out. The flowers of the
Baby Rambler are often nearly single.
They succeed better out of doors than
in the window. They are not good win-
dow plants. Monthly roses will not
flower the year round successfully. A
month or two of partial rest is essential.

June, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

140

The Control of Enemies of the Rose

F.

'HE rose is troubled with manj^ en-
emies. It is no exception to the
rule that every living thing has
enemies. Being "Queen of the
lowers," its enemies are not the less
it greater in number than of many
imbler flowers.

The beauty and worth of the rose,
Bwever, make the task of defending it
jainst its enemies more interesting
lan irksome. Although its enemies
Ire numerous, but few are serious. The
i^hole secret of successfully fighting its
enemies might be implied in these six
words:

Be prepared. Be thorough. Be cheer-
ful.

Its enemies may be placed within
three groups :

Group 1 — Insects which chew or feed
on its leaves and buds.

Group 2 — Insects that weaken its vi-
tality by sucking the sap from its leaves
and growing shoots.

Group 3 — Fungous diseases which at-
lack leaves, growing shoots or mature
branches.

Be Prepared.

To be prepared is to have on hand, as
a good housewife would have simple
remedies on hand for household trou-
bles, a few mixtures to meet all emer-
gencies of the rose garden in their earl.y
stages. Prevention, not cure, should be
the first aim of the rose lover.

The recommended preventatives are
of three types :

First — A poison to apply to the
leaves so that any insect which feeds
on the leaves will immediately succumb
to its effects.

Second — A soapy or caustic (smoth-
ering or burning) solution to apply in
the form of a fine spray, or dry, and
very fine powder, so that any insects

E. Buck, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa

which injure the plant by sucking its
juices will be killed by contact.

Third — Some chemical compound,
preferably one containing copper,
which can be applied to the foliage in
the form of a spray and which will ad-
here to the foliage and prevent the
growth of mildews and other fungous
diseases or blights.

The poisons generally used to effec-
tively prevent the ravages of insects
of the first type are either paris green
or lead arsenate. Both are sold by seed
stores, the first generally as a powder,
the second as a paste or powder. Both
are easily mixed and it requires a very
small quantity to be effective. About
one teaspoonful of paris green or two
of lead arsenate to a gallon of water is
all that is required.

The compounds used to combat the
second type of insects, of which the
green aphis or plant lice are typical,
are either a mixture composed of nico-
tine (tobacco extract) and sulphur, or
a simple soap solution. The first is very
effective and is sold as nicotine sul-
phate or under other trade names. The
second may be made at home by using
any soap which contains a percentage
of oil, such as fish oil soap, or "Ivory"
soap.

The compounds used to prevent or
destroy fungous diseases or mildews,
etc., consist of copper compounds or
sulphur compounds. In as much as
some forms of the commercial nicotine
sulphates (used to kill green fly), con-
tain a small percentage of sulphur, it
is often found that this spray is helpful
in keeping down fungous diseases as
well as insects. However, ammoniacal
copper carbonate is a good spray to
prevent "leaf spot," and liver of sul-
phur (potassium sulphide) is another
spray used to prevent "mildew."

Be prepared by having on hand the
following :

A. Paris green or lead arsenate. If
the plants are few, picking off these
insects by hand will answer equally
well. B. Nicotine sulphate. C. Liver of
sulphur. D. A spray outfit.

Total cost, from two to five dollars.

Watch for chewing or feeding insects
in May and June.

Watch for sucking insects (green fly
or plant lice) in June, July and some-
times later.

Watch for fungous diseases in July,
August, September and in JUne if the
spring is wet or cold.

Be Thorough.

Thoroughness is essential. For in-
stance, one plant louse may increase
from one to sixty-five millions in about
six to eight weeks. In fact, the rate
of increase of this pest is so extraor-
dinarily wonderful and rapid that it
can be best emphasized by citing what
would actually happen if Nature was
not kind enough to help us fight the
pest by means of birds, the lady bird
beetle, and in other ways. One female
produces about eighty to ninety young
ones. Each one of these producing
young in the same proportion and at
the maximum rate of increase will pro-
duce aphids enough to cover the four
walls of about twelve rooms thirty by
twenty feet. And this even when they
are packed very close together as sheep
in a pen are packed. Be thorough for
the reason that unless all are destroyed
spraying appears to be ineffectual. It
is the extraordinary breeding habits
that account for the continuance of this
pest.

By cheerfully performing these ser-
vices for our garden friends we gain
additional interest in their habits and
needs. If the work is performed grudg-

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A bRnk of roses In the rose garden of Mr. John MaoGrady, Polnte Gatineau, Que., near Ottawa. Many Ottawa citizens visit this garden each year

while the ro.ses are In bloom.

1«0

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1916.

A spi'ke of Madonna lily, 4 feet tall, with 11

wnt^r'J'M ■' ?" ''• ^G'own In the perennial

border of Mrs. Laura Roi^e Stephen, Huntingdon

Que.

ingly it is seldom performed efficiently
and the results are not satisfactory. A
little stroll around the garden in the
early morning or again late in the even-
ing will reveal many interesting things,
and although it is next to impossible
to keep any garden free from all visits
of insects and fungous diseases a cheer-
ful expectation of the enemy and the
knowledge that he can be combatted
without much difficulty turns the work
of fighting him into an interesting
phase of gardening effort.

Enemies of the Rose.

The eating or chewing insects that
attack the rose consist of various small
caterpillars, beetles, saw-fly larvae and
the leaf-cutting bee. None are very
troublesome except in certain special
cases. Remedies— Hand picking or a
poisoned spray.

Sap sucking insects include Green
aphis or plant lice, the one really trou-
blesome insect in this class. Leaf hop-
pers, which cause a mottling or marb-
ling of the leaves. Their larvae work
invside the leaves. Prog-hopper Or the
Oacker-spit insects. Scale insects, not
common. Remedies — ^A nicotine or soap
mixture, or in the case of number two,
picking off the affected leaves in the
early stages.

Leaf-miners are the larvae or mag-
gots produced by a minute moth. Thev
are generally troublesome in June and
in August. The minute maggots live

and feed inside the leaf under the epi-
dermis, also causing the leaf to turn
mottled or brown. Remedies — Picking
off the affected leaves as soon as they
appear, or frequent sprayings with
nicotine will keep them under oontrol.

Thrips are a minute insect produced
by a small fly. This trouble is similar
to that produced by leaf hoppers. Rem-
edies—Nicotine, cold water, or hand
j)icking of leaves.

The red spider is a very minute
spidcr-hke insect working on the under
side of the leaves, seldom visible to the
naked eye. Results, a mottling and
yellowing of the leaves. Remedies —
Spraying with cold water, liver of sul-
phur or nicotine.

Diseases.
Black Spot is the most troublesome
diseavse of ro.ses in eastern Canada. It
appeai-s in the form of large black or
purplish spots in the leaves. First ap-
pearance generally about late July or
early August. Remedies— Thorough-
ness with any copper or sulphur spray,
■ such as ammoniacal copper carbonate,
or liver of sulphur. Lead arsenate will
also keep it under control.

Mildew is a troublesome disease of
the rose in western Canada, and in the
east during damp or cool weather. It
generally appears late in the season
in the east. This disease causes a whit-
ened or mouldy appearance on the
leaves and terminal shoots. Remedies
— Liver of sulphur as a spray or
flowers of sulphur dusted on.

The Amateur's Fruit Garden

M. B. Davis, Central Experimental Farm. Ottawa

Tree fruits should be pruned in early
April or in June. Wounds made in
June will heal much better than wounds
made a little earlier. At that time it
will be well to cut out those old canker
and diseased areas, and paint the same
over with pure white lead and oil. If
you did not remove the old canes from
the raspberries last fall, it should be
done at once, as they will only interfere
with the new growth. The currant and
gooseberry plantations may be pruned
any time now.

Aphis and caterpillars will bear
watching. For aphis use a weak to-
bacco extract, and spray it on them, or
if you have only a few bushes, dip the
leaves in the solution. Kerosene emul-
sion is also good, and can be made by
anybody. For the caterpillars use
Paris green, one ounce to six gallons of
water, mixed with a little milk of lime.
Watch for the currant worm, and get
that first brood with Paris green, one
ounce to ten gallons. For the second
brood use hellebore dusted on the
bushes when they are wet with dew.

Helping Flowers To Last

Flowers should if convenient be
gathered at some other time than dur-
ing the heat of the day and be placed
in water in a cool place as soon as pos-
sible. After this treatment, they will
keep much better than they would if
not induced to fill up with water. Most
flowers keep and look better if gathered
when in bud just before opening. This
is true of roses, poppies, peonies and
others. Double flowers as a rule keep
longer than single kinds.

For cut flowers in the house it is
very desirable to have kinds which will
continue to develop buds into flowers
after being placed in water. Perhaps
no kind has this quality in a more
inarked degree than the gladiolus. Dur-
ing parching hot winds it is possible to
have such in their greatest beauty in the
house when the weather will not" permit
such conditions out of doors. Before
storms it is well to secure a supply of
flowers for indoor use that their beauty
may be enjoyed while those out of doors
are recovering.

Some kinds which have a milky juice
like the poppies and some others, as the
dahlia will keep better if the tips of
the stems are dipped in very hot water
before they are cared for in the ordin-
ary way. It is well nigh impossible to
have the oriental poppies hold im fi-p^jh
without such treatment.

Popnies should alwavs be gnitni-od
in the bud just before they are ready to
push through the calyx.' With kinds
which last well in water it is desirable
to renew the water often, otherwise the
smell of decay at the base of the stems
sometimes becomes offensive, which is
not healthful.

For aphis (green lice) on roses, spray
with a nicotine solution. A pei-fectly
good solution may be made by pouring
two quarts of boiling water over a
pound of tobacco stems. This decoc-
tion may be used with safety on ro.ses
Avithout dilution. Do not boil tobacco
in water; this drives off the nicotine;
just steep the stems. Almost any form
of tobacco will answer, but the stems
are cheap.

The first consideration, when plan-
ning the perennial border, is a .suitable
background. This may be trees, shrubs,
vines, or even the taller growing herb-
aceous perennials. The smaller growing
species should be brought t6 the front
of the border, so they will not be hidden
by taller kinds. An irregular profusion
of plants and bloom is more interesting
and pleasing than any attempt to ar-
range the various kinds in formal lines
or sqiuare blocks.

June, 1918.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

lol

The Garden in the Critical Month of June

IF you happen to be moving about
the last of May, do not be disheart-
ened about a garden, for anything
that will thrive and bloom in a garden,
may be planted the first week in June,
except the early blooming shrubs and
perennials, so get busy and carry out
ihe plan shown in the April number of

he Canadian Horticulturist.
Shrubs are beginning to bloom now.
When they are through blooming is the

ine to prune and then only. It is
.. arm enough now to plant anything,
and practically all danger of frost is
past, so if you haven't already done so,
plant out everything you want in the
flower and vegetable garden. Keep
right on cultivating in the perennial
border. I find a three pronged serat-
cher is a splendid tool for this purpose,
especially if the border is well filled.
Move all indoor plants out of the house,
repot if nece.ssary, and plunge them,
pot and all into a partially shady spot
in the border.

This is the most critical period with
tiie rose bed. Look out for small cater-
pillars and green fly. Don't let them
eat the very heart nnd soul out of your
^^ bushes, but start the spraying opera-
' tions at once. Taking it for granted
that you will mix your own sprays,
the following table if carried out as to
dates and quantities will be found suf-
ficient, and will ensure your having a
good crop of roses again in September
and later.

June 1st. — "Whale-oil soap, one pound
to 8 gallons of water.

June .'ith.^ — Potassium sulphide 2 oz.

4 gallons of water.

•Tunc 8th. — Whale-oil soap.

June nth. — Potassium.

June 15th. — Arsenate of lead one
pound to 10 gallons of water.

June 21st. — Arsenate of lead.

June 27th. — Whale-oil soap.

Jnlv 3rd. — Arsenate of lead.

This will l)e sufficient for one hun-
dred bushes, smaller quantities in pro-
portion.

The Vegetable Garden.

Vegetable seeds are now showing
through, so start cultivating in be-
tween the rows at once, and as often
as po.ssible. You cannot overdo it.
Watch the cabbage patch for the green
caterpillar. Fight him with white helli-
bore, or Slug-shot, but fight him and
don't have holes pitted all over the
cabbace. The .same applies to cauli-
flower. It is now time to plant out the
celery plants, eight inches apart, and
rows eighteen inches. Three weeks
after planting you may begin feeding

Geo. Baldwin, F.R.H.S., Toronto, (!nt.

with liquid manure, once a week, gradu-
ally increasing in strength until Sept.
1st, then stop. If you are bleaching
with earth it will be as well to sink
an empty flower pot here and there
along the bed, and pour the liquid into
these.

Peas should be well up now. The
tall growing kinds will need a little
coaxing to climb up the brush. Keep
sparrows away from them a while long-
er. It is time now to put in another
sowing of peas, beans, lettuce, radish,
etc., .for succession. Start earthing up
the potatoes as soon as they are five or
six inches high, and cultivate well in
between the rows. Also stir well the
soil around cucumbers until the foliage
stops you and be sure to scatter a little
lime and sulphur occasionally to keep
the soil sweet and chase the squash
bug away. Thin out the carrots,
beets, and pai-snips, " in their young
stage, to six inches apart, and leeks
and salsify eight inches. Earth up
leeks the same as for celery.

Onions if growing from seed will need
watching very carefully for root mag-
got. Use some lime and thin out to
four inches apart. As soon as they are
six inches high you may start feeding
with liquid manure the same as for
celery. Hill up corn the same as for
])otatoes. It not only makes them grow
stronger, but prevent.s wind from blow-
ing thoni down. Do not pull all the
.sticks of rhubarb, only the largest, and
be sure to cut down the se«d stems,
(rive the asparagus bed a slight salting
now, and don't let the soil bake. Keep

the strawberry bed clean of weeds, and
don't forget using a litter to keep sand
off when it rains.

I look into hundreds of gardens in
my travels, and very rarely do I find
fruit trees, unless it is a few raspberry
canes, or one or two currant bushes.
There is no reason why the small house-
holder cannot have four or five fruit
trees, even if it is a small gaj'den, by
getting the trailing and dwarf varieties.
I prefer the former. If planted so that
they will trail due east and west, only
the width of the tree shades the gar-
den. The accompanying illustration
shows a six year old apple tree five feet
high and fifteen feet long, growing in
my garden. As I write it is smothered
with blossom and I expect to obtain a
good crop of fruit.

Spraying Necessary.

Spraying for insects and fungus is
just as necevssary for fruit and veget-
ables as it is for roses. Give quantities
suitable for an ordinary sized city back
garden. Start off with bordeaux mix-
ture. If used properly and at the pro-
per time it will control fungus diseases,
such as anthracnose on beans and cu-
cumbers, leaf-spot on beets and cur-
rants, potato blight and many other
ills. It is a preventative if used early.
Dissolve one table spoonful of copper-
sulphate in one quart of warm water,
then one and a half table spoonfuls of
unslaked lime in another can. Slake it
gradually with water until you finally
make one quart of liquid. Mix the two
liquids together in the old garbage r»«il,
and add two more quarts of water. You

Amateur Gardener.s might well adupt this meth od of tiaininK fruit treo.s. U avoids heavy
shading of plants g^iowing nearby. Note the article on this page.

152

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1916.

A useful, labor saving garden Implement which saves many a backache.

then have one gallon of bordeaux ready
for spraying.

Formaline is used for immersing
potatoes in before cutting, and pre-
vents blight. Use one-eighth of a pint of
formaline to four gallons of water, and
let the tubers dry in the sun before
cutting. Paris green, the old standby
for leaf eating insects, has been set
aside in favor of arsenate of lead, mix-
ed with bordeaux mixture for potatoes,
as it answers the dual purpose of kill-
ing the bugs and preventing blight, and
does not injure the plant by burning.

The fight against weeds should be be-
gun promptly, and carried to a finish, it
means war to the knife. The frequent
stiring of the soil between and around
the plants, furnishes one of the best
means pf protection against drought.
Break the crust after every rain, in or-
der to admit air to the roots. Don't
make the mistake that cultivating is
merely a means of checking weed
growth, for weeds are merely a mani-
festation of nature's kindness to man,
as they force him to stir the soil, thus
giving the required food, water and air
to the roots. It cannot, therefore, be

considered that weeds are altogether a
curse, but rather a necessary evil. Re-
member that if weeds will not grow
there is not much use trying to make
anything else succeed.

By now you have planted the tomato
plants, either against the fence facing
south, or in the centre of the garden.
If on the fence allow them four feet of
space for each plant. Train four shoots
(only) up in fan-shape, tying to chick-
en netting. If the plants are in the
garden place four stakes in, at an
angle of 75° outwards, the stakes to be
one and one-quarter inches square, and
five feet above the ground. Tie the
shoots at intervals of eight inches as
they grow. When the fourth set of
bloom is formed, pinch out the tops of
each shoot and give a little liquid
manure and nitrate of soda about every
two weeks till the fruit starts to turn
colour. "Water only the roots and not
the fruit and foliage, and thus help to
avoid the black rot. Do not cultivate
deeply close to the plant, as the roots
have a tendency to be near the surface,
especially in dry weather. Use the rake
and not the hoe for this operation.

Hardy Perennial Borders

Mrs. E. P. Smart, Brockville, Oat.

AFTER many years of gardening
and varied experiences with all
sorts and kinds of annuals, a
most successful horticulturist was
heard to say, "A really beautiful gar-
den without hardy perennial borders
is an impossibility." A good many
amateur gardeners are trying to do the
impossible in this respect, thinking
that the making of a permanent hardy
border is too much of an undertaking
and does not give immediate results.
True, the second and third years of
the hardy flowering perennials are the
better years, but it is quite possible to

have a good show of flowers in the first
season after planting, if sufTRciently
large roots are obtainable. As yet,
there are few, if any, flower growers
who deal exclusively in the perennial
varieties, and who are thus able to fur-
nish large roots for immediate results ;
but the demand for this class of plant
is becoming so much greater, that it
will soon be possible to obtain perennial
flowering plants of sufficient size and
vigor to produce a respectable show of
bloom the first year.

There are several methods of plant-
ing hardy perennial borders, the most

common, and certainly a very satisfac-
tory way, being to plant indiscrimin-
ately, as to color, keeping, of course,
the taller growing varieties in the back-
ground. This is what may be called
the "riot of color" system, and the
majority of hardy beds and borders aro
so planted. Another system, and onf
which produces very artistic results, is
to plant in masses of harmonizing
colors. To be more explicit, let us sup-
pose a large bed of perennials is to be
set out, one which will be seen from
all sides (though the same plan works
equally well in border planting), a
beautiful arrangement would be to
plant the tallest growing delphiniums
(blue) in masses in the centre, with
occasional white flowering plants, such
as achilleas interspersed about the edge,
the whole mass surrounded by the gar-
den lily, 1 ilium candidum. These blos-
som simultaneously and produce one of
the most remarkably beautiful results;
the creamy white of the lilies standing
against the background of dark green
foliage and the blue raeimes of the
delphiniums borne high above the lilies.
One should see this arrangement to
really appreciate the exquisite eiTeet
produced by it.

In the matter of planting phlox, the
finest results are obtained by planting
a dozen or more clumps of one shade
side by side, either in rows or in a
group, rather than by mixing of the
various colors. The bright red phlox
planted in this way makes a most strik-
ing picture in a bed or border. It is
much more artistic to have a quantity
of one variety than to have plants of
every shade and color.

This, of course, as has already been
said, is the "artistic" system of plant-
ing the hardy perennial border or bed,
and it can be carried out in any color
or harmonious arrangement of color.
Masses of yellow or yellow and white,
yellow and dark blue, or yellow and
red, would any of them be most effec-
tive. In fact, there is so much oppor-
tunity for individual taste in this sort
of arrangement that gardens thus
planted become, in a very real sense,
"individual gardens," each reflecting
the individuality of the owner and thus
are increasingly interesting. Each pos-
sessor of even a small garden should
aim to make his or her garden unique
and consequently of more than passing
interest to every one who sees it.

Robins will often clear a lawn of
white grubs if the sod is kept moist so
they can dig through it.

In transplanting lettuce or other
soft foliage plants, do not set too deep.
If you do, the water is likely to collect
in the lower leaves and cause them to
decay.

June, 1918.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Early Season Work in the Garden

153

'E have now reached a period of
the year when window boxes
and hanging baskets become
an important part in the embel-
ishment of the home. Yet it not inf re-
Iquently happens that many are dismal
failures because the watering of them
tlias been neglected. It must be recog-
Inized by those who make use of the
Iteceptacles that the small body of soil
■they contain, suspended in such a posi-
tion that the air reaches them from all
sides, will soon suffer from drought.
Plants cannot grow when the roots are
dry. It is better to let this phase of
gardening alone if one cannot attend
to the watering as it should be done.

The work of filling the boxes is pleas-
ant and agreeable, and the number of
plants that can be used in them is
legion. Among the many we will men-
tion but a few of the most popular
with the amateur. Geraniums take
first place, then come dracaenas, grevil-
leas, lobelias, fuchsias, ferns, achry-
anthes, verbenas, petunias, nasturtiums,
Impatiens Holstii, begonias, and others
too numerous to mention. Many of
these are well adapted for growing in
shady locations where not much sun
will reach them. Ferns, nasturtiums
and begonias are among the better
known plants for this purpose. For
covering the sides of the boxes, trailers
are indispensable to give a finished ap-
pearance. Vincas (variegated), Ger-
man ivies, tall nasturtiums, cobaeas,
verbenas, and others of like habit may
be used.

There is on the market a self-water-
ing window box which saves a good
deal of time in watering, though it is
not to be presumed that this indispen-
sable operation can be neglected alto-
gether when this type of box is used.
It is claimed by some that plants do
not thrive as well in them as they do
in the old-fashioned type of box, but
we fear that it is neglect of proper
oare that has led to this conclusion.
The drainage has to be seen to and
maintained in good condition, and the
reservoir needs to be filled from time
to time as well as the pipe that carries
the water into the soil. A very desir-
able feature of these boxes is that they
are provided with a false bottom,
which catches all drip, and one has not
to avoid passing near them for an hour
or two until they drain off as is the
case with the old type of box. They
are a great improvement on the old
type.

The early flowering shrubs require
to be pruned as they pass out of flower.
These plants bloom on the wood pro-

Henry Gibson

duced the previous season, and it is
with the object of making provision
for strong, clean, healthy growth that
pruning should be done. This consists
of cutting away as much of the old
flowering wood as is compatible with
the sj'mmetrical development of the
plants. One may think it barbarous
to cut away so much growth, but if you
w"ould have bloom in plenty another
season, you will harden your heart and
sharpen your knife and prune intelli-
gently. Do not, however, make the
mistake of indiscriminately cutting off
the tops of the plants thinking thereby
to attain the object in mind. Study
the habit of the plant you are dealing
with, and if you feel you do not know
how, get some practical demonstra-
tions from an experienced person.
Among the many plants that need
pruning at this time are lilacs, red
buds (Cercis Canadensis), almonds,
forsythias, spiraeas and snowballs.
The Vegetable Garden.
Vacant ground should be planted as
soon as possible with main crops of
such vegetables as are likely to be
most in demand in the kitchen. The
month of June is usually verry dry, and
such plants as cabbage, cauliflower and
celery should be watered frequently,
after being set out, so that they will
start into growth the more readily.
Earlier planted crops -wiU., to a great
extent, take care of themselves, save
for the necessary staking of peas ajtd
hoeing of weeds. This last operation
should never be neglected at this time
of the year, for once the weeds get
ahead of you they take a lot of keeping
down. The best way to deal with the
weed problem is to practise systematic
surface cultivation, commencing early

in the spring, and persisting with it
all through the growing seas(5n. The
light surface cultivation is easily
effected by using a Planet Junior or
Iron Age comTjined wheel hoe or cul-
tivator. Stray weeds not reached by
this implement should be pulled out by
hand. Rotation of crops is also desir-
able, for it is certain weeds follow par-
ticular crops. Noxious weeds should
not be allowed to grow in the hedge-
rows or anywhere about the garden
or odd corners, and coarse stable
manure, which often contains large
quantities of weed seeds, should not be
used on land undergoing the process
of cleaning.

Keep the seeds off the rhubarb, and
if you are particularly fond of this
vegetable and w^nt the crop to con-
tinue feed freely with liquid manure,
or apply a mulch of well rotted ma-
nure. The tomato trellis should be put
in place preparatory to setting out the
plants, which can be safely done after
June 10. Egg plants and peppers may
also be set out at this time. Go over
the strawberry patch and clean out the
weeds before you apply the mulch of
straw to keep the fruit clean, at the
same time applying a good fertilizer.
Get your supply of baskets for picking
the fruit, for they are useful for many
other purposes around the garden.
Early started celery can be set out in
June. We plant this in deep drills in
preference to throwing out trenches,
thus causing the plants to root into
the poorer sub-soil. In adopting the
trench system one has the advantage
of flooding the trench with water
should the season prove a dry one,
which is of more than passing value to
a water loving plant like celery.

!$^^^^^SSi

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A perennial border and arch in tlie garden of E. R. Lrfington. BeyervlUe, Que.

154

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1916.

The Canadian Horticulturist

COMBINED WITH

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST
AND BEEKEEPER

with which has been Incorporated

The Canadian Bee Journal.

Published by The Horticultural

Publishing Company, Limited,

PETERBORO, ONTARIO

rMLMimMllMIAlMLlMIALMlMlfALlinim

EDITORIAL

^/t\v'ti"/liv/ti/'tr^kv/'li'/»v/'kV'/'k.7Sv'/'»v>/S>"/t\"/Sv

H. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director.

The Only Magazines In Their Field In the
Dominion
Ofnctal Organs of the Ontario and
Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations
and of the Ontario, Manitoba and
New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associ-
ations.

REPRESENTATIVES

UNITED STATES
STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY.
Chicago Office — People's Gas Building.
New York Office— Tribune Building.

GREAT BRITAIN
W. A. Mountstephen, 16 Regent St., London, S.W.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published In
three editions on the 25th day of the month
preceding date of issue. , The first edition la
known as the fruit edition, and Is devoted
chiefly to the commercial fruit interests. The
second edition Is known as the floral edition,
and is devoted chiefly to the interests of ama-
teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The
third edition is known as The Canadian Horti-
culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several
pages of matter appearing In the first and
second Issues are replaced by an equal number
of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping
interests of Canada.

2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti-
culturist in Canada and Great Britain. $1.00 a
year; three years for $2.00, and of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. $1.00 a year.
For United States and local subscriptions in
Peterboro (not called for at the Post Oflflce).
26 cents extra a year, including postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post Ofllce
or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter.

4. Change of Address — When a change of ad-
dress Is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dresses must be given.

B. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy re-
ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising
correspondence and copy to our Advertising
Manager, Peterboro, Ont.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT
The following Is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with December 1915. The
figures given are exclusive of samples and
spoiled copies. Most months. Including the
^mple copies, from 11.000 to 13.000 copies of
The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo-
ple known to be interested in the grrowing of
fruits, flowers or vepptables.

January, 1915 ...11,158 August, 1915 ....10.294
February. 1915 ..10,»<t2 September, 1916 .10.067

March. 1915 10,864 October. 1915 ...l6.017

,,■"■"',^1^ lO'SlT November. 1915 . 9.704

May. 1915 10,927 December, 1915 . 9,263

June, 1915 10,329 ^jj^

July. 1915 10,448 Total 124.920

Average each Issue In 1907 6,627

Average each Issue In 1915 10,410

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon
application.

OUR GUARANTEE

We guarantee that every advertiser in this
Issue is reliable. We are able to do this because
the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti-
culturist are as carefully edited as the reading
columns, and because to protect our readers we
turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should
any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any
subscriber, we will make good the amount of
his loss, provided such transaction occurs within
one month from date of this issue, that It is
reported to us within a week of its occurrence,
and that we find the facts to be as stated. It
Is a condition of this contract that in writing to
advertisers you state: "I saw vour advertise-
ment in The Canadian Horticulturist."

Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex-
pense of our subscribers, who are our friends
through the medium of these columns; but we
■hall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes be-
tween subscribers and honorable business men
who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest
bankrupts.

Communications should be addressed
THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

PETERBORO. ONT.

Marketing Agencies

Every year a cry goes up from the fruit
growers that the system of marketing the
fruit crop needs to be overhauled and re-
arranged. While there are certain obvioua
defects in the methods now followed most
growers seem at a loss to furnish practical
suggestions as to how existing methods of
handling the fruit in the large consuming
centres can be improved. This is hardly to
be wondered at. Our present system of dis-
tribution, with its strong as well as its weak
points, has been created of necessity. It
has been subjected to much adverse criti-
cism, but has proved its right to existence.
Any re-adjustment of present market prac-
tices must be based upon the fact that some
agency must continue to perform the func-
tions of the present middleman.

Tihe most difficult problem which con-
fronts us has 'been created by the
extension of transportation facilities to
an extent which makes it possible for
even tender fruits to be marketed hun-
dreds of miles away from the point
of production. This has widened the
distance between producer and con-
sumer, and created many difficulties un-
known in the early days when fruit was
sold near the point of production. Our
present methods of marketing have grown
out of these conditions. As production has
increased consumers have demanded more
efficient service, and this has tended to in-
CTea^e the number of middlemen. Any one
who visits the large fruit marketing centres
during the height of the season will recog-
nize how impossible it is to-day for one
man or one firm to handle both production
and dlstritjution and succeed at both.

What is needed, possibly more than any-
thing else, is a system of making known
daily the requirements of the different con-
suming centres and of regulating the ship-
ments thereto by the producers. The suc-
cess which has attended the business opera-
tions of the United Farmers of Nova Scotia,
Ltd., has been due in a considerable meas-
ure to the fact that the company has regu-
lated its shipments to the different Euro-
pean markets, so that they would reach
there as far as possible during periods of
shortage. To make such a system as this
possible it is necessary that the growers
shall be organized in local associations and
that these also shall work in harmony with
one another in the shipment of their fruit.
When this has been accomplished it will
be found that we will not have less middle-
men than we have to-day, but that those en-
gaged in the business will be more efficient
because of better organization, and the pos-
session of more accurate information relat-
ing to both production and marketing con-
ditions.

Checking Transportation
Interests

The concessions obtained from the rail-
road companies during the past few months,
largely through the efforts of the transpor-
tation expert of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association, have demonstrated once more
how important it is that fruit growers shall
have such an official to watch and promote
their interests in negotiations with the rail-

roads. No fruit grower has the time or the
means to enable him to deal effectively
with the railway and express companies.
By engaging a man to look after this work
the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association has
entailed heavy expense, but the benefits de-
rived have been out of all proportion to the
outlays involved.

While Mr. Mcintosh hitherto has repre-
sented only the Ontario Fruit Growers' As-
sociation, the time has come when steps
should be taken to co-ordinate the interests
of the different provincial fruit growers' as-
sociations and extend this line of work.
While there are difficulties in the way, an
effort might well be .made to have this work
conducted hereafter under the direction of
either a committee of fruit growers, repre-
senting the different provincial fruit grow-
ers' associations, who would share the ex-
pense involved, or by the Dominion Fruit
Division. The Dominion Fruit Division has
experts watching market conditions and re-
porting thereon. It would be in harmony
with this work to have a transportation ex-
pert attached to the staff to gather infor-
mation relating to transportation conditione
and suggest steps necessary for their im-
provement.

Protecting Bird Life

The proteotlon of bird life in Canada is
taking definite form. For many years
there has been a noticeable decrease in the
numbers of many valuable species of birds.
Much of the increase in insect depredation
has been due to the decrease of their na-
tural enemies, the birds. This has led to a
realization that step? should be taken to
protect ibird life. Some idea of the value
of bird life to the gardener and fruit grow-
er may be gained from the fact that the
thrush, for instance, lives on spiders, ants,
snails, angle worms, potato beetles grass-
hoppers, tomato beetles, squas-h beeiles.
plum curculios, army »worms, codling moths
and cut worms.

A little over a year and a half ago a
Canadian society for the protection of birds
was founded. Much good work has been
accomplished since. Thousandisi of copies
of a valuable report, "The Value of Birds
to iMan." by James Buckam, have been dis-
tributed, and the building of bird protec-
tions has been encouraged. As the result
of a contest to encourage the building of
!bird nests by school children held this
spring in Manitoba, some two thousand bird
houses were made iby the boys attending the
manual training classes in Winnipeg. Sim-
ilar contests should be held next year in
many other centres.

A Creditable Effort

What constitutes the most ambitious ef-
fort at the puWication of useful informa-
tion in an attractive form that has come to
our attention stands to the crediit of the Ot-
tawa Horticultural Society. This spring the
society has issued a booklet of over one
hundred pages entitled "Ottawa, the City
of Gardens." It is a credit not only to the
society but to the city. Were it possible
for more of our societies to issue publica-
tions of this character a marked impertus
to civic improvement would be noticeable
soon throuehout the country.

The chief expense of issuing publications
of this character consists in the setting of
the type. This beins: the case, could not ar-
rangements be made by societies issuing
literature of this character, to sell extra
oopies to other horticultural societies at a
moderate price? The cost of making the
necessary changes in the name of the so-

June, 1918.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

1S6

ciety and the city would be &ligh,t, as would
be the cost of the extra press work and
paper, which would be all the expense that
would be involved. Our leading societies
might well assi&t some of the smaller so-
Ijeties in this way.

LThe Ottawa booklet contains a surpris-
|g amount of useful horticultural Informa-
bn. There are articles dealing with the
iking and care of lawns; the making and
eeping of a prize winning garden; a plani-
fcg scheme for a front lawn thirty-three feel
|ide and for one fifty feet wide; a plan 'for
garden of flowers, flowering shrubs and
egetables in a lot thirty-three feet by one
jndred feet; a list of the best hardy peren-
Elals; articles on the care of bulbs, lilies,
veet peas and other flowers, as well as
fcuch similar information. The booklet la
llustrated and printed on high class paper.
ft is a most creditable publication. Would
I we had more of them.

MS

SOCIETY NOTES

fmmmmmmmmmmrrmmmmmm'/m^

Winnipeg

The announcement by the British iColum-
bia Department of Agriculture that the
duties of Mr. R. M. Winslow, Provincial
Horticulturist, have been extended to in-
clude the inspection of fruit pests, is an
indication that the department recognizes
•he very capable work that has been ac-
omplished for the fruit growers of British
Columbia by Mr. Winslow. Mr. Winslow's
thorough knowledge of the fruit industry,
combined with his energy, ambition and
tact, mark him as one of tlie most efficient
provincial officers connected with the horti-
cultural departments of any of our pro-
vinces.

Now is a good time to fix up the tool
room so that (he tools will be handy for
use. Perhaps a few should be made or
purchased.

The effort to interest the school children
of Winnipeg in the protection of bird life
has proved so successful, the following ac-
count ,by W. J. Waters, 'Director of Techni-
cal Education in the Public 'Schools of Win-
nipeg, of how it was conducted is of interest.
'Mr. Waters writes: "It was only last year
that we first attempted anything of this
kind, and although unorganized the partial
success met with inspired us to greater ef-
fort. In January last I issued a circular ask-
ing the manual training' teachers to give
ample notice to their pupils that the first
week in iMarch would be devoted to the pro-
vision of bird houses to be constructed from
material entirely provided by themselves.
Two simple plans were shown and explain-
ed, but the adoption of these was not en-
couraged. The object of the proposed house
was fully explained and the boys were asked
to practice their ingenuity and skill in pro-
viding such a nesting home as would prove
irresistible to a father or mother wren when
they were searching tor weather-proof quar-
ters in which to bring up a family. It must
be decorated to attract the bird, no gaudy
colours, but just a simple little home that
seems to belong to the natural surround-
ings, in which it was proposed to place it.

"The resulting accumulation of materials
showed excellent judgment, and bark,
mosses, twigs, s-plit willow branches to be
afterwards used in all kinds of design and
usefulness were quickly stored. The birch,
oak and jack pine in the local cordwood

yards were stripped of their outer covering,
the dealers entering into the spirit of tha
game, in many cases assisting to obtain
suitable materials. Whole logs of pine and
tamarac were sawn and split, the centre
scoop-ed out and suitable roof and flooring
provided to restore it to its woodland ap-
pearance and make it a comfortable resi-
dence for a Taird family.

"lOne half day proved all too short for the
busiest period ever experienced in our
rooms, and the houses were eagerly carried
home to be finished. At least l.'oOO of these
liave been brought back for the approval art
the teachers. lExhibitions were arranged in
some of the schools where the manual train-
ing centre is situated and great enthusiasm
was aroused among the younger children,
many of whom, both boys and girls, brought
houses constructed at home, showing not
only exceptional skill in construction, but
wonderful ingenuity in providing such a
home as would be attractive to a bird.

"Much remains to be done to meet the
possibilities presented iby the needs of bird
life. Birds, other than those that r»st in
covered spaces, might be provided for;
boys and girls encouraged to study their
habits, developing an attitude towards them
of untold value in the preservation of bird
life of the future. Some of our authorities
on bird life might well devote thought and
time to devising shelter pockets and hang-
ing receptacles suitable for particular va-
rieties and thus giving new impetus to a
movement still in its infancy.

'II am arranging to cibtain photographs of
as many of the houses as possible after they
are occupied, and I hope by this means to
discover what form seems most desirable
from the birds' point of view and to arouse
a new 'interest to push forward our effort
of next year."

A view or the twelfUi annual rose exhlibltion held toy the .St. rnthnririe" Horticultural Society in the Armoury, St. Catharines. Dnt.. June 22. 1915,

Such exhibitions are a successful feature of the work of many horticultural societies.

16«

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1916.

British Columbia's Fruit Growers Helped'

K. C. Abbott, Coast Markets Commissioner, Victoria, B.C.

DURING the season of 1915 my time wa»
spent principally looking into the
marketing conditions in the Pacific
coast cities with the view of ascertaining
the real reason why the markets in the past
had made such poor returns to the grower.
I endeavored to find if the prices paid
toy the consumers were in keeping with the
returns sent to the grower. In assisting
whenever and wherever possible in the quick
movement of perishable farm produce sent
in on consignment, in using my efforts
where possible to protect the consignor
against any advantage that might be taken
of him ty the unnecessary slaughteriag of
his consignment, and in urging upon the
commission houses the necessity of making
"quick returns" to the growers. Much time
was spent in enoouraging the trade and the
public to buy home-grown frudt and produce
in preference to that brought in from other
countries during the season in which our
fruits and produce were 'being marketed.

Our fruit and vegetable markets are con-
tinually being demoralized and kept in an
unsteady condition by growers shipping
their fruits and produce in on consignment
irrespective of the condition of the market.
Not only do they ship without previous no-
tice to the commission houses but In many
Instances they continue to ship large quan-
tities of perishable fruit even -when request-
ed by the commission house to stop. The
outcome Is, that the commission house has
to get out from under this stuff, and in or-
der to do so ibreaks the market. The loss
falls not only on the offending shippers, but
on many other shippers Tvho are trying to
solve the question of proper distribution
and 'better markets. While we deplore this
practice and have a thorough knowledge of
the disastrous results caused by It, It will
not be entirely overcome, as long as we
have independent shippers, who from their
end are unable to keep in daily touch with
market conditions.

Shipping Direjct to 'Retailers.

In a large city like Vancouver, which Is
the central marketing point for local fruit*
and produce, direct shipment to retailers on
the consignment plan Is detrimental to the
ibest interests of the producers. Direct ship-
ping to retailers at a set market price should
not 'Tiurt" our markets, 'but consigning to
"cut-rate" retailers has 'brought little profit
to the shipper and ruinous results to our
markets.

It Is impossible for any grower living at a
distance to measure the selling capacity of
a retail store, and invariably we find the re-
tailer being over-loaded, who in turn either
slumps this perishable produce off at ridi-
culously low prices or after holding it in
his store until it is almost rotten, sends it
to the commission houses to sell.
Patriotism and Ecorvomy.

Many appeals have heen made to the con-
suming puhlic of late to be more patriotic
in their purchasing and the response has
been greater than was anticipated. These
have been strenuous times in the cities and
many consumers have 'been forced to the
point of placing "pocketism" ahead of pat-
riotism, and these must not be judged too
harshly, for many a man who in good times
would give preference to home-products ir-
respective of price, has now to consider
price first and price only.

Regular weekly market reports were is-
sued from Vancouver from April lOth to De-
cember 31st. These reports were issued
and mailed each 'Saturday night so as to 'be
in the hands of the farmers iMonday morn-
ing if possible. In making up these reports
care was taken to have them give the true
conditions of the markets and also to give
the farmer an accurate list of market quota-
tions.

In addition to the regular weekly reports
private and individual reports were given
out whenever requested.

Advertisirvg.

Publicity work along with my other work
became a necessary feature and although
not carried on as extensively as I would
have liked to have done, yet the results ob-
tained proved to be of excellent value to
our producers. The city press was made
use of whenever the opportunity occurred.
Good results were obtained from interviews
and news Items given to the public, ac-
quainting them with crop conditions and the
available supply of the various commodities.
We find the consuming public hungry for
such information. Reliable information
given out regularly to the public along these
lines brings remarkable results. The news-
papers in the cities have supported us most
admirably and given us free advertising,
which we appreciate very much.

During our strawberry campaign our
newspaper boosting was' given free, and
occasion was taken to place before the pub-
lic information whereby they could gain
siome knowledge of the extent of our berry
industry. The wholesale trade worked in
conjunction with your markets commis-
sioner, and on his suggestion carried, for
three weeks, canvas banners on their de-
livery trucks bearing the words:
BUY
BlC. Grown
IS traw berries,
Preserving Dates
June 1st to 14th.

Previous to our strawberry season and
just when the heavy imports were likely to
come in, 500 display cards were distributed

to the retail grocers in the cities. This
gave me an excellent opporiunity to con-
verse with these people and to place before
them the facts In regard to the fruit grow-
ing industry of British Columbia, and to
make an appeal to each of them to assist
in promoting the sale of our products by
buying only those grown In British Colum-
bia.

These display cards covered both straw-
berries and raspberries, and appealed to
the people to supiwrt "Grown In B. C.
Berries," and thus keep at home some
?8o,000, which had been spent in. 1914 In im-
ported berries alone.

'^est time to buy B. C. Fruit" cards were
also distributed through the retail stores.

A "British Columbia Fruit Booklet," con-
taining some 225 recipes, besides other
valuable information, proved oae ot our
best, if not the best medium for advertising
the merits of our fruits. Five thousand,
seven hundred of these were distributed
through this office. Of this number over
four thousand were given out Individually
to consumers.

This little booklet might be termed the
growers "Silent Salesman" and it has been
the means of materially Increasing the con-
sumption of our fruits.

Those who put up their fruit without sugar
met with good success, and large quantities
will be done this way this season.

The consumption of tomatoes, just when
there was a likelihood of a break in th«
market, was greatly increased 'by press no-
tices and the issuing of circulars on the
"iHome Canning" of tomatoes.

During the season for soft fruits "Fruit
Talks" were also given before the different
Women's Organizations in the city.

After careful consideration had been
given to the matter of putting on an "Apple
Week" in the coast cities it was thought
advisaible to abandon this idea, and to di-
rect our efforts to obtaining a greater and
quicker movement of our apples by news-
paper advertising.

This advertising was run in the four
dailies, and brought direct results which
were very encouraging. The advertising
kept prominently before the public the
great necessity for keeping their money In
circulation within our own province by pur-
chasing only "British Columbia produce."

•Bxtrart from a report read at the recent an-
nual convention of the British Columbia Fruit
Growers' Association.

Railways' Concessions to Fruit Growers

G. E. Mcintosh, Transportation Secretary Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, Forest, Ont."

PRiBSiENT indications are that the fruit
crop in Ontario will be heavy, and we
therefore will require every possible
assistance from the railways in the market-
ing of it. The Transportation Department
of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association
has been active of late in procuring for the
growers throughout the province some local,
also general improvements. The following
information, therefore, may be of value:

During the seasons of 1914 and 1915 the
shipper who loaded vegetables in a car with
fruit for points east of Port Arthur, had to
either pay the less carload rate on vege-
tables and the carload rate on the fruit, or
pay third class rate, minimum 20,000 pounds,
on the fruit and vegetables. Instances were
reported, however, where the privilege was
allowed, but not by authorized tariff, thus
making the shipper liable to prosecution.
Complaint was made to the Railway Com-
mission and referred to the Canadian Freight
Association. The complaint was favorably
considered, and the mixing of fruit and

vegetables between stations in Ontario and
Quebec and to points in the Maritime Pro-
vinces to or from which through class rates
are published, is now authorized by a tariff
effective March 24th, the following rates
applying:

Lots of less than 10,000 lbs., 1st class
rates.

liots of 10,000 lbs. or over, 2nd class rates.

Carloads, minimum 20,000 lbs., 4th class
rates.

This service will be a decided advantage,
and should open markets for mixed orders.
False Floors.

Under an order of the Board of Railway
Commissioners, the railways allow shippers
three dollars for the material used in put-
ting in a slatted floor in refrigerator cars
not so equipped. This order is now amend-
ed by adding thereto a further allowance
of 5O0 pounds from the weight of such cars.
During the present season shippers are re-
quested to keep a record of all cars floored,
including those for which the authorized

June, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

157

allowance is collected. Such informatioa
may be reciuired at a later date.

Because of the heavy production of ber-
ries at Vineland and Jordan, the early ar-
rival of the fruit train, and the fact that they
have but one outlet for their shipments, a
9tter service was considered an absolute
cessity, and we therefore supported an
ppeal by the local associations before the
lilway Commission. The result which fol-
bws may in time lead to improved service
(iroughout the district, and we therefore
ope the shippers at other points will not
Dk upon the matter as discrimination
(►wards them. It was impossible at the
tesent time, because of the delay of train
making connections doubtful, to have the
prvice extended even to St. Catharines,
[rhere it would also be beneficial, but our
Torts are in the rigit direction, and partial
access should be satisfactory to all.
Order 24976, dated the 15th of May, 1916,
rovides

(a) That Ottawa shipments be accepted
daily, except Sunday, on train 97 from Jor-
dan and Vineland, and when necessary,
train 97 be held at Vineland for three min-
utes, the shippers to help place ehipments
in car.

(b) That a car be placed at Jordan, daily,
except Saturday and Sunday; that ship-
ments for the following points be accepted
in such car: Port Hope, Cotourg, Trenton,
Belleville, Napanee, Kingston, Gananoque,
Brockville, Prescott, Morris'burg, Cornwall,
Lancaster and Montreal, said car to be
picked up by train 97 and transferred to
train 20 at Hamilton and train 18 at To-
ronto.

(c) That, when necessary, train 18 to be
held five minutes at Toronto, or until 8.35
p.m., in the event of No. 20 being late, to
enable the transfer of said car.

(d) The service mentioned is to be fur-
nished from July 1st to August 31st.

The dtecision of the Board will be appreci-
ated by the shippers at the points con-
cerned, because of the great benefit it will
be in marketing the berry crop in particu-
lar, and I therefore urge the shippers not
to abuse the privilege of the pick-up car or
train 97, by holding back shipments from
the regular fruit train. In other words,
every basket that can possibly be loaded on
the fruit train should go forward by that
train. In order to hold the service for an-
other year, it will prdbably be necessary to
show a good tonnage via the pick-up car
at Jordan, and for this reason I also urge
the Vineland shippers not to hold back
shipments for train 97 at Vineland, which
can be loaded into the Jordan car.
Icing Charges.

The railways issued a new tariff on April
11th, to 'become effective May 15th, increas-
ing the charge for ice from $2.50 to $3.00
per ton, and making a charge for hauling
the ice, based on the distance the car
travels, ranging from $2.60 per car for 350
miles or less, to $10,90 per car for 1,450
miles. An appeal was made in behalf of
the fruit shippers, and on May 3rd the
effective dates of the new tariffs were sus-
pended until further notice. Therefore icing
charges in effect last season will at least
stand until the proposed new charges are
considered by the Railway Commission,
when you will be duly notified.

t

I^V-indE

Niagara District Notes

F. G. H. Pattison, Winona, Ont.

AY up to date (May 22) has been
characterized by constant rain and un-
certain weather. The season is early
indeed much earlier than last year — and
there is an abundant bloom on almost every
kind of tree fruit. Sunday, May 21, was
"Blossom Sunday," and as it was a beauti-
ful day, immense, crowds journeyed: down
to see the fruit country in the beutiful sea-
son of bloom. Many came down by electric
car, and as many or more by the automo-
bile route.

Early in the month fruit growers had con-
siderable difficulty getting on the land to
do their spraying, but as the month went
on conditions improved, and nearly all

(lanaged to give all their fruit a thorough
pplicatlon.
fe Birds are peculiarly plentiful this year.
nbins, blackbirds. Indigo Buntings (blue
prds), song sparrows, wrens, yellow bunt-
ngs, mourning doves, orioles, etc., are par-
ticularly numerous.

A report from Port Dalhousie says "that
the fruit growers there have completed both
their first and second sprayings. Several
stude^.ts from the OjA.iC, Guelph, arrived
at the Vineland Experimental Station early
in May to spend the summer there acquir-
ing some practical experience."

A report from Beamsville says: "Cherry,
plum, peach and pear blossom is very
abundant. The Beamsville Preserving
Company will get water from the town coun-
cil at the rate of 6 cents per gallon for the
year 1916, and the rentals of the meters
will be 10 per cent, of the cost of the meters
per annum."

Fruit farm labor i» very scarce through
the district. Men who would have been
available in other years have got more re-

munerative posts in munition, powder and
steel works. Hamilton factories absorb the
men from one end of the Peninsula, and St.
Catharines factories from the other. Wo-
men help for berry picking will be harder
to get than ever because husbands and sons
are getting good wages either in the fac-
tories or the army, and the major part of
this pay in 75 per cent, of the cases Is
coming home to the wives and daughters
to take care of. They seem to have plenty
of money for all purposes without working.

A conference was recently held at the
executive offices of the Canadian Red Cross
Society in Toronto to consider the question
of putting up fruit for the Canadian hos-
pitals in England and France this season.
The executive expressed themselves as
greatly pleased with the results of last
year's work, and they will, at the first meet-
ing, consider the plans to be adopted for
the season. The Canadian Red Cross will
largely finance the work this year, receiv-
ing such subsicriptions as may voluntarily
come in for the work.

The permanency of the splendid road
along the township line between Clinton
and Louth, commenced by the late Mr. M.
F. Rittenhouse as a model thoroughfare to
Victoria Hall and the Government Experi-
mental Station near the lake, is likely to
be maintained^ The two townships are
contributing together $600, and the Provin-
cial Government $300, to be expended on
this piece of road.

Strawberry plants have come through the
winter exceptionally well and present a
healthy appearance. They are of a fine
dark green color, with but few gaps in the
rows. Some of the early varieties are
blooming freely.

Douglas Gardens

OAKVILLE, ONT.

IBISES.

In order to encourage the plant-
ing of Irises in the month of Au-
gust— the best time for setting
out Rhizomatous Irises — we offer
a special diseount of 20% on all
orders for any Irises named in our
Planting List, except Japanese
Iris and Monspur and Orientalis,
received up to the 31st August;
and carriage to any part of Cana-
da will be prepaid on all such
orders.

16 vars. of TaU Bearded Iris.

5 vars. Interregna Iris.

6 vars. Pumila Hybrids.

also Florentine Alba and Pseuda-
corus. Planting list sent on re-
quest.

JOHN CAVERS

^ Peerless Hardwood
Climax Fruit Baskets

AND, BERRY BOXES

Heaviest, Strongest
and Best

In the market. Especially
suitable for long distance
shipping.

Protect your requirements by
ordering EARLY

Canada
Wood Products Co,

ST. THOMAS, ONT.

"Frnit Packife agd Basket Specwiiiti"

JoS

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1916.

r^I T P" F IM Q ^""* " ^"*''*

V^ V^ EjE^ 1 1 0 From the Beit Iteliao Stock
$1.00 each; Six for »5.00.

PT r \il D I V 438 GLADSTONE AVE,
. 1 C. IVl r 1^ C TORONTO. ONT.

Reports from many parls of the province
say that the tent and other caterpillars are
already becoming numerous, and that un-
less the early sprayings are carefully at-
tended to they will almost be a worse nuis-
ance thin they were last year.

Favorable reports have been received
lately as to the condition of peach and other

ORTHERN BRED ITALIAN QUEENS

Friends, have you K. F. Brood? If so, I
have many letters saying that they are great
resLsters of E.F.B. 1 have hundreds of
queens in Canada. Three band strain bred
to right Ibrlghtness to resist best. Unt. $1.00,
choice Sel. Tested $1.50. Plans how to "In-
troduce Queen and Increase," 2Bc. List
Free. E. E. MOTT, Glenwood. ^ ich.

QUEENS BY RETURN MAIL

or your money baclt. Guaranteed purely
mated, three banded Italians, northern
strain, bred for gentleness, honey gathering
and wintering.

Select untested, $1.00 each; 6 for $5.00.

Write tor price on large orders.

.State Inspector's certificate. Satisfaction
guaranteed.
J. M. GINGERICH KALMA. lO WA, U.S.A.

THREE BANDED ITALIAN QUEENS

Bred from imported mothers. Guarantee
that all queens will reach you in good con-
dition and to be purely mated.
April 1 to May 1.

Prices. 1 6 12

Untested $ .75 $ 4.25 $ 8.00

Select Untested 90 5.00 9.00

Tested 1.25 7.00 13.00

Select Tested 2.00 11.00 20.00

L.L. FOREHAND - Fort Deposit, Ala.

Northern Bred Italian Queens

of tlie E. E Mott strain. Untested, 90c;
Guaranteed, $1.00 for June. July, unt., 75c;
Guaranteed, 90c. Send for list. Safe deliv-
ery and satisfaction gTiaranteed.

EARL W. MOTT - Glenwood, Mich.

FOR SALE

Leather Colored Italian Queens

A few choice breeding queens at $10.00
each, spring delivery. I guarantee these
queens to be as good as any imported queen,
barring none. If purcliaser is not satisfied
after one year's trial return queen and 1
will refund the $10.00.

Warranted purely mated queens $1.00 each
or $10.00 dozen. Untested, after July 1st,
75c each or $9.00 a doz.

A few choice cols, of Italian bees In 9
frame hives at $10.00 per col.

Tested Queens $1.50 each.

McKINNON

Ontario

JOHN A.
St. Eugene

SANDER & SONS

ORCHID GROWERS

The Finest Stock in the World
Catalogue on Application

ST. ALBANS - ENGLAND

BEES

Bees are a money mak-
ing asset on any farm,
bringing annually a far
greater return to your
table and at the market
than they cost in care
and expense. Do you
know the twentieh
century methods? Buy
PRODUCTIVE BEE-
KEEPING, learn how
to niuke a beginning
and how to eee it
through. It gives the
methods found to [
he the best money-!
makers by extensive '
honey producers. The
illustrations give in pictorial form all that is
needed to explain the text.

135 illustrations. 316 pages. Octavo. Hand-
someclot'n. Si.sonet. Postage or expressage
extra iqc.

Address -BOOK DEPT.

The Horticullural Publijhing Co.

Peterboro, Ont-

Power Honey
Extractors

Automatic Reversible with Cut
Gears and Ball Bearings or with
Friction I>isc Drive and Speed
Regulator. The Regulator attach-
ed to the friction wheel accommo-
dates the speed to that of the
pulley on the engine or main shaft.
If you are considering a power out-
fit, write us. >

The Ham &Nott Compajiy

LIMITED
Mfrs. if Bce-
Keepen' Snppliei

Brantford, Ont.

PRODUCTIVE BEEKEEPING

is the title of a new book of 326 pages by Mr. Frank C. Pellett, State

Apiarist of Iowa.
As the name of this book indicates it is especially adapted to the needs
of the practical beekeeper. Not a discussion of scientific principles,
but of practical methods.

Sources of Nectar, Wintering, Marketing, and Laws that Concern
the Beekeeper, are titles of chapters of special interest.
Regular price 11.50 postage extra.
We ofTer this latest book with the American Bee Journal one year,
bolh for $2.00, Canadian postage 15 cents extra.

134 illustrations, attractive cloth binding.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

Hamilton, Illinois

fruit trees in the I..ea>niin>;iuii ui-utt. All
varieties of peaches are showing a heavy
bloom and have come through the winter
without any frost injury. Growers antici-
pate that the larger portion of the crop will
be of the Elberta and New Prolific varieties.
The peach growing industry has been re-
viving in that district the last few years,
and there are now nearly as many peach
orchards as there were before the great
freeze-out about twelve or thirteen years
ago. Other fruits also promise well. Both
sweet and sour cherries have an abundant
bloom, and pears and apples appear to be
going to have a large crop, although the
acreage devoted to the two latter fruits is
not large.

E.xperiments with sea-weeds in Nova
Scotia have shown that these are rich in
potash, ajid possess a considerable quantity
of nitt-ogen and phosphoric acid. Sea-weeds,
in their natural state, have long been used
by the farmers of Nova Scotia for manurial
purposes, and the fact that they rapidly
decompose when spread upon the ground
seems to enhance their value as a possible
commercial fertilizer. The Government is
now seeking means to dry and grind the
weeds.

Toronto Prices.

Apples in Toronto are pretty well cleaned
up by this time. On May 13 some were
sold by auction at 75c per barrel, and the
buyers found some of these not worth tak-
ing away. A good many very poor apples
are coming into Toronto lately, but some
really good' Russets sold at $5 per barrel.

Asparagus has been coming in large
quantities into Toronto from Fonthill, the
St. Catharines district, and the district east
of Hamilton, and it sold at $1.25 to $2 per
basket.

[Hothouse tomatoes are arriving from
Leamington and sold at 22c per lb. for No.
1 and 15c for No. 2. Old beets and pars-
nips are reported a drug on the market.
Canadian lettuce sold at from 20c to 70c
per head; green onions, 20c per dozen:
radishes, 35c to 40c; Leamington hothouse
cucumbers, $1..50 to $2.25 per basket.

Reports received from several quarters of
the prorince indicate that, owing to the
lack of labor, apple orchards all over will
be more or less neglected this season. The
only exceptions are where the returns from
the apple orchard form one of the chief
sources of income. This will have more
tendency than ever to put the small orchards
of from three to five acres, adjuncts to
farms, out of business. Even in the Niagara
district this sort of spirit is likely to pre-
vail in some spots. This should be fought
to a standstill. If the quality of Uie fruit
be- only kept up, I believe that tb.-re are
better prospects than for the past two years,
and it would be a great pity to jeopardize
this by neglect.

Not to Organize.

The organization of the proposed large
co-operative company to encompass prac-
tically all the present co-operative com-
panies, the dealers, and 90 per cent, af the
growers in the district between Hamilton
and Jordan, will not be completed during
the present fruit season, but prospects seem
brighter for its being brought into action
for 1917. Some of the dealers previously
opposed or lukewarm towards it, are ex-
periencing a change of mind, I am informed,
and now feel favorably disposed. If the
dealers and growers will only come together
on any rea.sonable basis, the project is al-
most sure to be a success.

Lake Erie counties report a lot of scale
in the older orchards. Apart from that, the
general outlook for all classes of fruit is
favorable, apple buds giving a better
promise than for years.

Jane, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

159

Montreal Fruit Trade

E. H. Wariman, Dominion Fruit Inspector

On March 29 our first full car of berries
came to hand from Louisiana in. fine order,
and selling well, all in pint boxes. Since
that date twenty-nine cars have arrived,
with few exceptions in good order. In some
cases from the time of picking up to date
of sale six days elapsed, and still these
berries were in fair order. The cars being
well iced and weather very cool here pro-
longed their life.

The transportation, icing and duty on
this fruit is a big item. I am of the opinion
that the net profits to dealers have been
small. There is a fascination in the trade,
as when one makes 1300 to $400 net on a
car it is an encouragement to proceed'. But
it is quite as easy to lose these amounts,
which growers then conclude is their bad
luck.

Our sup'plies of strawberries: to-day are
from Tennessee in quarts and crates,
marked 24 full quarts. One feature is very
satisfactory in these berries; the boxes
arrive uniformly full. Last year boxes of
Ontario berries were better filled than in
previous years, yet some packers seemed
to begrudge the extra iandful, and their
boxes were sold as slacks and the shipper
was the loser in the end.

Our first mixed car of California fruits
arrived May 22 In good order and sold
well. It comprised cherries, plums, apri-
rots and peaches. The importer was Geo.
V'ipond & Co., who have had a long experi-
ence in the importation of these fruits.

Reasons for Cooperative Failures

F. G. H. Pattison, Winona, Ont.

Although the principles of cooperation
lie founded upon a rock, and wherever
>roper](y carried out will infallibly lead to
iiccess, yet, an both our own and other
')untrj^_;tt5P W-'??^ of ;C9Pperation to final
success _J^^aitt^4B|58i" J^->ft, considerable per-
rtsntag-p "nf wrp,ck« and failures along the

Cooperation is a plant which naturally
seems to grow more easily in European than
in American or Canadian soil, and Great
Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Holland, Sweden,
and many other European countries have
already experienced its manifold benefits
for many years.
The United States, however, of recent
nars has made great progress, over a bil-
.lon dollars' worth of agricultural products
nig sold annually by cooperatives in that
ntry, while more than 1,000 cooperative
It and produce associations are carrying
on business there more or less successfully.
In Canada, too, while much of the work
is still educative and experimental, coopera-
tion is fast passing beyond the experimental
stage, and in the fruit business alone a fair
number of cooperatives have attained suc-
cess, probably the most successful of all
being the United Pruit Growers of Nova
Scotia. One feature stands out prominently,
however, in the history of fruit coopera-
tion in iboth Canada and the United State.s,
and that is that few communities attain
cooperation until necessity compels them;
In other words, till they are squeezed into it.
In Ontario some of the fruit growing co-
operative associations have failed alto-
gether, andl others have attained but a
iiiiall measure of success from one or more
if the following causes:

1. Lack of the proper co-operative spirit
to start with. This is the chief cause of
failure, and therefore it is not advisable to
start a cooperative association in any local-
ity until the people are possessed of a cer-
tain amount of faith in the principles of
cooperation, and are determined to give it
a fair trial and not to be frightened by some
failures and discouragements during the in-
ception of the business. No great business,
whether corporate or private, was ever built
up without a number of such failures and
discouragements, especially at the start.

Many associations have gone to pieces
from lack of a good business manager. In a
cooperative very much depends upon the
manager. It is essential that he should be

a good business man. To obtain such, a fair
salary must be paid. No association can
attain success if there is disloyalty to the
Association and individual jealousy between
the members. Therefore it is wise to es-
tablish a severe penalty for anyone who
disposes of his fruit outside of the As-
sociation. It is simply impossible for the
manager to make a good showing it mem-
bers sell their 'best fruit privately, and give
only their second class stuff to the Associa-
tion. A good reputation cannot be built up
in this way for the Association, and there-
fore all the fruit of the individual members
should be sold through the Association.

Jealousy, too, as to one member getting
a little more than another should have no

EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD

is spreading in various parts of the
country. The first step in its cure
is a vigorous strain of ITALIANS

The Root Strain of Bees have shown
. . Themselves to be Highly Resistant . .

While we do not claim their introduction will alone cure European Foul
Brood, or that it will not make a start in their colonies, we have reports
of where they have, with a little help, fought themselves nearly
clean of European Foul Brood which was all around them in black and
hybrid colonies.

These queens will be ready for delivery about June 1. Orders will be
filled in rotation. Later In the season we will make delivery promptly.
PRICES. — Our regular price is $1.50 in June and $1.00 after July 1 for
untested queens; but we will club them with Gleanings in Bee Culture
for one year and a queen for $1.50, provided we can fill orders for
queens when we have a surplus of them. This will probably be July
and August.

The A. I. Root Company - - Medina, Ohio

Three Banded and Golden
Italian Queens

Untested— $1.00 each; 6 for $5.00; 12 for
$9.00.

Selected untested— 1 tor $1.25; 6 for $7.00;
12 for $14.00.

W. R. STIRLING

Queen Breeder. RIDGETOWN, ONT.

Send for Price List. Cash with Order.

QUEENS

Three band Italian.s, bred for honey and
gentleness. From imported stock of medium

color.

1 6 12

Unte.sted $0.75 $4.25 $ 8.00

Select untested . 1.00 4.75 9.00

Tested 1.50 8.75 17.00

Breeders, $3.00 to $5.00.

Every queen PURELY mated. Safe de-
livery and perfect satisfaction guaranteed.

N. FOREHAND,

Fort Deposit, - Ala., U.S. A.

Bees by the Pound, Nuclei
or Colonies

We are still booking orders. Northern or
southern bred, and bred for business. Hard
to excel.

Let us quote you prices on large or small
quantities. Our prices are right. We guar-
antee safe delivery or money refunded.
BEE SUPPLIES.

Sole Agents for Root's Famous Goods.
ALSO Canadian made goods.

Anything from %" cement coated nail to a
Power Fxtracting Outfit.

All kinds of Bee Literature. Ask for Cat-
alogue.

Address —

THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE,
185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont.

Italian Queens

Three-Banded

Reaxly April 1, of an excep-
tionally vigorous and long-
lived strain of bees. They
are gentle, prolific, and tlie best of honey
gatherers. Untested, $1.00; 3, $2.75: 6, $6.00;
12, $9.00. Tested, $1.25; 6, $6.50: 12, $12.50.
Send for my free circular and price list, and
see the natural conditions under which ray
queens are raised. Will book orders now.

JOHN G. MILLER, Corpus Christi, Texas

Corner C St., and Coleman Ave.

160

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 191&

QUEENS OF QUALITY
The genuine "QUALITy" kind of dark
Italians. Unt., 75c each, $8.00 per doz. Cir-
cular free.

J. I. BANKS, DOWELLTOWN, TENN.

BEES FOR SALE

Italian Bees, lb., J2.26; B lbs., J10.60; 1-L
Frame, $2.00; 2 Fr. Nuc, $3.00; All with
Queens. Italian Queens, 75c each; 6 for $4.00.
Complete Catalogue Free. Listing Begin-
ner's Outfit.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.
Box C, - - NEWARK, N.Y., US.A.

WE STILL MAKE FOUNDATION
FOR SALE

We win buy your wax or make It lnt« the
best grade of foundation at low rates.

W. A. CHRYSLER & SON

Rt. No. 5, Chatham, Ont.

CARNIOLAN GOLDEN

and Three Banded Italians.
Unte.sted— 1, 85c; 6, $4.80.
Tested— 1, $1.25; 6, $7.20.
Bees— $1.25 per lb.
Breeding Queens — $4.00.
Nuclei, without queen — 1 fr., $1.75; 2 fr.,
$2.75; 3 fr., $3.50.
D. L. OUTCHER - Benaington, Mich.

Bees and Queens

Ours are choice stock and Northern Bred;
are more desirable for Canadian Beekeepers.
Ask for Catalogue B.

Bee Supplies — We sell Root's goods only.
Let us quote you prices on what you need.
Ask for Catalogue A.

M. IH. HUNT & SON

LANSING - - MICHIGAN

Queens of MOORE'S
STRAIN of Italians

PRODUCE WORKERS

That fill the super quick
With honey nice and tnlck.
They have won a world-wide reputation
for honey-gathering, hardiness, gentle-
ness etc

Untested' queens, $1.00; six, $5.00; 12,
$9.00. Select untested, $1.25; six, $6.00;
12, $11.00.

Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran-
teed.

Circular free.

J. P. M O O R E

Queen-breeder. Route 1, MORGAN, KY.

BEEKEEPERS!

We can ship supplies promptly.
Jones' Weed Process Comb Foundation,
Improved Model Hives, and all other kinds
of Bee Supplies. We can also mail queens
within a few hours of receipt of order.
Leather colored, hardy stock. Try us.

1 6 12

Untested $1.00 $ 5.25 $10.00

Tested 1.50 8.00 15.00

Select tested 2.00 11.00 20.00

Breeding Queens, $5.00 each.

We guarantee safe delivery of all queens.
Bees in pound p«.ckages a specialty.

More beeswax wanted — cash or exchange.

Catalogue on request.

F. W. JONES

BEDFORD, QUE.

place. It i.s often difficult to work out a
syetem whereby everyone is treated exactly
alike, althougii the difference is usually
small, and if all the members are better off
than they were before they adopted co-
operation, there should be no kick coming
from individuals, for if constant jealousy
and bickering prevails, farewell to success.
There must be a certain margin of give and
take amongst the members.

As a rule, when cooperation is a new
thing it is best to start on a small scale
with a few members of like mind and aims,
uniting together with the determination to
stick together through good and bad times
and to make the Association a success. A
certain sinking of the individuality there
must be. Each member should have the
good of the Association as his main idea.
As success comes, the Association can be
enlarged to take other men of like char-
acter and aims. Members who will not
obey the rules as regards packing properly,
spraying, etc., should be dispensed with, for
one or two such men will ruin any organ-
ization.

The board should keep in touch with and
know exactly what the manager is doing at
all times'. While a certain latitude must be
given him, still It is not right for the
directors to leave everything to him and be
ignorant of what he is doing. Some As-
sociations have been wrecked in this way,
the manager speculating with the fruit of
the Association.

It is not only a great safeguard, but it
is essential to the success of the co-
operative that each individual member
s.hou.ld take a keen interest in the proceed-
ings of the Association. It the members
show slackness, the manager and directors
are apt also to become slack, and as much
energy and business acumen is needed on
their part, so also must the ordinary mem-
ber back them up by assisting them in every
possible way. Any cooperative which is
careful to avoid the causes of failure
mentioned is practical and certain to be a
success.

Cooperation in the fruit business has come
to stay, for the simple reason that it is the
only means whereby the growers can fight
other organizations with whom they have
constantly to deal, and thereby obtain all
that is coming to them.

Vacant Lot Gardens

On Saturday, May 13, Controller Thomp-
son officially Inaugurated the vacant lot
gardlen work of the Toronto Rotary Club.
The ceremony opened with a march past a
cinema camera, after which Chairman F. G.
Rabson, of the vacant lot garden commit-
tee, reviewed the good work done last year,
and added that already applications had
been received for lots from one hundred
and ten persons, sixty-four of whom are
returned solddere.

The committee expect that more than
$16,000 worth of vegetables will be produced
this year.

Controller Thompson was then presented
with a silver spade, and after a few elo-
quent remarks^ sowed several onion seeds.
W. iD. MoPherson, M.P.P., chairman of the
Returned Soldiers' Commission, said that
there is nothing that can be done for re-
turned men that will be beyond their merits,
and praised the work of the Rotary Club in
encouraging the patriotism of production.

Mr. Glossop, who last year won the club's
prize for the best garden, has been appoint-
ed to Instruct the amateur gardeners this
year.

SPRAY YOUR
GARDEN

Why let bugs and
worms spoil your fruit
and vegetables, ruin

your garden and rob
you of pleasure and
profit? With a hand
sprayer you can keep
your shrubbery, trees,
Jlowers and vegetable
garden free of pests
and in a healthy con-
dition.

No. 17 The Euraka

CoDtlKUOtU

Sprayer. One

'{lurt size. A
"plendid spray-
er giving m milt-
like »prmj.
Price. 75c and
11.00.

No. 17

No. 22 Solid Brass Spray Pumps.
As per illustration. Lasts a life-
time. Length over all two feet.
Each 75c.

GEO. KEITH & SONS

124 KING ST. EAST
Toronto, Ont.

NEW AND RARE SEEDS

Unique collection. Hundreds of vari-
eties adapted for the Canadian cli-
mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy.
Own saying. Catalogue free.

Perry's Hardy Plant Farm

ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG.

/^KINNER

X.YSTEM OF IRRIGATfON

Control complete. Prevents drought loss-
es. Keduces labor bills. Increases profit.
Special Portable Line for $11.76. Send for
new Bulletin.

The Skinner Irrigation Co.
217 Water Street Troy, Ohio.

o

FREE LAND

For the SETTLER in

NEW ONTARIO

Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain-
able free and at a nominal cost are call-
ing for cultivation.

Thousands of farmers have responded
to the call of this fertile country and are
being made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a horn*
awaits you.

For full Information as to terms, regu-
lations, and settlers rates, write to

H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonization
Parliament Buildings, TORONTO

HON. a. HOWARD FERGUSON,
Minister of Landi, Foreiti and MInaa.

June, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

161

The Brown Tail Moth] in Nova
Scotia*

Geo. E. Sanders, Annapolis^Royal, N.S.
tWe have on the whole had two very suc-
Bstul years in Browa Tail Moth control.

1914 we found 18,154 nests in the prov-
ace against 24,156 nests the previous year,
pllowing the hig flight from the New Eng-
^nd Statee, or a diecrease of 6,002 nests.

1915 we found on the whole a big de-
rease, with increases in a few isolated

calities. Only ten inspeictors are em-
Joyed, five by the Dominion and five by the
province. They have to cover approximate-
two million apple trees, so they have
f'ittle time for other than orchard property,
jxcepting when thorn scrub is known to
>ccur. That they have prevented the Brown
Tails from ever doing a dollar's worth of
damage up to date in Nova Scotia is some-
thing that we can point to with pride, for
Nova Scotia is the only locality in which
the climate is favorable to Brown Tail
Motih development where it has been con-
trolled and prevented from doing damage.
We found in 1915 an interesting outbreak
which shows in a striking manner what the
Brown Tails would do in Nova Scotia if
left uncared for. Just south of the church
in Torbrook there is a thorn scrub in a
pasture which had never been visited, A
few nests were found in apple orchards
nearby and an irregular line of nests traced
from bush to bush until it led to the
heaviest infestation we have yet found in
any part of the province. Over 1,500 nests
have already heen taken from this pasture
and there are probably 500 more yet to
come. The whole scrub does not cover
over thirty acres, the most heavily infested
portion about ten acres; there were enough
Brown Tails present to eat every green leaf
off the central ten acres. The infestation
had been running there for four or five
years.

A campaign for more spraying has given
us good returns. We have our inspectors
call on each man whose property ds in-
fested with Brown Tails and inform him of
the fact, advising him to look for more
nests after they have finished his orchard.
We also persuade him to spray if poseible.

♦Extract from an address.

fh(
Ca

i

Prairie Farmers Object

strenuous exception has been taken by
farmers of the prairies to the increased
lift of 50 cents a barrel on apples, recent-
imposed by the Dominion Parliament,
is makes the duty 90 cents a barrel, which
fhey consider too high. At a meeting ol the
Canadian iCouncil of Agriculture some time
:o the following resolution was adopted:
"Whereas, at the request of the British

YOU WILL BE SORRY

If, next fall, you have to pay regular
prices for your bulbs, when by ordering
them now you could get them for halt
the money.

Get our import bulb catalogue at once.
Orders must be sent in this month.

MORGAN'S SIJPPLY HOUSE

LONDON, ONT.

f=f==1^=r-ff^[P==1^=^fi-f-HI^--1]^^

PEERLESS POULTRY FENCE

t*Ci

Does all yoa could wl.sh of a poultry fence and more.
Built close euougli lo keep chfckong In and stronff enough to
keep cattle out. Even small chicks cannot got between the
close mesh of lateral and vertical wires. The heavy, hard steel
top and bottom wires, together With intermediate lateral-;, will
take c:ire of a care eseiy hacked wagon, or an unruly animal
and sprlngbacklnto shape immediately. The wires are securely
held together at every lutcrscctiou by the PEEULESS Lock.

The Fence That Saves Expense

It nevernet^ds repairs. It Ih the cheapest fcuoo to erectbC'
cause, owing to Its exceptionally heavy top aud bottom wires,
hut half the usual amount of lumber and posta are required.

Send for Llteraiuro

and address of nenroMt agent. We tilso umkc a complete line
of farmandornaraentiil fencing. Agents nearly everywhei-e.
Agcnta wanted in unasslgued territory.

Banwell Hoxie Wire Fence Co., Ltd.
Winnipeg, Manitoba Hamilton, Ontario

m

Implements for Orchard
and Vineyard

spring Tooth Harrows

10, 15, or 17 Teeth

The 10-Tooth size is in one Section and can be fur-
nished with handles for vineyard work when so
ordered.

Spraying Ouffits

Small outfits on skids — large out-
fits on wheels.

Hand and Power Spraying Equip-
ment of all kinds.

Vineyard Plows

Both Walking and Riding Plows,
especially built for orchard and
vineyard work.

Orchard Disc Harrows

REVERSIBLE
To throw the dirt to or from
the trees or vines.

ADJUSTABLE
Gangs can be adjusted as re-
quired. Extension can be fur-
nished for working under
branches.

Cultivators

A great variety — for cultivating
small fruit — for vineyards — for
orchards.

Grape and Berry Hoes
etc.

Toronto

Montreal

Moncton

Winnipeg

Regina

Massey-Ha rris

CO.. LIMITED

Saskatoon
Yorkton
Swift Current
Calgary
Edmonton

162

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1916.

aBM^

PROVED
THE BEST BY
EVERY TEST

CANADA'S

GREATEST

SEED HOUSE iiilJljliJlIlj

5pr »r Reouzul

137

^OTHING Is quite so vital to the success
■Di._°^ your crops as rcpular spraying.

Blight, bugs,

ops
etc., arc

never idle. Use an

Pull particulars of
this outfit, also use-
ful Information about
spraying solutions, sent
FREE. Write for It to-day.

OK^QzoEiazi

ONE-MAN SPRAYER (Wheelbwrow Ty^)

and you will be certain of a bumper crop.

Handy, easy to operate, nothine: to set

out of order, a thorough sprayer. Can

be used for spraying trees, etc. 4»-B

Canadian Potnto Machinery C*., Ltd.

49> Stone Rd., Gait, Ont.

Start a Backyard Garden This

pring

W

' HT not decdde now to have a garden this spring, and pre-
pare your hot .beds at once. In another couple of
weeks you should have your seeds suah as onions, to-
matoes, beeits, lettuce, cabba.ge, and of course a numbw of
varieties of flowers for the flower garden all planted.

BATTS LIMITED

MANUFACTURERS ALSO OF GREENHOUSE BARS AND SASH

366-415 PACIFIC AVENUE - WEST TORONTO

Columibia fruit growers, the duty on apples
has 'been raised from 40 cents to 90 cents
per barrel; whereas, this is an enormously
high duty — approximating 100 per cent, aa
valorem on the cost of production of apples
in Canada, and whereas, the evident pur-
pose of the imposition of this duty is to
fore© the prairie consumer to pay a higher
price for apples; therefore, be It resolved
that this, the Canadian Council of Agricul-
ture, in meeting, dieclares this to be an un-
righteous attempt to exploit the prairie far-
mer for the benefit of British Columbia fruits
land apecnilators, fruit growers and middle-
men, and we advise the farmers <yt Alberta,
Saskatchewan and Manitoba, that if this be-
comes law and they are to be taxed in this
manner, they pay these taxes into the fed-
eral treasury by purchasing imported apples,
rather than pay the same duty together with
profit thereon to British Columbia land
speculators, fruit growers and middlemen."

Inspection of Small Fruits

The Dominion Fruit Division announces
that with the opening of the small fruit
season in June, special efforts will be made
to prevent a repetition of some of the faults
in the packing of these fruits which were
so evident in 1915, the under-filling of bas-
kets and the packing of immature fruit. It
will be the duty of the inspectors to visit
the growers at the beginning of the picking
season and to instruct them in the methods
which it will be necessary for them to
adopt in order to avoid prosecution undei
the Inspection and Sale Act.

Violations of the Act are often committed
through ignorance on the part of the grower
or on the part of those who have charge of
the packing. The inspectors will therefore
be instructed to teach these men and to ex-
plain to them the necessity of careful super-
vision of their pickers in the field. The lat-
ter are generally young girls and boys who
are being paid according to the number of
boxes they fill per day, and naturally the
tendency is to fill the box regardless of the
quality of the fruit. This also will be look-
ed into carefully by the fruit inspectors, and
the foreman will be instructed to exercise
special care in the packing houses where
the boxes are sorted and put into crates.

The Package Difficulty*

R. C. Abbott, Coast Markets Cc mmiss ioner,
Victoria, B.C.

Comments on the package question usu-
ally draw severe criticism from the growers
who do not yet realize the great necessity
of a "standard" package for the different
kinds of fruit and the undisputed fact that
one of the great features to Tie considered
in "working-up" and "holding a market" is
giving to the consumer value for his money.

A great deal of confusion was experienced
lay the trade and consumers last season on
account of the growers using different sizes
and different shaped berry crates. While
I dislike to mention this fact, I am in duty
bound to say, that to the majority of the
trade and consumers alike — ^a crate is a
crate irrespective of size, and the prices ob-
tained for the large crates did not warrant
their use. It is useless for m© to dwell on
this subject at length, as most growers are
conversant with the situation. I only wish
to say this, that as long as the growers con-
tinue to use a number ot different sized
crates for the some kind of berries there will

•Extract from a paper read at the recent an-
nual convention of the British Columbia Fruit
Growers' Association.

June, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

163

always be confusion and dissatisfactioa over
prices, but as soon as we eliminate all tbe
sizes but one, — no matter what size we
adopt — then the price will adjust itself ac-
cordingly.

The test given the climax basket last sea-
son was not a fair one. Growers used the
wrong size of basket for certain heavy
fruits, and too large a size for certain over-
ripe and soft fruits. Teamsters and ex-
pressmen abused the ibasket in handling and
wholesalers' salesmen did all they could to
discourage its use. I would advise growers
to give more attention to the fruits they
ship in this basket, and I would further
recommend the use of the six quart and
eleven to some limited extent for high
grade red colored dessert apples, as I believe
the use of a smaller package than the present
box for this class of dessert apples would
meet with the approval of the consuming
public, as at the present they who cannot
use a whole box ait a time have to buy 1)7
the pound and carry home in a paper sack.
A retailer who has tried out this basket in
this respect claims it is much 'better than
the half or quarter boxes. The quarter
apple box, 5^, x 11 x 9 Inches, as used by a
fruit stand dealer, did not find a very ready
sale for two reasons: first, this box has no
handle to It and was not convenient to
carry, and second, the dealer used it for
a low grade cheap apple and consequently
the first cost of the packages l)Pought the
price of the apples up too high in price.

It Is the intention of your markets com-
missioner to take up the matter of packages
through the press during 1916, and make a
special feature of this in order to educate
the consumer and the trade as to the size
and contents of each kind of fruit package.

Nova Scotia's Production of
Apples

J. A. Macdonald, " Hermanville Farm," P. E. Island

The apple industry of Nova Scotia has
probably advertised the province abroad
more than any other of her varied products.
By the exports of apples we are able to
show exactly what advance has been made
during the last thirty-five years. Dividing
this period into seven divisions of five
years each, we find the average number of
barrels exported during each period to be as
follows:

1880-1885 23,920

1885-1890 83,249

1890-1895 118,552

I^L 1895-1900 259,200

^^■1900-1905 330,406

^^■1905-1910 482,298

^^■1910-1915 643,074

^^^^ese figures are significant. It is
further estimated by the railway author-
ities that during the last few years 150,000
barrels per year have been consumed in
the province. These might be added to the
above to show actual production. When It
Is considered that other farm products,
roots, grain, hay, beef, etc., have not in-
creased for many years this gain is the
more noteworthy. In spite of the increased
production the good paying figure of $2 to
J2.25 average has been well maintained.
Greater confidence Is felt in the ability of
the grower to control Insect and/ fungoid
enemies. The coming and going of little
scares about San Jose scale and Brown
Tail Moth, — which pests are now being re-
garded by many as blessings in disguise —
are inducing a steadiness of faith that man
Is to have dominion over these enemies and
have tended to lead growers to settle down
to real business in enlarging their output.

KILL THEM BOTH

The summer enemies of fruit, codling moth and apple scab, may be con-
quered in one application. The codling moth requires a poison, and the best
is Swift's Brand Arsenate of Lead. The apple scab needs a fungicide, and the
most efficient is Soluble Sulphur.

For a complete Summer Spray use

ARSENATE of LEAD and

SOLUBLE SULPHUR

One drum of Soluble Sulphur, weight 100 lbs., will make 4,000 gallons of Summer
Spray. A barrel of mushy, wasteful Llrae and Sulphur Solution will only make 1,600
giallons. With Soluble Sulphur there is no loss from
leakage; no barrels to return; no loss from spoiling; no
clogged nozzles. Don't pay freight on water. Buy
Soluble Sulphur In powder form. Buy it by the 100-lb.
drum. It Is 60 per cent, cheaper than Lime Sulphur. It
saves time and money and gives results.

Send for prices and details for Summer Spraylne.

NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., Limited

BURLINGTON - ONTARIO

Everything
Spraying.

for

I /-Soli
J sen

/ DU!

'^ Ace

Soluble Sulphur, Lime Sulphur, Ar-
ate of Lead, Dust Sprays and
sters. Hand and Power Pumps, and

Accessories.

LOADING OUR LOGS

One cf Our Specialties is

THAT GOOD APPLE BARREL

Not made from cull staves the rejections from flour and other stock of various bilges, but
cut from absolutely mill run timber with exactly the correct bilge and thickness. Heading
mostly bas.'iwood which takes a nice brand, is kiln dried and does not warp. Hoops stand-
ard. The barrels are all

MADE BY MACHINERY

which insures an even croze and every head fitting. Why be worried with poor barrels
causing loss of time? We make sixhoop eight hoop, also six wood and two w^re, which
is the favorite. If these barrels get wet hoops cannot break. We can ship car loads con-
taining about 330

DELIVERED AT YOUR STATION

We ship thousands of barrels yearly to many large growers, dealers and fruit associa-
tions In Western Ontario, besides supplying^ 80% of the cooperage stock and barrels used
in the great Eastern Ontario Apple Belt. Therefore we must give the best value obtain-
able. Our main plant Is one of the

FINEST ON THIS CONTINENT

Write us for prices on cooperage or barrels delivered your station.

"Owing to the uncertainty of labor, we cannot guarantee present prices or prompt
delivery except on early business."

TRENTON COOPERAGE MILLS, Limited

TRENTON, ONTARIO.

164

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Jane, 1916.

A Greenhouse to
Welcome Winter

There is a wealth ot pleasure in a greenhouse when falling leaves and frost
in the air herald the approach ot Winter, while horticultural work goes on with
renewed enthusiasm under the protecting glass.

Why do we speak of winter now, with Spring just arrived? Because a green-
house for November joys should be under construction without delay. Write
for the book of Glass Gardens which explains more about it. Address Dept. B.

GL\SS ^GARDEN BUILDERS LIMITED

201 Church St.
Toronto.

Transportation BIdg., St. James St.
Montreal.
Factory — Georgetown, Ont.

ittmimiimiiiimimitiiimmimii^^

AYLMER SPRAYERS

have Won Medal*
and are used by
•even GovernznentA

USET"]

AYLIVIER
SPRAYER

Ayl.-nar Spra yer
Outfit D

•• V Fie. 176
Pump complete, 10
fu hose with coup-
lings attached. ~
Friend Nozzles. 1
Brass Stop (Jock. 1 Y.
1 long Iron Exten-
sion Rod, without,
barrel, S20.00,
Lined Bamboo
Extension
Hod in place
of iron, $2.00 ex-
tra: with barrel,
»«00 extra.
Shipped prepaid
to any station Id
Ontario,

Fruit growers use
Aylmer Sprayers be-
cause they give RE-
SULTS. Aylmer
Sprayers have the force to
drive the mixture intocrc-
vices of bark and buds and
make it penetrate the hiding ■%
places of the destructive little insects. Notimewasted
ou repairs during the Spraying Season if you get a
Sprayer that DOES NOT GET OUT OF ORDER.
Any man who has had the exasperating experience of
having to stop on account of loose "packing" on the
pistons, will be glad to own an Aylmer Sprayer. It is
the only Sprayer constructed without troublesome
"packing." In the Aylmer, the pistons are made tight
by three bronze expanding rings, ^ the same as the
pistons in automobile engines. This Sprayer is easy
to pump, and there is no pressure leakage; every
ounce of pressure being turned into spray work.
Agitators prevent clogging; nozzles are up-to-
date; throw full distance and with full
power from a stream to a spray.
BBOKIE ■oW Every part designed to give perfect
seiyice. Prices low. FREE
GUIDE TO SPRAY MIX-
,-,. ,^^^ TURES sent on re-
wy ^^^^^ Quest.

Aylmer Pump and Scale Co. Ltd.

WATER ST., AYLMER, ONT.

Orchardists are now fully persuaded ihai
commercial fertlliers and cover crops
warrant extension without regard to hay
land and stock. As their crops have in-
creased they have recognized their ability
to handle the greater quantities with as
much ease as the smaller and with
inflnitely greater satisfaction. This largely
pertains of course where such crops a*
3,000 to 4,000 barrels are harvested when
the inspiration and ambition and confidence
increases In greater ratio than the bu^
ness. Men are beginning to realize th:.
fruit growing can be extended as Luccees-
fully as any other line of industry, and as
they separate the profits of the orchard
from their other crops they realize the
superiority of the apple trees as money,
makers.

The Profits Earned.

A carefully tabulated statement, which
has stood the test of several years, shows
the net profits of well-cared for orchards to
be about 16 per cent, annually on a valu-
ation of $1,000 per acre. This stateiment
has been fully verified and endorsed by the
Fruit Growers' Association. A dozen years
ago a $20,000 orchard was considered so
only on paper. Five years later a $50,000
orchard was thought impossible. This year
some young orchards getting nicely under
way, hardly commencing their business
career, will pay (or would pay were it not
for the war in Europe) better than bank
interest on $60,000. Ten years hence a
$100,000 proposition with an output of over
10,000 barrels of apples is likely to be a
reality in Nova Scotia. The war for a time
will, and does, doubtless restrict the ex-
pansion of the trade to Europe, which had
so greatly improved and expanded in the
past five years, but new markets are open-
ing. The American market, which was
practically ignored by the Nova Scotians in
the piping times of peace, is now relied on
to take a large quantity of the product.
Portland and Boston are good markets
which may be relied on.

Intensive Planting.

The system of intensive planting is every
year becoming more popular than the old
way of forty permanent trees to the acre.
Fillers can be transplanted with not more
than one or two years check, and no longer
need the beginner in orcharding worry
over the purchase or the clearing up and
the fencing and cultivation of twenty acres
of land in order to plant 1,000 trees. These
trees can be easily planted on two to four
acres if desired and the encumbrance of
larger areas to contain them permanently
may be considered later when time and
means are smaller factors. With early-
bearing varieties as "fillers" applied to
this system the ambition of any orchardis^t
to harvest 1,000 or 2,000 barrels may be
realized in eight to ten years from the start
instead of waiting a lifetime.

For these and other reasons' it is plain
that Nova Scotia's apple output must
naturally increase in greater ratio than dur-
ing the past twenty years, which ratio has
been practically constant. Shortly before
the outbreak of the war a large grower in
the Annapoli-s Valley and well-known
statistican, stated that during the next
twenty-five years, besides local consump-
tion. Nova Scotia will be shipping, 1915-20,
1,085,170 barrels; 1920-25, 1.627,755 bar-
rels; 1925-30, 2,441,632 'barrels, and that be-
yond this latter period it will go beyond
the three million mark. We all hope and
trust these ambitious figures will be
realized.

Tell advertisers that you saw their adver-
tisement in The Canadian Horticulturist.

June, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Advertising the Fruit Crop'

Ed. D. Reed, Hamilton Advertisers' Agency Ltd., Hamillon, Ont.

YOU have heard of the results of adver-
tising the great apple crop of 1914.
Herewith I present a few reports as
to results that attended the advertising of
Niagara Peninsula grown fruits last year,
■which I liave gathered from Lethbridge and
Calgary in the west to Halifax in the east.

The reports are extracts from letters Xrom
express agents, fruit dealers, railroads and
grocers. These reports are from the men
who actually passed the fruit from your
orchards into the hands of me housewife;
who was encouraged by our advertising to
"put them up," to be later "iput down" by
the balance ot the family.

In London, Ontario, eight carloads of
peaches were sold in one day. This was
more than had been sold in any wliole week
before in Xiondon.

At Berlin, more fruit was sold toy three-
lold and at 'better prices than for years past.

The express agents and grocers of Acton
declare emphatically that they handled more
fruit than ever before and a much larger
aggregate of peaches and grapes from tbe
Niagara District.

T. B. Cramp, OriUia, Ont., writes: "The

•A report of an address delivered at a meet-
ing In February of the Niagara Peninsula Fruit
Growers' Association. The association has de-
cided to continue advertising along the same
lines this year.

sale of fruit in Orillia was simply enor-
mous. 1 never saw so much fruit sold in one
season. I usually sell a large quantity, but
in li91'5, sales were more than double any
previous year.

iProm Owen Sound we learn that 1915 was
one of the biggest, if not the biggest, sea-
son for fruit known. In spite of the gener-
al depression which affected the country, in-
cluding Owen Sound, the people purchased
as much fruit, and dn many cases more, than
usual, and this in the face of a very poor
year and in the midst of a terrible war.

"Voice in Audience — "I don't think those
little bulletins telling the housewife when
raspberries and plums and peaches become
ripe are any good." Mr. iReed: I will read
a lew letters on that point. Here is one,
"We found the housewife bought more in-
telligently and at the proper time to get
the best fruits. In former years the women
used to call for fruit weeks after it was all
off the market." Another says, "I usually
booked orders ahead with many customers
by calling their attention to the fruit bulle-
tins." This, gentlemen, is evidence enough,
I hope, that advertising pays.

The Same Voice — "But I 'believe in ad-
vertising, fbut not in such small space."

'Mr. Reed: "Right you are and I agree
with you. Those small bulletins caught the
eye of only such women as made a habit ot
reading their local news columns. It we

KNAPSACK 0SiwmcSt'

It isnt a SPRAMOTOR un ess we made it

Complete with CI Q {\t\
Altachment. <PlO.UU

The illustration gives you a pretty
clear idea of the Knapsack SPRA-
MOTOR In action. It is made en-
tirely of brass, except the shoulder
straps, which are of wide, heavy
grained leather, and the handle, which
is ot spring steel. It is light, strong
and durable. The tank or Knap-
sack— made of cold-rolled 16-ounce
polished brass — has a capacity of 5
gallons. The discharge and air cham-
ber tubes are pivoted on the top ot
the tank on a single bolt, thus permitting the SPRAMOTOR to be swung from right
to left at will, allowing you to change hands instantly while at work. All the labor is
done on the down stroke. Operates so simply that any one can master it in a few
minutes. Everything is so clearly and plainly told in our book of instructions that you
can go ahead and work it the same day you receive It. Drop a card for booklet.
Made In Canada. No duty to pay.

SPRAMOTOR WORKS,

2714 King St., London, Canada

University
Fudge

The Lantic Sugar Cook
Book gives the recipe for
this and many other new-
sweets. Send a red ball
trade-mark, cut from a
Lantic package, for a free
copy.

Lantic
Sugar

"The All-Purpose Sugar"

will please you by its

Eurity, convenience and
igh sweetening power.

TTie Sugar with the
red hall trade -mark

Packed in 100-lb. Bags

For book, address
Atlantic Sugar Refineries.Ltd.
Power Building, MONTREAL 11

ADVERTISERS like to know
if you are buying goods through
their advertising. When you
write don't forget to tell them
you saw their advertisement in
The Canadian Horticulturist.

Fruit and Vegetables Solicited

Branch Warenoutet:

Sudbury, North Bay,

Cobalt, Cochrane and

Porcupine

Send for
Shipping Stamp

WE GET YOU BEST PRICES

OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit,
vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the
Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses with com-
petent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcu-
pine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet
through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests.

H. PETERS

88 Front St. East, Toronto

References: TIM Cana-
dian Bank of Commem
(Market Branch) and
Commercial Agcnclw

vi

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

June, 1916.

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS

Advertisements in this department Inserted at rate of 3 cents a word for each In-
sertion, each figure, sign, or single letter to count as one word, minimum cost SOCh
strictiy cash in advance.

REAL ESTATE

ALL KINDS OF FARMS — Fruit farms a speci-
alty. Writ* for CjiUlogue. W. B. Calder,
Qrtmrtijr.

FARIVIS— All UnxU, all sizes, for eal«. fruit
atock, grain and dairy farms. Let me know
wthat you are lookinK for. H. W. Daweon,
Brampton, Ont.

SEEDS.

YOU WANT "Reliable Seeds," get our Seed
Price List and Save Money. Morg-an's Sup-
ply House, London.

SPRAYING.

SAVE IVIONEY — Get our Spraying and Garden
Supply Catalog. Morgan's Supply House,
London.

BEES.

CARNIOLAN, GOLDEN AND THREE BAND-
ED ITALIANS. Bees by the pound, Nuclei.
Ready to go April 1st, Write for price list.
C. B. Bankston, Buffalo, Leon Co., Texas.

BEES and QUEENS from my New Jersey
Apiary. Price list free. J. H. M. Cook, 70
Cortland St., New Tork Cdty.

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS as advertised
on page 160. Catalogue free. Deroy Taylor
Co., Newark,, N.T.

BEST THREE BANDED QUEENS at lowest
prices, after June 1. Also Bees by the pound.
Satisfaction guaranteed. Send for circular.
J. H. Haughey, Berrien Springs, Mich.

BEES — Per pound, .$2.15; per frame, $2.35;
queen, $1.00. Comb foundation, light brood
or extracting, per pound, 60c. Langstroth
hives and frames, painted and empty (new),
$1.60 each. Address Aurora Apiary, Aurora,
Onit.

FOR SALE — Hardy, healthy honey bees from
diseaseless district. Nuclei and full colonies
at low prices. Good shipping facilities to all
Canadian points. May to October. The Rahn
Bee & Honey Co., Ltd., Haileybury, Ontario.

WANTED— A few English Queens (BLACK).
Wm. Reid, White Valley, Vernon, B.C.

GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS— Bred from a
strain of great honey gatherers, (Gentle and
proUflc. Untested— 1, 75c; 6, $4,25; 12, $8.00;
50, $32.50; 100, $60,00, All orders promptly
filled and safe arrlvfil guaranteed, L, J,
Pfelfter. R,F,D. No. 16, Los Gates, Cai., XJ.B.A.

LET US send you price list and descriptive
circular of our bees and queens, and If you
will tell us what size and how many pack-
ages you may want we will tell what the
Express will amount to. R. V. & M. C.
Stearns, Brady, Texas.

FOR SALE — Italian queens from the best honey
gathering strains — untested queen, 75c; 6,
$4.25; 12, $8,00; tested queens. 1, $1,25; 6, $7.00;
12, $12,00, Robert B, Spicer, Wharton, N.J,

TRY US — Pure Italian Queens, untested, 60c; 6,
$3,50; 12, $6.50, Whitt & Lovejoy. Sinking
Creek Apiaries, Gimlet, Ky.

BEE SUPPLIES.

BEEKEEPERS — Please write for our Catalog.
Morgan's Supply House, London.

1,000 GUIVIMED HONEY LABELS, two color*,
any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue fre«. Slast-
ern Label Co., CUntonvlUe, Conn.

A DAUGHTER of one of Dr. Miller's beat honey
queens, and the Beekeeper's Review for 1916
for only $2.00. A daughter of one of the
very best honey-getting queens selected from
1.100 colonies worked for extracted honey,
from the yards of E, D. Townsend & Sons,
and the Review for 1916 for only $1,75. The
queens will be mailed In June direct from
our breeders in the South. A rare buy. Bee-

• keepers' Review, North Star, Mich., U.S.A.

could have used larger space, we could have
supplied those advertising features which
compel or impel the attention of women,
and we would have oversold your whole
Niagara Peninsula crop at even better
■prices than those obtained.

The little fruit bulletins were good In
their -Hray. They led up to the final large
crop— peaches. At the last moment the Do-
minion Government, through the fruit com-
missioner, Mr. D. Johnson, gave $5,000, with
which to get real action. And believe me
gentlemen, that the display advertising
■which this government money ipurchased
really saved the day. If we had not had
this last extra display advertising you would
have been as badly off as the American
speaker indicated when he said that had it
not been for the tariff wall, last year the
New Yorkers would have "buried you in
eight feet of peaches." Had it not been
for the last seven weeks of large display
advertising, you would have had a two-foot
layer of peaches on your land to-day. (Ap-
plause).

I have been accumulaiting, for the benefit
of your committee, data on the retail prices
of fruits as sold in the stores throughout
the Dominion. I know the prices at which
this fruit was offered by the dealers, and
year for year you must admit that you sold
peaches in 1915 at better prices than 1914
or 1913 or even 1912, And gentlemen I Ibe-
lieve that advertising did it.

Apple Orchards Decreasing

Geo. E. Sanders, Annapolis Royal, N.S.

In talking over the outlook for the apple
business with different people, and reading
what I could with a bearing on the future, I
have obtained several interesting bits of
information. Prof, T. G, Bunting, of Mac-
donald College, tells me that he has in-
vestigated and finds that there are fewer
apple trees east of the Mississippi or in
eastern America to-day than there were
twenty years' ago, Mr, F, S, Walsh, Agri-
culturist to the New York Central Railway,
whose business it Is to know such things
for his employers, tells me that there are
fewer apple trees In New York State to-
day than In 1891.

Several factors explain this falling off In
orchards in eastern America. The most
important is the San Jose Scale, which has
killed fhousands of acres of apple and

peach trees in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Vir-
ginia, New York, Connecticut and Massa-
chusetts. In addition to killing off the un-
cared for orchards the San Jose Scale is
making it almoet impossible to grow a
young orchard in Infested distrlcU as the
profits from apples in the middle states are
not large enough to justify the extra care
necessary. The fact that peaches are a
much more profitable crop than apples in
some sections has caused a portion of the
reduction. Lack of profit and general ne-
glect have also been the cause of a large
amount of the decrease in Massachusetts,
Maine, New Hampshire and other states.

British Columbia

The work of the inspection of importe<l
fruit, nursery stock, vegeUbles, trees and
plants, and field and orchard inspection work
has heretofore been administered by the
Fruit Inspection Branch of the Department
of Agriculture, under the direction of the
late Thomas Cunningham, Inspector of Fruit
Pests. A reorganization of this work has
been effected, and all field inspection work
will hereafter be under the direction and
control of the Horticultural Branch of the
Department

R, M. Winslow, B.S.A,, Provincial Horti-
culturist, has been gazetted as Provincial
Horticulturist and Inspector of Fruit Pests,
W. H. Lyne has been gazetted Inspector of
Imported Fruit and Nursery Stock.

The duties of the inspector of Imported
fruit and nursery stock will be confined to
the work now carried on at our Provincial
Inspection and Fumigating Station at Van-
couver, by enforcing the provisions of the
provincial regulations, and also those Issued
under the Dominion Destructive Insect and
Pest Act, The inspection of Imported fruit,
vegetables, nursery stock, grains, rice, com,
etc, at all ports of entry into the province,
will also be undertaken by this branch of the
Department

Items of Interest

The Dominion Fruit Division announces
that there is every prospect of a satisfac-
tory production of large fruits in Canada
next fall. Trees have come through the
winter in fine condition, and from all parts
of the Dominion reports Indicate that with
favorable weather the crop .siould be well
above the average. Frost is reported to
have injured the peach and sweet cherry
buds in British Columbia and in some fruit
districts of the Northwestern States, No
frost injury is reported in Ontario or E!ast-
ern Canada.

So many new discoveries of new facts by
plant investigators, shortcuts and "wrinkles"
worked out by plant propagators, and nurs-
ery, greenhouse and garden methods sim-
plified or made more effective, have made
books hitherto available on plant propaga-
tion out of date, A new book by Professor
Kains will appeal with equal force to the
amateur, the professional propagator, and
the teacher in agricultural colleges and
schools. The table of contents includes:
An introduction on general principles, ger-
mination, seed testing, potting, layerage,
bottom heat, cuttage, classes of cuttings,
graftage, and theories and laws, Daniel's
experiments in graftage, tree stocks and
scion handling, grafting waxes and wound
dressing, methods of grafting considered in-
dividually, budding methods, nursery man-
agement, and laws affecting nursery stock.
Illustrated, 5% x 714 inches, 342 pages.
Cloth, Price, net, $1,50, Orange Judd Com-
pany, New York,

iThe Canadian Horticultun^

lol. XXXIX

PETEKBORO. JULY, 1916

No. 7

The Dust Spray Under Test in Ontario

THE reports of the success which
has attended the use of the "dust
spray" in New York State re-
!ilt€d, this year, in a number of tliese
lachines being introduced into On-
tario. One is under test also by the
Dominion Government in Nova Scotia.
While it is still too early for it to be
determined how effective this spray has
proved the following reports on the use
of two of these machines should prove
of interest.

Prof. L. Caesar, provincial entomolo-
i;ist, who has ^been testing these ma-
!■ bines for the Ontario Department of
Atrrieulture, writes: It would be un-
\\ i.se at present to express any opinion
1)11 the efFeetivene.ss of the so-called
"dust spray" as a means of controlling
insect pests and fungus diseases of 'or-
chaitls. There are at least half a dozen
men in Ontario experimenting with this
new method of spraying this year. Mr.
W. F. Kydd and I are also each con-
(luciting a series of experiments. The
season already shows that fungus dis-
eases will be very bad in unsprayed
orchards in at least a considerable part

of the province and probably in all of
it, thus affording a good opportunity
to test the merits of this new method of
spraying. I, therefore, hope to have
much reliaible data available for a re-
port at the Fruit Growers' Convention
next autumn. There are a few things
that we may briefly refer to now and
that may be interesting:

(1) The dust spra.v is certainly much
more rapid for large trees than the old
method. 1 have not got my notes by
me as I write, ibut I am safe in saying
that I can do about as many acres of
large trees in two hours with one of the
large dusting outfits as I can do with
the best power spraj'er for liquid sprays
in two days, that is, if the work is done
with equal thoroughness in each case.
Of course on small trees there is not
nearly so great an advantage in time
saving as on large ones, though there
is considerable there too.

(2) The dust machine requires only
two men to operate it, compared with
three for the liquid spray outfits.

(3) The fear that some held of dan-
ger to the operator from inhaling the

dusit is not justified, unless, of course,
one is foolish enough to try to spi-ay
against the wind. Goggles should be
used, automobile goggles being, in ray
opinion, the best kind, as they enclose
the eyes better than any others I have
seen.

(4) The spraying should preferably,
in most oases at least, be done on a
calm da3' and at right angles to any
little breeze there may be, so that one
may go up one side of the row and down
the other, finishing everything up as
he goes. If calm weather does not oc-
cur when Avanted it is, in my opin-
ion, better not to wait but to .spray with
the wind and do the other side either
when the wind changes or the first
calm morning or evening that occurs.
It is impossible to spray very high
trees in a strong wind.

(5) It requires nearly as much care
to do a really thorough job with the
dust spray as with the liquid. The very
ibest iman on the place should do the
work, and he will find that he has to
use both his brains and his hands as

'M ever female lielp h:i.s liad to be used thi.s year in KatlieriiiK the "tni.wberry crop. .V scene in Uie Niagara iJistrict. (I'hoto .■sent bv

F. S. Beeves.)

166

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July. 1916.

"Dustins" in the orcluuU of W. H. Gibson, Newoastl-e, Ont. (Jr-hoto by K. S. Duncan.)

quickly as possible to cover large trees
proi>erly and not waste the material.

(6) So far as I can judge the net
cost of the dust spray will not be
greater on large trees than that of the
liquid spray. The iniaterials cost a
great deal more but the time and laboi-
required are much less.

(7) In a wet season like this the dust
spray, if it is effective, would be a great
boon because the outfit is light and
horses could easily take it through any
orchard that they could walk through.
Moreover, the time required to do an

orehard is so short that one eould
easily, no matter what the weather is,
find sufficiently long dry spells to do
the spraying.

Every fruit grower will wish for the
success of this new method of spraying
and will be disappointed if it should
as a result of the season's work prove
to be Tinsatisfactory. I hoi>e that if it
is found efficient as a controller of fun-
gus diseases a fairly good dust prepar-
ation for the dormant spray can be
evolved in a year or two.

Dust Sprayer Tested in Mr. Gibson's Orchard

R. S. Duncan, B.S.A., Port Hope, Ont.

RECENTLY I had the privilege of
inspecting a dust sprayer at
work in the orchard of Mr Yv'.
H. Gibson, of Neweastle, Ontario, Dur-
ham county.

The duster proper appears to be a
simple machine. It consists of a larcre
hopper, air tight, which will hold one
Imudred and fifty poinids of the dust
spray material ; a special feed device
equipped with revolving brushes which
force the material through a fine
screen and finally into the air chamber
at the bottom of the hopper, and a high
speed fan which produces a forced cur-
rent of air directed through the bottom
of the hopper. This picks up the dust
and carries it through the discharge
pipe where it bursts into a dense smoke-
like cloud which practically covers the
apple tree.

The accompanying illustrations show
tlie duster at work with Mr. W. H. Gib-
son directing the spray. The dusting
machine cost $150.00 f.o.b. Newcastle,
without engine or trucks. Mr. Gibson
coupled one of his gasoline engines to

Tlie outlet pipe or blower was handled
in a verticle or up and down motion
which distributed the cloud of dust
over the trees. In this fashion it is
claimed that forty acres can be sprayed
iu one day. Whether this can be ac-
complished by actual practice lernains
yet to be demonstrated.

When to Spray.

The time of application ol' dust mix-
tures does not differ from the time of
application of liquid sprays. They
should be applied for the second and
third sprayings when pink is begin-
ning CO show in the blossoms and after
the blossoms have fallen. Tlie claim is
made that both insects and fungi can
be controlled if spraying is done thor-
oughly.

This dust spray, however, is of no
value for the control of oyster shell
bark louse and san jose scale on the
dornmnt wood. The liquid spray will
still have to be used for this applica-
tion.

The chief advantage in spraying with
the dust material is the saving in time
and labor, especially where a grower
has a large acreage to spray. The cost
of the materials, however, is much
greater, which, perhaps, would be off-
set by other factors mentioned.

As to the efficacy of the dust spray I
would not at present venture an opin-
ion. This is being tried out in an ex-
perimental way this season by Mr. Gib-
son, and by the Department of Agri-
culture under the direction of Prof. L.
Caesar; Provincial Entomologist.
Should scab and insects be controlled
effectively the dust spray will prove a
boon to the large apple groAver.

the machine and placed the outfit on a
set of old trucks.

Material Used.

The material used for spraying is
known as "Poison Dust Sulphur,"
which consists of eighty-five per cent,
of very finely ground sulphur and fif-
teen per cent, of dry powdered arsenate
of lead. The quantity recommended to
be used per tree is determined by the
size and shape of the trees, and also
by the thoroughness of the application.
This varies from one to two po^inds a
tree for each application. This ma-
terial was purchased in bags with the
analysis stamped on the outside at a
cost of six and a half cents a pound
f.o.b. Burlington. From personal ob-
servation it was svident that a great
Avaste of material would occur in a
very high wind, and that for best re-
sults spraying on a calm day v.^ould be
advisMi)!'^.

Mr. Gibson was spraying trees fifteen
years of age at the time of inspection,
and the horses walked right along.

Leaf Curl Disease of Peach

The cool, moist weather this spring
has been conducive to the spread of
the leaf cm-1 disease of the peach.
Because of this the Ohio Agricultural
Station has had numerous complaints,
more especially from northern Ohio, of
the curling, yellowing and dropping of
leaves of peach ti"ees, and of the threat-
ened defoliation of the trees. In eon-
sequence it has issued a cireular ex-
plaining certain varieties of peaches,
especially Elberta, Lemon Free and
others that are very susceptible. This
is caused by the leaf -curl fungus, which
lives over as threads of the fungus in
the buds, though we do not have leaf
curl .outbreaks of a serious character
every sea.son.

The sunaval of the disease in the
buds calls for treatment in the early
spring before the fungus has attacked
the leaA-es. Dormant strength of the
lime-sulphur sprays, or of standai-d
Bordeaux mixture, or combinations of
the two, applied in spring as the buds

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

167

are swelling, or about two weeks be-
fore blossoming, are effective — many
times more so in fact than later appli-
cations. The scale control strength of
lime-sulphur as a dormant spray will
control leaf curl at the same time. It
is scarcely possible to do more than
check a little secondary leaf infection
rt this time.

The consequences of the loss of leaves
may be rather serious when the loss is
excessive. The most apparent results
are dropping of the fruit, with general
I'eduction of the vigor of the diseased
trees. Commonly the diseased trees
form new leaves, in fact ripen fruit
l)iids, as well as the reduced crop of
iVuit.

It seems probable that as an immedi-
ate measure of relief (date, June 8)
some good will come from spraying the
peach ti-ees with the self-boiled lime-
sulphur spray mixture, making two ap-
plications at intervals of two or three
weeks. No strength of commercial
lime-sulphur concentrate or of home-
boiled concentrate is safe to apply on
peach trees in foliage. Self-boiled lime
sulphur is made at the rate of ten
pounds stone lime, ten pounds flowers
of sulphur, to fifty gallons. Peach
groovers are warned that the real mea-
sures for leaf curl prevention are to be
used in the spring before the blossoms
open, and that tardy and ineffective
treatments are rarely satisfactory.

Marketing Tender Fruits

C. W. Baxter, Dominion Fruit Division, Ottawa

THERE is no product of the soil or
manufactured article over which
the producer, shipper or manu-
lurer exercises so little control in mar-
keting as in the marketing of tender

nits. This may, at first thought, ap-

ar to be a drastic statement, but let
tiic fruit grower try to enumerate the
commodities which he must purchase
where the price is not definitely stated
l)y the merchant and he will find that
they are few, if any. In fact, for many
commodities, the price asked b.v the re-
tail merchant, is fixed by the producer
ni- manufacturer.

To make a •direct comparison be-
en staple products and tender fruits

fuld be unfair because the very per-
ishable nature of the latter makes this
impossible. Nevertheless, there are cer-

tain fundamental principles lacking in
our present marketing methods which,
if applied, would eliminate much of the
"gambling" element, which is very
evident, and would put the fruit indus-
try on a more solid business basis.

In a season of short crops it does not
I'cquire any great salesmanship ability
to market the fruit, the demand being-
greater than the supply. In a year of
))ig crops, the usual method is to sell
all possible on an f.o.b. basis, and the
balance is consigned to the various
markets without control. In other
words, the producer hauls the product
of his hard woi-k to the shipping sta-
tion and "lets go"; he "takes a
chance."

Scareely a season passes without a
public outburst of condemnation of the

An id(M, or Ihe cliaraoter of the spray, driven by this "dusting" machine in the orchard of
W. H. Gibson, Newcastle, Ont., may here be obtained. (Photo by R. S. Duncan.)

middleman; his name has been synony-
mous with the "increase in the cost of
living." We have heard and read a
lot during the past few years about
marketing direct from "producer to
consumer" and the elimination of the
middleman. This may be desirable, but
it is not practical. The middlemen are
the distributors, and whether or not
we are satisfied with their methods of
distribution and the toll they exact, we
must have distributors. If it were pos-
sible and desirable to eliminate the
army of distributors now employed in
marketing tender fruits, others would
have to be substituted. To nmrket ten-
der fruits, we must have distributors,
and the bigger the army of distributors
the wider will be the distribution,
greater will be the consumption, and
better will be the returns to the grower
or shipper.

The fruit grower or shipper cannot
do without the distributors ; they are
essential ; therefore it should be the
business of the fruit growers and ship-
pers or their i-epresentatives to keep in
close touch with the distributors. In
order to emphasize this fact, a brief
review of the methods employed by an
Old Country tea firm, some years ago,
might be of value. This firm sold pack-
age teas, and in order to add "distinc-
tion" to their goods, confined their
sales to one or two stores in each cit.y,
stores which catered to what is termed
the "high class trade." Finally realiz-
ing that to limit the number of dis-
tributors was to limit the sale of their
goods, they changed their method and
placed the distribution of their goods
in the hands of the wholesalere, fixing
the minimum quantity of sale to one
case. The result was a tremendous in-
crease in sales, but they were still
limited, owing to the minimum quan-
tity of one case being too great for a
large portion of small distributors.
These restrictions were removed, with
the result that there is scarcely a store^
big or small, who are not selling this
firm's goods to-day, and the total sales
have l)cen tremendously increased.
Other Agencies Used.

The pi'oducei- or manufacturer, in
'iianv cases such as this, does not de-
pend entirely on the efforts of the
wholesaler to sell to the retailer. They
have their own representatives con-
stantly going the rounds of the retail-
ers, talking up and soliciting orders for
their goods which they turn over to
the wholesaler. The producer or manu-
facturer does not depend entirely on
the retailer's efforts to sell to the con-
sumer; he makes use of advertising
mediums of various kinds to create the
demand. In this way the producer or
nianufactnrer has absolute control of
his product from production to con-
sumer through the established trade
channels. He first creates the demand

168

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1916.

Four acres of raspbeirries on the fruit farm of V. Bell & Sons, Burllng?ton, Ont.

for his goods, establishes the price ait
which the goods must be sold by the
wholesaler to the retailer, and by the
retailer to the consumer, and never
fails to protect the interests of all dis-
tributors who handle their product.

Now, this may sound like a "com-
bine," but it is not. It is a method
whereby the interests of the consumer,
the producer, and the distributor are
protected. The fixed price to the con-
sumer is based on the cost of produc-
tion ; the manufacturers and dis-
tributors are assured a fair margin of
profit, and the speculative or gambling
element has been removed.

Although this method of control of
sale of staple products has been em-
ployed in a measure to market citrus
fruits, it would be a much more diffi-
cult matter to market the tender fruits
of Ontario in the same way. To fix
the price to the consumer would be
practically an impossibility.

If, then, we must make use of the
already established trade channels for
the distribution of our fruit, what are
we as fruit growers doing to enlist the
lioarty, sympathetic co-operation of the
distributors? "What are we doing to
encourage the distributor to increase
liis sales of fruit?

It is not encouraging to the dis-
tributor, who buys ci-ates of strawber-
)Jes, to find that the bottom rows con-
tain boxes which are only half filled
with green or over-ripe berries, or it
is necessary for him to use the con-
lents of six boxes in each crate to fill
the remaining eighteen boxes, in order
to make them saleable.

It is not encouraging to the dis-
Iributor to find that fhe baskets of
peaches, tomatoes or apples he bQught
had but one good layer of fruit, and
that on the top.

It is not encouraging to the dis-
tributor to find that what he purchased

for Green Gages were immature green
Jiombards.

It is not encouraging to the dis-
tributor or the consumer to find that
the baskets of grapes they bought
were immature and practically woitti-
less. Many such were marketed last
season.

It is not encouraging to the dis-
tributor to find that the car of fruit
^v'hich he purchased f.o.b. must compete
with one or more cars which the same
shipper from whom he bought con-
signed (without control) to his com-
petitor.

It is not encouraging to the whole-
sale distributor to find, after he has
bought and received a car of fruit, that
the same shipper has sold to the retail
distributor in his own district.

These are not rare occurrences, and
although the percentage of the whole
marketed in this way may not be very
great, nevertheless the quantity is suf-
ficient to stamp the business as unre-
liable.

Has the distributor been exacting an
excessive toll from the tender fruit
grower? Our present unorganized
methods of marketing make it possible..

Has the tender fruit grower been con-
tributing to the cost of marketing some
manufacturer's staple product? If it
costs the distributor 17% to 19% to do
business, and if he is selling some staple
commodities at an advance of 10%,
the difference must be made up on
other commodities if the distributor is
going to continue business. Do not our
fruit-marketing methods make this
possible ?

IIow can these difficulties be over-
come? I suppose that if "cooperation"
was not here mentioned, one would
think the writer had missed the mark,
but the term "cooperative" has been
used to describe so many different

methods of operations tliat to-day it is
liatdly recognizable in its true .sense.

We may call it cooperation, amal-
gjimation, joint stock company, a re-
ciprocal marketing organization, but
by whatever name it may be called it
means that fruit growers must be or-
ganized at least to the extent of ccn-
tializing and eontroUing the consigned
shipments of tender fruits. Just as
long as the shipper indiscriminately
consigns his fruit, just so long will wo
have "glutted" and "overstocked"
markets, with unsatisfactory returns.

To some of the shippers, no doubt,
the problem of marketing tender fruit
has been solved, but they are a very
small percentage of the whole. To the
great majority, the marketing problem
is one in which they are very keenly
interested. To overcome the several
difficulties now attendant on our pre-
sent marketing methods would be an
individual impos.sibility ; the cost to the
individual grower or shipper would be
prohibitive and out of all proportion to
the value of his crop. When growers
and shippers more fully realize what it
means to control their product from
point of production to consumer
through the already established trade
channels, eliminating the unnecessary
middlemen, then our present methods
of indiscriminate consigning and mar-
keting will be done away with.

Seasonable Reminders

Trees which grow late in the sum-
mer and have not thoroughh- ripened
wood are very liable to be injured by
winter, particularly in parts of Canada
\\ here the season is relatively short. It
is important, therefore, to stop cultiva-
tion as early as possible without danger
of the fruit suffering from drought.
The time of stopping cultivation will
vary from the latter part of June in
j)laces having the shortest summers to
the middle of July where seasons ai-c
long. It is desirable for many reasons,
as soon as cultivation ceases, to sow
seed for a cover crop, and among the
best plants foi- this purpose are the
clovers aijd vetches, although rape, mil-
let, buckwheat, and other plants all
linve their value.

Vegetables.

As soon as the cutting season is over,
the asparagus bed should Veceive a good
lop dressing of barnyard manure. Do
not wait until autumn, a.'5 an application
then will not benefit the next year's
crop. Keep the celery plants well
covered with bordeaux mixture to pre-
vent the plants becoming diseased. Save
as- much of your own vegetable seed as
possible. Good seed may be scarce in
1917.

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

169

If the summer is wet, favoring the de-
velopment of apple scab, spraying with
lime sulphur or bordeaux mixture will
^e found desirable as, sometimes, a
pop which promised to be clean in the
irly part of the summer, will, unless
brayed, be badly scabbed before har-
Jfesting time.

Potatoes.
[The potato crop often is verj^ much
Jglected in Canada. Bj- the middle of
imer the tops are badly eaten by
igs, and what foliage is left is hidden
weeds. Large crops will not be ob-
»ined under conditions like these. If
le soil is kept as moist as possible by

thorough cultivation, the tops kept in
condition by spraying for the potato
beetle and late blight, the grower will
be well rewarded for his pains by the
much larger crop he will get, unless the
season is very unfavorable. The great-
';st development of tubers takes place
when the ground is moist. If the plants
can be brought through the month of
August without being badly injured,
the crop will increase rapidly in the
cooler and moister month of September.
It was shown in an experiment that
there was an increase at the rate of
]]9 bushels marketable potatoes per
acre during the month of September.

Culture of Small Fruits

W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa

THE care the strawberry plantation
receives during the growing season
determines to a large extent the
kind of crop there will be next season.
The more runners that can be placed
\\ ith hand and trowel, so that the
plants will root quickly and be evenly
spaced, the better. Very often there
are too many plants in one place and
not enough in another. Where plants
are crowded and much less than six
inches apart, the crowns do not develop
well and the fruit is liable to be small.
It is important to keep the plantation
free of weeds and the ground cultivated
as long as possible, as late growth, in
the case of strawberries, will result in
better plants.

Bush Fruits.
Often there is far too much wood left
the bushes of raspberries, currants,

and gooseberries for best results. At-
tention is drawn to this now, as pruning
of these can be done, if desired, as soon
as the fruiting season is over. Rasp-
berry canes should not be left closer
than six inches apart, the dead and
weaker ones being removed and the
strongest left. "Where canes are not
covered with soil in winter, the thin-
ning out may be left until spring, when
one can tell, before pruning, which
<!anes, if any, have been injured by
winter. Bending down the canes and
covering the tips with soil, or, where
there is little snow, covering the plant
entirely, will ensure the canes winter-
ing well.

Gooseberries are difficult to pick at
any time, but if the bushes are kept
well pruned, picking will be much
easier than if there are many branches.

Branches older than three years should
be cut out. The best fruit is borne on
the two- and three-year-old wood, but
there should be a few strong new
shoots, well distributed, allowed to re-
main each year. About six fruiting
branches with their side shoots Mdll be
sufficient. Red currants are pruned
somewhat as gooseberries, but a few
more fruiting canes may be left. Un-
like the red currant, the fruit of black
currants is born on the wood made thi^
yeai^ hence severe pruning of the older
wood IS desirable to ensure strong new
wood each year.

Jndian girls are used by a Tniml>er of the fruit growers In the Niagrara District as berry pickers.
riifv jHfk Into .imall baj?kets which are fastened to them in front by their aprons. The

carrier Is shown on the ground.

Bees Not Injurious to Fruit

sti^.'Ti'""''' ^P.P°""*'^ "^ Italy to
study if bees are injurious to fruit has
reported. The report states that bees
from their instincts, the conformation'
lunction and movements of their man-
dibles as well as froiu the shape and
consistency of the other mouthparts
cannot perforate the skin of fruit, and
sUrS^ incidentally that they lick and

^h eh have been injured by other
natural causes.

The injuries to orchards and vine-
yards sometimes attributed to bees are
due to poultry, wild birds, wind and
hail, and most frequently to hornets
wasps, vine-mot.h.s, and other insects!
Ihe destruction of hornets and wasp.s
IS recomniended; it is easily effected,
because their nests can be found with-
out difficulty.

Bees do not injure grapes or other
iruit even indirectly; on the contrary,
hey are beneficial to them, either by
bringing about the cross-pollination of
the flowers, and hence the setting of
the Iruit, or by promoting the dessica-
tion of damaged fruits from which they
absoi-b the juice and pulp, thus prevent-
ing fermentation and rot extending to
sound individuals (this is especially the
case with grapes).

The orchards and vineyards fre-
quented by bees give the most constant
crops; the hive is a very useful, and
^sometimes a necessary addition to the
orchard.

In the interests of public economy,
agriculturists are strongly advised no
longer to entertain any suspicion as to
the harmfulness of bees, and, wherever
pos.sible, to associate apiculture and
agricultural enterprise.

It is hoped that in the event of any
changes being made in existing agricul-
tural legislation, the statement— al-
ready implicitly made— of the inoffen-
siveness of bees, will be set forth in
formal terms, and that the State will
encourage the development of apicul-
ture.

170

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July. 1916.

Among the annuals hi ihe KiLiue.i >.i Mrs. D. L. MaxiLiaujiii, uua.wa, Ont. In the background
may be seen a pergola which the vines have not had time to cover.

Have a Pergola in Your Garden

A. V. Main, Ottawa

' ' Tausendschoii, ' ' now in its fifth year.
At present it is a mass of bloom. It
completely covers tihe pillai-s, and for
a lasting ((iiality, either cut or on the
plant, is unsurpassed in climbing roses.

Several varieties of clematis ai'e ex-
cellent subjects, also aristilochia, bitter-
sweeit, grape vines, and bignonia radi-
cans. Some of the annual climbers are
good gap fillers, such as canary creeper,
nasturtiums and eobea. Cultivated
grape vines make a good covering for
overhead, and stand the winter well
without our having to take them down
every fall. The wild grape vine is an-
other.

Aim to have some permanent climber
overhead, such as those named, that will
bud out in May. Keep the pillars and
sides for your roses, clematis and
climbers that require winter protection.
This is a good time to locate the posi-
tion, and to make your plans for a per-
gola, so that you may put them into
eflfect in the fall. Pergolas can he built
in instalments, one archway at a time.
In the small garden archways distrib-
uted over the path^rays at different
places provide room for a variety of
plants and present a beautiful effect.

ONE of the most delightful parts
of many a garden is the pergola
or arbor, or what is often called
in the old land the summer house. The
I>ergola, of course, is the popular name.
It differs somewhat from the arbor or
summer clad house of olden times, in-
asmuch as they form a continuous arch-
way covered by a variety of climbers
which make a leafy canopy and a cosy
retreat for rest and quietude.

Some pergolas- are anything but de-
corative. Before building one it is well
to obtain the advice of a practical gar-
dener as to its construction, for the con-
tractor or builder has no conception or
interest in the after results. See that it
has a reasonaible height and width, so
that you will not have to stoop when
using it. If connected with the house
like a conservatory, more time is apt
to be spent in them. As the Americans
say, we don't live enough in our gar-
dens. Many pergoJas are elected by
handy amateurs to suit their own space,
and at a cosit of but a few dollars for
lumber. In large grounds they should
be of a more expensive nature.
The Pergola.

The success of a pergola depends on
our ability to clothe it well with a
variety of climbers. No matter how
lavishly the structure is built its beauty
is barren without its mantle of foliage.
A sunny aspect, therefore, is best, for
a cool, sunless place is practically use-
less for climbers, and anything but a
healthy resting place.

Perennial borders are a valuable ad-
dition to the sides of the pergola. Use
such flowers as heleniums, delphinums,
asters and Japanese lilies. The king of
climbers with us is the climbing rose

Sending Roses by Post

Few gifts give more pleasure than a
box of fresh cut roses sent through tbe
mail. The effect, however, is some-
what spoilt if the roses arrive injured
and bruised. Roses intended for send-
ing some distance are best packed in a
shallow wooden box deep enough to
allow for two layers of llowers. If the
wood is very dry moisten it a little;
then line the box with soft paper, not
cottonwool, and lay each rose in firmly
against its fellow. A clean sheet of
paper should be placed between the
two layers of blooms, and another on
the top before closing down. Any
space may be filled in with newspaper
screwed up roughly, but pressed fairly
firm into the vacancy.

The flowers should be cut on good
long stems — six inches is not too long
— and they should be cut as young and
as solid as possible, and stood in water
up to their necks for a time before l>e-
ing packed. They will still be develop-
ing inside, although placed close to-
gether. On arrival they should be
freshly cut at the base and allowed to
float in a bucket of water, when they
will soon freshen up.

"My lawn mower is so dull it won't
cut anything," said Mr. Crosslots.

"Never mind," replied the nervous
neighbor. "You keep running it late
at night and early in the morning, as
usual, and pretty soon the grass will curl
up and die for lack of sleep."

The iris is a rapid growing and very
prolific flowering plant that should be
grown more than it is. It multiplies very
rapidly when set in good soil.

Fighting the Insects

The method of fighting garden pests
by means of a pans green mixture ap-
plied through a watering can is giving
way 1:1 many gardens to the use of an
inexpensive knapsack sprayer which is
much more ' convenient and effective.
The spraying material and the water
are placed in a small barrel or tank,
upon which a pump is attached, and by
merely raising and lowering the handle
the mixture is mechanically agitated
and simultaneously forced through tLe
jiozzlos in a vapor-like mist. The use
of a knapsack sprayer effects an econ-
omy in the material used as the mix-
ture is not merely allowed to fall on
the foliage and blossoms, but is driven
into the innermost leaves with a precis-
ion that tends to ensure a reliable job.
The work is completed so effectively
and thoroughly that the
plants do receive benefit
even if rain falls soon
after the actual spray
ing.

Knapsack Spraycc

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

171

Cultivating, Watering and Succession for the Home Garden

S the early sowings of flowers
come into bloom, provide for
their succession by the sowing
all annual flowers early this liionth,
d thus have a garden full of life
your neighbour's is possibly on
e do^^'n grade. Keep the faded flow-
's picked off as soon as the petals fall
'his prevents seed formation, and thus
ves vigor and longer life to the
ilooming period. Cultivate as freely
d as often as circumstances will
rmit.

Last month we told you that it was
lot too late to make a garden, if yen
had just moved into a new home.
Don 't be shocked when we tell you that
the first week in Jul}' is not too late,
for if there is anything that The Cana-
dian Horticulturist has constantly in-
sisted on, it is the keeping up of inter-
est in gardening, by succession, late
planting, cultivating, and watering.
Vou liave often been out for a walk
cither on business or pleasure, on a
sweltering hot July day. How glad
you were to get back into a shady nook
in the garden and have a nice ice-cold
drink of water I How it refreshed ard
put new life into you ! You also know
\vhat a thorough soaking of cold water
niean.s to the garden, also, what Stir-
ling the soil means, making the beds
oose, airy, and congenial. Think of
is dui-ing the very hot weather.
Did you carry out the directions of
^st month for spraying rose bushes?
<;ive them a final spraying early ttais
month with one pound of arsenate of

Geo. Baldwin, F.R.H.S., Toronto, Ont.

lead to ten gallons of water. Every
bug you kill in the freshness of its
youth, means several hundred less eggs
next year. Don't neglect the lawn be-
cause it looks fairly well, but repair
any holes which may appear. Dig up
these spots, scatter fresh seed and keep
the earth moist.

The house plants which you plunged
into the border should now be taken
up, repotted, and made ready for the
house again in August. Don't forget
the necessary evil, the weeds. Keep
right after them. To do so means more
than mere neatness, they are blessings
in disguise, forcing as they do, culti-
vation. Remember, also, that if weeds
do not thrive, nothing else will.

Wliat a Garden Does.

Oui-s is a free country. No one can
appreciate this better than the man or
Avoman who has a well kept garden.
There is a degree of independence con-
nected with the possession of a garden
that keeps us from running to the flor-
ist for flowers, to the grocery story and
pedlars for so called fresh ( ?) vege-
tables, and to fruit stores for luscious
fruits. Who, therefore, would not have
a flower border, a strawberry and
asparagus patch and a kitchen garden
with a few dwarf or trailing fruit trees
intermingled? It cuts the meat bill in
two, and dispenses W'ith the doctor most
of the time, for, having a good garden
you do not lack for appetite, amuse-
ment, excitement, and fascinating en-
tertainment. A garden transforms a

house into a home, and, above all, the
nearer you get to nature, the nearer
you get to the Great Gardener of the
Universe.

In Jul}', gardens should be at their
zenith of productiveness. Is yours'/
Keep the succession nmnia constantly
before you, that you may have a con-
tinuity of crops of all kinds. See that
your garden is as successful as you an-
ticipated in the early spring. In going
into the vegetable garden, "cultiva
tion" is the slogan. Water them as
often as you can. Apply a little nitrate
of soda occasionally, lime on cabbages,
melons and cucumbers, arsenate of lead
for tomatoes, egg plants, and potatoes,
hellebore on others that need it. This
will disappoint the bugs.

The cutting of asparagus should be
finished. Do not forget the plants. A
bed five feet by twenty feet is benefit-
ted by four pounds of salt, to one
pound of nitrate of soda, tfse helie-
boi'e for asparagus beetle.

The successful cultivator of straw-
berries must not delay in getting a well
rooted stock of young plants before
the old plants are done fruiting. T^iis
will not damage the old plants, and ■'.I'ill
give you the best stock for a new bed
Avhich will develop into fine specimens
for the following fruiting season, and
thus save a year's time.

The following is a list of vegetables
you can plant now : beans, carrots, cel-
ery, corn, cress, cucumber, lettuce,
onions, potatoes, turnips, beets, cao-
bage, cauliflower, chard, salads, peas.

*n**»~»i

A porliDii of the naiclen of Mr. R, B. An'tfus. of MontreiU, at his sumitier re.sidencu at .Sic. Anne d« Bellevue, Que.

172

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1916.

These lake shore g*a.rdens in Iljiilt-yibury, Out., demonstrate how nicely llower.s will bloitni in
New Ontario in spite of the short season.

spiuiich, and herbs. What more do
you want? Take more care in trans-
planting than earlier in the season. The
one crop to be given most attention
now is celery. With a view to succes-
sion, keep the early celery well wat-
ered, cultivated, hilled up as it grows,
and feeding with liquid manure with
a teaspoonful of nitrate of soda to a
pail full once a week. Do not let soil
get into the heart. Use Bordeaux mix-
ture for blight, and set out fresh plants
as fast as room can be found for them.
Onions being shallow rooted need lots
of water and feeding.

Trim the Tomatoes.
Keep the tomatoes well trimmed of
laterals. Do not let the plants have
extremes as to moisture at roots, as
this causes black rot. I have formed
theories on the subject of tomatoes for
years, and the varieties that have stood
the final tests with me, are Chalk's
Early Jewel, which matures a little
later than Earliana, but makes up for
it in productiveness, smoothness and
quality, and is to my mind the ideal
scarlet variety for the home garden. It
is fine for slicing. Earliana is the ear-
liest to ripen and takes second place to
Chalks for its meaty and acid qualities.
Next comes Livingston's Corele.ss.
Though not so well known it will
eventually become, I feel, the leader on
account of two distinct characteristics,
namely, it does well in partially shady
locations. This is a good feature for
the home or city back garden, where
partial shade predominates, owing to
high board fences and neighbour's
trees. Secondly, it is as round a.s a
baseball, and, consequently, there is no
waste in slicing. It has a good smooth
skin, beautiful color and fine flavor.
Some gardeners prefer size to quality,
and, consequently, go in for Ponderosa
and Beefsteak, two varieties which are
large, ugly, indented at stem, and do
not rank with others in quality.

Of the pink varieties of tomaTiTs
Beauty seems to suit the Toronto dis-
trict well. It is very handsome in ap-
peai'ance, has a mild flavor, and Is also
good for slicing. June Pink runs it a
good second. It is a trifle earlier, rip-
ens quickl}', but is not so meaty, and
will not slice so handih-. These five
varieties will fill the requirements of
any home garden, with the possible ex-
ception of adding the small fruited
varieties used principally for the din-
ner pail and picnic baskets.

Cauliflower is the most highly appre-
ciated and most delicately flavored of
all the cabbage family. It is generally
regarded, erroneously, as being ihe
most difi'icult to grow, although the
truth is that providing the soil and cli-
matic conditions are favorable it can be
grown easily. I have grown cauliflower
in my city backyard garden, equal to
any displayed for sale in shop win-
dows. It requires a cool corner, a rich,
loam\', retentive soil, with much humus,
must be grown qviiekly, and is a lover
of moisture. Some people will say this
is easier said than done, but not so.
Get the seed in early, transplant care-
fully into a rich soil, and by frequent
attention, have good, strong plants
when planting out time conies. An-
other drawback to quality is the proper
handling in bleaching by covering the
heads Avith their own leaves. The best
variety for the home garden is the
early dwarf Erfurt or Snowball.

The Compost Heap

Choose a spot for your compost heap
where material may be added to it
from time to time and where rain will
not drain away too much of the fertiliz-
ing value. It is a good plan to sow
the heap over with cow peas, oats, sow
beans, clover or some other green crop
and when the growth is eight or ten
inches high fork it into the heap. This

kcep.s it from becoming too dry.

Small heaps, containing about a
wagon load of compost may be made
with the material mentioned above
with the addition of fifty pounds of
bone meal, fifty pounds of ground phos-
phate rock, fifty pounds of hydrated
lime and ten pounds of nitrate of soda.
This makes a compost exceedingly rich
in fertilizing elements, but is rather
expensive for ordinary garden use.

Summer Care ot Koses

Dorothy PerkinB

THE rosarian's path is not thornless.
One has to contend with dry, hot
season.s, cold, wet seasons, and the
numerous little insects which seem
prone to worry the rose, and drive the
grower to distraction, unless every pre-
caution is taken. Keep the soil around
the rose bushes well hoed in hot wea-
ther, so that the moisture and air will
permeate 1o the roots. Liquid manure,
made by placing a couple of pecks of
manure in a rain barrel filled with
water, ."should not be used after the real
hot weather has arrived. Allow about
one gallon of the liquid diluted with
more water until straw coloured, to
each bush, and apply after a rain. This
is an excellent nourishment for roses,
especially for those grown for sho\.-
purposes.

As soon as the new leaves appear
commence spraying for aphids. How
they love to form in one grand proces-
sion on the new shoots, sucking the
sap and closing the pores. Over night
they feast on the leaves, and in the
morning one is liable to find only the
skeleton of the leaf. Fine hose spray-
ing is often suggested, but it is really
almosi useless, it only wa.shes off the
little flies, and they make their way to
another bush. Buy a small bottle of
nicotine, follow the directions and
spray, spray until both arms ache, then
commandeer the family's arms and
continue operations. Spray under the
leaves and on top of the leaves, but
never on the rose itself. W^hale oil
soap is less expensive, but not so
effective.

JLldew on the bushes is often caused
by poor drainage, so don't forget the
porou.i bottom in the rose bed. The
first indication of mildew is a grayish
white dust, like powder, resting on the
bush. In a day or so the leaves curl up.
and the buds become large, but refuse
to open, and havp a blistery appear-
ance. As soon as the disease is dis-
covered, dust the whole bush with or-
dinary household sulphur. If this is
ineffective spray with Abol, which can
be purchased at any seed house.

These two diseases are most common
to roses, but with precaution, early in
the season, can be overcome. If you
are not successful in checking the mil-
dew thro\\' the bush away.

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

173

The Garden and Grounds of Clydagh House

'0 define all the lovely floral pic-
tures which are revealed through
a visit to the grounds and gar-
iens of "Clydagh House," the resi-
dence of George Lynch Staunton, K.C.,
bf Hamilton, would be as impossible
adequately portray by pen sketch

f

This beauty spot in Uie garden at Clydagh
showvS anchusa in the foreground with pink
raiTtblers dimblng the frameworic behind and
hollyhocks Ln pink and pinky fawn in the rear.
(Photo by Mrs. R. B. Potts.)

the beauties found in this place. The
sketch I here attempt is not the result
of a single inspection, but an eifort to
sum up the impressions left on the
eniory from several visits, strength-
ined by the camera, whose aid has fre-
quently been sought when garden visil-
iiig.

To enter the grounds one may choose
e small gateway which is the first
trance reached, or by the carriage
rive way. If the former is selected the
isitor passes under vine-clad arches,
through what might be termed a wild-
tame flower garden, nestling in a
bracket of the escarpment. Here,
while the hardy varieties other than
native have been introduced, the old
nature of things has not been too
rudely intruded upon, and the gay
beds with the grey of the escarpment
for a background, are sufficiently at-
tractive to cause one to linger before
ascending the steps, which will bring
the visitor upon the lawn surrounding

Mrs. R. B. Pelts, Hamilton, Ont

the house. If this is the route chosen,
the beautiful iris border, an illustrfUion
of which appeared in the March issue
of The Canadian Horticulturist, would
be immediately to the visitor's left. It
is worthy a close inspection. The iris
of lovely violet tones have behind them
paeonies in rose and rose-pink shades,
while to the rear of these again one
sees weigelias (rosea and Eva Rathke),
with the rose-colored acacias to add to
the beauty of this section of the
grounds.

Y\ hile the borders of shrubs which
ciu'ircle this lawn are very enticing, an
initiated visitor might be apt to sug-
gest that the entry be made through
the other entrance. On following this
plan the iris border is now immediately
on the visitor's right, while to the left,
running the whole length of the long
drive-way, from the very portals of the
gate 10 the carriage-house, is a deep
herbaceous border, gay throughout the
season, and varying in color as the
weeks pass. At one time the tone pre-
vailing seems to be a salmony-pink due
to the edging of dianthus barliatus ;
again the anchusa blue seems to be the
jii'edominating note, but whatever the
tone-color the inmates of this border
are most interesting, and cause a ling-
ering, though the garden proper has
not yet been reached.

Passing along the walk and reaching
the front of the house the green SAvard,
with its tree-studded stretches, and
shrub borders might again lead to a
tarrying did not the rustic frame-work
which encircles the garden and the per-
golas— all vine-clad with roses, clematis,
dutchman's pipe — suggest beauties yet
to be explored, since, through the open-

ings, what is revealed cannot be resist-
ed. The eye catches at one moment
sprays of Dorothy Perkins' roses and
brown frame work, enclosing masses of
delphinium, suggesting a framed pic-
ture ; or the red rambler rioting over
the rustic frame, giving a glimpse of
huge masses of Frau Karl Druschki
and clumps of hollyhocks beyond.
Whatever the bit i-evealed, it is all
alluring, and leads to the desire to en-
joy the comfort of the gai'den seats so
happily placed, and there to dream and
peacefully drink in to the full the
beauty of the scene. This spot is never
more beautiful than when the sun is
gliding down in the west, producing a
spirit of Morship, making Stoddard's
words part of the ritual:

"Once more we thank thee, i'lora, and

once more
Perform our rites as we were used to

do.
0 bless us, smile upon, us, fair and true.
And watch the flowers till summer's

reign is o'er."

Passing under the trees, and through
the pergola, one enters the flower gar-
den proper. Here are long rectangular
beds full of blooming flowers, masses
of nearly all the hardy varieties one'
usually finds in garden beds. From the
walks here, A\hichever way one turns,
are picture bits, some framed with the
rustic frame-work, which bears its rose
— and other vine — decorations through-
out its length. One glorious bit was
composed of Anchusa italica in the
foreground, the brown of the frame
with its rosy covering in the rear, and
beyond this stately hollyhocks in pink,
and pinky-fawn shades, which seemed

1 ^*^ HJftii

■ 1^

"^(jP 'W

. :a ' >-i JJ h> ■ -. ... ♦-^ .^^^R- ■ . *^-

A walk in the flower garden at •'("lycliiKh" wilh i-'rau Karls notiii-^i Ul.\ in cviilcnce. This walk
ends in a pergola that is covered with rose and clematis vines. (Photo by Mrs. R. B. Potts.)

174

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1916.

This view from tlie perg:oIa in the garden at Olyda^gh shows the pink ramblers climbing over

the framework and reveaJs a mass of lovely delphiniums that add their full share of beauty

to the scene; (Photo by Mrs. R. B. Potts.)

to aspire to reach up to touch the
branches of the lovely apple tree that
neighbored with them.

One scene deeply pi-inted on "mem-
ory's walls" is that of "the summer
carnival of flowers" as viewed one
glorious evening. The setting sun,
going down red in the west, added
touches of color to the foliage, as well
as to the rest of the gorgeous display
while a choir of bird voices chanted
their evensong. Gazing westwat"d to-
ward the setting sun, these words were
burned into memoiy, M'ith "the living
picture":
"The Lord God planted a garden.

In the first white days of the world,
And placed there an angel warden.

In a garment of light enfurled ;
So near to the peace of heaven,

The hawk might nest with the wren,
For there in the cool of the even,
God walked with the first of men.

"And I di'eamed that these garden
closes,

With their shade and sun-flecked sod,
And rheir lilies and bowers of roses

Were laid by the hand of God.
The kiss of the sun for pardon.

The song of the birds for mirth,
One is nearer God's heart in a garden

Than anj' where else on earth."

These beauty dreams and inspira-
tions come to garden lovers when the
privileges of such gardens as "Clydagh
House" are possible. One leaves to re-
enter the workaday world refreshed in
spirit, and with a feeling that the lost
Eden maj' yet be found.

Garden Suggestions for July

Henry Gibson

WITH the hot, dry heat of mid-
summer thorough cultivation
is imperative to retain ill
the moisture possible in the soil. Thor-
ough cultivation reduces the necessity
of watering to a mininuxm, although
oft-times it is necessary to water dur-
ing spells of prolonged drought. When
this occurs see to it that sufficient
water is given to saturate the soil sev-
eral inches deep. Sprinkling the top
only serves to attract the rootlets to the
surface, where they are destroyed by
subsequent droughts.

At this time of the year all kinds of
aphis make their presence felt. If left
unmolested they will do untold harm,
especially on those plants that have
suffered from drought or surface
sprinkling. A plant that has been ade-
quately supplied with water is in a bet-
ter condition to withstand the attacks

of insects than one that has had its
vitality diminished through lack of
water. Nearly all gai'den crops ai'e
subject to the attacks of aphis. Any
of the standard nicotine extracts or
soapy sprays will eradicate them, hut
it is better to take time by the for'»-
lock and apply a weak solution as a
preventive. Asparagus that is at-
tacked by the asparagus beetle should
be sprayed in the early morning when
the dew is still on the plants v;th
arsenate of lead.

Late cabbage, cauliflower and celery
should be set out this month. Be sure
that you wet the soil thoroughly be-
fore you attempt to lift the plants for
transplanting, and in addition see to it
that the roots are dipped in a puddle
made ljy mixing clay and water to the
consistency of paint. This, in con-
junction with frequent spraying o^-cr-

liead '\ill assist the plants to read'iy
re-establish themselves. At the first
appearance of rust on the celerj', spra>
with bordeaux mixture. Blight on tl.c
musk melons cannot be cured though
spraying with bordeaux will prevent it
from attacking the plants. As soon as
blight has got into your melon plaiit'j
gather up and burn the infected plants
to prevent the disease spreadir.g.
Spray the potatoes with bordeaux and
arsenate of lead mixed to preva'il
blight, and to kill the potato bugs.

Beans are subject to rust. A spriiy-
ing of bordeaux will help to keep thjm
clean. Feed your leeks, and onions
with liquid cow-manure, and give an
occasional light dose of nitrate of soda
if you desire to have quality.

To have them continue bloom ip.g
sweet peas should have the flowers
picked off every day, and should n.it
be allowed to suffer for a\ ant of water
at the roots. Give them a thorouifh
soaking of water just about sun down,
and next morning apply a thick mulch
of long litter. This will prevent too
rapid evaporation of the moisture from
the soil. Sweet peas are gross feed-
ers, and to have long stems feed them
with liquid manure or commercial fer-
tilizers at least once a week. Cat-e
should be taken when applying such
commercial fertilizers as nitrate of
soda not to burn the roots of the plants.
Little and often is the golden rule in
this ease, and, if po.ssible, apply just
before a rain.

Continuous flowering plants, such as
coreopsis, pyrethrum, etc., should havt-
the flowers picked clear or they Mill
soon stop blooming. It is too great a
tax on the energy of a plant to alloM it
to ripen its flower spikes during the
heat of the summer. Keep them cut oft
(unless you want to save some seeds),
and you will be rewarded by a contmr-
ous supply of fresh blooms each week.
If the weather is very dry a mulch oi
litter will be of considerable assistance
in conserving the moisture in the 3oil
and keeping the roots cool. Holly-
hocks need to be sprayed Mith bordciuix
to control the hollyhock disease. Rust
is very partial to these plants, but we
kno^^• of no cure for it. We have tried
manj' remedies, but all so far have
failed to check this disease on t'-ie
hollyhock. Nasturtium and other suc-
culent plants are very subject to at-
tacks of aphis, and should be sprajed
with some of the nicotine extracts a?
a precautionary measure.

The biennial tyes of campanulas and
digitalis should be pulled out and
thrown awaj- after flowering. Any of
the young seedling foxgloves that
spring up near where the seeds from
the old plants fell should be saved and
transplanted to grow into flowering
plants for another season.

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

175

The early flowering shrubs should '^e
pruned as soon after they are through
flowering as possible. Do not, however,
go at this work indiscriminately. Each
of these plants have certain character-
istics of their own, and should be
treated accordingly. Study the habit
of growth of your plants Avhen pruning
them. You cannot know them too well.
The general idea to keep in mind is to
cut only with the object of encouraging
the .mbsequent growth of vigorous
young wood that will produce floveis
abundantly another spring. In all
oases give the preference to the young
and most vigorous wood. Cut away all
dead branches, and keep the centre of
the plants open to admit sun and air.

Keep the dead leaves picked ofl! the

roses, and apply a mulch of well-rotted
cow-manure to them. Prune the same
as you would any other flowering
shrub, to encourage the development of
young flowering wood. From now o;.-.
till September spray the roses to keep
mildew in check. There are several
very effective remedies on the market
all ready prepared for use, such as f un-
gine, bordeaux, pyrox, copper solution.
The formula used on the estate of Ad-
miral Aaron Ward, where the famous
Mrs. Aaron "Ward Rose was raised is
as follows:

Copper Carbonate 3 ozs.

Ammonia (22 Beaume) .... 1 quart
Two quarts of this nuxture is used
to 50 gallons of water, and spraying is
done every ten days from July to Sep-
tember.

The Vegetable Garden in July

H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ont.

I

1

I

DURING July much important
Avork must be done in the vege-
table garden. In fact, it is diffi-
cult to enumerate the hundred and one
odd jobs which the garden lover must
perform in order to produce good
crops. A well-kept and well-cropped
garden will, however, repay a hundred
fold for the labor expended on it.

If any cauliflower heads are forming
break a leaf over them and later tie the
leaves around them to protect from
rain and to exclude light. Tie at the
points so as to leave room for the de-
velopment of the head. When tall
arieties of late peas are six inches
high stake with brush. Peas, which are
allowed to fall to the ground, do not
pi-oduce freely, as air and light, which
are necessary for their development,
cannot freely circulate through the
stems. The leaves of peas which lie
on the ground are often eaten by in-
sects, attacked by mildew, or they de-
cay through lack of light and air.

Pole beans which are growing in hills
should also at this time be afforded
brush if this has not already been done.
Apart from their culinary use climbing
beans impart a picturesque appearance
to the vegetable garden, especially
,when clinging to brush.

Crops like cabbages which have been
depleted by use should have the vacan-
cies' filled with a late variety so as to
maintain the patch in full bearing. B.y
this means a quantity may be grown
for winter storage.

It is too late to sow celery, but plant-
ings may still be made if vigorous
plants are chosen. During the hot
month of July it is well to plant this
and other crops in the evening, or if by
chance a didl oi- showery day happens
advantage of it should be taken. In
any case, always water the plants at
once, and where practicable shade
tliem from .sunlight.

If spraying is necessary it should al-
ways be done at sunset. Paris green,
when applied as a remedy for the
potatoe bug may, during sunlight,
cause considerable harm. The mistake
of applying it and other sprays on
bright days should be avoided. The
drops of water act as lenses, thus caus-
ing concentration of the sun's rays,
hence the subsequent burnt appearance
of the leaves. Sprays which contain
kerosene should also be applied as the
sun declines.

Frame Culture.

Frame culture of late fall crops, al-
though little practised, is gradually
coming into vogue, for by it many
vegetables and salads may be had at a
time when out door crops are impossi-

ble. Where frame culture is practised
the soil should be made rich, and be
worked to a fine texture. Once in this
condition it is easj- to maintain by oc-
casionally applying stable manure.
Carrots, beets, radishes, onions, mus-
tard, cress, and spinach, lend them-
selves readily to this form of culture, it
being only necessary to cover the
frames with sash with the advent of
cold nights. The end of July is a good
time to make a sowing of the vege-
tables mentioned, and other subjects in
frames, and from the middle of Sep-
tember onward manj- of them will be
ready for the table.

Outdoor crops should be cultivated
incessantly. Work the ground with
the wheel cultivator or hoe. Not only
will this important work result in in-
creased crops during the current year,
but also by cleaning the soil of weeds
and pulverizing it will leave it in a
better condition for next season's
crops.

Garden Suggestions

Fertilize tomatoes in the hill. They
prefer a rich soil, and if you
reside in the country and keep
a few hens you will find that
a. few cleanings from the yard prove
excellent for securing luxuriant growth
and perfecting of the fruit. If the soil
is stirred frequently there is no need to
worry much about dry weather. Furnish
stakes for the tomatoes early. A wind
storm may work havoc otherwise ; be-
sides, you do not want them lying on the
ground, the fruit being more susceptible
to rot.

Paeony flow«ied dahlias as grown

In Queen Victoria Park,
H. J. Moore.)

Niagara Falls, Onit. (Photo by

176

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1916

The Canadian Horticulturist

COMBINED WITH

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST
AND BEEKEEPER

with which has been Incorporated

The Canadian Bee Journal.

Published by The Horticultural

Publishing Company, Limited,

PETERBORO, ONTARIO

H. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director.

The Only Magazines In Their Field In the
Dominion
Official Organs of the Ontario and
Quebec Fruit Growera' Associations
and of the Ontario. Manitoba and
New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associ-
ations.

REPRESENTATIVES

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THB CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

PETERBORO. ONT.

Trade Marking Fruit

AdvertLsing campaigns to increase the
consumption of fruit, such as that being
conducted this year by the fruit growers ot
the Niagara District, will bring a new and
powerful influence to bear in favor of the
use of advanced cooperative methods in the
marketing of all such fruit. A successful
advertising campaign, in these days of large
circulations, costs thousands of dollars. If
the goods so advertised are good the public
in time becomes acquainted with the fact
and year after year is willing to purchase
more ot such goods. For this reason a trade
mark, once It becomes established, has a
value which in the case of some well known
and long advertised products is valued in
the hundreds of thousands of dollars. For
the same reason, also, it has been found
that unless the goods advertised can be
guaranteed to be of uniform high quality, to
advertise them is apt to prove disastrous.
The public once having tried them and been
disappointed, becomes prejudiced against
them and their consumption is curtailed in-
stead of being increased.

Several of the large fruit growing asso-
ciations on the Pacific coast, notably the
orange and raisin growers, recognized the
importance of protecting the quality of their
brands before they launched their advertis-
ing campaigns and took st<?ps that ensured
a uniform pack of high quality. The result
has been that these brands are known all
over the continent and thousands of people
ask as naturally for these brands as they
do for any well known breakfast foods.

An effort has been made in the Niagara dis-
trict to ensure only good fruit being sold,
but it is certain to prove inadequate to reap
the most possible good from the campaign
as long as the products of the members are
not marketed through central packing
houses so that uniformity of pack can be
guaranteed and maintained. If the adver-
tising campaign is to be continued success-
fully cooperative packing will soon become
absolutely necessary.

The Late Dr. James

While the late Dr. C. C. James was known
from coast to coast because of his success-
ful efforts to advance the cause of agricul-
ture, only those who knew him intimately
could fully appreciate his worth as a man
and as a citizen. His was a rare and many
sided personality. Well educated, a traveller
in many lands, cultured, he yet maintained
the simple, approachable, sympathetic dispo-
sition that won him many lasting friends in
all classes of society. This was one of the
secrets of his great success. It enabled him
to draw from men their views on matters
of public moment to an extent not possible
with most men. In this way he was often
led to sound conclusions that later were
framed into important legislation.

Dr. James had the rare faculty of being
able to look ahead and anticipate public
needs. Thus he always seemed to be not
only fully abreast of the times, but ready
for every emergency as it arose. His wise
foresight and tact often enabled him to dis-
pose of important public issues efficiently
and satisfactorily, which In less skillful
hands might have proved causes of great
trouble and friction. His death will mean
a definite loss to the people of Canada. We

have reason to be grateful that he has lived
The beneflls that are so freely flowing from
his numerous achievement* will be a lasting
monument to his worth.

Weeds on City Lots

Have you ever noticed the wonderful
crops of weeds that thrive at this season of
the year on the vacant lots of your town or
city, especially on the outskirts of the
municipality. Various methods of dealing
with this nuisance have been suggested.
One is that municipal officers and road mas-
ters should be given authority to cut the
weeds on vacant property and assess the
cost to the property owners. This sugges-
tion has much to commend it.

The main cause of this trouble arlseh
from the speculative holding of land for an
expected advance in value. Those who hold
land in this way do not intend to use it
themselves, but continue to demand a price
for it that effectively keeps it out of the
reach of many who would be glad to use it
if they had the chance. Were municipalities
to lower the tax on improvements and add
it to land values as has been done of late
years by many municipalities in Western
Canada and elsewhere, much of this vacant
land would soon be placed on the market
and ultimately put to productive use. Such
action would make it easier for municipali-
ties to acquire land for park purposes, and
would facilitate the erection of better
houses for and by working people. All who
favor civic improvement should place the
taxation of land values as one of the first
planks in their platform.

Self Poise Pays

The moment the element of fear enters
a man's mind that moment his judgment
and reason become undermined to exactly
the extent that he gives room to his fears.
When some one in a crowded building yells
"fire" and starts to rush for the exits a
general panic is likely to happen. People
act on the impulse prompted bv their fears
when were they to wait but for a few mo-
ments they might find alarm was not war-
ranted.

Fruit growers who early in the season
begin to shout "over production," "glutted
markets," "low prices," help to bring about
the condition they are anxious to avoid. In
this they are often helped along bv shrewd
buyers. Such talk is unsettling, helps to
riopres.s prices and works general harm.
Fortunately there is little ground for
panicky feelings this season. Crops on the
whole are likely to be good but not large.
The public is prosperous. There should be
a large consumption and reasonable price*.

A teamster in the city of Ottawa, who
backed his waggon against a city shade
tree and damased it was apprehended and
fined five dollars by the city magistrate as
a warning to other careless drivers. The
constable who arrested this man, as well as
tho mTcistrate who fined hini. both showed
a practical interest in civic improvement.

The fact that there are some half dozen
d'lsfers in use in Ont.nrio orchards already,
although their value has not yet been re-
ported on definitely by any of our Canadian
government stations, indicates how keen
will be the demand for them if the experi-
ments in their use that have been conducted
this season prove successful.

This season is likely to prove another in
which the Economy crate will be in demand.
It may result in steps being taken to
standardize (his type of package.

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

177

SOCIETY NOTES

medal for delphiniums, and a silver medal
for perennials. The gold medal for peren-
nials was won by Dr. Brethour. Special

prizes were taken by Miss Blacklock, Sir
K. B. Osier, Mr. H. H. Love and Mr. James
H. Howarth.

Ottawa

An exhibition of paeonies was held by
the Ottawa Horticultural Society during
June. The large cut blooms were arranged
around the hall on small tables in vases,
while special exhibits from the Experiment-
al Farm and by Mr. R. J. Farrell, the presi-
dent of the society, occupied special spaces
by themselves. The collection of blooms
was magnificent, and the hall was packed
to capacity throughout the evening by in-
terested visitors.

Mayor Porter officially opened the show.
During the judging of the entries an ad-
dress on "Seasonable Topics tor Flower
(".rowers" was given by Mr. W. Hunt, of the
Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, dur-
ing which he touched upon the popular
flower of the evening, the paeony, its culti-
vation and care of the plant. The question
box was taken advantage of by a number
of those present.

Flowers for Hospitals.

At the close of the exhibition many ex-
bitor.s donated their cut blooms to the
dies' Auxiliary of the Horticultural Show
or distribution to the sick in the hospitals.
During the winter months the ladies saw
personally that the sick in the hospitals re-
ceived cut flowers from time to time. The
flowers were secured through the kindness
(if those who had greenhouses and from
plants grown by the ladies themselves.

Planning Cities to Make Them Beautiful

Thos. Adams, Ottawa, Tow i Planning Adviser, Commiss on of Conservation

^fe

ft

Toronto

The rose show of the Toronto Horticul-
re Society, held during June, was made
eautiful not only by the fine display of
roses, but of paeonies and other flowers ai
well. The hall was filled with tables bear-
ing almost every variety of seasonable
flower, which elicited admiration and de-
light from the large crowds that thronged
the hall all evening. The display of paeonies
was the largest ever shown by the society,
and the crowd was also a record-breaker.

Judging by the display of raw, blue giant
l.irkspur, the rainy season must have helped
that flower wonderfully, some of the spikes
of bloom being eighteen inches long. A fln<r,
collection of paeonies, including many recent
importations from France, decorated the
ng tables contributed by Miss Blacklock
Meadowvale, as well as many beautiful
ardy perennials tastefully arranged.
A fine display of palms, ferns and flower-
ing plants from the conservatories of Sir
fOdmund B. Osier, was much admired, and
crowdR lingered around it. The displays in
the children's department were excellent,
:ind competition was keen. Beets, radishes,
lettuce, onions and other vegetables were
much in evidence, showing an awakening
interest in the society's instructions regard-
ing the growing of foodstuffs.

After the exhibition the flowers were auc-
tioned off and the proceeds given to the Red
Cross .Society. Bidding was keen, and a
substantial sum was realized. Some of the
flowers were sent to the Home for Incur-
ables.

The gold medal for roses was won by Mr.
P. L. Oreen, who also took a silver medal
for another collection of roses, a silver
medal for a collection of paeonies, a silver

EDINBURGH, in Scotland, is an example
of the proper placing of many public
buildings in the newer part of the city.
The buildings overlooking Princess Street.
Gardens are not more beautiful in design
than many public buildings in Canada, but
the gardens and the spaciousness surround-
ing them sets them off to much better ad-
vantage. The natural beauties of Edin-
burgh have been made more beautiful by
the art of the citizens. The features of its
sky line are spires and domes and monu-
ments which are symbols of the spirituality,
the civic pride, the art, the intellect and
the patriotism of the Scottish people. To
look upon a picture of central Edinburgh is
to be reminded of the triumphs in art. In
literature and in loyal courage of her
citizens.

What is it that contributes so much to
the nobility and dignity of the architecture
of Edinburgh? It is the spacious setting of
her public buildings, outstanding, not so
much as artistic units, but in their group-
ing, in their harmonious relation to one an-
other, and above all in the natural beauty
and artistic lay-out of their surroundings.
The landscape architect and the gardener
have been partners with the architect and
the builder. Imagine taking the classic
building which houses the Academy of Art
from its isolation on the Edinburgh Mound,
amidst the gardens of Princes St., and plac-
ing it at the corner of Yonge and King Sts.,
Toronto. You would spoil both the facades
of these streets and the beauty of the buila-
ing. Imagine on the other hand the Bank
of Toronto being placed on an eminence
surrounded by a Princes Street garden; or
even imagine it being finished off as one
building on an open site, and you can realize
how much it would adorn the city of Toron-
to.

What sky lines have we in Toronto, Win-
nipeg, or other Canadian cities, and what
do they symbolize? Sky-scrapers, water-
tanks, chimneys and electric wires,— useful
and capable of artistic expression in their

proper place, — dominate everything. Many
of our best buildings are lost in a maze of
commercialized disorder — part of a meaning-
less conglomeration of buildings rising clifl-
like from our narrow streets. They sym-
bolize misplaced and misdirected art, the
want of science in planning, licence which
we miscall liberty, and a kind of commer-
cialism which is misnamed business effi-
ciency. Edinburgh has no lake front, it
lacks the beautiful ravines that surround
Toronto and it owes little it anything more
to nature than Toronto does, although, of
course, its site is different and requires dif-
ferent treatment. But it owes more to the
fospsight of its citizens.

We do not lack in intelligence, in architec-
tural ability, in the art of landscape gar-
dening, or in business qualities in Canada.
But as a people we are slow to appreciate
the value of imagination, the need for pre-
serving natural features, the power of spac-
ious surroundings to ennoble and beautify
our buildings.

We need the horticulturist and the archi-
tect to cooperate more and ample space to
be provided for each to exercise his art to
full advantage. There is enough land and
to spare in Canada and there is a growing
appreciation of beauty. Among other things
we need more planning of the land, less
crowding of the buildings and more use of
the art of the landscape gardener.

The Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Orono, Maine, has issued two bulletins,
one dealing with "Poisoned Sprays as a Bait
for the Fly of the Apple Maggot," and the
other "Six years of Experimental Apple
Spraying at Highmoor Farm," being Bulle-
tin No 249.

The Dairy and Cold Storage Branch of
the Department of Agriculture at Ottawa
has issued Bulletin 48 of the Dairy and Cold
Storage Series, entitled "Precooling, Ship-
ment and Cold Storage of Tender Fruit."
This also contains notes on packing and
packages. This is by Edwin Smith, assisted
by J. M. Creelman, B.S.A.

A flower bed planted by the Gait Horticultural Society.

178

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1916.

The Outlook for Fruit

Dr. A. J. Grant, Thedford, Ont., President, Ontario Fruit Growers' Association

TO say that all fruit-growers are pessi-
mists, would be an extreme statement,
but my association of several years
with the fruit business has led me to the
conclusion that too many growers are pessi-
mists for the general good of the industry.
Whoever heard of a manufacturer or a
business man, in the ordinary sense of the
term, burning up his time and energy in de-
preciating the value of his 'own product,
and yet the spectacle of fruit-growers, not
only talking down their own product, but
rushing into print to depreciate Its value,
has been painfully common during the past
few years.

We are producing oommodities, which
should be, and are, among the staple articles
of diet in most households. The fact that
all fruits are more or less perishable intro-
duces many problems, which it is up to the
producer to solve. Would it not be more
rational to devote our energy, as business
men as well as fruit-growers, to the proper
solution of these difficulties rather than
singing "blue ruin from the housetops" in-
to the ears of the very people who are
reaching out every year for a supply of our
products.

Not a Phenomenal Crop.

The approaching season should be a good
one for the growers, but the stage has been
prepared in the minds of the public for a
"session of over production and low prices —
very good medicine for the consumer but
migthty poor solace for the grower, who is
depending upon the proceeds of his fruit to
buy shoes for the children, and pay some
of the other sundry expenses which must be
met in the course of life's journey.

From present appearances we will be
blessed this year with a good crop of fruit,
from strawberries clear through to winter
apples, but there is no reason to believe that
the crop will be phenomenally large in any
line, as nature's thinning has already been
very much in evidence with at least several
of our standard fruits. The weather during
the time of fertilization has been anything
but favorable to this most necessary pro-
cess, so that "setting" has not been at all
in proportion to the amount of blossom.

In the case of apples the weather has
provided tiie most favorable possible condi-
tions for the growth of fungus diseases, so
that the fellow who has clean apples this
year will be the one who has been on the
job persistently and often with the spray-
ing outftt, working hard to produce market-
able fruit. I mention these factors simply
to offset the idea that has already become
too prevalent, that every old tree, in every-
body's back yard, is going to be loaded to
the breaking point with high-class fruit. I
am fully satisfied that the producer of ap-
ples, who is properly caring for his orchard
this season, and who is wise enough to have
a proper selling connection, will make some
money, but I am not so sanguine about what
will happen the grower who has been
neglecting his trees.

Call for Co-oDeration.

Large producers of fruit are usually pretty
fair business men, and in my experience,
most of them in Ontario have done well
and are continuing to make money. The
salvation of the smaller grower is undoubt-
edly to join with a number of his neighbors
and form an a.ssociation so that the com-
bined output will permit of the employment
of a busine.«« manager to run the associa-
tion and market the fruit. Leit me empha-
size the importance of a business manager

in every sense of the term. Many of our
aftsociatlons are falling down because of the
fact that the manager Ls either not a thor-
ough business man who knows the trade
and has selling connections, or is handi-
capped by the petty interference of mem-
bers at every turn until his usefulness as a
manager is utterly destroyed. Of course, it
follows that a capable manager who can
make a success of the business must be
pajid well for his services. Another stum-
bling block In many of our associations is
that the members fail to realize the fact
that a good man cannot and will not work
for a mere pittance, and the fellow who is
willing to do it will usually prove to be in-
capable. This is common logic which ap-
plies to business in. every i>ath of life. As
growers, we have a great deal to learn about
the art of selling.

Aim to Satisfy.

I might say that the strongest element
in the success of the successful manufac-
turer or wholesaler is his ability to satisfy
his customers and keep them coming. This
is bis con.'vtant aim, and commands most of
his attention. An article might be con-
structed of the best material, in the best
l>ossible way, and yet if it did not meet the
demands of an exacting public the energy
and cost of production would be lost. It
must be a "good seller." How much time
do we fruitgrowers consume in studying and
acquainting ourselves with the likes and
dislikes of the consuming public? How much
thought do we give to the manner in which
they like their fniit brought to the door?
How seriously do we consider the impres-
sion which our imckage of fruit is going to
make uix)n the consumer after he has paid
some real money for it? These are the
questions which should be the burning ones
in the minds of fruitgrowers who are anxi-
ous to establish permanent trade connec-
tions and thereby a sure outlet at fair prices.

Peo'ile are becoming more discriminat-
ing all the time. Quality at fair prices is
in constant demand. Inferior fruit is a
menace to any market; the people don't
want it, and the interests of the prower
would be much better served if such stuff
were never put up and nothing but first-
class goods offered. Let us continually have
the consumer before us and endeavor to
make the impression so favorable that he
will want more of the same brand of fruit.

People Have Money to Buy With.

m spite of the fact that our country is at
war, we are enjoying a great period of pros-
perity. Thousands of people in our cities
and towns are living better than they ever
lived before; there is an abundance of
money In circulation and many people will
consume large quantities of fruit this year
who have heretofore not been dn a position
to do so. This element in itself will enor-
mously increase the home consumption of
fruits of all kinds and should more than
compensate for the restricted export facili-
ties which promise to face the apple trade.
Many industries have been waxing fat upon
the outflow of money which is bound to go
on as a result of the war. Let the fruit-
grower take some comfort in the fact that
the tide will turn his way when he puts his
luscious berries and fruits on the market.
Nothing is more appetizing or tempting than
good fruit — let us see to it that nothing but
the real good fruit gets on the market.

As fruit-growers we discuss the improve-
ment of our marketing facilities, transpor-
tation evils and methods of distribution —

and these are vital questione which will
stand a great deal of improvement, but the
ghastly fact remains that none of us are
trying hard enough to satiBfy the consumer
and make him come back for more. We
can increase the home consumption of fruits
enormously if we strive to please the eye
as well as tickle the palate, never forgetting
that the consumer muiit have a square deal
in every i>articular and full value for his
money. "The tendency to "just put. a few
nice ones on top'" is one of the frailties of
human nature, and is not by any means lim
ited to fruit-growers "Put a few nice one.-^
in the bottom" is a safer maxim and should
be preached to every berry picker and fruit
packer in the country. I have frequentl.-
watched packers, especially of apples ami
peaches, who had no financial interest in tli'-
fruit and yet would over-face, deliberately,
in order to finish off a nice-looking package,
never thinking of what the impression of
the purchaser would be when he opened the
package.

For the coming sea-son: market only
choice fruit, carefully graded and packed,
u.sing every possible care to get It to your
market in good condition. Use good reli-
able trade connections in selling and you
should show a substantial balance on the
right side. The demand for good fruit will
be very large.

Tests of Dust Sprayers

p. W. Hodgetts. Department of Agriculture
Toronto

The Ontario Department of Agriculture
has purchased and is operating two power
dusters this season. The larger outfit, pur-
chased from the Niagara Spray Company,
has been working in the Niagara district
under Prof. L. Caesar, with apples and ten-
der fruits, and the smaller machine, bough;
from the Dust Sprayer Mfg. Co., of St.
Louis, is being tised entirely in our leased
apple orchards at Thedford, Paris and Well-
ington.

Two dustings have been applied on the
apples with great satisfaction in as far as
speed and covering power are concerned
None of our men are experts as yet in the
use of the duster, but we find that the dust
can be applied at least four times asf fast as
the liquid, with much comfort to the oper-
ators. Two men and one horse would take
the place of three men and a team using the
liquid. Nothing can be said as yet as to the
effectiveness of the dust on scab and insects.
If present weather conditions continue, we
should easily find out by harvest time the
value of this new method.

Conditions of the Seed Market

G. Le Lacheur, .Seed Division, Ottawa

Owing to the accumulation of large stock."^
of field root and vegetable seed supplies
previous to the outbreak of war there wa.^
not much difficulty in supplying demands
for most kinds of seed this spring, but un-
le.ss much more seed than usual is grown
in North America this year the situation
may be serious In the spring of 1917. It is
impossible to estimate to what extent seed
growers in France who have been quite
ready to take contracts may be able to
make delivery.

Previous to the war a bonus of subven-
tion was offered to growers to encourage
the production of these seeds in Canada and
when it became apparent that European
supplies might be cut off or greatly cur-
tailed, further efforts were made to stimu-
late home production. Farmers and gar-
deners were advised to save parent stock

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

179

for planting in the spring of 1915 and speci-
ally-trained men were employed to direct
growers and inspect their crops. During
the summer of 1915 field root and vegetable
seeds were grown by 165 farmers and gar-
deners and inspected by officers of this
branch. Many of them grew only sufficient
seed for their own use, but 65 produced
seed which passed inspection and for which
subvention was paid. This quantity
amounted to over 36,400 lbs., the subven-

tion being over $1,300. The principal kinds
ajnd the approximate amounts produced
were: sugar beet, 23,000 lbs.; mangel, 8,200;
sugar mangel, 1,500; swede, 3,000; radish,
400; garden beet, 350; onion, 350.

The results generally have been satis-
factory. The work of encouraging the pro-
duction of these home grown seeds has been
further extended this season but no esti-
mate can as yet be made as to the quanti-
ties which are likely to be produced.

The Fruit Trade at Montreal

E. H. Wartman, Dom. Fruit Inspector, Montreal, P.Q.

TO-DAY, June 21st, as we say the longest
day of the year, has brought us nearly
to the close of imported strawberries
for 1916. Shipments have come from
Florida, Louisiana, Tennessee, Delaware,
Maryland and Illinois, to the extent of 97
cars, which have aggregated at least $1,000
per car, or $97,000. This may seem a large
quantity of this one kind of fruit to use in
one city in so short a time, but when we
consider it takes thirteen cars of straw-
berries to give each family one quart box
in our city, our largest shipment in one day
being five cars, would lead us conclusively
to know many go without any of this most
luscious fruit. I have had the pleasure of
inspecting these ninety-seven cars, for
honesty of pack. This has .been the record
year for quantity imported, and I think it
quite proper to give credit to whom it is
due, the berry boxes from these various
States have 'been full pints and quarts, well
filled, which has made the trade a phenom-
enal success.

The twentieth of June brought our first
berries to hand from Ontario. They were
sold by auction, at five and one-half cents
II box, when Delaware berries brought at the
same time fifteen cents. There seems to be
mething wrong in the price here. The
ice depends on size of box, quality of
ruit and fulness of box. In the one case
fruit was small and very green, and not well
filled. The other boxes were full quarts,
well filled, well ripened and in the best of
fondition. The greater part of the fir.st and.
pcond days' shipments sold from seven and
one-half to fourteen cents a box. I have
never known berries of first picking to ar-
rive so late. It has been surely an abnormal
-eason for low temperatures and rain, which
accounts for late ripening. However, these
temperatures have been a blessing in dis-
Kuise to the fruit men who have had berries
'hree days in tran.sit, and landed in splendid
order. The bunkers had large quantities of

Iie left, which preserved the fruit.
j,The arrivals of California fruits, while ten
kys in transit, constitute a wonderful suc-
Iss. An expert who might try to devise a
ptter package or better system of packing
fould have a hard task. The present pack-
Re and packing has proved a great success.
The receivers delight in 'handling it, as it
eeps well for many days after arrival. This
~'ives them ample time to dispose of it at
a remunerative profit. The banana trade is
a wonderful trade. Its development has
been phenomenally great. I think I am
correct in saying there are more cars of this
fruit consumed in our city than any other
variety of fruit, not excepting the apple. It
is the year around trade. Twenty-five years
ago I paid fifty cents a dozen for bananas
in Kingston, Ont., which would not cost
to-day more than twenty cents for the same
sample. The reason this fruit has so large
a sale is, firstly, because It is wholesome.
The second reason is, you can buy more

pounds for $1 of this fruit than of any other,
and freer from insect pests and diseased
spots. . For instance, to-day California
cherries sell for fifty cents per lb. Bananas,
it weighed, would cost about two cents per
ib. These prices are the extreme prices to-
day.

Apples first arrived from California, and
sold on 19th June, brought $2.50 per box of
three pecks. These were marked by import-
er. No. 2 Astrachan, and other varieties.
There seems to be a lot of money in circu-
lation here, which leads our fruit men to be-
lieve in a good summer's trade.

Manitoba

Jas. A. Neilson, Man. Agri. College, Winnipeg

During the past two years insect pests
have been reported as doing a great deal of
damage to shade and ornamental trees in
Manitoba. In response to numerous re-
quests for information on how to combat the
various destructive insects, the Department
of Horticulture and Forestry of the Manitoba
Agricultural College decided to give a series
of lectures and demonstrations on sprays
and spraying, for the control of tree pests.
This work is in charge of J. A. Neilson, of the
Horticultural and Forestry Department.

Demonstrations were given at fifteen
points in southern Manitoba. At each of the
places visited, much injury was found to
have been done. In some of the towns in
the southern districts, as high as thirty per
cent, of the Manitoba Maples were found to
have been killed, and a large percentage
injured. The reliable authority in one of
these places estimates that fifty per cent,
of the native maples have been destroyed.
The aphis and the cankerworm have been
responsible for nearly all of the losses sus-
tained in the places vi-sited. The department
are recommending the use of arsenate of
lead for the cankerworms and other biting
insects, and nicotine sulphate for the aphis.
Spring and fall cankerworms were found
aibundantly at Carman. In some places
trees were almost defoliated by the canker-
worms.

Several people in the vicinity of Morden,
Carman and Roland reported the presence
of a small dark brown beetle in enormous
numbers. These beetles attacked the various
members of the poplar family, cottonwoods,
balm-of-gilead, and willows were badly In-
fested. The insects appear very quickly,
and do the damage in a short time. After
they ihave attacked a grove of trees, the
trees appear as though they have heen
scorched by fire. Specimens of these
beetles were collected, and upon examination
proved to be the willow leaf heetle (Gale-
rucella decora), a species of beetle which in-
fest poplars and willows.

Cutworms have been doing great damage
to garden crops, spring grains, and alfalfa.
A gentleman living near Portage la Prairie

Douglas Gardens

OAKVILLE, ONT.

IRISES.

In order to encourage the plant-
ing of Irises in the month of Au-
gust—the best time for setting
out Rhizoraatous Irises — we offer
a special discount of 20% on all
orders for any Irises named in our
Planting List, except Japanese
Iris and Monspur and Orientalis,
received up to the 31st August;
and carriage to any part of Cana-
da will be prepaid on all such
orders.

16 vars. of Tall Bearded Iris.

5 vars. Interregna Iris.

6 vars. Pumila Hybrids.

also Florentine Alba and Pseuda-
corus. Planting list sent on re-
quest.

JOHN CAVERS

Peerless Hardwood
Climax Fruit Baskets

AND BERRY BOXES

Heaviest, Strongest
and Best

In the market. Especially
suitable for long distance
shipping.

Protect your requirements by
ordering EARLY

Canada
Wood Products Co.

ST. THOMAS, ONT.

"Fruit Package and Basket Specialists"

180

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July. 1916.

HONEY PAILS

Honey Pails (lithographed stock and
plain), 60-lb. ' cans.

Glassware, Bees, Queens, Honey,
Wax.

Shipping Cases our Specialty.

CHAS. E. HOPPER & CO.

1568 QUEEN ST. E., TORONTO

Queens of MOORE'S
STRAIN of Italians

PRODUCE WORKERS

That fill the super quick
With lioney nice and tnlck.
They have won a world-wide reputation
for honey-gatliering', hardiness, g'entle-
ness, etc.

Untested queens, $1.00; six, $5.00; 12,
$9.00. Select untested, $1.25; six, $6.00;
12, $11.00.

Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran-
teed.

Circular free.

J. P. M O O R E

Queen-breeder. Route 1, MORGAN, KT.

QUEENS

Three band Italians, bred for honey and
gentleness. Prom imported stock of medium
color.

1 6 12

Untested $0.75 $4.25 $ 8.00

Select untested . 1.00 4.75 9.00

Tested 1.50 8.76 17.00

Breeders, $3.00 to $5.00.
Every queen PUREL.T mated. Safe de-
livery and perfect satisfaction guaranteed.

N. FOREHAND,

Fort Depotit, - - Ala., U.S. A

FOREHAND'S ITALIAN QUEENS

Gentle, good hon«y gatiiererra, bred for
bu.flnets.s. Their mothers were imported —
the best to be had. If you buy once you
will buy always. Ju.sit look at thcise prices.
Wheire can you find better?
Unte.'rted July to Oct. 1, BOc eoidh in any

<iuaji/tity.
Select untested, July to Oct. 1, 1, 75c; 6,

$4.25; 12. $8.00,
SeJect tested. 1, $2.00; 6, $11.00; 12, $20.00.

We guarantee that all queens -will reach
ycni in good condlitlon, to be purely imkted
.ind to give perfect satisfaction. All orders
filled at once.

L. L. FOREHAND

FORT DEPOSIT, ALA

FOR SALE

Leathei" colored Italian Queens, choice
breeding queens at $5.00 each. I guar-
antee the.se Queens to be as good as any
imported Queen, barring none. Money
refunded if dissatisfied after a year's
trial. Warranted purely mated Queens,
$1.00 each. $10.00 a dozen. Untested, by
return mail, at 75c each, or $9.00 i
dozen. Tested Queens, $1.50 each.

JOHN A. McKINNON
St. Eugene - • Ontario

Bees by the Pound, Nuclei
or Colonies

We are still booking orders. Northern or
southern bred, and bred for business. Hard
to excel.

L,et us quote you prices on large or small
quantities. Our prices are right. We guar-
antee safe delivery or money refunded.
BEE SUPPLIES.

Sole Agents for Root's Famous Goods.
Also Canadian made goods.

Anything from %" cement coated nail to a
Power Extracting Outfit.

-■Vll kinds of Bee Literature. Ask for Cat-
alogue.

Address —

THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE,
185 Wright Ave., Toronto, Ont.

EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD

is spreading in various parts of the
country. The first step in its cure
is a vigorous strain of ITALIANS

The Root Strain of Bees have shown
. . Themselves to be Highly Resistant . .

While we do not claim their introduction will alone cure European Foul
Brood, or that it will not make a start in their colonies, we have reports
of where they have, with a little help, fought themselves nearly
clean of European Foul Brood which was all around them in black and
hybrid colonies.

These queens will be ready for delivery about June 1. Orders will be
filled in rotation. Later in the season we will make delivery promptly.
PRICES. — Our regular price Is $1.50 in June and $1.00 after July 1 for
untested queens; but we will club them with Gleanings in Bee Culture
for one year and a queen for $1.50, provided we can fill orders for
queens when we have a surplus of them. This will probably be July
and August.

The A. I. Root Company

Medina, Ohio

had an eight acre field of alfalfa nearly de-
stroyed by the red-backed cutworm. Sev-
eral sections, one square foot In area, were
examined to determine the degree of Infesta-
tion. Counts were secured, which ranged
from twenty-eight to seventy to the square
foot One could be perfectly safe in saying
there were millions of cutworms in that
alfalfa field. In another section, a sixty
acre field of wheat was practically destroyed
by cutworms.

The spruce gall louse was found to be do-
ing damage to black and white spruce In
various .section* of the country.

During the past winter, great damage has
been done to young fruit trees by bush rab-
bits. Owing to the great depth of snow, the
rabbits could not be kept from the trees as
in former years. The result Is that many
trees have been practically ruined by girdl-
ing.

The problem of controlling the different
kinds of destructive insects in the prairie
provinces is likely to became more import-
ant as years go by, and the country becomes
more thickly settled.

British Columbia

R. C. Abbott, Coast's Market Commissioner

There has been quite a brisk demand for
fresh fruits in Vancouver lately (June 17)
and sales have been heavy in all kinds, with
the exception of gooseberries. Reports
show gooseberries to be a heavy crop and
growers would do well to consider the ad
visability of selling to the canneries and
placing only a very limited amount on the
market, as the high price of sugar will re-
tard the sales to some extent.

The demand for rhubarb is well over.
Some of the growers have been shipping m
a new kind of box, which is about threo
inches longer and two inches shallowci-
than the box used by the majority of the
growers. This new box holds around 35 'o
37 lbs. nett, and in our opinion should be
discarded and only the one size box used
(20 ins. X 15% ins. x 7% ins).

Strawberries from local British Columbia
points have been coming in in limited quan-
tities. Imported berries from White Sal-
mon Valley and Puyallup, Wash., continue
to come in, and the prices quoted will, no
doubt, have a tendency to pry down the
price of British Columbia berries. The ma-
jority of restaurant managers and retailers
now demand British Columbia strawberries,
and give our berriea the preference when-
ever they are packed and graded properly.

My office will distribute five thousand
pamphlets next week, advertising our Brit-
ish Columbia strawberries. Each of the
domestic science classes in the city is be-
ing furnished with one crate of British
Columbia strawberries for class work. Some
of the above pamphlets, which contain con-
siderable information, will be distribuiPd
amongst the school children.

Buying potatoes for Eastern markets wa.s
very brisk from June 1st until June 14th
during which time some thirty-five cars
were eent out of the province. These mar-
kets have again weakened, owing to ship-
ments of new potato<^s due to arrive from
Virginia in about ten or fourteen days'
time.

Ten cars have botn shipped e^i.st from
the storages ;n this city during the week.
Thero are approximately fourteen cars still
in the city. The local market is not likely
to improve as long as growers continue to
ship in small lots on consi;rnmei:t Grovr-
ers who have small lots to sell would no
doubt do better if they would assemble

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

181

thoir stocks at one point, in order to on-
able buyers to make up car lots. A num-
ber of grower? who recorded tiieir stocks
with this office during the past two wee'.is
have s';Id their potatoes din>ct to Eastern
buyers lor $5.00 to $7.00 per ton higher
than those who sold independently. New po-
tatoes are coming in in small lots. Reports
received would indicate these to arrive in
quantities about July 20th to 25th.

Niagara District Notes

F. G. H. Pattison, Winona, Ont.

iune has been characterized by excessive-
i\ cool and wet weather, which has made it
hard for fruit growers to get their work
done. Cherries, plums and apples seem to
have suffered most. Small fruits have done
well. Most of them never looked better.
We only need a continuance of the weather
we are now getting to ensure a bountiful
crop of berries of all kinds.

The following is an estimate of the pres-
ent state of the fruit crop in the Niagara
belt (June 23rd). Strawberries hegan to
come on the Hamilton market on June 13th,
and by the 17th were in good supply. The
sample, however, was very poor, small and
half-green, only ripened on one side, owing
to lack of sunshine. Later berries, how-
ever, will be a good sample, and a heavy
crop, provided only that a reasonable amount
of sunshine is forthcoming. Red and black
currants, and gooseberries promise a full
crop. Raspberries and blackberries were
considerably winter-killed in places, but
irt from that, they also promise a good
'>p. Sweet cherries are not more than
from 30 to 40 per cent, of a crop. Sour
cherries are better. Early Ricihmonds, 25 to
40 per cent.; Montmorencys, 50 to 60 per
cent. Japanese plums have suffered badly;
they are not more than from 10 to 25 per
cent.of a crop. Other plums are as follows;
Bradshaws, 80 to 100 per cent.; Washing-
ton, 30 p. c; Lombards, 40 to 60; Reine
Claudes, 30 to 50; Grand Duke, 25 to 30;
Guii, 30 to 35.

Peaches are nearly a full crop of all varie-
ties, except in orchards that were not spray-
ed early with lime-sulphur. In such orchards
the crop has been much reduced. Even in
well-spraiyed orchards, curl leaf has been
present, but in the others it has been very
bad. There has also been some black aphids
attacking sweet cherries. Pears have also
suffered from the weather. Bartletts, 80 per
cent, of a crop; Duchess, 25 to 30 p. c. ;
Anpons, 60 to 70; Keiffers, 50. Grapes look
healthy, and have made a good growth. They
are now blooming freely, somewhat later
than u.'^ual. Apples above the mountain
have not .^et well, and are likely to be liglit.
w the mountain they are better. Early
fall varieties promise well; winter
ties, medium.

the 3lRt of May last, a deputation from
Niagara Fruit Growers' Publicity As-
ation interviewed the Lincoln County
I Council, at St. Catharines. President Pair-
i bairn, of Beamsville, gave a short review of
i the work done last year, and asked the
I Council to make a grant to the Association
; this year. He stated that the advertising
( this year would be doubled, because of the

excellent results obtained last year.

I The Association has adopted a label, and

\ will sell It to fruit growers, with the hope of

. Improving the grade, and standardizing the

pack. The Association asked for a grant of

$300. Me.ssrs. Sheppard, W. H. Bunting and

F. M. Clement spoke of the work done, and

to be done, by the Association. Mr. Clement

pointed out that the labels will be numbered,

ITALIAN QUEENS

as g'ood as can be produced by any one at
any price. I have been a queen specialist lor
more than a quarter of a century.

Untested 50c each, Select Untested 60c,
Tested $1.00.
Pure mating and reasona.ble satisfaction.
No dis6a.se. I guarantee every queen.

W. J. Forehand & Sons, Ft. Deposit, Ala., U.S.A.

CARNIOLAN COLDEN

and Three Banded Italians.

Untested— 1, S5c; 6, $4.80.

Tested— 1, $1.25; 6, $7.20.

Bees- $1.25 per lb.

Breeding Queens — $4.00.
Nuclei, without queen — 1 fr., $1.75;
$2.75; 3 fr., $3.50.
D. L DUTCHER

2 fr.

Bennington, Mich.

BEES FOR SALE

Italian Bees, lb., $2.25; 5 lbs., $10.50; 1-L
Frame, $2.00; 2 Fr. Nuc, $3.00; All with
Queens, Italian Queens, 75c each; 6 for $4.00.
Complete Catalog-ue Free. Listing Begin-
ner's Outfit.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.
Box C, - - NEWARK, N.Y., US.A.

Northern Bred Italian Queens

of the B. B Mott strain. Untested, 90c;
Guaranteed. $1.00 for June. July, unt., 75c;
Guaranteed, 90c. Send for list. Safe deliv-
ery and satisfaction guaranteed.

EARLW. MOrr - Glenwood, Mich.

NORTHERN BRED ITALIAN QUEENS

Friends, have you B. F. Brood? If so, I
have many letters saying that they are great
resisters of E.F.B. I have hundreds of
queens in Canada. Three band strain bred
to right brightness to resist best. Untested
queens 75c, choice Sel. Tested $1.50. Plans
how to "Introduce Queen and Increase," 25c.
List Free. E. E. MOTT, Glenwood, Mich.

Bee Supplies

A choice stock of everything in Bee
Supplies — Hives, Sections, Shipping
Oases, Honey Pails, Comb Founda-
tions, Bee Journals, etc.
Also Bees and Queens.

Wax and Honey Wanted.

Maxwell Scott & Co.

412 KINGSTON RD., T0R0N10

Three Banded and Golden
Italian Queens

Untested— $1.00 each; 6 for $5.00; 12 for
$9.00.

Selected untested — 1 tor $1.25; 6 for $7.00;
12 for $14.00.

W. R. STIRLING

Queen Breeder. RIDGETOWN, ONT.

Send for Price List. Cash with Order.

BEEKEEPERS!

We can ship supplies promptly.

Jones' Weed Process Comb Foundation,
Improved Model Hives, and all other kinds
of Bee Supplies. We can also mail queens
within, a tew hours of receipt of order.
Leather colored, hardy stock. Try us.

1 6 12

Untested $1.00 $ 5.25 $10.00

Tested 1.50 8.00 15.00

Select tested ... . 2.00 11.00 20.00
Breeding Queens, $5.00 each.

We guarantee safe delivery of all queens.
Bees in pound packages a specialty.

More beeswax wanted— cash or exchange.

Catalogue on request,

F. W. JONES

BEDFORD, QUE.

Power Honey
Extractors

Automatic Reversible with Cut
Gears and B.ill Beaiinss or with
Friction Disc Drive and Speed
Regulator. Tlie Kctulator attach-
ed to the friction wheel accommo-
dates the speed to that of the
pulley on the engine or main .shaft.
If you are considering- a power out-
fit, write us.

The Ham (&Nott Company

LIMITED
Wfri. o( Bee- r> . r t ^^

Keepert' Siipi>iiei Dranttord, Ont.

PRODUCTIVE beekeeping

Is the title of a new book of 326 pages by Mr. Frank C. Pellett, State

Apiarist of Iowa.
As the name of this book indicates it is especially adapted to the needs
of the practical beekeeper. Not a discussion of scientific principles,
but of practical methods.

Sources of Nectar, Wintering, Marketmg, and Laws that Concern
the Beekeeper, are titles of chapters of special interest.
Regular price $1.50 postage extra.
We offer this latest book with the American Bee Journal one year,
both for $2.00, Canadian postage 15 cents extra.

134 illustrations, attractive cloth binding.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

Hamilton, Illinois

182

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1916.

QUEENS OF QUALITY
The genuine - "QUALITY" kind of dark
Uallana. Unt.. Tuc each, J8.00 per doz. Cir-
cular free.

J. I. BANKS, DOWELUTOWN, TENN.

GOLDEN YELLOW ITALIAN QUEENS

My specialty. ITnte.sted. 60c; doz., $7.00.
No orders filled unless cash is sent with
ord-eti*. Safe arrival.

E. A. SIMMONS
Greenville, Ala.. U,S.A.

GRAY CAUCASIANS

Karly 'breeders, great honey gatherers,
cap beautifully white, great comb builders,
very priillftc, fircntle, hardy, good winterers.

Untested, $1.00; Select untested, $1.25.

Tested, $1.50; Select tested, $2.00.

H. W. FULMER

ANDALUSIA Box 12. F^a.. U.S.A

"The best all purpose bee."

Bees and Queens

Ours are choice stock and Northern Bred;
are more desirable for Canadian Beekeepers.
Ask for Catalogue B.

Bee Supplies — We sell Root's goods only.
Let us quote you prices on what you need.
Ask for Catalogue A.

M. H. HUNT & SON

LANSING - - MICHIGAN

BEES

Bees are a money mak-
ing asset on any farm,
bringing annually a far
greater return to your
table and at the naarket
than they coat in care
and expense. Do you
know the twentieth
century methods? Buy
PRODUCTIVE BEE-
KEEPING, learn huw
to m!ike a beginning
and how to see it|
through. It gives the [
methods found to I
be the best money- I
makers by extensive '
honey producers. The
illustrations give in pictorial form all that is
needed to explain the text.

135 illustrations. 316 pages. Octavo. Hand-
some clo*'". $1.50 net- Postage or expressage
extra iqc.

AddrcM -BOOK DEPT.

The Horticultural Publishing Co.

Peterboro, Ont.

FREE LAND

For the SETTLER in

Northern Ontario

Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain-
able free and at a nominal cost are call-
ing (or cultivation.

Thousand!* of fai'rners have responded
to the call of this fertile country and are
being made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a home
awaits you.

For full information as to terms, regu
latlons. and settlers rates, write to

H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonization

Parllamant Buildings, TORONTO

HON. G. HOWARD FERGUSON,
Minister of Lands, Forests and Mine*.

and the Secretary keeps a record of the.se
numbers, so ihat every grower having labels
will be known. Secretary C. E. Fisher
thanked the Council for their last year's gift,
and pointed out the needs of a larger grant
this year. A grant of $150 was made, the
same as last year. The Lincoln County
Council has also made a grant of $500 to ob-
tain the services of a District Representa-
tive, who will shortly be appointed by the
Ontario Government.

The Dominion Canners' Co. has been
working on several orders for canned vege-
tables for the military forces. The most im-
portant of these was from the British War
Office, for canned baked beans. This order
is reported to run better than 7,500,000
cans.

The embargo placed by the British Gov-
ernment on imports of canned fruits, vege-
tables, etc., has been raised, insofar as it
affects these imports from British dominions.
This is of great importance both to canners
and producers.

A recent report from Burlington says
that owing to the heavy rains, plums,
peaches and cherries have been badly in-
jured, and the crop much lessened.

I understand that the Experimental Farm,
Vineland, has an excellent crop of fruit this
year. This farm has greatly improved,
under the directorship of Mr. Clement, who
has accepted a position as chief horticultur-
ist with the new University of British
Columbia. Mr. Clement will not leave be-
fore the end of August. The fruit growers
of the Niagara District feel that they are
sustaining a severe loss in the departure of
Mr. Clement. He has not only done excel-
lent work on the Farm, hut has also been of
great assistance to them in other ways.
His successor will have to be a good man
to measure up to the standard set by Mr.
Clement.

The wet weather has seriously interfered
with tomato planting. On well-drained,
sandy or gravelly land the plants were got
in early, and look well, but on much other
land they were not got in till quite late, in-
deed, there are a number to go in yet. In
consequence, the bulk of the crop will be
late, and the crop is likely to be under the
average.

Prof. Caesar, of the O.. A. C, Guelph, has
taken up his quarters for the summer upon
a fruit farm two miles west of Grimsby. A
number of experiments are being conducted
under his -supervision in the local orchards.
One of considerable importance is the care-
ful testing out of the new blower for apply-
ing lime, sulphur, arsenate of lead, etc., in
powdered form to cherries, plums, pears
p.nd apples.

Early in June a deputation of the leading
manufacturers of native wines in Ontario,
called on the Ontario License Board and
pointed out that to require them to sell
their goods at the place of manufacture,
would lead to the establishment of small
factories in the large cities, with a conse-
nuent depreciation in the quality of the pro-
duct, since the proper place to make wine
was as near the vineyards as nossihle. The
Board gave them no assurance, .but it is
likely that some concession in the way of
nermitting them to establish agencies in the
large cities for the sale of their product,
will be made.

Curl leaf is reported to be bad around
Vineland, 40 to 50 per cent, of the peaoh
orchards being seriously affected by it.

Mr. Boyle, who has been superintendent
in the Bell Fruit Farm canning factory at
Grimsby for some years, has gone to Essex
County to become manager in one of the
Dominion Canners' factories there.

Fruit Inspection in the East

G. H. Vroom, Chief Fruit Inspector for the
Maritime Provinces.

Previous to 1913 the inspection of export-
ed fruit was done at the shipping ports
when it was being transferred from car to
ship. This method was not satisfactory for
the reason that when ships were loading
there was a grand rush to get the cars un-
loaded) as quickly as possible. The inspector
did what he could while the fruit was pass-
ing between the car and the ship's hold. If
he found a barrel falsely marked, the chances
were that all the other barrels heloniging to
the same lot were by that time on board the
ship. While the inspector had the right to
hold s-hipments until he had completed hi.-
inspection he did not care to do so when the
thermometer registered zero or below on
the dock and there was danger of serious
damage to fruit.

During these years of inspection at the
shipping port two inspectors were employeu
in the Annapolis Valley where the bulk of

Berry Boxes

Fruit Baskets

Write us for prices

Hyslop & Sons

Greensville, Ont.

Messrs. Kelway & Son

Wholesale Seed Growers
and Merchants

Langport, England

have pleasure in amionneing that
their

MR. H. A, NALDRETT

has just arrived for a business
trip throughout the United States
and Canada. Mr. Naldrett's ad-
drejss during this period will be
care

Messrs. Thomas Meadows & Co.,
8-10 Bridge Street.,

Battery Park,

New York,

where please write him.

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

183

the fruit was grown. These inspectors
traveled from place to place visiting fruit
houses, giving instructions and incidentally
notifying the inspectors at the docks when
they had reason to believe that improperly
packed fruit was being shipped, also from
what place it was being shipped and the car
number. This enabled the men at the dock
to more quickly discover poorly packed
fruit.

Now things are different. Nearly all the
inspection is done at the point of .shipment,
that is at the fruit house or orchard when
the fruit is packed. The fruit growing dis-
trict is divided into sections. We have one
" ini'dred and ten large packing houses and

eh inspector is assigned a section em-
Niacing a number of these houses. In the
larly part of the season he visits orchards
where fruit is being packed.

These inspectors are constantly on the
move and visit all points in their section as
often as possible. They inspect fruit any
where they find it ready for market and for-
ward their reports direct to the office of the
Fruit Commissioner at Ottawa. Instruction
is our strongest point. Inspectors act as
instructors as well as detectives. We find
that the percentage of growers who are dis-
honest when once they thoroughly under-
stand how fruit should be packed, is very
small. The fact that fruit was never better
or more honestly packed than it was last
year is a strong argument in favor of in-
spection at the point of shipment, where
instruction can be given to the men in the
fruit packing houses.

Leamington new cabbage has appeared on
Toronto market, and sells at $1.50 per
bushel. Leamington hothouse tomatoes and
cucumbers have been a feature on that mar-
ket for some time.

GREENHOUSES

MANUFACTURERS GREENHOUSE BARS AND SASH

Batts Limited

36641 5 PACIFIC AVENUE

WEST TORONTO

Beekeepers' Supplies

We Manufacture

Hives, Supers,

Frames, Feeders

We are agents for several well-known

mk makers of Comb Foundation.

Best quality White Pine used in our hives

and carefully and accurately made.

TRY US.

The Tillson Company, Ltd.

Tillsonburg, Ontario

- BOXES -

Get the Highest prices

Pack your Apples, Pears, Peaches,
etc., in boxes.

Let us quote you, knocked down or
made up.

No charge for printing.

Barchard & Co., Limited

Pioneer Box Factory

135-151 Duke St. Toronto, Ont.

1X1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1916.

^rI|DfllB anil (Eolkgefi

MOULT ON COLLEGE

34 Bloor St. East, Toronto, Ont.

.\ C'hrLbsUiLn Soliool for Girls. Matricula-
tion, Kngllsh, Music Cour.ses. Fall terra
opens Septemiber 20,th. Cak"ndia.r on reque.sit,
Harriet S. Ellis, B.A.,

Principal.

Ottawa Ladies College

NEW FIREPROOF BUILDING

PERFECTLY SANITARY
FITTED WITH EVERY
MODERN CONVENIENCE
LARGE PLAYGROUNDS

Academic Work up to the first year
University. Music, Art, Household
Arts, Physical Culture, etc.
The Capital offers excfptional advantages.

For Calendar apply to
J. W. H. MILNE, B. A., D.D.. President

Jas.W.Robcrlson. LL.D.,C.M.G..ClialrraaoolBoard

NEW AND RARE SEEDS

Unique collection. Hundreds of vari-
eties adapted for the Canadian cli-
mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy.
Own saving. Catalogue free.

Perry's Hardy Plant Farm

ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX. ENG.

/^KINNER
System of fRRicATioN

cD

Guntroi complete. Prevents drought loss-
es. Kednces labor bills. Increases profit.
Special Portable Line for $11.75. Send for
new Bulletin.

The Skinner Irrigation Co.
217 Water Street Troy. Ohio.

Hyslop & Sons

132 Princess St.
Winnipeg, - Manitoba

We solicit your consignmenls of

Berries, Cherries,
Currants, Plums,
Peaches, Grapes
and Apples. . . .

For full particulars and shipping
stamp, write our Eastern Office,
Dundas, Ontario.

Fruit Crop Prospects

The following information, received by
telegram, at the oflice of the Dominion Fruit
Commissioner, Ottawa, June 22, outlines the
present apple situation in Ontario and Nova
Scotia:

Ontario: In the Georgian Day district
apple trees are in good contlition. The fruit
has set well, and the weather is favorable.
There is some danger of the trees being
overloaded, and the fruit consequently
small. This danger may be offset by a heavy
"drop" in the near future. Very little spray-
ing is being done.

In Western Ontario considerable scab is
showing, and there is a prospect of much
damage from this source. The crop will be
good where .spraying has been thorough, but
it is generally feared that there will be a
great deal of worthless and low grade fruit.
A heavy drop is now taking place in un-
sprayed and insufficiently sprayed orchards.
In Prince Edward County there is more
spraying than usual, and the fruit is ap-
parently setting well.

In the Mcintosh and Fameuse section of
Eastern Ontario scab is developing to a re-
markable degree and has caused consider-
able dropping. No positive estimate of total
crop can yet be made.

Between Toronto and Hamilton there will
not be more than a 50 per cent, crop Bald-
wins give best promise; Spies and Green-
ing light. Scab is prevalent. Some well
drained orchards promise a fair crop.

Nova Scotia: Conditions are generally
favorable in the Annapolis Valley. Apples
are setting well and promise a larger crop
than was expected a few weeks ago-
Weather conditions are good, and there is
practically no fungus showing as yet. It is
estimated that there will be 70 per cent, of
a full crop, or sHghtly more than one mil-
lion .barrels. Gravensteins and Nonpareils
are 'heavy, Baldwins and Kings medium,
Starks and Blenheims light.

Annapolis Valley Notes

Eunice Buchanan

The weather durinig blossom time was
about ideal for the setting of fruit in the
Annapolis Valley, ajid there is plenty of
moisture in the soil. Cherries, small fruits
and some varieties of pears had an abund-
ance of bloom, but reports from the apple
orchards varied. On some farms the blos-
soms were very good, on others the Graven-
stein and !Ben Davis appeared light, and
from several quarters orchardists complain
of a scarcity of bloom. The present con-
clusion is, there may be an average crop.
The first Gravenstein flowers opened on
May 30th, they unfolded slowly this yeai.

Aphis were found to be plentiful on some
apple trees on May 7th. iNests of American
tent caterpillars were found at the end of
May.

The fiirst sprayings began about May 9th,
and by June 3rd several orchardists had
completed the second spraying. Hand-
pump sprayers have almost disappeared, the
power being replaced by different makes of
gasoline engines, or various types of com-
pressed-air sprayers. Lime-sulphur is still
to the front in many localities as a summer
sipray, but an increasinig number have gone
back to bordeaux mixture, because they be-
lieve it to be less injurious to foliage.

The present price of apple barrels is
cheap, twentyjfive cents each, cash in fall
to those whose credit is good.

Some people still believe in planting apple
trees, though, of course, the uncertain war

coud.tions and shortage of men Itave de-
terred many from setting new orchards. One
nunseryman near Berwick has sold over
three thousand apple trees; another has
sold eight hundred, and a third has sold one
hundred, besides using a total of nine hun-
dred trees to increase their own acreaige.

The price of locally grown clover seed is
Chirly-flve cents per pound. This is used
as an orchard cover crop.

Fertilizers like mosit things have iocreas-
ed in price. Ground limestone in bulk load-
ed from the car is $4.50 per ton (cash),
slag I15.O0 per ton, nitrate of soda $72.00
cash, per ton. Muriate of Pola&h is being
bought from farmers in single bags or more
at the rate of $175.00 per ton.

Spraying materials also have advanced in
price. Uast year copper sulphate could be
bought for 8c per lb., Uiis year it is 18c per
lb. Lead arsenate is 8%c cash.

Good Prices
Always

For Your Fruit and
Vegetables

OUR facilities enable us to real-
ize top prices at all times for
your fruit, vegetables or general
produce. Aside from our large con-
nection on the Toronto Market, we
have established branch warehouses
with competent men in charge at Sud-
bury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and
Porcupine. In time of congestion on
the Toronto market we have a ready
outlet through these branches. We
never have to sacriSce your interests.

Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North
Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine.
References: The Canadian Bank of
Commerce (Market Branch) and Com-
mercial Agencies.

SEND FOR SHIPPING STAMP.

H. PETERS

88 Front St. East, Toronto

I

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

185

The Refrigerator Car Service

G. E. Mcintosh, Forest, Ont.

The supply of refrigerator cars was a seri-
ous matter to fruit growers a few years ago,
and while even now there are times when
considerable delay is experienced, yet the
service has greatly " improved. Realizing
the importance of having cars when the
fruit is ready to move, I have endeavored
on behalf of the Ontario Fruit Growers' As-
sociation, to impress this upon the railway
representatives, and have the past two
years been able to supply them before the
rush comes, with a fair estimate of the
number of cars that would be required and
the probable shipping period at each point.
This has been appreciated by the railways,
and they have assured me that it is a great
help in arranging for an adequate supply of
cars.

One of the railway companies which fruit
t; rowers criticized two years ago for having
gone behind in its refrigerator car equip-
ment from 955 cars in 1908 to 941 cars in
1912, is to-day credited with having 1,990 re-
frigerator cars, while other lines have also
made some increases, there being 4,716 re-
frigerator cars to-day, compared with 2,466
in 1909. It requires an equivalent of say
100,000 cars to market the fruit and vege-
table crop of Ontario. These cars have an
average haul of 216 miles. The total box
and refrigerator car equipment of all the
railways operating in Canada is 151,323, so
that approximately two-thirds of the entire
freight car supply would be required to
move the output of this great industry.

In 1914 during the apple movement in
Ontario more refrigerator cars were re-
quired for fruit than all the Canadian rail-
ways possessed. However, we appreciate
the fact that the supply is now being in-
creased. In 1909 there was one refrigerator
car for every 2,023 of the population. To-
day there is one for every 1,696 of the popu-
lation.

The Mcintosh Apple

C. B. Hatchings, Macdonald Collepc, Que.

The headquarters for the production and
marketing of the Mcintosh apple are in the
province of Quebec. It thrives best along
the banks and .streams of the St. Lawrence
River and will be found in every orchard,
small and big, growing beside Its celebrated
ancestor the Fameuse.

The supply of this apple has not kept pace
with the demand. Prices are good and
steady. No. I's in boxes readily bring $2.50,
while the .same quality in barrels are
bought for $4,50 and $5.00. In the face of
these facts of steady demand, good prices

(the excellent qualifications of the
(t, it is strange that the supply is so
[ted. An investigation into this matter,
Je by the Quebec Pomological Society
l912 and 1913, proved that the orchards
the majority of the farmers and fruit
growers were grossly neglected. With but
few exceptions, such as at Abbotsford, Sher-
brooke, Farnham and Knowlton, and some
of the larger commercial orchards, the trees
were left untouched. Very little cultivation
or pruning was done. Few men did any
spraying and still fewer considered the all
important matter of grading and packing.
The fruit was often sold on the trees to the
first buyer who came along, or disposed of
to middlemen. A lack of unity, ignorance
and carlessness were found to be the three
main reasons responsible for this unbusi-
llesslike condition.

• Something should be done to arouse our
lebec fruit growers to their responaibili-

A Delightful Addition to Your Home

BUILT to suit your individual requirements, a greenhouse not only beautifies
and adds to the value of your home, but it is a constant source of pleas-
ure to your family and your guests.
It enables you to extend your gardening operations to the twelve months of
the year, furnishing your table with flowers and out-of-season salads. Think
over the possibilities, then write Dept. B.

GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, Limited

201 Church St.,
Toronto.

Factory-

Transportation Building, St. James St.,
Montreal.
-Georgetown, Ont.

The Hand Scuffler In Use.

Do You Want a Handy

HAND SCUFFLER

THE handy hand scuffler is an ideal im-
plement for garden weeding, and
mulching. It is made of the best saw
steel, and has three cutting edges, on two
sides and one end. Lying flat on the ground,
a slight pressure either in pushing or pull-
ing only is required. It can be used end-
wise to chop tough roots. It is especially
adapted for cleaning around bushes and
plants.

Made in two sizes. The blade on the large
scuffler is 9 inches by 3% inches; in the
small one 6 inches by 2% inches. The
handle is about Ave or six feet in length.
The small size is more convenient for the
enthusiastic woman gardener.

SPECIAL PREMIUM OFFER

One hand scuffler FREE (as above) with each new single subscription to The
Canadian Horticulturist at $1.00. Will also sell these (express extra) direct to
subscribers at 50c. for the small and 75c. for the large size.

THE HORTICULTURAL PUBLISHING CO.

Peterboro, Ontario limited

186

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1916.

The Fruit and Produce Market

The Commission firms undernoted wish consignments of fruit and general pro-
duce. They will be pleased to have you write them for information, shipping
stamps, etc., If you have fruit or vegetables for sale.

Top Prices, Quick Returns
and a Square Deal

THE WENTWORTH ORCHARD CO., Ltd.,

109 Kini St. East and Yeg(e St. Wharf, Toronto

The only wholesale Commission House
in the city to have oonslgnnients by
either boat or rail unloaded directly into
Warehouse.

Wentworth Brand Fruits are advertised
extensively and tliere is a constant de-
mand for them. Ship to T\he Wentwortli
Orchard Co., Ltd. Send fcxr Shipping-
Stamp.

References: DUNNS, ROYAL BANK

HERBERT PETERS

88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit and Produce

See advertisement on page 184.

WANTED

Consignments of Cherries, Tomatoes,
Peaches, Grapes and all kind.s of fruit; also
earlot apples. Centrally located, conveni-
ent to all car tracks. Commission 10%.

HYSLOP&SONS, 132 Princfi St. Winnipef, Man

Referenda — Any mercantile aoncy, or ' ank of
Hamilton, Hamilton. Ont.

H. J. ASH

44-46 Church St. - Toronto, Ont.

CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIT & VEGETABLES
SOLICItED

We gi»e perional, contistent «»d rsliable attention
toeverr caniisnment. Shipping stampi fumiihed
on requeat.

FRED BARKER

25 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

Representing J. & H. Goodwin, Ltd., Man-
chester; Thos. Russell, Glasgow; Nothard &
Ijowe, London; G. R. Cooper, Liverpool.
APPLE RECEIVERS.
Consignments Solicited.

DAWSON-ELLIOTT Co.

32 West Market St., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit and Produce. Consign-
^ ments Solicited.

SAMUEL HISEY

82 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont.
Wholesale Produce and Commission Mer-
chant. Consignments Solicited.

The Oldest

Commission House icT

in Toronto cVti^

^CVI**^ Send your

Consignments.

STRONACH & SONS

33 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit, Produce and Commis-
sion Merchants.

LAING BROS.

307-309 Elgin Ave., Winnipeg

Wholesale Fruit, Groceries, Produce,
Grains, Hay and Commission Merchants

We want Consignment*

of Tomatoes, Peaches, Cherries, Grapes, and
all Ijinds of fruits and vegetables In baskets,
in car lots or less. We make a specialty
of barrel apples in car lots. Write us.

McBRIDE BROTHERS

J. R. McBride, Proprietor.

Pruit Exporters, Importers and Commission

Merchants.

Consignments solicited. Terms cash.

35 CHURCH ST., - TORONTO, ONT.

This Space Costs $1.40

per month.

Order now for the next

five months.

KEEP IN MIND—

Our Annual Exhibition and Fall Packing Number

PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER Ist

Vvhi^uf^jf ^!^^ **!€ ^'^'i ?,'*t°*.^' which comes out in time to oajtch (the Canaxlian National
mfi^fr , ? „ ^ ^l f!!'' fa'i-s. Just the issue in which to bring your products before

our fruit growers when they are buying their fall supplies for home and business.
Reserve space early. Last forms close August 25th.

Peterboro, Ontario

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

lieH and to the excellent opportunities which
Ihey are daily neglecting and throwing
iiway. They have a high class apple in the
.Mcintosh, the Montreal market is close by,
there is a steady demand for high class
fruit and a good price for it when it goes
on the market. It remains tor the grower
to produce the quality and the quantity if
the Mcintosh is lo be a good commercial
proposition.

To produce the quality it is essential that
the orchards be carefully attended to. The
trees should be at least 30 feet apart, both
ways, and a good system of cultivation and
draining observed. Careful pruning and
systematic thorough spraying at the proper
seasons should be carried out. When the
crop is ready to harvest, the trees should
be carefully gone over two or three times,
and the fruit graded and then honestly
packed into boxes and barrels properly and
clearly labelled. Cooperative societies
should be organized in every district and
cold storage plants erected at convenient
centres, arrangements should be made with
the railway and express companies for bet-
ter tran.sportation and lower rates. Instead
of- getting 24% of production of No. I's as is
now the case, the farmer should then be
able to get 70% to SO'/,, and instead of sell-
ing his fruit on the trees to a travelling
buyer at a low rate, he would do his own
packing into neat boxes, selling direct to
the trade and receiving as high as $2.50
per box and |4.50 per barrel.

The Mcintosh can be grown over a wide
range of territory, comes into bearing quick-
ly, is a fairly late apple, and one that will
keep well in cool storage. It has one dis-
advantage. It is subject to scab. This,
however, can be overcome by spraying.

The demand for this apple is in late fall
and winter, especially at Christmas and
New Year; and the fact that it lends itself
splendidly for marketing in fancy packages
at this time, makes it a popular and pro-
fitable variety.

Instruction Work in B.C.

A number of changes have been made
in the staff of the Horticultural and '
Fruit Pests Inspection Branches, of the
British Columbia Department of Agricul-
ture, due to the reorganization of these de-
partments. The assistant horticulturists
have been appointed pest inspectors, com-
bining the two activities which naturally
dovetail one with the other. In each of the
Assistant's districts. Inspectors acting under
their direction are appointed, and these in-
spectors perform inspection-work and such
horticulture duties as the horticulturists In
charge direct.

Mr. E. W. White, B.S.A., is the Inspector
for Vancouver Island, and has been busy
with three spraying machines trying to con-
trol the California pear-thrips in the most
seriously affected orchards of the Royal
Oak, Gordon Head, and Keatings districts in
cooperation with the growers. There are
also the codling moth, bud-moth, straw-
berry weevil, and various aphis problems to
be dealt with.

In the Cowichan district, Mr. R. Glenden-
ring, of Duncan, is Acting-Inspector in
charge of control measures for the wide-
poread "black-currant bud-mite" infesta-
tion.

Mr. R. C. Abbott, Coast Markets Com-
missioner, Vancouver, has been appointed
fn Inspector and has been placed in charge
of the inspection of potatoes for export. He
is assisted by Inspectors T. H. Bain, Chilli-
wack, and H. T. Thompson, Vancouver. Mr.
Abbott will be in temporary charge of field

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

187

inspection work for tlie Lower Mainland.

Mr. H. Thornber, B.Sc, is in charge of the
horticultural work on Vancouver Island and
the Lower Mainland, as well as the Interior
sections as far east as Shuswap and Nicola.

Mr. P. E. French, B.S.A., assistant hor-
ticulturist, has changed his headquarters to
Vernon. His territory now covers the Okan-
agan Valley, the Shuswap Lake section, the
main line east to Golden, and the Winder-
mere Valley. The Inspector in the Salmon
Arm and Spences Bridge district is Mr. C.

Use Hammond's Slug Shot

For Potatoes, Cabbage, Roses, etc.

TRABE MAKK-

" Sold by Seed Dealer* of Canadi^ ''

If >x>u have never used Slug Shot go to your
nearest seexi store and say: "Give me a
barrel, a keg, 25 lbs., 10 lbs., 5 lbs., or a
1 lb. carton." as the case may 'be, of Slug
Shot. After you have tried Slug Shot you
will find nothing else to be its superior,, be-
cause you know from experience that Slug
Shot i.s reliable in everytliing that goes to
make a useful insecticide for garden or field
iLse. Send for pamphlet.

Hammond's Slug Shot Works

Beacon, N.Y.

E. Barton, of Salmon Arm, who is in charge
particularly of scab-control and other ex-
perimental work, codling-moth infection at
Kamloops, and San Jose scale infection at
Spences Bridge.

In the Vernon district the most important
pest-control work is the spraying and other
measures for codling-moth, in which three
Department power-spraying outfits are in
operation. A series of spraying experiments
for apple-scab and other pests, the control
of flre-blight, and the inspection of foreign
refrigerator-cars for codling moth are being
conducted at Vernon.

Assistant horticulturist Ben Hoy, B.S.A.,
has changed his headquarters from Vernou
to Kelowna, and has as his territory Okan-
agan Centre south and the Similkameen.
The inspector for the Kelowna district is Mr.
Frank Cheeseboro. In this section the pest-
control work is principally for codling-moth.
The four department spraying outfits have
been operated at Westbank. There are
also limited codling-moth areas in which
other methods will be used; flre-blight con-
trol, suspected San Jose scale infestation,
and spraying experiments are the important
matters. Mr. J. Tait, Summerland, is the
inspector for this district as well as for
Peachland, and is working chiefly on fire-
blight.

Naramata, Penticton, and Kaleden are
served by G. R. Castner, of Penticton.

The Grand Forks, Rock Creek, section is
being served by Mr. E. C. Hunt, B.S.A., act-
ing assistant horticulturist, who has also
been appointed an inspector. The pest-con-
trol work centres chiefly on fire-blight.

In the West Kootenay, Mr. M. S. Middle-
ton, B.S.A., assistant horticulturist at Nel-
son, has charge, as well as the Arrow and
Slocan districts. An inspector, Mr. J. E.

Deep Seedbeds
Properly Prepared

—That's what you get when you use
the deep-cutting, double-turning, level-
ing and compacting

"Acme"Pnlverizlng Harrow

"The coulters do the work"— you should Bee
them mix the Boil, cut clods, weeds and trash
and make the whole into a firm yet mellow!seed-
bed several inches deep. The ' 'Acme" is simple,
durable and easy to pull. Sizes 3 ft. to 17 1-2 ft.
wide. Thousaoda in use. Send for booklet now.

6^ ft wide

The Bateman- Wilkinson Co.

Limited

^f>^ Symington Avenue Toronto, Ont.

SANDER & SONS

ORCHID GROW^ERS

The Finest Stock in the World
Catalogue on Application

ST. ALBANS ENGLAND

When in Toronto

COMB and see us. Poke about our premises. Lis-
ten to the customers who come a-ibuying. Ask
' them why they buy from us. Ascertain the

prices they pay. Ask them why they pay such good
prices. If you choose, go to other commission houses
and, satisfy yourself about us, and our ability to sell
at top prices.

Your Fruit
and Vegetables

What are you going to do with them this year any-
way? Tou must send them to some commission
house. We invite you to tie up with us. Square
dealing, quick settlements, top prices — what more can
you ask for?

Shipping stamps and market reports on request.

WHITE & CO., Limited

FRONT & CHURCH STS., TORONTO

Wholesale Fruit Importers and
Commission Merchants

For the Land^s Sake

Use the best Manure
and get

GOOD CROPS

For Nurseries, Fruit Growers
and Gardeners.

Sure Growth Compost

(A Composition of all Natural Manures)

Makes poor land fertile and keeps fertile
land most productive.

Special Prices on Summer Shipments

Supplied by

S. W. Marchment

133 Victoria St., TORONTO

Telephone* : Main 2841 ; Retidence, Park 951
Sar you Mw tl>u ■<!• ■» Tl" Caudiaa Hortieuknriat

188

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1916.

Johnson, is Htationed at Creston. under Mr.
Middleton, and will work principally on
apple-scab control.

LOADING Ji

-OGS

One of Our Specialties is

THAT GOOD APPLE BARREL

Not made from cull staves the rejections from flour and other stock of various bilges, but
cut from absolutely mill run timber with exactly the correct bilge and thickness. Heading
mostly basswood which takes a nice brand, is kiln dried and does not warp. Hoops stand-
ard. The barrels are all

MADE BY MACHINERY

which insures an even croze and every head fitting. Why be worried with poor barrels
causing lossiof time? We make sixhoop eight hoop, also six wood and two wire, which
is the favorite. If these barrels get wet hoops cannot break. We can ship car loads con-
taining about 330

DELIVERED AT YOUR STATION

We ship thousands of barrels yearly to many large growers, dealers and fruit associa-
tions in Western Ontario, besides supplying 80% of the cooperage stock and barrels used
in the great Eastern Ontario Apple Belt. Therefore we must give the best value obtain-
able. Our main plant is one of the

FINEST ON THIS CONTINENT

Write us for prices on cooperage or 'barrels delivered your station.

"Owing to the uncertainty of labor, we cannot guarantee present prices or prompt
delivery except on early business."

TRENTON COPPER AGE MILLS, Limited

TRENTON, ONTARIO.

Price Need Not Stand in the Way

Don't let the question of price prevent you from owning a SPR.AJHOTOR
iind getting better crops. We make a SPRAMOTOR as low as $6, and from
that all the way up to $400. Our $6 outfit if g^ a.s good value in propor-
tion as the $400 machine. There's a "

^3AmnwGi'

It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless we made it

for every need — ^the small farmer and the
thousand-acre man. The knapsack outfit
at the left is all Wgh-grade and sprays
at high pressure. We guarantee it to
.s-pray paint, whitewash and chemicals.
The SPRAMOTOR
is all brass, with
*.iiai;Tshing agiitator
around screen,
automatic plunger,
brass l>all valves
In salvtuiiized or brass flve-gaiUon tank.

and patent hand valve.

Barrel outfit consists of all-brass No. 2 SPRAMOTOR,
with two iO-feet lines of hose, couplings attached, patent
hand valves, two bamboo extension rods with brass cupped
ends and patent drip guards, two double-nozzle clusters,
complete, mounted on 50-gallon cask. Can be used for all
kinds of work.

FRFF '^'•■'''^ "s giving some idea of your spraying needs.

, In return we will majl you without charge a copy

ot our valuable illustrated treatise on Crop Diseases, also

details of a SPRAMOTOR best suited to your requirements.

Made in Canada No Duty to Pay

SPRAMOTOR WORKS - 2715 King St., London, Can.

Items of Interest

During the last week of May the cily
.'^prayer wa.s used on the shade tree.s on th'
.streets of St. Catharines for the first timi
The work was done under the supervl'ijon o;
Inspector Elliott, and E. H. Stork, who is e.\
perienced in .sprayinK methods. With th'
aid of a gasoline motor, the spray was ap-
plied to the tops of the trees by a pre?.--ur?
of 250 lbs-, and the trunks were also carefully
sprayed. It is estimated that about 300
.shade trees are affected with scale through-
out the city. I>ast year a tew trees wer<-
sprayed, and the beneficial results are very
marked.

On June 17th, new potatoes and new car-
rot.s appeared on Hamilton market for the
first time. The potatoes sold at |2 per
basket, and the carrots at 50c per dozen
bunches. Old potatoes rose to $2.50 a batr.
The rains have seriously interfered with
the early potato crop, and the crop is likely
to be late and smaller than usual.

There have recently been substantial re-
ductions in ocean freight rates between
Canada and Great Britain, and according to
well-informed shipping interests, there will
shortly be further reductions, which will
bring the rates 30 per cent, below what they
were three months ago. It is expected that
Canada will benefit by this, and that British
Columbia salmon will be secured by the War
Department, instead of Alaskan, and Ontario
fruit instead of California.

Potash is being made on a considerable
scale by a West Virginia company, from the
waste stems of tobacco plants.

The New South Wales Government office
in London has secured from the war office
orders for some S'^ million lbs. of Australian
jam. A number of the Australian states are
supplying jams to the war office, but an in-
novation in this respect is the inclusion of
melon jam, produced by New South Wale^^.
In addition, large quantities of quince, apri-
cot, and peach jams from New South Wales
are in use by the British military authori-
ties.

Messrs. E. D. Smith and Son, Winona, are
engaged in getting out a large strawberry
jam order for Great Britain.

A serious pest to the grape industry in
Ohio is the grape-berry worm, a small in-
sect which bores into the young grapes and
renders them useless for marketing. It can
be controlled by spraying twice. First, wTien
the grapes are about % of an inch in di-
ameter. 4 lbs. arsenate of lead are used
with the 2-3-40 formula of Bordeaux, plus 2
lbs. of dissolved soft soap as a sticker. The
second application is made about six weeks
later, to kill the second brood. Hand spray-
ing gives better results than machine work.

A Large Establishment

Members of the Ottawa Vegetable Grow-
ers' Association paid a visit, in June, to th^
extensive glass establishment of H.
Wright, Aylmer, Quebec, about nine mile
from Ottawa. After the Easter rush wa
over, several carnation houses were cleane
out and planted with 19.000 tomato plants.
These were expected to mature in July,
prior to carnation planting. Crops of beans
and spinach proved profitable in May. The
florist side of the business has been main-
tained, with a large spring crop of sweet
peas, carnations and roses. Bedding ma-
terial was almost cleaned out. Mr. Wright's
plant is not confined to the greenhouses.

July, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

but comprises one of the finest farms in the
district, which also is well managed- Cattle
and horses are of the best kind, with ail
modern equipages to run a farm success-
fully. Barnyard manure is the principal
fertilizer for the greenhouses, hundred.?, of
tons being used. A fine collection of pheas-
ants and peacocks forms one of Mr. Wrighis
hobbies. The visit was enjoyed by the
gardeners. Mrs. Wright, at the close of the
outdoor inspection, entertained the visitors
to refreshments. The vegetable growers ex-
pressed their appreciation of their enjoyable
afternoon. — ^A. V. Wain.

The Poultry Yard

F. C. Elford, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa

I )uring July, the work on the poultry
plant is comparatively light, but important.
The success of the year's work depends to
no small extent upon the ability to rear to
maturity the chicks that have been hatched
and brought thus far. During this period,
attention should be given to the marketing
of broilers, old hens, green ducks, and the
bummer's egg supply. It is also the time
when mites and lice thrive best and when
cleanliness is most important.

Every care should be given the growing
chicks, not that they should be pampered,
but they should be well fed and given range
on "sweet soil." The feeding need not be
of such a nature that it requires a great
deal of work; have some system but make it
simple. Use hoppers into which mixed
grain may be put, and if you have milk be
sure that the chicks get all they want.
With milk, extra animal food will not be re-
quired. See that the hoppers are kept
filled, and if you wish to give an occasional
moist mash, all right; but, if the chicks are
doing well and have a good start, the hop-
per feed will be sufficient.

If chicks were hatched in June, get them
on to fresh ground and give them extra care
and feed. In addition to the hoppers, see
that they have every day a moist mash —
all that they will eat up clean in about halt
an hour. If it can be avoided, do not let
the late chicks run with the larger chicks;
see that the quarters are kept clean, and
watch for head lice.

If all the old hens were not marketed in
June, dispose of them now; if they belong to
the American breeds, they are not likely to
lay many eggs during the summer. It is a
good plan to cull out from last year's pullets
the birds that you do not intend to use for
breeding purposes next year; see that they
are well fleshed before they go to market.

Dispose of as many as possible of the
cockerels that are large enough to sell as
broilers; towards the end of this month the
prices will be lower; cockerels which can-
not be profitably sold should be kept to sell
as roasters. Early selling cuts down the
expense of production, gives more room for
the pullets, and leaves the market freer in
the fall for the roa.sters that have to be sold
at that time of the year.

No matured male should be allowed to
run with the laying hens during the sum-
mer. If they were not killed at the close
of the breeding season, they should be done
away with now. Do not continue to pro-
duce fertile eggs that spoil so readily this
hot weather. During this warm weather,
gather the eggs two or three times a day.
Keep the broody hens off the nests. Break
sitters by putting them in a feeding crate
01 swinging coop. Keep eggs in a cool
place, and market two or three times a
week.

Get the young chicks into some growing
crop that will provide shade, green feed and
good scratching ground. Colony houses

Protect Your Fruit

Every barrel of apples is bruised to a
greater or less extent in heading. You
know what this means — it causes
quick rot, thus spoiling the attractive-
ness of the face and so depreciating
the value of the whole barrel of apples.
WARNER'S APPLE BARREL PADS

I>la.c6d in each end of the barrel holds
the a.pples flnm and absolutely pirevents
them from being bruised when heading
in and shipping. It costs little and pays
big. Send your name and address for
sample atnd prices.

R. B.Warner, Inwood,Ont.

Aug. 26 !

Canadian National

Exhibition

'. Sept.11

Empire Federation Spectacle, 1,200 performers; 10 massed bands. Glorious pageant,
symbolizing Imperial solidarity and power. Mammoth scenic reproduction of the
British Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey and the War Office.

THE WORLD AT WAR,
ANMER, THE KING'S HORSE, PARADED DAILY.
Government exhibits; superb showing of live stock and agricultural products; acres
of manufactures.

Aug. 26 -TORONTO - Sept. 11

Wilkinson Plows

THK oldest line of steel beam plows in the
Dominion, made in the old Wilkinson Plow
Co's factory, by old Wilkinson Plow Co.
experts — every one of them men who know their business. It is the standard line of plows and
includes 25 or more styles to choose from. U. S. S. Soft Center Steel

Moldboards, highly tempered and guaranteed to clean in any soil.
Steel beams, steel landsides and high carbon steel coulter. Cle-
vises can be used either stiff or swine. Each plow is fitted
especially with its own pair of handles — rock elm, long
and heavy and thoroughly braced. The long body
P__^_.| "^IBfefc^ '^Oj^^'i^ makes it a very steady running plow. Shares of

oenerai ^^iS^^^»^'*=*^ *^1 widths — specials for stony or clay land.

purpose, light, ^^a»£sr--==^^t:^ -*s^ «

medium, and
heavy, side hill, sod,
drill or one horse plows

The plow shown turns a beautiful furrow,
with minimum draft and narrow furrow at
finish. Ask for new booklet.

The Bateman- Wilkinson Co., Limited
Symington Avenue, Toronto Canada

W

Repairs

for all

Wilkinson

Plows

THE

WESTERN FAIR

LONDON, CANADA
September 8th to 16th, 1916

FRUIT and FLOWERS given special attention in this year's Prize List.
A "County Special" of $.50.00 for fruit open to any county in Ontario.
Excellent programme before the new steel grand stand twice daily.

Special Railway Rates

PRIZE LISTS, ENTRY FORMS, and all information regarding the Exhi-
bition on application to the Secretary.

W. J. REID, President A. M. HUNT, Secretary

vl.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

July, 1916.

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS

Advertisements in this department Inserted at rate of 3 cents a word for each In-
sertion, each figure, sign, or single letter to count as one word, minimum cost 30c.,
strictly cash in advance.

SEEDS.

YOU WANT "Reliable Seeds," get our Seed
Price Ust and Save Money. Morgan's Sup-
ply House, Ix>ndon.

REAL ESTATE

ALL KINDS OF FARMS— FruJt farms a speci-
alty. Writ* for CAtalosue. W. B. Calder,
Qrlmaby.

FARIVIS — All kinds — Fruit, stock, grain or dairy
farms for sate. Also hlave clients with good
city property who would exchange. H. W.
Dawson, Brampton, Ont.

SPRAYINQ.

SAVE MONEY— Get our Spraying and Garden
Supply Catalog. Morgan's Supply House,
London.

BEES.

CARNIOLAN, GOLDEN AND THREE BAND-
ED ITALIANS. Bees by the pound. Nuclei.
Ready to go April 1st. Write for price list.
C. B. Bankston, Buffalo, Leon Co., Texas.

FOR SALE — Untested Golden Italian Queens,
60c each. J. F. Michael, Winchester, Ind. ,
U.S. A.

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS as advertised
on ipage 181. Catalogue free. Deroy Taylor
Co., Newark, N.T.

BEST THREE BANDED QUEENS at lowest
prices, after June 1. Also Bees by the pound.
Satisfaction guaranteed. Send for circular.
J. H. Haughey, Berrien Springs, Mich.

BEES — Per pound, $2.16; per frame, $2.35;
queen, $1.00. Comb foundation, light brood
or extracting, per pound, 60c. Langstroth
hives and frames, painted and empty (new),
$1.60 each. Address Aurora Apiary, Aurora,
Ont.

FOR SALE — Italian queens from the best honey
gathering strains — untested queen, 75c; 6,
$4.25; 12, $8.00; tested queens, 1, $1.25; 6, $7.00;
12, $12.00. Robert B. Spicer, Wharton, N.J.

GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS— Bred from a
strain of great honey gatherers. Gentle and
proline. Untested— 1, 75c; 6, $4.25; 12, $8.00;
50, $32.50; 100, $60.00. All orders promptly
filled and safe arrival guaranteed. L. J.
Pfelfter. R.F.D. No. 15, Los Gatos, Cat, U.S.A,

NOTICE — Gray Caucasian Queens. Their su-
perior qviallties are early breeding, great
honey gatherers, very prolific, very gentle,
great comb builders, give better body to
honey, very hardy, will work when other
bees sitay in hive, good winterers, the best
all-purpose bee. Give me a trial order.
Select untested, $2.00; select tested, with
wing clipped, $3.00. Fay L. Barber, 290 State
St., Louville, N.T.

BEE SUPPLIES.

BEEKEEPERS — Please write for our Catalog.
Morgan's Supply House, London.

1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two color»,
any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. East-
ern Label Co., CUntonvlIte, Conn.

along the side of the root field or In the
corn patch cannot be beaten. If neither i.s
available, get the chicks into the orchard,
into a clump of trees, or if you have no
shade, provide some. The hot sun is disas-
trous to young chicks and ducks.

Early this month is a good time to plough
up the runs and sow green feed, such as
rape. This can be sown broadcast in the
same manner as buckwheat, and it Is a
splendid green feed for the chicks in the
fall.

Fruit Crop Conditions

The July Fruit Crop Report of the Fruit
Branch of the Department of Agriculture,
Ottawa, contains the following information
regarding the condition of fruits in all parts
of Canada:

Apples: In western Ontario there will be
ii light apple crop and much of the fruit will
be of poor quality. East of Toronto, Spies
are light, but on the whole indications
point to a crop nearly medium. Duchess
and Wealthy promise a heavy crop in east-
ern Ontario. Fameuse and Mcintosh will
be a full crop where orchards have been
sprayed. The total crop in British
Columbia is estimated as slightly larger
than last year. Nova Scotia reports two-
thirds of an average crop or slightly over
one million barrels.

Peaches: There has been considerable
damage from "leaf curl" in Niagara. The
crop is estimated at 75 per cent, of last
year. British Columbia reports a crop about
equal to last year.

Pears: In Niagara Bartletts are a good
crop; Anjou and Kieffer fair and Duchess
very light. Prospects are generally favor-
able in British Columbia.

Plums: There will be a light crop in On-
tario. There are practically no Japanese
plums except Burbank. European varieties
will average a half crop. In Quebec there
will be about as many plums as last year.
European varieties have set particularly
heavy.

Cherries: In Niagara district, sweet varie-

ties will be about 30 per cent, of 1915, and
sour varieties 20 per cent. British Columbia
reports sweet varieties light and sour
varieties a fair crop.

Strawberries: Late varieties will be a
good crop in Ontario. Warm weather is
badly needed. New Brunswick will also
have a large crop of good quality. A simi-
lar report comes from Quebec. In British
Columbia there will be a decided increa.'^'
over last year's crop.

Recent Publications

Copies of the following bulletins ha^i
reached The Canadian Horticulturist during
the last few weeks:

Common Spray Materials and other In-
secticides, being Bulletin No. 3, by J. G.
Sanders, State Entomologist for the Wiscon-
i-in Department of Agriculture. Late Potato
Blight in Iowa, Bulletin No, 163, issued by
the Iowa College of Agriculture. "Potato
Diseases," Bulletin No. 140, issued by the
I'ennsylvania State College. Vegetable
Tests on Sandy Soil, Bulletin No. 136, is-
sued by the Oregon Agricultural College,
Corvallis, Ore.

TRADEMARK ^^1* W%

Wilkinson ClimaX B

REGISTERED -*#--*»«»**^» m^

Ensilsige and
Straw Cutter

Our "B'* machine, built especially for
the farmer. A combination machine
— it will cut and deliver green corn
into the highest silo ordrystraworhay
into the mow. 12 -inch throat, rolls

raise 6 inches and let close to knives — lolid,
compact cutiinE surface. Can change cut with-
oui stopping. Can be reversed instantly. Direct
pneumatic delivery. Knife wheel carries fans.
No lodging, everything cut, wheel always in
balance. Steel fan case.

Made in two styles— mounted or unmounted. We
also makelareertype machine for custom work.
Ask your dealer about this well-known machine
and write us for new catalog showiof all styles.

THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO..
LIMITED

4B8 Campbell Ave.
Toronto, Canada

Peerless Poultry Fencing

A real fence, not netting. Strongly

made and closely spaced, a complete barrier
against animals of any kind. Keeps the small
chicks confined. They can't get through. Does
all and more than is required of a poultry fence.

The heavy, hard steel top and bottom wires
vrith intennediate laterals will hold a carelessly
backet! wagon or unruly animal and imme-
diately spring back into shape.

The wires are held toKetherat each in-
tersection by Uie Peerless tock.

Send for Catalogue

and address of nearest agent. We

make a complete line of farm and

omaiuental fencing. We now have

agents nearly everywhere, but

will appoint others in all un-

assigned territory. Write for

catalogue today.

THE BANWELL-HOXIE WIRE

FENCE CO., Ltd.,

WINNIPEC, MAN.

HAMILTON, OMT.

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Vol. XXXIX

PETERBORO, AUGUST, 1916

No. 8

Co-operative Methods Not a Cure-AU

H. Bronson Cowan, Editor of the Canadian Horticulturist

FRUIT growers in the east have-
long looked upon the great fruit
growers' organizations of the Pa-
cific Coast States as being almost
models of all that fruit growers' or-
ganizations should be. The thorough
manner in which they have safeguard-
ed every step from the pruning and
spraying of their trees and the thin-
ning of the fruit to the packing of the
product in neat, attractive packages,
just so many apples, uniform in size
and color, to the box, has been pointed
out as the explanation of their ability
to outsell — not undersell — • eastern
fruit in the eastern markets. It has
come as somewhat of a shock, there-
fore, to many eastern growers to find
that in spite of their apparent perfec-
tion of method, all things are not well
with the fruit growers of the western
coast states. Tn fact, it hn=; scomofl nt

times as if their situation could hard-
ly be worse. The very prosperity
brought about by their early successes
has led, in a large measure, to their
undoing. This success created a false
optimism, which resulted in over
plantings, excessive land values, in-
creased cost of production, and ruinous
competition between different coopera-
tive orgaaiizations. This condition, in
turn, culminated in glutted markets,
and such low prices for fruit that
thousands of fruit growers have been
ruined and large areas of fruit trees
cut down and the land devoted to other
crops.

So serious did the situation become
that early last fall growers, selling or-
ganizations, hankers and commercial
clubs in the northwest sent hundreds of
telegrams and letters to the Depart-
in"iit of Asrriciiltnre at Washins'ton,

urging them to have the Office of Mar-
kets come to the assistance of the fruit
industry. According to the Fruit and
Produce Marketer, of Portland, Ore-
gon, the department was advised that
the fruit industry was in a deplorable
condition, that this condition was real-
ized by all, and that the help of the
federal government was needed in or-
der that a plan might be found that
would place the industry upon a better
basis. In response to these requests the
department sent to the northwest three
experts to investigate conditions. These
men spent many days and a large sum
of monej' in investigating every fruit
section in the northwest, and calling
upon the selling organizations, bankers,
growers and leaders in the different
communities. \ Thej^ thtis secured a
thorough understanding of the needs
of the industry. With fh's informa-

View in the fruit land.s of tlie St. John River Valley Fruit Company. Bur ton, X.B. The St. John Uiver Valley promises to become noted as an
apple producing district. It contains numerouis fine orchards and the Pro vlnciul Governimcnt Is making its advantages known.

190

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August. 1916.

tion in their postsessiou they callecl a
meeting of those interested find -report-
ed to them somewhat as follows:
"We find the fruit indusitry of
the northwest to be the greatest
example of disorganization to be
found in the United States. The
very fact that you have a number
of strong organizations makes it
all the worse, because it gives you
larger clubs to use in your game
of tearing each other to pieces.
Your principal trouble is 'selfish-
ness. ' If you have a sincere desire
and are willing to do certain
things, we will suggest a plan upon
which you can meet on equal terms
and agree."
They were answered in this fashion:

"We realize our deplorable con-
ditions and know that if we do not
agree to certain practices that we
will have no industry in a few
short years. We therefore are here
with open hearts ready to agree to
any constructive plan that will as-
>sist the industry.''"
Growing out of this report a Fruit
Growers' Agency was formed for the
purpose of reorganizing the industry,
harmonizing the competing interests,
bringing order out of chaos, and re-
establishing better conditions. It is yet
too early to decide what success will
attend this new effort. In the mean-
time we in the east may learn some
valuable lessons from the conditions
that have thus been revealed in tlie
west.

Lessons For the East.

In the first place, let us note that
the primal cause of the trouble in the
west was SELB"^ISHNESS. AVhat a
flood of light that one word throws on
the whole situation, both east and west !
The evil worm it represents find its
way to the centre of every effort of
man to improve his condition, and
again and again thwarts Iiis best efforts.
It explains why men refuse to cooper-
ate as long as they think they can do
better for themselves in some other
way ; it leads men to throw down their
association when a buyer offers them
an extra inducement to sell outside
their organization; it is the cause
which prompts growers to rush imma-
ture fruit to the market in the hope of
obtaining some of the early high prices ;
it explains why buyers so often find in-
ferior fruit under number one grades,
and makes clear the motives which
prompt even cooperative associations
to cut the sfroiiud from under each
others' feet in their anxiety to market
their products.

What are we going to do about it?

In some ways there is not much that
can be done. A greater than humaa

agency is required to deal with t^s
evil in the hearts of men. Let *,
therefore, recognize this fact, and noi
make the mistake of thinking that the
mere passing of laws or imposition of
fines or attempts at unity of effort will
be sufficient to overcome it. It may
seem to disappear for a while, but soon-
er or later is sure to break out in a
■fresh spot. For the same reason, also,
we should discourage rather than en-
courage the modern tendency to have
ministers of the gospel devote more at-
tention to learning methods of farming
and iittending short courses in agricul-
ture in order that they may help the
members of their congregations in a
direct temporal way, instead of giving
their full attention to the moi-e import-
ant spiritual matters. Once ministers
step aside from the main purpose of
their calling and commence to fritter
away their time on minor issues, that
growers themselves are better able to
cope with, disaster rather than bene-
fit will be the result. Let us not, also,
bave our appeals for the adoption of
coo'periative methods so much on sel-
fi';h arguments as by exalting the un-
selfish spirit which will lead a man to
prefer to suffer loss rather than to de-
fraud his neighbor. A cooperative or-
ganization that is held together for
purely selfish purposes has the seeds
of decay and disintegration within it-
self.

Let us not, also, make the mistake
of expecting too much from the adop-
tion of cooperative methods. These
are important, and are always the first
and absolutely essential step forward
towards better conditions. They are

only, however, a means towarrd an end.
Even were all our fruit growers to fer-
tilize and cultivate their land, prune,
spray and thin their fruit and cooper-
ate in its sale, other and still larger
problems would remain to be solved.
We would still have to deal with the
possibility of over production, the in-
creasing cost of land and all kinds of
supplies, the growing poverty of the
masses of the people in our cities with
the consequent reduction in their pur-
chasing power, as well as competition
with other classes of products. It is
true we cannot deal with all these
queirtions at once. One step at a time
is the safe and ordained method for
all of us. Let us once recognize, how-
ever, the necessity for taking further
steps, and we will not make the mistake
of being too optimistic concerning the
benefits likely to attend the taking of
any one or even several steps. Some '
of these other issues we trust will be
discus.sed in future numbers of the
Canadian Horticulturist. The broader
the viewpoint we have when dealing
with these problems the .safer and more
permanent will be the progress made
when dealing with them.

The box is the coming package, for
most varieties at least. It is easier to
pack; easier to handle in the orchard,
on the train, or in the home of the con-
sumer; it avoids bruising, and it en-
ables a householder, who does not want
to buy more than a barrel at a time, to
have three varieties in his home at a
time.

Each little Job takes time and costs money. Covering the fruit baskets on the fruit farm of
h'. Bell & Sons. Burling'ton, Ont., preparatory to loading tor market.

August, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

191

Cranberry Culture in Nova Scotia

A. J. Campbell, Halifax, N. a.

THE culture of cranberries began
about twenty-five years ago in
Nova Scotia. Cranberries have
always grown wild here, and when it
V as found that the removal of weeds

d grass made the vines more vigor-
mis and enlarged the yield the owners
of cranberry bogs were encouraged to
cultivate the berry. In the course of
time a regular industry in cranberry
growing was established throughout
the Province, but it was in Kings
county that most progress in planting
and production occurred.

Among the growers at Auburn,
Kings county, is Mr. H. S. Bishop, who
is considered to-day an authority on
I everything pertaining to cranberry
growing. "Many pai'ts of Canada,"
said he, "abound in tracts of land
varying in area which are now consid-
ered as waste, but which may be made
among the most profitable parts of the
farm. Wet peaty soils, of little use for
other purposes, are eminently suitable
for the culture of cranberries, and the
expense of preparing ajid planting is
not excessive when the length of life of
tlie bed is considered.

"The proper soil for the culture of
this berry is a peaty alluvial soil. A
peat bog, if not too deep, or any black
land on which wild bog cranberries
now grow will present a suitable home
for the cultivated berry. Beds are
sometimes made on an ordinary very
sandy loam, but such soil requires the
annual application of commercial fer-
tilizer, which is not required on black
soil. Moreover, ordinary soil runs more
to weeds than a peat soil does. A wet
soil with the water just below the sur--
face should be selected. If land of this
character is ditched and drained until
the water recedes to within twelve
inches of the surface the results will be
satisfactory.

"The first operation in preparing a
bed is to strip the sod or turf from the
surface sufficiently deep to prevent the
growth of bushes, grass or weeds from
the roots. This is generally a difficult
job, as the ground is often too soft to
hold a horse and is apt to contain many
sticks and logs with which it is hard to
deal except by hand. After the ground
is cleared and levelled it should be cov-
ered to a depth of three and one-half
inches, with sand free from loam or
weeds. A coarse sand in which is some
gravel will be suitable. Many shallow
peat bogs have a deposit of sand un-
derneath, and where this is the case the
sand can be conveniently and cheaply
obtained from the bottom of_ the
ditches. After the sand is spread the
rows should be marked out eighteen

inches apart. This may be done by
drawing over the bed an instrument
made like a hand sled with two or more
runners the proper distance apart.

"In starting a bed, not only is it de-
sirable to get a variety of good quality
and appearance, but they also should be
prolific yielders. There is as much dif-
ference in the yield and quality of cran-
berries as of apples. Some of the wild
varieties are good. Many of the best
berries grown in Nova Scotia are native
varieties. For planting cut vines are
used, being the upright parts of the
vine mowed from a bearing bed. These
may be obtained from some reliable
dealer who makes a business of sup-
plying them. Vines for planting are
from six to eight inches long, and are
put vip in sacks or barrels, about eight
barrels being necessary for planting an
acre. The process of planting is very
simnle. One worker drops the cuttinars
in the marked rows about fifteen inches
apart. Another Avorker follows and
presses a pai't of the cutting into the
soil with a forked stick. The firming
of the sand about the cutting with the
foot completes the operation.

"In the after treatment of the bed
weeding is the most important opera-
tion. This will not be difficult, how-
ever, if the ground has been well strip-
ped and clean sand has been used. It
is vitally important to keep down any
weeds that show in order to give the
vines a chance. If this is faithfullv

A measuring point for the miles by a Huron
County roadway, near Goderich. Ont.

done for three years the vines will take
charge and completely cover the
ground by the foui-th year, thus reduc-
ing the task of weeding practically to
the vanishing point. By this time also
the bed will be yielding profitable
crops. No cultivation is required, and,
in fact, it is desirable in weeding to
mix the sand Avith the soil as little as
possible. If properly brought to this
point the bed is in shape for many

HBi

^^^^

A cranberry plantatii.n at .Xubuni, Kings Co., Muva Scotia.

:o2

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Aujfust, 1916.

PeaoH ^--tUV^^^^^^i^^^^^o^^^^^nU.^^ ^,,,

years to come, and requires little at-
tention but picking.

"There is a very general impression
that cranberries cannot be raised with-
out provision being made for flooding,
but while such an arrangement is de-
su-able it is not essential. Cranberries
are grown quite extensively through-
out the Annapolis Valley, and in ma°ny
cases there is no provision for flooding.
Of course,' if the bed can be located on
a small stream flooding is then possi-
ble. A dam may be built so that the
bed may be flooded to a depth of
eighteen inches, with a gate that may
be easily opened and closed. Water
should be turned on in the spring nnd
allowed to remain until about May
20th, so that the period of blossoming
may be retarded to escape the June
frost. Again, in the autumn, if heavy
frost is imminent before the berries are
picked, the gates may be closed in the
afternoon and the bed flooded for the
night. A clean sanded bed, however,
will not catch the frost so quickly as a
bed full of weeds and grass.

"A few Avords may be said in regard
to the use of fertilizers. There is no
use for barnyard manure in connection
with grov.ing cranberries. If the bog
is made on peat or muck soil with sand
on top no further fertilizer is necessary
for the successful growing of this fruit
year after year. If the bog is planted
on a white sand flat, or where the mud
is very thin and the land poor, a liberal
use of any of the commercial fertiliz-
ers used for growing potatoes is un-
doubtedly a great benefit. The berries
will be larger and the vines thriftier if
from four hundred to six hundred
pounds of fertilizer per acre be applied
about the first of June. This should

be sowif broadcast when the vines are
perfectly dry.

"In the earlier days of this industry
picking was altogether done by hand.
The bog was laid off in sections or
strips of any width to suit the fancv,
by stretching lines across. Each picker
was assigned a section by himself,
and the cost of gathering in this way
varied from one to two cents per quart.
Of late years this work is performed
largely by the use of scoops, much more
quickly and at far less cost. These
scoops or pickers vary in width from
fifteen to twenty-two inches, according
to the number of teeth. The berries
groAv on the ends of the upright part
of the vines. The scoop is forced into
the vines just about the laterals, and as
it is raised up the berries are pulled off
and fall into the back of the scoop.
After two or three operations of this
kind, the scoop is emptied into a shal-
low box or basket. In this way a single
operator will gather from three to ten
or more barrels of berries per day
where there is an ordinary good crop
of fruit. ' '

The cranberry is a cold climate plant,
and will grow to perfection in Canada.
It has not the same insect enemies to
contend with that are prevalent in some
parts of the United States, while the
prices are better and the demand is
practically unlimited. A well estab-
lished bed will yield from fifty or sixty
bai-rels to the acre, and the price sel-
dom drops below five dollars the barrel.
This is surely good enough for land
that is practically useless for other
purposes.

Height of Apple Trees

I'. J. Carey, Toronto, Ont

that have hn,) n k1 i u ■ ^' however,
"hich need l^*^ ^,7"^"^*^ »P and
treatmeni' '''" «*^"d, severe

tre«s. There is nno . "^^-headed

•system. th\"VAX .etS^^a^h ''^
™fall w^iich mav do d^mL ?"'
heading gives n« o i "'*™age. Low

trunk, and the trJ '"' '"•"' ^^"^'^^^^'-

trees. "' ^^ "'""'^ ''^ the high

. Y°" *^''" cultivate low-headed f-..

and droor^,;^s^;r S'lr

|ng it^is not necessary to cultivate iToL

fh^J"" ^r,^"","^ «^ *^'e tree is everv

hing. We have trees that are un in

the air, due generally to their ha?in»

fceen planted too close toge her I hTif

seen thoiLsands of trefs in orchards

hat were planted too dose. In one

arge orchard, planted some twenU

trees are to be taken out.

homitVhf'^"'^-^"'^^^^^ t°de-
ftornit. Thxs operation should be done
only as a last resort. Sometimes it is !

ZrZ"^\ ^"^^/ '^^^'^ tree down to
not over twenty feet, and, better still
fifteen feet. If you w^nt to cut "a tret
down eight or ten, or even twelve feet
and there is a large upright limb nea^
the centre, cut it back at the juncture
or jomt with the main tree. In a short
time It will be full of new growths.

The first principle in lowering a tree
IS to cut down the upward growth. On
side growths the fruit tends to bear
down the limbs. Always cut a limb
vertically, so that the water will not
rest inthe cut and cause a cup to form. ■

In the case of San Jose Scale I have]
seen a tree cut down, renewed, and a*
new head formed. Where the new-:
growth forms it can be thinned' out and'
trimmed.

Mention the Canadian Horticulturist
when writing advertisers.

Speaking of the possibilities of orchard
products an old nurseryman says where
a dollar's worth of fruit was consumed
ten years ago, ten dollars is wanted now.
Unless all signs fail, one hundred dol-
lars' worth will be required in ten years
from now.

August, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

iflS

Thinning Fruit

THOSE fruit growers who have uat
yet attended to the thinning of
their fruit should not neglect it
longer. To do so, where heavy crops
are promised, may mean broken limbs,
split trunks and weakened trees. Vig-
orous thinning should be begun before
the fruits attain size and weiglit
enough to begin bearing down the
limbs of the trees.

A.S regards the number to be left
eh depends on the stiength of tree
i...:[ branch. As a general rule, how-
ever, even the most perfect fruits
should not be too closely packed, as
one nice specimen is preferable to six
half grown. Apples may be left near-
er than pears, cherries nearer than
plums, while for the best i-esults
peaches should not be nearer than six
inches to one another. Apples should
be thinned, leaving only one fruit to
a fruit spur and the fruit from four to
eight inches or ten inches apart, de-
pending upon the variety and the tree.
Unless each peach tree is allowed
enough space to develop to its maxi-
mum there will be a quantity of second
grade offered for sale. In thinning, al-
ways take off those which are mis-
shapen or injured by insects, leaving
I only first-ckss fruit. A tree which is
! loaded will, if it is thinned, produce
as many baskets of fruit as one which
is not so thinned, but the one which is
thinned will produce more first-class
fruit, while the other will have a quan-
tity of small and second grade peaches.
It is easier to pick and drop small green
peaches on the ground than it is to pick
those same peaches later and put each

one in a basket. The cost of thinning
any kind of fruit (apples, pears, plums
or peaches) is more than made up by
the time saved in harvesting and grad-
ing, and also by the increased price of
the greater amount of firet grade fruit.

Spray Late Potatoes

p. J. Carey, Toronto, Onl.

DxVMr weather, such as has pre-
vailed this season, is almost sure
to cause trouble among the late
potatoes. It should pay well, there-
fore, to give special attention to the
matter of spraying. Numerous tesits
have proved that the timely and thor-
ough spraying of late potatoes pays
even where disease is not prevalent.

To make Bordeaux mixture for
spraying, carefully slake four pounds
of quick lime, mix with water to a
ci'eam, strain into the spray barrel and
half fill it with water. Dissolve four
pounds of copper sulphate (best in
granulated form) in four gallons of
water (hot water works quicker) and
pour slowly, with constant stirring,
into the spray barrel with water, so
thait by the time the copper solution
is Tvoured in the fifty-gallon barrel is
full.

If much spraying is to be done, stock
solutions of lime and copper sulphate
may be made, thus avoiding the pre-
paration of small lots of material. The
stock so'lutions are made by slaking
sufficient lime for one spraying and
diluting with the same number of gal-
lons of water, also dissolving the re-
ouired amount of copper sulphate and
diluting in the same proportion. These
solutions can bo kept separately for an

■Pe-ach time" in ttie orchard of Wm. Webb,
East Hamilton, Ont.

indefinite time and can be used by
measuring four gallons of each and
proceeding in the manner described.

Cherry Trees

The cherry tree will thrive on light,
well drained loams. The fruit likes an
elevated, naturally light, dry, loamy,
retentive soil. The sour cherry tree
will stand a heavier soil.

' As the sour cherry tree does not grow
very large, it is best to plant it sixteen
and a half feet each way, thus making
one hundred and sixty trees to the acre.

Cherry trees can be successfully top
grafted, if one desires to change the
varieties in the orchard for more profit-
able ones. This sort of graft will suc-
ceed without any difficulty, if it is per-
formed early in the spring, before the
slightest swelling of the buds, and even
before the frost has disappeared from
the ground. After this period, diffi-
culty will be experienced.

Black knot in cherry trees is the
worst disease of all. The only remedy
I know is to cut away the branch when-
ever it appears. — Rev. Father Leopold,
Ija Trappe, Que.

A fruit dray on the fruit farm of E. M. Smith. Winona, Ont., Iik.j, .;

^>..,U .station.

When -peach trees have attained a size
that necessitates a ladder in picking the
fruit, I begin to prune and keep the fruit
producing wood close to the ground.
Keep the trees low down so they can be
readily sprayed without any gfi^eat der-
rick to get at the topmost branches. I
find my trees are hardy and I have a good
sample of fruit from trees handled thus.
J. O. Duke, Ruthven, Ont.

194

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 1916.

The Pleasures of a Home-Made Greenhouse

G tO. Buidwin, F.R.ll.S., Torouto, Unt.

THERE is satisfaction, pleasure and
often profit in the possession of
a modest gi-een-house, even
though it may be of your own construc-
tion. Their erection may be accomp-
lished with so little effort and expense
it is a wonder that more people do not
have them. The one shown in the ac-
companying illustration is nine feet
by fifteen feet, inside measurement. Be-
fore giving particulars of its cost and
construction. I would like to describe
the possibilities of such a green-house.

About the fii-st of March the seeds of
flowers and vegetables to be grown in
it may be sown in pans and flats. The
seedlings are pricked out into other
flats, and placed on shelves as close to
the glass as possible. These are kept
growing on until the end of May, when
it is time to transplant them to the
garden. The shelves are removed, and
the side beds made ready for the cu-
cumbers and tomatoes. The long cu-
cumber "Telegraph" is trained up
wires on the south side of the house,
close to the glass until it reaches the
peak, when the heads are pinched out.
This makes the plants bush out. Cu-
cumibers 'require more sun than toma-
toes, so the latter are planted on the
north side, and trained up wires in
the same way as the cucumbers until
they meet at the peak of roof, when
they too are pinched at the head.

Having fifteen feet of space, five
plants of each can be grown without
crowding. The accompanying illustra-

tion of the cucumbers growing gives
an idea of the system followed, and the
quality of the plants. Along the bot-
tom there are two discharge pipes, one
and a quarter inches in diameter. The
return pipes are under the perforated
board on the extreme right, and are
used for heating in the winter. The to-
matoes are as prolific as when grown
outdoors, they are three weeks earlier
and of much better flavor, to my taste.
The only things to worry about in a
small house like this are the ventila-
tion and spraying the cucumbers with
cold water three times a day. Take
care not to let the spray go near the
tomatoes, as it has a tendency to make
the fruit split. Water them only at
the roots when required. One hundred
and twenty-seven cucumbers and three
baskets of ripe tomatoes were taken
from this little green-house last year.

While thi.s is going on, chrysanthe-
mums are being got ready, which will
give hundreds of bloom during October
and November. I hold two silver medals
won at the Ontario Horticultural Exhi-
bition, for chrysanthemums grown in
this house. The rest of the time can
be devoted to the growing of salads,
and taking care of plants for the fol-
lowing year.

This statement will, I trust, convince
the most sceptical that profit, combined
with pleasure, may be obtained from
such a green-house. Its construction
was simple. Enough second-hand
bricks were obtained to build the walls,

eighteen inches below the ground, and
two feet above. The rafters and glass
were bought second-hand, when a city
florist pulled down his green-house in
order to build elsewhere. It is heated
with a Xo. 10 Jacket hot-water heater,
made by The Dominion Radiator Co.
The pipes and boiler cost twenty-eight
dollai*s. Two coats of paint completed
the construction, for a total outlay of
sixty-four dollars. I did the work my-
self, with a little assistance from a
neighbor, in cutting and screwing the
one and a quarter inch pipe used for
the radiators. If you continue grow-
ing vegetables all winter, two tons of
nut coal, at eight dollars a ton, will
be required, otherwise less than a ton
will give you all the heat required for
the chrysanthemums in the fall, and
raising seeds in the early spring.

It is not too late to put up trellises
or stakes upon which to train tomato
vines. Stakes, as a rule, do not allow
the plants room to spread out enough.
A convenient form of trellis is made
from a barrel hoop with two or three
stakes nailed to it, so as to lift it eigh-
teen inches or two feet from the ground.
A second hoop may be also nailed to
these stakes for extra large or unusu-
ally small growing varieties. A hoop
is placed over each plant, the branches
of which are allowed to hang over the
top.

One of the quiekest-gi'owing dwarf
annuals is sweet alyssum. Sow the
seeds as soon as the ground can be
worked in spring and you will be re-
paid with an abundance of snowy-w'hite
sweet-.scented flowers.

This simple and inexipensive hom-eimade green/house, owned by Mr. Geo. Baldwin, of Tordnto, has produced lar^p oiiantities of flowers, vegetables
and pleasure for its owner. Note what Mr. Baldwin saiys about it in the article on this page.

iugust. 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

195

The Garden of a Summer Cottager

By the Late W. J. Stubbs, Peterboro, Ont.

'"From shapeless roots and ugly

bulbous things,
ivVhat gorgeous beauty springs! »
'^ueh infinite variety appears,
i\ hundred artists in a hundred years
sbould never copy from the floral world
JThe marvels that in leaf and bud be

curled. ' '

—Ella Wheeler Wilcox.

"Come into my garden and sit with
me," is an invitation seldom given in
3toney Lake, for the very good reason
that gardens are a luxury in that part
9f Kawarthadom. They are about the
only thing lacking in the equipment of
the ideal summer homes that there
abound. Therefore, those who are the
proud possessors of a productive plot of
ground, whether natural or artificial,
enjoy it to the full.

One of the most unique, and at the
same time the most extensive gardens
in the Kawartha Lake District is that
in connection with the beautiful sum-
mer home of Mr. James Eakins, near
Mt. Julian. It has for its presiding
genius Mr. G. E. Oxley, Mr. Eakin's
son-in-law.

Five years of careful study and plan-
ning on the part of Mr. and Mrs. Oxley,
have transformed the virgin plot into
a most charming spot. Irregular
mounds of earth have been levelled,
and valleys filled in, until the greater
part of the property, consisting of over
nineteen acres, reflects the general
scheme of transformation so ably car-
ried out.

The bungalow, thoroughly modern in
every respect, faces the large expanse
of water in Stoney Lake towards Juni-
per Island and Eagle Mount, while the
garden lies to the rear, and is separated
from the "cottage" by a narrow inlet,
which is spanned by a rustic bridge one
hundred and ninety feet long, lighted
by acetylene gas from a one hundred
and twenty-five light system.

Mt. Julian, up which the property ex-
tends to within sixteen feet of the sum-
mit, not only provides protection from
the north and east, but creates a gentle
slope to the south and west, and gives
the necessary elevation for a huge
water tank, containing four thousand
two hundred gallons, with a forty
pound pressure in a distributing sys-
tem of one thousand eisrht hundred feet
of iron piping, and two hundred and
twenty-five feet of garden hose. Water
is forced up the mountain by a hy-
draulic pump, driven by a three and
a half horsc-powor gasoline engine.

The first evidence of the great abund-
ance of flowei'S grown last summer, was
a large bed of gladioli, containing one
hundred and sixty bulbs of four main
varieties, located north of the cottage ;
but not till the rustic bridge was cros-
sed and a winding path threaded, did
the full beauty of the situation flash
upon the visitor.

The- view that greeted the eye was
one not soon forgotten. Stretching
out in a fine sweep towards the moun-
tain, was a tennis court two hundred
feet by sixty. To the right, along the
south side, and up the east end, extend-
ed a thick border of the stag-horn su-
mach. To the left a few large maple
trees and an open view of the lake and
Mill Bay. On the opposite side ran a
border of perennials two hundred and
forty feet long, (with a cedar hedge as
background) containing a wealth of
color in forty-nine varieties, with
crimson, lavender, blue and white pre-
dominating— but no red, that color 'be-
ing fully represented in the rose garden
to the left of the tennis court.

The rose garden measured sixty by
eighteen feet, and contained one hund-
red and sixty bushes : seventy Killamey
brilliants and whites, fifty Richmond
reds, twenty Royal Sunsets and tweutv
Madam Tafts. The rich glowing shades
of brilliant scarlet, and sparkling white
and pink, and the pungent perfume
made one think instinctively of some of
the noted rose nurseries. Over two

thousand blooms were taken from this
bed alone last season.

Beyond the perennial border and
cedar hedge lay the vegetable garden.

Cucujnbers grown by Mr. G«o. BaWiwiim, To-
ronto, In his homemade greenhouse. See article
on other page.

systematically arranged to produce the
best results. Another border of
flowers extended along the garden side
of the hedge, consisting of zinnias.

A spot wliere llower.s bloom in .Mr. Kakin's Stoney Lake garden.

196

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 1916.

Climbing roses and larkspur In the garden of
Mr. J. H. Bennett, BarrJe, Ont.

verbenas, petunias, stocks and English
honeysuckle, while the other side of a
narrow grass path was edged with blue
lobelia.

The sight of the garden would warm
the heart of any vegetarian, with its
generous quantities of beets, peas,
beans, carrots, turnips, radish, parsley,
spinach, onions, Swiss chard, koli,
tomatoes (cultivated up a single vine),
asparagus, celery, cahbage, Brussels
sprouts, red and green peppers, horse
radish, parsnips, citron, black, red, and
white currants, gooseberries and rhu-
barb. Besides these there was a large
plot devoted to potatoes and corn.

The border of perennials, however,
was the feature of this beautiful gar-
den in which Mr. and Mrs. Oxley took

great pride. The rich blue tones of
the anchusa Italica, with its large
pyramidal, graceful spikes of flowers,
of the loihelia, and salvia (meadow
.sage), of the hybrid delphiniums
(larkspur), and of the platycodon
(Chinese bell flower) ; the pure, glis-
tening Avhite of the cimicifuga sim-
plex (snake root), of the digitalis (fox-
glove), of the achillea (milfoil), of tlie
Shasta daisy, Alaska variety, of the
chrysanthemum, and of the gypsophila
paniculata (baby's breath), with
minute, gauze-like flowers, and the ex-
quisite combinations of blue and white
in the clematis and campanula (Can-
terbury bells) ; blended in perfect har-
mony with those other varieties of
myriad coloured flowers interspersed
among them, such as the poppy, stocks,
dianthus, barbatus (Sweet William),
hollyhocks and phlox; while the pro-
nounced yellow of the .coreopsis lanceo-
lata grandiflora, helenium (sneeze
wort), heliopsis (orange sunflower) and
English marigold; the gorgeous brown
and crimson of the gaillardia grandi-
flora (hlanket flower) ; the soft laven-
der of the scabiosa caucasica (blue
bonnet), the delicate pink of the pyre-
thrum (giant daisy), and green of the
mignonette, all skilfully arranged, pre-
sented a delightful study in colour
effects.

Mr. and Mrs. Oxley delight in shar-
ing the glories of their garden with
their friends. Most generously they
have supplied flowers to the Red Cross
Association of Stoney Lake, who real-
ized from their sale over fifty dollars.
How suitable that the products of this
lovely garden should be put to such
a worthy purpose.

Summer Preparations for Winter Flowers

B. C. Tillett, Hamilton, Ont.

AUGUST marks the close of the
construction work of the sea-
son, and in that respect may be
regarded as a turning point in garden
work. All the same, those who are
really interested in gardening, have
never finished, and if they have reached
the end of one season, there is the next
one to begin thinking about. Truly, it
may be said, a garden is a never ending
source of enjoyment. Shakespeare
says, "The man that hath not music in
his soul is fit for treason, stratagen, and
spoils." It occurs to me that he mip;ht
aptly have substituted the word ' ' gard-
ening" for "music," and been equally
correct.

The true gardener, when August
comes around, is admiring all that has
been accomplished, is thinking also of
the seasons before him — ^winter and

spring, his green-house, his cold-frames,
and his house. Be one's garden small
or large, we get the same pleasure out
of it, it, in fact, depends upon the dis-
position of the gardener himself, more
than upon his garden. The gardener
who wishes to attain the best results,
and an unbroken succession of plants
and flowers, is aware that during this
month there are many things that must
be got ready for winter and spring.

For instance, if we would save some
of the fine plants we are now admiring
in our gardens, so as to have them still
with us when the snow is on the
ground, we must be getting to work.
One of the mistakes so often made in
trying to save plants for the winter, is
to leave them too long out of doors.
Do not wait until the arrival of early
frost or the first snow flurries. If you

do, you will be disappointed agam.
The best plan is to have the plants up
and potted several weeks before they
really need to be moved indoors.

There is always a risk in potting a
plant which is in full growth, in sum-
mer weather, and the moving is likel\
to prcve fatal, unless we are careful
Everyone who knows anything abou;
plants, does not need to be reminded <
the enormous quantity of moistuii
sucked up by the numerous tiny roots.
lie probably knows, too, that this water
pa.sses up the stem and leaves, and
feeds the plant. To suddenly deprive
the plant of this, its principal source o
sustenance, is to give it a great shock.
The little roots are so tender and fra-
gile, and so very easily broken, it is im-
possible to secure all of them when tak-
ing up the plants.

The first thing to do is to prune the
plant back severely, even if it means
cutting off blooms and buds. The
stronger the growth, the more can be
cut away. At least a half should be
removed. By doing this, the amount
of moisture required by the top of the
plant from the roots, is reduced. The
next thing is to cut around the root*
with a long, sharp knife, leaving just
so much of a ball of earth around the
plant as will drop easily into the pots
to be used. When using the knife, cut
well under the plant, then it can be
lifted out without pulling and tearing
up the roots, which spoils the roots left
with the plant.

If this work is commenced in good
time, a better plan still is to do it
gradually^ — that is to say — cut around
half the plant at a time, leaving the

Double

August, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

197

other half until actual removal of the
plant, a week or two later. By doing
this, some new roots may form on the
side which has been cut, within the
earth ball, so that when the plant is
potted these will be removed intact.

Before potting, saturate the soil well
w ith water, and leave potting until the
following day. Be sure and place the
newly potted plants in a shady place,
indeed, when possible, it is a good plan
to take the plants up in the cool of the
evening. After potting, do not overdo
the watering, as there are not feeding
roots yet to take up the water, and it
ily drains through the soil, doing it
!\o good. An understanding of these
simple things, and a carrying out of
the advice given, will bring its reward
in the shape of some nice plants through
the winter months.

Nor is it too early to be thinking
about the bulbs. For instance, bulbs of
the Madonna lily should be planted this
month, and such bulbs as are wanted
for early blooming in the house, should
be potted at once. Bulbs of lilium aura-
tum, too, should be planted in August
or September. Daffodils intended to be
grown in boxes or pots, should be got
in soon now.

I wonder whether it is known that it

is very easy to grow the snapdragon

(antirrhinum) in the window garden

in an ordinary flower pot ? Try it. The

long spikes of flowers, in light and dark

reds, yellows, and pure white, are really

beautiful ; moreover, the spikes stay in

bloom quite a while, the individual

flowers opening one after another. They

are very hardy. The seed should be

secured and sown now, or if you have

plants already, cuttings can easily be

rooted, but be careful to select wood

for your cuttings that is not too soft.

Whichever plan you adopt, the plants

should be in flower quite early in the

spring. If it's to be seeds, get the new

named varieties, as they are the best

for pot culture. If you start a batch

from seed, let the first flower open on

' each stalk before selecting those you

' wish to keep. Another plan is to trans-

! plant those you have in the garden into

j pots of good size. Cut out the oldest

I stalks in the centre, and the newest

j ones well back.

ii

Garden Suggestions for August

Henry Gibson

Increase the vitality and the fruit
bearing ability of squashes, pumpkins
and melons by restricting the vine
growth. As a rule the vines tend to
spread a great deal more than is neces-
sary. Prevent this spreading by snip-
ing off the tip ends of the vines, prefer-
ably with a sharp knife, close to, but
lust beyond a leaf stem.

WINDOW-BOXES, hanging-bas-
kets, tubs and similar devices
that are used for decorative
purposes around the house, will now be
so full of roots, that some top-dressing,
with good loam and manure in equal
parts, or frequent applications of liquid
manure, will be needed to maintain a
strong display of bloom for the next
few weeks.

Flower-beds and borders are at their
best, and every effort should be made
to maintain a neat, tidy appearance
about the garden. Decaying leaves,
weeds, litter and spent blooms should
be picked up at least once a week.
Grass edges need to be kept trinuned,
and the lawn mowed as occasion re-
quires.

The dahlias should be showing buds
by this time. If they continue a coarse,
heavy growth, without any tendency
to flower, cultivate deeply so as to cut
some of the roots, which will check the
growth, and cause the plants to throw
up flower buds. Those plants that are
showing flowers, will be benefltted by
an application of bone-meal or other
highly concentrated fertilizer well
worked in around the base. Don't be
too liberal with liquid manure on the
dahlias, as it has a tendency to induce
too soft growth.

August is the best month of the year
to set out evergreens, and one can give
more attention to it at this time than
at any other period of the gardening
season. Any plantings of these sub-

jects that are contemplated, should be
undertaken at this time, as all nursery-
men will ship the plants at this season.

Careful attention should be given at
all times to see that no red spider is al-
lowed to attack these plants, and par-
ticularly the newly planted ones. This
pest is the worst enemy of evergreens,
and while it is comparatively easy to
control, yet nothing short of persistent
effort will exterminate it. Fish oil
soap, commonly known as whale-oil
soap, one pound to five gallons of water
is a sure remedy, but we do not recom-
mend using it, except in early spring,
before the young growth has started, or
late in the summer, after the growth
has become hardened somewhat. There
is a danger of damaging the young
growth if whale-oil soap is used during
the period of most active growth.
Should spider he very destructive at
this time, a good spraying with clean
water from the faucet will check his
activities.

The value of a cold water spraj' as a
method of controlling insect pests is
not as much appreciated as it should
be. Not infrequently one may have
plants near the house that are attacked
by some insect. To spray with some of
the approved insecticides might leave
an ugly spot on the paint of the house,
or some other place that would stain,
for it is unfortunately only too true
that many insecticides do stain when
they come in contact with paint and
similar material. Under these circum-

Tl.vj vege^able.g throve in this part o£ Mr. Eaki.n'.s Garden at Stimey I^ake, Otit.

198

if

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 191(

the riffht rear a rustic summer house. The centre bed contain^ some vir? flne fladSli.

stances the best means of controlling
the insects is with a forcible supply of
clean water from the hose. While ap-
plying it, however, it is well to use an
adjustable nozzle on the hose, 30 that
the force of water can be regulated in
such a way as to avoid damaging the
foliage of the plants. One may easily
regulate the force, and still maintain
an effective spray, with an adjustable
nozzle.

The treatment just outlined for con-
trolling insects is especially valuable
on such crops as lettuce when attacked
by aphis, on which the use of other
compounds might make the coiisumer
suffer a little from stomach trouble.
This is true also of currants and other
small fruits that are attacked just prior
to harvesting. City trees, besmeared
W}th honey-dew from aphids, may re-
ceive tin advantageous cleansing from
the use of the hose.

Lawns.

The proper time to reseed the lawn
is a much mooted question. It is the
practice of the writer to get busy as
early in August as conditions will al-
low. Constant attention is the price of
a good lawn, and one must patch up the
bare spots as soon as possible. One of
the reasons set forth against August
seeding of lawns is that we usuallv have
a spell of dry weather at this time. "We
can, however, expect rains in early
September, and by seeding near the end
of the month there is not much chance
of failure. Last year I seeded a lawn
m August, and for several nights there-
after it rained hard. A splendid lawn
was the result. Weed growth is prac-
tically completed by this period of the
.year, so one does not find so many weeds
in an August sown lawn as is usually
the case with spring sown ones.

A liberal top-dressing of wood ashes
and bone-meal will benefit the lawn in
August. It is patent to ^nyone who

stops a moment to think of it, that con-
tinual cutting of the grass must be the
jneans of removing large quantities of
plant food, and the necessity of replen-
ishing it does not need further com-
ment. It is best to apply fertilizer dur-
ing a wet day, or just before a rain, if
possible.

Onions will be ripening towards the
latter part of the month. When the
tops start to turn yellow, pull them
and lay them on their sides for a day
or two to dry. Then place them where
they will have abundance of air, but
no moisture, until the stems are entirely
dry.

The old fruiting wood of the rasp-
berries and blackberries should be
pruned out as soon as they are through
fruiting. While doing this work, an
eye shoiild be given for any growth
with orange rust on the leaves. This is
to be found more frequently on the
blackberries than on the raspberries,
although it may be found on both.
Wherever found, it should be cut out
and burned. The reddish dust so read-
ily shaken from the leaves, is really the
spores. The presence of these colored
spore nui.sses is external evidence that
within the stems of the cane bearing
affected leaves are the feeding threads,
or mycelium, of the fungus, which live
on from year to year. It is, therefore,
little use to attempt control by means
of spraying. The only means of com-
bating rust is to cut out and burn all
affected plants. Diseased plants are
not worth saving for the fruit they have
on them, as they are a source of con-
tamination to healthy stock.
The Green-House.
Though we have just started to enjoy
the pleasures of the out-door garden,
yet when August comes we must pro-
vide for the supply of flowers for the
winter months. Now is the time to re-
pair the broken glass in the green-

house, and the frames, too, for man
plants can be accommodated in th
latter for some time after frost has pu
an end to outdoor plants. The beuche
in the green-house will need to be pu
into shape for receiving the soil. Was
them down well, and give them a gooi
coat of hot lime, which will account f
a large percentage of the insects ti
otherwise will bother you during th
winter months.

Carnations should be lifted from th
garden and planted indoors as aooi
as possible now. Calla lilies ought t
be under way at once, if they have 1
been already attended to. Use a r.
soil for these plants, and give wate
.sparingly after the first good soaking
until the roots have begun to permeat
the soil.

Snapdragon ('Antirrhinums) can b<
benched for winter forcing now. G
them plenty of head room, and gr-
them cool, not over fifty degrees a'
night, for best results.

Stocks may be started for wintei
flowering. Sow in small batches,
keep up a succession. All potted plai
that have been carried along in cold
franies through the summer, should b(
put in the green-house now. Repot anj
such as need it. In many cases this wil
be the last potting. Freezias are nov
to be had, and they may be potted up
or boxed, as soon as they arrive. Placi
them in a cold-frame, and cover then
with an inch of ashes.

August Garden Activities

If you wish to move a large deeidu
ous tree or shrub this fall, "root prune'
it in August ; that is, dig a circle thre.
feet in diameter around it, deep enougl
to cut off many of the small roots, ani
then replace the earth. By fall it wil
be accustomed to the change and cai
then be moved.

Sow pansies for early spring bloom
ing, in August. Buy highly bred see«
if you want the best flowers true t<
type. Make the surface of the seed bt
five inches above the surrounding so
using new earth mixed with a rij
compost. Soak the bed with boilL
water so as to kill all insects, worn,
and weeds, then allow the bed to dr;
and rake very fine. After the seeds as
sown, cover them with sand to a de^
of one-eighth of an inch and dust ovc
with powdered sulphur. This will pre
vent mildew during the five or six day
of germination and will keep the see*
lings from damping off. Press light|
and give the surface a watering. The
cover, making the bed both totally dar
and water-proof, and do not watt
again until the seeds come up. Whei

August. 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

199

Night Mooming cactuvs, grrown by J. A, Cai-on,
Montreal, Que. Ndte aocompanying anticle.

the plants begin to come through the
.soil, remove the dark covering and re-
place it with two thicknesses of
mosquito netting. This will furnish the
necessary shade and protect the little
plants from insects and heavy rain and
hail. Water daily through the netting,
and as soon as they have made two true
leaves transplant into rich soil six
inches apart. They can be wintered in
frames covered with cotton cloth or
with straw, as they ai-e hardy. They
will give quantities of early spring
bloom.

Autumn blooming crocuses must be
planted in August, and will be in'bloom
in September. Spanish irises have to
make a leaf growth in the fall, so should
be planted in August.

If your bulb order has not already
been sent, do not delay longer. Buy
named varieties, not mixtures.

The garden can be kept blooming

and beautiful in August by giving it

plenty of water, constant cultivation

— and an occasional feeding of nitrate

soda or liquid manure. No seed pods
lUst be allowed to form if continuous

com is wished.

pie:
ui

01

A Fine Gloxinia

The gloxinia sho^vn in the accom-
panying illu.stration was a fine crim-
son and milk white. It was grown in
a .seven inch pot and had about
twenty-five flowers on one centre.

The soil was the average mixture
i-eeornmended by a garden magazine
and Bailey's Encyclopedia. It was
composed of two parts old leaf mould
sifted, one part good peat chopped up
fine, one part cow manure, old and
friable, one part clean coarse river
sand, three parts potting earth.

Tlie Night Blooming Cactus

J. A. Caron, Montreal, Que.

I was fortunate enough recently to
have a night blooming cactus bloom,
and took advantage of the occurrence
to secure a photo. It was taken by elec-
tric lighj;, and required one and one-half
minute/ exposure.

The plant is highly interesting from
the amateur gardener's point of view,
because it blooms rarely, and only at
night. On making my usual eavly
evening round of the green-house, I
noticed that the bud, which had formed
in the previous two weeks, had all the
appearance of opening. On my relnrn
home, after spending the evening with
a friend, I again went into the green-
house to see if anything had happened,
when to my great surprise I saw one
of the most beautiful flowers I had ever
seen. This is a strong statement, in
view of the fact that being an ardent
lover of flowers, I have visited many
fine gardens and conservatories in Eng-
land and France.

I fear any attempt on my part to
describe it would be a failure, so con-
tent myself by saying that it was seven
inches in diameter, and of the purest
white. It was suspended from the side
of a leaf of the plant by a curved stem
about eight inches long, of a reddish
color.

The petals were of a delicate texture,
beautifully formed, and the calyx con-
tained the most marvelous feathery
stamina I had ever seen. Its perfume
was exquisite, and different from that
of any other flower. It filled the green-
house, which is not very large, being
forty by sixteen feet.

A friend gave me the plant about
twenty months ago, informing me at
the time that T might have to wait ten
years to see it bloom. I was fortunate,
however, in producing a flower in so
short a time, but am willing to nurse
it for several years more to have an-
other. It is worth the trouble.

Floral Reminders

August is the month for potting up
ai-mus, freezias, Roman hyacinths and
narcissus for early winter flowering.
It is also the time for lifting and potting
geraniums and other cuttings for the
winter window garden. This work is
generally put off so long that it is nearly
spring before the plants can be got to
blossom,

In summer every window-box should
be watered at least once a day, in the
evening. Particular care should be
taken to pour the water freely in the
corners and along the sides, for it is

there that the roots are most likely to
be injured.

If j'ou sow or plant out seedlings of
biennials now, they should be good,
strong plants by autumn, and the pride
of your garden next year.

Late tulips will have ripened off by
now, and ma.y be lifted and the dried
bulbs stored. The large ones may be
planted out again in the beds in the
autumn, and the small ones planted a
few inches apart in a month or two to
grow into size next year.

Side shoot cuttings of many plants
in the borders, such as pentstemons,
antirrhinums, if inserted in pots of
sandy soil and stood in a shaded frame,
will soon be rooted.

Don't forget to keep the compost
heap growing during the summer.
Throw the lawn clippings, vegetable
leaves and parings, weeds, etc., on the
heap and fork the material in every
once in a while. Add the scrapings
from the poultry houses, or the manure
from the stable, and on wash days see
that all the wash water is carried out
and thrown on the heap. During the
sununer use a fork and turn the whole
pile in, mixing the material thoroughly,
so that it will decay, or "compost,"
evenly all through.

Plants in window-boxes often suffer
more from drought than others. Not
only is part of each box actually within
the wall of the house, but also the whole
is overhung by the eave, so that no rain
can reach it, except such as is driven
inwards by the wind. The box also is
generally exposed to strong sunshine,
which dries up the soil rapidly.

Azaleas may be kept for another sea-
son, although the flowers will not be so
good. Gradually reduce the water sup-
ply and keep in a cool place until next
May, when the plants may be put in a
shady place and rested until about Sep-
tember 1.

This HloxiniB, a line crimson and milk white

bore about 25 flowers on one center. It was

jfn'wn by Mr. H. Irwin, We.itmount, Que.

200

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 1916.

The Canadian Horticulturist

COMBINED WITH

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST
AND BEEKEEPER

with which has been Incorporated

The Canadian Bee Journal.

Published by The Horticultural

Publishing Company, Limited,

PETERBORO, ONTARIO

H. BRONSON COWAN. Manaslng Director.

The Only Magazines In Their Field In the
Dominion
Onicial Organs of the Ontario and
Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations
and of the Ontario, Manitoba and
New Brunswlclt Beekeepers' As.soci-
atlona.

REPRESENTATIVES
UNITED STATES
STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY.
Chicago Office — People's Gas Building.
New York Office— Tribune Building.

GREAT BRITAIN
W. A. Meuntitephtn, 16 Regant St., London, ^.W.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published In
three editions on the 25th day of the month
preceding date of issue. The first edition is
known as the fruit edition, and is devoted
chiefly to the commercial fruit interesta. The
second edition Is known as the floral edition,
and Is devoted chiefly to the Interests of ama-
teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. 'The
third edition is known as The Canadian Horti-
culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several
pages of matter appearing In the flrst and
second issues are replaced by an equal number
of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping
Interests of Canada.

2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti-
culturist in Canada and Great Britain, $1.00 a
year; three years for $2.00, and of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year.
For United States and local sub.scrlptlons In
Peterboro (not called for at the Vast Office),
JB cents extra a year. Including postage.

3. Remittances should be made by Post Office
or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter

4. Change of Address — When a change of ad-
dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dresses must be given.

6. Advertising rate.s, $1.40 an Inch. Copy re-
ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising
correspondence and copy to our Advertising
Manager, Peterboro, Ont.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT
The following Is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with Deceimfber 1915. The
figures given are exclusive of samples and
spoiled copies. Most months. Including the
sample copies, from 11,000 to 13,000 copies of
T^e Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo-
ple known to be Interested In the growing of
fruits, flowers or vegetable."!.

January, 191B ...11,168 Augrust, 1915 10,294

February, 1915 . .1»,942 September, 1915 .10,067

March, 1915 10,864 October, 1915 ...10 017

April, 1916 10,917 November, 1915 . 9,704

May, 1916 10,927 December, 1915 , 9,263

June, 1916 10,329

July, 1915 10,448 Total 124,920

Average each Issue In 1907 6,627

Average each Issue In 1915 10,410

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon
application.

OUR GUARANTEE

We guarantee that every advertiser In this
Issue Is reliable. We are able to do this because
the advertlslnr columns of The Canadian Horti-
culturist are as carefully edited as the reading
columns, and because to protect our readers ^e
turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should
any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any
■ubscrlber, we will make good the amount of
his loss, provided such transaction occurs within
one month from date of this Issue, that It Is
reported to us within a week of Its occurrence,
and that we find the facts to be as stated. It
Is a condition of this contract that In writing to
advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise-
ment In The Canadian Horticulturist."

Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex-
pense of our subscribers, who are our friends,
through the medium of these columns; but we
shall not attempt to adjust trifling dl.5putes be-
tween sub.>!rrlbers and honorable business men
who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest
bankrupts.

Communications ahould be addressed
THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

PETERBORO, ONT.

riAtniMLiALmfAiiAiiAimwiiMMnm

EDITORIAL

r('«\/M=/'ftv»^v»wl^Y»^»('»v/»v/».'/«^=/'»vy•^/»v/»v/»^

Economic Issues

The more the question of markets is con-
sidered, the larger aad more involved be-
come the issues that are raised. Having
discovered how to market our fruit In the
best possible form, we are confronted with
the necessity of finding a market for it at
prices that will yield a reasonable margin
of profit. In seasons of crop shortages the
problem solves itself. When, however,
yields are large and the cost of production
high, we see the depressing sight of fruit
growers and fruit growers' organiza-
tions fighting among themselves for the
limited markets available. Even then
thousands of poor people remain unable to
purchase this fruit.

In Oregon, the editor of Better Fruit is
urg'ing the fruit growers of that noted fruit
district to bend every effort to finding some
method of lowering the price at which fruit
is sold. To do this, he points out, will widen
the demand by placing fruit within the reach
of large numbers of people who cannot af-
ford to buy fruit at all, or at the most in but
limited quantities. How this is to be ac-
complished is not pointed out.

One of the first steps towards enabling
the poorer classes to purchase more fruit is
to discover the causes of their poverty, and
then to remove them as far as this is hu-
manly possible. Poverty is such a common
condition of large masses of the people, we
have grown to consider it inevitable. The
fact is, the earth is capable of producing
enough for all, and does so now, but man's
selfishness and inhumanity to man is keep-
ing many from obtaining the full rewards of
their labor. The Bible indicates that this
condition is to continue until the Son of
man comes in judgment, binds Satan and
establishes millennial conditions on earth.
In the meantime. Christians should not be-
come weary in well doing.

The Commission on Industrial Relations,
after several years of investigation of
social and industrial conditions in the
United States, has presented its report to
the Government. It announces that poverty
is caused, in a large measure, by our meth-
ods of taxation. It urges the taxation of
land values. At flrst glance the connection
between the taxation of land values and
poverty may not be apparent, yet there
is a direct and very vital connection.

The things which constitute wealth are
produced in, their raw condition, out of the
land or sea. When we enable men to hold
land out of use, or to use it to less than its
full capacity, we promote poverty by re-
stricting opportunities for producing wealth.

In and around every large town and city,
large areas of land are held out of use, for
sipeculative purposes. Yet these are the lo-
calities where land is most required for pro-
ductive use. In the city of Toronto alone
some two thousand acres of land is held
away from the people, by speculators. Lack
of employment and poverty results.

Suppose a manufacturer desires to enlarge
his plant. He requires land to do so. When
he attempts to purchase this land, he is apt
to find that the person who owns it, demands
a price that anticipates its real value by sev-
eral years. He concludes he cannot afford
to buy at the price set, and abandons his
intention of extending his sphere of opera-
tions. This often happens. Thus he is

prevented from giving permanent employ-
ment to those whose services he would
otherwise require. The bricklayers, stone-
masons, carpenters, plumbers and others
whose labor would be needed to erect the
building are not called upon for their aid.
The wealth that he would produce in that
building is not created.

Were land taxed according to its value,
speculators could not afford to keep it
away, through demanding excessive prices
for It, from would-be users. Instead, the
size of their tax bills would place pressure
upon them to ofier It at reasonable prices
to those desiring to use it, or would lead
them to put it to productive use themselves.
Thus industry would be promoted and the
production of wealth increased.

Whem we consider methods of extending i
the markets for our fruits, let us not over- J
look the important connection that exists ^
between economic issues of this character
and the purchasing power of consumers. It
is a side of the question that as yet has not
been given sufficient consideration. There
are possihilities of extending the consum-
ing power of nearby markets that most of
us do not realize. Would this not constitute
a good subject for consideration at the
Provincial Fruit Growers' conventions
next winter?

Embellishing Buildings

Thos. Adams, Town Planning Adviser, Coramis-
sion of Conservation, Ottawa

Manufacturers sometimes try to make
their factories interesting, and to employ
architectural treatment on parts of their
buildings, but It is only when they have
ample space to enable them to lay out grass
verges and plant trees that they can obtain
really satisfactory results. We have in
Canada many very fine factory buildings
which have been improved by gardening,
and we have also many very fine buildings
which have been very commonplace struc-
tures which are made to look quite
pleasant as a result of the planting of trees
and vines and the use of window boxes and
other floral embellishments.

Commerical buildings in which stores and
offices are situated in the centres of towns
offer little scope for the horticulturist, and
yet the work which is bein.e accomplished
in St. Thomas and other towns is very en-
couraging. Under the oversight of a horti-
cultural society, flower beds can be laid out
on the sidewalks, and flower vases set at
street corners. Even stores and crowded
commercial buildings can be made to look
picturesque as a result of planting creepers
and placing flower boxes in the windows and
on verandahs. What St. Thomas is doing in
this direction is significant, not so much for
what it has accomplished as In showing the
direction in which much can be done which
was thought previously to be impracticable.
Princess St., Edinburgh, the Rue di Rlvoli |
in Paris, the principal shopping street In
Frederlcton, the Promenade Cheltenham andj
other shopping streets are attractively laid |
out with gardens, and this adds to the com-
mercial value of these streets.

The public building, or a group of publici
buildings, provides a most important fleldi
of opportunity. In some cases, as in con-'
nection with the University and Administra-
tive Buildings at Toronto, the value of open
space surrounding public buildings is recog-
nized in Canada. The result is that good
buildings are shown to the best advantage
and even poor buildings are made attrac-
tive. It is otherwise with many of our post
offices, schools, banks and even some parlla-

August, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

201

mcnt buildings. They are often erected in
crowded streets, and mixed up in an in-
congruous manner with untidy groups of
stores and "skyscrapers." This, however, is
not so common now as In former years. Yet
we have examples of it even to-day.

Beautifying Civic Playgrounds

R. C. Burns, Brantford, Ont.

THE floral effect shown at the entrance
to this civic playground was obtained
in three years at a cost of $15.00 and
a little care.

The picture shows the entrance to the
Dufferin Lawn Bowling and Tennis Club,
Brantford, a part of St. Paul's Civic Play-
ground, and will convey some idea of what
can be accomplished by a few enthusiastic
members, in a short time, with a love of
horticulture and a desire to make their
playground ornamental as well as useful.

St. Paul's Playground is a part of the
grounds of the Ontario School for the Blind.
It was used as farm land until a few years
ago, when the city, having grown up around
it, the board of park commissioners ob-
tained, not the ownership, but the use of it
for the purpose mentioned.

While the larger part of it is used for
baseball, football, and other sports, about
three hundred feet square was allotted for
tennis and lawn bowling. In 1911 the Duf-
ferin Club secured this section and com-
menced operations. The parks board placed
few restrictions on the club. The payment
of fees, which were kept low, observance
of rules, and good behavior, meet the re-
quirements for membership. In this time
this club has taken what was then a corn-
field and converted it into one of the most
convenient and best-equipped recreation
grounds to be found anywhere. Ten rinks
are available for bowling, and seven fully
equipped clay courts for tennis; one of the
courts is flooded in winter and makes a very
desirable open Ice rink which is well patron-
ized for skating. A commodious club
house was built, with shower-bath, lockers,
and other conveniences. A set of dishes,
gas stove, and other necessities were pro-
cured for the ladies' section, to serve re-
freshments. About fifty members have
"joined the colors," and the membership Is
yet over two hundred.

Here, young and old meet in friendly
rivalry under ideal conditions; the younger
get the necessary physical exercise for their
proper development; the older ones bowl
and renew their youth. The addition of the
perennials, paeonies, iris, phlox, etc., and
ifiome shrubs, while not costing much, adds

reatly to the attractiveness of the grounds,

ad cannot fail to develop the love of the
jteautiful In nature, esipecially among the
Irounger members.

There are many such pieces of vacant
Hand in almost every city, town and village

liat can be obtained similarly, or for a
nominal cost, and the right class of ener-
getic citizens can accomplish all that has
been done here, and more, at no cost to the

aunlcipallty. Beside the fact that it in-
preases the value of all surrounding pro-
perty, the need of civic playgrounds Is un-
auestioned, and Is a problem that calls for
[increased attention.

In Nova Scotia fruit growers have been
Imaking a second grade of No. 3 apple, in-
scluding the best grade of No. 3. They have
ebeen pasting a little label on their barrels
fexplainlng their grade. Already British
Ibuyers are recognizing and paying better
flKices for these grades. — P. J. Carey, Chief
Fruit Inspector, Toronto.

Canadian Horticultural Association

ORGANIZED 1897

Nineteenth Annual Convention

Berlin, Ont, August 8th, 9th, 10th, 1916

FIRST SESSION.
Tuesday, August 8th, 2.30 p.m.

Address of Welcome His Worship, Mayor Hett

Reply by E. B. Hamilton, London, Ontario.

President's Address F. W. Adams, Toronto, Ont.

Discussion of President's Address

Report of Secretary-Treasurer J. Luck, Montreal, Quebec.

Appointment of Judges for Trade Exhibit.

Report of Tariff Committee E. I. Mepstead, Ottawa, Ont.

Paper on Commercial Ferns E. J. Hayward, Montreal

SECOND SESSION.
Tuesday, August 8th, 8 p.m.
Illustrated Address on Success with a Home G-arden.

Geo. S. Baldwin, Toronto, Ont.
Paper on the Commercial Culture of Peonies and Dahlias.

Harry Tatitle, Toronto, Ont.
Question Box.

IVIembers are requested to mail same to the Secretary.
Competent members will be appointed to answer questions.
Report of Pl&nt Registration Committee,

H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls

THIRD SESSION.
Wednesday, August 9th, 9 a.m.

Paper on Budding Plants Frank Wise, Peterborough, Ont.

Report of Judges on Trade Exhibit.

Paper on the Gladoli John A. Campbell, Simcoe, Ont.

Selection of Place for Next Convention.

Question Box.

Announcements.

Wednesday Evening — Association Banquet.

FOURTH SESSION.
August 10th, 9 a.m.

Problems of the Retailer H. Dillemuth, Toronto, Ont.

Paper on Outdoor Rosea Julius Luck, Montreal, Que.

Question Box.
Unfinished Business.
Election of Officers.
Final Resolutions.

J. LUCK, Secy.-Treasuxer.
1018 Queen Mary Rd., Montreal, P.Q.

Entrance to the g^rounds of the Dufferin Tennis and Lawn Bowling Cluib, Brantford, Ont.

the effect of tihe flower beds.

Note

202

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August. i:nc.

Niagara District Notes

By F. G. H. Pattison, Winona, O t.

During the last week of June a great im-
provement In the weather took place, since
when we have had steady, bright, fine wea-
ther only broken by an occasional thrnider-
storm. July 11th to 13th, inclusive, a hot
spell visited us, the temperature running
up to over 90 in the shade all three days.
On July 2nd, the eastern portion of the Nia-
gara District, from St. Catharines to the
Niagara River, wa-s visited by a heavy
storm of thunder and lightning, accom-
panied by a very high wind, which almost
reached the proportions of a cyclone. In
several localities large hailstones fell. Both
hail and wind did a lot of damage, many
fruit trees being blown down. Considerable
Quantities of green peaches, pears, and other
fruits were knocked off the trees. The
cherry crop was considerably damaged, and
a good deal of harm was done to straw-
berries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants,
etc. Tomato and potato plants were also
damaged, being stamped down flat. The
western end of the district had a storm
with a good deal of rain and some wind, but
no appreciable damage was done there.

At the present date (July 14), the straw-
berry crop is nearly over. It has been the
best in years, both in quantity and quality,
and the growers have done well out of it.
The lowest prices reached were 9c to 10c
per box, and by the crate, $1.80 to $2.00.
Canning factories contracted at 6c per box.
Mr. Jas. Wag.staffe, head of Wagstaffe's
Limited, a jam factory in the outskirts of
Hamilton, -stated as follows:' "We usually
import from 50 to GO carloads of American
strawberries prior to the beginning of the
Canadian berry season. This season, owing
to the plentiful local supply, we have only
imported 30 carloads, and expect to break
all previous records this year in the quan-
tity of berries handled."

Clarksons, near Toronto, report a very
large crop. They are said to have had in
the neighborhood of one million boxes, and
for some time were shipping at the rate of
from four to five carloads per day.

The Canadian Express fruit special made
its first trip of the season, per G.T.R., on
June the 27th. At St. Catharines, all the
loading is being done at the Western Hill
station, instead of at Geneva Street, as for-
merly. The express company is erecting a
new fruit shed near the Western Hill sta-
tion, to facilitate the handling of fruit. This
fruit special will run daily till the end of
the fruit season.

At a recent convention of canners, etc.,
Mr. Wagstafte was the only representative
vho refused to be included in the canners'
amalgamation, preferring to conduct his
business on an independent basis.

A report from Niagara-on-the-I>ake for the
last week of June isays : HomeTgrown straw-
berries, the finest ever seen, are coming in
*o the local stores in large quantities, and
are meeting with a ready sale. The berries
are large and much sweeter than the
Southern fruit which has been on the mar-
ket earlier in the season.

At the present date (July 14th), fruit
prospects for the Niagara District are as
follows: Gooseberries, red and black cur-
rants, are excellent crops. The two former
have already appeared on the market.
Small goosebeiTies (such as Downimg)
meet with a poor sale, but large goose-
berries are in good demand. Black currants
are likely to sell well. Jam factories are
contracting at from 6 to 7 cents per lb.
Raspberries and blackberries suffered a
good deal from winter-killing and al.so from
the excessive v.'et weather, but all healthy

biLS-hes are heavily loaded and there will be
a good crop, provided the weather is not too
dry.

Early sweet cherries have been scarce
and prices good. L<ate black cherries are a
better crop, but later white ones are quite
scarce. Sweet cherries are likeJy to sell
well at from $1.00 to $2.00 per large ba.s-
ket. Sun cherries are not more than from
r.O to 60 per cent, of a crop, and there is
likely to be a good demand for them; 75c
to $1.00 is the ruling price at present.

Plums are not more than half a crop.
Bradshaws are the best. Lombards are
about half a crop. Gages are light; Early
Japanese are a failure, except Burbank,
which has about 30 per cent, of a crop.
Grand Duke, Reine Claude and Monarch are
fine.

Pears: Bartletts, 65 to 75 per cent, of a
crop; Duohess, light; Anjou and Kieffer, fair.

Peaches are from 70 to 80 per cent, of a
crop. Early and late peaches are good. Bl-
bertas, fair; Crawfords, Pitzgeralds, etc.,
rather light.

Apples are about half a crop in this dis-
trict, and promise to be of good qualitv
where spraying has been properly done.
There seems to be less scab here than in
any other part of Ontario, and the codling
moth has not been as bad as usual.

A report from Beamsville, of July 10th,
-says : "All varieties of sweet cherries "started
off at soaring prices. The crop will appar-
ently be hardly half that of last year.

"Strawberries are getting on the light
side, and very few will be coming in after
to-morrow. The clear weather has improved
the cherry crop, and the various varieties
are nice samples. Red currants are due
any day now. The crop is very fair and the
fruit in good condition."

Grapes look very healthy and are likely
to have a full crop.

The Experimental Station, at Vineland,
has had a company of boys from a Toronto
boys' home engaged at various kinds of
^ork on the farm. These boys are having
their annual summer outing, camping near
the harbor; and by working partially for
the Government during the day are enabled
to pay the expenses of the outing.

At a meeting of the Citizens' Freight and
Express Campaign, held in East Toronto
early in July, it was resolved: "That the
Ratepayers' and Business Men's Associa-
tions of the East End pledge their support
and aid to the Citizens' Exnress and Freight
Oampaiigii Committee in their campaign in
securing free freight and express delivery
through all parts of the city."

Comprehensive plans have been laid for
the cairying out of canned fruit campaigns
in this district this year, for the benefit of
Canadian soldiers in the hospitals of
France and Great Britain.

An arrangement has been arrived at
whereby the first campaign, now opening
for the preparation of berries and other
early fruits, will be carried on in Hamilton.
Later in the season, during the peach har-
vest, the campaign will open in St. Cathar-
ines, with an objective 6t 50,000 quarts.

Meetings of the (Canadian Club Committee
and the fruitgrowers of Burlington, Winona,
Grimsby, and Beamsville, took place be-
tween the 11th and 14th of July, and the
fruitgrowers, in the some generous spirit
that prevailed las-t year, signified their in-
tention of supporting the work of the Cana-
dian Red Cross Society fruit department in
a thorough and far-reaching manner.

A report from Hamilton, of July 11th,

says: "There will be a great differenc.- .n
the 'various late cherry crops this vcar
There is likely to be a large quantity of
black sweet cherries, while the white varie-
ties will be very scarce. The reason is thai
the black cherries bloomed later than the
others and thus escaped much of the wet
weather."

In the Winona district there will be a fair
crop of sour cherries, while in the neighbor-
hood of Burlington there are not many on
the trees. The rea.son given is that in some
districts the growers did not get an oppor-
tunity to spray the trees at the proper time.
It is reported that in the central part of
Halton County there is a blight on the cher-
ries. As a consequence, they have fallen
from the trees.

A report from Lambton County says that
the fruit crop looks good. Peaches promise
a good crop. Leaf curl has been bad in un
sprayed and insufficiently sprayed orchards.
Apples promise a medium crop. Heavy
dropping has taken place in some section.s.
Small fruits are a good crop, particularly
raspberries.

A report from Simcoe, Norfolk County,
says: "In all the unspfayed orchards and in
many sprayed orchard.s — so called — apple
scab was evident, both on the leaves and
fruit. In the unsprayed orchards, of course,
this will catise the dropping of nearlv all
the young fruit."

Mr. Jas. E. Johnson has word from New
■Vork State that apples are already very
scabby there, and that the total apple crop
will be much reduced on that account. We
therefore believe that the careful fruit
grower who has made a thorough job of
spraying this year will find a ready market
for his fruit, as good clean frtrit will likely
be scarce and high priced. We are conse-
quently advising growers to apply a fourth
and possibly a fifth spray to insure the crop,
if possible, from further attacks of fungus
diseases."

In spite of the backward spring and the
late setting of plants. Mr. C. H. Godfree
claims the record for the St. Catharines dis-
trict in producing the first ripe tomatoes.
These plants, which were "Brace's First
and Best," were not set out until May 24th,
and the first ripe fruit was picked aboM the
2nd of July. On Monday, July 10th, the
first basketful was picked, and was of first-
class quality.

A report from Toronto, of July 11th, says
that cherries are spoiling terribly this sea-
son, a few hours often sufficing for them to
go bad. The best eating sweet cherries are
selling around $1.50 to $1.75 per 11-quart
basket this week. Ordinary cooking cher-
ries are worth 50c to $1.00. according to
quality.

On July 10th a deputation from the Beams-
ville fruit dealers waited on the Beamsville
Council and asked for the privilege of load-
ing shipments from their platforms along
King Street, on the cars of the H., G. & B.
There is no accommodation for this fruit
now at the Dominion Express shed at the
H., G. & B. station. The Council agreed to
grant this privilege as long as the fruit was
not loaded out of waggons. The Superin-
tendent of Works is to keep an eye on the
operations and see how they work out.

On July 13th there was abundance of
small fruits on the central market, Hamil-
ton. Red currants sold at 8c per box. Straw-
berries were very scarce at $2.00 to $2.75
per crate. Sweet cherries, $1.00 to $1.50 per
large basket; sour cherries, 6.^c to 90c; new
potatoes, 55c to 65c per basket; new peas,
50c to 55c per basket; new carrots and
beets, 30c to 35c per doz.; new cabbage, 60c
per doz.; new beans, 80c to 90c per basket;
gooseberries, 10c per box. Home-grown
tomat«es are expected to be on the market
very soon.

August, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

203

Notes on Montreal Fruit Trade

E. H. Wartman, Dominion Fruit Inspector, Montreal, P.Q.

This 15th day of July finds our Ontario
and Quebec strawberries nearly to an end.
To-day New Brunswick strawberries and
Ontario raspberries have arrived, which is
a true sign Ontario and Quebec strawberries
firo about finished. My surprise is, we have
had the smallest shipments of strawberries
ill many years from Ontario. Therefore, our
commission men here have reaped a small
harvest. The question is, where has Mont-
real gotten her supply, or has she been sat-
isfied with only a taste and expects to make
up by using other fruits more plentiful?
Few are aware that within 30 miles of
Montreal fruit growers have found out in
the past few years raising strawberries in
this vicinity has been a profitable business.
Therefore acreage has increased year after
year, so we have large quantities near
home. Some days Montreal received over
3,000 crates from these outlying districts;
not 27 size either, but 54's, which is the
common crate here — a rough, strong crate,
and when delivered on easy springs lands
the fruit in good order and it sells quickly at
remunerative prices to growers. The box
used very largely is the one marked short,
the balance the standard 4-5 qt. WTien 1
compare prices obtained by Quebec and On-
tario I find Ontario men get quite an ad-

Messrs. Kelway & Son

Wholesale Seed Growers
and Merchants

Langport, England

have pleasure in announcing that
their

MR. H. A. NALDRETT

has just arrived for a business
trip throughout the United States
and Canada. Mr. Naldrett's ad-
dress during this period will be
care

Messrs. Thomas Meadows & Co.,
8-10 Bridge Street,

Battery Park,

New York,

where please write him.

PRODUCTIVE VEGETABLE GROWING

By John W. Llovd
Professor of lericultiire, t'niv. oi Ills.

320 pages. 192 illustrations. Octavo.
H.indsome I'loth.

Secure this Money Maker at Once
Price $1.50

Send for Free Circular of Karm Books to
the Book Department

The Horticultural Publishing Co., Ltd.

Peterboro, Ontario

vance on Quebec growers' prices for same
quantity of fruit. However, our Quebec
berry growers are fortunate, living so near
this big market. No excessive express rates
to pay, as they carry their own to market,
and where cooperation comes in, where one
grower has half a load his neighbor fills out,
say, from 15 to 30 crates, adjusting ex-
penses. As to quality of Quebec berries
versus Ontario I am not here to be the
judge, but will say I bought 12 boxes Quebec
berries on Bonsecours Market for 75c. When
I got them home I picked out 19 berries and
measured the circumference of each cor-
rectly, finding the average size a little over
5% inches; the largest 5% inches in circum-
ference. The next test was to sugar a few
and taste them, and I declare I could not
detect any bad taste in any of them; in fact
would pronounce them phenonflnally good lu
flavor. Therefore, we would conclude if
Quebec should double her acreage another
year, Montreal will not require many from
other provinces, although it takes a very
large quantity to flood this market, as this
fruit is a ijarticular favorite. I was told by
a friend of mine living on Island of Mont-
real he had last year 20,000 boxes of berries
on his own plantation. This gentleman had
4.000 barrels apples in one season. I give
these figures, as many have no idea such
quantities grow on the Island of Montreal.

Raspberries from Ontario have started.
First crate sold at 25c per qt. by crate. We
are hopeful large quantities of this fruit
will be shipped here, although prospects are
not the brightest, on account of winter kill-
ing of canes. What do come here in good
order will likely bring long prices. I could
mention the name of a berry grower in
Frince Edward Co. who made a fortune
selling berries from 10 acres to the can-
ning companies at 7c per qt. Of course to-
dav it costs a great deal more to produce
a "crate of berries than 30 years ago. All
could not expect to be as successful as this
man, as he was a real expert along this line;
had a cannery at his door, losing no crate
or berry boxes, and free of express charges.
One fnilt firm here this season had to pay
$172 express charges on one dav's shipments
from Ontario. This is quite a charge against
one day's fruits.

California fruits are arriving; about 15
ears per week; quality improving all the
time in |ize and color. Peaches, plums and
Bartlett pears. Fruiters buy this fruit
readily, as it has very fine appearance and
good keeping qualities, of uniform pack.

I will now give you a crop report of 45
latge healthy apple trees just outside my
window, but don't want you to take this as
the general crop of Quebec. Last year, if
apples had had a "chance to mature on
these trees, I would have expected 50 bar-
rels. These were of the Fameuse tyipe and
codling. The boys took them all before
being nearly ripe. When looking for one to
eat at picking season not one was to be
found. Would judge same trees this fall
w ould produce 25 barrels, but am quite sure
the crop will be marketed in the same way
as last year. I can only look out of the
window and see them go. This property is
taxed very high and owner will get no re-
turns. Some would say, and riglitly too,
where is your police protection? This or-
chard is within the city limits. Another or-
chard of 13 acre.s in same district, worth
$10,000 per acre, with finest of Mcintosh
and Fajneuse, guarded by tenant all day
long and even by this protection, will lose
.1 large quantity. Would not advise any-

Douglas Gardens

OAKVILLE, ONT.

IRISES — 20% discount on all orders for
Irises, except Japanese, up to 31st Au-
gust, 1916.

PAEON I ES — It is safe to buy any of the
following'; —

No. 2 — .^chille, shell pink, mid., frag-
rant, each 50c

No. 8 — u^vaJancihe, inilk-wHilte, late,
fragrant, each $2.00

No. 15 — ^Brettonneau Dr. (Verdier),
lilac-rose, mid., each 35c

No. 38 — ^Ducel, Mens., lig-ht mauve-
rose, mid., frasi-ant, each 75c

No. 40 — ^Duipont, Mons., Milk-white,
mid., fragrant, •each $1.00

No. 42 — BduHs Supeiiba, mauve pink,
early, (raginant. each 40c

No. i:i — cElle, Mons., Jules, pale lilac,
ro.se, early, fragrant, each $1.00

No. 50 — Festiva Maxima, pure white,
eai'ly, each 50c

No. 63a — ■Huniici Carnea, rose-pink,
late, fragrant, each 30c

No. 79 — Or. Couraune d', white, late, .
each 80c

No. 91 — Schroeder, Baroness, flesh-
white, mid., fragrant, each $2.50

No. 96 — Umbellata Rosea, violeit-rose
toAmber-avlhlte, the earliest, vei^y
good 75c

No. 101— .Whitleyi, Syn. Queen Vic-
toria, milk-white, eaxly, mid., frag-
rant, each 35c

No. 108 — ^Tihe Moor, Purple-garnet,

single, earlv. each 75c

Also a good line of Phlox, Helenium,

Hemerocallis, glpirea, .-\quilegia (Colum-
bine), etc.. etc., etc.

JOHN CAVERS

Peerless Hardwood
Climax Fruit Baskets

AND BERRY BOXES

Heaviest, Strongest
and Best

In the market. Especially
suitable for long distance
shipping.

Protect your requirements by
ordering EARLY

Canada
Wood Products Co.

ST. THOMAS, ONT.

"Fruit Ptckige aad Basket SpecUliitt"

204

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST'

August. 1!)1(5

FOR SALE

I>e:ither colored Italian Queens, choice
breedlnsr queens at $6.00 each. I gruar-
antee these Queens to be as good as any
Imported Queen, barring none. Money
refunded if dissatisfied after a year's
trial. Warranted purely mated Queens,
$1.00 each, $10.00 a dozen. Untested, by
return mail, at 75c each, or $9.00 a
dozen. Tested Queens, $1.50 each.

JOHN A. McKINNON
St. Eugene - • Ontario

Three Banded and Golden
Italian Queens

Untested— Jl. 00 each; 6 for $5.00: 12 for

$9.oa

Selected untested — 1 for $1.25; 6 for $7.00;
12 for $14.00.

W. R. STIRLING

Queen Breeder. RIDGETOWN, ONT-

Send for Price List. Cash with Order.

BARRELS TINS, GLASSWARE
Comb Honey Cartons and Cases

THE FAMOUS ROOT .SUPPLIES

The Root Canadian House

183 Wright Ave. Toronto

Requeen Now for 1917

QUEENS FIRST QUALITY

August and September — each 60c.,
dozen iots $7.20

THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE

183 Wright Ave., Toronto

Bee Supplies

A' choice stock of everything in Bee
Supplies — Hlvee, Section.^, Shipping
Cases, Honey Pails, Comb Founda-
tions, Bee Journals, etc.
Also Bees and Queens.

Wax and Honey Wanted.

Maxwell Scott & Co.

412 KINGSTON RD., TORONTO

Q-U-E-E-N-S

Three-band Italians. Untested for 50c.
each. The same as you pay f 1.00 for, and
just like the ones you get for $1.50.
Guaranteed to be as good as money can
buy. Every one fully guaranteed to give
perfect satisfaction. Safe delivery. Write
for prices on 25 and more.

N. Forehand

FT. DEPOSIT - ALABAMA

QUEENS AT SOc.

These queens are srua-ranteed to be as good
as money can buy. They are bred by the
same methods and with the same care as the
high price ones. They are bred from im-
ported mothers, the best In the world, and
will produce bees that Is the best for honey
gathering, for gentleness, and are not In-
clined to swarm.

1 6 12 25 50 100

Untested 50 3.00 6.00 11.76 22.60 43.75

Select Untestea 66 3.60 6.76 12.60

Tested l.OO 5.50 10.00

SelectTestcd 1.60 8.50 16.00

We guarantee that all queens will reach
you in good condition, to be purely mated
and to give perfect satisfaction.

All orders filled at once.

L. L. FOREHAND - Ft. Depo>it, Ala.

EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD

is spreading in various parts of the
country. The first step in its cure
is a vigorous strain of ITALIANS

The Root Strain of Bees have shown
. . Themselves to be Highly Resistant . .

While we do not claim their introduction will alone cure European Foul
Brood, or that it will not make a start in their colonies, we have reports
of where they have, with a little help, fought themselves nearly
clean of European Foul Brood which was all around them in black and
hybrid colonies.

These queens will be ready for delivery about June 1. Orders will be
filled In rotation. Later in the season we will make delivery promptly.
PRICES. — Our regular price is $1.50 In June and $1.00 after July 1 for
untested queens; but we will club them with Gleanings in Bee Culture
for one year and a queen for $1.50, provided we can fill orders for
queens when we have a surplus of them. This will probably be July
and August.

The A. I. Root Company

Medina, Ohio

one to buy this orchard on a speculation lo
make money out of Mcintosh apples, even
it they do bring $9 per barrel at times.

In 1902 myself and family spent the sum-
mer at sea shore — Myrtleville, Co. Cork,
Ireland. Outside our cottage door was a 20-
foot wall around a nice garden and orchard.
I said to John, the professional gardener,
why do you have this great wall around your
garden? Why, said he, if it were not tiere
all our fruit would be stolen. I said, in
Canada, we only have such walls around
penitentiaries and jails.

But think on IsJand of Montreal it would
take just such precautions to save the fruit,
FO a man could count on a few barrels as
his own.

MARKETING IN 1916.

It is in a season such as the present,
when Ontario apples are of a poor quality
and other fruits (except peaches) less than
a normal crop, that the greatest care should
be exercised in grading, packing and mar-
keting. The principal aim of frujt growers
should be to cater to the tastes and re-
quirements of the consuming public. If
they have not sufficient quantities of high
grade fruit to meet the demand, then there
should be no attempt to "palm off" the
more inferior grades on an unsuspecting
purchaser who is looking for No. 1 fruit.

That, in a few words, is the danger which
will confront Ontario growers this year.
Apple production has been lowered by un-
favourable weather conditions and the qual-
ity of the fruit has been reduced by the
very serious development of apple scab in
nearly all parts of the province. Under
such circumstances it is reasonable to pre-
sume that the demand for apples will be
sjood, the greatest demand being for the
higher grades of which there is the least
supply.

What will be the result? The apple pro-
ducers must realize at once the necessity
of much more careful and honest grading
than ever before. If they do not— if they
yield to a temptation to include in their No.
i CTade any fruit of inferior quality — they
will be givins; themselves a commercial set-
back from which they will not soon recover.
The season of 1916 is going to be remem-
bered as one of poor quality and low pro-
duction, but it should also be remembered
as a year in which the lower grades of fruit
were honestly packed.

Canadian fruit is being given some pub-
licity. In the dining cars of our Canadian
railroads and in many of our leading hotels,
cafes and restaurants, attention is being
called, on the menus, to Canadian grow-n
fruit. The Niagara Peninsula Publicity As-
sociation is advertising the merits of fruit
grown in that district. The one aim of this
publicity 's obviously to increase consump-
tion duriner n noriod of stress. The effort
will be wasted if the growers themselves do
not pack and market fniit which merits ad-
vertising.

WTiv this nublicity if the sunnly is Hmit-
od? One reason is that the advertising of
"Canadian Fruit" will stimulate public in-
torpst. Thpre pre few hnuse-holders who
know anything about our fruit industry — its
scope, importance and value. Just as a de-
mand for a trade mark is created by judic-
ious advertising, so will the advertising of
Canadian fruit accomplish similar results.
When industrial conditions again become
normal, public interest will remember "Can-
adian Fruit" and in seasons of large pro-
duction an increased consumption will offset
many difficulties which have heretofore
been experienced. People will eat Can-
adian fruit who have never eaten it before

August, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

205

and our home markets will thereby be ex-
tended.

There is one other reason why a certain
amount of publicity is desirable this year.
The export trade is restricted. There is no
regularity of steamship sailings to Great
Britain, and a large proportion of the avail-
able space is required for commodities which
are not exported in such large quantities
under ordinary conditions. Consequently
the amount of fruit to be marketed at home
will be greater than it otherwise would be.

Insect Pests in Manitoba*

During the past two years, insect pests
have been reported as doing a great deal of
damage to shade and ornamental trees in
Manitoba, so the Department of Horticulture
and Forestry of the Manitoba Agricultural
College decided to give a series of lectures
and deanonstratlon? on sprays and spraying,
for the control of tree pests. This work is
in charge of the writer. Demonstrations
were given at fifteen points in southern
Manitoba.

At each of the places visited, a great deal
of injury was found to have been done. In
some of the towns in the southern districts
as high as 30 per cent, of the Manitoba
maples were found to have been killed and a
very large percentage injured. A reliable
authority in one of these places estimates
that 50 per cent, of the native maples have
been destroyed. The aphis and the canker-
worm have been responsible for nearly all
of the losses sustained in the places visited.

The Department are recommending the
use of arsenate of lead for the cankerworms
and other biting insects, and nicotine sul-
phate for the aphis.

Spring and fall cankerworms were found
<iuite abundantly at Carman. In some places
trees were almost defoliated by the canker-
worms.

Several people in some vicinities reported
the presence of a .small dark brown beetle
in enormous numbers. These beetles at-
tacked the various members of the poplar
family. Cottonwoods, balm of gilead, and
willows were very badly infested. The in-
jects appear very quickly, and do the dam-
age in a short time. After they attacked a
grove, the trees appeared as though scorched
■by fire. Specimens of these beetles were
collected, and upon examination proved to
tc the willow leaf beetle. (G-alerucella de-
cora), a species of beetle which infest pop-
lars and willows.

Cutworms have been doing great damage
to garden crops, spring grains, and alfalfa.
A gentleman living near Portage la Prairie
had an eight-acre field of alfalfa nearly de-
stroyed by the red-backed cutworm. Sev-
jeral sections, one square foot in area, were
examined to determine the degree of infes-
ation. Counts were secured which ranged
from 28 to 70 to the square foot. One could
Ibe perfectly safe in saying that there were
[millions of cutworms in that alfalfa field. In
mother section, a 60-acre field of wheat was
[practically destroyed by cutworms.

The spruce gall louse was found to be do-
ing damage to black and white spruce in
various sections of the country.

*An extract from an article appearing in July
issue of the Manitoba Horticulturist, by J. A.
NeiLson, B.S.A., Manitoba Agricultural College.

An even distribution of Bordeaux on the
surface of the leaves is highly Important.
To obtain the best results the spray ma-
chine should provide a constant high pres-
sure and the nozzles should give a fine,
mist-like spray. Sometimes 50 gallons of
Bordeaux per acre is sufficient. If more is
necessary it should be used when blight is
•severe.

Better Queens
For Less Money

20 Years of Select Breeding Gives Us

Queens of the Highest Quality.
Queens for Honey Production.

Queens of Unusual Vitality.
Queens that Successfully Resist Euro-
pean Foul Brood.

Price List of Our 3-banded Italian Queens
Ready to mail now.

Untested, .50 cts. each, or $45.00 per 100.

S. Untested, 65 cts. each, or $60.00 per
100.

Tested, $1.00 each, or $90.00 per 100.

S. Tested, $1.25 each, or $115.00 per 100.

All queens are warranted purely mated.
Wings clipped free of charge. We have
ho disease of any kind. Satisfaction we
always guarantee.

M. C. BERRY & CO.

Heyneville, Ala., U.S.A.

I

QUEENS OF QUALITY
The genuine "QUALITY" kind
ItaUans. Unt.. 75c. each, $8.00 per
cular free.

J. 1. BANKS, DOWELLTOWN,

of dark
doz. Cir-

TENN.

NORTHERN BRED ITALIAN QUEENS

Friends, have you E. F. Brood? If so, I
have many letters saying that they are great
resisters of E.F.B. I have hundreds of
queens in Canada. Three band strain bred
to right brightness to resist best. Untested
queens 75c, choice Sel. Tested $1.50. Plans
how to "Introduce Queen and Increase," 25c.
List Free. E. E. MOT f, Glenwood. Mich.

CARNIOLAN GOLDEN

and Three Banded Italians.

Untested— 1, 85c; 6, $4.80.
Tested— 1, $1.25; 6, $7.20.
Bees — $1.25 per lb.
Breeding Queens — $4.00.
Nuclei, without queen — 1 fr., $1.75; 2 fr..
$2.75; 3 fr., $3.50.

D.L. DUTCHER . - Benninston, Mich.

DOOLITTLE & CLARKE'S

Untested Queens at $1.00 each;
$5.00 for 6 ; $9.00 per doz.

MARIETTA, N.Y.

U.S.A.

GRAY CAUCASIANS

Early breeders, great honey gatherers,

cap beautifully white, great comb builders,

very prolific, gentle, hardy, good winterers.

Untested, $1.00; Select untested, $1.25.

Tested, $1.50; Select tested, $2.00.

H. •«. FULMHR

ANDALUSIA Box 12. P...U.S.A

"The best all purpose bee."

Queens

Reared in Canada from
the very best Italian
stock. Untested, $1.00
each, six for $5.00. Se-
lect Tested, -1.50 each. •
Prompt delivery.

P. Temple

438 Gladstone Ave. Toronto, Ont.

Queens of MOORE'S
STRAIN of Italians

PRODUCE WORKERS

That fill the super quick
With honey nice and tnlck.
They have won a world-wide reputation
for honey-gathering, hardiness, gentle-
ness, etc.

Untested queens, $1.00; six, $5.00; 12
$9.00. Select untested, $1.25; six, $6.00:
12, $11.00.

Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran-
teed.

Am DOW filliM ord«rt by rttarn mail

J. P. M O O R E

Queen -breeder. Route 1. MORGAN, KY.

Power Honey
Extractors

Automatic Rever-sible with Cut
Ocars and Ball Bearings or with
lYiction Disc Drive and Speed
Regulator. The Regulator attach-
ed to the friction wheel accommo-
dates the speed to that of the
pulley on the engine or main shaft.
Jf you are considering a power out-
fit, write us.

The Ham &Nott Company

LIMITED

Kecpen' Snpfiiei Brantford, Ont.

PRODUCTIVE BEEKEEPING

is the title of a new book of 326 pages by Mr. Frank C. Pellett, State

Apiarist of Iowa.
As the name of -this book indicates it is especially adapted to the needs
of the practical beekeeper. Not a discussion of scientific principles,
but of practical methods.

Sources of Nectar, Wintering, Marketing, and Laws that Concern
the Beekeeper, are titles of chapters of special interest.
Regular price $1.50 postage extra.
We offer this latest book with the American Bee Journal one year,
both for $2.00. Canadian postage 15 cents extra.

134 illustrations, attractive cloth binding.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

Hamilton, Illinois

206

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August. miG.

Bordeaux on Potatoes

The use of Bordeaux not only prevents
blight, but also stimulates potato vines to
greater starch production. This Is brought
about by a prolongation of the life of the
vines. Three successive sprayings during
one season will prolong the life of the vines
for tvi-o weeks. This length of time during
the most important period of the life of the
vines means an appreciable increase in
yields. In years when blight has not oc-
curred, sprayed fields have yielded a profit-
ably larger crop than unsprayed fields.

Northern Bred Italian Queens

of the E. B Mott strain. Unt-ested, 90c:
Guaranteed, Jl.OO for June. July, unt, 75c;
Guaranteed, 90c. Send for list. Safe deliv-
ery and satisfaction guaranteed.
EARL W. MOTT - Glenwood, Mich

BEES FOR SALE

Italian Bees, lb., $2.25; 5 Lbs., $10.50; 1-L
Frame, $2.00; 2 Fr. Nuc, $3.00; All with
Queens. ItaMan Queens, 76c each; 6 tor $4.00.
Complete Catalogue Free. Usting Begin-
ner's Outfit.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.
Box C. - - NEWARK, N.Y., US.A.

BEES

=^m

Bees are a money mak-
ing asset on any farm,
bringing annually a far
greater return to your
table and at the market
than they cost in care
and expense. Do you
know the twentieth
century methods? Buy
PRODUCTIVE BEE-
KEEPING, learn how
to make a beginning
and how to see it
through. It gives the
methods found to
be the best money-
makers by extensive
honey producers. The
illustrations give in pictorial form all that is
needed to explain the text.

135 illustrations. 316 pages. Octavo. Hand-
some clo**i. $1.50 net. Postage or expressage
extra iqc,

AddrcM-BOOK DEPT.

The Horticultural Publishing Co.

Peterboro, Ont.

\1

Use Hammond's Slug Shot

For Potatoes. Cabbage, Rotes, etc.

TRADE MABK.

' ' Sold by Seed Dealer* of Canada ' '

It you have never used Slug Shot go to your
ne>are>sft seed store and say: "Give me a
barrel, a keg, 25 lbs., 10 lbs., 5 lbs., or a
1 lb. carton." as the case ma.v be, of Slug
Shot. Afiteir you have tried Slug Shot you
will find nothing else to be its superior, be-
cause you know from experience that Slug
Shot is reliable in everything that goes to
make a useful insecticide for garden or field
use. Send for pamphlet.

Hammond's Slug Shot Works

Beacon, N.Y.

Strawberry Growing in Quebec

By C. W. Baxter

"What beautiful strawberries!" This re-
mark has been very frequently heard on the
Bonsecour tnarket in Montreal during the
past .strawberry season. The excellent
Quality of the fruit ha.s prompted many pur-
chasers to enquire where they are grown,
the name of the variety and the method of
production. It is doubtful if there is any
province in Canada where strawberries can
be grown more successfully and profitably
than in the province of Quebec. Notwith-
standing this fact, small-fruit growing has
not yet received the attention which thi.s
industry deserves.

There are many districts in the province
favorable to the growing of strawberries, but
pone more so than the Lake of Two Moun-
tains with St. Joseph du Lac as the central
point. With the many hills and valleys
there are few farms where ideal location and
soil does not obtain. The principal varie-
ties grown are the Wilson, Haverland and
Jessie.

The average size of the plots is from one
to three acres and a new plot is set out each
year. A few growers practise close plant-
ing in order to lessen the possibilities of
winter injury and to control weeds. Two
crops are taken oft and then ploughed up.

The past season has been an ideal one,
abundance of rain and cool nights, which
retarded the ripening sufficiently to allow
of practically all the berries to be harvested
without waste. No difficulty has been ex-
perienced in obtaining pickers.

Unlike the strawberry growers of Ontario
who ship their fruit in crates containing
24 to 27 boxes, the Quebec growers use a
crate containing 54 boxes — three layers of
18 boxes each.

In a season like the present, good wages
are made at the rate of 50c per crate, and
as a rule much of the picking is done by
members of the grower's family.

The methods of marketing differ from
those in Ontario; instead of hauling the
fruit to the railway station and shipping
by exipress, the grower loads his crates on
to his wagon and drives to market, a dis-
tance in many cases of forty miles.

As the Quebec grower produces very few,
if any, other kinds of tender fruits, and as
things are quiet just at that season, his time
is very profitably employed. Thirty-five
crates containing about 1,800 boxes, can be
loaded on an express wagon and drawn by
a team for long distances without overbur-
dening the horses.

The grower leaves his home about seven
o'clock in the evening and drives to Mont-
real. On arrival he places his wagon in
its accustomed place in the market, stables
his horses and retires for the night. The
placing of produce the night previous to
market day is a general practice and the
produce is protected by the police depart-
ment. The early hours of the morning
finds the grower beside his wagon ready
for business. Very few sell direct to the
consumer; they prefer to sell by the crate
or by the load to the wholesaler and the re-
tailer, who return the crates when empty.
As a rule mid-day finds the grower with
his fruit all sold and ready to return home.

By this method the grower puts in a very
profitable day. If marketed in the same
■way as in Ontario, a load of 35 crates would
represent an outlay of $25.00 for crates, ex-
liress, and hauling. The cost to the Quebec
grower does not exceed $3.00 for this trip,
leaving him a balance of $22.00 as wages
for himself and team for one day.

Strawberry growing in Quebec has proven
to be a very profitable industry and this
year will net the growers from $375.00 to

GINSENG

Setdi and Younj Roett

FOR SALE

Pr ces on Request.

JOSEPH LEARY

Whitevale - - Ontario

FOR

Golden Seal Roots

SALE

Hydrastis Canadensis

Send $5.00 for 50 roots (po.st paid) of thi.s
true Canadian medicinal planrt. and be the
pioneer in your district. It Is second to
(Jinseng in prolit and much easier grown.
All modem physicians ust- its extract (H.v-
dnistine) in their practice.

CHAS. LEGGETT

Kingsville - Ontario

Good Prices
Always

For Your Fruit and
Vegetables

OUR facilities enable us to real-
ize top prices at all times for
your fruit, vegetables or general
produce. Aside from our large con-
nection on the Toronto Market, we
have established branch warehouses
with competent men in charge at Sud-
bury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and
Porcupine. In time of congestion on
the Toronto market we have a ready
outlet through these branches. We
never have to sacrifice your Interests.

Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North
Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine.
References: The Canadian Bank of
Commerce (Market Branch) and Com-
mercial Agencies.

SEND FOR SHIPPING STAMP.

H. PETERS

88 Front St. East, Toronto

•August, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

207

$500.00 per acre. Planting is on the Increase
and although the marlteting is now confined
to the city of Montreal, it would not be sur-
prising to find that in a few years the mar-
kets of Quebec will be supplied with straw-
berries grown within the province.

Town Planning

Thos. Adams, Town Planning Adviser, Commis-
sion of Conservation, Ottawa

It is around the home that gardens are
most wanted and most easily obtaimed.
Provision should be made in all town plan-
ning to give adequate garden space to each
dwelling. For practical reasons it is not
possible to house all our people in the cities
*in detached homes, but we should try to
/make that our ideal and do what we can
to discourage any tendency towards the
tenement house or other overcrowded con-
ditions. The horticultural society is the
best means of encouraging the individual
householder to lay out his garden attrac-
tively and use it to the best advantage.
Without the aid of such a society the lack
of uniformity creates an untidy and gener-
ally unsatisfactory effect.

Tenements and other buildings of that
class which are occupied by a number of
families using a piece of ground in common
have -usually too little open land attached
to them. The important thing in town
planning is to insist on sufficient space
being provided around the tenement to
allow of there being plenty of space for light
and circulation of air. If this were done
it would be found that even in connection
with such buildings there would he scope
for the horticulturist in the designing and
planting of the open space that would be
provided for hygienic purposes.

The objection to even the best class of

"apartment houses" as residences is not
that they represent unsatisfactory living
conditions, but that they are usually with-
out sufficient open space surrounding them.
When we arrive at the stage that we shall
insist upon a building having a proportion-
ately increased area of land surrounding it,
as it increases in height, we shall be able
to get healthier conditions as well as scope
for garden treatment which will open up
a new and interesting field.

Large "apartment houses" should have
sufficient space adjoining them to enable
shade trees, tennis courts and recreation
spaces for children to be provided as part
of the equipment of the group of dwellings.
Under a proper system of development the
space so provided would not be wasted
land. Instead, it would be regarded as
necessary open space for hygienic purposes,
and its use for recreation and gardening
would give this open space the position of
being a real asset in the rental value of
the premises.

won, as a market and a reputation must be
found before it can be made a profitable
line to follow. There is no reason why al-
most any one cannot have a small bed of
asparagus sufficiently large to supply the
home table, but tfie growing of asparagus
in a commercial way is not a business for
the average farmer. It belongs to the realm
of special farming, where only those who
have a liking for that particular line of work
can make a success of the business. — W.
G. O. 1

Asparagus Culture

SOME six or seven years ago, Mr. W. C.
Dempsey, Prince Edward Co., Ont., set
out about two and a half acres of aspar-
agus. In a recent interview Mr. Dempsey
told me that he was having fairly good suc-
cess with it, but that he had waited many
years for these results. I had an oppor-
tunity of seeing the trays being loaded with
this delicacy and my thoughts naturally
turned to the question of the profits to be
derived from asparagus culture. The re-
Fults of my enquiries fully convinced me
that in order to successfully grow aspara-
gus on a commercial scale, years of experi-
ence and patient waiting are required, and
even then only half of the way to succe.ss is

TRADEMARK >^f» «^

Wilkinson ClimaX B

Ensilage and
Straw Cutter

Our "B" machine, built especially for
the farmer. A combination machine
— it will cut and deliver green corn
into the highest silo or dry straw or hay
into the mow. 12 -inch throat, rolls
raise 6 inches and set close to knives — solid,
compact cutting surface. Can change cut with-
out stopping. Can be reverse^ instantly. Direct
pneumatic delivery. Knife wheel carries fans.
No lodginB, everything cut, wheel always in
balance. Steel fan case.

Madeintwostyles— mountedorunmounted. We *
also makelargertype machine lor custom work.
Aslc your dealer about this well-known machine
and write us (or new catalon showing all styles.

THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO..
LIMITED

4fi8 Campbell Ave.
Toronto. Canada

Beekeepers' Supplies

~ ' ■» ■

We Manufacture

Hives, Supers,
Frames, Feeders

We are agents for several well-known
makers of Comb Foundation.

Best quality White Pine used in our hives,
and carefully and accurately made.

TRY US.

The Tillson Company, Ltd.

Tillsonburg, Ontario

For the Land's Sake

Use the best Manure
and get

GOOD CROPS

For Nurseries, Fruit Growers
and Gardeners.

Sure Growth Compost

(A Composition of all Natural Manures)

Makes poor land fertile and keeps fertile
land most productive.

Special Prices on Summer Shipments

Supplied by

S, W. Marchment

133 Victoria St, TORONTO

Telephone* : Main 2841 ; Reiidenee, Park 951
Say you saw thu ad. ia Tha Caaadiaa H4>rticuknmt

208

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 1916.

An Attractive Face

on your barrel of apples increases its
value materially in the eyes of the cus-
tomer. He Is willing to pay more for
fresh, snappy, unbruised apples. By
using

WARNER'S APPLE BARREL PADS

dti each end of the barrel you keep the facca
fresh and firm looking and attranlive to the
eye. A few cent.s — .that's all they cost —
spent at your end may mean dollar.s sent
back to you from the other end. Our barrel
pads aJbsoliitciy prevent them from being
bruised when heading the barrel or shipping.
.Send for sample and prices.

R. B. WARNER

Inwood

Ontario

LOADING OUR LOGS

One of Our Specialties is

THAT GOOD APPLE BARREL

Not made from cull staves the rejections from flour and other stock of various bilges, but
cut from absolutely mill run timber with exactly the correct bilge and thickness. Heading
mostly basswood which takes a nice brand, is kiln dried and does not warp. Hoops stand-
ard. The barrels are all

MADE BY MACHINERY

which insures an even croze and every head fitting. Why be worried with poor barrels
causing loss of time? We make sixhoop eight hoop, also six wood and two wire, which
is the favorite. If these barrels get wet hoops cannot break. We can ship car loads con-
taining about 330

DELIVERED AT YOUR STATION

We ship thousands of barrels yearly to many large growers, dealers and fruit associa-
tions in Western Ontario, besides supplying 80% of the cooperage stock and barrels used
in the great Eastern Ontario Apple Belt. Therefore we must give the best value obtain-
able. Our main plant is one of the

FINEST ON THIS CONTINENT

Write us tor prices on cooperage or barrels delivered your station.

"Owing to the uncertainty of labor, we cannot guarantee present p^rlces or prompt
delivery except on early business."

TRENTON COOPERAGE MILLS, Limited

TRENTON, ONTARIO.

Summer Care of Small Fruits

W. T. Macfjun, Dominion Horticulturist
Strawberries.

On the care which the strawberry plan-
tation receives during the growing season,
will depend to a large extent the kind of
crop there will be next .season. The more
runners that can be placed with hand and
trowel so that the plants will root quickly
and be evenly spaced, the better. Very
often there are too many plants in one place
and not enough in another. Where plants
are crowded and much less than six inches
apart, the crowns do not develop well and
the fruit is liable to be small. It is import-
ant to keep the plantation free of weeds
and the ground cultivatfd a.s long as pos-
.sible, a.s late growth, in the case of straw-
berries, will result In better plants. A light
covering of clean straw is desirable when
the ground freezes in the autumn, to pre-
vent alternate thawing and freezing in the
winter or following spring.

Raspberries, Gooseberries and Currants.

Often there is far too much wood left on
the bushes of these fruits for best re.sults.
Attention is drawn to this now, as pruning
of these fruits can be done, if desired, as
.soon as the fruiting season is over. Rasp-
berry canes should not be left closer than
six Inches, the dead and weaker ones being
removed and the strongest left. Where
canes are not covered with soil In winter,
the thinning out may be left until spring,
when one can tell, before pruning, which
canes. If any, have been injured by winter.
Bending down the canes and covering the
tips with soil, or where there is little snow,
covering the plant entirely, will ensure the
canes wintering well. Gooseberries are dif-
ficult to pick at any time, but, if the bushes
are kept well pruned, picking will be much
easier than if there are many branches.
Branches older than three years .should be
cut out. The best fruit is borne on the two
and three-year-old wood, but there should be
a few strong new shoots, well distributed,
allowed to remain each year. About six
fruiting branches with their side shoots will
be sufficient. Red currants are pruned
somewhat as gooseberries, but a few more
fruiting canes may be left. Unlike the red
currant, the fruit of black currants is borne
on the wood made this year, hence severe
pruning of the older wood is desirable to
ensure strong new wood each year. — Ber-
wick Register.

Niagara Fruit Shippers

The fniit growers of the Niagara District
have received some general Improvements
ill shipping train service through the trans-
portation department of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association. By an order of the
Railway Board the railways are now allow-
ing ?3.00 for the material used in putting
in a Slated floor In the Refrigerator car if
tliey are not thus equipped. Shippers are
to keep a record of all cars floored, includ-
ing those for which the authorized allow-
ance is paid.

A better service has been promised on
account of the large shipments of berries
from Vineland and Jordan, and on account
of the early arrival of the fruit train.

Under an order, dated May 15th, 1916,
Ottawa shipments will be expected daily,
except Sunday, from Jordan Harbor and
Vineland Station. A car is to be placed at
Jordan daily, except Saturday and Sunday,
shipments from Port Hope East to Mont-
real being accepted In this car. This ser-
vice la to continue from July 1st to August
31st

I

August, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

209

No British Embargo on Fruit

The July number of the Agricultural
Gazette contains an interesting report by F.
H. Grlndley, B.S.A. of the Fruit Department,
Ottawa, on the present condition of fruit
export to Great Britain this year as follows:
"In January last the president of the Brit-
ish Board of Trade hinted than an embargo
would shortly be placed upon fresh fruits.
Soon afterwards a similar ban was reported
to have been placed upon canned, preserved,
bottled and dried fruits. The reason given
for this action was that the vessel space
was required for cargoes which were more
essential to the needs of the British people.
r. Ever since that time there has been a
•^eat deal of concern among Canadian grow-
' i-^ and exporters of fruit as to the possibil-
y of reaching the British market with their
products.

Realizing how serious would be the re-
sults of such an embargo, not only to the
fruit trade of Canada, but to the British im-
porters and retailers of fruit, interested
parties put forward every possible argu-
ment against the adoption of such a
measure.

Fortunately these petitions made by the
Department of Trade and Commerce, the
Actin? High Commissioner in London, the
Canadian Fruit Trade Commissioner at
Leeds, and others, resulted (1) in the re-
moval of the embargo on fresh fruits ship-
ped from the Dominions of Great Britain,
and (2) the free entry of canned fruits, etc.,
provided that each shipment was accompan-
ied by a certificate of origin.

At the present time, therefore there is no
restriction upon exports of fruit to Great
Britain, so far as their free entry into that
country is concerned. The only feature now
to be considered — and it is an important
one — is whether or not t>!e demands upon
vessel space will be sufficiently great to
minimize the space available for fruit.
Judging from the delays which occurred
last year, and the fact that conditions
promise to be very similar next season, we
are persuaded that shippers will be wise
not to depend upon any regularity in the
steamship service.
The "Old Country" markets, in a year ot
verage production in Canada, receive ap-
,.'oximately 1,000,000 barrels of Canadian
apples. It is, therefore, apparent that a se-
rious situation would arise df anv pressure
of circumstances were to interrupt that
trade, and thereby throw upon our Canadian
niarket an additional supply of apples
riuivalent to over 6,000 carloads. A con-
trted effort by the fruit growers to extend
heir home markets, organize distribution
increase consumption in every possible
ly, would help very materially to relieve
situation. Such efforts would have the
itional advantage of effecting results
t for some years have been essential to
domestic fruit trade. Canadian fruit
iwers have been almost too dependent
:pon the export market, and have not given
sufficient attention to the development and
■ xtension of the home trade; the present re-
irictions on the export trade, should they
rontinup. may, therefore, be in one sense
beneficial.

During the pnt^t two seasons there has
been a most satisfactory demand for the
higher grades of fruit, but a very limited
market for fruit nf Inferior quality. We be-
lieve, then, that if growers will do their ut-
most this year to produce a crop of high
finality, they will find no difficulty in market-
ing It at (rood prices.

We feel hopeful, too, that the facilities
for exporting fniit will not be as Inadequate
as rumours would lead us to believe.

MERRYWEATHER'S

for

Fall Planting

Advance Catalogue including
this year's Novelties of

Roses

also

Bulbs

will be sent free on request by

M. A. BRUSH

NURSERIES 20 Wellington St. W.

Southwell. England TORONTO, ONTARIO

TELEPHONE IVIain 3480 Sole Agent for Canada

Aug. 26 ?^"fx'h^rbitir"^' Sept.ll

Empire Federation Spectacle, 1,200 performers; 10 massed bands. Glorious pageant,
symbolizing Imperial solidarity and power. Mammoth scenic reproduction of the
British Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey and the War Office.

THE WORLD AT WAR,
ANMER, THE KING'S HORSE, PARADED DAILY.
Government exhibits; superb showing of live stock and agricultural products; acres
of manufactures.

Aug 26 -TORONTO - Sept. 11

SANDER & SONS

ORCHID GROWERS

The Finest Stock in the World
Catalogue on Application

ST. ALBANS - ENGLAND

NEW AND RARE SEEDS

Uninue collection. Hundreds of vari-
eties adapted for the Canadian cli-
mate, i'erennlal and perfectly hardy.
Own sn.vinK. Oatalogne free.

Perry's Hardy Plant Farm

ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG.

THE

WESTERN FAIR

LONDON, CANADA

September 8th to 16th, 1916

FRUIT and FLOWERS given special attention in this year's Prize List.
A "County Special" of $50.00 for fruit open to any county in Ontario.
Excellent programme before the new steel grand stand twice daily.

Special Railway Rates

PRIZE LISTS, ENTRY FORMS, and all information regarding the Exhi-
bition on application to the Secretary.

W. J. REID, President A. M. HUNT, Secretary

210

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 1916.

Regarding a Greenhouse?

WE are equipped to meet your wishes in every particular in the matter
of a greenhouse, and it would be well worth your while to send us your
name and address, and we will mail you a copy of our beautiful book-
let. Illustrating some of the styles and designs of greenhouses we have already
erected.

Though we build a great variety of greenhouses — they are all alike in the
matter of efficiency and those points in construction the professional gardener
demands.

When writing for booklet, Address Dept. B.

GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, Limited

201 Church St.,
Toronto.

Transportation Building, St. James St.,
IVlontreal.
Factory — Georgetown, Ont.

The Hand Scuffler in Use.

Do You Want a Handy

HAND SCUFFLER

THE handy hand scuffler is an ideal im-
plement for garden weeding, and
mulching. It is made of the best saw
steel, and has three cutting edges, on two
sides and one end. Lying flat on the ground,
a slight pressure either in pushing or pull-
ing only is required. It can be used end-
wise to chop tough roots. It is especially
adapted for cleaning around bushes and
plants.

Made in two sizes. The blade on the large
scuffler is 9 inches by 3'/4 inches; in the
small one 6 inches by 2% inches. The
■andle is about five ■ or six feet in length.
I he small size is more convenient for the
enthusiastic woman gardener.

SPECIAL PREMIUM OFFER

One hand scuffler FREE (as above) with each new single subscription to The
Canadian Horticulturist at $1.00. Will also sell these (express extra), direct to
subscribers at 50c. tor the small and 75c. for the large size.

THE HORTICULTURAL PUBLISHING CO.

Peterboro, Ontario limited

British Columbia Fruit Growers'
Convention

The first mid-summer 'convention of the
British Columbia Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion and the British Columbia Entomological
Society will be held at Penticton, B.C., on
July 20 and 21. The program as outlined
includes addresses and papers by the follow-
ing on the subjects given:

IJ. Johnsort, Fruit Commissioner, Ottawa
—■"The Marketing of Fruit."

Lionel E. Taylor, Kelowna, vice-president
of the B. C. Entomological Society- — "Birds
in their Relation to Fruit Growing and Ag-
riculture." This address will be illustrated
by lantern slides.

Dr. F. F. Westbrook, president of tjie
British Columbia University, Vancouver —
"Agricultural Education in British Colum-
bia."

R. M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist,
Victoria, B. C— "Why Advertise B. C.
Fruit?"

R. C. Abbott, coast markets commissioner,
Vancouver, B.C. — "Opening the Coast Mar-
ket for Okanagan Fruits and Vegetables."

R. C. Thehern, Assistant, Dominion Ento-
mologist for British Columbia — "Important
Insect Pests of Okanagan Fruits, and Their
Control."

J. W. Eastham, Provincial Pathologist,
Vancouver, B.C. — "The Control of Plant Dis-
ease in Irrigated Fruit Districts."

Tom Wilson, inspector of Indian Orchards,
Vancouver, B.C.— "Cutworms and Their Con-
trol."

other probable speakers who have not
been definitely arranged for as yet Include
Hon. William Manson, Hon. H. Bark, Idaho,
and Prof. W. S. Thornber.

Telegraphic Reports

(Commencing about August 1st, the Fruit
Branch of the Department of Agriculture at
Ottawa will publish at frequent intervals
(probably twice weekly) reports covering
fruit conditions in all parts of Canada.
These reports will contain the following in-
formation:

1. Fruit crop conditions in all commercial
sections.

2. Wholesale prices in leading Canadian
markets.

3. Quantities of fruit being exported.

4. Condition of fruit on arrival at destina-
tion.

This information will be of great value to
all who are commercially connected with
the fruit-growing industry. The reports will
be received in Ottawa by telegram and dis-
tributed immediately.

Anyone wishing to receive these tele-
graphic reports can do so by making applica-
tion to the Fruit Branch, Department of
Agriculture, Ottawa.

Fruit Crop Items

The second fruit crop report issued by the
I>ominion FYuit DiTOsion has just come to
hand and shows some changes since last
month. Incessant rains in Ontario and Que-
bec during the month of June has caused
some falling off in fruit prospects. The wetj
weather has caused a rapid development,
of scab in practically all districts of these
two provinces. The Annapolis Valley anq
Nova Scotia has had good wpcther, and
yet little scab is reported. It is estimate
that the total crop will be close to 1,000,00^
barrels.

Prospects on the whole, however, are that
there is promise of a fair apple crop, some
sections having a much larger yield than
others. British Columbia has the promise of
a fairly large crop.

ugust, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

211

The Fruit and Produce Market

The Commission firms undernoted wish consignments of fruit and general pro-
duce. They will be pleased to have you write them for information, shipping
stamps, etc., if you have fruit or vegetables for sale.

Top Prices, Quick Returns
and a Square Deal

THE WENTWORTH^BCHARrCO., limited

109 King St. Eait and Yonge St^ Wharf, Toronto

The only wholesaj© Commission House
In the city to have consigmments by
either boat or rail unloaded directly into
Warehouse. .

Wentworth Brand Fruits are advertised
extensively and there is a constant de-
mand for them. Ship to The Wentworth
Orchard Co., Ltd. Send for Shipping
Stamp.
References: DUNNS, ROYAL BANK

H. J. ASH

44-46 Church St. - Toronto, Ont.

CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIT & VEGETABLES

SOLICITED
We give personal, consistent and reliable attention
to ever r consisament. Shipping stampi furnished
on request.

DAWSON-ELLIOTT Co.

32 West Market St., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit and Produce. Consign-
ments Solicited.

STRONACH & SONS

33 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit, Produce and Commis-
sion Merchants.

A Gooj Firm on Two Good Markets

TOM ADAMS bV^o^.

Fruit Merchants
fBRISTOL

'OM ADAMS nVi.\

Fruit Merchants
SWANSEA

H«d Ofli:e;— BRISTOL

iet in touch with them to-day if you want top prices
lor your produce.

This Space Costs $1.40

per month.

Order now for the next

four months-

Apple Receivers

Representing ♦

Simons, Shuttleworth & Co.
Liverpool and Manchester.

Simons, Jacobs & Co. Garcia, Jacobs & Co.
Glasgow, Scotland. London, England.

SIMONS FRUIT CO,

David L. Dick, Manager.
27 CHURCH ST. : TORONTO, ONT.

Information regarding export markets on
request.

HERBERT PETERS

88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit and Produce

See advertisement on page 206.

WANTED

Consignrnents of Cherries, Tomatoes,
Peaches, Grapes and all kinds of fruit; also
oarlot apples. Centrally located, conveni-
ent to all car tracks. Commiasion 10%.

HYSLOP&SONS, 132 Princess St. Winnipeg, Man

References — Any mercantile agency, or t' ank of
Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont.

FRED BARKER

25 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

Repreasenting J. & H. Goodwin, L,td., Man-
chester; Thos. Russell, Glasgow; Nothard &
Lioiwe, London; G. R. Cooper, Liverpool.
APPLE RECEIVERS.
Consignments Solicited.

LAING BROS.

307-309 Elgin Ave., Winnipeg

Wholesale Fruit, Groceries, Produce,
Grains, Hay and Commission Merchants

We want Consignments

of Tomatoes, Peaches, Cherries, Grapes, and
all kinds of fruits and vegetables in baskets,
in car lots or less. We make a specialty
of barrel applas in car lots. Write us.

McBRIDE BROTHERS

J. R. McBrlde, Proprietor.

Fruit ExporteriS, Importers and Commission

Merchants.

Consignments solicited. Terms cash.

35 CHURCH ST., - TORONTO, ONT.

SAMUEL HISEY

82 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont.
Wholesale Produce and Commission Mer-
chant Consignments Solicited.

The Oldest
Commission House
in Toronto

MVc

^^\\X^

^^^^

Sc

^v

e^^s'^

Send your
Consignments.

Cable Address:
"Astaphis, London."

Established 1885

Telephone : Hop 5468

" 5469

East 838

North 2390

Depots :

King's Cross Potato Market
Stratford Market

WALTER FORD,

Fruit broker and T*otato FaClor,
New Hibernia House,
Winchester Street,
Borough Market,
LONDON, S. E.

Consignments of Apples will receive prompt altention and Account Sales with
remittance will be despatched immediately after sale of Goods. Shipping Mark (F).

212

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 191

FREE LAND

For the SETTLER in

Northern Ontario

Millions of acrea of virgin soil obtain-
able free and at a nominal cost are call-
ing for cultivation.

Thousands of farmers have responded
to the call of this fertile country and are
being made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a home
awaits you.

For full Information as to terms, regu-
lations, and settlers rates, write to

H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonization
Parliament Buildings, TORONTO

HON. Q. HOWARD FERGUSON,
Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines.

The Poultry Yard

F. C. Klford, Central Kxpfirimcnlal Farm, Ottawa

During August, two things especially must
be provided against — Uce and heat. Make
sure that there Is plenty of shade, provide
this as mentioned last month, and keep
everything clean and look out for mites.

Once a week the quarters should be thor-
oughly cleaned and disinfected. A hand
spray, or even a small broom, and Zenoleuni
applied regularly, will keep the coops sweet.
While you are at it, clean out the poultry-
house the hens were In last winter. Give
it a thorough house-cleaning, taking out all
the furnishings; leave them In the sun for
several days; scrub and clean the house;
disinfect and whitewash before the fur-
liishlngs are put back again.

Any chicks that are Inclined to be weak-
lings should be disposed of. Feed them a
little extra and sell them for table use, or

Tl

Wilkinson Plows

HE oldest line of steel beam plows in tlie
Dominion, made in the old Wilkinson Plow
Co's factory, by old Wilkinson Plow Co,
experts — every one of them men who know their business. It is the standard Ime or plows and
includes 25 or more styles to choose from, U. S. S. Soft Center Steel

Moldboards, highly tempered and guaranteed to clean in any soil.
Steel beams, steel landsides and high carbon steel coulter. Cle-
vises can be used either stiff or swing. Each plow is fitted
especially with its own pair of handles — rock elm, long
and heavy and thr)roughly braced. The long body
,^^^^^ -^5^^=^^ makes it a very steady running plow. Shares of

General ^^^^^^SJ^S***:.- *'' widths — specials for stony or clay land.

purpose, lightt
medium, and
heavy, side hill, sod,
drill or one horse plows

The plow shown turns a beautiful furrow,
with minimum draft and narrow furrow at
finish. Ask/or new batkUt.

The Bateman- Wilkinson Co., Limited
431 Symington Avenue. Toronto Canada

•w

Repairi
for all

Wilkinson
Plows

GREENHOUSES

MANUFACTURERS GREENHOUSE BARS AND SASH

Batts Limited

366-415 PACIFIC AVENUE

WEST TORONTO

if their constitution is not strong enou{
for this, kill and bury them at once. Thi
are easy marks for any poultry disease th
happens to come along. They become ca
rlers of disease and Uce. Get rid of thei
Kead over last month's notes. Many
them are timely for August.

Quince as an Ontario Fruit

QUINCE has never become very popul
as a fruit, yet It Is one of the olda
being much In favour as far back
the time of Henry VIII. Some people a
quite fond of quinces and if they were mc
extensively grown and used they might
more popular.

Some five or six years ago I planted
number of trees in my garden just to see
they would grow and produce fruit. Th
have grown fairly well and do not seem
be seriously affected by this rigorous c
mate. We have had some fruit from thf
also, and It is as delicious as any that c
be bought.

We have found that the quince does bt
on well drained clay soil. It will not pi
duce good growth on wet land. The tr
should be kept open to the sun and trlmm
carefully. The growth is slow, but tre
will usually bear at about four years old,
zr\ qui'" ponvinoed that the quince Is wort
of a much better place in the minds
most people than it now holds.

The most efTertivo vav of supplying t
requisite fertility for strawberry plants, a
the one that insures the largest returns :
tiie investment of time f>nd money, is
•>-^Tiiy nitrate of f o''n nt thp rate of seven
Ave to one hundred pounds to the acre,
cordinc: to the apparent needs of the s
and plants. This should be done by hai

Strawberries can be .grown with less wc
than any other kind of fruit.

Defining Grades of Apples

D. Johnfon, Dominion Fruit Commissioner, Ott

THE amount of Ink spot that Is all(
able on a No- 1 apple has proved
be a most difficult matter to dec!
There has been little or no trouble defini
a No. 1 apple, but it is different with a
2. Our fruit inspectors are being sent fr
s'hipping point to shipping point. Instruct
growers as to what is a No. 2 apple.

Dealers complain that we are not str
enough. They want a package that will h
up for some time after purchase. We
defects develop rapidly, sometimes mak
apples of apparently good quality
wrong sooner than expected.

Many of the No. 2 apples placed on
market are no better than a No. 3, althot
a couple of months earlier they may bi
been good No. 2's. Some growers are
conscientious they paclj a No. 2 apple t
would grade No. 1. Others pack a No. 1 £
shouW be No. 2.

There are all kinds of No. 3's. It la
fair to consign fine, well matured, alfi
colored apples, with only a little scab, i
the No. 3. This is what has made it net
sary that we should define the No. 3 gra
or have two grades for No. 2. When grow
have branded their apples No. 3, no mat
how good the quality, they have had d
culty selling them by letter or wire, as
buyer has been afraid they might be tr«

August, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Annapolis Valley

Eunice Buchanan

Although there was no late frost in the
Annapolis Valley, June was exceptionally
lacking in sunshine, having fifteen days
when It rained — and at times very heavily.
July has made no change so far (July 4th),
ah it has rained three days out of four, some
of the downpours exceeding those of June.

Strawberries promised an enormous crop,
as the first blossoms were not injured by
frost. The first berries were gathered about
June 24th, and made 20c at the station, but
the continued rains have softened the fruit
and made it difficult to pick.

Those who were fortunate enough to get
their seeds in early have luxuriant peas,
/spinach, lettuce, and such-like small stuff,
• specially If they hoed early; but those who

ere later may stand under umbrellas and
watch the weeds racing the plants. In
rlaces, some of the crops are under water,
"omatoes were planted after June 10th, and

o.ssomed about June 19th.

The first cutworms were noticed on June
4th, but we soon ended their raids with a
damp bran mash tinted with Paris green.
Seeding down and other work has been de-
layed, but the weather conditions have not
hindered the ravages of the green apple bug
or of the canker worms. Some orchards
have been badly atta,cked by the latter.
'\\'h,at looks suspiciously like fire blight has
appeared in several orchards; some of the
alTected trees are dying in groups after leaf-
ing out.

In unsprayed orchards, spots are develop-
ing rapidly, especially on the Gravensteins;
in sprayed orchards, where the spray missed
the tree tops, spot is also appearing, but
considering the muggy weather there is not
as much spot as one would expect. By the
end of another week we shaH be better able

to judge the prospects for a clean apple
crop.
Berwick, July 4th, 1916.

Late Blight of Potatoes

Late blight makes its presence in the field
known when the vines are about 10 inches
high. The disease first appears on the un-
der surface of the leaf. The best time to
detect this disease Is early in the morning
when the dew is still on the leaves. At
that time slight growths of white mould
will be seen, which disappears as the tem-
perature of the day increases. These growths
will be found on brownish-black spots, some-
what irregular in outline and occurring in
the beginning near the edge of the leaf. As
the disease becomes more intense, it spreads
over the entire vine. The result of this
disease is early death of the vines, a small
yield of potatoes and rotting in the bin of
potatoes from diseased vines.

Spraying the vines prevents late blight.
Bordeaux mixture has been found the most
efficient mixture. The home-made mixture
is by far better than the prepared mixtures
sold on the market. Substitutes for Bor-
deaux mixture, such as lead arsenate and
sulphur have been found unsatisfactory.
Lead arsenate is slow in action and often
clogs the spray nozzles.

The principle involved in the use of a
spray to prevent blight Is based upon the
method of the spread of these diseases. The
small germs causing the blight are blown
by the wind from field to field and from
plant to plant. The germs fall on the leaves
and there germinate. A thin film of Bor-
deaux mixture on the surface of the leaf will
kill the germ when It lights and thus pre-
vents disease.

Making Bordeaux Mixture.

The usual formula for the preparation of

^rI|nolB nnh Ololkgea

MOULTON COLLEGE

34 Bloor St. East, Toronto, Ont.
A OhrisMaji Scihool for Girls. Matricula-
tion, Engrlish, Music Courses. Fall term
opens September 2ftth. Calendar on request.
Harriet S. Ellis, B.A.,

Principal.

Ottawa Ladies College

NEW FIREPROOF BUILDING

PERFECTLY SANITARY
FITTED WITH EVERY
MODERN CONVENIENCE
LARGE PLAYGROUNDS

Academic Work up to the first year
University. Music, Art, H*usehoI(l
Arts, Physical Culture, etc.
The Capital offers exceptional advantafes.

For Calendar apply to
J. W. H. MILNE, B.A., D.I. .President

Jis.W. Robertson. LL.D.,C.M.G..CkilrBiitll«ird

/^KINNER

X.YSTEM OF IRRIGATION

c)

Control complete. Prevents drought loss-
es. Reduces labor bills. Increases pr«flt.
Special Portable Line for $11.75. Send fer
Bew Bulletin.

The Skinner Irrigation Co.
217 Water Street Troy, Ohio.

Annual Exhibition and Fall Packing Number

Published September 1st

THIS is our big Annual Pall Special and is one of our best and most important issues.
It is puMisbed just when our fruit growers are planning for their fall and winter work.
Several hundred sample copies, too, will be distributed at the Canadian National Exhibition
b}' our representatives.

SPECIAL COVER

The front cover will be a spe-
cial full page cover design, print-
ed on heavy coated stock. It will
add much to the attractiveness of
the issue.

ARTICLES

A splendid array of special
articles is being arranged. These
will deal largely with the fall
problems of the fruit grower —
packing, s:hipping and mai-keting
fruit — ^and will be secured from
aAithorities on these questions.

RATES

Advertisers who are planning
fall campaigns and wish to get in
touch with the progressive fruit
grower will do well to reserve
space early in this Special Num-
ber. Rates are as usual — $1.40
per incih per insertion.

FOR OUR BEST SERVICE RESERVE SPACE NOW.
COPY MAY BE SENT UP TO AUGUST 25tli.

The Canadian Horticulturist

Peterboro, Ontario

vl.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

August, 191(

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS

Advertisements In this department Inserted at rate of 3 cents a word for each In-
sertion, each figure, sign, or single letter to count as one word, minimum cost 30c^
strictly cash In advance.

KJSS£tl

REAL ESTATE

ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit farms a speci-
alty. Writ* for CaUlorue. W. B. Calder.
arimMby.

FARMS — All ktads^Fruit, stock, grain or dairy
farms for sale. Also have clients with good
city property who would exchange. H. W.
Dawson, Brampton, Ont.

SPRAYING.

SAVE MONEY— Get our Spraying and Garden
Supply Catalog. Morgan's Supply House,
London.

BEES.

FOR SALE — Untested Golden Italian Queens,
60c each. J. F. Michael, Winchester, Ind.,
U.S.A.

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS as advertised
on page 206. Catalogue free. Deroy Taylor
Co., Newark, N.T.

BEST THREE BANDED QUEENS at lowest
prices, after June 1. Also Bees by the pound.
Satisfaction guaranteed. Send for circular.
J. H. Haughey, Berrien Springs, Mich.

BEES— Per pound, J2.15; per frame, J2.35;
queen, $1.00. Comb foundation, light brood
or extracting, per pound, 60c. Langstroth
hives and frames, painted and empty (new),
$1.60 each. Address Aurora Apiary, Aurora,
Ont.

FOR SALE — Italian queens from the best honey
gathering strains — untested queen, 75c; 6,
$4.25; 12, J8.00; tested queens, 1, $1.25; 6. $7.00;
12, $12.00. Robert B. Spicer, Wharton, N.J.

NOTICE — Gray Caucasian Queens. Their su-
perior qualities are early breeding, great
honey gatherers, very prolific, very gentle,
great comb builders, give better body to
honey, very hardy, will work when other
bees stay in lilve, good winterers, the best
all-purpose bee. Give me a trial order. Prices
for August and September: untested, $1.00;
select untested, $1.50; select tested, $2.50.
Now Is the time to requeen witth the Gray
Caucasian Queens for next season. Fay L.
Barber. 290 State St., LouviUe, N.T.

BEE SUPPLIES.

BEEKEEPERS — Please write for our Catalog.
Morgan's Supply House, I^ndon.

NEW HIVE — Tested out three years. More
honey produced. No heavy lifting. Non-
swarming and robber proof. Winters prop-
erly without labor or expen.se. Present equip-
men' easily changed to it. Other advantages.
Sena for particulars. Wm. F. McCready, Box
4, Estepo, Florida, Lee County.

1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors,
any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. Ej&st-
ern Label Co., CUntonvllle, Conn.

SEEDS.

YOU WANT "Reliable Seeds,'
Price List and Save Money,
^y House, London.

Bordeaux mixture Is five pounds of copper
sulphate (blue stone) and five pounds of
stone lime to 50 gallons of water. The two
chemicals must be dissolved separately. The
weights should be accurate. Guess work
often causes more harm than good. First
dissolve the copper sulphate in about ten
gallons of water and then dilute the solu-
tion to make up 25 gallons. Then in an-
other tank slake the lime before making an
attempt at forming a solution. Then allow
the lime to dissolve In water, gradually
bringing the solution up to 25 gallons. Then
stir in the lime solution and pour Into the
copper sulphate solution. This process re-
quires two tanks capable of holding at least
£5 to 50 gallons.

Paris green can be added to the copper
sulphate and lime mixture which ■will kill
insects. Usually from one to two pounds of
Taris green for every 50 gallonsof Bordeaux
mixture is used. In this manner, one spray-
ing can be made to serve a double purpose.

ces at two points, Hatzic and Mission Citj
It is expected that about 30 carloads c
berries will be shipped from this sectio:
in addition to the quantities sent to the jai
factories. The number of acres under berrie
Is very large this year and It is expecte
that this acreage will almost be double
next year.

More B. C. strawberries are being sold 1
parts of Manitoba than ever before. Winn
peg Jobbors have been pushing the sale c
B. C. fruit strongly.

Fraser Valley, B.C.

The Fraser Valley growers are expecting
a big season In berries and are opening offi-

The British Market

An English correspondent, writing a f
days ago about fruit conditions in Gr
Britain, says, "I am under the impressio,
that there will be a good demand for apple
from Canada this sea.son. The En<;liBh appl
crops are not looking at all well, though it i
early to pass an opinion at present. The;
will likely be small, scrubby and wormy. I
any of the districts do better than others
It •will probably be the districts that havi
only been planted of late years.

"Canadian apples coming on to this mat
ket do well, especially if the samples ar
good and clean. One of the trouble." o
a number of shipments In past years fro!)
Canada Is the fact that many of the end
come out of the barrels In transit. Thi.s I
probably ow1"k to the nailing, and you wll
understand that where the bottoms and top
come out of the barrels the apples are con
siderably damaged and numerous barrel
lost out of the shipment."

Win Against the Hessian Fly

To Escape the Main Attack of the Fly
— sow your wheat late. The early brood is most de-
structive to young wheat and provides for future broods.
Your own Experiment Station will tell you this.

THE Best Wheat Yields come from plants that enter
the winter strong and vigorous. Your own experience
will tell you this.

TO Win Against the Fly, seed late, feed the crop with
available fertilizers which will hasten growth to over-
come the late start, and secure vigor with consequent re-
sistance to later broods. Use 200 to 400 pounds per acre
containing at least 2 per cent, of ammonia. Acid phos-
phate alone does not give the necessary quick growth and
resistance to the fly.

In Farmers' Bulletin No. 640, U. S. Department of Agriculture, fertil-
izers are recommended to give vigor to late sown crops and resistance
to the Hessian Fly.

Write for our map showing best dates for sowing wheat in voiir local-
ity; also our Bulletin, "WHEAT PRODUCTION," both mailed free.

Soil Improvement Committee

OF THK

National Fertilizer Association

CHICAGO

Dept. 148

BALTIMORE

Ket our Seed
Morgran's Sup-

The Canadian Horticultun^

Floral Edition

IVol. XXXIX

PETERBORO. SEPTEMBER, 1916

No. 9

i

Standardization of Fruit Packages

A. H. Slack. Dominion Fruit Inspector, Winnipeg

T a time when our fruit industry
is passing through trying con-
ditions, and when united action
is needed, we should approach the
jquestion of the standardization of fruit
fijjaekages with a broad mind, endeav-
"Jjoring to select the best from all view-
points regardless of where the pack-
ages originated. The first step is to
[recognize that standardization will be
to your advantage as fruit growers,
whether we dispose of j'our fruit
through cooperative channels, inde-
pendent channels, or direct. Some dif-
ilties may arise in determining the
^t packages to adopt, but I do not
i think that these will be formidable
piovided they are considered with an
(ipen mind.

.Some misunderstandings probably
exist as to what is meant by standard-
ization. I have heard growers oppose
any move in this direction by stating
that they would not agree to any legis-
lation that required them to pack a
particular kind of fruit in any par-

• Outline of an address deUvered recently at
several different meetings of fruit growers in
British Columbia, which resulted in a com-
iiiitte© of representative fruit growers being
f'>rmed to deal with the suggestions made by
Mr. Slack.

ticular package, claiming that it would
not be to their advantage to do so. As
a matter of fact standardization need
not require this, so that any objections
from this viewpoint should be easily,
removed.

It would be necessary to select from
the various packages at present in use,
what would 'be considered the best
peach box, four basket crate, berry
crate, pear box, apple box, apple crate,
etc., and standardize the packages
selected. This would not mean that a
packer would be required to pack only
peaches in a peach box, or pears in a
pear box, etc., but it would require that
whatever package-was u.sed would have
to be of a specified size.

There are several reasons in favor of
this. There are on our markets several
sizes of peach boxes, apple boxes and
crates, berry crates, etc. This results
in confusion to the wholesale trade, re-
tailer and consumer, and, in some in-
stances, results in price cutting.

A number of our shippers have
adopted the Oregon apple 'box for do-
mestic purposes. It may surprise
some to hear that whereas the recog-
nized size of this package is HI/2 in.
in width, IOI/2 in- in depth and 18 in.

in length, inside measurement, with a
cu'bic capacity of 21731/2 cubic inches,
some boxes have been made only 10 in.
deep containing only 2070 cubic
inches. During the last season the
24 deep pint berry crate was used
by some shippers, with a supposed
cubic content of 33.6 cubic inches, but
packages have arrived on our mar-
kets intended for deep pints but in
reality containing only 27.89 cubic
inches, or 5.71 cubic inches short.

In conversation with manufacturers
of box material, both in British
("olumbia and Washington, they have
advised me that they are sometimes
approached to manufacture packages,
particularly berry packages, just a
little smaller than the usual size. AVith-
out standardization this condition can-
not be controlled. It is not necessary
to emphasize that it is a situation far
from desirable. '^

Outside Competition.

Standardization would act as a pro-
tective measui'e against the importa-
tion of fruit in packages other than
those adopted by us. Our competitors
in the western states have, on several
occasions, introduced packages on our

iiticton, B.C., here .shown, is at the foot of the Kootenay L/akes, and is in one of the leading fruit dl.strlcts of the province.

of fruit growers, lasting .several days, was held in Penticton the latter part of July.

An important conftrence

214

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Flora.1 HJdltlon

Well packed fruit, as handled by the Gordon Head Frudt Growers' Association, Victoria, B.C.

markets that varied from those in gen-
eral use here. In view of the fact that
the importfid goods are usually on th*
market in advance of our own, and
often in packages superior to ours,
they create a precedent in favor of the
imported article. It has often been to
our interest to adopt these packages,
and, in some instances, for our pro-
tection, we have been compelled to do
so. It is noit my intention to criticize
the packages of our com>petitors. In
most cases they merit our attention
with a view to adopting them our-
selves.

The intix)duction of packages dif-
ferent from those in general use in
British Columbia affects us materially.
British Columbia shippers have, until
I'ecently, when shipping prunes in
peach boxes used the four-inch box.
This package was fairly satisfaotory
and was identical with the peach pack-
age being used for prunes by our com-
petitors. During the season of 1914,
however, our competitors placed
prunes on our marke.ts in 3I/2 inch
peach boxes. The price of our prunes
is largely controlled by the quotations
from competitive points, which result-
ed in our 4 in. peach box having to
compete with the 31/0 in. box as far as
price was concerned. It was a surpris-
ing fact that, generally speaking, the
Avholesale trade could not get any more
for our 4 in. box than they were get-
ting for imported 3i/4 in. boxes, not-
with.standing that there would be
about 8 lbs. more fruit in the 4 in.
package. The retail merchants claim-
ed that it was impossible to impress the
housewife purchasing prunes that she

was getting better value in the 4 in.
box at an advance in price over the
31/2 in. package. To her it was a box
of prunes, and she purchased the 31/0
in. if the price of the 4 in. was higher,
thereby obtaining imported fruit. It
is, therefore, obvious that if the
merchant was obliged to sell a 4 in.
box at the same price as a 31/2 in. one,
he could not afford to pay any more
for it. In many cases I believe this re-
sulted in his buying our competitors'
prunes. The \Vholesaler, in his turn,
was unable to pay more than he would
for the smaller package, with the re-
sult that the f.o.b. price of our prunes
was affected. The only manner in
which this condition could be met was
by our shippers adopting the Sto in.
package, which was practically im-
possible at that time, as box material
was already purchased. The unfortun-
ate situation during 1915 was that some
of our shippers adopted the Sy^ in.
package and were able to quote lower
than those using the 4 in., which had a
tendency to reduce the price of the 4
in. to that of the 31/2 in. This condition
is liable to arise at any time unless our
packages are standardized. Assuming
that all British Columbia shippers
adopt the Sy^ in. peach box for prunes,
we have no assurance but that our
competitors may appear with a 3 in.
box, unless we .s.tandardize our pack-
ages.

Strawberry Orates.
The same condition existed on the
prairie markets regarding our four-
fifth crate for strawberries, and other
fruit packed in this package. The
season of 1914 witnessed the introduc-

tion on our markets of the 24 pint berrj
crate from Washington. At this tiin(
our shippers were using the 24 four
fifth crate, or the 24 two-fifth crate foi
berries. The 24 four-fifth crate w
used for strawberries and came ii
direct competition with the 24 d(
|)int from Washington. The cubic c
tents of our 24 four-fifth crate is l:
cubic inches, while the 24 pint cratt
only 806.4 cubic inches. In oti
words, the package we were obliged u
compete with was approximately onlj
three-fifths the size of the crate w(
were using. For this reason then w(
could reasonably expect for similai
quality fruit, as well packed, that ou:
package should sell for two-fifths mon
than the deep pint. Generally speak
ing, on our prairie markets, the four
fifth package sold for the same pric<
as the deep pint. There were a fev
exceptions to this; in some cases 25c
a package more was realized for ou:
four-fifth, as compared with the im
ported deep pint.

At first thought it may appear dif
ficult to realize how this could happen
The imported pint crate predominate(
in our markets. It is a neat, attractiv
package ; the berries shipped well
were well packed and faced, and th
))ackage immediately became populai
This resulted in the retail merchan
preferring the pint package, an<
eventually it was difficult for him ti
obtain more for the four-fifth than fo
the deep pint halloek, as the pin
hallock set the retail price for a box 0
strawberries. In conversation with r(
tailei's they have advised me tha
customers haA'e objected, if a highe
price was asked for the four-fiftl
.stating that their competitors wer
selling strawberries cheaper. Th
merchant's explanation that th
hallocks were larger packages availe
nothing. The result was he purchase
the 24 pint crate and saved himself th
trouble of having to make lengthy e^
planations to his customers, as he ofte
had to do when he sold the four-fiftl
The direct result of this was that w
were compelled to use the 24 pir
crate. Unfortunately it was not po;
sible to do this in 1914, as box nu
terial was already oixlered, but in 191
some of our shippers used this pad
age, with good results. It would m
pear then that we have everything 1
gain, as far as British Colunvbia is col
cerned, in adopting the 24 deep pir
package in place of the four-fifth. Tl
package can be used with advant^
for all the purposes that the four-fir
has been used for previously. In regar
to this package our competitors ha\|
still another advantage over us. Thef
strawberries and cherries are faeea
Approximately there are 16 squaij
inches to be faced in the deep pir

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

215

while the four-fifth has an area of
about 25 square inches. It is therefore
obvious that our competitors can face
their package considerably cheaper
than we can our four-fifth. The main
point, however, is that were packages
standai-dized everybody would be on
an equal basis as far as packages are
concerned.

Our 24 two-fifth package, generally

speaking, is not popular- on the

prairies. This package is used chiefly

or raspberries, and, owing to th€ very

-hallow hallock, which is only one inch

1 depth, the bottom of the container

N often expo.sed. This is especially

iie case when the berries receive a jolt

111 transit, which is often unavoidable

The impression given to the consumers

is that they are not recei\'ing value. I

have often received complaints and en-
quiries as to whether the package was
a legal one. My assurances that it is
a legal two-fifth hallock apparently
have not satisfied those enquiring, who,
in every case, have been consumers.
Practically our only competitor with
this package is Puyallup, who uses the
shallow pint, which measures 11/4 ins.
in depth. The additional one-quarter
inch has made a great difference in its
appearance on arrival, with the result
that the shallow pint has found favor
and ia ito be commended fbr rasp-,
berries. Some of our raspberry ship-
pers have realized this and have been
using it. Unfortunately, with the
smaller package ,also in evidence, they

(Continued on Page 226.)

Packing the 1916 Apple Crop

D. Johnson, Dominion Fruit Commissioner, Ottawa, Ont.

IT is evident that the apple crop of
Ontario and Quebec will be of very
low grade. The time is opportune,
iierefore, to advise the trade to use
very precaution in seeing that they
iace upon the market apples properly
icked and of such quality that they
> ill not be ruinous to our markets.

It would appear that the apple crop
is much the same as last yearjK The
quantity will perhaps be a little less
and the quality of even lower grade.
This would indicate that there will be
but a small proportion of No. 1 fruit,
and that most of the apples which will
go into consumption must be graded
No. 2 and No. 3.

For Nos. 1 and 2 we predict a good

demand and we believe the consuming
public will be willing to pay a reason-
ably high price for apples of these
grades. For good No. 3 apples there
will also be a strong demand, but it is
very important that they should be
good No. 3's and not similar in quality
to much which was packed last year.
The season of 1915 is still fresh in
our minds. It will be remembered for
many years by the dealers who bought
and packed No. 3 apples, much of
which were nothing more nor less than
trash. This fruit could not do any-
thing but depress the market and
cause losses to all who handled it. The
expense of picking, packing and mar-
keting a barrel of poor No. 3's is the

same as it would be in the case of a
barrel of good apples, and why so
many growers and packers will persist
in packing this rubbish is more than I
can understand.

Unfortunately the Fruit Inspectors
have very little control over the pack-
ing of No. 3. The law requires that
they shall be iionestly faced, and that
the face or shown surface shall be a
fail- representation of the contents of
the package, but further than that we
have no control. This means that ap-
ples of the most miserable quality, as
long as they are honestly faced, may
be graded No. 3. It is such fruit as
this which caused the slump in apple
prices last winter.

A good pack of No. 3's, namely, ap-
ples well matured, well colored, sound,
but affected with scab, is in demand
and would serve a good purpose.
Some packs of No. 3 are as serviceable
as No. 1 or No. 2, for while the scab
prevents them from long-keeping, yet
with proper storage they supply the
demands of the consumers at fair
prices.

At the commencement of this sea-
son I, therefore, urge all packers of
fruit to refrain from packing such low
grade apples as many did last year.
It is much better to sell such apples to
the cider factories, or feed them to
stock, than to allow them to go on the
market, making returns which scarcely
cover operating expenses. More than
that, the marketing of inferior fruit
will turn the public from our own ap-
ples to Avestern packs, upon which they
can always rely, and from which they
always receive value for their money.

The returns from this year's apple
crop are in the hands of the packers.
If they fail to live up to their oppor-
tunities, and still persist in flooding the
markets with low grade fruit, they will
experience another year of disappoint-
ment similar to 1915.

Th* a<l\fnt <>f the f(xji>er.ative movement In Nova Scortia has largely revolutionized packing
methods In the piwlnce. The Interior of the packJng house a,t Kentville. N..S.. is here shown.

Harvesting Apples

Prof. W. G. Brierley, University Farm, St. Paul

The proper time to begin picking
the apple depends upon the season
of the variety, its behavior after
picking, the color of the fruit and the
marketing plan. Summer and early
fall apples should be picked and hand-
led much the same as i)ears, as they are
perishable and "go down" rapidly.
The Duchess is an example. This
variety should l)e picked when it has
made good size and color, but before
any softening begins, but never before
it is well developed, as it will shrivel
badly. Successful marketing of the
Duchess depends very largely upon
firmness, as soft apples of this variety
bruise readily and settle in the barrel,
giving a poor appearance. Varieties

216

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Bdltion.

^Htf ■■ 3~iitj£5

i

,.l

i

\

\

\

i

. I*. ^iC

1

w

r

Commercial thimbleberry plantations in Ontario are not numerous. This one is owned by
Robt. W. Riggs, Arkona, Ont., one of the largest fruit growers in Lambton County.

matui'ing later in the season also bene-
fit from a close study of picking needs.
Innnaturity or over-maturity should
be avoided, as the fruit will not hold
up if kept on the market long. All
apples are best picked when "hard
ripe" — fully developed in size and
color with the seeds colored a light
brown.

Picking should be done carefull.y, so
that bruises are i^w. Lift and twist
the apple from the spur and do not pull
it off. Pulling often pulls out the stem
and hastens decay or pulls the spur off
so that future crops are picked at the
same time. Do not grasp the apple
tightly, as this may bruise it. Use the
whole hand and grasp just firmly
enough to pick. Various picking de-
vices, such as baskets, pails or sacks,
are available. In general, baskets or
pails are better than sacks, as there is
less danger of bruises from swinging

against the ladder or tree. The best
type of device is a basket or pail lined
with burlap or canvas to prevent bruis-
ing, and with a swinging bottom which
can be opened to empty the fruit
gently. This eliminates much of the
bruising which comes from pouring the
apples from a basket or pail. The re-
ceptacle should not hold more than a
half bushel and smaller sizes often
secure greater freedom from bruises.
Picking by hand is much better than
with patented devices on the end of
poles, it is far better to use a' good
ladder to get up to the apples than to
bother with a pole and picker.

After picking, the apples should be
taken immediately to a cool, well venti-
lated cellar or shed where grading and
packing can be done conveniently.
Leaving the fruit in piles in the or-
chard ripens them too rapidly and
often causes shrivelling or early decay.

Raspberry Packing for the West

Edwin Smith,

IN previous years trials Iiave been
made with the shipment of pre-
cooled raspberries by refrigerated
freight from Grimsby, Ont., to Winni-
peg without success. Failure may be
attributed to an unsuitable package
(the 24 four-fifth-quart crate) and to
the length of time in transit. This led to
the Dominion Cold Storage Division
making a test of precoole<l raspberries
by refrigerated express in July, 1916,
which was very successful. The suc-
cess of this shipment as well as that
of a refrigerator freight shipment to
Sault Ste. Marie in 1016, was founded
upon the condition of the berries this
past season and upon the use of the 24
in. shallow pint crate as much as it Avas
upon the use of the express method of
despatch.

Grimsby, Ont.

The price of raspberries in "Winnipeg
ranging between three and four dollars
per 24 in. pint crate during the entire
season and the chief competitive
sources of raspberries being Puyallup,
Wa.sh., and Mission City, B. C, and
having their raspberry seasons usually
earlier than the Niagara Peninsula, are
facts that point toward increased ef-
forts in placing Ontario ra.spberries in
western markets. These efforts will be
futile if as much attention is not de-
voted to the proper packing of the
berries as to their refrigeration and
despatch.

Ordinarily raspbei-ries do not re-
iceive much attention in packing be-
cause of the simplicity of the opera-
tion, it being done by the pickers in the
field. Their packing is neglected on

this account. Good packing of rasp-
berries re(iuire.s, first, good fruit,
second, strong, attractive ixickages
that are suitable containers, third, fre-
((uent pickings very carefully done, at
which time the boxes are well filled,
fourth, an inspection of the boxes be-
fore placing them in the crates, with a
checking .system \vherel)y careles>
pickers may be "jacked-up."

The 24 in. shallow pint crate is tht
most attractive and thoroughly suit-
able package that can be used. It con-
tains a fair amount of berries but the
l)oxes being but 1^/4 in. deep and held
in the crate by sustained decks in two
tiers only, carry them with a small
amount of jainniing or mashing. The
boxes hold a full pint, so that the
"false bottoms" are not really false
if the consumer knows that a pint is
being purchased instead of a quart.
Comparing the quantity held with that
of the Ontario 24 four-fifth quart crate,
in actual practice three four-fifth
quart boxes would fill five pints. The
gross weight of the filled crate is 23
pounds. About 100 crates could li-
efficiently loaded in the ordinary rf
frigierated, express car, — pointing to
the need of a lower carload weight
minimum (at present 20,000 lbs.). The
cost of the shalloAV pint is 17c. com-
plete in British Columbia ; 26c. made
up and laid down in Ontario in carload
lots.

All efforts at western shipments will
fail without careful picking, removing
the berries from the bushes without
injury to the flesh. Berries used in our
1916 demonstration were fairly satis-
factory as far as careful picking wh*-
concerned, but growers fell down bad I
in not filling the lK)xeB well, which sola
for 25c. less per crate than they other-
wise would have sold. Raspberries
settle heavily and boxes must be filled
above the level full before leaving the
fields, else in driving to the precooliii}=
plant they will settle so that from r
quarter of an inch to the whole deptl
on one side of the box will show, giv
ing the consumer the feeling that he i:
being robbed both on the top and or
the bottom of the boxes, whereupor
buying will fall off.

Frequent pickings are essential tha
stock Avill not contain over-ripe an(
dried-up berries, neither of whid
should be allowed in westei-n ship
ments. AVithout watching the berrie
as they come from different pickers th<
help gets slack and works carelessly
When it is found that a picker is in
juring fruit by pinching or clutehinf
with finger nails the remedy is obviou
and must be applied firmly.

The hope of the future for Ontari
fruit growers lies along the line of es
tended cooperation. — Prof. Crow.

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

217

f.

Apple Orcharding Should Be a Main Line

p. W. Hodgetts, Provincial Horticulturist, Toronto, Ont.

ONTARIO, the premier province iu
the Dominion of Canada, boasts
of more apple trees than all the
other provinces combined. In 1911 she
was credited with 6,710,033 bearing
and 2,073,576 non-bearing trees, a total
of 8,783,609 trees out of 15,217,176
trees in Canada. Her production in a
normal season is more than twice as
ji-eat as that of all the others com-
1 lined owing to the fact that three-
(|uarters of her acreage consists of full-
grown heavy bearing trees. In British
Columbia on the other hand, only about
lie-third of the trees are in bearing,
\ hile even her bearing orchards are
still young and not j^et up to the
iiaximum yield. The figures given
nve always created great pride in our
standing as a fruit producing country.
A careful analysis, however, will
prove that while we make a good show-
ing in the census reports and are still
by long odds the greatest factor in the
apple business, great improvements are
•imperatively necessary if we are to re-
gain our position. Our supremacy in
; he growing of grapes and peaches is,
and will continue to be, beyond ques-
tion. Costly experience has taught us
the necessity of growing fewer
varieties, in larger quantities, in those
districts only that are best suited to
such fruits. With the apple, on the
■other hand, Ave have planted far too
many varieties, on all kinds of soils,
and without particular regard to the
suitability of the section for the pur-
pose. For these past mistakes we
should be forgiven. Most of the
orchards were set out over thirty years
•ago when reliable advice was hard to
secure, or in fact, did not exist. Mar-
kets were limited and more or less
local ; a succession of varieties was
needed to supply customers throughout
he season ; no experimental work with
the varieties • as to their hardiness,
quality or bearing habits had yet been
dertaken. Yet it was with these and
ny other handicaps that our fathers
of necessity to start orcharding,
at wonder then that mistakes were
de ! Fancy what nerve those men
who planted the larger of the
any orchards that have made a name
'or Ontario as an apple country.

One noticeable feature of the in-
dustry which applies particularly to
parts of Western Ontario is the large
number of small orchards of one or two
acres in extent. Take Middlesex as an
example, having, according to the la.st
census, some 364,793 trees and rating,
therefore, as an important apple grow-
ing county, yet we find that the aver-
age size of the orchard is less than two

■acres. Never intended to supply ap-
ples for other than home use, with a
surplus for friends and neighbors, the,
aggregate of the trees has been so great
■that in years of good crops, thousands
of barrels are available for shipment
to points outside the county. Only,
however, through the agency of the
small (local associations has this be-
come possible, and at thalt, the 'task of
gathering, sorting and selling the fruit
from scores of varieties is a serious and
expensive operation. Then in years of
light crop these associations cannot
secure enoug-h fruit to make it profit-
able to ship in carlots, resulting in loss
of customers and inconvenience gener-
ally to the trade.

One serious feature of the small
orchard on the average farm is that in
times of labor stress, especially in the
spring and early summer, the apple
trees are neglected that the land may
be cultivated and the seeding done.
Spraying, one of the most important
faetore in producing good fruit, comes
on during this busy season, and is al-
most sure to be set aside in favor of
the more important — to the average
farmer — ^\vork on the grain crops. Even
if in favorable seasons the 100 odd
trees in the orchard bring in more
money than many of the best and big-
gest fieilds on the farm, the temptation
■is always strong to take care of the
grain and the roots, as the apple trees
will still bring in some return no mat-

ter what attention they do or do not
receive.

. In another way, the general farmer
too often favors his fields at the ex-
pense of the orchard. His stock only
produces a certain amount of manure
during the year, and his rotation ol
crops is so arranged that this is all
used to advantage on the fields. His
trees are deep-rooted and despite the
lack of applied fertility still bear fair
crops at least semi-annually — so why
worry! Yet, ten tons of this manure
applied annually to every acre of the
orchard would give returns double
that received from the land, but the
broad expanse of wheat and oats,
barley and corn and potatoes is his
first love and last, and who can blame
him anyway, for he has been brought
np to believe in these crops as his sal-
vation?

So we come naturally to the con-
clusion that apple orcharding may not,
and usually does not, succeed best as a
side line. Now do not think that I be-
lieve the apple orchard should consti-
tute the sole source of income from the
farm. Far from it, as lean years are
bound to come as well as the good. It
is better not to have all your eggs in
one basket! Yet we should have enough
eggs in that one basket to lead us to
handle it carefully. In plain words,
let us have sufficient acreage in apples
to make it worth our Avhile putting on
it the necessary labor at the proper
time, believing that we will secure bet-
ter returns for that labor than if spent
elsewhere on the farm. Let us go into
it determined to secure from our

A good picking of Buirbank and Ajbundajice plums rojidy for market as g^athered in the orchard
of F. Bell & Sons, Burlington, Ont.

218

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Ontario liu.s many fine orcliards and also many old ones that are Uie leverso. What is
aie a million good trees to replace a million such as those here shown.

wanttd

orchards a big part of the revenue that
is ("oming for our year's operations and
there will then be no thought of skimp-
ing the labor or the manure or anything
else necessary to make it the success it
should be.

"What acreage should be planted,"
some may ask, "to accomplish this pur-
pose 1 ' ' Ten acres in my opinion Avould
be the mininram for economical oper-
ation. This would give the grower some
350 to 400 permanent trees with an ad-
ditional number of fillers should such a
system of planting be approved of. One
power sprayer could be advantageous-
ly used ; and sufficient packages would
be required that la>bor could be kept
busy in the winter preparing them. A
few ordinarily slack weeks in the
spring could be profitably put in prun-
ing; and the picking, packing and
other work would require from the
owner sufficient time to make him ap-
preciate the importance of giving the
orchard the besit management possible
expecting good returns.

Varieties.

As to varieties much depends on the
markets to which one expects to cater.
Ben Davis are not wanted on the
prairies, while Golden Russets are not
rated higher there than Baldwins and
Greenings. Spy and Snow are held in
high esteem in these western markets
and in many cases sell the balance of
one's pack. On the other hand, the
Russett outsells the Spy in Great
Britain and Stark and Ben have made
good money for the growers there.
South Africa asks for Gano, Wealthy
and King while Montreal ^vill pay high-
er prices for the Mcintosh and Snow.
Of the early apples Duchess are in good
demand for both east and west, while
AVealthy, if of good size, also sell well.

For fillers in an orchard it is im-

perative to plant such as are early
bearing, including Duchess, Wealthy,
Mcintosh, Gravenstein, Hubbardston
and Wagner. The last three mention-
ed are not listed above, yet are worthy
of a place among the fillers and will sell
readily at fair prices.

Do not plant too many varieties, six
at the outside, unless you are near a
large local market to which you can
ship economically by express in small
packages or can haul by wagon or
truck in barrels or boxes. Where you
expeot to sell through an association
or individually in car lots, few varieties
and those largely the standard winter
kinds will help a great deal in the mar-
keting. In the eastern part of Ontario,
the season is sometimes so late that
varieties like the Spy will not ripen in
time to permit of safe shipment to tbe
west. Growers there have wised.v made
a specialty of those kinds best suited to
the export trade or that ripen early
enough for shipment to any market
that may prove attractive at the time.
Early Duchess are in demand for the
north and west and a profitable busi-
ness in this variety should be worked
up in the more southern parts of On-
tario. Car lots are required and
enoug'h growers at any one shipping
point should combine to produce this
variety for that trade. For several
years there has been a constant demand
for Duchess which we have not been
able to supply.

Readers of this article may raise the
old question of overplanting. Undoubt-
edly we have too many orchards of the
type first described, but these are fast
passing away. Those that may linger
on will be driven out of the running
by competition, if not from Ontario
then from the orchards of Nova Scotia,
British Columbia or the states to the

south of us. We should not give up the
splendid markets that we have secured
under such great difficulties when our
advjuitages are as great, if not greater,
than the other districts named. The
jneuibers of the many sniaiU associa-
tions in the western counties might
well plant cooperatively ten acres or
jnore apiece, looking to the future wel-
fare of their community.
, A bigger vi.s-ion is needed than we
have had in the past, such a vision as
inspired the splendid orchards in the
southern part of Ilalton and the lake
townships of Northumberland and Dur-
ham, wbere the size and character of
the orchards is the feature that at-
tracts the best buyers, and where apple
orcharding is not the side line it is in
so many other sections. Here we find
men who give up even a profitable
dairy business to give their attention
to a still more profitable apple busi-
ness. Why should we not have scores
more of such men in Ontario ? Then we
.could indeed boast not only of the
quantity and qtiality of our fruit but
also of its permanence.

Sweet Cherry Difficulties*

S. H. Rittenhouse, Jordan Harbour

There are several reasons why sweet
cherries are not more commonly grown.
These are due mostly to difficulties con-
nected Avith their growth. Among
these are the following:

They are hard to transplant success-
fully from the nursery. They require a
special kind of soil that is not com-
mon, and take considerable time to
come to bearing. Sweet cherries are
fairly susceptible to insect and fung-
ous diseases, and their market is much
more limited than for grapes and
peaches.

Bro^v^^ rot is the worst disease of the
sweet cherry. Sometimes the crop is
lost in t-\\enty-four hours after every-
thing possible has been done to make
it a success. A fairly deep, well drain-
ed soil is required for them, more so
than for peaches. I oould probably
count on the fingers of my hand the
successful extensive growers in the
Niagara cistrict. I favor planting in
the fall ii! care is taken to protect the
tree during the first winter. If they
can be planted very early in the spring
they will do all right, but otherwise
they had better not be planted at thai
season. Our orchard has good ail
drainage, which protects it against
frost.

We must put up our fruit in boxes il
we are to hold the western market. — C
J. Thornton, M.P.

• \n answer given at the last convention o
the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association to i
question asking why sweet cherries are no
grown more extensively in Ontario.

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

219

The Grounds and Gardens of Craigleigh

Mrs. R. B. Potts, Hamilton, Ontario

TUCKERMANN said that "to'
analyze the charm of flowers is
like dissecting music ; it is one
'if those things which it is much better
to enjoy than to attempt to under-
stand." This verdict I heartily con-
curred in when, after returning from
enjoying some hours at "C;aigleigii,"

The perg'ola at Sir EJd'niund Osier's is lined with

yellow and dark coleus and is covered with all

kinda of hardy creepers and roses.

the beautiful home of Sir Edmund
Osier, in Rosedale, Toronto, a garden
lover asked me "what had impressed
me most when visiting the garden?"

Some one has wittily but truly de-
scribed the gardens seen on this con-
tinent as follows: "Too often the Am-
erican garden is likely to resemble the
literature of the period, in being strik-
ing, curious or wonderful. Often it is
of the "look-at-me kind," made to be
stared at.

"Craigleigh" is "wonderful" and
"striking," but it is far from being in
any of the classes named. It is as dis-
tinct from these, as a work of arl is
from a crude chromo. The thing that
most impressed me on the occasio', of
my first visit to this garden and whicli
has been re-stamped on the memory ot
each recurrent one, is the quiet, restful
harmony of the wliole — ^the complete
balance of all the parts. "How rest-
ful!" wa,s the first thought to shajic
itself definitely, though it might reason;
ably be expected that "How l)eauti-
Mil!" would have been the first, for'
beautiful it has been at all times and
reasons, when a visit has been a happy
l)ossibility.

The pen pictures here given have
been "drawn from memory." They
consist of a series of "memory
sketches" rather than a drawing from
a "single sitting"; the main features
remain, but details differ with the sea-
sons. The first problem has been just
where to begin, as there are many
each worthy of a separate

phases,
article.

Let
border,
curves

us start with the herbaceous
which sweeps in digiiifietl

from the gates, skirting the
velvety lawn until it reaches the con-
servatories. This border, at every visit,
reveals new pleasures to a flower-lover.
Here are new combinations Avhich in-
vite study and merit the praise be-
stowed ; groupings lovely in their har-
mony; individual plants which attract
attention and hold the visitor to "wor-
ship at that shrine." It is safe to say
that some of the deepest pleasure found
here comes from the fact that all the
old-time favorites are not "eon.spicu-
ous by their absence"; and that size —
or should one say bigness, since the
"big" is so lauded tonlay — of bloom
does not always cause the verdict of
banishment to be executed. Here, too,
single varieties dare to proudl}' lift
their heads, though the popular acclaim
is for "double." One may see also
mow varieties of old favorites, so if the
'old order passes, giving place to the
new, it is because the new is really
worthy. Throughout this long border
there has never been a single jarring
note, at any time observed, and though
touches of strong color are at times in-
troduced, they are but to tone up the

softer and less striking ones, and so
prevent "weakness." In this border
foxgloves have revealed themselves in
more than ordinary beauty, for the
beautiful primrose colored ones neigh-
bor with the soft rosey mallows, Avhile
just beyond the glorious blue of the
delphinium and stately hollyhocks
made a lovely background.

At the rear of this border, from the
entrance to the houses just beyond the
steps into the formal, paved garden
with its fountain, bright with gold fish,
comes the shaded walk — the pergola — •
to stroll down which on a bright, sunny
day, proves a joy to be remembered
long afterward. On the right, looking
over the wide border, many choice bits
are revealed — it may be the sweep of
the lawn, with its magnificent trees, or
some new view of the occupants of the
border. On the left is the rockwork
with its floral adornment of ferns,
aubretias, columbines and other favor-
ites, until the gate of the vegetable gar-
den is reached. Then comes the revela-
tion of the useful-beautiful, and here
one can join in Mr. Allan's, the head
gardener's, enthusiasm, as he points
out the large and varied collection of
vegetables that are grown.

Returning through the pergola, be-
fore reaching the path to the paved
garden or greenhouses, one notices the
potentillas, with their strawberry-like
leaves and dainty flowers, with ranun-
culus, and pansies in the niches, and
the corners with ferns and auriculas
and other delightsome things.

At "Craigleigh," one bright spring
day, some time was spent very pi'ofit-

The chr.v.santh<mu.ms in the coni»ervatories at Craigleigh last fall were a delight to all who

saw them.

220

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Larkspur in the sardon of Mr. J. H. Bennett,
Barrde, Ont.

ably among the tulips. Among the
many fine blooms in a collection of
over a hundred varieties were Fairy
Queen, Don Pedro, Rev. Ewbank, The
Fawn, Mine. Krelage and Loveliness.
It is hard to select the finest, when all
were so lovely.
Cowper wrote : —

"Who loves a garden loves a green-
house, too.
Unconscious of a less propitious clime,
There blooms exotic beauty, warm and

snug.
While the winds whistle and the snows
descend. ' '
This describes the conservatories at
" Craigleigh. " What a treat they
have been ! Take the November visit,
when the chrj'santhemums Avere in
flower. Who could ever forget the
glory of the conservatory after the
privilege of a view? 'Mums there were
of every size, from huge balls to tiny
pompoms, and colors from the dark and
the tawny, down through the pale
pinks and yellows to white — yes, and
the green 'mum was to be seen also.
All this veritable feast of color was
most skilfully arranged, and not a
single instance of unpleasant adjust-
ment Avas observed. A visit to the
same spot later when the calceolarias
have the stage, and again it is found
to be truly a "sight for sair een."

At this time the background is of the
sehizanthus, in all its dainty, airy
beauty, suggesting a swarm of butter-
flies-orcliard-like flowers in a fine
range of coloring, with occasionally
an Easter lily, magnificent in its state-
ly purity, or, a mass of tulips to ' ' give
a tone." The centre was reserved for
the calceolarias, those quaint shaped

blooms, interesting if not "universally"
loved, perhaps because one's introduc-
tion to these flowers hapi)ened to be
thi'ough some of the horrid tomato red,
splotched oi' strong yellow varieties.
Those found here wei'e not of such
crude coloring, but in shades of apri-
cot, terra eotta, rose, M'hite and other
delicate tints.

The other houses were interesting,
too. In one were orchids — the cattle-
yas, while beyond other varieties were
the Gloi'iosa superba Ttothschildiana
(or climbing lily) with its bright yello\v
flowers which change to red, and Dar-
win tulips for "fillers" or cut bloom.
In another section the gloxinias were
just opening, revealing the dark vel-
vety flowers, soon to rival the calceo-
larias then in the first place. On an-
other occasion the Allamanda, with its
large golden cups and the fragrant
white flowers of the jasmine gracilli-
muni were the features that called for
attention.

Time and space will not permit of
further description, but mention must
be made of the grape house, beautiful
with its luscious bunches of purple and
white fruit. It had been said to me.

before I knew the successful growc i
of these, that "Mr. Allen was the last
word on grapes." One can readily be-
lieve this after a visit to this section
of the houses. Here, too, strawberries
and melons are "specialties" among
many other luscious things.

The rock-garden and the paved gar-
den must be passed Mith ju.st a men- ■
tion of them, as must the roses, sweet |
peas and many other features, not for
lack of appreciation, justly merited,
but time and space do not permit if
niore extended reference.

Maurice de Guerin has said, "Every
time we allow ourselves to oe penetrat-
ed by Nature, our soul is opened to the
most touching impressions." After
one has enjoyed such grounds as those
of Sir Edmund Osier's beautiful Craig-
leigh, one realizes the truth of the
words :

"Not a tree,
A plant, a leaf, a blossom, but contains
A folio volume. We may read and

read
And read again, and still find some-
thing new,
Something to please and something to
instruct."

Plant Paeonies in September

Henry Gibson

SEPTEMBER is the time to plant
paeonies. Of all hardy perennials
the paeony is perhaps the mqjil.
desirable. It is practically immuni
from disease and insect pests. More-
over, it is as lovely as a cut flower as it
is for landscape effect.

The paeony is a gross feeder. The
richest soil is none too good for it. The
strongest stems and the largest floavers
are produced when it is planted in
situations where .a moderate degree of
dampness is maintained. When pre-
paring the bed, turn out the soil to the
depth of two feet, discarding the bot-
tom or sub-soil if it is not of a desir-
a'ble character and replacing it with
good rich soil from another source. A
layer six inches deep of good manure
should be put into the bottom of the
excavation, and spaded in, if the sub-
soil is good, and a liberal quantity of
well decayed manure added to the soil
as the work of filling up proceeds.
Round up the earth until it stands
about eight inches above the surround-
ing ground, as it will settle a good
deal in a few days.

Abundant room should be given to
each paeony plant to develop into a
large specimen. Three feet each Avay
is not too much for them. Place the
crowns from three to four inches below
the surface and firm the earth Avell
about the roots. Never allow the
crowns to come in contact with man-

ure that is at ail green, in fact it is
dangerous to use green manure. None
but Avell decomposed manure should be
used. After planting, the beds should
l)e covered with strawy litter and
leaves to prevent drying out until the
roots start to get active.

Many of the new varieties of
paeonies have descriptions that are
tempting, but it does not follow that
because a paeony does well where it
was born that it will do well every-
where. Not by any means ; fe^v things
are as deceitful as new paeonies. They
should be tested for j^ears in different
parts of the country, before they are
finally put on the market as a com-
mercial product. We know of an en-
thusiastic gardener Avho paid a hand-
some price for one of the most beauti-
ful double paeonies he ever saw, and
gave it a name right there, and behold
the following year it bloomed a poori
single. So runs the inexplicable^
vagaries of the paeony.

Herewith is a list of six varieties
that will do well in almost any home
gai"den :

Albert Grouse, (light pink), late.

Couronne, d'Or, (white), late.

Edulis, Superba, (dark pink), early.

Felix Couse, (crimson), midseason.

Festiva, Maxima, (white), early.

Mons, Jules, Elie, (light pink), early.

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Plan Now For Paeonies Next Year

221

WHO of US do not recall with
Marm affection the "Piney"
of our grandmother's garden,
with its wealth of magnificent red
bloom. For many years this grand
flower shared the fate of most of its
contemporaries and dropped in popular
favor. But here, as elsewhere, "virtue
alone stands fast," and the inherent
qualities of this flower under the law
of the survival of the fittest, not only
saved it from extinction, but are to-
day bringing it into its own. This
superb flower will soon occupy the
high place in public esteem that nature
designed it should. Its hardiness and
ease of culture, its sweet, delicious fra-
grance, its manifold grand forms, its
multiplicitj' of tints and colors — in one
word, its gorgeous display for years
— insure for it a high place in the es-
teem of flower lovers for all time to-
come.

The catalogue of paeonies is large,
over one thousand varieties being
listed. A solid phalanx of paeonies,
ten or fifteen acres in extent, contain-
ing over twenty-five thousand plants,
embracing all the shades and colors
known, is a sight long to be remem-
bered, and one calculated to kindle
within the soul of the most callous a
more fitting degree of appreciation.
As a cut flower at weddings and other
ultra fashionable gatherings the
paeony is becoming the rival of the
carnation and the rose. Many grow-

C. Mortimer Bezzo, Kitchener, Ont.

ers place the buds in cold storage and
bring them into bloom as late as
August for these special fetes.

A nice paeony garden can be had at
a very moderate cost, as the better
grades of plants can be bought for 25
cents up to $1.00 a piece. Occasionally
one hears of a record price being paid
for a plant, as a few years ago some
one paid one thousand dollars for a
plant of the Jenny Lind — a fine pink
variety.

The paeony, like the rose, is very
particular about the location, and the
kind of soil in which it grows. It
should never be planted among shrub-
bery or trees, or on the north side of
a building, as plenty of sunlight and
air are necessary to get the best re-
sults. If planted in the border around
the house do not plant too close to the
wall, but allow plenty of room for per-
fect development. Two feet at least
should be given as the plant will grow
and spread rapidly.

To have this plant come anywhere
near its best it must be planted in a
good stiff clay soil. As the paeony
under proper treatment will live and
bloom and increase in beauty every
year for many years, it pays to prop-
erly prepare the soil at the outset. Sep-
tember is the time to plant, but where
it is possible the bed should be pre-
pared in the spring or early summer, or
as long before planting as possible.
When barnyard manure is used this

A wealth of bloom in the garden of T. H. Wadland, Hamilton, Ont.

early pi-eparation affords a better op-
portunity for the fertilizing element to
become thoroughly decomposed and
assimilated with the soil. In any event
have a sufficient quantity of properly
prepared soil to surround the plant to
a depth of several inches at the time of
planting, so that the new roots will not
come in contact with the fresh fertil-
izer. The soil should be dug to a depth
of eighteen inches to two feet, thor-
oughly jnixing in manure in proportion
of one part manure and two-thirds
soil. If the soil is light and sandy re
move part of it and replace with the
same quantity of clay.

Where well rotted manure cannot be
obtained use pure bonemeal or bone-
meal and potash. Where manure or
pure bonemeal is used a two-inch layer
of hardwood ashes, mixed thoroughly
through the soil, will be a great help.
Have the bed slightly raised so that
water will drain away during the win-
ter and early spring.

As before stated September or Octo-
ber are the months in Avhich to plant
the paeony, although it may be done
any time between the period of the
completion and its annual growth,
which is about the last of August, and
the starting of new growth early in
the spring. There is great risk in
moving this plant after new growth
has once commenced, and this should
never be done except in cases of abso-
lute necessity. At the time of planting,
if the ground is dry, give it thorough
watering. The soil for the first year
after planting should be kept moist at
all times, but never wet.

Early each spring when new growth
is making its appearance loosen the
surface soil to a depth of several
inches for a foot around the plant.
Repeat this after each rain or water-
ing as soon as the soil is dry enough
for the purpose, and keep it loose and
fine throughout the summer. If there
is danger of frost after the buds have
formed protect them with bliinkets,
boxes or barrels, or anything that will
answer the purpose.

If dry weather sets in before the
time of blooming give plenty of water.
The paeony during the blooming period
will consume a tremendous amount of
water. Keep the surface of the bed
level around the plant so that all water
will be utilized. Just before the buds
make their appearance give liquid fer-
tilizer and give it once a week until
they arc in full bloom.

If extra large bloom is desired re-
move about one-third of the buds as
soon as they appear. If the bloom is
desired for cut flower purposes the

222

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

PlopaJ Bditloa.

September Activities in the " Home Garde

en

This fine specimen of criniim was grown by
Walter T. Ross, Secretary of the Picton Horti-
cultural Society. The flowers are white and
sligrhtly fragrant.

buds may be cut just before they are
ready to open, and if placed in a re-
frigerator or cool, dark cellar they
may be brought out at intervals when
they will expand as perfectly as when
on the plant. Change the water every
day and remove a small portion of the
end of the stem with a sharp knife.
After the blooming period is over give
water less frequently, allowing the
plant to complete its annual growth
leisurely. During the month of August
do not water at all unless the drouth is
very severe.

Early in the fall dig in around the
plant a good dressing of well rotted
manure or pure bonemeal. Dig it in
several inches deep, mixing thoroughly
through the soil. After freezing wea-
ther sets in bend the old tops down
over the roots and cover all with a
three or four inch layer of half rotted
manure which may be left as a mulch
in the spring, dug in, or removed as
desired. In all spring operations the
greatest care should be exercised not to
injure or disturb the plant.

One of the all-important features of
strawberry growing is plant quality.
When we understand that runner
(plants inherit the eharacteristics of the
mother plants which produce them, we
will then realize the importance of set-
ting plants that have been produced
by carefully selected and highly bred
•mother p^lants.

Geo. Baldwin, F.R.H.S., Toronto

SEPTEMBER, although it sees the
end of the growing season, is
really a busy month. The ama-
teur, who is up to date, will find plenty
to do in taking care of this season's
matured crops and preparing for next
year's. There are many things that
may be done, but there are two things
that must be done, namely, to plant
new, or transplant old paeonies, and
plant datTodil bulbs, that is, if you do
not want to sacrifice next spring's
blooms. I noticed several gardens this
spring where daffodils did not come to
bloom, simply because they were not
planted soon enough to get good root
before winter set in. Other important
items to be attended to, are securing
bulb catalogues, making your selections
and ordering immediately.

Gather seeds from the best floM-ers
that you want to save, pull up all dead
and withered plants, gather all rubbish,
and make a bon-fire. Water and culti-
vate around the flowers that are yet to
bloom, such as helianthus, gladioli,
chrysanthemums, and roses. Overhaul
your shrubberies and perennial bor-
ders. Don't defer till the foliage is all
gone, as there is danger of pulling up
the wrong one. Tie a piece of string
or drive in a stake to the tree, shrub,
or pereiniial you wish to dispose of or
transfer later on.

Prepare for Frosts.

Be prepared for early frosts, which
often visit us at the close of this month.
In transplanting and re-arranging the
perennial border, take advantage of the
opportunity to manure the ground.
Where Iris Germanica, phlox and other
perennials have overgrown themselves
sub-divide and hand the surplus over
the fence to your neighbors.

If you wish to make your border a
little more attractive next year, dis-
card the common golden glow, for two
other rudbeckias which are much more
useful and ornamental, namely, R.
NewnAnii and R. Echinaces. Also put
in two or three clumps of Lilium
Henryii and Lilium Candidum. They
cannot be improved upon for effect and
hardiness. Continue to give roses every
attention in cultivating, feeding and
spraying, if you want roses up to the
end of November and again next
spring.

If you want flowers in your parlor
vases all winter, cut off the sprays of
Hydrangia Paniculata, and H. Arbor-
sens. The blooms of all Statices,
mixed with Heliehrysums, will supply
that M'ant and without water. '

In the vegetable garden take up all
the early varieties of potatoes, culti-
vate once more amongst the late vari-
eties, cultivate in between ro^\-s of

beets, carrots, parsnips, turnips and
onions, and draw the fine soil around
the roots if you wish to avoid the sun- .
burnt appearance which is detrimental I
for exhibition purposes. ^

Celery should be ready for a first
handling, and mu.st be earthed up
slightly now. Keep it cultivated be-
tween the rows and feed with liquid
manure and nitrate of .soda, two table-
spoonfuls of the latter to a pail of the
former. Continue this until the end of
the month, when final earthing up
should be done.

La\vns may be renovated or remade
now. Use a good loamy soil, equal
parts of Kentucky Blue Grass and
White Clover, roll well, and keep moist.

It is not too late to make over, or
plant a new bed of strawberries for
fruiting next June.

Now is the time to take hard wood
cuttings of currants, gooseberries and
grapes. Tie them in bundles, and in-
sert in the ground deeply for planting
out in the spring.

Garden Suggestions

Henry Gibson

BECAUSE it is near the end of the
season is no reason why the
lawns should be neglected." Now
is the time to repair the bare spots
Put on some good soil, and get the seed
sown as soon as possible. New lawns
may be made at this time. The ground
should be well worked, and made ready
by several deep cultivations which will
also kill weed growth. Use plenty of
good seed, an average of from five to
six bushels an acre will ensure a good
stand. Some autJiorities use more than
this, claiming that in doing so they ob-
tain a fine, dense mass of grass almost
free from Aveeds. While it is generally
conceded among gardeners that the use
of manure is conducive to weed growth
in lawns, yet from the standpoint of
the average amateur, a go«d coating of
manure is a good way to ensure hav-
ing a good lawn. Commercial humus is
a good substitute. ^ ;

Herbaceous borders may be over-
hauled at this time, and one is afforded
an opportunity of showing individual-
ity in one's methods. No two borders
can be exactly alike. In making a new
border the first consideration is the
preparation of the ground. This should
be done to the extent of turning out
the soil to a depth of two feet and re-
placing it with fresh soil, if that turned
out is not good, together with a liberal
supply of manure, bone meal, and
wood ashes. One cannot have the soil

f

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

223

too rich for the plants, and since a
perennial border is a permanent affair,
i: is the best practice to make a good
job of it at the outset. When planting
don't make the mistake of setting the
plants promiscuosly over the whole

area. Carry out some definite scheme,
for instance, a color scheme of white
and blue, make large groups that will
produce an effect that will make your
neighbors notice how you do things in
your garden.

How and When to Plant Bulbs

B. C. TiUett, Hamilton, Ont.

NOTWITHSTANDING the war in
the great bulb growing countries
and the countries affected by it,
tspeeially Holland, there has not been
at any time so far any real difficulty
in obtaining most of the best known
spring tlowering bulbs. For that we
should be truly thankful. Those who
have not already planted their bulbs
should lose no time now in getting them
in. Whilst a believer in method, I am
not a believer in too much method,
such as may be discovered in the ad-
vice of some "experts" who would
have us believe that if things in the
garden are not done with mathematical
exactitude we are merely courting fail-
ure. The expert will demonstrate that
such-and-such a bulb, for instance,
must — if you want it to succeed — be
planted not later than September, it
must be planted at exactly such-and-
such a depth, it must have certain soils,
certain positions, and so on. The re-
sult created in the mind of the ama-
teur grower is this, that as he cannot
get his bulbs in by September, and as
he has no scale to measure the inches
by, and knows nothing about the differ-
ent sorts of soils, or what is meant by
"compost," he had better give it up.
Well, now, let us forget about the
"Expert" and see what happens. I
would wager that more experts have
been surprised at results where their

advice has not been followed, so far as
gardening is concerned, than amateurs
have been disappointed through not
following that advice. In the first
place, a catalogue of "Fall Bulbs"
(published by one of the largest and
best known firms in Ontario) just to
hand, says: "Hints on Growing
Bulbs : Commence early in the fall ; at
the same time we have planted tulips
in January and obtained a good sup-
ply." The object, of course, in get-
ting bulbs in in good time is that bulbs
kept out of the soil for a long time
shi'ivel and lose their vitality. More-
over, early flowering bulbs, such as
snowdrops, crocuses, aconite, etc., do
better if planted early. If bulbs are
got in during September or October
there is no reason Avhy they should not
succeed provided they are planted in
suitable soil and at the depths men-
tioned.

Narcissi should be got in in Septem-
ber if possible, hyacinths and tulips
take no harm left till October, or even
November. Nearly all the lilies should
go in in October. Gladiolus in April.

The time of planting bulbs given here
is what experience has shown to be the
best.

Now, about the depth of planting:
This depends on size and soil. Bulbs
vary greatly in size. Snowdrops should
be put in three inches, crocuses two

ii

Sweet corn eleven feet high and other products of the garden of Arthur Walker, Cobourg, Ont.

inches, daffodils and narcissi four
inches, hyacinths and tulips four
inches. These depths, remember, are
given merely as a general guide. At
the same time they are the depths best
suited for these particular bulbs. As
regards the soil, it need only be pointed
out that in heavy soils it is well not to
plant quite so deeply, and on the other
hand, to give full measure in very light
soils. The distance apart, too, is regu-
lated by the growth of the bulbs ; snow-
drops and crocuses should not be
planted closer than two or three
inches; hyacinths, tulips and narcissi
six to eight inches; lilies twelve to
eighteen inches apart.

The best tool to use when planting
bulbs is a dibbler with a blunt end, or
a trowel. For the small bulbs a dibbler
is much the better tool. A dibbler can
readily Jje made from a stake. It
shoulcl be cut so as to be about twelve
inches long, and should be about one
and a half inches thick. A short piece
can be fixed across at one end for a
handle. An old spade or fork handle
is a most convenient thing, of which
to make a dibbler. Holes should be
bored through the handle at intervals
of an inch, large enough to admit of a
small peg. If the bulbs to. be planted
have to be planted three inches insert
the peg in the third hole and push the
dibbler into the soil as far as the peg.
In this way every bulb is planted at
the same depth. Do not point the dib-
bler as that will leave a vacuum at the
bottom of the hole.

Nowhere do bulbs flowering in the
spring look so well as in grass. In-
deed, many bulbs do far better in grass
than in a cultivated border. When
planting them in grass scatter the bulbs
about and dibble them in where they
lie. After planting fill up the holes
with good soil and tread down firmly
with the foot. The most pleasing
effect with bulbs is where they are
planted broadcast or in informal
groups. Planting them in rows closely
packed together spoils the effect.

It is more difficult to arrange bulbs
in borders with pleasing effect, as here
the size and coloring of other flowers
must be taken into consideration. The
only safe way is to plant them in dif-
ferent parts of the borders so as to
give balance in the border at the dif-
ferent seasons, which would not be the
case were all the spring bulbs planted
in the front which seems the natural
thing to do.

As already mentioned bulbous
plants look better in groups than scat-
tered in hills, and it is wiser, as a rule,
to plant a clump of one kind than a
mixed mass. One exception at least is
in the montbrctias, which look far pret-
tier mixed than in separate groups of
one color.

224

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

K!r.-al KHjti

TheCaaadian Horticulturist

COMBINED WITH

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST
AND BEEKEEPER

with which has been Incorporated

The Canadian Bee Journal.

Published by The Horticultural

Publishing Company, Limited,

PETERBORO. ONTARIO

H. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director.

The Only Magazines In Their Field In the
Dominion
Official Organs of the Ontario and
Quebec Fruit Growers' Associations
and of the Ontario, Manitoba and
New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associ-
ations.

REPRESENTATIVES

UNITED STATES
STOCKWBLL'S SPECIAL AGENCY.
Chicago Office — People's Gas Building.
New York Office— Tribune Building.

GREAT BRITAIN
W. H. Mountttephen, 18 Regent St., London, S.W.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in
three editions on the 2Bth day of the month
preceding date of issue. The first edition is
known as the fruit edition, and is devoted
chiefly to the commercial fruit Interests. The
second edition is known as the floral edition,
and Is devoted chiefly to the Interests of ama-
teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The
third edition is known as The Canadian Horti-
culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several
pages of matter appearing in the first and
second issues are replaced by an equal number
of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping
Interests of Canada.

2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti-
culturist In Canada and Great Britain, $1.00 a
year: three years for J2.00. and of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, Jl.OO a year.
For United States and local subscriptions In
Peterboro (not called for at the Post Office).
IS cents extra a year. Including postage.

S. Remittances should be made by Post Office
or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter.

4. Change of Address — When a change of ad-
dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dresses must be given.

I. Advertising rates, $1.40 an Inch. Copy re-
ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising
correspondence and copy to our Advertising
Manager, Peterboro, Ont

CIRCULATION STATEMENT
The following is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horttcnlturlst
for the year ending with December 1915. The
figures given are exclusive of samples and
spoiled copies. Most months. Including the
sample copies, from 11,000 to 13,000 copies of
The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo-
ple known to be Interested In the growing of
fruits, flowers or vegetable.s.

January, 1916 ,.. 11,168 August, 1916 10,294

February, 1916 ..10,»42 September, 1916 .10,067

March. 1916 10,864 October. 1915 ..,10,017

April, 1916 10,917 November, 1915 . 9,704

May, 1916 10,927 December, 1916 . 9,263

June, 1915 10,329 —I—

July, 1915 10,448 Total 124,920

Average each Issue In 1907 6,627

Average each Issue In 1915 10,410

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon
application.

OUR GUARANTEE

We guarantee that every advertiser In this
Issue is reliable. We are able to do this because
the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti-
culturist are as carefully edited as the reading
columns, and because to protect our readers we
turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should
any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any
subscriber, we will make good the amount of
his loss, provided such tran.«action occurs within
one month from date of this Issue, that It Is
reported to us within a week of Its occurrence
and that we find the facts to be as stated. It
Is a condition of this contract that In writing to
advertisers you state: "T saw vour advertise-
ment In The Canadian Horticulturist."

Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex-
pense of our subscribers, who are our friends,
through the medium of these columns: but we
shall not attempt to adju.st trifling disputes be-
tween subscribers and honorable business men
who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest
bankrupts.

Communications should be addressed

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

PETERBORO. ONT.

the movement for the slandardizaiioa of
several different kind.s of imckages.

Government Interference

When the advisability of asking for legis-
lation to regulate the size and construction
of the much-di.scuvssed "Economy" apple
crate was under consideration at the last
annual convention of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' A.ssociation vigorous exception to
such action was taken on the ground that
there is too much government interference
now in matters of that character, with the
result that the liberties of the individual
have been curtailed and freedom of initia-
tive hampered. The charge was made that
certain government regulations have injured,
not aided, the industry. While there is
much of truth in these contentions, the his-
tory of the progress of the fruit industry
indicate.s that in due time users of the
Economy crate will have to submit to gov-
ernmental regulations concerning its size
and construction, in order that it may be-
come standardized in just the same way that
f.he construction of other packages has been
regulated in the past. In addition it is safe
to state that the vast majority of the laws
that have been enacted in matters of this
kind have proved of distinct benefit, both
to the individual and to the community.

When the people of the nation to our
south broke away from the mother land
and established a government of their own
they were so apprehensive that the govern-
ment of the country might drift into the
hands of a few (people and thus result in
monarchical conditions being reestablished
on this continent, they went to fhe other
extreme and endeavored to have practically
all the power placed in the hands of the
people. The rights of the state govern-
ments as against those of the national gov-
ernments were jealously guarded. The r"-
sult has been disastrous in many ways. To
quote only one out of many instances that
mig-ht be cited, the people of the United
States to-day are unable to enact legislation
such as our Dominion Fruit Marks Act, be-
cause their constitution leaves the regula-
tion of all such matters in the hands of the
state governments. Some states have en-
deavored to deal with the situation, others
have not. There is no such thing as uni-
formity of action. The result has been that
the people of the states are now endeavor-
ing to reform their sy.stem of government
in ways that will give the national govern-
ment more power to legislate in matters of
this character.

In the past, when Canadian fruit growers
were free to use any style of fruit box they
desired, chaos was the final result. The es-
tablishment of a government standard bo'^
was strongly opposed at first, but has proved
a great blessing to the fruit industry. In
western Canada, already, several kinds of
open crates are in use and much confusion
has resulted. It may be necessary for On-
tario fruit growers to make some of the
old mistakes over again, but inevitably the
time will come (when they will ask for
greater uniformity in the construction and
size of this package, just as they are now
seeking to astablish better standards in the
matter of berry packages. The fact that
the Economy crate is likely to be in consid-
erable demand this season ind'cates th^it
the time may be near when government
action for its standardization will not only
not be opnosed but urged. The excellent
article by Mr. Slack in this issue shows that
the pressure of conditions is fast advancing

Street Boulevard.s

It was our privilege during July and the
first part of August to visit practically all
the leading cities of the prairie provinces.
The climatic conditions in the west are such
that many of the trees and varieties of
flowers that give such a charm to eastern
towns and cities do not thrive on the
prairies. One of the first things an east-
erner notices, therefore, when in the west
is the bareness of the landscape and the
absence of many of the familiar flowers so
common in Ontario gardens.

In other ways a number of the western
cities put the east to shame. Profiting by
the mistakes we have made they have laid
out their .streets and boulevards on a more
generous scale. Municipal regulations often
require that the boulevards shall be main-
tained in good condition. In some cases
the work is attended to by the municipality
■and charged against the lot owner. The
result is that visitors are frequently most
favorably impressed by the fine appearance
of re-sidential streets with their spacious
lawns, avenues of native trees or shrubs and
trim, well-kept boulevards.

In the east when a man improves his re-
sidence by planting a garden and setting
out window boxes and hanging baskets, he
is in danger of having his taxes increased.
The Guelph Horticultural Society not long
since made a public protest against this
condition. Western property owners are
not so afflicted, as almost all the cities ex-
empt improvements from taxation and tax
land values only. The fear that such a
system of taxation would lead householders
to forego their lawns and gardens to save
taxes has been proved to have been ground-
less. The saving in the taxes on improve-
ments more than offsets the tax on the land
occupied by the average lawn or garden.
The immediate result, also, of any attempt
of propertv ow^ners to crowd together is to
increase the value of their land and thus
their tax bills, .so automatically they are
rather encouraged to spread out and live
where land is not too expensive. Most
cities in the west, because of the optimism
that has been a characteristic of their
growth, occupy too much rather than too
little land. Certain it is that we in the
east have much we can learn from the west
in the matter of civic beautiflcation.

Climatic conditions this season in On-
tario have been such that there is going to
be more than the usual nercentage of low
grade fruit to market this fall. Provision
should be made to meet this condition. One
of the saddest sights of our much boasted
modern civilization is to see people in our
city slums and even our industrious work-
ing classes anxious but unable to secure the
fruit that often is a drug on the hands of
the fruit grower. Home canning outfits are
inexpensive and often provide a means of
marketing much fruit that otherwise would
be wasted. Fruit growers who have not
done so might well consider the advisability
of investing in one of these outfits this sea-
son. The evaporation of apples is not dif-
ficult. Many growers might save a consid-
erable percentage of their crop by evapor-
ating some of their poorer grades of apples.

I

Fruit growers as a class have been insist-
ent in demanding fair treatment from the
railways. Nevertheless they desire to see
the railways do well. While it is generally
realized that parts of the country have more
railway lines than are required this is not
sufficient to explain the necessity that ap-

i

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

225

pears to exist that the Dominion Govern-
ment shall hand out millions of dollars an-
nually to railroad corporations. What most
people would like to know is were these
railways constructed as economically as they
might have been and t'o what extent have
their stocks been watered. Light on these
two points would aid us in reaching intelli-
gent conclusions as to what our attitude to
the railways should be. The commission
appointed by the Dominion Government t'o
investigate railway conditions in Canada
should probe these matters to the bottom.
The commission should not be composed en-
tirely of railway experts. The public should
be represented on it. The government, if it
is not yet too late, would do well to note this
point.

Planting Trees in the Town?

A recent bulletin from the Colorado Agri-
cultural College says that every thriving,
growing town with any prospects for the
future should be wide awake on the matter
of street tree planting. Mistakes made now
will exceedingly embarra.ss the town in the
future; it is important that these matters be
started right.

A scheme for planting should be prepared
in advance and adhered to. Without a well
thought out plan for street planting, the
town has little more chance of doing a pleas-
ing job than the man who starts building a
house without any kind of an architectural
plan.

The species to plant on a street, whether
in single or double rows, the alignment, and
the spacing, are among the subjects to be
decided upon in advance. Such matters have
been given little attention in the past, but
with increasing wealth and a keener sense
of the artistic, street tree planting is not
being left to the individual property owners
in the best governed municipalities. In order
to effect uniformity in developing the plans,
street tree planting and care is best admin-
istered by the municipal authorities.

A Civic Alphabet

A. — Abandon the care of your back yard and
you pave the way for typhoid fever.
B. — Better observe "Clean-up Day" this year
than have cause for regret hereafter.
C. — Civic Improvement calls for the best ef-
fort of humanity.
-Do your work well and disregard the

critic.
-Educate persons not to throw paper or
trash on the street, but to place it In
receptacles.
-Fire prevention saves life and property.
J. — Good roads will add materially to the

prosperity of your town.
[. — Hearty cooperation of citizens and club
members in work undertaken will ef-
fect wonderful results.
I. — Improve school rooms and grounds so
they will be attractive to both chil-
dren and citizens.
J. — Join Civic Improvement Clubs. You are
needed.
-Knock on the unsightly bill board and
continue to knock.
•• — Lead a crusade for the city beautiful.
-Make your club a factor in your town
life.

^.— Never say quit when it is a question of
health and beauty for your home town.
-On with beauty, cleanliness, and health.

P.— Push, pull, and perseverance will make
your town a model.

Q. — Quit criticising and begin working.

R.— Request the city authorities to enforce
the sanitary laws.

S. — See that your premises are above criti-
cism.

T.— The Tin Can Districts become germ
breeders; banish them from your
town.

U.— Use every effort to have all eatables
that are exposed for sale screened.

V. — Vines and roses will beautify your
premises.

W. — Wage war on flies, mosquitoes, and
weeds, for they carry and cause dis-
ease.

X. — Xpect help from every person In the
efforts to make the town sanitary.

Y. — You are responsible for the appearance
of one part of your town. Don't for-
get that.

Z. — Zeal exhibited at the annual clean-up
day will put your town in a sanitary
condition.

tiring from the banking business some
years ago, Mr. Cavers established the Oak-
vllle Gardens, at Oakville, Ont., and through
his advertisements in The Canadian Horti-
culturist and other publications became
well known to the public in this capacity.
His loss is deplored by all who were ac-
quainted with him and who appreciated his
upright character and high sense of public
duty.

Canadian Horticultural Ass'n.

The annual convention of the Canadian
Horticultural Association was held at Ber-
lin, Ont., August 8-10, and was well at-
tended. Mr. Jas. Fraser, of Prescott, was
elected President; E. J. Hay ward, Montreal,
1st Vice-Pres.; F. Dicks, London, Ont., 2nd
Vice-Pres.; Julius Luck, Montreal, Sec-
Treas. The next convention will be held
in Montreal. This association is composed
of commercial florists and gardeners.
Several Interes.ting papers and discussions
relating to commercial floriculture were
featuras of the convention.

SOCIETY NOTES

Death of Mr. Cavers

The officers and members of the Ontario
Horticultural Association, and also of the
Canadian Horticultural Association, will
hear with deep regret of the death of Mr.
John Cavers, of Oakville. For years Mr.
Cavers has been a regular attendant at the
annual conventions of both associations.
For several years he was the chairman of
the Nomenclature Committee and of the
Names and Varieties Committee that did
good work in connection with both organiza-
tions. During the past two years he was
an active member of the Plant Registry
Committee which has succeeded in Inducing
tlie Commissioners of the Queen Victoria
Park, Niagara Falls, to establish a trial
grounds for plants. Mr. Cavers attended
the anniial convention of the Canadian
Horticultural Association held in Berlin,
Ont., Aoigust 8-10, where he took an active
part in the discussions on the report of the
Plant Registry Committee. His death oc-
curred suddenly two days later. After re-

Peterboro

A succeasful lawn and garden competi-
tion was conducted this season by the
Peterboro Horticultural Society. The
classes Included one for lawns cared for
entirely by the owner; one for lawns and
flowers, the owner's work entirely; one for
back gardens, and one for premises cared
for by professional help. The judge, F. W.
Adams, of Toronto, reported that he was
agreeably surprised at the extent to which
home beautiflcatlon had been carried out
by the citizens.

Haileybury

■rSe excellent work of the Haileybury
Horticultural Society has been continued
this year with distinct success. A meeting
of the society was attended recently by Mrs.
R. B. Potts, secretary of the Hamilton So-
ciety, at the request of Mr. J. Lockle Wilson,
Superintendent of Horticultural Societies.
Although Haileybury is on the north of the
height of land, Mrs. Potts was shown splen-
did ripe tomatoes and exceptionally fine
specimens of crimson ramblers and clema-
tis. Numerous other varieties of flowers
were noted to be growing to excellent ad-
vantage.

The lioIdinK of flower shows by horticultural societies has been found an exrclKnl in.lUod of
arou.sing public interest. An exhibit by the Hamilton society ia here shown.

226

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Precooled Express Shipments of Strawberries

J. M. Creelman, B.S.A., Grimsby, Ont.

FOLLOWING up the experiment carried
on In 1915 in conjunction with the
Crrlmsby Cold Storage, the Vineland Co-
operative Growers shipped another carload
of strawberries to Winnipeg by refrigerated
express on July 1st of this year. The ship-
ment was made in the full pint Halloclc
crate of the weist, and an effort was made to
see that the berries were of the proper de-
gree of ripeness.

The car was precooled at Grimsby and
shipment made by refrigerated express, and
re-iced only once in transit, at Fort William,
where l,.50O lbs. was needed. The car ar-
rived at noon of the second and was opened
immediately and some of the fruit disposed
of. Inspection was made of a number of
cases. These were found to be in fairly
good shape, though softening badly. There
was not much mould showing yet, except in
certain packs which were noticeably worse
than others.

On the following day they were not in
very good shape and considerable mould
was in evidence.

A number of observations were' made and
conclusions arrived at from the behavior of
this car.

The package was entirely satisfactory, and
even witlh the rebate granted, the berries
sold at a good fair price. They realized
enough to encourage future shipments.

The great difference in the condition of
different packs showed that much depends
on the care taken in packing and picking,
so as to exclude overripe and bruised ber-
ries. There were packs which were in good
shape and which were entirely satisfactopjy.
These came from patches where care Had
been taken. The berries from other patches
where the pickers had not been so scrupul-
ous, and where trouble was expected, were
in a poor and unsatisfactory condition.

The variety of the berries shipped was the
Williams. This variety has been reputed
to be a good shipper and otherwise has been
highly recommended. It has a characteris-

tic light green tip which la very slow to
color and which it Is found doeis not color
under storage or transit conditions, but
rather turns to an unattractive dirty brown.
In our .storage te.sts it was found to turn
dark in color and become unattractive in ap-
pearance. Instead of being a good storer it
was found to be one of the poorest tested.

Included in the car were 37 cases of ber-
ries which were packed and faced by spe-
cial packers from the Cold Storage. This
was done to approximate as nearly as pos-
sible the commeroial paclts of the west.
Care was taken to see that no over-ripe ber-
ries went in. This pack arrived in excellent
shape and held up well. It justified the
extra care taken with it, except that the
facing did not seem to make any appreci-
able difference as far as the selling was' con-
cerned.

The general conclusions reached in re-
gard to the shipment of berries to Winnipeg
were that first of all great care must be
taken to see that the condition of the fruit
is right and that no overripe berries are in-
cluded. It Is apparently not worth while
facing our packs.

It is doubtful if very successful shipments
can be made with the Williams variety. It
is possible that before these shipments be-
come any extensive feature of the berry-
growing industry of the Niagara Peninsula,
that some other variety will have to replace
the Williams as the chief commercial berry.
This should not be an impossibility, as there,
are already berries which are better than
the Williams as a shipper and which are
as good in other respect's.

Taken altogether the experiment was
thoroughly encouraging. With care in hand-
ling Ontario berries should be able to largely
shut out Hood River and other United
States berries from the Winnipeg market
and still yield remunerative prices to the
Ontario shipper. We look forward to the
time when Ontario strawberries will be sup-
plying Winnipeg and nearby markets.

Standardization of Fruit Packages

(Continued from page 215.)

possibly have found- it a hardship, which is
a strong argument for standardization, as
all shippers would then be on an equal
basis regarding packages. Objections, I be-
lieve, have been raised to the use of the
shallow pint for raspberries. It is claimed
that the berries will not carry well in that
package. My own observations are to the
contrary. I have seen British Columbia
raspberries in Regina packed in the local
two-fifth crate, the hallocks of which were
1 inches in depth. These berries were in
good condition when I examined them. The
point, however, is that standardization will
obviously be to our advantage.

Our fournbasket crate pack often has
been criticized. The chief complaint has
been that the pack was not so heavy as the
imported one. Tn a number of cases this
criticism was justified. Unfortunately some
very slack packs plum packs particularly,
have reached the markets. Slack packing
can, of course, and should, be remedied, but
possibly we have overlooked the fact that
most of our competitors tin-tops are larger
than our own, measuring 7% in. at the top,
QM in. at the bottom and having a vertical
depth of 3% in. compared with 7% in. x

7% in. at top, 6V2 in. x 6% in. at bottom,
with a vertical depth of 3% in. in the tin-
top used in British Columbia. We also
find a tin-top from Washington measuring
8 in. X 8 in. at top, 6% in. x 6'/4 in. at bot-
tom, with a vertical depth of 3% in. This
acts to our disadvantage, and very few peo-
ple in the trade even know that our four-
basket crate is smaller than the Washing-
ton one. The Washington crate often sells
in preference, heing usually a heavier pack.
The situation warrants our consideration
in having only one sized four-basket crate.
The Apple Crate.
With the introduction of a crate package
for apples, we find that different shippers
have various ideas as to what constitutes
the best package for that purpose. The
result last season was that five different
packages were in evidence on our prairie
markets, including imported ones. Dif-
ficulties and confusion resulted to the trade
from this condition. All of the packages
used were suitable for the purpose and it
does not appear to me that it would he a
difficult matter to get together and select
an apple crate with a view to having it
standardized.

It prohably will not be disputed that
sales f.o.b. shipping point are usually to the
advantage of growers and should be en-
couraged. In dealing with standardization
it is perhaps not necessary to enlarge on
the disastrous results ihat a consigned mar-
ket has on the producer. Many of the
circumstances that have forced our ship-
pers to consign are outside of their con-
trol. Standardization will not overcome
this difficulty, but it will be a factor In en-
couraging f.o.b. sales. For this reason
alone, it is worthy of our attention.

There have be«n cases wliere wholle-
salers have refrained from making any offer
for a car, preferring to accept It, on con-
signment in order to examine it and ascer-
tain the style of packages. I am confident
that the trade would have more confidence
in buying f.o.h. shipping point if our pack-
ages were standarized. Wher e there is
more than one sized package in use for the
same purpose, it enables the shipper using
the smaller package to undersell the ship-
per using the larger package. Price cut-
ting at shipping point has a very disastrous
. effect and is more far-reaching than one at
first realizes. Generally speaking, the
wholesale trade does hot object to the
price they pay for their fruit, provided thev
are reasonably assured that their com-
petitors have to pay the same. The point
that usually induces a wholesaler to object
to a price is that he can obtain the same
article at a lower figure from a different
source. He is afraid that his competitor
may buy cheaper and therefore may refrain
from closing a deal. This, if repeated often,
might result in forcing shippers to consign.

Price Cutting.

Price cutting at the shipping point usuallv
immediately results in price cutting at dis-
tributing centres. There probably is noth-
ing that is so disastrous to the growers as
this condition. It is apt to develop a con-
signed market, as the wholesaler would be
dubious about huying while the market was
so unsettled. Standardization would assist
in alleviating this situation and thus be
advantageous to the producer.

When considering the standardization of
packages there are several points to take
into account before deciding which are the
best packages to adopt. We must consider
the manufacture and cost, shipper, packer
and consumer.

The manufacturer's viewpoint is an im-
portant one as It affects the cost. The
manufacturers assure us that standardiza-
tion will be a great assistance in enabling
them to produce cheaper and to fill orders
promptly. In deciding on our packages we
should endeavor to have as many as pos-
sible the same length and width. It is
obvious that a number of advantages would
arise from this. The mills could work more
economically, mixed cars could be loaded
with greater ease and shook could be ware-
housed with less trouble, the same covers
and cleats doing for possibly several pack-
ages. The sizes of our boxes and crates
are, of course, largely governed by their
adaptability to carry the fruit in safety, but
as there are different packages in which
our fruit carries well, some diversity of
opinion is almost bound to exist as to which
is the best. -It is at this point that we
should consider the issues with a broad
mind and not permit our various idea?
to prevent our accomplishing something
definite.

The consumer's viewpoint comes last, but
it is by no means least. With standardiza-
tion, he is protected, for no matter where
he buys a package of fruit, he is assured of
a standard size. For this reason I do not
think that he enters largely into our con-

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

227

sideration when settling standards for pack-
ages, other than to see that our packages
do not impress Blm that he is being treated
unfairly.

To have packages to accommodate our
various fruits, it would be advisable to
select an apple box and crate, pear box,
peach box, lug box, four basket crate, berry
crate and cantaloupe crate. These pack-
ages, I believe, would be ample for all pur-
poses.

Apple Boxes.

The apple box has frequently been dis-
cussed and no decision has ever been
reached in regard to it. We have for do-
mestic purposes two sizes to select from,
both of which are in use in British Colum-
bia. One is the box specified for export in
the Inspection and Sales Act, Section 32-5,
which has inside dimensions of 10 x 11 x 20
inches, containing 2,200 cubic inches, while
the other is the Oregon box, with inside
dimensions of 10% x 11% x 18 inches, cubic
contents being 2,173% cubic inches. As far
as the adaptability of these packages for
apples is concerned I do not believe there
is very much difference. Tf anything, the
Oregon box has the advantage. The chief
argument in favor of the Oregon box, to my
idea, is that the length is identical with the
pear and peach box. This is a very import-
ant point, as it enables the mills to produce
cheaper by utilizing material for other pack-
ages that otherwise would be wasted. It is
certainly an advantage in warehousing
shook and loading mixed cars. It would
also be of convenience to the trade in ware-
housing at distributing points.

Some objections may be raised due to the
fact that our Australian markets require a
different package. It is unfortunate that
such is the case, but, nevertheless, I am of
the opinion that it will be to our advantage
to adopt the Oregon box for domestic pur-
poses.

Apple Crates.

Jn regard to apple crates it is obvious
that some steps should be taken in order to
have only one size in use. Undoubtedly
several ideas exist as to wh"at constitutes
the best package for this purpose. I would
suggest for your consideration that fhe
apple crate should be of the same dimen-
sions as the apple box, if for no other reason
than to endeavor to have as many of our
packages as possible of a uniform length.

In regard to the peach box, we have one
in use in British Columbia measuring 11 x
18 inches inside, and another measuring
11% X 18 inches. I think we should agree
as to which of these two packages to adopt.
It will, of course, be necessary to have sev-
eral different depths, and T would suggest
3%, 4 and 4% inches. In regard to the
width, 11% inches would be the same as
the apple and pear box suggested, with the
accompanying advantages.

Pear Boxes.

'Regarding the pear box, I would suggest
!he one measuring 11% inches wide, 8%
nches deep and 18 inches in length inside.
This would give us a package of the same
length and width as the apple and peach
box suggested. In view of the fact that a
lug package is now being used for some
markets, it would, I consider, be desirable
to standardize one. Various packages have
been used for this purpose, but the results
of my observations would favor the Pacific
lug, as used by the Pacific Fruit & Produce
Co. This package is used largely for
cherries and Is shipped containing 25 lbs.
net by weight. It measures 14 inches in
width, .')% inches deep and 16% inches in
length, having a hand gouge on each end,
with a cleat 14 x 1% x % inches under the

cover, which permits a free circulation of
air.

In considering the deep pint hallock, the
packer, I believe, should receive the first
consideration in determining the specifica-
tions. It seems to me that the hallock,
measuring 4% x 4% x 1% inches would be
a trifle shallow to accommodate two layers
of large berries, and the size used^ in Hood
River, Kennewick, etc., 4^4 x iVi x 1%
inches might be more suitable.

In regard to the four basket crate, I am
of the opinion that the tin top should be
standardized. The one in general use in
British Columbia measures 7% x 7% inches
at top, 6% x 6% inches at bottom, and 3%
inches in depth. Some are being made 7%
X 7% inches at top, 6% x 6% inches at bot-
tom, and 3% inches deep. This basket is
accommodated in a crate 4% inches, deep,
which Is one-quarter inch deeper than the
one in general use in British Columbia.
Washington has at least two sizes in use,
one measuring 8x8 inches at top, 6% x 6%
inches at bottom, and 3% inches in depth,
while the other, wliich to my idea is to be
commended, measures 7% x 7% inches at
top, 6% x 6% inches at bottom, and 3%
inches deep. This package, I believe, will
assist us in overcoming the slack plum pack
often in evidence from British Columbia.

The canteloupe crate needs attention.
The package that is apparently best suited
for this purpose is 12 inches in width, 11
inches deep, and 22^/4 inches in length, in-
side measurement.

Assuming that our packages have been
standardized', there are other matters re-
garding packages that require our attention.
Some markets require fruit in different
packages to others. In this connection I
have interviewed the wholesale trade of
the prairie provinces during the past season

Douglas Gardens

OAKVILLE, ONT.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

Achillea — The Pearl, each 15c

Anthemis — Tlnctoria Kelwayl 15c

Aquilegia — (Columbine), very fine ... 15c

Arabis Alplna (Rock Cress) 15c

Boltonia Asteroldes 15c

Campanula (Bellflower) 20c

Chrysanthemum Uliglnosum (Giant

Daisy) 15c

Coreopsis Grandlflora 15c

Delphinium, Gold Medal Hybrids 20c

DIanthus Barbatus (Sweet William) . 15c
DIanthus Piumarins, "Mrs. Sinklns".. 15c
Dicentra Spectabilis (Bleeding Heart) 20c

Gaiiiardia (Blanket Flower) 15c

Gypsophila (Baby's Breath), single

and double 15c-20c

Helenium, 5 vars 15c-20c

Hemerocaliis, 5 vars 15c-20c

Heuchera (Alum Root) (Coral

Belts), 4 vars 20c

Iris, 30 vars. and species 10c-75c

Lychnis, Chalcedonica 15c

Paeonles, single and double, 66

vars 35c-$5.00

Pentstemon, 2 species 20c

Phlox, Miss LIngard 20c

Physostegia, 2 vars 15c

Spiraea and Astilbe, 6 vars 15c-35c

Valeriana Officinalis (Hardy Garden .. ..

Heliotrope) 15c

Plants at 15c each are 10 for $1.25.
Plants at 20c each are 10 for $1,50.

Postage, as per pulblished schedule, is
to be added to remi'ttanc«.

John Caver's Estate

CHOICE APPLE BARRELS

The Best is the Cheapest

.„u«-

9
1

i

d

Si^

gJt^V;^^ . ■ . !

.--

--""

'""^S^^^^^IBhk^ '

f

M

Pi'm

^

^

:i|

^^^

t

*

. *

■lb.

We supply the
best Associations in
Canada with stock
or Barrels.

Prompt shipment
— reasonable prices.

The Sutherland- Innes Co,, Limited

Chatham, Ontario

228

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

GRAY CAUCASIANS

Karly breeders, ffreat honey gatherers,
cap beautifully white, great comb builders,
very prolific, gentle, hardy, good winterers.

Untested, $1.00j Select untested, $1.25.

Tested, $1.50; Select tested, $2.00.

H. W. FULMER

ANDALUSIA • .t Pa..U.S.A

"The best all purpose bee."

MILLER'S STRAIN ITALIAN QUEENS

still on the map with ix few choice untested
queens at 7&c each, 6 for $4.00. Select un-
tested, each, $1.00, 6 for $6.00, ior balance of
the season.

I. F. MILLER

1214 Ozan St., - - Pittsburg, Pa.

(Formerly of Brciokville. Pa.

DOOLITTLE & CLARKE'S

Untested Queens at $1.00 each;
$5.00 for 6; $9.00 per doz.

MARIETTA, N.Y.

U.S.A.

BEES FOR SALE

Italian Bees, lb., $2.2B; 6 lbs., $10.50; 1-L.
Frame, $2.00; 2 Pr. Nuc, $3.00; All with
Queens. Italian Queens, 7Bc each; 6 for $4.00.
Complete Catalogue Free. Listing Begin-
ner's Outfit.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.
Box C, - - NEWARK, N.Y., US.A.

NORTHERN BRED ITALIAN QUEENS

Friends, have you E. F. Brood? If so, I
have many letters saying that tiiey are great
reslsters of E.F.B. I have hundreds of
queens in Canada. Three band strain bred
to right brightness to resist best. Untested
queens 75c, choice Sel. Tested $1.60. Plans
how to "Introduce Queen and Increase," 26c.
Ijist Free. E. E. MOTT, Glanwood, Mich.

BARRELS TINS, GLASSWARE
Comb Honey Cartons and Cases

THE FAMOUS ROOT SUPPLIES

The Root Canadian House

183 Wright Ave. Toro .to

TRADE MARK ^^m a «^

Wilkinson ClimaX B

REGISTERED -*»■«••••»*•*• m^

Ensilage and
Straw Cutter

Our **B*' machine, built especially for
the farmer. A combination machine
—it will cut and deliver green corn
into the highest lilo or dry straw or hay
into the mow. 12 -inch throat, rolls
raise 6 inchci and iet close lo knives— solid,
compact culling lurface. Can change cut with-
out stopping. Can be reversed instantly. Direct
pneumatic delivery. Knife wheel carries fans.
No lodging, everything cut, wheel always in
balance. Steet fan case.

Madeintwostyles— mounted or unmounted. We
also make larger type machine for custom wotlt.
Ask your dealer about this well-known machine
and write us for new catalog showinif all styles.

THE BATEMAN-WILKINSON CO..
LIMITED

468 CimpbellAye.
Toronto, Caoada

I

and have prepared a list of each distribu-
ting centre with the packages for the vari-
ous kinds of fruits preferred, and I believe
it would he to your advantage to study the
markets and endeavor, as far as possible,
to meet their requirements in this connec-
tion.

Regarding sweet cherries, Winnipeg re-
quires them packed in the 24 deep pint
crate, Brandon in the four basket crate and
24 deep pint crate. Regina has a limited
demand for the 24 pint, moving the bulk of
the cherries in the four basket crate. Moose
Jaw favors the 24 pint with some lugs.
Lethhridge, Medicine Hat, Calgary and Ei-
monton desire the lug. Lethhridge, in addi-
tion, can handle to advantage the four bas-
ket. Saskatoon prefers the 24 pint crate.
Generally speaking, the ten pound flat is a
dead i.ssue as soon as the heavy cherry
movement is on, and, as our competitors'
cherries are on the market before ours there
is not much demand for the fiats by the
time our cherries arrive.

In regard to sour cherries, Winnipeg and
Brandon prefer the six quart basket. Re-
gina can handle both in the six qt. and four
basket crate. Moose Jaw, Lethhridge, Medi-
cine Hat, Calgary and Edmonton prefer the
four basket crate, while Saskatoon can use
the four basket, but prefers six qts.

All our centres prefer the 24 deep pint for
strawberries and the 24 shallow for rasp-
berries. The 24 pint crate is also preferred
tor all berries and currants.

Plums are in favor in the four basket
crate, the peach box being very unpopular,
while prunes are desired in the S'/a inch
peach box. Apricots are required in the
four baskets only. The four basket crate
is proving very popular for tomatoes.
Brandon and Moose Jaw are the only points
that have spoken at all favorably of the
peach box.

As I have stated before, I believe that bv
giving our markets consideration along the
lines suggested, 'by endeavoring as much as
possible to supply them with fruit packed
in the packages they prefer, we will assist
in increasing the demand for our produce.
Your competitors study this matter, and
have, on various occasions, obtained an ad-
vantage over you bv this method. It ap-
pears to me, particularly at this time when
competition is so keen, and with your rap-
idly increasing tonnage, which necessitates
you securing every available outlet, that
these matters merit your consideration.

Mr. Palmer, the New Director

The Ontario Government announces that
Mr. E. P. Palmer, B.S.A., has been appointed
to succeed Mr. F. M, Clement as director of
the Horticultural Experiment Station at
Vineland, Ont., in the Niagara District. Mr.
Palmer will assume his new duties early in
September.

The new appointee is a comparatively
young man who has become best known to
the fruit growers of Ontario during the past
three years while holding the position of
assistant director of the Fruit Branch of the
Ontario Department of Agriculture. He is
a graduate of the Ontario Agricultural Col-
lege, where he specialized in horticulture.
His early practical training in fruit grow-
ing and marketing was obtained under his
father, R. M. Palmer, one of the well known
fruit growers of British Columbia. For the
T>ast seven years Mr. Palmer has been work-
ing in Ontario, and therefore, is conversant
with orchard conditions in the province. His
three years with the fruit branch has helped
to prepare him for the adminisfrative part
of the work which is very important in an
experiment station having the standing of

SMALL FRUirS

Raipbarriei. Gft*aeb«rri«f,
Red Curraalt. Black Car-
raoti, Strawb«rricf, Rba-
barb Rood, etc , ttc.

WM.FLEMING

Ow«n Sound, Ontario

QUEENS OF QUALITY
The genuine "QUAI^ITY" kind of dark
Italians. Unt., 76c each, $8.00 per doz. Cir-
cular free.

J. I. BANKS, DOWELLTOWN, TENN.

Requeen Now for 1917

QUEENS FIRST QUALITY

August and feeptemter— each 6.Jc. ,
dozen iots $7.20

THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE

183 Wright Ave., Toronto

CARNIOLAN GOLDEN

and Three Banded Italians.
Untested— 1. 85c: 6, $4.80.
Tested— 1. $1.25; 6, $7.20.
Bees — $1.25 per lb.
Breeding Queens — $4.00.
Nuclei, without queen — 1 fr., $1.75; 2 fr.,
$2.75; 3 fr., $3.50.
D. L. DUTCHER - - Bennington. Mich.

Northern Bred Italian Queens

of the E. E Mott strain. Untested. 90c;
Guaranteed, $1.00 for June. July, unt., 75c;
Guaranteed, 90c. Send for list. Safe deliv-
ery and satisfaction guaranteed.

EARL W. MOTT - Glenwood, Mich

Queens

Reared in Canada from
.the very best Italian
stock. Untested, $1.00
each, six for $5.00. Se-
lect Tested, -1.50 each.
, Prompt delivery.

P. Temple

438 Gladstone Ave. Toronto, Ont.

BEES

noney- I
tensive
». The ^

Beea are a money mak-
ing asset on any farm,
bringing annually a far
greater return to your
table and at themarket
than they cpst in care
and expense. Do you
know the twentie.h
centur\'- methods? Buy
PRODUCTIVE BEE-
KEEPING, learn how
to make a beginning
a nd, h ow t o see i t
through. It gives the
methods found to
be ihe best
makers by ex tensi
honey producers. Th^
illustrations give in pictorial form all that is
needed to explain the text.

135 illustrations. 316 pages. Octavo. Hand-
some clo*^. Si. so net- Postage or expressage
extra iqc.

AddrcM -BOOK DEPT.

The Horticultural Pabliihing Co.

Peterboro, Ont.

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

229

that at Vineland. With Mr. Clement, Mr.
Palmer has been responsible for the prepar-
ation of the splendid series of bulletins is-
sued on various fruits by the Ontario De-
[>artment.

Mr. A. G. Harris, Pomologist of the Sta-
tion, has resigned his position to take up
the management of a large fruit plantation
in Colorado. This summer Mr. Harris has
devoted his entire time to the new adver-
fiS'ing scheme of the Niagara District Pub-
licity Association and has been very suc-
cessful in his canvass of the fruit growers.
The Association label is being largely used
and far better results have been obtained
this year than under the 1915 scheme. Con-
siderable credit is due to Mr. Harris for his
part in the work.

Mr. F. M. Clement, who has held the po-
sition of Director of the Station since 1913,
resigned to accept the position of Professor
of Horticulture in the University of British
Columbia. He will leave for the west in
September. In the two years that Mr. Cle-
ment has spent at Vineland he has gained
the respect of all classes of growers and has
gathered around him a staff of capable men.
Experimental work of great value has been
carried out under his supervision, and with
the coming into bearing of the thousands of
young trees planted since 1908, the director
has been able to compile an extensive re-
port of the work which will soon be ready
for distribution. Mr. Ciement leaves for
his new position with the best wishes of the
many friends that he has made in the Ni-
agara District and elsewhere.

Washington Grading Rules

General rules and regulations governing
the packing of apples and establishing and
refining the grades thereof, as adopted by
the Commissioner of Agriculture for the
State of Washington, are here given:

"First Grade," "Grade No. 1," or Extra
Fancy" are defined as sound, smooth, ma-
ture, clean, hand-picked, well-formed apples
only, free from all insect pests, diseases,
blemishes, bruises, and other physical in-
juries, scald, scab, dry or bitter rot, worms,
worm stings, worm holes, spray burn, limb
rub, visible water core, skin puncture or
skin broken at stem.

"Second Grade," "Grade No. 2," "Fancy"
apples are defined as apples complying with
the standard of first grade apples, except
that slight leaf rub, scratches or russeting
shall be permitted up to a total of one-inch
in diameter; and limb rubs will be per-
mitted showing an aggregate area in the
various counts of one-half of that allowed
for leaf rubs, providing that no apple shall
show total blemishes aggregating more than
one inch in diameter in counts running 125
to the box or less; more than three-fourths
inch in diameter in counts running 138 to
163 to the box, and one-half inch in diameter
in counts running 175 or more to the box.
No clearly misshapen or bruised apple, or
apples bearing evidence of rough handling
shall be permitted in this grade.

"Third Grade," "Grade No. 3," or "0"
grade apples shall consist of mature apples
free from all insect pests, worms,, worm
holes, infectious diseases, skin punctures,
bruises or broken skin — but slightly mis-
shapen apples, or those having sun scald,
and the blemishes allowed for second grade
apples shall be permitted, and there shall
be no requirement as to color.

"Combination Extra Fancy and Fancy"
grade. When first and second grade apples
are packed together, the packages must be
marked "Combination Extra Fancy and
Fancy."

Combination grade may also Include all

Bees Wax Wanted

We will pay the highest market price
for gcod grades of beeswax — cash or
in exchange for supplies.

THE TILLSON COMPANY

LIMITED
Tillsonburg - - Ontario

FOR SALE

Leather colored Italian Queens, oholce
breeding queens at J5.00 each. I gruar-
antee these Queens to be as good as any
imported Queen, barring none. Money
refunded if dissatis.fled after a year's
trial. Warranted purely mated Queens,
$1.00 each, $10.00 a dozen. Untested, by
return mail, at 75c each, or $9.00 a
dozen. Tested Queens, $1.50 each.

JOHN A. McKlNNON
St. Eugene - ■ Ontario

Q-U-E-E-N-S

Three-band Italians. Untested for 50c.
each. The same as you pay $1.00 for, and
just like the ones you get for ?1.50.
Guaranteed to be as good as money can
buy. Every one fully guaranteed to give
perfect satisfaction. Safe delivery. Write
for prices on 25 and more.

N. Forehand

FT. DEPOSIT

ALABAMA

Queens of MOORE'S
STRAIN of Italians

PRODUCE WORKERS

That fill the super quick
With honey nice and tnlck.
They have won a world-wide reputation
for honey-gathering, hardiness, gentle-
ness, etc.

Untested queens, $1.00; six, $5.00; 12,
$9.00. Select untested, $1.26; six, $6.00;
12, $11.00.

Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran-
teed.

Am BOW (illiBr ord*rt br return mail

J. P. M O O R E

Queen^breeder. Route 1, MORGAN, KT.

Three Banded and Golden
Italian Queens

Untested— $1.00 each; 6 for $5.00; 12 for
$9.00.

Selected untested— 1 for $1.26; 6 for $7.00;
12 for $14.00.

W. R. STIRLING

Queen Breeder. RIDGETOWN, ONT

Send for Price List. Cash with Order.

QUEENS AT 50c.

These queens are guaranteed to be as good
as money can buy. They are bred by the
same methods and with the same care as the
high price ones. They are bred from Im-
ported mothers, the best in the world, and
will produce bees that Is the best for honmr
gathering, lor gentleness, and are not In-
clined to swarm.

Untested 50

Select Untested tiS

Tested 1.00

Select Tested 1.60

6
3.00
3.60
6.60
8.50

12

6.00

6.76

10.00

16.00

25

11.T6
12.60

50 100

22.60 43.76

We , guarantee that all queens will reach
you in good condition, to be purely mated
and to give perfect satisfaction.

All orders filled at once.

L. L. FOREHAND - Ft. Deposit, AU

Power Honey
Extractors

Automatic Reversible with Cut
Gears and Ball Bearings or with
Friction Disc Drive and Speed
RegiUator. The Regulator attach-
ed to the friction wheel acpommc-
dates the speed to that of the
pulley on the engine or main shaft.
If you are considering a power out-
fit, write us.

The Ham &Nott Company

LIIMITED

K«p'en' Snppiiu Braiitford, Ont.

PRODUCTIVE BEEKEEPING

Is tb« title of a new book of 326 pages by Mr. Frank C. Pellett, State

Apiarist of iowa.
As the name of this book indicates it is especially adapted to the needs
of the practical beekeeper. Not a discussion of scientific principles,
but of practical methods.

Sources of Nectar, Wintering, Marketing, and Laws that Concern
the Beekeeper, are titles of chapters of special interest.
Regular price $1.50 postage extra.
We offer this latest book with tlie American Bee Journal one year,
both for $2.00, Canadian postage 15 cents extra.

134 illustrations, attractive cloth binding.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

Hamilton, Illinois

230

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

norai E>ditloD.

Things to Plant in September

FOR

Hva/>inflie ^'^ colors, per doz. 40c., 55c., 65c., and $1.00. If re-
nyacinins, quij-ed by man add 20c. per doz.

Single and Double Tulips, ^,:t:^'r ^^eSr.^^

mail add 15c. per doz.

Narri«<iiis anH DaffnrliU ^" shades, per doz. 25c., 40c.,
narcissus ano UariOaUS, aj,(j eoc. if required by mail

add 15c. to 20c. per doz.

Our Autumn Bulb Catalogue contains a list of bulbs suitable for
all purposes, and will be mailed on request.

^■«r' r» ^ • ^'^.«. ¥ Zmtm^^mt-^"^^ Head Office and Warehouie:

Wm. Rennie Co., l-imiteCl Adelaide and Jarvi. St.. Toronto

190 McGill St., Monlreal, Que.

BRANCHES :
394 Portage Ave., Winnipeg, Man.

1138 Homer St., Vancouver, B.C.

FRUIT MACHINERY CO.

INGERSOLL, ONT.

Manufacturers of the Ontario Power
Sprayer Model 2-B, the handiest of them
all. Engine fills the tank. Also a com-
plete line of Apple Evaporating Machin-
ery and power evaporator equipment.
Our complete power systems for evap-
orating as we Install them are practical,
sanitary and labor saving.

Write for free Illustrated catalogue on
spraying and evaporating.

Cold Storage
Fruit Warehouse

Finest Appie Rooms In the Dominion

for Export and Local Trade.
Special Rooms for all Kinds of Per-
ishable Goods.

The Canada Cold Storage Co.

Limited,
53 William St., MONTREAL, QUE.

lOX

A Westdox Al;irt7i

*t

%

For the Cream of the Day

Two A. M.— inky dark
— that's when Big Ben
starts the milkman's day.

Out of bed like a boy going
fisliing- — nudges Big Ben to a
husli — takes up the tune as he
wliistles to work.

You've heard that jjatter of nimble
feet — the clink of bottles in the wire tray — ■
the rattle of boxes, of cans and ice — the
giddap — the wheels — the merry tune — all
unminjfulof the world at sleep. You've
wondered.

Try Big Ben yo«rj^//a little earlier. See
how he'll bring you the cream of the day —
rich morning hours that start you right
and stretch out till night with minutes
aplenty for every task. And yow'/Ztake
up his tune and smile through the day.

Big Ben is six times factory tested. At
your dealer's, $2.50 in the States, $3.00
in Canada. Sent prepaid on receipt of
price if your dealer doesn't stock him,

Westdox folk build more than three
million alarms a year — and build them
well. All wheels areassembled by a special
process — patented, of course. Result —
accuracy, less fr-'tion, long life.

La Salle, 111, U. S. A. WeStCm. Clock Co. Makers of Wistdox

Other fFistdoit: Pockit Bin, Baby Sen, America, Bingo, Sieip-Meter, Lookout, Irondad.

Other apple varieties not provided for in
first and second grades.

When second and third grade apples are
packed together, the packages must be
marked "Combination Second and Third
Grade." '

When first, second and third grade ap-
ples are packed together, the packages
must be marked "Orchard Run," but Or-
chard Run packages must not contain any
apples that would not meet the require-
ments of third grade.

Summer and Early Fall Varieties: Sum-
mer varieties, such as Astrachan, Bailey's
Sweet, Bietightimer, Duchess, Early Har-
vest, Red June, Strawberry, Twenty Ounce
Pippin, Yellow Transparent and kindred
varieties not otherwise spetSifted in these
grading rules, together with early fall vari-
eties such as Alexander, Blue Peamiin.
Wolf River, Spokane Beauty, Fall
Pippin, Waxon, Tolman Sweet, Sweet
Bough, and other varieties not provided for
in these grading rules, as grown in sections
of early maturity, shall be packed in ac-
cordance with the grading rules covering
fancy grade, as to defects, but regardless of
color rules.

The "Economy" Crate

Last year the "Economy Crate" was used
for the first time by Ontario apple shippers.
It proved a considerable factor in the trade
with Western Canada. This year it is likely
to be used even more extensively.

Letters received recently by The Cana-
dian Horticulturist from fruit commission
houses in Western Canada show that there
is a considerable difference of opinion
among Western dealers In regard to the
merits of this crate. The following letters
speak for themselves:

Rogers Fruit Co., Ltd., Winnipeg: "We
are not at all in favor of the 'economy
apple crate,' as the shippers put in too many
culls in this style of a package. Last fall I
had considerable experience with thii pack-
age, and it was not in my opinion a success.
1'hfc package would be ell right for early
fall s'.uB if the growers and packers v;ere
particular about what they put into the
paoljage. Perso»iallv, I am in favor of ihc
standardization of all fruit packages used in
Canada. I mucr\ prefer the box pack to .in.'-'
other style. It it the coming package for
apples. — J. E. MacLean, Manager."

Laing Bros., Winnipeg: "We are not in
favor of the Economy Apple Crate for ship-
ping apples, as it is a very poor looking
package, and apples put up in an open
crate will dry out and get bruised between
the slats. We believe the only proper way
to pack apples is to have them put up in
regular apple boxes wrapped in paper, or
in barrels. They will keep much longer in
a box or a barrel than in a crate. The only
use we would have for an Economy Crate
would be for putting up a cheap grade of
apples, which would have to be .«old
quickly; the crate being cheaper tban the
ordinary apple box or apple barrel. We
would not encourage the use of crates for
shipping apples."

The Scott Fruit Co., Winnipeg: "We
handled a few cars of Economy Crates of
apples from British Columbia last season,
which turned out fairly well. Apples do not
keep as well in this crate as in the regular
apple crate. But for quick sale of the fall
apples they seem to be all right. Person-
ally, we do not think that any apples lower
than two grade should be packed at all. We
would not handle them under any con-
sideration.— D. S. Manson, Mgr."

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

231

Diseases of Potatoes

A timely bulletin issued by the Division of
Botany, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
deals with late blight and rot of potatoes.
Paul A. Murphy, assistant Plant Pathologist
at Charlottetown, P.E.I. , is the author, and
the bulletin, which is entitled Circular No.
10, can be had free on application to the
Publications Branch, Department of Agri-
culture, Ottawa. Both the Director of the
Dominion Experimental Farms and the Do-
minion Botanist agree that the subject i.s
most important, as late blight has caused
incalculable losses, but that those losses can
be reduced to a minimum by thorough and
timely spraying with Bordeaux mixture. Mr.
Murphy describes the symptoms very fully.
Early blight is prevalent in July, and the
spots which it causes are characteristically
dry, brown, and marked with a series of con-
centric rings. Late blight makes its appear-
ance in August and September as a rule, al-
though it is always present before it is
generally noticed. The first spots, which
are usually on the lower leaves or stems, are
dark brown to purplish black in color, some-
times surrounded by a ring of light green,
and they have a water-soaked appearance.
In fine weather they dry up and become
brown. In moist weather they increase in
size and number and may involve the whole
plant. An infected tuber is characterized
hj lurid-colored, slightly-ishrunken areas on
the surface that are abnormally hard. Mr.
Murphy says that the losses from the dis-
eases are incalculable, and that in the United
States some time ago they were placed in
value at $36,000,000 a year. In 1915 it is
estimated that the lass to Prince Edward
Island alone was not less than $1,000,000,
representing 2,000,000 bushels. The damage
all over Eastern Canada was about on the
same scale. Methods of control by spraying

PEERLESS POULTRY FENCE

A Roai Fencm-ftot Matfino

strongly made and closely spaced— making it a complete
barrier against largo animals as well as small poultry. Topy
J and bottom wires No. 9 — intermediates No. 12 wire— made i^
F by the Open Hearth process which time and other tests have]
Vprovea to be the t>«>t. Send fur catalog.Ash tbout our farm and orn^mtntBl I
r iMiclag. AfMicieB nesrl j everywhere. Apeota wanted in unaaelpied letriiory.l
Th0 Banwell-Hoxia Wire Fence Company, Ltd.,
Wlonipeif, Man-, Hamilton, Ont.

HORSE RADISH ROOTS WANTED

Good Prices Paid

THE WM. DAVIES CO., Limited, 521 Front St. E., TORONTO

T;

Wilkinson Plows

HE oldest line of steel beam plows in the
Dominion, inade in the old Wilkinson Plow
Co's factory, by old Wilkinson Plow Co.
experts— every one of them men who know their business. It is the standard line of plows and
includes 25 or more styles to clioose from. U. S. S, Soft Center Steel

Moldboards, highly tempered and guaranteed to clean in any soil.
Steel beams, steel landsides and high carbon steel coulter. Cle-
vises can be used either stiff or swing. Each plow is fitted
especially with its own pair of handles — rock elm, long
and heavy and thoroughly braced. The long body
_ "^^Bfe*^^ '^^£?*ss^ makes it a very steady running plow. Shares of

General ^^^^^^^^j^^S^^^ all widths — specials for stony or clay land.

purpose, lighty
medium, and
heavy, side hill, sod,
drill or one horse plows

The plow shown turns a beautiful furrow,
with minimum draft and narrow furrow at
finish. A sk/or nrw bookUt.

W

The Bateman- Wilkinson Co., Limited

151 Symington Avenue, Toronto Canada

Repairs

for all

Wilkinson

Plows

For the Land^s Sake

Use the best Manure
and get

GOOD CROPS

For Nurseries, Fruit Growers
and Gardeners.

Sure Growth Compost

(A Composition of all Natural .Manures)

Makes poor land fertile and keeps fertile
land most productive.

Special Prices on Summer Shipments

Supplied by

S. W. Marchment

133 Victoria St, TORONTO

Telephones: Main 2841; Residence, Park 951
Say you taw this ad. in Th« Canadiaa Hortieuhuriat

Firstbrook Bros.

LIMITED

.

BOXES

AND

SHOCKS

SINCE 1867

FRUIT BOXES

IN SEASON

Toronto - Canada

232

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

DARWIN

TULIP BULBS

Grown by

DR. D. CLARK
GRIMSBY - ONT.

I HAVE several thousand Darwin
Tulip Bulbs which I absolutely
guarantee true to name and de-
scription which I will sell for spot
cash at very reasonable prices.

These bulbs are not "just as good as
Holland grown bulbs," they are better.
They are at least better than any I
ever imported. Write early for name,
description, and prices.

Save Those Apples

BY USING A

MAXWELL

CIDER PRESS

How many go to waste tha/t mig-ht
be turned into Cider or Cid-er
Vinegar with a small investment.
Maxwell Presses are well made, of the
best material, heavy substantial frame,
and cross section of extr^a weight and
strength; furnished with two crates,
galvanized hoooxs and tinned rivets.
Made for either hand or power.

MAXWELLS LIMITED

St. Mary's, Ontario

are detailed and the prescription for making
the Bordeaux mixture given. The .stocking
of solution of copper sulphate and milk of
lime is advised. Poison for the Colorado
beetle can be applied with the Bordeaux as
often as necessary. For this, either Paris
green or arsenate of lead, or a combination
of both, may be used, half a pound of the
iormer and a pound and a half of Ihe latter
to 40 gallons of spray being sufficient. In,
very severe cases the quantities of the
poison can be increased by half.

A Guide to Apple Packers

The Domdnion Fruit Division at Ottawa
has issued the following information as a
guide to apple packers who are. warned that
they should follow it very carefully and un-
der no circumstances vary from it.

1st— If four apples of the same size fit
side by side across the box, or four fit loosely
and the fifth will not go in, the pack is 2-3,
five layers to fill the box.

2nd — If three apples fit loosely across the
box, s.ide by side, and the fourth will not
go in, the pack is 2-2. Four layers to fill the
box.

3rd — If three apples fit tightly acrass the
box side by side the pack is straight 3.-
Three layers to fill the box.

4th — If two apples, side by side, fit loosely
across the box and the third will not go in,
the pack is 2-1. Three layers to fill the box.

TABLE OF PACKS.

2-1 Diagonal Pack.

2-1, 4-4 36 apples to the box, pack on aide.

2-1, 4-6 411 " " " pack on side.

2-1, 5-5 45 " " " pack on side.

Straight 3 Pack.
3 wide, 5 long, 45 apples to the box, pack on

side.
3 wide, 6 long, 54 apples to the box, pack on
side.

2-2 Diagonal Pack.
56 aipples to the box, pack on end.
64 " " " pack on end.

72 " " " pack on end.

80 " " " pack on end.

88 " " " pack on end

96 " " " pack on side

2-2, 3-4

2-2, 4-4

2-2, 4-5

2-2, 5-5

2-2, 5-6

2-2, 6-6

(usually) .

2-2, 6-7 104

2-2, 7-7 112

2-2, 7-8 120

2-2, 8-8 128

2-3
2-3

" pack on side.

" " pack on side.

" pack on side.

" " pack on side.

2-3 Diagonal Pack.

4-5 113 apples to the box, pack on end.
5-5 125 " " " pack on end.

2-3, 5-6 138 " " " pack on end.

2-3, 6-6 150 " " " pack on end.

2-3, 6-7 163 " " " pack on end.

2-3, 7-7 175 " " " pack on side

(usually).
2-3, 7-8 188 " " " pack on side.

2-3, 8-8 200 " " " pack on side.

2-3, 8-9 213 " " " pack on side.

2-3, 9-9 225 " " " pack on side.

The 128 pack is very seldom used, except
possibly for flat varieties.

The 113 and 125 packs have taken the
iplace of the old square pack.

The apples from Washington State and
Britisih Columbia are the chief competitors
of the Ontario apple in western Canada
Their No. 3's are as good as some of the
Ontario No. I's. It is a mistake of growers
to expect to receive a high price for No. 3
apples packed in crates. — E. Maycock,
Wholesale Fruit Dealer, Winnipeg.

I have derived much pleasure and benefit
from the splendid articles you publish in
The Canadian Horticulturist. — R. A. Flet-
cher, Toronto, Ont.

GINSENG

GINSENG

Sccdi and YoDog Roots

FOR SALE

Prices on Request.

JOSEPH LEARY

■Whitevale - - Ontario

GINSENG

One and two ytar old plants in 5,000 lota
cheap. Stratified seed, $10,00 per pound.

W. J. McINNES, M.D.

Vittoria Norfolk Co , Ontario

Whys and Wherefores

of Fall Spraying

is the title of a little liooklct, giving seven
reason.s, official and non-official, why it is the
best time to .spray. This booklet will be .sent
out by the B. G. Pratt &>., 50 Church St.,
New York, manufacture rsof the well-known
"SCALECIDE"ata very early date. If you
are not on their mailing list, send thera a
postal today giving the number of your trees
and your dealer's name and you will re-
ceive a copy free. Address Dept. 43.

This Is a New Model for 1915. the result of
fifteen years' experience in Greenhouse con-
struction for Can&da.

Dotted lines show location of wind-ties
that positively prevents vibration of the aash.

Supplied in widths up to 2t feet 2^ Inches
from post to post.

KING CONSTRUCTION CO.,
♦0 Dovercourt Road - Toronto.

'"EBEST MAOt

FOSTER'S

Standard

POT

FLOWERPOTS

Hanging Baskets and Fern Pans

FOR THE FALL TRADE

We make the "Standard" Pot. the best
Pot in the world — uniform, best of clay,
well burned, in every respect superior to
all others.

All our pots have rim on shoulder, thus
allowing them to be placed together per-
fectly and preventing breakage in ship-
ping and handling.

Place your Fall Order NOW.

A complete line and large stock of all
sizes kept on hand to ensure prompt ship-
ment.

Send for NEW C ATAJL,OG • and PRICE
LIST.

The Foster Pottery Co.

HAMILTON, - - ONTARIO.

Main Street West.

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

233

Niagara District Notes

F. G. H. Pattison, Winona, Ont.

THE hot weather shortened the raspberry
crop, which did not turn out much
more than half of what it promised
to be at one time. If also has affected the
thimbleberry crop, both in quantity and
quality. Black and red currants turned out
excellent crops in spite of both heat and
drought.

The berry situation has been made more
serious for the growers by the impossibility
of getting sufficient pickers. Around Ham-
ilton large quantities of small fruits are
grown. In former years the growers have

depended largely on the women and chil-
dren of the city to pick them. Year after
year they have responded freely to this de-
mand and large plantings have been made
on thus account. This year it has turned
out quite differently. A large proportion of
these women, it seems, are now compara-
tively well off, what with money from the
patriotic fund, and other sources, and they
refuse to go out and pick berries for the
growers or to allow their children to go.
The consequence has been that hundred.^
upon hundreds of crates of raspberries, and

baskets of black and red currants have gone
to waste for want of pickers. A good deal
of ill-feeling has been caused amongst the
growers by this unfortunate action on the
part of these women, who emphatically have
not "done their bit," even although their
husbands may have. Several growers have
intimated fhat they would give no more to
the patriotic fund. One of these men said
to me: "When these women, as a result of
the money given them, refuse to 'do their
bit,' and allow our crops to perish for want
of their help, it is too much to ask us to
give them either money or fruit any more."
This may be taking rather too pronounced
a stand, "but the fact remains that this class
of women by their ill-advised selfishness
have caused a great loss, both to the growers

Book of Preserving Labels Free

Mail us a red ball trade mark cut from

a bag or carton of

Lantic

Sugar

to the address below
and we will send you a
book of 54 gummed
and printed labels for
your fruit jars.

LANTIC SUGAR is
best for every kind of
preserving. Pure cane.
'TINE" granulation.
High sweetening
power. Order by
name from your gro-
cer in our full weight
original packages.

100-Ib Bags 10 and 20-lb Bags

2 and 5-Ib Cartons

"THE ALL-PURPOSE SUGAR"

Atlantic Sugar Refineries Limited

Power Building, Montreal

SS4

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

MERRYWEATHER'S

Roses

also

Bulbs

for

Fall Planting

Advance Catalogue including

this year's Novelties, will be sent

free on request by

M. A. BRUSH

NURSERIES 20 Wellington St. W.

Southwell, England TORONTO, ONTARIO

TELEPHONE Main 3480 Sole Agent (or Can«da

SAVE

YOUR

MONEY

FOR THE

Dominion War Loan

TO BE ISSUED IN SEPTEMBER

By purchasing a bond you will help to

WIN THE WAR and obtain for yourself

an investment of the highest class yielding
a most attractive rate of interest.

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE
OTTAWA

and to the country. It will caose the de-
struction of a good many berry patches, and
there will naturally be fewer planted. As a
result, .small fruits will be dearer in the
cities, and the very women who refused to
help pick will be the loudest in their com-
plaints of the high prices of small fruits.
Cherries are over now. Sweeit cherries were
less than half a crop, but the price was ex-
cellent, especially for blacks. These sold
at from $1.00 to $2.00 per basket. For some
time sours ran along at from 6.5c to 80c per
basket, but towards the latter part of the
season they brought from 90c to $1.10.
There has been a steady and good demand
for black currants at good prices. In spite
of the fact that the crop has been excellent,
jam factories have been contracting at
prices varying from 6c to T'/^c per lb. Red
currants have also .sold well at 7c to 9c
per quart box. Crooseberries were dull at
first, but improved in price, small varietie.*
bringing 40c to 50c, and better ones 60c to
90c per 11-qt. basket. At the present date
(Aug. 21) there is a decided lull in the fruit
market, berries being over — except thimble-
berries — which are a short crop, and only
a few early peaches, plums, and apples are
coming on the market. Early peaches are
selling at a wide range in price, from 40c to
$1.00 per basket. Early apples are in good
demand at from 25c to 60c per basket, but
the sample is mostly poor. Early plums are
scarce and will remain so till Bradshaws are
ripe. The latter are a good crop: prices for
plums run from 50c to 60c per basket.

The peach crop promises well, but if this
extreme hot and dry weather continues the
size of the fruit will be affected. Early
peache.s will be plentiful, Crawfords light,
Elbertas pretty good, others very good.
Growers expect that prices ought to be bet-
ter for peaches this year and figure that
good peaches ought to net from 40c to 50c
per ll-quart basket up to the end of the
Elberta season. After that a drop is not
unlikely, as late peaches are a heavy crop.

The price of plums ought to be pretty fair,
as they are only a moderate crop, but the
high price of sugar works against them, al-
though during the last two weeks there
have been two slight reductions in the
wholesale price of -sugar.

It is more and more apparent as the sea-
son goes on that the apple crop will be light
in the Province of Ontario. No greater
quantity is exipected than last year, with
the quality poorer, owing to scab. This
district is reported to be freer of scab than
any other, except perhaps in the neighbor-
hood of Owen Sound. Well sprayed orchards
have a nice, clean crop of apples.

Tomatoes are ripening slowly and are
again rising in price, a most unusual thing
at this time of year. The bulk of the crop
is later than usual, and the usual area has
not been planted, owing to very unfavorable
conditions at planting time. Consequently
the chances are that tomatoes will not be
at any time this season very cheap to the
public.

Canners are in the market for all they
can get, as they are likely to be very short
on their contracted stuff. They will have
to pay a good price per bushel to get them,
and tliose growers who contracted their
crops at 25c per bushel will feel very cheap
this season. Under present conditions 25c
per bushel is too small a price to pay the I
growers, and the land would be better de-j
voted to something else.

Some localities report considerable mil- i
dew in the vineyards, chiefly on Rogers
varieties, and there has been a good deal
of spraying done with Bordeaux mixture.
Otherwise the grape crop promises to be a
good one.

One afternoon in the first week in Au-
gust about 500 friends assembled at Vic-

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

235

toria Hall, Jordan Harbor, to bid farewell
to F. M. and Mrs. F. M. Clement, of the
Horticultural Experimental Station here. S.
H. Ritterthouse, of Jordan Harbor, presented
the guests of honor with a handsome set
of cut glass, to which Mr. Clement made a
very suitable reply. After an excellent re-
past had been served a lengthy programme
was run off. The chief speakers were as
follows: Miss Moyer, Jordan Harbor; Miss
NichoUs, Vineland; Prof. J. W. Crow, O. A.
C, Guelph; Prof. Caesar, Provincial Ento-
mologist; D. Johnson, Fruit Commissioner,
Ottawa; Reeve Claus, South Township; S.
H. Rittenhouse, Jordan Harbor. Mr. and
Mrs. Clement were to leave for their new
home about the end of August. Mr. Cle-
ment has done excellent work at the Experi-
mental Station, and has been of great as-
sistance to the fruit growers of the Niagara
District. The fruit growers fully appreciate
the good work he has done and their good
wishes will follow both Mr. and Mrs. Cle-
ment to their new home. What is our great
loss is Briti.sh Columbia's gain.

On Aug. 16th, the Lincoln Women's In-
stitute, County Board of Agriculture, and
the Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation held their joint annual picnic at Vic-
toria Hall, Vineland. It was a beautiful
day, and there was a large attendance. The
following were fhe speakers In order of their
addresses: Lewis Collard, of Niagara Town-
ship, chairman: Prof. McCubbin, St, Cath-
arines; F. G. H. Pattison, Winona; Prof.
Pickett, Illinois, U.S.A.; Dr. Margaret Pat-
terson, Toronto; Mr. Marshal, M.P.P., Wel-
land; F. M. Clement, Vineland Experimental
Station; W. B. Roadhouse, Deputy Minister
of Agriculture; Prof. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph.

Items of Interest

The Monthly Crop Reporter for August,
issued by the United Stiates Department of
Agriculture, places the estimated yield of
apples for 1916 at 62.4% of a full crop, as
against a ten-year average of 54.9%. For
peaches, the estimated yield is 48.5%, as
against a ten-year average of 55.8%, while
for pears the estimate is 59 % , as against an
eight-year average of 51.2%. The yield of
grapes will be almost an average, the es-
timate being 80.8%, as against a ten-year
average of 84.8%.

I

The Spokane Crop

A despatch from Spokane, Wash., dated
Aug. 18, states that all indications point to
good demand and higher prices for apples
this year than last year. It is probable also
that there will be little attempt made thi.s

A Reliable and Economicad
Source of Power

A MASSEY-HARRIS ENGINE mounted on
■* •■ Skids can be moved around to any place where
you need help in the way of power.

You will be surprised to find the many uses to which
it can be put and the small cost as compared with
manual labor, not only around the farm but in the
dairy and kitchen, where it does so much to lighten
the work of the women on the farm.

And perhaps the most interesting part of it is that an
Engine costs nothing in "salary" or "keep" when
not running.

Our Catalogue " Farm Power " gices many suggestions
for Saving Labor.

♦♦♦♦♦♦

MASSEY-HARRIS CO., Limited.

Head Offices — Toronto, Canada.

— Branches at —

Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon,

Swift Current, Calgarjr, Yorkton, Edmonton.

— Agencies Everywhere —

We Solicit Your
Consignments

Good Prices Always

For Your Fruit and Vegetables

OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit,
vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on
the Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses witli
competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and
Porcupine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready
outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interest's.

i

Send for
Shipping: Stamp

Branch Warehouses:

Sudbury, North Bay,

Cobalt, Cochrane and

Porcupine.

H. PETERS

88 Front St. East, Toronto

References: The Cana-
dian Bank of Com-
merce (Market Branch)
and Commercial
Agencies.

236

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EJdltlon.

Bruised Apples are Culls

W'htrii .sliipijiiiK ai-»pk-a the prices you re-
ceive depend on the quality of Bhe fruit and
tlie condition In which the shipment is re-
ceived. Bruised apples are refi:arded as lit-
tle better than culls and depreciate their
value materially. It means loss of prestige
too for the shipper, for the cu.stomer won't
come back.

A few cents spent at your end may mean
dollar.s trained at the other.

WARNER'S APPLE BARREL PADS

placed in each end of the barrel hold the
apples firm and albsolutely prevents them
from being: 'bruJsed 'VN'fhen heading in and
shipping. It co.s't.s little and pays big. Send
youi- name and address for .sample and

l>nee.s.

R. B. WARNER

Inwood

Ontario

/^KINNER
System of irrigation

^^^ Control complete. Prevents dronght loes-
^^ ^ es. Kediices labor bills. Increases profit.
^^ I Special Portable Line for $11.75. Send for
■ ^ M new Bulletin.
^^r The Skinner Irrigation Co.

£17 Water Street Troy, Ohio

NEW AND RARE SEEDS

Unique collection. Hundreds of vari-
eties adapted for the Canadian cli-
mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy.
Own saving. Catalogue free.

Perry's Hardy Plant Farm

ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENQ.

LOADING OUR LOGS

One c f Our Specialties is

THAT GOOD APPLE BARREL

Not made from cull staves the rejections from flour and other stock of various bilges, Iwit
cut from absolutely mill run timber with exactly the correct bilge and thickness. Heading
mostly basswood which takes a nice brand, is kiln dried and does not warp. Hoops stand-
ard. The barrels are all

MADE BY MACHINERY

which insures an even croze and every head fitting. Why be worried with poor barrels
causing loss of time? We make slxhoop eight hoop, also six wood and two wire, which
Is the favorite. If these barrels get wet hoops cannot break. We can ship car loads con-
taining about 330

DELIVERED AT YOUR STATION

We ship thousands of barrels yearly to many large growers, dealers and fruit associa-
tions in Western Ontario, besides supplying 80% of the cooperage stock and barrels used
in the great Eastern Ontario Apple Belt. Therefore we must give the best value obtain-
able. Our main plant Is one of the

FINEST ON THIS CONTINENT

Write lis for prices on cooperage or barrels delivered your station.

"Owing to the uncertainty of labor, we cannot guarantee present prices or prompt
delivery except on early business."

TRENTON COOPERAGE MILLS, Limited

TRENTON, ONTARIO.

year to market inferior fruit or fruit in-
fected with fungus or worms.

Last year much inferior fruit was stored
and offered for sale, with the result that
the market was over-supplied and very poor
prices were received for both good and in-
ferior fruit, whereas if only the superior
grade and varieties had been put on the
market the price might have been much
higher. Many dealers lo«t a great deal of
money, which they invested in Inferior
grades of fruif last year, and It is probable
they will be exceedingly cautious this
season.

Little Potato Disease

The Little Potato disease cause little
potatoes the size of a pea or a little larger
to form on the potato stems, and no pota-
toes form on the roots. The reason is that
this disease closes up the pores In the stem
so the starch made in the leaves cannot
go back to the roots to form potatoes.

Potatoes affected with this disease have
small spots on the surface made up of germ
masses that look like a little soil stuck on
the surface. The difference comes out when
one tries to remove the spots. They do not
come off, while soil will. This disease Is
also called russet scab and Rhizoctonia. It
I? best not to save affected potatoes for
seed.

Basket Standards

The necessity for greater uniformity in
the size of fruit baskets continues to be a
prominent issue in the Nlagaju District.
Speaking on this subject at the la&t annual
convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers'
Association, Mr. Sheppard, Manager of the
St. Cathiarines Cold Storage Company, said
that the growers should try to have this
matter settled as qiilcldy as possible. "We
have," he said, "six different sizes of 6 qt.
baskets. This makes it almost impossible
to I6ad a car to advantage.

"Competition has been leading the manu-
facturers of fruit baskets to try to make a
cheaper and cheaper basket until the veneer
used in many is now too thin for .strength.
Some growers help this tendency towards
greater confusion by asking for a smaller
and smaller basket. The confusion in sizes
leads to trouble over the covers, as some-
times we get wide covers for narrow bas-
kets or narrow covers for wide baskets.'
A committee from the Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation is working on the problem.

Bulletins and Reports

Recent bulletins and reports which have
reached The Canadian Horticulturist include
the following: "Late Blight and Rot of Po-
tatoes," bulletin No. 10, issued by the Do-
minion Experimental Farm and prepared by
Paul A. Murphy, B.A. The Ontario Depart-
ment of Agriculture has also issued two bul-
letins: No. 240, "Some Bacterial Diseases of
Vegetables Found in Ontario," by Dan H.
Jones, B.S.A., Bacteriologist; and Bulletin
No. 239 on "Potatoes," by C. A. Zavitz, B.S.
A., Prof, of Field Husbandry, Ontario Agri-
cultural College. The latter gives a report
of a large number of experiments with po-
tato growing at the Ontario Agriculturalj
College.

The University of Illinois Agricultural Ex-
periment Station is distributing bulletins
No. 188 on "Methods of Fertilizing Sweet
Potatoes," by C. E. Durst, and Bulletin No.
190 on "Soli Bacteria and Phosphates," by
Cyril G. Hopkins and Albert L. WTiiting of
the Chemistry and Biological Departments.

The Ontario Beekeepers' Association has
just issued its 36th Annual Report for 191.5,

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

and the Ontario Agricultural College and Ex-
perimental Farm its 41st Annual Report for
I he same period.

Tiie Dominion Department of Agriculture
has issued the following circulars: "The
Black Leg Disease of Potatoes," by P. A.
Murphy, B.A., and Bulletin No. 26, entitled
"Bees and How to Keep Them," by F. W.
L. Sladen. This latter bulletin will be
found especially beneficial to beginners, as
it tells where to locate the apiary, races of
bees, how to handle bees, production of
honey, swarm control, wintering bees, re-
queening, etc., with illustrations.

The Quebec Department of Agriculture
has issued the Eighth Annual Report of the
Society for the Protection of Plants from
in.sects and Fungous Diseases for 1915-lfi
The following are some of the subjects
dealt with: "Apple Plant Lice and Their
Control," by Dr. R. Matheson; "Fire Blight,"
by Prof. F. Letourneau; "Some Potato
Problems," by P. R. Cowan, and "The Black
Knot of Plum and Cherry," by C. B. Hutch-
ings. Other interesting subjects are dis-
cussed. Those interested should apply for

a copy. We have also received the Annual
Report of the Pomological and Fruit Grow-
ing Society of the Province of Quebec for
1915.

Two bulletins by Edwin Sm.ith, of the
Grimsby Experimental Fruit Storage Ware-
house, conducted under the direction of the
Dominion Cold Storage Division, have re-
cently reached us dealing with General
Notes, Schedule of Rates, and Notes on
Packing and Packages. These bulletins
deal at much greater length with the Pre-
cooling, Shipment and Cold Storage of Ten-
der Fruit than the articles which have ap-
peared from time to time in The Canadian
Horticulturist, and fruit growers would find
it of value to obtain copies.

As the result of 20 years experience hand-
ling fruit in the west, I find that the bar-
rel is (Still the favorite package up to the
first of the year. After that date the bo.<
is the favorite package, as the loss on dam-
aged fruit is not so great — E. Maycock, Com-
mission Dealer, Winnipeg, Man.

Leno Covered Baskets

The Express Traffic Association of Can-
ada recently made application to the Rail-
way Commission for permission to refuse
Leno baskets by express! 'The hearing was
set for July 10. Before the ca^e came up
Mr. Burr, chairman of the Association, was
so well satisfied that the Leno basket, when
equipped with a protector, which Mr. Geo.
E. Mcintosh, representing the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, demonstrated to him,
could be handled with the same degree of
safety as the patent covered basket, that he
withdrew the application in its original
reading. This protector is made of material
the thickness of a basket handle, about 1%
inches high and made to fit around the top
of the basket, having two pieces of veneer
1% inches wide, scored and tacked, each
side about midway between the end of the
basket and the handle. This is placed on
the basket after the leno is put on, and
should be ample protection.

As the leno covered basket is rapidly
growing in favor, the possibility of having

USEFUL Preserving Hints

Here's the Way to Succeed in
Jam or Jelly Making.

lo— Use ripe — but not over-
ripe fruit.

2o— Buy St. Lawrence Red
Diamond Extra Granulated
Sugar. It is guaranteed pure
Sugar Cane Sugar, and free
from foreign substances which
might prevent jellies from
setting and later on cause
preserves to ferment.

3o — Cook well.

4o — Clean, and then by boiling
at least 10 minutes, sterilize
your jars perfectly before
pouring in the preserves or jelly.

Success will surely follow the use
of all these hints.

We advise purchasing
the Red Diamond
Extra Granulated
in the 100 1b.
bags which
as a rule is
the most econo-
mical way and assures
absolutely correct weight.

^ "PRESERVING" ^

USE ONLY

ST. LAWRENCE

RED DIAMOND

Dealers can supply the
Red Diamond in
either fi n e ,
medium, '^r
coarse grain,
at your choice.

SUGAR

^^^

Many other handy refinery
sealed packages to choose from.

St. Lawrence Sugar Refineries, Limited, Montreal.

vlh.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

noraJ EkHtlon.

FREE LAND

For the SETTLER in

Northern Ontario

Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain-
able free and at a nominal cost are call-
ing for cultivation.

Thousands of farmers have responded
to the call of this fertile country and are
being made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a home
awaits you.

For full Information as to terras, regu
latlons, and settlers rates, write to

H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonization
Parliament Buildings, TORONTO

HON. Q. HOWARD FERGUSON,
Minister of Uindt, Forests and Mines.

PRODUCTIVE VEGETABLE GROWING

By John W. Lloyd
Professor of Olericulture, Univ. ot Ills.

320 pag-es. 192 illustrations. Octavo.
Handsome cloth.

Secure this Money Maker at Once
Price $1.50

Send for Free Circular of farm Books to
the Book Department

The Horticultural Publishing Co. , Ltd.

Peterboro, Ontario

Messrs. Kelway & Son

Wholesale Seed Growers
and Merchants

Langport, England

have pleasure in announcing that
their

MR. H. A. NALDRETT

has just arrived for a business
trip throughout the United States
and Canada. Mr. Naldrett's ad-
dress during this period will be
care

Messrs. Thomas Meadows & Co.,
8-10 Bridge Street,

Batter>' Park,

New York,

where please write him.

SANDER & SONS

ORCHID GROWERS

The Finest Stock in the World
Catalogue on Application

ST. ALBANS ENGLAND

GREENHOUSES

MANUFACTURERS GREENHOUSE BARS AND SASH

Batts Limited

366-415 PACIFIC AVENUE

WEST TORONTO

it refused by the express compaoies was a
serious matter to the growers, although it
was hardly reasonable to expect them to
carry such baskets in L.C.L. lots without
some kind of protection. This method,
however, will assure equal delivery with
the patent covered baskets, and the cost is
not very great.

Sugarless Canning Methods

R. C. Abbott, Coast Market Commissioner,
Vancouver, B.C.

Many persons continue to seek informa-
tion from this office as to the "sugarless
method" of canning fruits, and no pains are
spared In impressing on these people the
great necessity of canning fruits this sea-
son, even with the high price of .sugar, as
in all likelihood canned goods will be just
as high proportionately, owing to the in-
creased demand, coupled with the high cosi
of sugar.

Plums and prunes can be put up very suc-
cessfully without sugar, and we would sug-
gest to growers that they place in each
crate of plums shipped the short recipe for
"canning without sugar," and also a few re-
marks encouraging housewives to put up
more British Columbia fruit. The price of
sugar should not interfere with the
home canning of fruit, as fruit can either
be put up "sugarless," or the amount of
sugar used may be cut down from the usual
32 per cent, syrup to 25 per cent., or even
as low as 16 per cent. We are sure that the
amount spent by the grower would be many
times repaid, and would assist in accom-
plishing the increased use of fruit, which is
so essential. Any growers wishing further
information may apply to this office for our
Can. Cir. "B" 8-8-16, which gives consider-
ahle information as to the "sugarless"
method and also the table of syrups.

A New Book on Shrubs

The Williams Book Stores Co., of Boston,
Mass., are distributing a book entitled
"Trees, Shrubs, Vines and Herbaceous
Perennials," by John Kirkegaard, Dr. H. T.
Fernald and Prof. E. A. White. This book
contains over 400 pages, 2,096 descriptive
classifications and 59 full page photographs.
In it will be found general cultural infor-
mation, and directions sufficient for all ord-
inary requirements. When and how io
plant, pruning, spraying and cultivation are
each treated comprehensively.

The. authors have classified trees, shrubs
and plants according to their suitability for
certain purposes. The book contains lists
of a few good hedge plants, some of the
best vines and climbers, trees and shrubs
with ornamental fruit, trees and shrubs
with distinct colored leaves other than
green, and a tew of the best hardy ferns.
This book can be purchased through The
Canadian Horticulturist at $1.50 postpaid.

ive

i

Recent bulletins and reports which hav
reached The Canadian Horticulturist '-
elude the following: Bulletin No. 185, "T _
False Cabbage Aphis," issued by the Agri-
cultural Experiment Station of the Purdue
University, Lafayette, Ind.: Bulletin No. 141,
entitled "Cultural Methods in Bearing
Orchards," from the Pennsylvania State
College Experiment Station, State College,
Pa., and Bulletin No. 293, from the Ohio
Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster,
Ohio, entitled "The Grape Berry Worm."
These three bulletins are all well illustrated.
The last one contains several spray tables,
which fruit growers will find of consider-
able value.

September, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Annapolis Valley Notes

Eunice Buchanan, Berwick, N.S.

PLBASANiT summer weather with occa-
sional showers has succeeded the wet
period, the foliage is luxuriant and
clean. Cherry trees, which were so full of
blossom in June, failed to set more than a
scattering crop of fruit. Pears also dropped
off. Strawberries made good prices;
iowards the last prices dropped to 6c. to
7c. The scheme for shipping strawberries
10 the United States fell through, as report
says that berries were selling for 3c. a
quart in Boston. Lombard plums sell well,
but many other varieties are scarce. Many
of the first flowers fell from the tomato
plants.

Aphids made a renewed attack on young
apple shoots in July. The tent caterpillar
also appeared on different trees. Onion
maggots have been troublesome and peas
have been badly attacked by worms and
mildew. During the wet weather disease
attacked beans, but they are now recover-
ing. In July the leaves on several large
maple trees died and still adhere to the
branches.

The general impression is that the apple
market is going to be good. Crimson
Beautys are now being bought for three
dollars and a quarter fcr ones and twos
Blueberries are very plentiful. Men are
scarce, but some of the soldiers have been
given furloughs to help gather the crops.

Advertising B. C. Fruit

R. M. Winslow, B.S.A., Provincial Horticul-
turist and Inspector of Fruit Pests,
Victoria, B.C.

The British Columbia Department of
.Agriculture has, for a number of years,
given attention in increasing degree to the
creation of a consumer demand for British
Columbia fruit.

In 1910 a start was made by the appro-
priation of $500 for the advertising of Bri-
tish Columbia fruit. This amount was con-
tinued in successive years. In 1914, a year
of large production, display advertising of
British Columbia fruits was carried in the
principal papers of Alberta for several
months. Apple weeks were held in Calgary,
Vancouver and Victoria, and were very suc-
cessful in promoting the consumption of
apples. They also had an important effect,
fsppcially in coast cities, in diverting the
trade from imported to Canadian apples.
The British Columbia Fruit Growers' Asso-
ciation also issued 100,000 eight-page book-
lets on "British Columbia Fruit," which
were widely distributed, both directly to
consumers and in fruit packages.

In 1915, the amount of advertisin'-- wris
greatly increased by a special grant fn;- th.i'
year from the Federal Departme'^if of Agri-
culture. An illustrated booklet of SO pages
was printed in an edition of ilO.OC'f copies,
and was widely distributed to "-onsumers,
especially in Western Canada, though re-
quests for it came from many parts of the
Empire, as well as the United States. Sev-
eral window hangers in colors were gotten
out and were largely distributed through
the wholesale trade and by the Markets
Commissioners to the retail grocers. The
principal feature of the advertising was
again the use of display space in news-
papers and farm journals, the advertising
running from the middle of June to the end
of November.

By having the coast and prairie Markets
Commissioners with offices at Vancouver
and Calgary, respectively, in charge of the
advertising campaign, it was possible to de-
vote a great deal of personal attention to

If This Was Your Greenhouse—

THINK of the happy hours spent tending the flowers — of the delight of
growing unusual plants and flowers — of keeping the home supplied with
table decoration and green stuff. Imagine yourself comfortably working
amidst your flowers while snow is falling thick outside. Think, too, of the spot
in your grounds that would be graced by one of our beautiful greenhouses. We
have issued a book showing Glass Gardens we have erected, and would be
pleased to send you a copy. Write to Dept. B.

GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, LIMITED

201 Church St.,
Toronto.

Transportation Building, St. James St.,
Montreal.
Factory — Georgetown, Ont.

Do You Want a Handy
HAND SCUFFLER

THE handy hand scuffler is an ideal im-
plement for garden weeding, and
mulching. It is made of the best saw
steel, and has four cutting edges, on two
sides and one end. Lying flat on the ground,
a slight pressure either in pushing or pull-
ing only is required. It can be used end-
wise to chop tough roots. It is especially
adapted for cleaning around bushes and
plants.

Made in two sizes. The blade on the large
scuffler is 9 Inches by 3% inches; in the
small one 6 inches by 2% inches. The
handle is about five or six feet in length.
The small size is more convenient for the
inthusiastic woman gardener.

SPECIAL PREMIUM OFFER

One hand scuffler FREE (as above) with each new single subscription to The
Canadian Horticulturist at $1.00. Will also sell these (express extra) direct to
subscribers at 50c. for the small and 75c. for the large size.

THE HORTICULTURAL PUBLISHING CO.

Peterboro, Ontario limited

The Hand Scuffler in Use.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS

AdvertiHinssU io 'his depkr ment inserted at rate of 3
cea's ■ word for each iiicrlien. each fiiarc, sigD. or siag U
Ittt r to coant as oao word. ■iatB«M cost SOc, ttricHy
cash ID advaoce.

REAL ESTATE

ALU KINDS OF FARMS — Fruit farms a speci-
alty. WriU tor CaUlorua- W. B. Cald«r,
Qrlmabj.

FARMS— All kinds — Fruit, stock, grain or dairy
(arms for sale. Also have clients with good
city property who would exchange. H. W.
Dawson, Brampton, Ont.

SEEDS AND BULBS.

BULBS — Of all deJicripHons. Write for prices.
C. Keur & Son.s, Hillegon, Holland. New
York Branch, 810 Bridge Street.

PLANTS.

FLOWERING PERENNIAL PLANTS for aut-
umn (Planting. Phloxes, Paeonies, Delphin-
iums, Helianthus, etc. Also Madonna liUies,
Crown Imperials, White Narci.-»sus — $1.00 col-
lection of 10 plants — 10c po.stage. E. P. Smart,
64 King St., Brockville, Ont.

BEES.

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS as advertised

on page 228. Catalogue free. Deroy Taylor
Co., Newark, N.T.

BEST THREE BANDED QUEENS at lowest
prices, after June 1. Also Bees by the pound.
Satisfaction guaranteed. Send for circular.
J. H. Haughey, Berrien Springs, Mich.

FOR SALE — Italian queens from the best honey
gathering strains — untested queen, 75c; 6,
f4.25; 12, $8.00; tested queens, 1, $1.25; 6, $7.00;
12, $12.00. Robert B. Spicer, Wharton, N.J.

NOTICE — Gray Caucasian Queens. Their su-
perior qualities are early breeding, great
honey gatherers, very prolific, very gentle,
greait comb builders, give better body to
honey, very hardy, will work when other
bees stay in hive, good winterers, the best
all-purpose bee. Give me a trial order. Prices
for August and September: untested, $1.00;
select untested, $1.50; select tested, $2.50.
Now Is the time to requeen with the Gray
Caucasian Queens for next season. Fay L.
Barber, 290 State St., LouvlUe. N.T.

BEES FOR SALE AND HELP WANTED— I

have control of some 85 colonies of bees and
everything required for an apiary of one hun-
dred, including extra hives tor swarms, win-
ter cases, movable honey-house, etc., which
IS all for sale. Now I want help, October 1st,
to feed what is necessary and pack for win-
ter, and also help In my own apiary. These
bees, originally mine, have been selected for
years. This is an exceptional opportunity to
buy bees, earn some money and see how we
make our sugar syrup and pack our bees for
winter. State salary expected. Would like
a lady helper also. G. A. Deadman, Brussels,
Ont.

FOR SALE — 50 colonies at pure Italian Bees.

Guaranteed free from di.^ea-'ie. Write for
prices. M. Scott. 412 King.ston Rd.. Toronto.

BEE SUPPLIES.

BEEKEEPERS — Please write for our Catalog.
Morgan's Supply House, London.

1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two color*,
any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. Eafrt-
ern Ijabel Co., CHntonvlUe, Conn.

STORING IMPULSE — Spring weaklings' yields
in long, good seasons equal strongest. Why?
Because tiering up destroys work incentive.
Quin-Compactness Hives' every super adjoins
brood-nest — incentive always there. Address,
Wm. F. McCready. Estero, Florida, U.S.A.

HONEY.

FOR SALE — 7.500 lb.?, of clover honey in 60 lb.
cans. Highest offer with reference gets It.
Chas. Dowson, Sonya, Ont.

details, and this personal attention did
much to contribute to the very successful
results secured.

In 1916 the plans call for a campaign
much along the lines of 1915. The British
Columbia Fruit booklet has already been
issued in a revised edition of 30,000 copies.
As a result of the distribution last year, the
demand for the booklet is already very
great. Newspaper display advertising is
being carried along the same lines as last
year and a special campaign on "Preserv-
ing without Sugar" is being conducted both
on the coast and prairies.

Fluctuating crop and market conditions,
as well as the changes which occur in the
purchasing power of communities, are im-
portant items in determining the variation
of details necessary for the most economi-
cal as well as the most eflBcient advertis-
ing, but, given attention to such details,
advertising for British Columbia fruit.'^ is
proving a good investment.

Items of Interest

The council of the city of Westmounl,
Que., the leading residential suburb of the
city of Montreal, has passed a by-law which
provides that all objectionable weeds and
plants shall be cut by "every occupant and
owner of any parcel or block of land in the
city, whether vacant, occupied, used or un-
used." It is provided that the city itself
may do the work of destruction without
notice to the owner and charge the cost to
him. Weeds specified include celandine,
chicory, daisies, dandelions, fhlstles, wild
endive, and wild mustard.

Woodall & Co., of Liverpool, the well-
known British fruit merchants, in their an-
nual review of crop prospects, report that
the apple crop in the United Kingdom is
likely to be an exceedingly small one, with
the result that prices should rule high.
Pears are practically a total failure. In
fact, fruit crops of all kinds are well below
an average season. They warn shippers,
however, that only good, sound stuff .should
be shipped, as on account of the high
freight rates ruling, anything poor or out
of condition will court disaster.

Packing the Apple Crop

Prof. W. G. Brierly, University Farm,
St. Paul.

Rigid grading is the first requirement for
good packing. Wormy, scabby or deformed
apples appear altogether too commonly in
barrels. While grading takes longer and
adds a little to the cost, it brings results
which are altogether desira'ble. Well
graded and properly packed fruit will sell
when other fruit will not. In grading, all
inferior fruit should be thrown out and the
good fruit sorted into uniform sizes. While
baskets may be used in some marketing
work, the Ibarrel will be found more gener-
ally acceptable for average conditions. The
box is a special package which requires
more skill to pack properly, and its use is
not advisable without practice with the
pack and experimenting in marketing.

In packing the barrel there are three
steps or stages, namely, facing, filling and
tailing. The barrel is packed from the fa;e
to the bottom, but this is easily managed.
After the bottom head is removed and all
nails hammered flat, well colored and sized
apples, representative of the average in the
barrel, are arranged in rings, stem down, on
the face head of the inverted 'barrel. These
facing apples should fit snugly. If too tight
or slack, they will bruise and look bad

when the barrel is opened. Usuallv two
rings with three or four apples in the centre
give the best face. Do not fill the centre
with one large apple as the appearance of
the others is spoiled. For the same reason,
do not use little apples to fill out. Selec
the size which will come out right. A sec-
ond layer may be put in if desired. These
are commonly turned on their cherfts with
the red cheeks between the apples of the
first layer to give a better color effect.
Apples of good color and representative of
the size of the rest of the barrel should be
used.

Filling the body of the barrel, while it
progresses rapidly, should be done care-
fully to avoid slackness in the finished bar-
rel. Shake the barrel gently but firmlv
after every half bushel of fruit is added, in
order to settle them as much as possible
and fill up all spaces. A board cut to fit the
head, and with a handle to get it in and
out readily, may be used when the fruit is
within two inches of the top. Gently shak-
ing the barrel with this board in place will
give a level surface upon which the "tail"
of the pack can be built in better shape
than is possible otherwise. Finishing the
pack is called tailing and consists of build-
ing the end up a couple of inches above the
chines. Experience will tell you just how
high to make the tail. If too low, the pack
will slacken and bruise in later handling,
and if too tight the apples on the tail will
be crushed. The happy medium will give
some flat bruising which is unavoidable,
but the pack will be tight and handle well.
Various sorts of inexpensive cushion caps
are obtainable, which will eliminate some
of the bruising.

The Press.

The best type of press is the lever press.
It operates easily and quickly and can be
shifted rapidly to take care of any tilling of
the bead. The screw press is slow in opera-
tion and not so quickly removed when the
head is secured. Set the end hoops se-
curely, nail all firmly and use "head-liners,"
the strips to reinforce the head so that
there is less danger of it breaking out.

Marketing.

No general plan can be outlined for mar-
keting. If the grower will produce good
fruit, grade and pack it honestly, and estab-
lish a reputation for such fruit and pack,
he will have the best basis for successful
marketing. The solution of the marketing
campaign is largely an individual matter.
Business ability is a good asset, but a care-
ful study of the apple market will always
be of value. Knowing the extent of the
crop and the value of a barrel properly
packed will be a further help.

In a selling association many of the mar-
ket problems are solved by the manageii
and the grower is relieved of that worryJ
but the individual operating alone may find
profitable methods along several routes.
Direct sales to consumers or grocers may
be possible, or good business relations can
be established with the commission men or
dealers. While the dealer has often been
blamed for poor sales, it very commonly is
because he can place no confidence in the
fruit or pack offered. The market or the
dealer hardly can be blamed for poor prices
if the grower is trying to get rid of poorl.v
graded and poorly packed fruit Nobody
cares to buy such material. The premium
of good prices and ready sales has gone,
and will continue to go, to the grower who
grades and packs carefully and honestly,
therebv establishing a reputation for relia-
bility. '

The Canadian Horticultun^

Floral Edition

)1. XXXIX

PETERBORO, OCTOBER, 1916

No. 10

Small Fruit Packages and Packing'

C. W. Baxter, Chief Fruit fnspector, Dominion Fruit Division, Ottawa

'HE ever increasing demand for
package goods 'has demonstrated
that the public is willing to pay
' ig prices to satisfy its desire for sani-
lation. Many of our very ordinary
foods, which a few years ago Avere
scooped out of a ba'g or bari'el and tied
in a paper sack, to-day are scarcely re-
cognized in their beautiful lithographed
labelled package and trade registered
name. It is well known that in many
cases the cost of the package and the
advertising of the article exceeds one-
half of the actual selling price of the
goods.

Whether or not these new conditions
have unnecessarily added to the high
cost of living is not a question for our
consideration at this time, but it proves
conclusively that the questdon of pack-
ages for all food products is one of
great importance and worthy of serious
consideration.

Our fruit standards or grades ap-
ply only to fruit when packed in a

* From an address given at the summer meet-
ing: of the Queibec Pomolog-ical Society, held at
■ La Trappe. Sept. 6th and 7th, 1916.

closed package. This practically means
a box or a bari-el. We have, therefore,
no legal standards or grades for the
marketing oi small fruit. Many grow-
ers believe, however, that some such
standards or grades are desirable, but
not practical.

During the last two j-ears the ques-
tion of .standard fruit packages has
been a live one with growers and ship-
pers, especially in the Niagara District
and in British Columbia. Many resolu-
tions have been received by the Domin-
ion Fruit Commissioner from repre-
sentative bodies of fruit growers
throughout Canada, requesting that
fruit packages be standardized. Al-
though nearly all growers are of the
opinion that standardization is needed,
there is still a considerable variation of
opinion as to what are the best pack-
ages to adopt. So keen has this ques-
tion become in one of our tender fruit
districts that the growei-s are divided
into two factions. Realizing that they
cannot agree, these growers have asked
the department to arbitrate the point at
issue. Great care must be exercised,

therefore, in selecting the packages be-
fore asking for legislation.

Growers in the province of Quebec
are interested in all packages used in
marketing fruit, especially those which
may be used to market strawberries,
raspberries, currants, gooseberries,
plums and tomatoes, for these are the
main crops of small fruits grown. In
Eastern Canada the commercial pack-
age generally used to market these has
been the berry box, and the six and
eleven-quart basket.

Present Requirements.

Section 326 of the Inspection and Sale
Act, Part IX., requires that every box
of berries or currants offered for sale,
and every berry box manufactured for
sale, shall be plainly marked on the side
of the box in black letters at least
half an inch square with the word
"short," unless it contains when level
full as nearly exactly as practicable (a)
at least four-fifths of a quart, or (b)
two-fifths of a quart. This practically
means that any box of a size between
the two-fifths and the four-fiJBths quarts,

Some conception of the extent of the operations of Mr. Del Sole, the most extensive Rrower of vegetables on the Island of Montreal, may be obtained
from this view of a crop of cauliflower on his farm at Montreal West. As soon as the cauliflower begin to flower, men are Dut through them, who
bend the leaves over the flower, completely covering them. The result is that every cauliflower he sells is pure white In color, as well as criSD

and well developed in form, so that he gets the highest price for It.

238

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Bdltl

I'ifteen and a half boxes of luscious fruit was picked from tWs eighrt -year-old Mcintosh tree
Lake, not Kootenay, as was stated in the September issue of The Canadian Horticulturist.

or any box smaller than the two-fifths
quart, must be marked "short."

The marking of the woixi "short" on
the side of the box was intended to eon-
v-ey to the poirchaser the information
that thait particular box did not con-
tadn as much fruit as the four-fifths or
two-fifths, but on account of tlie mark-
ing being done ou the ^side of the box,
very few purchasers even saw it. In-
stances are not few where purchasers,
on enquiring as to the meaning of the
word "short," were told that it was
the grower's name.

When these regulations were framed
It was probably expected that there
would be practically only two sizes of
'berry boxes used, but this unfortunate-
ly has not been the ease. It is possible
to manufacture, and offer fruit for sale
in any size box one may wish, provid-
ing the word "short" is marked on the
side.

The lack of standard boxes has
caused much dissatisfaction in the
trade and among consumers. The
strawiberry season usually opens about
December 15, with fruit imported from
the southern states in imperial quart
'boxes, well filled. These are bought bv
the retailers at high prices, but, on ac-
count of the high price, are seldom of-
fered in the original packages. The
retailers buy smaller boxes of various
sizes, containing two-fifths, one-half
and four-fifths quarts, which they fill
from the original packages. Jlany of

Ihese smaller 1>oxes, although varying
in .cubic measurements, are made to ap-
pear to be the same size on the surface,
as, for example, the surface measure-
ments of the full quart, the four-fifths
quart, and the pint are practically the
same. The result is that there is no
uniformity in the retail prices, and the
consumers are unable to tell whether or
not they are getting value for
their money. These conditions obtain
throughout the season when fruit is im-
ported, which is usually from Decem-
Ijer until our Canadian fruit is offered
in June.

Another disturbing feature is that
there is no legal requirement as to the
quantity each berry box must contain.
Boxes of strawberries have varied from
eight to seventeen ounces. In order to
make the best of a had purcliase, the
retailer is sometimes temp-ted to im-
prove the appearance of the boxes by
turning the fruit out and replacing the
berries in the hox in the same way that
one can pile a cord of wood to make it
measure a cord and a quarter.

During the past three seasons, the
staff' of fruit inspectors have been pav-
ing special attention to the filling of
boxes and baskets, and have obtained
excellent results. On account of the
thinness of the slats used between the
layers in crates which rest almost
directly on the top of the boxes, great
care must he exercised in having the
boxes well filled and levelled off before

Ix-ijig placed in the crate, in order
have a full-appearing box wlien th
arrive at their destination, witho
bruising the fruit.

A visit to the Bonsecour Market
Montreal will give one a fair idea
how the greater percentage of sm;
fruit and tomatoes are packed and -
Unlike the strawberry growers of ij
tario, who ship their fruit in crates co
tainmg 24 to 27 four-fifths boxes, t
growers in this province use a era
containing 54 short boxes— three la
of 18 boxes each. The crates arc n.
out of one-inch lumber, and are retur
able to the grower.

The strawberry season usually corn
at a time when the growers are n
overly busy with other crops, and tli€
time is very profitably employed
hauling their fruit to market ins'tead
drawing to the nearest railway static
and shipping by express. Thirty-fi'
crates containing about 1,800 boxes a
be loaded on an express wagon ar
drawn by a team of horses for lor
di.stances. This method could pro\
profitable only where the grower hi
the time to spare.

PIuuLs and tomatoes are usuall
luai-ketcd in boxes of various sizes, tl
old green painted John de Kuyper gi
box being nuich in evidence. The lac
of uniformity in the size of the contaii
ers makes the buying and selling moi
or less of a gamble — more, I think, o
the part of the purchaser than th
grower, because the grower usuall
knows the quantity each box contains

Packages and Packing.

The packages now used and the pnl
sent methods of marketing may brini
satisfactory returns to the gi-ower sj
long as he continues to sell his fruit ii
the local markets, but if the productio
of small fruits in Quebec is to increas
in proportion to the possibilities of pre
duction and marketing, growers muf
adopt such packages as will insure saf
deliveiy and present a neat appearanc
when offered for sale.

There have been several kinds o
containers used in shipping fruit i
berry boxes in Eastern Canada, hv
most of these have been discarded i
favor of the 24-box basket and the 2'
box crate. The latter has a decided at
vantf\ge over the 24-box basket ; it
carrying qualities are better, and th
cover may be removed as often a
necessary without having to draw nail
and injuring the cover thereby. The«
fore, I think the time is not far distan
when the 27-box crate, or one similar!
constructed, -will be used altogether i
eastern Canada. The thickness of th
slats now used in the crates is not suffi
cient to allow the proper filling of th
boxes without loss of time.

Every grower is familiar with the
and eleven-quart fruit basket, and

.October, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

239

hough we may admire the four-basket

•rate used by our California and Pacific

■tnist friends, I am convinced that

here is no better package in which to

iiarket our eastern-grown plums,

reaches, peai's and grapes than the six

ind eleven quart basket. The six-quart

basket is preferred for plums because

jin the eleven-quart baskets the weight

on the bottom layers is so greait as to

cause waste and disfigure the packages.
The" m'aaiy shortcomings of our pre-
sent legislation governing the packages
and packing of small fruit have been
revealed through the progressiveness
of our fruit growers, aaid had it not
been for the conditions brought about
by the war advanced legislation would
in all probaibility be in effect to-day.

(Continued on page 259.)

Points to Watch Ordering Nursery Stock*

H. S. Fry, B.S.A., O.A.C., Guelph, Ont.

AT this season of the year many
fruit growers are planning for
increased plantings either this
fall or next spring. The degree of suc-

ss they will meet will depend to a
jcuusiderable extent upon the thorough-
ness with which they guard the little
points which often largely go\ern the
character of the results later obtained.

There is comparatively little fall
planting practiced in Ontario. The
main objection to fall planting is that
nursery stock in "Ontario does not ma-
ture early enough to allow of planting
in the fall. This is a result of the con-
tinued demand for stock for spnng
planting. The nurseryman caters to
the public. If the majority of planters
want stock for spring planting the
nurseryman naturally does not make
the provision for maturing his stock
for fall plajuiting that he otherwise
would. Considering the difficulty of
securing labor in spring, perhaps fall
planting would bo preferable for mo,st
kinds of fruit, provided it were possible
to get matured stock.

• This article was written by an editor of
The Canadian Horticulturist from notes taken
during a recent irterview with Mr. Fry.

The majority of fruit growers do not
buy as intelligently as the minority.
It is the majority to which the nursery-
man caters, and when they realize that
fall planting is satisfactory and begin
to act accordingly, the nurseryman will
prepare to meet their requirements.

Now is the time to order stock for
next spring's delivery. The nursery-
men show few favoritisms. Their me-
thod is, first come, first served. The
earlier you get your order in the
greater chance you will have of getting
good stock, and of having it arrive at
the proper time next spring.

Before communicating with a nur-
seryman have .your mind made up as to
exactly what j'ou want. Know what
varieties you are going to plant, what
age of stock you prefer, and the grade.
The varieties, of course, will depend on
the choice of the grower, and to some
extent on the district. The grade
should be always No. 1, except in rare
cases where one may get an exception-
ally good lot of No. 2 stock. Remem-
ber that the initial cost is immaterial
when you consider that these trees will
likely remain in the ground fifty or
more .vears.

■riii.s photofrra.ph of the packinff house at Port William. N.S., gives some Idea of the extent
w^ioh cooijerative maj-ketlng has reached in this district.

When it comes to choosing the proper
age of stock to plant there is a wide
variation in the opinions of good fruit
growers. The majority of stock plant-
ed is two-j-ear-old, but some good fruit
groAvers favor three-year and some one-
year stock. The reasons given, of
course, are very different, but each
grower is usually convinced that his
way is best.

The reasons advanced in favor of one-
year-old stock are mainly those relating
to the heading of trees. The nursery-
man heads trees to suit the average
planter. The intelligent planter, how-
ever, may Avant loAV-headed trees, be-
cause of the lesser number of windfalls
and the greater ease of harvesting the
fruit. At present, the man who wants
a low-headed tree must purchase one-
year-old stock, so that he can head the
trees himself, or if he wants to plant
tAvo-year-old stock, he must go to the
nurseryman a year before he wants the
trees and have them headed low es-
pecially for him. Against the one-year-
old stock, the chief fault is that appar-
ently it would require one to two years
longer to bring these trees into bearing
than if two or three-year-old stock
were used.

The popularity of the two-year-old
tree probablv follows from its being
already headed for the average bu.yer,
and its being of a convenient size to
handle. It is an average tree for an
average man.

Some good groweirs assert that the
three-year-old trees come into bearing
so much earlier than the others that it
pays them to buy trees of this age, and
through pruning work for a compara-
tively loAv-headed tree. The practice
of planting three-year-old trees obtains
Avidely among growers of the Spy apple.
The Spy is naturally a very slow tree
to come into bearing. To cut down this
time they Avork from both ends— they
ii.se three-yeair-old trees of some early-
bearing stock, and top graft to Spy.

For the man Who intends setting out
any considerable number of trees next
spring, the Avisest thing he can do is to
pay a visit to the nursery and choose
per.sonally the block of trees he wants.
In the fall the nurseryman strips the
loaves off his vstock, digs up "nis trees
and heels them in for spring shipment.
If the buyer Avill visit the nnvser^' bo-
fore the trees are dug, he will be able to
see the stock he is ordering. It is pos-
sible that the nur.seryman Avill not care
to haAJ-e his plans disorganized by the
individual buyer, but if the grower can
choose his stock, throe benefits will be
effected.

Pii-st. — There Avill be less chance of
disagreement between the nurseryman
and tbo customer.

Second. — There will be less danger
of the stock's coming untrue to name.

240

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

P'loral Edition,

The Merits of the Duchess Apple

E. H. Wartman, Dominion Fruil Inspector, Montreal

Picking grapes in the vineyard of J.
burn, Winona, Ont.

S. Cock-

It is likely that the mixing "of trees,
which causes such trouble to fruit
gi-owers, is done during the handling of
the trees between the time of digging in
the fall and of shipping in the spring.
If John Jones, a grower, chooses his
S'tock at the nursery before it is dug,
that stock when dug will be put aside
for him. It will not go into the general
stock, and will likely be true to name.

Third. — There will be a greater
chance that such stock will arrive in
time for planting if it has been chosen
and set aside before the rush of orders
comes in.

Of course, it would be foolish for the
man who is only planting a few trees
to visiit the nursery, but if he is plant-
ing say ten or fifteen acres or more, it
would be a paying proposition. It
must be remembered that the worth of
the orchard during its bearing period
will depend to quite an extent on the
quality and shape of the trees pur-
chased.

A question which often arises during
the purchase of nursery stock is
whether it is wise to purchase trees
from nurseries in the Middle Central
States. So far as acclimatization is
concerned, there seems to be no objec-
tion to this praotiee. The trees are
young and have not yet become ac-
climatized to any district. Again, the
stock upon which the trees are grown
is in many cases the same as is i;sed by
our Canadian nurseries. The chief ob-
jections are freight and their drying
out in transit during long trips and
while being fumigated at the port of
entry. Of course, if thev are well
packed they should tmvel all right.
However, other things being equal, we
should always put Canada first !

FRUIT growers will do well to pay
more heed to the merits of the
Duchess apple. In spite of what
has been said against them, year by
year their merits are becoming better
recognized by many growers. Those
growers who have orchards of this
variet}', especially where ice is avail-
able for shipping purposes, have much
for which to be thankful.

My own experience with this variety
dates back many years. On our own
home farm we planted fifteen trees.
These trees were planted on a rich
loam, had natural drainage and good
care, and naturally we expected good
I'csults. We were not disappointed.
When the trees were six years old,
while looking over a beautiful healthy
well balanced tree full of fruit, I spied
one specimen more beautiful than the
others. This I picked and laid it on the
house scales. It weighed one half
pound, which we Avould call to-day a
remarkably large specimen. This tree
to-day is quite forty years old, and
still bearing fine fruit. Many years
ago our Ontario fruit experts, while
rating our apples, gave the Duchess
ten points out of a possible ten for
home market, foreign market and
cooking, but only two points for des-
sert. This gave it thirty-two out of
forty points, which should give it a
place of great merit. Those who live
near a large market, and who can place
large quantities in their freshness
and bloom without having to pay ex-
press or freight, are most favorably
situated to make money out of this
desirable apple.

The situation is different with those
growers who live two or three hundred
miles from their market. These men
have had their trials and losses and low
prices. I am persuaded, however, that
the man who raises from one to sev-
eral cars of this apple has not yet done
his best in trying to place this variety
on the market in a sound condition.
The man who lives near a lake, river,
or even pond, where he can get a
plentiful supply of ice for little cost iii
the winter months, when fruit men are
not so very busy, should do so. He
should look ahead to the cooling of his
Duchess in the coming of August. It
is presumption for a man in this en-
lightened age to pick or pack these
early apples in the temperature of 100
degrees F. or more, as it was this sea-
son in Duchess time, when, in some
cases four days elapsed from the start
of packing to the landing in Montreal.
Under these conditions there was no
chance for heat to get out of the bar-
rels, but they contimied to generate
heat as the fruit ripened. To place in

cold stoi-age at this stage would be un-
profitable, for what the apple had lost
nothing could replace.

I am not an advocate of keeping any
fruit long out of its season. Any fruit
is at its best for but a short time, and
the most tender a very short time. As
one writer has said, the peach is at its
best for one hour. I do believe it is
necessary to land all fruits in sound
and hard condition. This can be done
by keeping fruit cool by using ice in
sufficient . quantities. This has been
proved in.any times. We receive cars
of California peaches here in perfec
order after ten or twelve days in tran
sit. The secret is bunkers full of io
all the way at a cost of from $75 to $9(
a car. Just a little more proof.

In the year 1902 I received Duchea
apples in Cork, Ireland, and Wolver
hampton, England, after being fifteei
days from the trees, and still the;
looked well after being ten days on ex
hibition plates. This same year — 190!
— one orchard in Ontario bore ove
3,000 barrels of Duchess apples, an
were sold for sixty cents a barre
when I sold the same quantity, thre
bushels, for about $7.50 per barre
There must have been a screw loose
somewhere !

A few days ago I heard our auction-
eer say, "I can't sell apples. Will Mr.
So-and-So come up and try?" I really
felt sorry to see such a condition. But
there is a remedy which I have named.
When apples are gone in quality it is
a poor time to try to save them. The
Duchess has done wonders in its day.
One case I could name where two hun-
dred barrels of Duchess apples sold in
Montreal for one thousand dollars, or
five dollars a barrel.

I can remember buying the finest
Northern Spy apples all picked for
fifty cents a barrel, tree run. This was
about twenty-eight years ago. Of
course, I took all winter apples at the
same price. This was the best offer the
grower could get. One Mould be led
to say from this statement, "How does
horticulture pay?" Let the orchard-
isf who has a good orchard and is a
good salesman count up his sales for
twenty years and get the average price
per barrel, then the secret is known.
Yes, the old Duchess tree should not
be rooted up and burned yet. Where
is there an apple in our Dominion
more free from fungus than the
Duchess? If shipping from Montreal
had been normal this year I believe one
thousand barrels could have been
bought within a radius of ^ fifty
miles of this city. I also believe there
would have been a net return of three
dollars a barrel for them.

■ October, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

241

Methods of Large Apple Grower

THE largest fi'uit farm in Ontario
is that of W. H. Gibson, of New-
castle, Ont. It comprises over
lie liiindred acres in fruit, of which
i \\ enty-five acres is not yet in full bear-
ing. Last year this orchard produced
'.■■300 barrels of apples, 1,100 baskets
;■ cherries and 70 barrels of pears.
Fifteen years ago, ' ' said Mr. Gibson
I an editor of The Canadian Horti-
ilturist, who visited him recently, "I
liad tv.'enty or thirty old trees. None
\ of mj- young trees had come into bear-
ijig, and one day was sufficient for the
i eking and packing of the entire crop
■ apples. Last year my men were
packing apples until the middle of
' March."

Mr. Gibson's crop this year gave
great proiuise during the season of
bloom, but will be well under the aver-
age on account of the hot, dry spell.
A wind and hail storm about Septem-
ber 1st took off about twenty per cent.
of the apples, causing a loss of about
$1,000. Mr. Gibson will, however, have
about 2,500 barrels of apples, 50 barrels
r'cars, and 800 baskets of cherries this
. ear.

In such a large orchard one would
naturally expect to find a number of
varieties of apples. The chief money-
maker is Ben Davis. Stark, Spy, Gold-
en Russet, Baldwin, Duchess, Wealthy
and Mcintosh are also made leading
lines. The pear orchard is largelj'
rtlett.

Mr. Gibson is working toward 1oa\-
lieaded trees by the practice of dehorn-
ing. Dehorning, or cutting off the up-
right branches, he finds, results in a
vigorous. growth of side branches, and
necessitates the heading back of these
branches. The lower branches are not
cut back, but are allowed to droop
over a grass strip. This leaves the
fruit in a more attainable position for
the pickers, and results in a stockier
and stiffer tree — one better able to
withstand wind and weather.

The young orchards on Mr. Gibson's
farm are kept cultivated right up to the
trees. When the trees, however, come
into bearing it is Mr. Gibson's practice
to leave a ten foot sod strip along the
orchard row. As Mr. Gibson plants
his trees thirly-five feet apart this
leaves a twenty-five foot strip for cul-
tivation. In a bearing orchard there is
no good reason, in Mr. Gibson's opin-
ion, for cultivating closer to the tree
than five feet. This leaving of a sod
strip results in a saving in labor, for it
is the cultivation underneath the
branches of the trees which means
work. On the other hand, there .are
several benefits which accrue from this
sod strip. The sod acts as a cushion
for windfalls. Trees ripen up earlier
and go into the winter in better con-
dition than trees under complete culti-
vation. And most important of all— a
much better colored fruit is obtained.

It will be remembered by our read-

ers that it A^ as upon the orchard of Mr.
Gibson that the dust-spraying experi-
ments, described in the July issue of
The Canadian Horticulturist, were car-
ried on this year. With but one year's
results to judge from, it would be un-
wise to venture an opinion as to the
comparative value of lime sulphur and
dust-spraying. The part dusted, how-
ever, shows as good results as the part
of the orchard treated with lime sul-
phur. 4

Mr. Gibson sells all his fruit through
the Newcastle Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion. This is a live association. It
owns a large concrete fruit house, in
which is made 12,000 to 15,000 barrels
and 5,000 boxes a year. The entire out-
put of this association has been sold
this year to McWilliam & Everest.
Alexanders and Wealthys are sold in
boxes, the rest in barrels.

Spraying Conclusions*

Prof. W. S. Blair, Kentville, N.S.

As a result of experimental work in
the application of spraying mixtures,
we are safe in drawing the following
general conclusions :

The spray before the leaves open is
not likely to give results sufficiently
great to pay for its application.

Two foliage applications before blos-
soming are desirable. More care
should be given to thoroughly protect
the foliage up to this time.

Two thorough sprays before blossom-
ing followed by two after will give
practically clean fruit.

The 1.008 specific gravity test
strength of lime sulphur is sufficiently
strong to control scab. A greater
strength is a waste and may cause
foliage injury and possibly a loss of
fruit from burning.

Any of the well established brands
of arsenate of lead seem to give equally
as good results when used in lime
sulphur.

Lime sulphur alone is nearly as good
a fungicide as lime sulphur arsenate.

Owing to insect injury the arsenate
cannot be safely omitted from the
spray.

Lime sulphur is equally as good as
bordeaux for scab control.

The greatest objection to bordeaux
is the russeting of the fruit, which if
bad will reduce the grade.

The home-made concentrated is as
effective for scab control if used at the
same specific gravity test as the com-
mercial concentrated.

Soluble sulphur alone without arsen-
ate of lead is not as good a fungicide,
evidently due to the arsenate rendering
it more adhesive.

Harvp.itinn the apiples l.s comparatively easy with such low-headed trees. Photo shows a
Banks Gravensteln on the farm of Joseph Kinsman, LaJcevlIle, N.S.

•Extract fromn a paper read at the last an-
nual convention of the Nova Scotia FVult
Growers' Association.

242

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral B)dltlot

any apparent loss. If the apple is treat-
ed in the same way as the grape, it
stands to reason that many British Col-
umbia orchards could be brought to bear

a few varieties of the best commercis
apples in a few years. This saves wast
and assures an increased income for th
grower.

A branch of Flemish Beauty pears grown in
the orchard of E. M. Smith, Winona.

Soluble sulphur arsenate is liable to
cause foliage ftijury.

Spraying Avith strong lime sulphur
for San Jose Scale will kill also the
Oyster Shell Scale and Blister Mite,
three birds with one stone.

Barium chloride is of no practical
value for lessening foliage injury when
added to soluble sulphur arsenate.

Fruit Pointers

Cuttings of grapes may be taken this
month and stored in sand or sawdust
until next spring, when they may be
set out.

Prune grapes as soon as foliage ii
off. Lay them down and cover with
earth before the ground freezes.

See that the grass is pulled away
from the base of small trees. Put wire
protectors about them so mice or rab-
bits cannot injure them during the win-
ter.

Damage from white grubs bids fair
to be great next year, unless extra ef-
forts are put forth to get rid of the
grubs now and next spring. Three
means of keeping them in check are
suggested : Plow in the autumn, de-
stroy May beetles in the spring, rotate
crops. Do not plant strawberries on
land known to be infested.

When some of the New York grape
growers wanted to change their varie-
ties, they never thought of taking out
the old roots. They grafted the im-
proved varieties on to the old stalks.
This changed their production without

The Canadian vs. the American Standard Apple Bo:

A. H. Flack, Chief Fruit Inspector for Prairie Provinces

IN packing apples in boxes, possibly
the greatest difficulty encountered
is to secure the correct height. This
can be done only by following very
closely the table of packs which re-
quire some sizes to be packed on end,
and others on side. With experience,
this difficulty disappears, but during
the time this experience is being gained
some very disreputable packs find their
way on to the markets.

If we had a package in which the
height would always come right, with
all sizes packed one way, it would be
a great help. This can be done by
using the Oregon box, which measures
101/2 ins. X liy2 ins. x 18 ins. inside
measurement, as compared with the
Canadian box inside measurement of
10 ins. X 11 ins. x 20 ins. It should not
be misunderstood that with the Oregon
box the packs must be 2 — 1, 2 — 2, or
2 — 3, as the case may be, in fact, the
table of packs is practically the same
as with the Canadian box, but all sizes
pack on side, which simplifies the mat-
ter. This fact alone is therefore suffi-
cient to warrant us seriously consid-
ering the advisability of adopting this
package as a standard apple box in
Canada.

To Avestein shipi^ers, and, in fact, to
all box shippers, there are several ad-
vantages that will accrue by using the
Oregon box. The peach and pear box
each measure 18 insr in length, inside
measurement, which is identical with
the Oregon apple box. For loading
mixed cars, and storing box shocks,
these advantages should not be over-
looked, and are generally acknow-
ledged.

Western manufacturers claim that
standardizing fruit packages, endeavor-
ing to secure as many as possible the
same length and width, is a very in_-
portant matter in reducing the cost of
the package. This also is a point tha'.
must be considered.

As the standardization of fruit pack-
ages is obviously an important matter,
and one that is creating considerabli
interest among those depending upon
the fruit industry, this is an opportune
time to give the Oregon box serious
thought. By far the largest proportio!
of the apples from the west are nov
shipped in this package, and some of
the largest Ontario box packers have
adopted it this season. The following
is a table of packs that should be fol-
lowed when using the Oregoia, or Am-
erican standard apple box:

Table of Packs for American Standar
Apple Box. Size: ^0y^ x 111/, x 18.

No. of

Apples Type Actual

in box. of Pack. Pack. tiers.

32 Diagonal 2—1, 3—4 3

36 •' 2—1, 4—4 , 3

41 " 2—1, 4—5 3

45 •' 2—1, 5—5 3

50 " 2—1, 5—6 3

48 •' 2—2, 3—3 4

56 " 2—2, 3—4 4

64 " 2—2, 4—4 4

72 •' 2—2, 4—5 4

'80 " 2—2, 5—5 4

88 ' 2—2. 5—6 4

96 " 2—2, 6—6 4

104 •• 2—2, 6—7 4

112 " 2—2, 7—7 4
120 ' 2—2, 7—8 4

113 " 3—3, 4—5 5
125 " 3—2, 5—5 5
138 " 3—2, 5—6 5
150 •' 3—2, 6—6 5
163 " 3—2, 6—7 5
175 " 3—2, 7—7 5
188 " 3—2, 7—8 5
200 " 3—2, 8—8 5
213 ■' 3—2. 8—9 5
200 Straight 5 8 5
225 "59 5

All apples are packed on the side in th
American apple box. The foregoing tabl
should be used in conjunction with circuia
No. 8, entitled, "Packing Orchard Fruits,
which can be secured by writing to the Dt
partment of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C., an
Bulletin No. 40 of the Dairy and Cold Sto;
age Commissioner's Series. Department r
Agriculture, Ottawa.

Vegetable Reminders

These long evenings are good time
to plan next year's garden and to stud;
better methods.

Store onions in a cool, well-airei
place.

Celery banked with earth late in th

fall seems more palatable than wher

boards are used. Do not bank whei

the foliage is at all moist, as this wil

.aid decay.

Squash should be carefully handlei
iu hauling, and placed one layer deej
on wooden racks in a warm, well-venti
* lated storage house.

Potatoes should be stored in a coo
cellar. A temperature of about 35° i
good. If they are kept warm enougi
to sprout badly, a loss of fi-om ten t'
thirty bushels per acre in yieldin)
power may result.

Store cabbages in a cool cellar, head
down. They may be hung from sup,
ports, or the roots may be cut off anci
the heads wrapped in newspaper an<|
laid on a shelf, but they should be hun;
heads down for a while to insure drain
ing the water out.

ictober, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

243

October Precautions and Preparations for Winter

% /| ORE important gardenrng oppar-

yI tunities are missed between

September 15th and October

"ith than at any other time in the

-ear. Spring has its own particular

us^h of seeding and planting. Three-

inirths of all other planting can be

lone as well or better in the fall. Save

1 year in the development of your

^I'ounds by planting permanently

laffodils, darwin tulips, paeonies, and

'ies. You will probably save that

iieh time by planting trees and shrubs

his fall. The chances are that, if you

I'nve their planting until spring, you

11 't plant at all — you will be too

Misy.

The fall is the be.st time to perfect
vowr perennial border, by rearranging,
multiplying, and buying new plants
(vhen there is a better assortment to
shoose from. Enjoy your garden longer
this year by having a lot of old boxes,
barrels, and matting to throw over the
vegetables and flowei's to keejj frost
out. Before frost comes, pull up the
tomatoes by the roots, fruit' and all, and
hang them in the cellar or outhouse.
Tomaitoes, like pears, have a better
flavor when ripened on the shelf or in
the cellar. You can gain a month on
spinach by sowing seed outdoor:- now.
Mulch tiie little plants toward the end
of November. Treat pnnsies the same
A crop will be ready about the end of
April.

Having secured your bulbs for the
garden, buy half a dozen bulb pans and
plant some of each variety of bulbs for
winter blooming in the house Mulch
everytJiing you plant in the garden, but
not until the ground is frozen. Prune
all .<ihrubs that need shaping up, f nd
bush fruits to a few strong shoots, cut-
ting about three feet long. Bring hy-
'' niigeas and oleamders that have been
tubs into a dry cool cellar for the
r winter and trim them into shape.
The pro'per time to take up gladoli,
dahlias, cannas, and tuberous begonias
l' is when the tops are killed with frost.
i Put them in a dry, frost-proof cellar,
; giving the canna a little more attention
' by leaving the earth on the roots and
; keeping it a little warmer than the
; others.

' The old-fashioned way of covering

: rose bushes with straw and manure for

' the winter is not the correct method.

; Prom long experience I find that draAv-

; ing the earth up around them five or

six inehe^s is not only the easiest but the

surest way of protecting them. The

climbers may be bagged or tied up with

straw, but will do just as well without

any protection, unless they have been

planted in the fall, when they will

Geo. Baldwin, F.R.H.S , Toronto, Ont.

need some protection. For the district
of Toronto, the spring is the best time
to plant or transplant any kind of rose.
Give the celery -its final earthing up
now, and have some boards amd straw
handy for frost protection. Ground
that has been occupied by garden crops
is best thoroughly dug in the fall and
manure added. Do not break the clods ;
simply turn them upside down on top of
the manure you have trenched in. This
exposes them to the frost, and to conse-
quent aeration during the winter. The
strength of the manure will have be-
come incorporated with the soil under-

neath. The following spring, such
soils will be found to work well, and
may be prepared for any desired crop
by levelling down and scattering on
broadcast slaked lime and powdered
sulphur for cutworms and grubs.

Have a general clean up, burning
everything that will burn before the
snow flies. If you have time, it would
be just as well to have all materials
necessary for making the hot-bed ready
to make an early start in the spring.
Cut and bum the tops of asparagus.
Remake the rhubarb bed if two or three
years old. It will pay to do so.

What Bulbs to Grow

1?. G. Henders in, Montreal, Que.

Crocuses are essential if the garden
is to be enjoyed to the full in the
spring. They can, moreover, be used
either in beds in borders, in grass, or
in pots for the house. Crocuses in
pots should be planted close together,
and the pots plunged outside until
growth begins. Twelve cents will pur-
chase sufficient for two pots. Snow-
drops undoubtedly look best in clumps
under trees and in grass. Snowdrops,
crocuses and narcissi show to much
greater advantage where the ground is
slightly imdulatijig, and those who are
fortunate enough to possess a semi-
wild spot, opportunities offer them-
selves for producing delightful effects.

Nor must we overlook other kinds of
bulbs merely because they do not hap-

pen to be quite so well known. For
those who have a glass house or winter
garden I would recommend a few bulbs
of the Freesias. They are not costly,
running to about five cents each. The
flowers grow on stems about eighteen
inches high and are about two inches
long with a strong perfume. They are
pure Avhite, with some yellow in the
centre.

The scillas are a large family, and
should be given a place in every wild
garden. An early kind is Scilla bifolia,
flowering about March. Another, per-
haps better known, is S. Sibiriea, of a
bright blue color, which does matuifi-
cently for pots. Scattered about
amongst .'-nowdrops they give a charm-
ing effect.

This .shows how flowers brighten the backyard of Mr. R, A. Fletcher, 144 Rowland Ave.,

Toronto, Ont.

244

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

iniiiii

Sanseveria Tealoriaca, four years old, grown
by H. Irwin, Westmount, Que.

Sanseveria Tealoriaca

H. Irwin, Westmount, Que.

The accompanying illustration of a
sanseveria tealoriaca was secured when
the plant was four years old. I obtain-
ed a small plant from Dreer and plant-
ed it in good potting soil. When moved
into the house in the fail it began to
wilt and got worse on getting more
water. The roots were found to be
rotting. I cut them oE short and re-
potted the plant in a mixture of one
part gravel, sifted to size of peas, two
parts sandy potting soil, and put the
plant in the greenhouse during the
winter. Since then I have kept it in
the garden during the summer in a
shady , sheltered spot, and in the par-
lour during the winter.

The flower seen in the illustration is
very sweet and gave eight or nine seeds,
from which six seedlings were raised in
the greenhouse. Its leaves are spread-
ing and have narrow, straight dark
green bars about an inch apart. Do
any readers of the Canadian Horticul-
turist know of seeds being raised in the
open, so far north? I now have two
plants in twelve inch tubs, each plant
four feet high.

Are There Barren Paeonies ?

By J. McPherson Ross, Toronto

Every tulip bulb that i.<; planted should
b€ crisp and firm to touch. None that
are soft or that show any signs of de-
cay or discoloration should be planted.
— H. T. Gussow, C.E.F., Ottawa, Onl.

IN my garden we had in cullivatiOTi
for seven or eight years at least
over a dozen paeony plants of the
Chinese type. They had grown into
great strong bushy plants. The soil
was clay, but kept heavily manured.
Every spring they made groat promise
of flowering, showing numerous buds,
and we were led to expect great masses
of bloom, but every year our hopes
were da.shed. The buds remained in a
stationary condition, and finally dried
up when the size of small marbles and
fell off. We attributed it to every
imaginable cause, as frost, too dry or
too wet weather, soil too poor, or the
reverse. We had abundant healthy
foliage^ — ^plenty of everything, except-
ing bloom.

One day, while reading a horticul-
tural publication, we came across an
article describing flowerless paeonies.
It stated that this variety, one way or
another, had got largely distributed
over the country, to the great annoy-
ance of everyone. To the annoyance
we could bear testimony, as it takes
years before you can identify or prove
its character for not flowering. The ar-
ticle also stated that every method of
cultivation had been tried in numeroais
cases, and every reason but the right
one had been given before condemning
it as entirely worthless. Obviously, the
only thing to do was to dig them out
and throw them away. This statement
so entirely agreed and described the
experience I had had with mj plants
tliait I immediately condemned my
plants, dug them up and threw them
away. In conversation with many peo-
ple afterwards, relating their experi-
ence with their paeonies, I advised
them to destroy the plants they had and
procure new plants from growers who
had real blooming plants, and there the
matter rested. Ample evidence kept
turning up all the time that there was
no doubt of the practical existence of
the flowerless paeonies, and the only
difficulty was to advertise the fact and
let growers know of it, and thus get it
rooted out.

A few weeks ago, when I was passing
a friend's garden, he hailed me Point-
ing to a group of paeonies, he asked,
"Do yon know anything about
paeonies?" I answered that I thought
I did. "Then," he said, "what is the
matter with them? They have not
flowered for years, if they have ever
flowered." "Oh," I said, "you have
that flowerless variety," and thereupon
I started to tell the experience I had
had with the variety, and advised him
to throw them out. "Hold on," he
said. "What you are saying I was go-

ing to do a year ago. I had got tired
growing these big cumbersome plants
year after year without results. I had
just decided to root them up when an
old English gardener told me what w;
Che matter with them. He said, 'Th-
have all got tap-rooted, and want dig-
ging up. Divide and have the long tap-
roots cut hard back; replant and you
will have flowers.' I did so, and the
past summer they bloomed quite freely.
I only dug up half of them, leavii--
those till this fall, when I propo.se doii
the same to them."

As my informant is a careful and en-
thusiastic gardener, I know his experi-
ence is to be relied on. I take pleasure
in relating it, as I think the information
is valuable to paeony growers. So, be-
fore condemning plants that appear
barren or flowerless, try cutting off the
taproots, as aforesaid, and watch
results.

October is a good time to transplant
paeonies. Take the trouble to prepare
the location well by trenching or sub-
soiling. See that it is well drained. Dig
in liberal quantities of well-rotted maii-
ure, or failing a supply of that at the
time, apply it liberally as a mulch when
the ground is frozen, forking it in in the
spring, and again mulch after the first
hoeing.

All varieties are desirable and thrive,
preferably in beds or borders by them-
selves, with lots of sun and air.

Objections are made to the barren ap-
pearance of such plantations when
flowers are over. This is remedied by
planting tall-growing annuals, as nico-
tines or cosmos, interspersed through
the beds of paeonies. A few shrubs of
the hydrangea pan. will also lighten
up the bed with bloom in the fall.

It may be well to remind any who
hesitate to order bulbs on the ground
of expense, that it is really less extrava-
gant to purchase a dollar's worth of
bulbs than it is to lay out the same
amount every year on seeds. Bulbs
last for years, and go on multiplying.
It is, therefore, rather the reverse of
extravagance, but may be looked upon
as a profitable investment from a gar-
dener's point of view.

When the tomato vines have been
killed by frost, pick off all green to-
matoes and put those that are turning
red or are whitish in appearance, in &
dry, sunny place to ripen. Those that
are very green will not be first class
when ripened in this way, so they
should be prepared for use green.

October, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

245

Do Not Forwt the Lilies

OFTEN wonder why it is that we do
not see more of the lilies. Perhaps
it is because it is not known how -
S^asy it is to grow them, or because they
io not flower the same year the bulbs
ire planted, or possibly because the
bulbs are supposed to be too expensive.
Ls a matter of fact, they require no
lore care than other bulbs and many
)f them are quite hardy. It is true the
julbs do not bloom the first year, but
then few bulbs bloom the year they are
^planted — planted early in the fall, how-
ever, some of the lilies can be brought
into bloom by November, whilst other
kinds will bloom the following summer.
Once planted they do not need to be
disturbed, so that although the initial
expense may seem a heavy one, it must
be remembered it has not to be incurred
every year. Although the bulbs cost
from ten to twenty cents apiece, the
great beauty, elegance, and fragrance
of the blooms a great deal more than
repays us for the outlay.

Every garden should have one or
two groups of lilies. I have had oppor-
tunities that few, perhaps, have had, of
seeing all the best known lilies grown
to great perfection. To see them once
is to long for them ever after. 1 would
strongly advise all readers of The Can-
adian Horticulturist who possess nice
flower gardens to make a beginning
this fall and not to be shy about doing
so on account of an outlay of a dollar
or so.

Regarding which kinds to gro\\-, each
has its own charm, and once one has
lived among them, as the wriler has,
one wants them all. For a beginning,
however, the safest way, perhaps, is to
get a fcAV of the hardiest kinds. I will
name a few of these as they occur to
me, and give a few hints on how they
were grown where I .saw them. One
of the hardiest of all the lilies is
lilium speciosum, albeit in appearance
so fragile. In addition to being a good
doer in the border, it does equally well
as a pot plant. There is a pure white
variety. Ask for lilium speciosum al-
bum— the bulbs of which are about
twenty cents each — not a prodigious
outlav. The purchase of five bulbs will
enal)lo one to put, say, three in the
srround and two in pots, tut a single
bnlb in a six-inch pot, or three in an
eight-inch pot, providing an inch or
two of drainage covered with a layer
of fibry compost and two inches of soil.
Place the bulbs on this and add enough
sand to surround them nearly Io their
apex. When the growth is six inches
hieh, fill up the vacant space in the pots
with compost for the stem roots to feed
on. The.se lilies, like auratum, produce

B. C. Tillet, Hamilton, Ont.

two kinds of roots, those fit the bottom
of the bulb and those at the top called
stem roots. The pots can be put either
in the glasshouse or in a window where
there is plenty of light and air. Read
carefully the hints given at the end of
these notes on cultivation and you will
be pretty sure to succeed, if you follow
them.

Another of the hardy lilies is candi-
dnm. Be sure and get one or two bulbs
of this lily — sometimes called the ma-
donna lily; it has large pure white
blooms and is a great addition to a bor-
der, so much so that one might almost
say that no border seems complete with-
out it. These bulbs are usually ready
for mailing about Octoher 1st. The
bul'bs should be planted one to a six-
inch pot or three to an eight-inch pot.
This is not one of stem rooting species,
so the pot may be half-filled with com-
post and the bulb placed thereon and
filled up to within half an inch of the
rim. Use two parts loam, one of leaf
mould, and a little sand. The pots are
best kept in a cold frame nnlil the
growth begins and then put in a tem-
perature of a(bout 55 deg. Planted
early in the fall, the leaves will soon
apx)ear and the stems often bear as
many as twenty blooms. It cannot be
forced a second season.

One of the most pop\ilar lilies for the
glass-house and window is lilium longi-
fiorum. It is one of the snow-white

lilies, its distinguishing feature being
the long trumpet-like flowers eight
inches in length. It floAvers out of
doors in June and July and has the
advantage of being equally well suited
for either pot culture or the border.
Bulbs of this species are often "retard-
ed" by placing the bulbs in refriger-
ating chambei's ; thence it is possible by
potting at intervals of eight weeks to
have them in flower all the .year round.
No hard forcing is required, a temper-
ature of 40 to 50 degrees being suffici-
ent to bring these lilies into flower
eight weeks after potting.

Bulbs of longiflorum, if not retarded,
should be potted early in the fall and
placed in the cold frame until the
growth begins. When the shoots are
three inches high, place them in the
glasshouse. Bul'bs which have been re-
tai'ded may be planted at any time, and
should be placed in the glasshouse at
once.

Cultivation.

The great secret with lily bulbs is
drainage. If this is properly secured
the rest is easy. Lilies like a rich soil.
To make a poor soil right for lilies, get
a little well-rotted stable manure, the
older the better. Throw into this some
good bone dust, and mix the manure
with good loam and leaf mould. All
these are easily procurable, and for a
few pots a wheelbarrowful should be
ample. The leaf mould from oaks is

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The Ions

Irumpet-like flowers of Liillum L.onKifoliiim .make gUid ilio heart of the gardener
during June and July.

21«

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Madonna lilies and -sweet william, as grown in

the perennial border of Mrs. Laura Rose

Stephen, Huntingdon, Que.

the best. Avoid that which is very rot-
ten and soil-like. Choose that wliich is
light and flaky. The best loam is the
upper three inches of turf from an old
pasture.

In preparing the compost tear the
loam into small pieces with the hands.
Bub the j€af mould and manure
through the sieve. Spread it out on
the ground and sprinkle with boiling
water to kill grubs and other pests.

Having secured some suitable pots,
place one large piece of broken crock-
ery over the drainage hole, then three
or four slightly smaller ones, then a
layer of small ones on top. Cover the
crocks with rough soil siftings or moss.
This prevents the soil washing down
into the drainage amid stopping the exit.
Particular attention must be given to
this part of the operation. I have re-
ferred to the fact that speciosum is one
of the lilies producing two sets of roots.
In potting bulbs of this lily, therefore,
the pot must be only half filled with
the compost, only so much compost
(about two inches), therefore, must be
placed over the crocks as will half fill
the pot. Having so filled the pot that
the top of the bulb will be five inches
from the surface, place a handful of
samd about the centre over the com-
post and plant the lily on the sand.
Place a little more sand around the
sides of the bulb, adding enough com-
post to surround the bulb nearly to
the apex. The bulbs of speciosum must
not be covered more than this until the
growth is six inches high. When the
lily has attained that height, fill up the
pot with compost for the stem-roots to
feed upon.

When planting candidum remember
tha-t it is an exception to the rule as
regards depth of planting. The bulb
must not be planted deejjer than three
inches. Hints on planting tiiis bulb
have already been given and need not
be repeated. *

in planting bulbs in a border, dig a
hole large enough to contain a shovel-
ful of sand or gravel at the bottom and
place over this several inches of com-
post of the kind mentioned. Surround
the bulbs in the same way with sand.
If planting a single bulb, a large
enough hole can be made with a trowel.
On no account omit the sand, as this
affords the bulbs proper drainage.
Newly planted bulbs require a little
water giveji once a week.

October is the best month for plant-
ing most of the lilies, but candidum
should be planted in September. Lilies
like partial shade.

Once planted the bulbs need not be
disturbed and each year will become
more valuable through the increaaing
spikes. The stf>ck, too, will increase
by saving the small bulbs or "offsets"
which form alongside the parent buli)
every year. The.se can be planted out
in the flower border.

When the first frosts appear, cover
the ground all about the spot where
the bulbs are to the depth of a foot
with a mulching of dead leaves. A lit-
tle soil sprinkled over these, or a piece
of wire netting, will keep them in posi-
tion. In spring these can gradually be
removed. When all have been remov-
ed a little old manure may be dug in,
taking care not to injure the bulb.

When the plant has finished flo^v€r-
ing, and the stems have commenced to
Avither, cut them off a few inches above
the gro\uid.

Hints on Transplanting

E. P. Smart, Brockville, Ont.

AFTER these forty years of labor
among plants and flowers, it
would be a remarkable thing if
I had not made some discoveries as to
methods of planting and transplanting.
I do not say, original discoveries, as- no
doubt other gardeners, from Adam
down, have made similar discoveries.

The most unorthodox things (accord-
ing to the books on gardening) have
been done in my garden with the most
extraordinarily successful results, but
the one x^oint I would impress on all
amateur gardeners and experimenters
in gardening processes, is the impera-
tive need of carefulness in planting and
transplanting. The finest roots or
bulbs carelessly or hurriedly planted
will never give the best results. With
care and "some knowledge of the re-
quirements and nature of roots, one
can transplant successfully at any time
during the growing season. Even rose
bushes carefully lifted and transplant-
ed after flowering, may be made to
thrive in an astonishing way — but only
as the result of care. In the case of
roses this is seldom advisable or neces-
sary, but I mention it as an example of
what can be done and what has been
done when the need arose.

My invariable method of transplant-
ing Aots, whether of annuals or per-
ennials, is, first of all, to have the
ground well dug and mellow. I then
make in the soft earth a hole deep
enough to allow the tips of the roots
to be placed in their natural position.
This is next partly filled with earth and
watered liberally, even lavishly. When
the water is quite absorbed I fill up
with earth above the level of the
ground and press the earth firmly

down around the stem of the plant
with the trowel or hand. This latter i.s
of great importance. In the case of
larger roots tramping with the foot is
the best method. This makes the plant
firm and upright and prevents the air
penetrating the earth and drying up
the tender roots before they have got
established. No watering on the sur-
face is needed for a week or more —
perhaps never.

Paeonies have been transplanted in
this way from one part of my garden
to another, and have flowered pro-
fusely the following spring, much to
my surprise, as they are among that
class of plants which deeply resent be-
ing disturbed. As to bulbs, lilies and
other kinds, a long experience has
shown that after the period of bloom is
over and while the plant is in a de-
cadent state, and later on in its dor-
mant condition, nothing must be al-
lowed to grow over the ground or even
to shade it from the sunlight, else the
bulbs deteriorate and the blossoms of
the next year will be inferior, both in
size and number, and if such condi-
tions continue, the bulbs eventually die.
This is often the reason why amateur
gardeners fail with lilies of various
kinds; also, Avith the handsome Crown
Imperials which bloom in the early
spring and are so liable to be over-
grown later on. While speaking of
bulbs, emphasis must be laid on the
importance of deeper planting than
usually prevails. Bulbs have a ten-
dency to come towards the surface of
the ground, consequently deep planting
is necessary.

The autumn season is par excellence
the time of all others for the trans- .

i

October, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

247

planting of perennials and the smaller
shrubs and vines, but the mistake of
delaying the work of transplanting
till so late in the season that growth,
even underground, has practically-
ceased, is the cause of a good deal of
trouble and disappointment. As early
as possible in September is the best
time to plant, as growth is still going
on with great vigor both above arid
below ground.

While spring planting of roses is
certainly most favored, I have found
that bushes transplanted in late August
or early September do excellently the
following year ; but in doing this, as in
all else connected with the work of
planting, I would reiterate and em-
phasize what I have said before : Care-
fulness, great carefulness in planting is
the road to successful gardening.

Simple Facts About the Growing of Bulbs

By Dr. H. M. Speechly, Pilot Mound, Man.

I

THERE are two ways of growing
bulbs : you may either grow them
out in the open garden, or cul-
tivate them in your own homes through
the winter months. As greenhouses are
few and far betw'een, I do not in'opose
to consider greenhouse methods. My
object now is to be useful to oidinary
householders, whether in or out of the
city. Only a few bulbs are suitable for
the open garden in Manitoba, compared
with those grown in Great Britain and
Europe. Fortunately, these few are not
well adapted for indoor use. Hardy
])urbs do not take kindly to onr dry,
dust-laden furnace or stove-heated in-
door conditions. Please be quite clear
on what we mean by bulbs. I shall not
talk about iris roots, which are rhizomes
as a rule, sometimes tubers ; nor of
dahlias, which aretubers; nor of gladi-
olus, which is a corni. A bulb is an in-
fant plant wrapped around with swad-
dling scales of greater or less tliickne.ss,
such as an onion, a hyacinth, a narcis-
sfus, or a lily.

Planting Conditions.
A little judicious mixing of e;"od sand
with the heavy loams makes an admir-
able bulb bed. Bulbs dislike \\vr things
in particular, a water-loggod -oil awl
contact with manure. A Aiil-worked
bed has its manure finel.\ divided and
properly mixed long before the bulbs
are planted, so tliat vhc latter danger
is avoided. Now, we want to know
when to plant bulbs in the open garden.
All hardv true bulbs should be planted
in the fall, if possible between Septem-
ber 15 and October 15— the earlier the
better. Unfortunately, dealers gel their
supplies from Europe so late that we do
not get our bulbs till October. This is a
pity, in view of the simple fact that the
longer a bulb stays out of the soil in the
fall, the less satisfactory is the flower.

The Different Bulbs.

Taking the individual bulbs in the
order of their blooming in the open gar-
den, first comes the hardy little squill,
showing its cheerful bine bells near
May 1st. Plant its purple bulb about

• Extract from an addre.ss delivered before
tbo women's section of the Manitoba Horticul-
tural and Forestry Association.

four inches deep, either in a prepared
bed or in j^our lawn beneath the sod.
The titlip is onr best hardy spring bulb,
because it supplies brilliant beauty at a
mnch-needed time of the year. 1 share
at ilast some of the poet's enthusiasm,
who declares :

"Not one of Flora's brilliant race

A form more perfect can display ;
Art could not feign more simple
grace,

Nor Nature take a line away."
I like to treat my tulips like perennials,
and therefore put them down for about
three yca^rs without disturbance. Some
of my tulips have bloomed well in the
same spot for seven or eight years. A
well-selected planting of tulips will
serve you well so long as you are not too
exacting, because, of course, the earliest
Due Van ThoUs tend to offset their
bulbs very rapidly, and so go off flower-
ing after the second season. Either your
friends or any good catalogue will tell
you how to select the early, middling
early, and L'lte bulbs in such a way that,
except in very dry seasons, you can
have them blooming for five or six
weeks through the latter half of May
and the mouth of June.

Tulips are planted as early in Oc-
'. liber as possible in two ways, either
formally in complete beds suitable

really only for parks and public places,
or informally in clumps in front of or
amongst the front ranks of a perennial
horder. The latter is the more attrac-
tive, especially for private gardens, be-
cause aijiid the rising green foliage of
other plants the tulip loses whatever
may be glaring in its brilliant colors.
When you are ready for planting, rake
off the soil to the depth of six inches.
If you are particular, put an inch of
sand on this bottom, but it is not neces-
sary. Press your bulbs firmly on to this
bottom, pointed end upwards, about
four inches apart; then cast back the
top soil carefully over the bulbs. They
thus are ready to lie buried and frozen
tight all the winter through. Of course
they begin to root before the frost
reaches them. To protect them from
the iaifluence of hot April suns and
severe night frosts, you can scatter
over the soil four inches of horse man-
ure, which, according to the season,
may be removed at the latter end of
April or in the first week of May.

The Gk)i-y of the Snow shows its
beautiful blue and white petals quite
late in May, and should be planted in
the fall like the Mue squill, either in a
bed or in sod, each bulb being four
inches below the surface and about two
inches apart. Squills and Glory of the
Snow should be scattered thickly in the
forefront of a bed, being only four or
five inches in height. Lilies should be
planted further back, because of their
superior height.

Every good gardener thinks a year
or so ahead, and amongst other things
has ready for fall use a heap of clean
sand, a heap of well-rotted sods, and a
heap of charcoal. The charcoal can
easily be got from the burning of rub-
bish heaps. Thus, when fall planting
in the garden or potting bulbs in the
I'm 11, 0 very thing is ready f»r these pur-
poses.

'•:=y^>V^

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0

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.-^J'f.V.,'

^

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^^^"^^!^T^^^^^^^

H^B^i

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Hi

Be^""

ft

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Thl.-i lllll-ll M;,>n .:!;

no ob.stinu-tion to

.\v.- tlio iistilts 1)1 Juiliriims iilantinK at a boulevard corner, there being
sight, and therefore little danger of collision. (Photo by H. J. Moore.)

248

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

The Canadian Horticulturist

COMBINED WITH

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST
AND BEEKEEPER

with which has been Incorporated

The Canadian Bee Journal.

Published by The Horticultural

Publishing Company, Limited,

PETERBORO, ONTARIO

rMJAHAIIALMMllAllAllAIMUIMninirmr

EDITORIAL

i

H. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director.

The Only Magazines In Their Field In the
Dominion
Official Organs of the Ontario and
Quebec Fruit Growera' Associations
and of the Ontario, Manitoba and
New Brunswick Beekeepers' Associ-
ations.

representatives

Ij'nited states

stockwell'.s special aoenct.

CMcago Office — People's Gas Hullding.
N«w York Office — Tribune Building.

GREAT BRITAIN
W. /^. Mountstephen, 16 Ragant St., London, •.W.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist Is published In
three editions on the 2Dth day of the month
preceding date of Issue. The first edition Is
known as the fruit edition, and Is devoted
ctiiKtly to the commercial fruit Interesta. The
second edition Is known as the floral edition,
and Is devoted chiefly to the interests of ama-
teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers, 'l^he
third edition Is known as The Canadian Horti-
culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several
pages of matter appearing in the first and
second Issues are replaced by an equal number
of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping
Interests of Canada.

2. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti-
culturist In Canada and Great Britain, tl.OO a
year; three years for $2.00, and of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper. $1.00 a year.
For United States and local subscriptions In
Peterboro (not called for at the Post Office; .
25 cents extra a year. Including postage.

S. Remittances should be made by Post Offlce
or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter.

4. Change of Address — When a change of ad-
dress Is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dresses must be given.

8. Advertising rates, $1.40 an inch. Copy re-
ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising
correspondence and copy to our Advertising
Manager, Peterboro, Ont.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT

The following Is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with Deceonber 191B. The
figures given are exclusive of samples and
■polled copies. Most months. Including the
^'ample copies, from 11,000 to 13,000 copies of
Tise Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo-
ple known to be Interested In the growing of
fruits, flowers or vegetables.

January, 1915* . . ,11,168 August, 1916 10.294

February, 1916 . .10,943 September, 1916 .10,067

March, 1916 10,864 October, 1916 ...10,017

April, 1916 10,917 November, 1916 . 9,704

May, 1916 10,927 December, 1915 . 9,263

June, 1916 10,329

July, 1915 10,448 Total 124,920

Average each Issue In 1907 6,627

Average each Issue In 1915 , 10,410

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon
application.

OUR GUARANTEE

We guarantee that every advertiser in this
Issue Is reliable. We are able to do this because
the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti-
culturist are as carefully edited as the reading
columns, and because to protect our readers we
turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should
any advertiser herein deal dishonestly with any
subscriber, we will make good the amount of
his loss, provided such transaction occurs within
one month from date of this issue, that It is
reported to us within a week of its occurrence,
and that we find the facts to be as stated. It
Is a condition of this contract that in writing to
advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise-
ment In The Canadian Horticulturist."

Rogues shall not apply their trade at the ex-
pense of our subscribers, who are our friends,
through the medium of these columns; but we
■hall not attempt to adjust triflinx disputes be-
tween subscribers and honorable buslnesa men
who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest
bankrupts.

Communications ihould be addressed

THII CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST,

PKTBRBORO, ONT.

Hlon the principles of cooperatJon, which in-
volve as far as possible, direct sale from the
producer to the consumer, it is to be hoped
that it will prove a success.

A Venture in Co-operation

The announcement made eLsewhere in thi.s
issue regarding the arrangement entered in-
to between the Cooperativb Fruit Growers'
of Ontario, Ltd., and the Grain Growers'
Grain Co., of Winnipeg, for the purchase by
the latter of the Ontario Company's full pack
of apples this year, has many features ot un-
usual interest. The results of the experi-
ment will be followed closely by all connect-
ed with the fruit trade in Canada.

A distinct measure of success has attend-
ed the efforts of numerous groups of local
fruit growers in Ontario to cooperate in
marketing their crops. For some ten years
now a number of these local associations
have extended this iiae of work by further
cooperating through a central organization,
known as the Cooperative Fruit Growers'
of Ontario, Ltd., in the sale of their joint
output. At this point, hitherto, cooperation
in Ontario, and we might add in the west,
has reached its limit, as for years the situa-
tion in the prairie markets each fall has
been most discouraging to those interested
in the promotion of cooperative methods.
Representatives of cooperative associations,
not only in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Brit-
ish Columbia, but also of numerous small
associations in Ontario, often have competed
unscrupulously with one another and the
dealers for the western trade. Thus prices
have been cut to a degree that has reacted
injuriously on the trade.

In the general scramble to make sales that
has characterized the situation each fall
hitherto certain local associations have
shown a tendency to refrain from quoting
prices until the large central association had
established its price. They would then en-
deavor to gain trade by cutting under it. In
the same way local organizations of grain
growers in the west, knowing that this condi-
tion would exist, have shown a tendency to
refrain from pooling their orders, so that
they might ibuy separately from the small
local fruit growers' associations, who they
felt sure would be willing to cut prices.

The Grain Growers' Grain Co. is the larg-
est cooperative organization of farmers in
the west. The Central Fruit Growers' or-
■ ganization in Ontario has been the leading
fruit organization in this province. The
conditions described have made it difficult
for both organizations to negotiate to the
best advantage. By the new arrangement
new conditions will prevail. It will be neces-
sary for them to set a definite price early in
the season. The Ontario organization has
found an outlet for all of its fruit. The west-
ern company knows that it will have to pay
only a fair price for that fruit. Thus the ar-
rangement should work out to the advant-
age of both.

If the fruit shipped by the Ontario fruit
growers is up to grade, it would seem as
though this arrangement has an excellent
prospect of being renewed year by year. As
the Ontario fruit growers arc keenly alive to
the importance of sending nothing but pro-
perly graded fruit to the west and have suc-
ceeded in making arrangements with Dom-
inion Fruit Commissioner D. Johnson to
have their fruit given extra attention by the
Dominion fruit inspectors, it would seem as
though this point has been well safeguard-
ed. The effect on the western trade of the
new arrangement will be considerable. As
the effort has carried to its logical conclu-

Forming New Societies

The fall is the be^t time to organize a
horticultural society. The Hgrticultural So-
cieties' Act for Ontario requires that the
first meeting for organization purposes
shall be held between the eighth and four-
teenth of January. If not formed at that
time it is imiwssible to form a society for
another year. The reason for this is that
the grants to horticultural societies are ar-
ranged during the first part of the year
Societies which fail to make their reports In
time to be included in the annual grant must
of necessity wait for another year.

The Act provider that a horticultural so-
ciety may be organized in any city, town or
incorporated village or a police village, hav-
ing a population of not lesa than five hun-
dred. The method of organizaUon is simple.
By writing to Mr. J. Lockie Wilson, superin-
tendent of horticultural societies for On-
tario, Parliament Buildings, Toronto, copies
of the Act and the necessary application
forms may be obtained free of cost. Those
desiring to form a society are required to
secure a list of people willing to pay in
$1.00 each as membership fee. This list
must be sent to the government. At the
specified time in January a meeting for or-
ganization purposes must be held. After
organization,' a report of .the proceedings
with the necessary forms has to be sent to
the government.

The grant to horticultural societies is dis-
tributed, one-third in proportion to the total
number of members of each society and
two-thirds in proportion to the total amount
expended for horticultural purposes during
the preceding year. New societies the first
year receive a grant at the rate of one dol-
lar for each paid up member on the first
day of July. It is specified that the first
grant shall not exceed seventy-five dollars.
By discussing this matter during the next
few weeks in their local- papers and other-
wise a number of towns and villages in On-
tario now without horticultural societies
would find it easy to organize one. Much
benefit would result to the municipalities as
well as to all who might join the societies.

Western Farmers Retaliate

Leaders in the fanners' movement in the
prairie provinces state that the action of
the fruit growers of British Columbia, in
pressing for the increase of forty cents i
barrel in the tariff on apples that was grant-
ed at the last session of Parliament, influ-
enced them materially in their negotiations,
recently completed, for the purchase of their
supplies of apples this year from the fruit
growers of Ontario. Owing to the over-
planting of fruit in the Pacific coast states
and the conditions brought about thereby, j*
British Columbia fruit growers have felt the ~
need for such an increase more than East-
ern growers, who were situated nearer to
the large consuming centres. They there-
fore took a prominent part in urging the
Government to grant It. The Grain Growers
resented this action on the part of the west-
ern fniit growers, because they realized
that any increase in the tariff was likely to
make their fruit cost them more. They con-
tended that the lot of the homesteader on
the prairies was equally as hard as that of
the fruit grower in the mountains. At a
conference of those Interested in the fruit
trade, held in Calgary abotit a year ago, Mr.

• October, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

24d

J. B. Musselman, Secretary of the Saskatche-
• wan Grain Growers' Association, voiced the
objections of the grain growers to any in-
i-ease in the tariff, and succeeded in con-
siderably influencing the discussions at the
I conference.

f When it became known that the fruit
rowers had succeeded in obtaining an in-
lease in the tariff on apples, the resent-
ment of the grain growers was expressed
in the form of a resolution passed at a meet-
ing of the Canadian Council of Agriculture,
ir, held in Winnipeg. This resolution declared
hat the increase in the duty from forty to
iuety cents a barrel was "an unrighteous
I tempt to exploit the prairie farm for the
.nefit of British Columbia fruit-land specu-
iiors, fruit growers and middlemen," and
d vised the farmers of Alberta, Saskatche-
Aiin and Manitoba that if they were to bo
taxed in this manner they should pay these
faxes ii\to the federal treasury by purchas-
ing imported apples, rather than the same
duty, together with profit thereon, to British
Columbia speculators, fruit growers and mid-
dlemen.

While the resentment of the prairie farm-
ers is likely to pass away as they become ac-
customed to the new conditions, it has had
an effect in leading them to purchase this
year's supply at least in Ontario. If the
Ontario growers supply a satisfactory pack
of apples, and the arrangement entered into
with the grain growers works out to the ad-
vantage of both organizations, the effect
may prove more lasting than It otherwise
would. Not often is the effect of the tariff
in helping one class of the community— as
it should help the British Columbia growers
this year— at the expense of another so
clearly apparent as it is in this case, nor are
the consumers in a position to show their
resentment as the grain growers have done.
The close proximity of British Columbia to
Alberta gives the British Columbia growers
an advantage in that field which even the
resentment of the grain growers is not likely
-to offset. The situation is an interesting
one that will be remembered in the future
sbou'ld the tariff on fruit again become a
matter for public consideration.

The Home Beautiful

There Is nothing that adds more to the
enjoyment of the inmates than well-kept
grounds. If you have not a thickly-carpeted
bit of lawn, you are missing something out
of life. So get busy now and prepare for a
lawn next summer. The seeding may be
done either the last thing before winter or
early next spring, but at any rate prepara-
tion must be made this autumn. It you have
a lawn furnish it. Shrubs and flowers are
just as necessary to grounds as chairs and
tables are to a house.

Most of the be^st gardens had humble be-
ginnings. While most of us cannot keep a
park about our places, we can all afford some
improvement. As the plants grow, so will
our experience in tending them and our in-
terest in them. Rome was not built in a
day. Neither were the beautiful grounds
we sometimes see made beautiful in a year.
But we must make a start, and now is the
time for those who have not already done
so.

For the city man, gardening will furnish
just the outdoor exercise and the relaxation
from business worry that may be needed.
By taking up a little gardening in our spare
time our homes become an gsset to the city,
for beautjflcation will not be confined to our
grounds, but will spread to those of our
: neighbors. Work with flowers develops the
tflner side of one's nature and gives broader
Bympathies.

SOCIETY NOTES

Guelph

This society has been active during the
Pcvst season, with a membership about the
same as last year. Our main work has been
the holding of competitions in several warda
of the city, as well as a vegetable competi-
tion for the whole city. Last spring we distri-
buted shrubs, roses, flower plants, gladioli,
as well as seeds of flowers and vegetables.
Our fall distribution of roots and bulbs will
shortly be made.

The society regrets the loss of their Secre-
tary, Mr. J. E. Brittain, of the OrA.C. Mr.
Brittain has secured a good position under
the Provincial Government of British Colum-
bia. During his two years with us, Mr.
Brittain has fulfilled his duties as secretary
in a very efficient manner, gaining the good-
will of all with whom he came in contact.
The good wishes of the Guelph Horticultural
Society and of citizens of Guelph in general
go with him. A meeting will be held shortly
for the election of a new secretary.

draw the proposed autumn meeting. This*
was to have been held at "Lakehurst Villa,"
Port Nelson, the lovely home of Mr. W. D.
Flatt. This event will be one of the pleasant
features for next year.

All the other lines of work undertaken are
succeeding as well as conditions prevailing
permit'. The Boy Scout garden competition
was cancelled in order that the boys might
go out as fruit pickers, and thus secure fruit
for the soldiers. The Boy Scout garden
work will be undertaken next year as
planned, instead of this. The boys will gain
their gardeners' badges in this way. — Secy.

Hamilton

Our membership is steadily increasing,
though not with tlie rapidity that other than
war year would show. Besides a visit in
May to Dr. Clark's splendid tulip garden at
Grimsby, Ont., and the weekly visit through-
out June to the Alexander garden — a place
well known to more than the flower lovers of
this city — this season found a number of
owners of ordinary city-lot gardens open for
visiting. The results of these arranged visits
are far-reaching. In every case there was
something to be learned, as each owner
showed marked individuality, and revealed
to the visitors what can be accomplished in
the limited space available. Some fourteen
or fifteen gardens were tl^jis visited. An-
nouncements were made in the local papers
as to the evening on which the visits were
to be made. From messages received from
members, this plan was greatly appreciated,
and will be developed to a greater extent
next year.

Owing to the weather conditions which
existed this summer, it was decided to with-

St. Catharines Exhibition

AFTER a lapse of three years the St.
Catharines Horticultural Society re-
sumed this year its annual horticult-
ural exhibition in September. The dates
were September 12-13. It proved very suc-
cessful and, as usual, was held in the
Armory. It was largely attended and the
quality and appearance of both the flowers
and fruits displayed were first class. The
exhibit of fruit was much superior to that
shown in Toronto.-

The display of asters, roses and gladioli
was very good. The decorated dining tables
were also an attractive feature. Queen
Victoria Park, Nia.gara Falls, had a beauti-
ful display of potted plants, palms, ferns
and other plants. Hybrid tea roses were
another special feature. The flowers were
auctioned off and the proceeds given to the
Red Cross Society.

Mr. Wm. Hunt, of" Guelph, has acted as
judge this season at various horticultural
shows. He visited Owen Sound, Fergus, El-
mira and other places. The dry season has
had a detrimental effect on all horticultural
exhibits. Dahlias, asters and sweet peas
have felt the effects of the extreme hot wea-
ther. At many shows there were very few
sweet peas, and dahlias were generally con-
spicuous by their absence. Collections also
of hardy perennials as a rule were very
meagre. Otherwise the societies evinced
more than the usual interest in their differ-
ent lines of work.

I am greatly pleased with The Canadian
Horticulturist., I get a lot of information
from it in regard to orchard work, as I am a
fruit grower, and appreciate it very much.—
J. M. Kelly, Armitage, Ont.

A flower bed planted at a Mreet comer by the Windsor Horticultural Society,

work has been conducted with much success by a tvumber of Ontario soclertJes.

This line of

250

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EJdltioD.

A Forward Step in Co-operative Marketing

AjUICULTURAL cooperation passed
another milestone in its progress
wiien arrangements were made this
season by which the apples of the Ontario
fruit growers affiliated with the Cooperative
Fruit Growers of Ontario, Limited, were
sold directly to the consumers in the prairie
provinces. This has been made iiossible by
an agreement between the Cooperative
Fruit Growers of Ontario, Limited, repre
senting the growers, and the Grain Growers'
Grain Co., who represent their farmer
patrons, the consumers. The details of the
arrangement entered into between these two
imix)rtant organizations were explained to
The Canadian Horticulturist recently by Mr.
Elmer Lick, of Oshawa, the President of
the Ontario Association.

"At first sight," said Mr. Lick, "it seemed
an impossible task to bring these two asso-
ciations together. On one hand was the
Fruit Growers' Association, whose aim was
to market the fruit of its members at fhe
highest possible price. On the other hand
• was the Grain Growers' Grain Co., which
aimed to buy fruit for its patrons at the
minimum price. Thus, to begin with, tlie
aims of these associations were radically
opposite. The keystone which finally bound
them together was arbitration.

Years of Work Rewarded.

"The bringing of these associations to-
gether represents several years' work. The
basis arrived at is this: The middleman has
received on an average one dollar a barrel
for handling the fruit. The ideal working
of the new plan will give fifteen cents com-
mission to each of the associations, and the
remaining seventy cents a barrel will be
divided, giving the grower thirty five cents
extra profit per barrel for his fruit, and sell-
ing this fruit to the consumer at thirty-five
cents a barrel less than he would otherwise
pay. Of course there will be the problem of
fixing prices, but this will be worked out by
an arbitration board, which will take into
consideration the cost of production, etc., in
setting prices.

"It looks now," said Mr. Lick, "as if all
the apples we can get will be needed for
the prairie provinces under this plan. We
are not using the economy crate at all. The
Grain Growers want all fruit packed in
barrels.

Special No. 3. '

"A noteworthy feature is the formation of
a No. 3 special grade, to be known as Con-
sumers' Brand. This grade will contain
large, well-colored fruit, albeit scabbed,, and
will provide a market for good fruit which
would otherwise be unavailable."

Terms of the Agreement. .

The terms of the agreement between the
two organizations, as set forth in a letter
from the Grain Growers' Grain Co. to the
Cooperative Fruit Growers of Ontario,
Limited, and confirmed by them, as as fol-
lows:

"The apples which you are to ship us will
be classed as follows:

"Class A:- Spies, Kings, Snows and Mc-
intosh Reds.

"Class B: Baldwins, Golden Russets,
Greenings, Wagners, Blenheim Pippins,
Spitz, Baxter,^ Starks, Ontario, Seeks, Cana-
da Reds, No. 'l Talman Sweets, Roxburg.

"Class C: Bellefleoir, Pewaukee, Mann,
Rlb.ston, Phoenix, Fellawater, Hubbardston,
and kindred varieties of good winter apples.

"The approximate percentages of the vari-
ous classes and grades to be shipped are ac-

cording to the following table, and at the
price set forth:

25% 50% 25'/r

Grades. Class A. Class B. Class C.

» 10% No. 1 $5.00 $3.25 $2.75

No. 2 3.25 2.25 2.00

Spec. No. 3 3.25 2.2.'; 2.00

"The above prices are f.o.b., Clas." A rate.-i,
Ontario points.

"The No. 3 Special are to be a special
brand put up by your company for our trade,
and shall be as follows: Over 2^ inches in
diameter, free from worms, and of good
color for the variety, with defects that are
not' likely to cause material waste. To be
known as Consumers' Brand. Higher than
domestic grade.

"You are to Invoice us at these prices,
plus 15c per barrel, and we will undertake-
to remit to you each calendar week 75% of
the value of all invoices received within tho
week. The remaining 25% is to be held by
us until the business is finally cleaned up

and all adjustments made for loss in ship-
ment, poor quality, damage in transit, etc.
We will use our best offices to assist you in
handling claims against the railway com-
panies, and will endeavor to have the deal
finally closed out by the end of the present
year.

"■Vour company undertakes that these ap-
ples shall arrive at destination in good con-
dlUon.

"The prices set forth in the foregoing
table are tentative, and made as a basis f
knowing approximately the prices which v.
will have to name to the consumer. The
final price will be fixed about October 1st,
and must not exceed 25c per barrel over or
under prices before nameid, in the absence
of exceptional circumstances.

"Details in regard to shipment to flag
stations, in order to hold the railways r"
sponsible, will be worked out on a ba,'-
mutually satisfactory. •

"Should differences of opinion arise in re-
gard to final prices, claims, etc., a com-
mittee will be appointed as outlined In draff
of memorandum of proposed agieement sub-
mitted to us by your company,"

The Fruit Display at the Canadian National Exhibition

a.

T

HE fruit exhibit at the Canadian Nation-
al Sept. 5-9, was most attractive to vis-
itors owing to the better arrangement
of the exhibits, and to the artistic effects
attained in the four large miscellaneous dis-
plays of fruit. The prize for fruit displays
was a new feature, and can hardly be too
highly commended. It gave to the visitors
some idea of the variety of the fruits which
are being successfully grown in Ontario.
The displays of fruit each covered an area
of 124 square feet.

It was not an easy matter to arrange
them in the attractive manner in which they
were exhibited this year. The exhibits were
"•nil worthy of ^the prizes, which were award-
ed as follows:* 1st, Dalhousle Farm, Port
Dalhousie; 2nd, W. G. Farminger, St. Cath-
arines; 3rd, Wm. Armstrong, Nlagara-on-the
Lake; 4th, W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines.
The quantity of fruit shown this year in
the general exhibits was not so large as a
year ago, owing to the peculiar season,
which seems to have delayed the entire
fruit crop from ten days to two weeks. Thus
some of the fruit was rather immature for
exhibition purposes.

Fortunately the prolonged dry season did
not have a baneful effect on all fruits.
While apples and grapes had been retarded
in their growth, and had not the quality of
fruit grown last year, the quality of plums,
peaches and pears was unusually high.

The commercial packages of fruit were
judged by Messrs. P. J. Carey, Dominion
Fruit Inspector, Toronto, and 'W. G. Smith.
Burlington. Prof. .1. W. Crow. O.A.C..
Guplph. .iudged the .Tinglp plates of apples
and pears. Mr. C. . Secord v.-as iudse of the
"onches; and Messrs. E, F. Palmer and L.
R. Jones, of "Vineland Horticultural Station,
were in charge of grapes, plums and collec-
tions of fruit.

Prominent among the exhibitors in apples
were W. E. Weese, of Carrying Place. Ont.:
T»obt. Cameron, W. H. Bunting and W. .T.
Farminger, of St. Catharines, Ont., and C.
V Marshall, of Hamilton, Ont.

Plums and peaches were much better
this year than usual in quality, but, owing
to the fact that many of the late, varieties .

•Wliile thi.s is an approximatelv stn^ftM' c^;
there will 'be wide variation.-? this ye,Tr/ ' " ■''

were not yet mature, the quantity was not
as large as last j^ar. "A very nice lot,"
was the opinion of the judge. The chief
exhibitors in plums and peaches were;
Messrs. R. Cameron, W. J. Farminger and
W. H. Bunting. The crop of peaches thii
year varies from 30% to 60% of a full crop,
according to variety and district.

The best pears came from Prince Edward
County. They were exhibited by W. E.
Weese and Pemberton Peck, who stated
that their crops were good but light. They
naturally were elated over their winning
from growers more favorably situated cli-
matically.

There was a larsrer display of grapes than
last year, but the quality was not up to the
standard, as most grapes were immature.
Mr. Haynes, of Lincoln County, who was
.successful in carrying off the lion's share
of the honors, stated that only once in
twenty years had his grapes been so green
at that time of the year.

In the Government Building there were
two very attractive fruit exhibits provided.
The 0"tarin Fruit Branch exhibit provoked
much favorable comment on the arrange-
ment of their fruit. In the exhibits put up
bv this branch the aim was to make an at-
tractive mass display of the various fruits
grown throughout the province. The fruit
was obtained from the branch's demonstra-
tion orchards and the best individual grow-
ers in the Niagara district.

The Horticultural Experiment Station of
■Vine/land, Ont., had an exhibit of fruit in
bnxps. showing careful packing. The ex-
hibit put up by the station was more of an
educational character tlian the fruit branch
display. A mass display wasn't the object.
Instead it was to disseminate knowledge
concerning varieties of fruit, vegetables and
cultural methods. Hence manv of the stand-
ard, as well as new and promising varieties
which were ripe, were shown at Toronto.
All this fruit was grown on the station
grounds.

The varieties shown were: the St. John
peach, the America. Shiro and Bradshaw
plums, the Bartlett pear, and the Duchess
and.Alexander apples. An exhibit of grapes
on plates was also provided. A special
Jt<>ature was the display of strawberry and
peach jam and canned peaches.

October, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

251

CIDER APPLES WANTED

We are prepared to pay the highest casji
prices for cider apples in oar lots. B'^armers
who have not sufficient to make up a whole
car themselves can arrange with their neigh-
bors for joint shipment. Write us if you
have any to offer.

BELLEVILLE CIDER AND VINEGAR CO.,
Hamilton, .... Ontario.

WANTED

Horse Radish Roots

Cucumbers, Oniuns
Tomatoes.

GOOD PRICES PAID

The Wm. Davies Co., Ltd.

PICKLE DEPARTMENT

521 FrjntSt. E. - TORONTO

Profitable Cold Storage of
Strawberries

Mr. Wm. Dickie, of Burford, Ont., in pri-
vate experiments in the cold storage ot
strawberries, has met with success along
the lines suggested in Bulletin No. 47 of the
Dominion Dairy and Cold Storage Branch,
on cold storage of tender fruits. In a letter
to Mr. J. A. Ruddick, Dominion Cold Stor-
age Commissioner, giving the results of his
experiment, Mr. Dickie says:

"You will remember the weather was
very hot during the strawberrj season.
Berries left on the vines from Friday to
Monday would be spoiled. So I picked as
usual on each Saturday and took my entire
picking to Brantford Cold Storage on
Saturday evening, arriving there about 8
o'clock. Burford is nine miles from Brant-
ford. I put them in a room each time at
36 deg. F., and on Monday a.m. shipped
out to my customers in Gait and Stratford,
where they would arrive about 11 a.m. The
first shipment was picked on the firm side
and in Al pondition. The others were soft
and under ordinarj' conditions would not
have carried ftfty miles without the juice
running out of them.

"My customers reported that every ship-
ment arrived in splendid condition, in fact
they were by all odds the best of any re-
ceived during the season. They were firm
and fresh and stood up throughout the day.
It was also a profitable investment, as my
customers received satisfactory stock Mon-
day a.m., when no one else had any to offer;
consequently, I could ask an advance in
price and obtained it easily."

Sugar Feeds and Sweetens

in proportion to its purity

St. Lawrence

RED DIAMOND GRANULATED

is refined exclusivel^y from choice sugar-cane sugai-s and is absolutely
pure. Government tests prove it.

It is sold in fine, ineditim and coarse grain' in many handy sizes of
refinery-sealed packages to suit your taste and convenience. The 100-lb.
bag is the size which recommends itself specially to the careful house-
wife. Your dealer can supply it in the size you prefer.

PURITY.

PACKAGES.

"PRESERVING"

. " USE ONLY

ST. LAWRENCE

AT

BEST

DEALERS.

RED DIAMOND

SUGAR

ORIGINAL
GET
SWEETNESS

The Red Diamond is on every Package.
ST. LAWRENCE SUGAR REFINERIES, LIMITED, -

MONTREAL.

DOUGLAS GARDENS

OAKVILLE

ONTARIO

Paeonies aud Shasta Daisies

Belated orders for these may still be
given, which will be filled promptly.

PhR. PHLOX

Now is the best time for ordering and
planting the Phloxes.

H^XENIUM

Have beon grand this year

Try 4 "Superbum" and 3 "Striatum"

for $1.00

Postal Note with Order Please

Estate of JOHN CAVERS

A Most Disirable Oakvilie lavettment

Douglas Gardens
For Sale

AN exceptional opportunity to buy '
a most desirable property and a
going business — a higti class en-
terprise in floriculture which has
taken ten years to develop to its
present high state of production.

DOUGLAS GARDENS contain
twelve acres— perfect soil-^all well
tile drained— at present stocked with
enormous quantities of fine and rare
perennials, including over 5,000 Paeon-
ies, 4,000 shrubs, 2,000 small Norway
Pines, more than 75 varieties of Iris,
besides Phloxes, Delphiniums, hardy
Asters, Heleniums, Hemerocallis,
Hollyhocks, Dahlias, Gladioli, bedding
plants, etc.

DOUGLAS GARDENS enjoys a
large and exclusive trade continental
in its extent, and counts among its
customers many whose places have
been stocked from these noted Gar-
dens, and which are show places in
the centres in which they are situ-
ated.

DOUGLAS GARDENS are ideally
situated — in Halton County — adjoin
the G. T. R. and C. P. R. tracks on the
south side, and one mile east of the
Oakvilie R. R. Station — just one mile
from Lake Ontario.

On the property are an extensive
greenhouse and plant necessary to
such an enterprise — comfortable
man's house and good out buildings.

Principals only dealt with. For
fuller particulars or an appointment
to see this property, write

W. S. Davis

Oakvilie

Ontario

252

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Editlo

QUEENS OF QUALITY
The genuine "QUALITY" kind of dark
Italians. Unt., 75c each. J8.00 per doz. Cir-
cular rr#»e.

J. I. BANKS, DOWELLTOWN, TENN.

BEES FOR SALE

Italian Bees. lb.. J2.2B; 6 lbs.. JIO.BO; 1-L
Frame. »2.00; 2 Fr. Nuc, $3.00: All with
Queens. Italian Queens. 76c each; 6 for $4 00
Complete Catalogue Free. Listing BeKin-
ner's Outfit.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.

Box C, - . NEWARK, N.Y., US.A.

GLASS and TIN HONEY CONTAINERS

Cartons and Shipping Cases.
Root's Famous Bee Supplies, also Cana-
dian Made Books and Journals.

The Root Canadian House
54-56 WOLSELEY ST., TORONTO. ONT.

BEESWAX

We are in the market for a large quan-
tity of beeswax. If you have any to sell
please write us for quotation, mentioning
that you have. We pay prompt cash.

F. W. JONES

Beekeepers Supplies BEDFORD, QUE.

Queens of MOORE'S
STRAIN of Italians

PRODUCE WORKERS

That nil the super quick
With honey nice and tnlck.
They have won a world-wide reputation
for honey-guthering, hardiness, gentle-
ness, etc

Untested queens, Jl.OO; six, $5.00; 12
$9.00. Select untested, $1.26; six, $6.00;
12, $11.00. . ♦ .

Safe arrival and satisfaction guaran-
teed.

An aow filliic ori-n by r#tarn mail

J. P. M O O R E

Queen-breeder. Rou'te 1, MORGAN, KT.

'•'tBESTMADt

FOSTER'S

Standard

POT

VVe have a large
stock of all sizes

FLOWER POTS

FERN OR BULB PANS

} AZALEA POTS
"^™^^"^ and Rimless Pans

Orders Filled Promptly. Send for Price.

THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd.

HAMILTON, ONT.

green or ripe, in
jelly, spiced con-
serves, or simply
preserved in light
syrup, make a delicious
and inexpensive addition
to your winter supplies.

Lantic
Sugar

because of its purity and
FINE granulation, is
best for all preserving.

2 and 5-lb Cartons
10 and 20-Ib Bags

"The All-Purpose Sugar"

PRESERVING LABELS FREE
54 pimmeil and primed labels for
II red ball trade-mark. Send to

Atlantic Sugar Refineries, Ltd.

Power Blrtc, Montreal 69

Proifuctive Vegetable Growing

By John W. Lloyd

Professor of lericulture, Univ. of Ills.

33U pag:es. 192 illustrations. Octavo.

Handsome cloth.

Secure this Money Maker at Once

Price $1.50

Send for Free Circular of Farm Books to
the Book Department

The Horticultural Publishing Co., Ltd.

Peterboro, Ontario

PRODUCTIVE BEEKEEPING

Is the title of a new book of 326 pages by Mr. Frank C. Pellett State

Apiarist of Iowa. '

As the name of this book Indicates it Is especially adapted to the needs
of the practical beekeeper. Not a discussion of scientific principles
but of practical methods. "v-iyico.

Sources of Nectar, Wintering, Marketing, and Laws that Concern
the Beekeeper, are titles of chapters of special interest ^""'^ern

lA, « .u, . ^^8^1" PJ^ce J1.50 postage extra.

h„t^?«r «Vnn r *'5- """^ '*'*'' **'* American Bee Journal one year,
both for $2.00, Canadian postage 15 cents extra. '

134 lUustraUons, attracUve cloth binding.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL. Hamilton, Illinois

Okanagan Valley Notes

The season of 1916 will be a satisfactory
one on the whole for the growers of .hi

?u^tTr- •'''"' '^ '''' «=-« feZitlV^ f^c!
that la.st winter was the most severe tor
about twenty-five years, even the great ex
panse of Okanagan Lake freezing over solid

L th., ;„ ^'"''' '^'"■^ P'-edictions at th;.-
time that^the fruit crop would suffer sevei.
ly from the continued low temperatures bV
nf'f'r.f?"' ''i''*' ^''^' '^'^ aggregate shipment
°as ve.r"M ^^^''''''^f ^i" "e no les.s than
cars ^ In' "n r"'.*''" °^«'' ^^^^^ 'housan
anv in th ^"i'i"-' ^^"^ ^^^'^ light, espe.

^Uy in the .southern end of the Vallev
From various causes these fruits have mea
iQir*^* "P more than fifty cars short of the
1915 total, not over two hundred cars being
shipped this year. Nevertheless, the l"
un for !".^PP'«^a'°"e will more than mak,
up for this shortage.

J^? -, Z""*"^ °^^'"' ^PP'es will aggregate
about 1.200 cars. The Okanagan apl?e ^out
put grows every year, there being new
orchard areas coming into the bearing stacp
every .season. The greatest increase wiil
show Itself in the winter varieties, th.
policy in regard to later planted areas hav-

ng been to .set out. few varieties, and those
the best, which means heavy straight vari-
ety production in a few years. Trees which
have died out. or winter killed, or peach
trees which have been pulled out. are being
constantly replaced with the standard vari-
eties of winter apples, and the wisdom of
this policy becomes more apparent every
season. What a detriment the multiplicitv
of varieties has been to the Valley can be

TT f ^ ^'■'*™ ^^^ ^"""^ ^^^^ the Okan^an
^^'}t^ ^^'^ovrera. the co-operative concern
Which handles approximately two-thirds of
the output of the Valley, lists no less than
one hundred and thirty odd varieties of
apples, which are classified according to
their qualities.

Prices up to now have been good. Short
crops on the soft fruits kept the prices up
and the demand could not be met. Cherries'
which promised well at first, afterwards suf-
fered great shrinkage from rain at the pick-
ing time, causing much split fruit. Never-
theless, the fruit that was shipped brought
very satisfactory returns. Apricots also
^ere short. Fifty dollars to sixty dollars at :
the packing houses was a common price
One case has been heard of where a grower
who ships out direct to a number of prairie
customers was offering from $80 to J85 per
ton fnr apricots to fill his orders, and could
not obtain them at that. The demand for
British Columbia apricots is increasing
every year, especially for the standard pre-
.servine kinds. Peaches, while not bring-
ing such a good price as apricots, have
proved profitable to the men that have a
Rood proportion of No. 1 fruit. Peaches
in the past have not been a profitable crop*
in the Okanagan, but now as the marketing]
methods are becoming more rational the]
returns are better. In the meantime, many]
orchards have become run down, and are not]
now producing the proportion of No. ] stuff I
they should. There has been some difficulty!
In keening the grades up to standard, par-!
Hcularly as to size, but the government
inspectors have been on to their jobs, forc-
ing growers to keep the pack up to what it
should be. The No. 1 peaches have gone
out very largely on the twenty-pound crate,
but for the No. 2 stuff an innovation has
been tried by packing into open lug boxes,
unwrapped, civing a package containing
about twenty-five pounds of fruit. It is
understood that the new nackaee has not
been kindly received in all quarters, but it

October, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

253

is a cheaper package, which means a higher
uet return out of the gross selling price for
the grower.

With pears retailing at a price equivalent
to about $75 a ton and upwards, there is a
good return for those who have this fruit
in quantity, but they are not many. The
demand promises to be strong, but the sup-
ply is weak. Unattached apple growers
were not in any hurry to sign up contracts
this season, because most of them had sev-
eral offers to choose from. No. I's are priced
at about two cents a pound at the packing
houses. At least one shipping firm of some
consequence in the Okanagan has not been
able to locate a sufficient supply in the
Valley, and purchased an additional twelve
or fifteen cars from the Grand Forks coun-
try to the east.

Close upon a hundred cars of crab apples
will be marketed this year, mostly in the
Canadian west, where they are prime favor-
ites with the housekeepers for jelly making,
excepting the unfortunate Florence variety,
with which some shippers will have nothing
to do. By a peculiar anomaly no less than
about a score of cars of Okanagan crabs
have been sent to American points in the
middle northern States, North and South
Dakota, Illinois and Iowa points mainly.
This is like shipping coals to Newcastle, and
is a compliment to the energetic selling
methods of Okanagan firms.

By-products are receiving well-merited
attention at some points in the Valley.
The Dominion Canners' plant at Vernon is
in the market for more tomatoes and other
canning stuff than it has been able to get,
and the same is true also of the plants at
Kelowna and Penticton. Then there are
three fruit and vegetable evaporating fac-
tories going this season, at Kelowna, Ver-
non, and a third further north In the heart

CHOICE APPLE BARRELS

— The Best is the. Cheapest

We supply the
best Associations in
Canada with stock
or Barrels.

Prompt shipment
— reasonable prices.

The Sutherland'Innes Co,, Limited

Chatham, Ontario

- - WINTER CASES - -

It has been proven by actual experience of some of the largest and best beekeepers that
bees can be wintered out of doors more easily and at less cost than by cellar wintering. We
have visited many apiaries this summer just to find out for ourselves how professional
beekeepers winter their bees. Those who have made a success of out-door wintering tell
us they would not go back to cellar wintering unless compelled to — that their bees have less
spring loss — seem livelier and come through in better condition for the early honey flow
than when wintered indoors. Profiting by their experience, we have to offer

A Practical Winter Case

that has been tried and found successful. We would be pleased to give you price and par-
ticulars upon application. Save trouble — save expense — save loss — by wintering out-of-
doors.

The Tillson Company,

Beekeepers' Supplies Tillsonburg, Ontario

J

254

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral E><ttUon.

Things to Plant in Autumn

for"

Hi/arintlic ft" colors, per doz. 40c., 55c., 65c., and 11.00. If re-
iijrdctuius, quired by mail add 20c. per doz.

k^iugic dUU UOUDie 1 UlipS, 25c., and 40c. If required by
mail add 15c. per doz.

40c.,
required by mail

Narcissus and Daffodils, ^ll/er^" rreqti^e/t

add 15c. to 20c. per doz.

Our Autumn Bulb Catalogue contains a list of bulbs suitable for
all purposes, and will be mailed on request.

Wm. Rennie Co., Limited AdcUid%'2id'j:?vi.''st:';f

house:

oronto

190 McGill St., Moiilrenl, Que.

BRANCH KS :
394 Portage Ave., Winnipeg, Man.

1138 Homer St., Vancouver. B.C.

WANTED

Working Foreman and Grower

Must be a thoroughly competent and re-
liable man. Able to take full charge and
handle the helpers in a small commercial
greenhouse business. A grower of pot-
plants, some cut flowers, and produce a
general florist's stock for the retail trade.
Good wages and a steady situation to a live
and up-to-date man. State nationality, age,
experience and wages expected in fJrst letter.

THE HAY FLORAL & SEED CO

BROCKVILLE - - ONTARIO

Good Apple Barrels
FOR SALE

In Car Lots. Write
me for delivered prices

JOHN HAYNE
BRIGDEN - ONTARIO

He Flags the Sleeper

* T three-fifteen the call boy comes,
/A to wake the railroad man. Big
Ben was on the job first. He
started the day at tArec.

The railroad boys all like Biff Ben. He
helps them m.'ike the prade. He calls *'A11
nboardl"— they're out of bed — plenty of
time and a grin — sisnals set against a
grouch — all cheery clear ahead.

Bigr Ben will run your day on schedule
time.

You'll like Biff Ben face to face. Seven
inches tall, spunky, neighborly — down-
right good.

Big Ben is six times factory tested. At
your dealer's, $2.50 in the States, $3.00 in
Can.-xda. Sent prepaid on receipt of price
if your dealer doesn 't stock him.

Westclox folk build more than three mil-
lion alarms a year — and build them well.
All wheels are a-ssembled by a special proc-
ess— patented, of course. Result — accu-
racy, less friction, long life.

laSaJlc. i:i..U. S. A. WcSt^m Cloclc Co. Makers of »»'.rte/«r

OlJur WtsttUx; Eafj Ctn. I'tiUl L*n, Awuriat, Unto, SIttf-Miur. Locknit anj Irmctad.

of the vegetable di.strlct. This year the
I!. C. Vinegar and Cider Company of Van-
f.ouver ha.s taken up business in the Okan-
iigan. and has been making vinegar and
cider in large quantities, thus taking care
of A class of apple.s that would probably
ctherwl.se have been a dead loss on the
hands of growers.

The first mechanical apple grader has
been working this season in the packing
house of the Vernon Fruit Union. It ha.s
been brought to perfection by a Vakiiua
fruit man, and with its aid a perfect grad-
ing of apples according to size and weigh;
is possible. It is said to be cutting down
the cost of packing apples as much as five
cents a box.

In the year 1910 the output of fruit, vege-
tables, etc.. from the Okanagan was about
!)50 cars. This year it will be close upon
four times that number. More than TO*/;
of the entire fruit output of British Colum-
bia is now grown in Okanagan orchards.

Whether it is because the proper material
is not available for its manufacture, or what-
ever the reason may be, it is generally con-
ceded that the introduction of the Ontario
basket into the Okanagan is not the un-
qualified Fuccess it was hoped for. Its use
in this Valley is not extensive yet, and it Is
not likely ever to become so.

Fruit Development in Durham
County

"The work iwhioh we have been conducting
among fruit growers of Durham County,"
said Mr. R. S. Duncan, B.S.A., Di.strict Re-
presentative at Port Hope, Ont., to an editor
of The Canadian Horticulturist' recently,
"has been along three lines — educational,
commercial and publicity. We have one as-
sociation, the Northumberland and Durham
Anple Growers' Association, whose aim is to
boom the apple industry in these countie.^.
This association holds meetings, and until
the war broke out had been making exhibitls
at some of the large fairs to, advertise their
apples.

"Another line of educational work which
has been carried on is the work of deinonstra-
tion orchards. Pour orchards were taken
over, cultivated, cover cropped, sprayed and
pruned. The fruit -was picked and marketed
for three years and complete records kept'
By this means we proved the value of this
county as an apple producing section. The
results of this work have already been pub-
lished bv The Canadian Horticulturi.^t, Thi=
was perhaps the beginning of commercial
fruit growing in our counties. We still carr..
on spraying experiments. Demonstration.'
are given in different orchards in spraying
and pruning trees.

"The commercial end of our propaganda
deals mo'tly with the organization of co-
operative fruit growers' associations. Sini'p
I have been here, three of these association-;
have been formed. The-se are the Durham
Fruit Growers' Association, with head-
quarters at Port Hope; the North Darlington
Association, with packing house at Tyrone,
and the Association at Garden Hill, Besides
this growers have organized an association
at Bowmanville, These associations are for
the cooperative marketing of apples and for
the purchase of spray materials and other
supplies used by the growers. Some of these
associations have built their own fruit
houses. The fruit house of the Durham As-
sociation is a large cement struct\ire which
cost $5,000.

"The worth of these associations to the
frudt growers can be seen from the records
of the Durham Association, which was or-
ganized in 1911. During the first three years
of Its operations it made extra profits to the

October. 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

255

SUPERB :NrE^v^
HYA.CINTH:©

SOME of the choicest Novelty Hyacinths ever offered to Cana-
dian flower lovei-s are listed in our nerw Catalogue of Quality
Bulbs for Fall Plajiting. Many of these have been tested by
ourselves, and we feel we can recommend them with the utmost
confidence. For full descriptions see our new Bulb Catalogue,
mailed free on request.

Admiral Courbet. De«p violet blue Bach 16c

Queen of the Pinks.

IBc
20o
1S<!
15c
i5c
20c
15c
25c
20c
20c
15c
15c
15c
15c

opppiAI OFFFR ^^ ^'" ^*"'^ '-®" strictly first-size
■J* '-''■- "*- ^rrr^IX..-- Exhibition Hyacinths, our selection
from the above list, to any address in Canada for $1.25 postpaid.
This is the imost attractive offer we have ever made in Novelty
Hyacinths and is confined to readers of the Canadian Hoiticul-
turist.

Kenneth McDonald & Sons, Limited

Seed and Bulb Merchants
OTTAWA - - CANADA

Arentlne Arendsen. Pure snoiwy white ....
Correggio. The finest white ever raised . . . .

Enchantress. EteUcate porcelain blue

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General De Wet. Soft light pink

General Van der Heyden. Grayish lavender

Hein Roozen. Extra early pure white

Queen of the Pinks. The best new pink

White Lady. Very large pure white

Hofgaertner Kuhnert. Bright light rose

Kohinoor. Rose pink; semi double

La Vlctolre. Brilliant dark pink

Lord Balfour. Beautiful lilac rose

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Lady Derby.

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This Fall and Have Clean Orchards Next Season

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HAM'LTON

TORONTO

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256

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

BRUCE'S FLOWERING BULBS

For Winter Flowering in the House
and Spring Flowering in the Garden

Exquisite colors and fragrance— EASII,Y GROWN— Must be planted this FaU

COLLECTIONS

No. 1, indoors 25 bulbs, postpaid $0.70 No. 3. i.idoors 100 bulbs, postpaid «2 60

No. 7. outdoors 100 " ■'^ 2'm)

No. 4, indoors 200 " " s'oo

No. 8, outdoors 200 •' " suq

Each of these collections contains HYACINTHS TULIPS CROCUS T Tr iws

NARCISSUS and other bulb.s. • >-«"<-U!'. I.1WES,

FREE-Send for our 32 page illustrated catalogue of Bnlbs Plants Sp«1s

Poultry Supplies, etc. NOW RKADV ' '

JOHN A. BRUCE & COMPANY, LIMITED

HAMILTON ■ EatablUhed 1850 . ONTARIO

No. Ft, outdoors 25
No. 2, indoors 50
No. 6, outdoors 50

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Making

MONEY'

I M,

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Z\T \l *^<:^»™. eatmgtheirheads off-? Onetneans
profit-the other means loss. When a horse goes lame
-develops a Spavin, Curb, Splint, Ringbone-don't
nsk losing him through neglect-don't run just as great a
rdLYeS'by-'"^"'''""""""'^ "'^"^'^ • ^^"^-1^

KENDALL'S SPAVIN CURE

remedy on hand to cure the trouble quick V. ». a botMe-Sfor L'"=^-/°" ^^^' ""=
your dealer for free copy of bookJ^Trea'EisVon Thl'5t/s°e'?i:oVCHflL'ilii4?f
Dr. B. J. KENDALL CO.. . . ENOSBURG FALLS. VERIVIONT. U.s.a!

I •~r.-v««?

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llOl

PEERLESS POULTRY FENCE

s^.„,,, ±*^f„^^f:«?~-*^. «^/»a

rwh^"""" „'"".""• '-'•"^'••""iMs No. 12 wir/-n,.d°/
/.2f . , "^u" "'•'■'h process whicli lime and other tests have I

Th. B.nw.ll.Ho.1. WIr. F.„c. Company, Lid!, '
Wlnnipey, Map., Ilamilto.i. Ont.

growers of 110.939.30. This wa.-, ...umated

Je^s i^s'mLt^V' ?^°*'',^ "^ '^'-« '^^««
years 18,233 barrels of apples, and these ap-
ples were .sold at an average of sixty cents
a barrel above the price received by growers
who were not members of the associaUon

The same lines will be followed in the work
Of next year. iJemonstrationa will be given
m spraying and pruning in districu where
apple growing has not reached its highest
development. Further development there-
fore, may be expected.

•Annapolis Valley Notes

Eunice Buchanan
Up to date, September 16th, no frost has
damaged the crops, although we had a slight
one on September 4th, and another on SeD-
tember 11th, which withered squash leaves
m low places, also hurt some cranberries
Ihe weather has been ideal for harvesting
with no high winds to injure the fruit.

Insect pests have been unusually active
Young apple trees have been badly eaten by
Red-humped Apple Tree Caterpillars (Schi-
zura concinna) which feed gregariously
Some of the yoting trees are completely de-
nuded of foliage. Spraying with paris green
will control these caterpillars, but in small
orchards they have been hand-picked. The
huge green larvae of the Cecropia Emperor
Moth (Platysamia cecropia) have also been
busy on young apple trees, but as they work
sifagly, or in twos, they are not numerous
enough to do much damage.
A Serious Pest.
The average grower does not realize the
seriousness of the Green Apple Bug. If the
creature were as large as its scienUflc
name there might be some easy way to con-
trol it, but it is so tiny that it often escapes
observation. When I made its acquaintance
I first noticed gnarled and deformed apples,
then when turning over the leaves I noticed
insects resembling aphis, only they moved
very swiftly to a hiding place. In Annapolis
county, where the orchards have a large
proportion of the Nonpariel variety, the
Apple Bug has increased to such an extent
as to threaten, if not shortly checked, to
wipe out this apple. For instance, in 1911
one grower in that county had 500 bbls.. In
1912 the yield had dropped to 150, in 1913
there were 30 bbls, 1914 10 bbls., and in
1915 the harvest was only one and a half
bbls. Orchardists are advocating banding
the trees with "Tanglefoot" before spraying
with "Black Leaf 40."

The Imported Cabbage Worm (Pierls

rapae) and the Zebra Caterpillar (Ceramica

picta) have been more numerous than

u.sual.

The Halifax market this week expects to

Fruit and Vegetables Solicited

Branch Warehouses:

Sudbury, North Bay,

Cobalt, Cochrane and

Porcupine.

Send for
Shipping Stamp

WE GET YOU BEST PRICES

O"^ ^"'^''IV'''' ®"*'''^ "^ ^ ""^^'^^ top P^cee at all times for your fruit
vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on
^mn.tirft ^"""""f" Market, we have established branch warehouses with
^o^uDrne XV^ ^'^/'■^^ at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and
ontip7 hrAni^ ♦i °K '^•'"gest'on oi the Toronto market we have a ready
outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests.

H. PETERS

88 Front St. East, Toronto

References: The Cana-
dian Bank of Com-
merce (Market Branch)
and Commercial
Agencies.

I

October, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

257

offer $3.50 for No. one Gravenstem apples,
$2.50 for two's, and $2 tor three's per bbl;
last year they were selling for $4. Blen-
heims and Ribstons have gone across to
England and are expected to bring good
prices. Bough Sweets sold locally for $3.
Ontarios and Dudleys are also being gath-
ered. Japanese plums are scarce, common
ones are netting 45c for 6-qt. baskets.
Clapp's Favorite pears are $3 a bbl. With
regard to barrels of fruit sent to Halifax,
70c should be deducted for expenses on-
each barrel.

Tomatoes brought 70c a basket, but are

ripening slowly. Shipments came in from
Ontario and glutted the market. Potatoes
are being sold for $1.75 a bbl.

Slag, which was last year sold for $15 a
ton, has now risen to $17.

A new organization has been formed in
Berwick, called "The Nova Scotia Fruit
Shipping Company." The head office is in
rooms recently occupied by the United
Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, the latter
having moved to the Morse Block. Messrs.
F. A. Parker, S. B. Chute, A. E. Adams and
T. C. Hall are the incorporators of the Nova
Scotia Fruit Shipping Company.

Niagara District Notes

F. G. H. Pattison, Winona, Ont.

THE past month has been characterised
by continued drought. On the night
of Sept. 18th a severe frost swept
over a large portion of the district around
Hamilton, doing a lot of damage to to-
matoes, melons, egg plants, cucumbers,
green beans, peppers and corn. It also
damaged severely the late potatoes. The
Niagara district, however, escaped this
frost almost entirely.

The drought and very warm weather
towards the end of August seriously af-
fected tomato and other vegetable crops.
In the case of tomatoes a good deal of

"scorching" and "cooking" took place. From
a canner's point of view it is apparent that
packs of fruit and vegetables will be light
this season, and prices are likely to be
firm for another year at least. Undoubtedly
canners have had some trouble on account
of the labor scarcity, the high price of tin
plate and other materials. That is no ex-
cuse for trying to make the tomato-growers
pay all the cost, by expecting growers to
produce tomatoes at the utterly inadequate
price of 25, cents per bushel. At the present
price of labor, tomato plants, etc., there is
nothing to be made by growing tomatoes

at 25 cents, consequently most of the well-
posted growers are refusing to do so. As
the price of tomatoes is a small item as
compared with the other expenses incurred
in producing and placing canned tomatoes
on the market, it seems a piece of folly on
the part of ttoe canners that they do not
pay a better price to the growers, insuring
them sufficient tomato, j to keep their
plants running. Tomatoes have now stif-
fened up in price, however, and are bringing
30 to 35 cents a basket.

Heat also shortened the early cabbage,
cauliflower, and potato crops, and materially
lessened the raspberry crop. Early celery
also was injured, developing in some cases
rot in the heart. The melon crop on the
whole has 'been good and of excellent quality.

Early apples were not of very good
quality. Fall apples are ibetter. Winter
apples, on well-sprayed orchards, are clean
but rather undersized. There is a fair
sprinkling of Baldwins, Greenings, Spys and
Russets. Anjou and Keiffer pears are a
fairly good crop, but Duchess are generally
light.

On Tuesday afternoon, Aug. 22, Prof.
Caesar held a demonstration of the new
dust spray machine at W. Geddes' orchard
in North Grimsby. Very good results have
been obtained by Prof. Caesar in using this
new spray. He attributes his success to the
fact that he used it in every case just at the
right time. There never was a season when

<wvwws^vwvwvvvvwywwvwwvw^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^i^^^^>^^A^^>^>^^^»^^^^^^»^'^'^^^^^^^^^

IT PAYS TO SPRAY

Proper spraying yields big returns. Unsprayed fruit is liable to be a drug on the market. A
good Spray Outfit will soon pay for itself and then goes on adding to your profits.

The

MASSEY-HARRIS

SPRAYER

has Double Cylinder Vertical Pump
with Bronze Plungers — Tank is made
of selected Cypress — the Agitator is
operated from the top of the Tank
— Front Wheels turn under the
Frame — Cab protects the Engine —
no Sprocket Chains or other "trappy"
parts — Engine is Hopper cooled —
runs in any weather and on the
steepest side-hill.

Free Spray Catalogue Tvill interest })0U
the nearest Masses-Harris agent
or drop us a line.

MASSEY-HARRIS COMPANY, Limited

Canadian Branches at Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Swift Current, Yorkton, Calgary, Edmonton.
E. G. Prior & Co., Ltd., Victoria, Vancouver, Kamloops. AGENCIES EVERYVi^HERE.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EddUon.

the necessity of spraying applee carefully
and often was more clearly manifested.
Those growers In this district who gave the
usual spraying and , did their work thor-
oughly, have a fair to good crop, almost
entirely free from scab. The others have
at best a poor crop, and a number have no
apples at all. The dormant and bud sprays
seem both to have been of particular im-
portance in preventing scab this season.

Early plums and pears were quite light
and mostly of poor quality. With the
Bradshaws, however, the quality greatly
improved, and later varieties proved of ex-
cellent quality, although a light crop. At
the p-esent (late (Sept, 21) the plum crop
is nearly finished, some Reine Claudes,
Grand Dukes, Monarchs and Damsons alone
being left. Lombards were a light crop but
of very good quality. These were largely
bought up by the local jam and canning
factories. The factories of this District
ma<Ie contracts this season for Lombard
plums at prices varying from 20 to 35
cents per 11-quart basket. Late plums es-
pecially have been of good quality. Reine
Claude, Grand Duke, Monarch and the
various Damsons, are sold at from 60 to 70
rents a basket.

Whys ami Whsreforss

of Fall Spraying

is the title of a little booklet, giving seven
reasons, official and non-official, why it is the
best time lo spray. This booklet will be sent
out by the 15. G. Pratt Co., 50 Church St.,
New York, manufactiirersofthe well-known
"SCALECIDK"ala very ejirly date. If you
are not on their mailing list, send them a
postal today giving the nuniberof your trees
and your dealer's name and you will, re-
ceive a copy free. Address Dept. 43.

Early peaches were a fair crop and
brought good prices. Yellow St. Johns were
al.so a fair crop but did not bring more than
moderate prices. The fruit was somewhat
undersized. EarOy Crawfords are nearly
done now. Elbertas are Just beginning to
come on the market and are a pretty good
crop. Later peaches are an excellent crop.

The grape crop is good and of excellent
quality, but the berries are rather under-
sized on vineyards that have not been well
cultivated. Grapes are likely to hold their
price well and there is no need to hurry
them to market.

The prizes for tender fruits at the Toronto
Exhibition went, as usual, chiefly to the St.
Catharines and Niagara growers. The
fruit there was not as plentiful as usual, but
was very creditable indeed in quality and
appearance. Owing to the very unfavorable
season the vegetable exhibit displayed '.n
one of the wings of the Horticultural build-
ing was not up to its usual standard. The
quantity was much less than usual and the
quality was poor. I cannot remember the
time when vegetable growers have toad such
a trying and disastrous season as this has
been.

September 19th and 20th the annual
show was held at BeamsvHle. The fruit
display was a good one, peaches, grapes and
plums predominating. There Vas a very
fine special exhibit from the Experimental

Station at VIneland. Roots and vegetables
were not as good as usual with the ex-
ception of onions.

SANDER & SONS

ORCHID GROWERS

The Finest Stock in the World
Catalogue on Application

ST. ALBANS ENGLAND

GREENHOUSES

MANUFACTURERS GREENHOUSE BARS AND SASH

Batts Limited

366-415 PACIFIC AVENUE

WEST TORONTO

Vegetable Field Crop
Competition

The Ontiario Vegetable Growers' Field
Crop Competition is similar to the Field Crop
Competition in grains conducted by the
superintendent of fall fairs. The crops are
grown under field conditions, and the crops
of each local vegetable growers' association
are judged separately. All the competitors
who win prizes must exhibit at the Canadian
National, Ottawa, and London Fairs. Prac-
tically all of southern Ontario is represented
in this competition. A few competitors are
even in Quebec, belonging to the Ottawa As-
sociation.

On account of weather conditions this
year, the celery for the most part was not up
to the standard of former years. Tomatoes
and onions were of very fair quality, and
there were a large number of entries. The
potatoes this year were small but of good
quality.

It is noticed that the men who win
the prizes from year to year are those who
arrange their exhibits most attractively,
having fhe products of the same size, color
and shape. As much of the material has
to be shipped many miles, care in packing
is even more important than quality.

The winners in the different classes this
year were:

Tomatoes: 1st, Chas. Aymer, Humber
Bay; 2nd, C. H. Aymer, Humber B.iy: 3rd,
Edgar Worgan, Weston; 4th, W. U. Trott,
London West; 5th, Thos. Delworth, Weston.

Celery: 1st, J. J. Davis, London: 2nd W.
R. Trott, London; 3rd, John Harris & Son.
Belleville, Ont.; 4th, C. E. Post, Brighton;
5th, R. H. Tier, Islington.

Potatoes: 1st, Chas. Aymer: 2nd, C. H.
Aymer; 3rd, F. F. Reeves & Son, Humber
Bay; 4th, C. W. Bycroft, London; 5th, N.
Sanderson, London.

Onions: 1st, F. F. Reeves & Son; 2nd,
Chas. Avmer, Humber Bay; 3rd, p. Dengate,
Ealing; 4th, W. S. Eborall, Beams^ille; 5th.
John Harris & Son, Belleville.

Exhibit Your Products

Geo. BalHwin, F.R.H.S , Toronto, Ont.

INTEREST is the first thing to be cul-
tivated in the "home garden." There is
no better means of cultivating this in-
terest than by exhibiting your fruit, flowers,
and vegetables at town or city horticultural
society exhibitions or country fairs.

There are three reasons whv exhibiting
proves profitable: First, by taking part you
contribute to its success, and so help along
a splendid movement; secondly, competition
stimulates for better results next year; and,
thirdly, by comparing notes and coming in
contact "with other gardeners and their •ex-
hibits, you form new ideas for your own Im-
provement.

Never mind who ridicules your first at-
tempt as an exhibitor. A few years ago,
when I made my first attempt, I had the
audacity to compete in the market garden-
ers' class for a collection of vegetables.
While I did not get a prize, I stayed with
it until, three years afterwards, I succeeded
in getting the third prize, beating a market
gardener who had almost as many acres
as I had feet frontage to my city back
garden. •

The best time for apples to reach South-
Africa is in the months of October, Novem-
ber and December. Apples marketed at that
time find a good demand at remunerative
prices. — C. W. Baxter, Dominion Fruit Divi-
sion, Ottawa.

October, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

259

The "Universal" (Dahlstrom) folding; straw-
berry crates. It holds 24 full measure dry quarts.
It is the same box as the American Ventilated.

Small Fruit Packages

(Continued from page 239.)

It i.s therefore in fhe interests of the fruit
growers in this province and throughout the
Dominion to give this question of stajidard
packages and grading their serious con-
sideration, so that when legislation is pos-
sible we may obtain that which is most
suitable to our needs.

Standardization will give to our fruit in-
dustry a measure of stability that will en-
able all those engaged in it to buy and sell
with a confidence they do not enjoy to-day.

It has been my privilege to observe the
possibilities for small fruit production in the
various fruit districts throughout Canada,
and I am fully convinced that nowhere are
the possibilities greater than in Quebec.
Nature has made it possible to produce fruit
of a quality which cannot be surpassed, and
the markets are established.

Spring Potatoes

The place for storing potatoes shoulo
have plenty of ventilation. Bins ought not
to be over eight feet square and should have
slat walls with hollow partitions, or there
should be plenty of ventilating tubes with
slat sides reaching from top to bottom of the
bin. Where bins are as large as eight feet
square a ventilating tube in the middle of
each one would be desirable. Ventilation
helps to carry the moisture, thus keeping
the potatoes dry and making it possible to
cool them off quickly in the fall and keep
them cool during the winter.

The best temperature for potatoes is as
near 35 degrees Fahrenheit as possible. A
good tested therjnometer or several in dif-
ferent locations and at different heights
should be kept in the cellar and watched at
frequent intervals.

In putting potatoes into a storage cellar
they should be run over a screen that will
take out the dirt. Large potato cellars
should be filled in layers so as to give the
potatoes the best possible opportunity to
cool off and dry. Dumping a whole day's
digging in one place is not the best prac-
tice.

The best method for keeping moisture
from collecting on the inside of the roof of
potato cellars is to cover them with straw
or strawy manure. Giving plenty of ventila-
tion also helps.

The Canadian Horticulturist is invaluable
to fruit growers. The page devoted to Nia-
gara District Notes is very interesting to
me. I hope it will be continued. — 0. L. Big-
gar, Niagara Falls, Ont.

H

ow many hairs ^
has a Bear ;

We doubt if there is any person in Canada who ia
not interested in Furs, and who does not admire
their beauty, softness and warmth ; but iiow many
have ever thought of the great number of hairs re-
quired to cover a skin to produce this warmth and
soitness r

The actual number of hairs on any given skin can
be actually determined by mathematics and an abund-
ance of patience.

We have cut a piece out of a black bear skin, one
inch square in size — have sealed and d<?-
posited it with the bank and are giving

IN PRIZES

1 .u *", ""^ *? persons who are nearest correct in their estimate

ot the actual number of hairs on that one square inch of black bear

This contest is entirely free to every one who complies with the con-
ditions, and we mislit frankly state that the sole object of this contest
is to familiarize as nianv people in Canada as possible with the wonderful
bargains they can secure in stylish guaranteed Kurs and Fur garments
through Hallam s system of dealing direct " From Trapper to Wearer" '

Just send today for a copy of the 1916-17 Edition of

Hallam's Fur

Style Book

RAW FURS

We are the Larcest Cash
Buyers of Raw Furs direct
from Trappers In Canada —
Our Raw Fur Quotations
sent Free.

CiUNS

Tj-aps —Animal Bait, Fish
NV'ts. Tackle, and complete
lineof sportsmen's supplies,
al very low prices. 32 Page
catalog free.

on the back cover of which arc full pari^iculars of this Zoo-
logical contest.

This 1916-17 edition is a handsomely printed 32 page book
—fully illustrates the latest styles and models of Fur Coats
and Sets and will show yon how you can save many dollars
on furs. It will pay you to read it. Don't fail to send for
It to-day and have a free chance of sharing this $300.00.

Be sure to address as follows:

JoW^ll

-am

Limited '

519 HALLAM BLDG
TORONTO

FRUIT MACHINERY CO.

INGERSOLL, ONT.

Manufacturers of the Ontario Power
Sprayer Model 2-B, the handiest of them
all. Engine fills the tank. Also a com-
plete line of Apple Evaporating Machin-
ery and power evaporator equipment.
Our complete power systems for evap-
orating as .^e install them are practical,
.sanitary and labor saving.

Write for free illustrated catalogue on
spraying and evaporating.

Cold Storage
Fruit Warehouse

Finest Apple Rooms in the Dominion

tor Export and Local Trade.
Special Rooms for all Kinds of Per-
ishable Goods.

The Canada Cold Storage Co.

Limited,
53 William St., IVONTREAL, QUE.

T;

Wilkinson Plows

HK oldest line of steel beam plows in the
]>(>rainion, made in the old Wilkinsdn Flow
Go's factory, by old Wilkinson Plow Co.
experts— ^very one of them men who kn[.)W their business. It is the standard line of plows and
includes 35 or more styles to choose from. U. S. S. Soft Center Steel

Moldboards, highly tempered and guaranteed to clean in any soil.
Steel beams, steel landsides and high carbon steel coulter. Cle-
vises can be used either stiff or swing. Each plow is fitted
especially with its own pair of handles — rock elm, lonij
and heavy and thoroughly braced. The long body
_ "^^Bt-^ "^CKi^?****. makes it a very steady runnine; plow. Shares of

General ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ci^ all widths ^ specials fur stony or clay land.

purpose, Iighty
medium, and
heavy» side hill, »od,
drill or one horse plows

The plow shown turns a beautiful furrow,
with minimum draft and narrow furrow at
finish. A skfor tuw booklet.

W

The Bateman- Wilkinson Co., Limited
431 Symindton Avenue, Toronto Canada

Repairs

for all

Vi^ilkinson

Plows

260

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Why Not You?

You have doubtless admired so-and-so's greenhouse — perhaps envied it. To
see the owner cutting a bunch of flowers while you passed, muffled up
against the hlizzard, aroused even deeper longing. When you write us
regarding prices, you may find you have been denying yourself and your family
quite needlessly.

Write Dept. B.

GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, LIMITED

Kent Building,
Toronto.

Transportation Building, St. James St.,

_ ^ _ IVIontreal.

Factory — Georgetown, Ont.

Floral EJdilUon.

Transportation Traiffs

STYLE C

This Is a New Model for 1916, the result of
fifteen years' experience In Greenhouse con-
struction for Canada.

Dotted lines show location of wind-ties
that positively prevents vibration of the sash.

Supplied in widths up to 2E feet 2% Inches
from post to post.

KING CONSTRUCTION CO.,
40 Dovercourt Road Toronto.

Rfttpberries. Go«teberricf,
Red Curr>Dli. Black Cir-
riBU, Strawberries, Rb«-
birb Rooti, etc.ftc.

WM.FLEMING

NURSKRYMAN
Owen Souad, Ontario

GINSENG

Seedi anii Yoanf Roott

FOR SALE

Prices on Request.

JOSEPH LEARY

Whitevale - - Ontario

*'An Ounce of Prevention"

You know the rest. In other words, a
little attention given to your apples when
packing may save much trouble when the
customer gets them. Your customer buys
first quality apples and pays a first
Muality price. He doesn't want to get his
shipment shaken and bruised. Result —
probable loss of customer as well as your
own prestige.

A WARNER
APPLE BARREL PAD

placed In each end of the barrel holds the
apples firm and absolutely prevents them
from bruising when heading in or during
shipment. You see the advantage, and
^Varner's pads cost but a few cents each.

R. B. Warner, Inwood,Ont.

Geo. E. Mcintosh, Forest, Ont, Transporta-
tion Secretary for Ontario Fruit Grow-
ers' Association.

Poorly packed shipments mean dissatisfied
customers. There are a number of new
producers of fruit placing their crop on the
market this season, and this word of cau-
tion is more particularly to those, while
there are others who could also profit by <
more care in packing. Some are using for
the first time the Lena covered basket ^
shipping by express with the new protector! ■
These shippers should acquaint themselves '
thoroughly with the proper method of put- ]
ting up this package. Express officials have J
brought to our attention several baskets
packed in such a way that even with the
best of handlmg the contents would be
badly damaged. The fruit should be suffi-
ciently heaped and so faced that the leno
wlU hold it firmly in place. "Money saved
by inadequate packing rarely equals profits
lost through dissatisfied customers."

Fresh Fruits via Freight.— As several in-
quiries have been received regarding car-
load rates to points Port Arthur and west,
the following schedule applying on 20,000
lbs. minimum, effective from nearly all On-
tario fruit shipping centres, may act as a
ready reference:

Per 100 lbs.

Port Arthur, Ont j 50 :

Fort William, Ont 50

Battleford, Sask l!42

Brandon, Man .'go

Calgary, Alta ' ' ' I'sg

Camrose, Alta I'go

Edmonton, Alta . 164

Lethbridge, Alta 1.58

Medicine Hat, Alta 1.50 ■

Moose Jaw, Sask 1 26-

North Battleford, Sask i'42

Portage la Prairie, Man 75

Prince Albert, Sask 1.40

Regina, Sask 1.21

Saskatoon, .Sask x!34

South Saskatchewan, Sask 1.34

Swift Current, Sask 1.38

Weyburn, Sask 1.17

Winnipeg, Man 66

Yorkton, Sask 1.13

When a car is delivered without routing
instructions, it is the duty of the initial car-
rier to send it over the cheapest available
route. Where the terminal carrier finds that
the way bill is ambiguous as to place of de-
livery it should notify the initial carrier and
await instructions.

Will Import U. S. Apples

That the prairie farmers are still resent-
ing the recent increase in the duty on apples
and blaming British Columbia fruit grow-
ers for having agitated for it is indicated
by the following item taken from the Grain
Growers' Guide published in Winnipeg:

"The members of Acme Local, No. 62,1
United Farmers of Alberta, have decided not ]
to buy B. C. apples on account of the duty
that is being charged. Instead will buy
apples from fruit growers in the United |
States and let the duty charged help pay thej
revenue."

"The centra) office is in touch with grow-l
ers in Washington willing to ship direct to S
the consumers in Alberta, and will gladly?
put you in touch with these people if any*
union is intending to buy apples this fall J
and would like to secure them from thoj
States." • • *

It is said that the fruit crop in the Yak-
ima Valley will total 10,000 carloads this
year.

October, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

The Fruit and Produce Market

The Commission firms undernoted wish consignments of fruit and general pro-
duce. They will be pleased to have you write them for information, shipping
stamps, etc., if you have fruit or vegetables for sale.

H. J. ASH

44-46 Church St. - Toronto, Ont.

CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIF & VEGETABLES

SOLICITED
We give persoaal, consistent aid reliable attention
to everr coasigament. Shipping stamps furnished
on request.

DAWSON-ELLIOTT Co.

32 West Market St., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit and Produce. Consign-
ments Solicited.

STRONACH & SONS

33 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit, Produce and Commis-
sion Merchants.

A Gooj Firm on Tw3 Giod Markets

TOM ADAMS bVo\

Fruit Merchants
BRISTOL

TOM ADAMS Ws.

Fruit Merchants
SWANSEA

H;«a Ofli:e:— BRISTOL

Get in touch with them to-day if you want top prices
for your produce.

Brown Fruit Company

LIMITED
EDMONTON, ALTA.

Wholesale Fruits and Produce.

Car-load Shippers of Potatoes

SBND FOR QUOTATIONS.

This Space Costs $2.80
per month.

Order now for November
and December

HERBE aT PET£RS

88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit and Produce

See advertisement on page 235.

WANTED

r-onsignments of Cherries, Tomatoes,
Peach-es, Grapes and all kinds of fruit; also
carlot apples. Centrally located, conveni-
ent to all car tracks. Commission 10%.

HYSLOP&SONS, 132 Princrti St. Winaipeg, Man

References — Any mercantile agtncy, or ank of
Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont.

FRED BARKER

25 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

Representing J. & H. Goodwin, Lrt^d., Man-
chester; Thos. Russell, Glasgow; Nothard &
Lionve. London; G. R. Cooper, Liverpool.

APPLE RECEIVERS.
Consignments Solicited.

LAING BROS.

307-309 Elgin Ave., Winnipeg

Wholesale Fruit, Groceries, Produce,
Grains, Hay and Commission Merchants

We want Consignments

of Tomatoes, Peaches, Cherriea, Grapes, and
all kinds of fruits and veg-eitables ia baskets,
In oar lots or less. We make a specialty
of barrel appleis in car lots. Write us.

McBRIDE BROTHERS

J. R. McBrlde, Proprietor.

Fruit Exporters, Importers and Commission

Merchants.

Consignments solicited. Terms cash.

35 CHURCH ST., - TORONTO, ONT.

SAMUEL HISEY

82 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont.
Wholesale Produce and Commission Mer-
chant. Consignments Solicited.

The Oldest
Commission House
in Toronto

tAc

\S\\^^

x^^^

s^

rve^^s'^

Send your
Consignments.

Apple Receivers

Representing

Simons, Shuttleworth & Co.
Liverpool and Manchester.

Simons, Jacobs & Co. Garcia, Jacobs & Co.
Glasgow, Scotland. London, England.

SIMONS FRUIT CO,

David L. Dick, Manager.
27 CHURCH ST. : TORONTO, ONT.

Information regarding export markets on
request.

Cable Address :
'Astaphis, London."

Established 1885

Telephone : Hop 5468

" 5469

East 838

North 2390

Depots :
King's Cross Potato Market
Stratford Market

WALTER FORD,

Fruit ^rok^r and ^Potato Fa€lor,
New Hibernia House,
Winchester Street,
Borough Market,
LONDON, S. E.

Consignments of Apples will receive prompt a'tention and Account Sales with
remittance will be despatched immediately after sale of Goods. Shipping Mark (F).

vl.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edlti<».

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMINTS

AJvcrtiwmeDtt in ibii depar'Mcnt ioicrtcd atrtt«*f3
c«bU ■ word for each iDsertion. cacb fiiarc, Biga, or »\mg\*
lettrr to count >s on* wwrd, ■iaiBom cost 30c., a'.rict j
cask in advance.

REAL ESTATE •

ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit farms a speci-
alty. Writ* (or C«Ul0KU«. W. B. Gaidar.
QrimCbr.

SEEDS AND BULBS.

BULBS — Of ali descriptions. Write for prices.
C. Keur & Sons, Hillegom, Holland. New
York Branch, 810 Bridge Street.

BEES.

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS as advertised
on page 252. Catalogue free. Dero.v Taylor
Co.. Newark. N.Y.

BEE SUPPLIES.

Q. C. hives yield — on account of its winter
protectiveness, equable tempei'ature. brood-nest
work, incentive, etc. — sixty pound.s more than
average of others. Can you afford to not test
it? .\ddress W. F. McCready, Estero, Florida,
U. .S. A.

t.OOO GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two uoluri,
any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. Bast-
ern Isabel Co.. Cllntonvllle. Conn.

HONEY.

FOR SALE— 12,000 lbs. finest well ripened white
clover honey. Single case, containing 60 lbs.
or six ten lb. pails, $7.20. Larger quantities
quoted on application. Geo. Braven, Dunn-
vUle, Ont.

WANTED. — Several tons honey, 'lig^ht or dark,
in barrels or 60 lb. tins. Will supply barrels. If
necessary. Lambeth Bee and Poultry Yards,
Lambeth, Ont.

NEW AND RARE SEEDS

Unique collection. Hundreds of vari-
eties adapted for the Canadian cli-
mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy.
Own saving. Catalogue free.

Perry's Hardy Plant Farm

ENFIELD. MIDDLESEX, ENG.

/^KINNER

V YSTEM OF

o

IRRIGATION

Conirol complete. Prevents drougrht loss-
es. Reduces labor bills. Increases profit.
Special Portable Line for $11.76. Send for
new Bulletin.

The Skinner Irrigation Co.
217 Water Street Troy, Ohio

FREE LAND

For the SETTLER in

Norlhern Ontario

Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain-
able free and at a nominal cost are call-
Ins tor cultivation.

Thousands of farmers have responded
to the call of this fertile country and are
being made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a home
awaits you.

For full information as to terms, regu
lations, and settlers rates, write to

H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonization
Parliament Buildings, TORONTO

HON. G. HOWARD FERGUSON,
Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines.

Bulletins and Reports

Bulletin No. 239, on "•Potatoes," by C. A.
Zavitz, B.S.A., and Bulletin No. 240, en-
titled "Some Bacterial Diseases of Vege-
tables Found in Ontario," by Dan H. Jones,
B.S.A., have recently been issued by the
Ontario Department of Agriculture; also
the Thirty-sixth Annual Report of the On-
tario Beekeepers' Association for 1915.
The first mentioned bulletin is an unusually
full treatment of the subject.

Among the bulletins recently received by
The Canadian Horticulturist are the follow-
ing:

"The Cranberry Industry and its Possi-
bility in Canada," by M. B. Davis, B.S.A.,
this is bulletin 29 of the second series, Pub-
lications Branch, Ottawa. "Soil Fertility,
Its Economic Maintenance and Increase,"
by Franlc T. Shutt, M.A., D.Sc. Bulletin 27,
second series.

"The report of the Minister of Agricul-
ture for Ontario, 1915," "The Report of the
Entomological Society for Ontario, 1915,"
"The Canadian Entomologist," "The Review
of Applied Entomology."

The Utah Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion has published the following three bul-
letins mostly dealing with irrigation prob-
lems: Bulletin 142, "The Irrigation of
Peaches," by L. D. Batchelor; Bulletin 143,
"Fruit Tree Root Systems," by A. B. Bal-
lantyne, and Bulletin 144, "Water Table
Variations," by the same author.

The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Wooster, Ohio, has sent us "Orchard
Rejuvenation in Ohio," Bulletin 301. Bul-
letin 252, of the Maine Agricultural Sta-
tion, is entitled "Spraying Experiments and
Apple Diseases in 1915."

Items of Interest

Thirty thousand gallons of peaches and
fifteen tons of pure jams are being prepared
at the by-products department of the Vine-
land Horticultural Station, Vineland, Ont,
l)y order of the Ontario Government for the
hospitals at the front.

The fruit growers of St. Catharines and
surrounding district are again donating can-
ned peaches for the soldiers at the front.
Last year 20,000 quarts of canned peaches
went forward, and it is expected that this
record will be surpassed this year.

Among the exhibitors in fruit at the
Ottawa Exhibition this year was Jas. F.
Reason, of Penticton, B.C. He was success-
ful in securing two first prizes in Mcintosh
R 'd, a first in crab apple, and a third in
I ^iden Russets.

In the September issue of The Canadian
Horticulturist appeared an article entitled
"Standardization of Fruit Paekages." The
author of this article was A. H. Flack,
Chief Fruit Inspector for the prairie pro-
vinces. Room 112, Carlton Bldg., Portage
Avp., Winnipeg, Man. Unfortunately Mr.
Flack's name was printed as Slack, which
we regret. Another article by Mr. Flack
apnears elsewhere in this issue.

The death is announced at the front of
Capt. H. H. Pineo, son of W. W. Pineo, of
Waterville, N.S., one of the leading fruit
growers of the AnnapoUs Valley. A
description of Mr. Pineo's orchard and farm
was published some months ago in The
Canadian Horticulturisf.

During the summer months the British
market has been well supplied with apples
from Australia and Tasmania. Imports
this season have exceeded all previous re-
cords, and fair prices have been obtained.

Reporting to the Department of Trade
and Commerce, Mr. J. Forsyth Smifh,
Canadian Fruit Trade Commissioner in
England, states that the removal of the

embargo on the importation of canned
vegetables inasfar as it applies to products
of the British Empire, has awakened re-
newed interest in Canadian canned vege-
tables in the north of England. Letters
from dealers indicate that they will be op<'n
this year to make purchases from Cana<li.<
shippers.

The Ontario Fruit Division, under the di-
rection of Mr. P. W. Hodgetfl, Provincial
Director of Horticulturist, is sending 20,01
boxes of apples to the soldiers at the froi
The apples are principally Spys, Baldwins.
Golden Russets, and other hardy varieties
Two cars have already gone forward. Thea#
apples are being distributed by Mr. R. Reidfej
London, representative of the Ontario Gov-
ernment in Great Britain. Last year's sh
ments were greatly appreciated by t!
soldiers.

The cost of production, in general, dimin
ishes as the size of the orchard increaf'
The exceptions to this rule are due to ii
fact that for each locality there is an opti-
mum limit set by the natural and economi-
cal conditions of the region and that ti
costs of production are lowest where t
extent of the orchard approaches mori:'
closely to this optimum limit. — Oregon Agri-
cultural College Experimental Station.

During the winter protect smooth bark
trees from the sun on the south side ol
the tree, or expect injury there next sprint
from sunscald.

Save Those Apples

BY USING A

MAXWELL

CIDER PRESS

HOW many go to waste that milrht
be turned into Cider or Cider
Vinegar with a small investment.
Maxwell Presses are well made, of the
best material, heavy substantial frame,
and cross .section of extra weight and
strength; furnished with two crates,
galvanized hoops and tinned rivets.
Made for either hand or power.

MAXWELLS LIMITED

St. Mary's, Ontario

■A

The Canadian Horticulturi^

Floral Edition

Vol. XXXIX

TORONTO, ISOVEMBEK, 1916

No. 11

The Triumph of Efficient Methods

W. E. Biggar, Chief Provincial Fruit Pests Inspector, Hamilion, Ont.

NEVER in the history of Canadian
orcharding has there been a year
when the value of systematic
;ind thoroiin^h .s^praying has been more
clearly demonstrated than during the
past season. Last spring, owing to the
scarcity of labor and the liigh price of
materials, many orchardists did not
give their trees the usual amount of at-
tention. Then followed a season wliich
was peculiarlj' adapted for the spread
of diseases, particularly apple scab.
The result of this has been that farm-
ers who did not give the usual amount
of attention to spraying have very lit-
tle if any No. 1 fruit for sale this year.
The pecuniar J' loss to themselves
throughout the province can hardly be
estimated, but it will total up to mucli
more than whatever might have been
saved in time in the spring.

•Written by an editor of The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist from notes obtained during a recent
Interview with Mr. Biggai'.

The comparatively few men who
gave the usual thorough spraying this
spring are the men who are marketing
the No. 1 fruit this fall, and incidental-
ly the men who are making the profits.
Orchards throughout Ontario which
were not spra.yed this year have been
practically worthless. In many orchards
the fruit has scarcely been worth the
trouble of jjicking. An exception to
this, however, is the district around
Owen Sound where, for some reason or
other, the fruit even in unsprayed
orchards was very good.

Some exceptionally large returns
have been obtained this year from ap-
ple orchards in which spraying was
systematically practiced. Proba-bly the
greater amount of spraying this j^ear
was done in the Niagara District. As
a result there are more clean apples in
this district this year than in all the
I'est of the province. On several farms

where spraying was thoroughly done
exceijtio'nally large returns have been
obtained. The crops throughout have
been remarkably free from scab and
codling moth. In many orchards
where spraying had been practiced the
entire crop of apples, Nos. 1, 2 and 3
have sold at an average of three dollars
a barrel. In one orchard east of
Hamilton, twenty-five acres in extent,
through careful pruning and spraying
a crop was harvested this year whicli
will sell at between $6,000 "and $7,000.
Another grower in this district from
his eight acres of apples expects to sell
?3,000 worth of fruit. Still another man
sold six acres of apples on the tree for
•tOOO. This has been accomplished only
by careful watching of the orchard and
thorough spraying at the proper time.
The fact that a good quality of apples
was so scarce made for better prices
to those who had clean friut.

A roai baok-to-lht'-land district.

Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, was once suH^divided into lot's for real estate.
and vegetables, for which It is admirably adapted.

It is now reverting to farming fruit

262

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Moral Edition.

Ill one orchard near Grimsby the
fruit in 1914 was so scaibby that the
owner could not sell it to packers. The
crop had to be sold for cider making.
]n 1915 Prof. Cajsar, in conjunction
.with the Provincial Inspectors, took
over this orchard and by thorough
pruning and spraying put it in good
shape. The immediate result of this
work in the spring of 1915 was that the
apples that fall sold for $1,000. Spray-
ing was continued this year and a very
nice crop of apples was harvested. The
owner estimates that he will sell his
1916 crop for $3,500. Money talks.

This has been a very bad year for
scab on account of tlie wet season. This
disease is protoalbly more general
throughout the province this year than
ever before. A significant fact is seen
in the contract between the United
Fruit GroweTs of Ontario and the
Grain GroAvers' Grain Co., where the
Ontario fruit growei-s only guaranteed
to supply 10 per cent, of No. 1 fruit.
The great discrimination in prices be-
tween No. 1 and No. 2 grades of fruit
should be an object lesson to farmers
who thought to save money by neglect-
ing their spraying last spring. Apples
of good quality are selling at high
prices this year. On the Hamilton
market a few days since, good apples
were selling at a higher rate per basket
than peaches.

The San Jose Scale is being largely
controlled in the Niagara district. It
has been a life and death struggle with
the fruit growers. It is only when
fruit growers realize the necessity foi-
drastic measures that such a disease
can be successifully dealt with. In
counties where the scale has not been
fought against by some of the fruit
growers it is gaining rapidly. This is
especially true of some of the districts
along the shore of Lake Erie. In one
county over 1,400 acres of orchard
have been destroyed fby scale. The
proportion which this menace 'has as-
sumed in this district is probably due
to the fact that there are no pest in-
spectors there such as there are in the
Niagara District. Eadh man does what
he thinks best.

The people have protection against
these diseases entirely within their own
grasp. Where twenty-five ratepayers
in a township want inspection the
township must appoint a fruit pests
inspector. This inspector will have
authority to compel every man in the
township to spray his orchard. Where
a man neglects spraying the inspector
Avill be empowered to have the spray-
ing done, and to have the cost of it col-
lected along with the man's taxes. This
prevents the spread of disease by the
non-spraying of orchards by careless
lessees. The Niagara District is per-
haps the best supplied Avith inspectors

of any district in Canada. Every town-
ship there lias from one to thi'ee in-
spectors. There has been no damage
of importance done by the scale north
of the commercial peach belt, or in
other word.s, of a line running from To-
ronto to Sarnia.

Gratifying Results.
Little peach and peach yellows
are now well under control. Three
years ago over 60,000 trees were
taken out of the Niagara and
Fonthill districts because of these dis-
eases. Last year not more than one dis-
eased tree was found on an average in
each orchard by the inspectors. The

The "Uizzie" stands find their best place in
receiving and storing small lots of heteregeneous
l<inds and grades of fruits. They hold sixteen
eleven-quart baskets. Note article on page 263.

only method for the control of these
diseases is to take out the diseased
tree and burn it.

The inspectors are doing splendid
work in eradicating scale and other dis-
eases of the orchard. This year is a
particularly good year for them to im-
press on the fruit grower the absolute
necessity for constant attention to his
trees if he expects to reap any profits
from them.

Oyster Shell Bark Louse can be best
controlled by waiting until it hatches
out, when a couple of applications of
Lime sulphur or Kerosene Emulsion
should be given.

Growth of Pruned and Un-
pruned Trees

THE pruning of fruit trees during
the season of planting is advo-
cated by some authorities, whilst
others advise its postponement until
after a season's growth. Both methods
are claimed to be successful. The re-
sults of a series of experiments con-
ducted to determine the relative value
of both methods are reported in the
Journal of the Roj'a.l Horticultural So-
ciety. The experiments were planned
with a view to making comparative
measurements of the growth of trees
pruned at the different periods, and to
determining whether the results varied
with the variety of tree or stock upon
which a given variety was grafted.

Eighty trees were used in the experi-
ment, comprising five varieties grafted
on the Paradise stock and five varieties
on the Crab stock. They were planted
in five rows ten feet apart each way.
After growth had ceased in the autumn
of each of the three years following
planting, the length of each branch and
twig produced during the previous
growing season was measured. After
the measurements had been completed
each season all the trees were pruned
in order to give them the form desired
and to admit light to the centre of the
trees.

Before the first general pruning in
February, 1913, it was evident that the
trees which had not been pruned after
planting had far more flower-buds upon
them than those which had been
pruned. This effect was so marked that
it was in most cases difficult to find
shoot-buds to which to prune, and con-
sequently pruning had to be done into
the two-year-old wood of 1911, instead
of the one-year-old wood. This was the
case with every variety, so that al-
though in every case the amount of
growth made in 1912 was greater in the
pruned than in the unpruned trees, the
amount of wood removed at pruning
time was greater in every case in the
unpruned than in the pruned trees.

The results of the measurements dur-
ing the three seasons 1912-14 lead to
the conclusion that all varieties of
apples grmv better in the first season if
they are pruned in the season of plant-
ing than if left unpruned, and that the
check imposed by neglect of pruning
is felt by trees on Paradise stock for at
least three yeara after planting, while
trees on Crab stock appear to recover
more quickly and perhaps even to gain
slightly in their second or third years.
The difference in behavior of the trees
on different stocks gives a probable ex-
planation of the difference which has
arisen in practice. Since, however, in
all cases the first year's growth is very
important, the practice of pruning dur-
ing the season of planting is preferable.

November, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

263

The Expeditious Handling of Basket Fruit

Edwin Smith, B.S.A., In Charge of Fruit Cold Storage and Transportation Investigation, Grim') y, Ont.

WHEN the Dominion Precooling
and Experimental Warehouse
at Grimsby, Ont., was put in
operation in 1914 the problem arose of
handling several thousand baskets from
the receiving platform to the precool-
ing rooms, and from the rooms to the
«ars in the space of a few hours' time.
Up to this time baskets had been
handled by hand from fruit drays to
express platform and again by hand
from platform to cars. While this
method would be out of the question
on account of labor required, it would
also be inconvenieTit since in precool-
ing it is necessarj' to have the fruit
packages raised up from the floor
while cooling and would not be ae-
ceptaiMe on account of the excessive
handling given the fruit.

Four Swivel-wheel Trucks.

By using several types of four-
wheeled slatted-platfoi-m trucks their
merits were coniTjined in a composite
which pipoduced the platform truck
with four swivel castors shown in the
accompanying illustrations. To ac-
commodate both 11-qt., 6-qt. baskets
and various other fruit packages ef-
ficiently, and still . retain a size con-
venient for passing through corridors
and doors, a length of five feet six
inches and a width of three feet two
inches was adopted as standard for the
platform proper. The end racks ex-
tend out about one inch from the end
of the platform. They are made from
one inch gas pipe and are two feet one
and one half inches higher than the
surface of the platform. These are
securely bracketed to the body of the
truck to give suiflcient strength for
handling loads.

The platform is made from eight
birch strij)s two and one quarter inches
wide by seven-eighths of an inch thick,
and two outside sti-ips four and one
half inches wide by seven-eighths of an
inch thick. These are spaced one and
one quarter inches apart, and support-
ed on a birch frame made from one and
one half indh by five inch marterial,
having four cross bed-pdeces of the
same material]. These trucks cast
fifteen dollars and eighty-five cents
each, and may be manufactured
locally.

It is important to have four swivel
wheels or castors, as in handling from
one to six carloads of fruit a day it is
necessary to leave the fruit on the
trucks while cooling, filling the pre-
cooling rooms entirely with loaded
trucks and removing them to the car
as soon as cooled. Were it not for the
swivels on each corner it would be im-

possible to fill the rooms without great
loss in space. They allow trucks to be
placed in corners, shoved sidewise in
filling spaces and itunied about sharp
curves in narrow alleys. ' Great dif-
ficulty would be experienced in turn-
ing into the rooms froiu the corridors
were it not for the swivels at both
ends. Although this difficulty might be
overcome in the center-wheeled type
of truck, the la)tter is not adapted to
close placing in tihe rooms. The castors

Two men can roll one of these four awlvel-
wheel trucks ibearins; a load of from one thou-
sand to one thousand six hundred pounds. Note
the awivel wheels, which allow of pushing Into
corners.

used are of very heavy construction
with steel pins in the swivels. This is
important on 'afccount of the heavy
loads carried, causing a heavy strain
on these pa.rt8 when running over sills,
against obstacles, or into refrigerator
cars. There has Ijcen the objection
raised that this type of truck is more
diffieult to handle than one with other
kind of w*heels. This is true, but three
years' experience at Grims'by has
shown that with iplenty of lulbricatioii
two men can roll them on the level,
and that the advantage of the swivel
wheels more than ofiFsets this difficulty.
In loading these trucks ordinarily
from one hundred and sixty to one

hundred and eighty six-quart baskets
are used for a load, and from eighty-
four to one hundred eleven-quart bas-
kets, aiggregating a weight from one
thousand to one thousand six hundred
pounds a truck. On account of differ-
ent kinds of fruit and different times
of receiving, not all of tlie trucks are
full when pl'aced in the rooms, so that
it requires from fourteen to seventeen
trucks to handle a carload. The rooms
at the Gri'mslby plant will liold seven-
teeai trucks each, so that no difficulty
is experienced in plading a carload of
fruit in each room. In cars having
mamy simall lots of different fruits it is
necessary to place different kinds on a
single truck. In this case the card
placed on the top of the tinick states
amounts and kinds for cheeking and
tallying purposes.

There is alwaj-is some necessity to
handle leno or 'heaped baskets of
frait. This is accomplished by build-
ing racks to accommodate these pack-
ages, and by using the Woolverton or
Hunter crates.

The "Lizzie" Truck.

Owing to the large use of boys in
handling baskets during the fruit sea-
son a s.'V'istem of trucking was de-
iiiaiided that would require less muscle
in handling. In working out such a
sTOtem it was sought to adopt the
\\'estern clamp 'box truck to the use of
iDaskets by providing a raised platform
or stand, ^vhich would at the same time
serve the purpose of raising the fruit
packages up off the floor to allow the
cold air for precooling to pass up
through 'the perforated floor and cir-
culate freely through 'the fruit pack-
ages. In adapting the truck it was
found advisable not to use the clamp,
but rather to provide it with an ex-
tended tongue, as shown in the illus-
ti'ation, which catches underneath the
.stands on which are piled the baskets
or boxes, lifts the stack clear from the
floor for trucking, and releases it aaid
slides out when the proper location has
been reached. In this manner the
stacks of baskets are carried to the
precooling rooms for cooling, after
which fhey are carried directly into
the car. The fruit is unloaded from
the stands, whereupon they are taken
back to the receiving platform.

The trucks used in the Grimsby
warehouse during the past season
proved very useful and satisfactory.
The name app'lied to this truck by the
warehouse staff was that of "Lizzie
truck." For want of a more conveni-
ent name this name still stands, and
on busy days at the warehouse the de-

264

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EJdltlon.

One of the strongest points in favor of the
"Lizzie" stands is the low initial cost.

iiiands for the "Lizzies" were very
lieavy. "While tlie large trucks are
used first, there are days when all the
fruit received cannot be accommodated
by the large trucks, and many hun-
dred baskets are stacked on "Lizzie"
stands.

The "Lizzie" stands find their heist
place ill re«€iving and storing small
lots of heterogeneous kinds and grades
(/f fruits, where it is not advisable to
pile them together. It is convenient in
finishing off \vihen loading cai"s, since
the space left in the centre of the car
for bracing purposes is not great
enough to allow the large trucks to
I liter, whereas there is amiple room to
shove in ithe "Lizzie" stands. More
fruit can be placed in a precooling
room on "Lizzie" stands than on the
large trucks. However, in adopting a
sjTstem of trucking for a new ware-
house proibaibly the initial cost of
equipment would stand more in this
system's favor than any other thing.
The cost oi equipment for handling a
carload of fruit with "Lizziie" trucks
would not exceed $25.00. Whereas
with the large trucks the investment
would amount to $270.00. Al>out the
same amount of lafcor is required to
handle fruit on these trucks as on the
large ones, since to load a car rapidly
it is necessary to have two truckers
moving fruit to the car. However, it
is to be noted that it is lighter work to
handle the "Lizzie" trucks, and it is
possible for one man to receive at the
door and truck the fruit into rooms
without assistance.

It is necessary to advocate tlic large
use of these trucks with caution, since
they are not a success unless the bas-
kets used are very strong. As it is
necessary to make "two-^iles" and
"three-piles" of baskets on the stand.?
there is a tendency for the pile to
stait ereening, whereupon the bottom
baskets sag, spring or l)ulge, allowing
the ereening to increase, much to the
injury of the fruit in the bottom bas-
kets, if not the whole pile in case of a
toppling over of the stack. This diffi-
culty is not met wilh in using the largo
trucks, since piles have such a large
base tlaat the baskets bind or tie each
other in place like bricks in a wall,
giving no chance for the sagging or
•ereening to start. To meet this iliffi-
culty it is advisable to use only strong
ibaskets. In making the piles place
the baskets closely together so that the
weight of the baskets cover fully the
edges of the baskets underiieath. ilake
sure the lids of the baskets are fas-

tened at the sides to prevent bulgint;.

The "Lizzie" trucks are simple to
'build and may be constructed by an\
local blacksmith. The stands are' made
from three one-dnch by four-inch
iboards mounted on two-inch by two-
dnch strips as raisers. These are made
to accommodate a three-qjile of six-
quart baskets or a two-pile of eleven-
qmrt baskets. The six-(iuart baskets
are customarily stacked ten high, mak-
ing thirty baskets for each stand,
while the eleven-quart baskets ar"
stacked eight high, making a load of
siixteen baskets.

It is quite possible to adopt the
Grimsby .system of liandling f)asket
fruits to other phases of the fruit-«hip-
iping industry. Much time and labor
«ould be saved in many packing
houses, express platforms, shipping
warehouses and in wholesale ware-
houses by tlie adoption of an efficient
trucking system, choosing trucks that
ibe.st suit the needs of the situation.

Pointers by an Experienced Pear Grower

SPECIALIZING in pears has proved
profitable on the fruit farm of
E. E. Beaman & Son, of New-
castle, Durham County, Ont. The
pear orchard comprises ten acres, most-
ly Bai-tletts, but with about half an
acre of Wilmot, a native variety. While
Mr. Beaman has met with success, he
also has learned much from his years
of experience. The benefit of some of
this he gave to an editor of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist, Mdio visited liini
recently.

In about seven acres of the orchard
the trees were set but sixteen feet ajiart.
This Mr. Beaman told us is too closo
for pear trees. If he were setting out
another orchard he would have his pear
trees thirty feet by twenty feet. V.itli
trees too close the air doesn't circulate.
As the trees become larger the diffi-
culty of spraying is increased, as the
nearly interlocking branches make it
difficult to get an outfit through; and
the crowding results in a high type of
tree difficult to spray.

"From the standpoint -of fruit,"
said Mr. Beaman, "more room is also
desirable. The greater amount of
sun and air makes for a better color
and size in the fruit. And the lower
headed tree made possible by this prac-
tice makes it much easier to harvest the
fruit. Of course, the term 'low-head-
ed' when applied to pear trees has a
different meaning than when apple
trees are spoken of. The pear tree
naturally has a central leader, and is
pruned on the pyramidal form, so that
when one speaks of low-headed pear
trees it must be understod as compar-
ative only."

The orchard is all in sod. The grass
is cut and left on the ground as a
mulch.

' ' The Pear Psylla has been the worst
pest in our orchard," said Mr. Bea-
man, "and we find it very difficult to
control. This year we are using 'Black
Leaf 40' on our trees, but we do
not yet know with what success. We
also have had some injury from the
green fruit worm. We \ise lime sul-
phur mainly in our orchard, although
some Bordeaux is used as well. When
spraying with the latter we use but
three pounds of copper sulphate to the

A simple apple box press Ss of value to anyone

who packs apples in boxes. Photo shows pre.ss

holding top on box for naiUng.

November, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

2C5

barrel, instead of four, as recommend-
ed. This does not injure the foliage."

When one knows what to look for it
is comparatively easy to detect the
eggs of the pear psj'lla.
In the nymph stage the insect lives on
'the foliage and branches of the tree.
The damage is done by the insect
exuding a honey dew whidh turns black
land discolors the fruit. To one vv"ho is
•accustomed to this insect, its presence
•may be detected without even looking
at the tree. Wasps and hornets feed
on this honey dew and wherever dam-
age from pear psylla is being done one
can hear the hum of these insects.

This year Mr. Beaman will have only
a small crop. Where last year he had
200 barrels of Bartletts, this year he
will have only 30 to 40 barrels.

"Two factors worked for a small
crop in my orchard, ' ' said Mr. Beaman.
"First, we had such an unfavorable
season that our crop M-ould have been a

light one in any case, and then a wind-
storm which visited this district about
September 1st completed the disaster.
I have not been, however, so unfortun-
ate as my neighbor, Mr. F. B. Love-
kin," and he pointed to some of the
damage done to his neighbor's farm.
Mr. Lovekin, one of the largest orch-
ardists of Ontario, had eighteen large
apple trees taken out root and branch,
a barn and a windmill blown down, and
much fruit destroyed.

Mr. Beaman markets all his fruit in
barrels. The pears are shipped to
commission merchants in Montreal in
the fall. Spy apples that are also
grown successfully, are packed in bar-
rels and stored until the middle or the
end of April. They are then shipped
to Montreal, where they have some-
times brought as high as eight dollars
a barrel. Mr. Beaman's farm is beau-
tifully situated on the shore of Lake
Ontario. It is in one of the best fruit
sections of the province.

Lessons from the 1916 Apple Season

p. J. Carey, Dominion Frail Inspector

THERE are apple growers in On-
tario this year who are making
large returns from their orch-
ards. This is the case, in spite of the
fact that the season has been an un-
favorable and for most growers an un-
profitable one. The successful growers
are men who, through careful attention
to business, have reaped •^ood crops of
clean apples. Although the number of
such orchards is not large, it is suf-
ficient to demonstrate that it is pos-
sible to grow clean fruit under the

T

Prbss released after top has been nailed on.

Note pan above for nails and rack at leift for

boards.

most unfavorable conditiohs. This
should serve as an object lesson, and
should inspire those who have had only
partial success to still greater efforts
iiJong the line of spraying.

The apple situation this season is
perhaps the most disappointing and
most discouraging in the history of ap-
ple growing. The general quality oi'
the fruit has never been vvoree, but
those who are vitally interested in the
betterment of the apple industry, may
take consolation in the knowledge that
climatic conditions had very much to
do with the general quality, as well as
with the shortage of the crop. It is
only fair to our growers to say that
many of them worked diligently and
put up a good fight, hoping to win out,
but the odds were against them. The
pride and ambition of anany good
prchardists have received a setback.
They have been forced to the con-
clusion that it is not an easy task to
grow first class apples in Ontario.

Where spraying was thoroughly and
systematically done we have a per-
centage of clean fruit. Where this
operation was neglected orchards con-
tain nothing but a;bsolute trash.
Marketing the Crop,

As the growing sea.sou was full of
difficulties, resulting in a failure to pro-
duce fruit of good quality, one would
at once conclude that the marketing of
such a crop would not be an easy task.
The shortage of the supply is the only
factor that relieves the situation. The
consumer must have some apples re-
gardless of the quality or prices. Deal-

Baskets of I'ruit for shiiwnent to the western

provinces are better protected by crates. These

are especdally necessary where fruit must be

reshipped. Note "Uizzie" stand.

ers, sizing up the situation, bought
rather freely, paying good prices.
There is a free movement of anything
fair with an indication that it will take
the whole crop to supply the demand.
When fruit is of poor quality, there is
always a danger of trouble in carrying
out contracts. This is more especially
true when the principal defect is the
fungus on the apples, which often
causes the fruit to change while in
transit. This will be met to some ex-
tent by the fact that the marking on
•packages will be low, a very large per-
centage being marked "No. 3." This
grade mark will cover all the fruit
.packed, from some orchai-ds. In this
case, a distinguishing mark on pack-
ages will indicate that the fruit is
superior to that found in ordinary
"No. 3."

The Dominion Fruit Branch, anxious
to protect the consumer as well as to
help out the producer, is doing its ut-
most to make the best of a bad situ-
ation. Inspectors are instructed, that
while there is to be no falling dowoi in
the grades, they are to give the packer
every assistance in the orchards, in
order that the fruit may be put on the
market, marked what it really is.

A large number of growers will be-
come discouraged with their failure to
produce good fruit, and possibly will
let the orchard take care of itself.
There is also a danger of many pro-
ducers neglecting their orchards, owing
to the fact that dealers came forward
t;nd paid for defective fruit prices that

I'tiX

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral E>(Htlon.

The House Culture of Bulbs'*

Dr. H. M. Speech y, Pilot Mound, Man.

The house cultivation of bulbs may
be effected by planting bulbs in soil,
in water vases, m in moss fibre. The
first great principle to observe is that,
whatever method you use, it is import-
ant to encourage root-growth for weeks
and usually months before top-growth
seriously commences. Therefore, as

S>»->\a.

^^o I y\ijye ■

^_i_&w|aon ^

A. — Put a bulb in a six-inch pot, providing an
inch or twx> of drainage covered with a layer of
flbry compost and two inches of soil. Place
bulb on this and add sand to surround nearly
to apex.

soon as your bulbs are ready, put them
down in a dark place in your cellar
where the temperature runs between
40 degrees and 50 degrees, and keep
them there for one to three months be-
fore bringing them to light and
warmth. When you pot bulbs with our
good black loam, j"ou need no other
compost. This is how it is done. First,
be sure to have clean flower pots ; place
at the bottom a few pebbles or broken
crocks ; then put down about a third of
chunky ratted sod; and on that pour
black loam, or loam and sand equally
mixed, to about haJf the height of the
pot or to a sufficient height to allow

your bulb-top to be about level witn tli(!
rim of the pot; finally fill up with svW
and i>aek it well around the bulb so
that the latter is "up to its neck" in
soil. With some .small bulbs, like the
freesia, or corms like the crocus, you
need only plunge then! into the soil of
u pot filled except to the last half-inch.
Bulbs for Pot Culture.
Without going into all the bulbs suit-
able for pot culture in the winter, 1
will advise j'ou to order paper white
narcissus, Roman hyacinths, and the
narcissus known as the "Chinese lily,"
for blooming during the latter half of
Deeem'ber. Dutch hyacinths come in
January and February. Freesias bloom
in January, and are followed in Febru-
aTy and March by crocus and the later
narcissus types, such as the Emperor,
Empress, Victoria Bicolor, and Von
Sion daffodils ; while last of all are the
beautiful Poet's Narcissus, kinds which

B. — Many hardy lilies, including lilium specio-
sum, have stem roots. These must be fed.
This illustrates these roots after the plant has
made considerable growth. Pots must not be
filled at first.

6 fw

The right way to pot a calla lily Ifi here abown
on the left, and the wrong way on the ri^t.

while you have your bulbs in the dark
cupboard rooting in this or any soil
compost, you o-ught not to water tliem
more than once a week, but when you
bring them to light, water them more
frequently, according to the judgment
of your fingers. When, hcvvever, the
bulbs begin to flower, they will take
watei" every day.

•Extract from an address delivered before the
women's section of the Manitoba Horticultural
and Forestry Association.

o

C. — ^When the growth is six indhes high fill up

the vacant sipa^e with compost for the stem

roots to feed upon.

bloom in March. I do not recommend
tulips for pot culture. Some bulbs
take kindly to the water culture, par-
ticulaTly the paper white narcissus, the
"Chinese lily," and Dutch hyacinths.
Special glasses are made for these,
which hold the bulb just above the
water, into which the roots descend;
but any vase of sufficient depth will
do, if you prop the bulbs up with peb-
bles, o>T even pieces of clinker or hard
coal, so that they only just touch the
water. A little charcoal in the water
helps to keep it sweet, but it is easy to
drain off old water and replace it with
fresh fluid without hurting anything.
The moss-fibre treatment was dis-
covered by the late Robert Sydenham,
of Birmingham, who found that, if
bulbs were embedded "up to their
necks" in a compound of cocoanut fibre
charcoal and crushed oyster-shell, they
could be grown successfully in bowls
or vases without drainage. This is a
very elegant method of treating almost
any" bulb, whether hyacinth, narcissus,
or lily. It is important to note that.

Climbers for Greenhouses

B. C. Tillett, Hamilton

There are a number of plants which
will grow f exceedingly well as climbers
in a gla.sshouse. One of these is the
beautiful Marechal Niel rose. Anyone
who has seen this rose grown to perfec-
tion will hardly be satisfied until they
have a plant of their own. Its deep
golden yellow blooms, with their strong
perfume and its delicate foliage, places
it in the first rank, if not first of all,
among all climbing roses. Another is
the beautiful jasmine, with its white
star-like flowers and strong fragrance.

If there is space in a corner, do not
forget the water lilies. A tub raised on
a brick or two, filled a quarterfull of
mud, in which the seeds can be sown,
and just covered with water, will
greatly add to the charm of a green-
house or winter gai-den. The seeds will
germinate quickly, and some will flower
the first year. The temperature should
be kept warm.

A few hanging plants, such as aspara-
gus sprengerii, in moss wire baskets,
or a few hanging orchids, will repay the
little trouble. Among your pot plants
do not forget the freezias, the cycla-
mens, the lilies-of-the-valley, and the
hyacinths.

There is still time to plant bulbs in
pots for spring flowers. Use hyacinths,
daffodils, or tulips. Tulips may still be
planted outdoors to advantage.

Hyacinths, daffodils and other bulbs
should be set in a cool place until the
roots are well formed. Then they may
be brought into heat and forced as
needed.

.o\eiuber, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

2G!)

Fall Planting and Protection of Roses

H. J. Moore, Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ont.

HARDY roses may be planted suc-
cessfulh' in November. Except
in extremely cold seetions the
fall is preferable to spring planting.
.\[any people consider roses too tender
1() plant out in the fall. There is, how-
I'vcv, no foundation for this supposi-
tion.
Our spring is short. Hot weafher
ines rapidly, and vegetation starts

This rose bush is ready for winter. Straw and
leaves are scattered over the roots and part
way up tiie stem. Burlap is then tied around.

((uickly into growth. The dormant life
of the rose is thus awakened almost as
soon as frost leaves the ground. If
spring planting is the least delayed the
plants receive a check. This is harmful
and derogator.v to the production of
nowers. When roses are lifted from the
ui-sery lines many root fibres are
iiroken. This results in a set hack, more
especially so when growth has started.
Whether the plants are taken directly
Horn the field or from the nursery cel-
lar, where they have been stored dur-
ing winter, they are apt to dry out in
transit.

It does not seem logical that a hardy
plant with the nature of the rose should
not be as successfully planted in the
fall as in the spring, especially when the
foregoing disadvantages are consider-
ed. During the fall the nurseryman
has more time to lift and to pack, thus
these things are more carefully done.
November is the best month in which
I plant, and at this time the soil is
>ually dry and friable. Good plant-
ing cannot be done in a wet soil. Per-
haps the greatest advantage of fall
planting is that the soil commences to

.settle firmly around the roots the mom-
ent the work is done, and the spring
rains and thaws all tend to make it
firm. Consequently when the }ouaig
i-ootlets develop in spring they are not
disturbed or restricted in any way.
.Veither does the Stem growth receive
a check.

Soil to Use.

The best soil for roses is a claj' loam.
A stubborn clay, however, may be so
improved by the addition of staible
manure, leaf soil and a little sand, as
to grow the most beautiful flowers. A
light, sandy soil may also, bj' incorpor-
ating a sufficient quantity of clay loam,
or in the case of extremely light soils
a quantity of pure red clay, be render-
ed satisfactory. Blue clays or blue
clay loams contain poisonous salts of
iron. To this their blue color is due.
They should be scrupulously avoided.
When cultivated it takes a long time
for them to oxidise and so becoine
fertile.

Clay loams are usually cool in sum-
mer. This is an ideal .soil condition for
root growth of roses. They are also
retentive of moisture, an essential for
the production of strong flowering
growth. Dark colored humic soils arc
warm duiiing summer and unsuited to
I'oses. They a;bsorb and retain the
sun's heat to a greater extent than
light colored dlay loams. Roses
.should not be planted in a dark color-
I'd soil ^\•*hich is light in weight or

coarsely porous in nature.

Fall is the best time to prepare beds
or borders to receive roses, whether in-
tended for November or for spring
planting. New ground should be
trenched or dug to a depth of eighteen
inches. Half rotted stable manure,
preferably from the cow stable, should
be spread over the surface of bedsi
where spring planting will be done, and
on those to be planted in November a
very light covering of thoroughly rot-
ted manure may be scattered. This
should be dug into the soil. Heavy ap-
plications of rotted stable manure con-
fahiing urine should not be applied to
tall planted roses. A heavy applica-
tion of leaf soil may, however, be
given. Newly planted roses are in-
capable of absorbing the food solu-
tions until they make new feeding
roots and become established.

Rose beds or borders should not bo
nuide on Ijow lying portions of the
garden, or in posiitions where drainage
is not good. Wet and soggj^ soil con-
ditions in spring may mean failure. It
is in these positions and under the lat-
ter condition that the soil will become
sour and acid through non-aeration,
Roses will not live long in such soils.

Planting Methods.

Careful planting of the rose is es-
sential. All broken root fibres should
be cut awa}% and all plants with Ijadly
mutilated roots be rejected. The
holes should be made large enough to

.\ll the roses .shown above were planted on r>ecember 15, ISlt. They should have been planted

in November, but were delayed by war conditions in transportation. Both hybrid perpetual-s

and hyfbnid teas are here, and not one has been lost during the past two. ye&rs.

:7o

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

FloraJ Ekiitlon.

1 ;^

I'eifi'ction climbing: rose. 19 feet iiigh. (Photo
by J. M. Hull, Hamilton, Ont.)

acoouiiuodate the roots when fully-
spread ouit and extended. The plant
should be s«t in the center of the hole,
and its roots should radiate toward the
cipcurnfeTCiiee, Ike the spokes of a
wheel from the hub, which in this case
is the stem. The roots sihould not be
bunched or crowded in any way. Care-
less and igniorant methods of planting
are responsible for many failures. With
the hand fine soil should now be scat-
tered between and above the roots, and
the root fibres be straightened or rais-
ed, as necessary. If the plant is moved
upward and downward gently the soil
particles will sift between and settle
firmly around the roots. When these
are substantially covered the rem'ain-
ing soil may be filled in with the spade.
The surface should then be tramped.
After planting, a thorough watering
should be given. At this time it is
proper to shorten any growth that is
longer than two feet to this length.

The depth to plant roses is about one
inch deeper than the old soil mark on
their stems. This mark is easy to de-
tect, as usually the portion below the
soil is a yellowish brown, while the
aerial portdons are green. If the plants
bear the swollen portion characteristic
of budded roses, plant them an inch
deeper than the "graft."

Roses s'hould never be left exposed
to sun or wind. Should any drying of
the roots be apparent, they should be
immersed in water for a time before
planting. If received in a dried out
condition from the grower or agent,
the green aerial growth should be
carefully examined. If this shows
marked signs of bark wrinkling or cor-
rugation cut one or two of the most
prominent stems. Should a brown ring
be apparent just under the bark, it is
a bad sign and indicates decay of the
cambium or bark forming layer.

AccoiHling to theiir vigor roses are
planted at greater or le.ss distance
apart. The weaker growing and less
vigorous hybrid teas may be planted
two feet apart. The strong growing
hybrid perpetuals three feet. If, how-
< vcr, that excellent method of culture,
namely, the bending down of the steins
.iiid securing them to stakes, is to be
j)ractised, four feet apart for hybrid
perpetuals is not too much. This
.method cannot be put into practice
until the second year after planting.

The beds of fall planted roses must
be protected during winter. A cover-
ing of s'traw, strawy litter from the
stables, half decayed leaves, or even
hay, may be used. A heavy dressing
of rotted stable manure should not be
given the first year. The stems of the
plants should also be protected. Stra\v
or hay tied around or piled loosely
over these will suffice. The protective
covering should not be so heavy as to
entirely prevent the access of air to
root or branch (rotted manure does
not favor access of air to the roots).
A mulch is given to protect, not to
smother, and its purpose briefly is to
act as a non-conductor or insulating
agent. Between the straws or fibres of
the mulch a more or less neutral film
or cushion of air is always present. A
mulch acts like a thermos bottle. Sud-
den changes in extremes of heat and
cold are in degree absorbed by this
film. In winter the cold air does not
get in rapidly. The relatively warmer
air does get out readily. In spring
this condition is reversed, therefore the
mulch must be removed as early as

possible consistent with safety. Fro.s!
will thus more quickly leave the
ground, and favor normal growth.

Objection has been taken to the use
of straw as a protective muldi on the
ground that it harbors mice. If, after
the first lasting snow, precaution is
taken to lightly tramp the mulch ac-
cess of mice will be prevented, as they
cannot bui-row or even live in it after
it is hardened by frost.

During fall, stable manure may be
forked into all well established beds of
roses if a fertilizer is necessary. A
sprinkling of bone meal will also be ol
great value, being of slow decomposi-
tion a fall application is to be preferred
to one in spring. These fertilizers may
be worked into the soil during Sep-
tember, October, or November. Mulches
for protection, however, should not be
given to any roses whether newly
pilanted or well estaiblished until frost
has lightly but permanently encrusted
the ground. When the surface of the
latter is in a frozen condition, mice
cannot burrow into it. So with a
frozen soil and frozen mulch they can-
not do much, if any, injury to the
roses.

Sometimes it is necessary to proteer
the stem of climbing i-oses. These may
be taken from their supports, and be
laid in a bed of clean straw and lightly
eovered with same. They may also be
protected by covering them with two
thicknesses ' of burlap on ' their sup-
ports. Burlap lightly wound and tied
around hybrid perpetuals and hj-brid
teas is also a good protection wherever
possible to obtain it.

Making the Garden Live Longer

Geo. Baldwin, F.R.H.S.

OF all the months in the year
November is the one in which
fresh vegetables and flowers
are most acceptable. Provided proper
care and attention has been given,
there is no reason why fresh vegetaibles
this year in November cannot be had.
Too many would-be gardeners sit
down as soon as the first frost comes
along, instead of having protection
material on hand. They thus lose three
or four Aveeks of good growing weath-
er. We must not be content to watch
plants and vegetables, on which we
have spent a lot of time during the
summer, get nipped. We must be
alert. We know pretty well when to
expect a frost from the weather fore-
easts in our local papers. Be prepar-
ed with burlap, old clothes, straw or
papers and use as frost shields to keep
the garden fresh through October and
most of November.

"Gain time," should be a slogan of

the amateur gardener. This can be
done with just a little forethought and
energy. Don't forget that after No-
vember 1st bulbs begin to deteriorate,
so that not a day shoiild be lost in
planting bulbs which were not planted
last month for outside growth. Re-
member that the longer time plants
have for rooting, the better the flow-
ers. This also applies to bulbs indoors
for Christmas blooming. If you have
some trees under which no grass Avill
grow, plant a lot of crocuses, daffodils,
snow-drops and sciUas. They will stay
there for years and multiply. This is
also the time to plant lily bulbs — do.
not wait until spring.

If you want to force asparagus ant
rhubard for Christmas, get busy anc
maxe a bed in the cellar. Roots es-i
pecially for this purpose can be ob-
tained from the seedsmen. If you arel
eager to get the earliest of sweet peas,J
prepare a place for them now.

November, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

273

Here is a simple plan (and I know
from experience a good one) for keep-
ing celery in perfect condition through-
out the entire winter. Prepare now by
topping the plants severely so that
they will occupy as little room as pos-
sible. In a week the plants will begin
to grow again. As soon as freezing
weather starts dig up the plants with
as much earth as possible. Replant in
the cold-frame after dipping each root
in a pail of water, placing the plants
in a row closely together, after tying
the stalks about the middle. As each
row is planted it is covered firmly
nearly to the top with ordinary garden
soil, keeping the tops dry at all times.
As soon as all are set in, place the sash
on top, ventilating every day in fine
weather, and covering at nights — and
during cold, freezing days with mat-
ting. You will then have celery fit to
set before a King until mid-March.

Prepare now your compost heap for
next year's use in a corner of the
garden. Dig a hole four feet wide,
eight feet long, and three feet deep,
put in a layer of cow-manure, then a

layer of leaves (oak, chestnut, or beech
are the best), then a layer of earth,
then a layer of horse-manure, then
leaves, earth and manure. Pile it up
above ground according to quantity re-
quired, pouring lots of water on it, and
covering the whole with earth. You
will then have a good compost for next
season's use.

Prepare Your Rose Beds.
This summer you were probably de-
lighted with the rose beds in some of
your friends', or in strangers' gardens.
You then and there made up your mind
that you were going to have one of your
own, and perhaps ordered your stock
of rose bushes to be delivered the first
week in April. Don't let it go at that,
but prepare the bed at once to receive
Ihem. Trench deeply, eighteen inches
at least, putting old bricks, stone, or
bottles in the bottom, then a goodly
quantity of well decayed manure, and
cover this to a depth of six inches with
good garden soil. Put a heavy coat-
ing of manure on top as a mulch to be
removed as soon as the rose bushes ar-
rive.

Winter Protection of Tender Plants

Wm. Allan, Toronto, Ont.

DIFFERENT authorities entertain
different opinions as to the need
of protection for plants. The
covering of the majority of biennials
and perennials is absolutely necessary.
We cannot adopt the same covering
for every plant, for plants vary as
much in their constitution as most of
the human race. Some growers cover
with long litter, others with warm

staible manure, some leaves, and a
great numlber with an accumulation of
rulbbish of all kinds. With quite a
number the results 'have been most
disastrous.

Having devoted time and study to
this operation, a word or two on the
subject may not be amiss. In the ma-
jority of instiences nature's covering
should be used where it is possible.

A fall plnntfd rose. Baron Rothschild, second year after plantlntT. One of Its .sterna ha.? been ben
This is an excellent method of growing: many of the more vigorous hybrid perpetuals. Photo

These dahlias and petunias would do credit to

any garden. They were grown by Mr. L. \V.

Myers, Stratford, Ont.

The accumulation of leaves just as
they fall is a lesson which would amply
repay all true lovers of plants for a
little careful studj". I have covered
biennials such as pansies, forget-me-
nots and campanulas with long litter
and have covered them with dry
leaves with this result: The plants
covered with leaves pulled through the
winter with splendid results. Of tliose
covered with long litter seventy-five
per cent, were lost. I paiticularly no-
ticed this result last season. Holly-
hocks, anchusa nalica, foxgloves and
pansies were left to take care of them-
selves, but na-
ture coming to
the rescue had
pity on them
and covered all
with leaves.
Every plant
survived the
winter and
flowered beau-
tifully this oast
season. Others
of the same va-
rieties were
carefully cover-
ed with long
litter and
seventy -five
per cent, were
lost. I could
give numerous
instances where
nature 's cover-
ing proved to be
most efTectual.
Those anx-
ious to preserve

t and tied to a stale.
by H. J. Moore.

272

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Bdltioa

plant treasures should not be in too
great a hurry. Let your i)laiits freeze
up, then cover Avith a few dry leaves.
To keep the leaves from blowing away
l>lace a few light branches of any kind
on top. When cold frames are at hand
they can be used to great advantage.
Pansies, canterbury bells, forget-me-
nots, and such like can be lifted and
planted in the frames, then covered
with sashes.

Nothing is more absurd than to cover
or envelop roses in straw. It onh-
means comfortable quarters for mice
and rats. The finest and only protec-
tion roses should receive is the hilling
of the soil over the crown of each
.plant, so that fully ten or twelve
inches of the entire plant is under the
soil. This oiperation must be done be-
fore the ground freezes too bard.
After the ground is thoi'ougMy frozen
leaves or long litter can be used to
advantage. Some advocate burying
entirely the choicer varieties of "teas
and hybrid teas. Climbing roses are
best taken from the trellis and laid flat
on the ground. Cover with at least
ten or twelve inches of soil. In the
spring all the wood should be in good
condition. «

I would strongly advise all lovers of
plants, particularly such varieties as
polyanthus and auriculas, not to be in
too great a hurry to cover them. Let
nature have her way for a time. Wait
until the plants are frozen in the soil.
Then administer your covering with
whatever materials you have &t your
disposal. To prevent the high winds
disturbing the work place a few
branches on top as previously advised.
One will naturally be most anxious
after the long and dreary winter to
find what shape their plants are in,
and will, on the first fine day in spring,
hasten to take off the winter covering.
This is a great mistake. Thousands of
choice and valuable plants are Lost
every season through too great hurry
in uncovering them, and more perhaps
than through any other cause. Wait
until the ground is thoroughly frozen
before protecting your plants, so that
ithe sun cannot reach them prema-
turely and make them start into
igrowth ahead of time. Bright, sunny
weather in the months of February
and March hasten premature growtli
should the plants happen to be unpro-
tected. Such weather does more in-
jury to the plants than the most severe
cold would.

There are some perennials, such as
tritomas and incarvillias, which are
best lifted and M'i.ntered in a cold cel-
lar. Be careful that the plants do not
becoime too dry. Paeonies of all kinds,
tree, singles and doubles, have been
wintered successfully, the only cover-
ing being their own foliage.

Rearranging the Flower Borders

EVERY year the border of hardy
flowers becomes a more important
feature in the garden scheme.
This is as it should be, for it is a really
artistic and decorative asset. To begin
with, let it be well placed, well pre-
pared, and well planted. Some people
^L-cui to think that a hardy border, once
pla.nted, is no more trouble for \ears.
This is not the case. When a hardy

in

Harmony as expressed b.v the effective setting

to this boulevard bridge. (Photo by H. J.

Moore.)

border has been in existence, say for
three years, it will be all the better for
some drastic work upon it. Division of
plants will be necessary, and uhile the
border is being disturbed, manure and
additional soil will be very beneficial.
One never quite knows why a border
should need this additional soil, but it
does. It would seem as if the soil, after
a time, diminishes, and it is perhaps
even more important to replenish this
than to_ give manure, though this, of
course, in time becomes soil.

Now is a good time to renew a border,
and in apportioning the plants let us
keep an important matter in mind. Do
not let us get tall or semi-tall plants too
near the front. This is one of the faults
often noticed in a novice's work. It
spoils the effect ; the sense of space
which a border ought to show is lost.
It is not enough to leave room for a
narrow edging, and close behind that
to plant subjects of three feet or more.

An enthusiastic gardener once told
me that although his garden was only
a small one, he varied it every year by
some alteration or additfon. This added

very much to his own interest
and also to that of his friends. Oi
way of making a slight alteration is t.
give the plants in a border, when the
are raised for division, new places. Thii-
not only makes a variaticm, but is r,
good thing for the plants themselvc
With many of them, new soil improv.
their growth. There are nWints wh c
are veritably old friends, ahd if we
like to keep them where they are, well
and good, but this does not apply to
all.

Avoid Mechanical Effects.

A border of hardy plants is iuore ar
tistic, more satisfying to the eve, whc
planted in groups instead of "rows-
line of yellow, another of crimson, an^
so on, gives a mechanical effect similar
to that of the carpet-bedding. When it
appears year after year, the same ro\
111 the same old place, one seems to hun
ger for a change. As far as possible.
let plants grow as if they grew thero
by chance.

A simple way to effect a little alten:

tion in the border is to purchase a fe\'

new plant.s — something we have not

grown before. In doing this, we must

be careful to get plants suitable for th-

aspect and the soil that we can give

them. A few lily bulbs, or one or two

plants of the Japanese rose (rosa

nigo.sa), either alba or rubra, are gowl

additions, or better still a plant or two

of each. These roses, planted about

three feet apart soon make a beautiful

hedge. The foliage is a dark, glossv

green, the flowers single and stronglv

perfumed, are followed by large, rich

orange berries. No one who plants a

few bushes of this beautiful rose will

regret it after a few years' time. The

back of a border is a very suitable place.

Do not forget the honeysuckle. The

fragrant upright honeysuckle (Fra-

grantissima) is one of the best. It will

soon cover an old dead shrub or hide an

unsightly piece of fencing. Then there

are the lilacs, and what more welcome

flower in spring than a bunch of lovelv

lilac?

In planting a border that is to make
a display over as long a period as pos-
sible, the summer display is of the
greater importance. The' whole trend
of our thoughts on the subject makes
us look for radiant, lavish color at this
season. That such a border has been
beautifiil during spring, or will be beau-
tiful in the autumn, is not enough. It
must be a mass of bloom during the
summer. But there is this to be said for
our comfort — if we do not mind the
trouble of it, many of the spring-
flowering plants can be lifted after they
have flowered and given temporary

I

November, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

273

quarters for the summer, and so leave
spaces for the later flowering plants.
If we realize this, it may help us to
plant accordingly.

Just a reminder here to any who
have wallflowers in their garden from
seed last spring. These plants will not
have flowered this summer. Lift them
now with as much soil as can be kept

around their roots and place them in
vases, pots or fruit baskets. These
plants, kept in a window where there
is plenty of light, and well watered, will
bloom in profusion next April and May.
As soon as the weather permits, they
can be set out in the border, even when
in bloom. Do not neglect the watering.
Give at least once a week. — ^B. C. T.

QUESTION BOX

Prof. J. W. Crow, O.A.C.

Mulching Strawberries

H. S. Fry,;;B.S.A., O.A.C, Guelph

MANY growers of strawberries
make a practice of mulching
their plantations in the fall to
bring the plants through the winter in
the best of condition. Any material
such as leaves, old hay, straw or strawy
manure, is suitable for this purpose.
Manure is the most common mulching
material used, since it acts both as a
mulching material and a fertilizer. In
most of Ontario, the mulch is applied
in late fall as soon as the soil has been
frozen hard enough to bear the weight
of team and wagon. The mulch is
spread over the surface of the ground,
about three inches thick, and is remov-
ed in the spring as soon as the leaves
of the strawberry plants "begin to show
a little yellow, as a result of lack of
-sunlight.

In Ontario strawberries should al-
ways be mulched, even in the Niagara
District. The principal reason for
mulching is to protect the crowns of
the plants from injury as a result of
heaving by frost or alternate freezing
and thawing. In some places where
the winter is less severe than in On-
tario the mulch is of value in autumn
before the ground gets frozen solid, but
in Ontario it is of greatest val^e about
March, when we usually have a con-
siderable amount of freezing and thaw-
ing before spring sets in.

Strawy manure is the best material
for Ontario stra\v*berry growers to use,
as it is easier to obtain than other ma-
terials and has a fertilizer value be-
sides. It can be applied very easily
with a manure spreader if it is not too
long, and in such a case the spreader
should be set to apply about fifteen
tons to the acre.

It has been mentioned that this
mulch should be removed in the spring
before the leaves are unnecessarily
checked by lack of sunlight. A good
practice is to merely pull the mulch
between the rows of strawberries and
leave it there so that it may act as a
mulch for the soil, and as a means
whereby the fruit may be kept from
getting dirty during the picking sea-
vson. Providing the soil is in good con-
dition and the manure is not too full of
weed seeds, a mulch of this kind will

conserve soil moisture just as well as
if the ground were kept cultivated,
while the fruit can be kept cileaner
than if the soil were being constantly
stirred.

Strawberry growers also make con-
siderable use of this mulch in districts
where it is desirable to prolong the sea-
son to secure better prices.

In view of the benefits to be derived
from mulching it is to be recognized
as a very desirable practice, especially
where tender varieties are being
igrown. It may be well to mention,
however, that in very cold districts
where the snowfall is abundant and
serves as a cover for the soil for four
or five months in the year without
imdting, the mulch ineed not be as
heavy as in districts with only light
snowfall, since a heavy mulch in ad-
dition to a heavy snowfall might be
suffioient to smother the plants.

Some time ago I brought from Quebec (Cityj
a number of Hautbois strawberry plants. They
bloom slightly later than the ordinary plants,
and bloom heavily. They present a beautiful
sight in bloom, but their flowers must be Im-
perfect, for they do not set a single fruit. The
blossoms simply wither on the stem. Could
you suggest a variety that could be planted
alongside for cross fertilization?

I have also been trying a plant called the
Strawberry-Raspberry — originated, 1 am told,
by Burbank. This also blooms liberally but has
set no fruit. I am told by tlie nurseryman
from whom I procured It that it has a perfect
flower. As it has failed to set a single fruit,
the blossoms drying up on the stem, it would
also appear to be imperfect. I have seen the
fruit offered for sale elsewhere, so it can be In-
duced to fruit. I should be glad to have the
opinion of some one who knows the plant and
its fruit as I am only a beginner with small
fruits J. R. O.

I am inclined to think the tijouble
is either frost or an unfavorable
soil. If the strawberry-raspberry
fails to fruit, the difficulty probably is
not in pollenation, because there is no
other plant needed to pollenize Ithe
strawtberry-raspiberry. Perhaps you
are taking too good care of them, and
forcing the growth of the plant _ too
much. I am not sure whether this is
possible with strawberry-raspberry,
because I have had very little ex-
perience with them, but should expect
it would be.

The Hautbois strawberry (Fragaria
mosehata) is dioecious, that is to saj',
some of the plants are male and others
are female. It is necessary to have
both types before fruit will be pro-
duced.

To have strawtoerrlci like these next season protect your beds by mulcJilns thoroughly this
fall. Spring thaws are apt to prove disastrous wticn this Is not done.

274

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral EdlUoD.

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ticulturist i« published in connection with
another well known publication. Farm and
I>airy. For this reason the existence of of-
fices in Peterboro as well as in Toronto has
many advantages.

Commencing with last month's issue of
The Canadian Horticulturist tihe cost of the
paper used in each Issue was practicallv
doubled owing to a heavy advance made by
the paper mills in the cost of book paper.
We are advised that there is no certainty
that the present price will continue long and
so far have not been able to obtain paper to
last us for more than the next four months.
The paper situation is a very serious one.
A similar advance is contemplated in the
co.st of news stock, the grade of paper used
in most newspapers. Should it go into ef-
fect it will mean an increased expenditure
to the publishers of newspapers in Canada
of $2,500,000 a year. The Dominion Govern-
ment has been requested to investigate this
condition. The paper manufacturers are en-
deavoring to see if they can furnish papers
like The Canadian Horticulturist with a
grade of stock somewhat similar to that
which has been used and at a price which
will not be too excessive. The results of
this investigation will not he known for some
time. This is one of the effects that the war
is beginning to have on industry.

The Paper Situation

The paper situation now facing every pub-
lisher is so acute as to threaten the very
existence of many papers and magazines.
No doubt many causes have been working to
force the price of paper skyward since the
war began, but one cause stands out above
the others, for the reason that it is prevent-
able. This is the tremendous destruction of
spruce and balsam suitable for paper-
making, by preventable forest' fires.

A great deal has been said on the subject
of fires, but the public does not awaken to
the awfulness of the waste going on everv
year. The tremendous toll in hvman life and
in property, both private and public, taken
by this agency shocks us, but we do absolute-
ly nothing to prevent the recurrence of these
fires. Prominent government officials and
college professors discourse learnedly of
conservation, while at the same time one of
our greatest natural resources is being de-
voured by this fiery monster. The detached
attitude taken by our governments in the
matter of forest protection amounts almost
to criminal negligence. , The lack of pro-
tection has reduced the near-at-home bodies
of pulpwood far more than the actual cut of
logs. In the Northern Ontario fire of last
summer, l.^OO square miles of paper-making
materials were destroyed. In the same fire
an Ontario paper mill lost 400,000 cords of
wood ready piled in the yard.

Surely, now that newspapers and mag;i-
zines have begun to feel the pinch resulting

from this waste, they at least will Instigate
an agitation for some adequate measure to
conserve for the people this the greatest
natural source of wealth in Canada — the
forest. If the wood near the mills Is
destroyed, the raw material must be hauled
from farther away. Every additional mile
the wood is hauled has an effect in forcing
up the price of paper. Let us make a deter-
mined effort to induce our governments, the
natural guardians of our resources, to pro-
vide protection for our forests.

Orchard Diseases

The market for Ontario apples is excep-
tionally strong this year. Never have
prices for good fruit been better. This con-
dition has been strengthened by the in-
creased outlet for Ontario apples found
among the grain growers in the Canadian
West. But we lack good fruit to fill this
market. Ontario apples will grade largely
No. 3. The class of fruit going out of On-
tario is certainly not a good advertisement
for our industry. One of the fanners*
organizations of Alberta gave as a reason
for buying United States apples that, "Tne
Ontario apple crop is much below the aver-
age both in quality and yield." But why?

Many fruit growers will blame their poor
crops on the season. The season is partly
responsible, but the fact that some men who
looked after their orchards have fair crops
of good fruit, while their neighbors, who
neglected their trees have reaped crops
which in an ordinary year would be worth-
less, goes to prove that the greater re-
sponsibility in 'many cases rests with the
grower himself. It is the height of folly for
a man to spend money planting and culti-
vating an orchard, and then, when it has
come into bearing, lose the profit on his
crop by trying to save a little time by
neglecting to spray in the spring. As has
been pointed out before, it takes just as
good land, just as good trees and just as
good cultivation to grow a barrel of No. 3's
as a barrel of No. I's. The difference may
not be in size but in scabbiness. It costs
as much to pick the No. 3's, the freight rates
are the same, as are prices of packages, but
the price is different. The difference m
prices quoted in the agreement between the
Ontario fruit growers and the prairie farm-
ers varies from seventy-five cents to one
dollar and seventy-five cents a barrel. Let
us take the average at 11.00. What does tnis
extra dollar a barrel represent to the farmer?
It represents the return on the outlay for
his spraying operations. When this dollar
is multiplied by a thousand or more barrels
from one orchard, it can be seen what a
tremendously big wage is paid to the careful,
systematic sprayer for his spring work. It
is not only a matter of extra profits to the
fruit grower, but often constitutes the differ-
ence in profit and loss to him.

The fight of the orchardist against disease,
in his orchard, creates a serious situation.
This year apple scab turned profit Into loss.
Iti some parts of Ontario San Jose scale has
killed huge numbers of bearing apple trees,
and is still continuing its ravages unchecked.
Peach Yellows and Little Peach a few years
ago threatened the very existence of peach
growing in Canada. Pear Psylla has con-
sumed the profits in many orchards this
year. Together with all this arises the
problem of our markets. Do we want our
fruit to become known as being good, clean
stuff, or the reverse? Every barrel of low
quality apples going out of Ontario helps to
prevent more apples being bought from this
Province. With the lessons of this season
fresh in our minds, Ontario orchardists are
able to see that even when other spring work

November, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

275

is pressing we cannot afford to neglect care-
ful spraying. Honest grading this fall, even
when it hurts to do it, will assist in prevent-
ing any reaction in the future because of
the unusual percentage of low grade fruit
that will be placed on the market. The re-
sponsibility of doing this rests upon us.

SOCIETY NOTES

Bird Protection

Fruit growers are directly interested in
the treaty recently concluded between Can-
ada and the United States providing for the
cooperation of the two countries in protect-
ing migratory insect-eating birds. By this
treaty an absolutely close season throughout
the year is imposed on 'all perching birds
which feed entirely or chiefly on insects.
Except for .scientific or propagating purposes
our Canadian songsters, their eggs or their
nests may not be taken at any time.

As civilization has progressed, bringing
more and more land under cultivation,
species of insects which formerly eked out
a precarious existence on wild plants have
migrated to the cultivated fields, finding the
plants there more suited to their develop-
ment. Under these new and more favorable
conditions many species which were a few
years ago comparatively negligible in num-
ber have now increased tremendously. Per-
liaps the more important factor, however, in
the enormous increase in insect life has been
the wholesale slaughter of our insect-eating
birds. Birds are the natural enemies of in-
sects.

Some one has likened nature to a spider's
web. If one strand be touched, however
lightly, the vibration is felt to the farthest
corner. Wherever a man has tried to regu-
late nature he has generally only made a
failure of things. Agricultural history dur-
ing the last century is replete with instances
where farmers have become exasperated
with birds for taking some of their crop.
Again and again they have had laws passed
providing for the slaughter of certain species
of birds. In every case the tremendous in-
crease in the number of insects which has
resulted has brought about serious condi-
tions. It has only been after birds were
hrougM back or a new species introduced
into the section that the proper balance has
been again restored.

There is no class of men who are more
interested in the control of insects than the
fruit grower. During the last few years in-
sects which prey on the orchard have in-
creased tremendously. Every grower is in-
terested in the control. It is therefore up
to the growers to see that the law protect-
ing birds, the natural enemies of insects, is
properly enforced in their district. Insects
decrease in almost the exact proportion that
birds increase.

Horticultural Options

Each year the officers of horticultural so-
cieties have to struggle with the problem of
what premiums they shall offer to their
members. Some societies, where there are
men who are well posted in the ordering of
horticultural stock and who have time to
give to the matter, are more successful than
others not so well favored. Arrangements
might well be made either through the On-
tario Horticultural Association or through
the Superintendent of Horticultural Socie-
ties for Ontario to obtain an extra supply of
the premium lists of each society for dis-
trlibution among other societies. This would
give every society an opportunity to see
what other societies were doing. Why not
discuss this at the approaching convention
of the Ontario Horticultural Association.

Ontario Hoiticullural Convention

The anuual convention of the Ontario Hor-
ticultural Association will be held in the
Railway Committee Rooms, Parliament
Buildings, Toronto, Wednesday and Thurs-
day, November 22nd and 23rd. The follow-
ing programme has been prepared:

"Birds in Relation to Horticulture," W.
E. Saunders, London; "The Diseases of
Roses," Dr. L. M. Massey, Cornell Univer-
sity; "Color Scheme for Formal Flower
Beds," Mr. Marshall, Queen's Park, Toronto;
"Vines and Creepers," Mr. W. T. Macouu,
Ottawa; "Hardy Aster and Other Decora-
tive Varieties of Perennials," Miss M. E.
Blacklock, Meadowvale; "Press Work in Re-
lation to Horticulture," Mrs. Potts, Hamil-
ton; "Boy Scout Movement in Connection
with Horticulture," J. Garfield Gibson, To-
ronto.

The attendance at the convention will
likely be large. Delegates will he able to
obtain reduced rates over the railways from
all points In Ontario on the certificate plan.
The proceedings are open to the public.

Manitoba

Jas. A. Neilson, M.A.C., Winnipeg, Man.

During the past couple of months the
writer had the privilege of acting as judge
of the horticultural exhibits at several
school and agricultural exhibitions held in
various parts of Manitoba, and was agree-
ably surprised by the quality, quantity and
variety of vegetables which can be success-
fully grown in this province. As a vegetable
producing country Manitoba need not suffer
by comparison with any other province in
Canada. In attempting to judge vegetables
I encountered a difficulty which many others
have also met, i.e., a difference in judging
standards. Through not having a well-recog-
nized standard of perfection for the different
kinds of vegetables, and for the several
classes dn each kind, there has heen some
difficulty in giving satisfaction to the gen-
eral public, and to the exhibitors. As a
means of overcoming this difficulty, a cir-
cular letter has been sent to several of the
leading vegetable gardeners throughout
Manitoba, asking their cooperation in the
creation of a sUndard of perfection for vege-
tables. When this data has been accumu-
lated it will be synopsized and distributed to
the various fair boards throughout the prov-
ince, with the object of creating a higher
standard of vegetable exhibits.

The Horticultural societies In several dis-
tricts of Manitoba are doing a highly com-
mendable work in holding a "Home Grounds
Contest." Several fairly large prizes are
given for the best kept home grounds. The
contestants are generally numerous and the
competition keen. This work indicates a
growing realization of the value of having
heautiful surroundings, and signifies that
many people are beginning to realize that
"Man shall not live by bread alone." Every
citizen of Canada should do all in his or her
power to make the country more beautiful,
as well as more fruitful.

members were owners of the small city
backyard gardens, they,, the more readily,
followed this advice, and acknowledged
freely their great indebtedness to Dr. Clarlc
for thus affording the privilege of seeing and
selecting from his splendid collection. In
one patch it was the form of the cup of the
flower which attracted attention first, and
drew forth words of admiration; in another
it was the wonderful sheen exhibited on the
petals; again it was the opalescent tints or
other markings or colorings, but whatever
the leading feature — for each patch had its
leading feature— each deserved special at-
tention and its share of praise.

Here were Darwins, Cottage, Parrot and
Rembrandts, together with a small section
devoted to such tulips as Persica (the Per-
sian variety), a species bearing several
flowers on a stem, in color yellow to golden-
brown; Pulchella, with its suggestively
crocus-like flowers, and Saxatilis, rose col-
ored with a yellow base. To study this sec-
tion carefully was to be clearly impressed
with what the other sections of wonderful
bloom meant. If anything could teach a
deeper respect for the art of gardening it
was this. The Parrot or Dragon tulips were
greatly admired by some, and were to be
seen in the perfection of their brilliantly-
colored flowers, which are of very large size,
with petals deeply slashed or toothed.

Fragrant tulips, too, were in evidence.
The parent of these — the tulip Saviolens —
was discovered growing wild in Europe about
300 years ago. It is claimed that the class
known as Due van Thol are descended from
this type, though hybridization has made it
difficult to distinguish too definitely. It
must be admitted, however, that some
tulips are deliclously fragrant.

St. Catharines

It has been the aim of our society for a
number of yeairs past to encourage the cul-
ture of roses among our citizens. The re-
sult has been that St. Catharines is develop-
ing a splendid reputation as a rose-growing
city. Our rose exhibitions, held every June
since 1904, are unsurpassed in Canada.

We have in past years paid more atten-
tion to climbing roses and hybrid perpetual
roses, believing them to be more suited cli-
matically for growing in St. Catharines.
Experience has shown that the hybrid tea
rose can be grown here satisfactorily. Its
longer period of bloom and it's greater
beauty have encouraged the society to ar-
range options of H. T. roses for distribution
this fall.

By this arrangement we hope that many
rose-lovers of the city may be able to en-
large their collections of roses by a choice
from the twenty options of H. T. roses which
we are offering.

Hamilton

Members of the Hamilton Horticultural
Society made a most successful pilgrimage
this year to Grimsby, visiting Dr Clark s
"Tulpenvelden." where some 60.000 of the
very best tulips (over 200 named varieties)
were to be studied and enjoyed. Virgil said,
"Praise the farm of great extent; cultivate
the small one." As many of the visiting

Port Hope

The Port Hoipe Society has been making it
a point, during its distribution of premiums,
to give not only bulbs, but a few shrubs
every year to insure permanency. In the
past we have assisted in beautifying the
grounds of hospitals, as well as caring for
several plots of flowers around the town.
Our next spring's work is the laying out and
Improvement of the grounds of the new hos-
pital, and we expect at some future date to
make the school grounds more attractive.

276

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral E)ditIoii.

Advertising Apples on an Ambitious Scale

THE success which has attended the
apple and other fruit advertising cam-
paigns that have been conducted in
Canada during the past couple of years in-
dicates that larger and more expensive cam-
paigns are likely to be conducted in the
future. This fall a national campaign for
the popularizing of apples ks a food and as
a means of increasing both consumption
and prices is being launched in the United
States by the Northwestern Fruit Exchange
of Seattle. The details for this campaign
have been worked out with great minute-
ness and it is attracting wide attention on
the other side of the line. The following
particular.^ concerning it were given in a
recent issue of Printers' Ink:

Last ye.ar the Northwestern Fruit Ex-
change conducted a small experimental cam-
paign on Skookum apples in New York.
About $3,500 was invested, mostly in the
elevated and subway. A small sum was
similarly used the year before. Encouraged
by the striking success of this advertising,
the Exchange is now starting a campaign
that will reach all over the United States.

The Northwestern Fruit Exchange is the
selling agency for about twenty-six local
growers' a.ssociations, and claims to be the
largest shipper of box apples in the world.
From its inception it has been educating
the grower in better methods of picking,
grading and packing the fruit. It has been
gradually building up markets and getting
ready to make a wide appeal to the consumer
through advertising.

It is estimated that the Exchange will have
in the neighborhood of 1,100 cars of Skookum
apples to market this year. At about 640
boxes to the car, the total output of the fruit
to be sold under the Skookum brand will
run well over 700,000 boxes. Of course an
estimate made while the apples are still on
the trees cannot be accurate. The number
of cars may greatly exceed 1,100, but it is
unlikely that it will be any less. These
figures are referred to because they deter-
mine the advertising appropriation, which is
ten cents on each box. Therefore, the Ex-
change will have approximately $70,000 to
put into advertising and sales promotion.
The amount may be considerably larger
should the number of boxes of Skookums ex-
ceed the estimate. The uncertainty as to
the exact sum that will be available, makes
it impossible to lay out the campaign in
every detail any great time in advance of
the season.

Judging from past results the advertising
of apples seems to be a good way to invest
money with the certainty of getting a high
rate of interest on it. In writing about the
results of previous advertising, W. F. Gwln,
vice-president and general manager of the
Exchange, said:

"We are pleased to state that the result
of the campaign was very gratifying, and
we were able not only to recover the money
put into advertising, but a substantial pre-
mium."

What he means by "premium" is that as a
result of the publicity, Skookum apples sold
for more than the market-y-in some cases
as much as thirty-five cents a box. Thus
the advertising cost was recovered and a
substantial amount besides. Continuing, Mr.
Gwin said:

"We feel that we have accomplished some-
thing truly remarkable in making New York
City 'sit up and take notice' with such a
comparatively small appropriation. Even by
our competitors we have been complimented
on the accomplishment of what to experi-
enced advertising men seems an impossible
task, i.e., really creating a profound impres-

sion upon the metropolitan district of New
York with a very small sum of money."

Advertising will claim the bulk of the ap-
propriation, although a feiw thousand dollars
will be expended in sales effort to supple-
ment the publicity. Fruit inspection will
cost $3,000, which also has to come out of
the advertising fund. Only "Extra Fancy"
apples will be put up under the Skookuin
brand. According to the Northwest Stand-
ard Grading Rules, adopted at Spokane in
December, 1915, this grade of apples is de-
fined as "sound, smooth, mature, clean, hand-
picked, well formed apples only, free from
all insect pests, diseases, blemishes, bruises,
and other physical injuries, scald, scab,
.scale, dry or bitter rot, worms, worm sting,
worm holes, .spray burn, limb rub, visible
water core, skin puncture or skin broken at
stem."

They must also meet' certain definite re-
quirements as to color. In spending money
to make sure that all apples packed under
the Skookum label are up to the established
standard in quality and appearance, the Ex
change is observing the first principle of
advertising success — having the product
right. It is an example of the thoroughne.-5s
that characterizes every detail of the cam-
paign.

Specialty salesmen will be used in somo
sections to back up and supplement the ef-
forts of the jobbers' men. Fruit jobbers, in
many places, do not go out aggressively after
business. They let the growers and other
dealers in the commodity come to them for
their requirements. It is to make sure that
Skookum apples will not be neglected in
those localities where wholesalers are in the
habit of taking it easy, that salesmen are
to be employed. The cost of these repre-
sentatives will be taken out of the appro-
priation, but the amount will not be large.
AnyTvay it is a very necessary expenditure,
as it will bolster up the weak spots in dis-
tribution, and make more certain the suc-
cess of the advertising. One of the import-
ant phases of the work that the salesmen
are expected to accomplish is to get hotels
and restaurants to list Skookums on their
menu cards.

The campaign is well rounded out. It
ramifies in many directions and connects all
the factors concerned. It is probably one of
the most complete drives that has ever been
made in the merchandising of a fruit. Maga-
zines, newspapers, billboards, street cars,
trade papers, novelties, hangers, premiums,
display matter, poster stamps, window
stickers, direct literature and dealer elec-
tros are to be used.

Full-page advertisements in colors will ap-
pear in quite an array of magazines. The
fruit will be temptingly displayed in its own
natural colors. Much of the copy is based
on the health appeal. The healthfulness of
apples is brought out, and backed up with
statements from authorities. The quality
of the apples is described. The reader la
told about the sanitary conditions under
which they are picked and packed. The
magazine copy, as in fact all of the adver-
tising, shows the trade-mark of the fruit,
which consists of a grinning American
aborigine making goo-goo eyes at one or
more Skookum apples in a manner that bv
comparison would make Sunny Jim look like
a Gloomy Gus.

"Skookum" is the word that the Indian
used when he wished to express his delight.
It is equivalent to our slang phrase "bully."
Readers are told always to keep their eyes
peeled for this Red Man. The address of
the Eastern Division of the Exchange, in
New York, and not the address of the execu-
tive offices in Seattle, is signed to the ad-
vertisements. Inquiries will be followed up
from New York. The campaign is in charge
of the Mutual Service Corporation.

Street-car advertising will be used to a
considerable extent. A wide variety of cards
of compelling variety have been prepared.
Something new in this line will be intro-
dueed. One of the cards shows several well-
known advertising characters, such as Velvet
Joe, Cream of Wheat Chef, the Little Fairy,
the Dutch Cleanser Maid and many others.
Among them beams the smiling face of the
Skookum Indian. The Idea is to get the
reader to pick it out from the rest, and also
to associate this new character with those
that have been established in popular favor
for years. Those who are in the habit of
reading the funny papers, will recognize an
old friend on another card, headed "Hey!

By sorting: his apples in the orchard, Mr. James Ellis, Ancaster, Ont., not only saves valuaJble
time, but al.so gets his fruit packed with a. minimum n-an»ber of bruises.

November, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

277

Skinny," and showing a delighted youth with
his teeth in a Slcookum. The cards have al-
ready started to appear in the cars. Details
as to the poster and newspaper advertising
have not been perfected as yet, although it
is certain that these mediums will figure
prominently in the campaign. Definite
schedules cannot be made up beforehand,
as already explained, because of the uncer-
tainty as to the sum of the final appropria-
tion.

Plans For Reaching Dealers.

The jobber's name will appear in most of
the local advertising. This is for the bene-
fit of the retailer who may be interested in
the proposition. It will let him know where
he can get in on the campaign by stocking
up. In the magazine advertisements, also,
a line or two at the bottom of the copy, is
directed to the merchant. He is urged to
write for particulars. In the newspaper ad-
vertising it is the intention to give the names
of dealers in that community.

An elaborate folder, telling all about the
methods that are being used to merchandise
Skookum apples is going out to a selected
list of fruit' dealers. In it are illustrated and
described all the different phases of the cam-
paign. It shoiws fruiterers all that is be-
ing done to help them build up a profitable
quality trade on apples. It is a convincing
exposition of facts that should enthuse even
the most phlegmatic retailer and make him
realize that he is being offered real cooper-
ation in apple selling. The folder contains
an order blank in coupon form, which dealers
can use while the mood is on them, and mail
to their jobbers.

The merchant is told how to make several
attractive window displays. One of them is
illustrated in the broadside. It is a "stun-
ner," and at the same time very easy to
make. This window will surely get atten-
tion and unquestionably will have such an
effect on the dealer's sales that he will be
convinced that it pays to take time and go
to the trouble of displaying even fruit,
"which a feller would think everybody
knows and that needn't be dolled up in the
■window," as one fruiterer expressed it.

In the folder the dealer is told of other
selling helps he can have. He is offered
poster stamps fo put on statements and pack-
ages. He is told about decalomania stickers
of a pair of apples and of the Indian head,
which can be had for the asking. It is sug-
gested that street-car cards make attractive
display pieces for a store. He is reminded
that he can have a set free of charge.

In the copy to the consumer a booklet and
a musical balloon is offered for ten cents.
Both these articles are Illustrated in the
folder. The dealer is told that he can buy
quantities of the book, imprinted with his
name, at $8.00 a hundred, and the balloons
at $2.00 a hundred. A charge is made for
these because if they were given free to the
dealer, and he were to pass them out in
any quantity the cost would be so tremend-
ous that it would eat up the entire appro-
priation.

The balloon blows out in the shape of a
colored apple and contains an advertisement
of Skookum on the leaves. Every child will
want one, and every time it is seen the
thought of a big, red, juicy apple is sure to
arise. The book gives 200 ways of using ap-
ples, and gives much other information about
them that every lover of the fruit would
like to know. The twelve different varie-
ties that are put up under the Skookum
brand are illustrated in their own colors.

A part of the appropriation is going into
the trade papers. Colored four-page inserts
are now appearing in grocery publications.
The copy is brief. The message to the trade
la put across in a few words. A palate-en-
Qcing red apple and the titillating Indian are
rn, both of which are eye-arresters.

Probably the most orignnal feature of the
plan i.s the methods that are being used to
educate people to eat "the right apple at the
right time." As already mentioned there
are twelve different varieties of Skookums —
enough to suit every taste and every month
of the year. The purpose of (the education
in this regard is to make people connois-
seurs of apples. Every apple attains its per-
fection at some certain time of the year. A
person may like the Spitzenberg, but not
know that it is best when eaten in Novem-
ber, December or January. A winesap, for
in.stjance, is a fine apple, but it does not
reach the height of its maturity until March,
April or May, when most other apples are
out of season.

By emphasizing these important facts,
consumers will know more about apples,
wihen they are best to eat and that some
seasonal variety of the fruit can be obtained
every month in the year. This phase of the
campaign is brought out interestingly in the
advertising. For example, the street-car
cards to be used in November illustrate the
best apple in that month. The magazine
copy shows a bowl of fruit, each piece num-
bered, so as to give a key to the variety ex-
hibited. At the bottom of one of the adver-
tisements appears this sentence, "The best
varieties to eat during September and Oc-
tober are numbers 1, 2 and 4."

In the consumer book the same idea is
carried out even more thoroughly. Under
the colored photograph of each variety ap-

DOUGLAS GARDENS

OAKVILLE, ONTARIO

Bedding plants, hardy herbaceous peren-
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list for 1916 — 17 sent on request.

ESTATE OF JOHN CAVERS

DOUGLAS GARDENS, Oakrille, Ontario
FOR SALE

An exceptional opportunity to buy a desir-
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owner ha.s made a specialty of paeonies and
irises.

W.S.DAVIS Oakville, Ont.

WN BROTHERSC?

NURSERYnEN LIMITED

ROWNSNURSERIES.ONT.

SANDER & SONS

ORCHID GROWERS

The Finest Stock in the World
Catalogue on Application

ST. ALBANS ENGLAND

THE BEEKEEPERS' DIRECTORY

The following beekeepers will be able to supply Bees and Queens in any quantity
for the season of 1917.. Order early.

I^^Brr

THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE,

54-56 Wolseley St., Toronto, Ont.
Full colonies — Nuoleti — pound packages.
Queens of Canadiian or U.S.A. stock. Three
banded golden Italians.

F. W. JONES & SON,

Bedford, Que.

ItaUan bees by the pound, "Made i-n Canada."
also best Italian Queens.

E. E. MOTT

Glenwood, Mich., U.S.A.
My Italians resist well the E. Foul brood, .
Northern bred, hard, proUflc, gentle.

J. P. MOORE,

Morgan, Ky.

Try Moore's Strain Next Tear.

J. I. BANKS,

Doweiltown, Tenn.
Italian "Qiueens of Quality,"
Not the ciheaip kind.

H. W. FULMER,

Andalusia, Pa.
Importer and Breeder Gray Caucasian

Queens and Bees.

R. V. STEARNS,

Brady, Texas.
My catalogue tells what good Queens I have
and how early I can Ship bees by the pound.

J. H. M. COOK,

84 Cortland St., New York City.
New Jersey bred Bees and Queens froim my
home apdary, Bssex Co., New Jersey.

M. C. BERRY & CO.,

Haynevllle, Ala., U.S.A.
Select bred Italian Queens and swarms
of bees in packages.

W. A. LATSHAW CO.,

Clarion, Mich.
Famous Hand-Moore Strain Italian
Queens and Bees.

W. R. STIRLING,

Ridgetown, Ont.
Breeder of Fine ItaUan Queens.

F. L. BARBER,

290 State St., Lowvllle, N.Y.

Breeder ot Italian and Gray Caucasian

Queens. Free Circular.

J. A. SIMMONS,

Sabinal, Texas.

Bees by the carload, Italian and
Banat Queens.

JOHN G. MILLER,

723 C. St. Corpus ChrlstI, Texas.
Three banded Italians. Circular Free.
H. C. CLEMONS,

R. D. 3, Wllllamstown, Ky.
Three band Italians, bred for business.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.,

Newark, N.Y.
Northern Bred Italian Queens and Bees.

BEESWAX WANTED,

Ilighp.'it market price paid
In ca.'ih or supplies.
The TIMson Co., Ltd., Tlllsonburg, Ont.

WM. BUEGLASS,

R. R. No. 3, Bright, Ont.
Northern bred Bees.

Queen and Bee Breeders should list their names In our Beekeepers' Directory. Order
now for the next five months. Write for special offer.

278

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Preparedness Pays!

Order Now — Money Saved.
BEE BOOKS. BEE SUPPLIES.

Write for Prices.

The Root Canadian House
54 56 WoUeley St. - Toronto, Ont-

BEjESWAX

We are in the market for a large quan-
tity of beeswax. If you have any to sell
please write us for quotation, mentioning
that you have. We pay prompt cash.

F. W. JONES & SON

Be:keeper< Supplies BEDFORD, QUE.

rm nn

STYLE C

This Is a New Model for 1916. the result of
fifteen years' experience in Greenhou«e con-
struction for Canada.

Dotted lines show location of wind-tlea
that positively prevents vibration of the sash.

Supplied in widths up to 2B feet 2% Inches
from post to post.

KING CONSTRUCTION CO.,
40 Dovercourt Road - Toronto.

FREE LAND

For the SETTLER in

Northern Ontario

Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain-
able free and at a nominal cost are call-
ing for cultivation.

Thousands of farmers have responded
to the call of this fertile country and are
being made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a home
awaits you.

For full Information as to terms, regu
latlons, and settlers rates, write to

H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonization
Parliament Building*, TORONTO

HON. Q. HOWARD FERGUSON,
Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines.

pears .some «uch explanation as thi.s : "Rome
Beauty. Best when eaten in January, Feb-
ruary or March. Sprightly and pleasant
llavor. Also a champion baker." The dis-
tribution of the apples will be regulated so
that the fruit most .suitable for the month
can be obtained dn the stores. Thus the
apple, the sale of which heretofore has been
confined mostly to fall and wiinter, will be-
come a pereimlal.

Nafurally the question arises as to what
is to be done to forestall substitution. Ap-
parently dt would be easy for dealers to .sell
other apples and say they were Skookums.
To prevent this a plan, similar to that of
Sunkist oranges, ds being used. Each ap-

ple Is done up in a premium wrapper. Cer-
taiin pieces of silver are given for so many
wrappers and so much money. On this
wrapper the twelve varieties are li.sted, to-
gether with a terse description of their most
.salient qualities, and the month when the;.-
are at their best. They will tend to ma;
people more intelligent apple buyers. If th.
buy a Grimes Golden in October and liki-
it, they will see on the wrapper that it will
be best to buy some other kind in January.
This premium idea is mentioned conspicu-
ously in the consumer advertisements, and
in much of the literature. Under the cir-
cumstances, substitution on a wide scale la
unlikely.

f" "Till''

Niagara District Notes

F. G. H. PattisoD, Winona, Ont.

DURING October our growers had sev-
eral surprises and some disappoint-
ments. The Elberta peach crop turned
out larger than was expected, but the
weather caused it to ripen much faster than
usual, and to come to the market with a
rush. Con.sequently some of the markets
were glutted, and growers did not receive
as much as they had expected. Later on,
the markets improved again for late peaches
of good size and quality, such as Crosby,
Longhurst, Late Crawford, Smlthson,
Smock, and Lemon Tree. One good feature
of this sea&on has been that the canning
companies have bought more peaches than
for the lasit two years.

Late plums turned out a very satisfactory
crop for the growers. They hung on the
trees exceptionally well, and brought high
prices, 60c to $1.00 a basket being paid for
Reine Claudes, Grand Dukes, Monorchs, Ger-
man and Italian prunes, and late Damsons.
The crop at Winona was good.

Bartlett pears also turned out a very good
crop, and brought good prices, 40c to 50c a
basket was about the usual price. Bartlettie
hung unusually well on the trees, and even
as late as October 15th some people were
still picking them, and finding them firm
and good.

The grape crop proved a disappointment.
It looked fairly well on the vines, but when
it came to be picked only turned out about
•half the quantity expected. The long con-
tinued drought prevented the bunches and
the berries from reaching their usual size.
In the Niagara District, as a whole, the
grape crop has not turned out over 50 per
cent, of a full crop. The season turned out
a short one. Frost came muclt earlier than
usual, and in some parts of the district
seriously injured the crop. Around Winona
and Grimsby little or no damage was done to
the grapes, except, perbaps, to a few Ni-
agaras, by the frosts. It, however, affected
I lie foliage seriously, and hurried the grow-

PRODUCTIVE BEEKEEPING

is the title of a new book of 326 pages by Mr. Frank C. Pellett, State

Apiarist of Iowa.
As the name of this book indicates it is especially adapted to the needs
of the practical beekeeper. Not a discussion of scientific principles,
but of practical methods.

Sources of Nectar, Wintering, Marketing, and Laws that Concern
the Beekeeper, are titles of chapters of special interest.
Regular price $1.50 postage extra.
We offer this latest book with the American Bee Journal one year,
both for $2.00, Canadian postage 15 cents extra.

134 Illustrations, attractive cloth binding.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

Hamilton, Illinois

ers into picking the fruit earlier than usual,
causing a rush of grapes to the markets,
and lowering the price. Dealers paid a
contract price of 13c a 6-quart basket. On
the open markets grapes ruled somewhat
higher, 15c to 20c for Concords and Ni-
agaras, and 20c to 25c for Rogers and Dela-
wares. The Welch Grape Juice Company,
of St. Catharines, contracted a quantity of
Concords at prices varying from thirty-five
dollars to forty dollars a ton, packed in
tray boxes.

Late pears, Anjous, Clairgeans and Duch-
ess, were in good demand, at prices vary-
ing from 45c to 75c. Anjous amd Clairgeans
were a fair crop, but did not hang well on
the trees. Duchess were light. Keiffers are
a pretty good crop, but have an unusually
large percentage of small fruit. Canners
have only been paying about 45c a bushel.
Dealers, however, have been paying from
IVi to 1% cents a lb. On the open markets
prices have been running from 30c to 45c
an 11-quart basket.

Apple orchards in the Grimsby, Winona
section, have been turning out better than
was expected. Prices ran from $2.75 for
No. 3's, to $4.50 and $5.00 for No. I's a barrel.
Peelers have brought from 40c to 80c a 100
lbs.

One unpleasant feature of the past month
has been the unusual earliness and severity
of the frosts. They have damaged fruit and
vegetables, especially the latter.

On the nights of Sept. 30th and Oct. 1st,
two very severe frosts struck the Niagara
District, doing damage to tomatoes, pota-
toes, corn, cucumbers and grapes. In some
places even peaches were nipped. This frost
appears to have been most severe in the St
Catharines district and in Niagara Town-
ship. It was somewhat less severe from
Beamsville west to Hamilton. As usual, it
came in streaks, doing much more damage^
on some farms than on others adjacent.
One special feature in the St. Catharines
district was that it attacked the gardens
and vineyards on the very shore of the lake
a sittiation which has been generally im
mune frcrm frost attacks till nearly the eni
of October. This was probably the worsi
frost so early in the season for over 3(
years, and it did grave damage to the tomat<
crop. Another severe frost took place or
the night of the 10th, and several llghtei
frosts also occurred up to the 16th. Slno*
then the weather has been mild.

This is the most unfavorable season foi
vegetables that has been experienced ii
this part of Ontario since market garden
ing has developed info a business. This li
reflected in the high prices received fp«
them on the markets at Hamilton an
Toronto. On the Hamilton market potato
bring 35c to 45o an 11 quart basket, onlod

•1
I

November, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

279

75c to 80c; carrots and beets, 40c to 45c; to-
matoes, 40c to 50«; sweet corn, a dozen
cobs, 15c to 25c; cabbage, 80c to $1.10 a
dozen, or 20c to 25c per head; lettuce, 60c
to 75c; cauliflowers, eacb 15c to 25c. Sucn
prices have not been reached for many
years at this time, and city people are
grumbling. With their usual ignorance, they
are blaming it all upon the gardeners and
farmers.

The city Scions of Hamilton have even
gone so far as to recommend the abolition
of the 6 day market there, during the busy
months, and the restriction to 3 days a week,
with the foolish idea that this will lower
prices to the consumer. It is likely to have
an exactly contrary effect, because It will
'greatly lessen the amount of produce g^omg
iinto that market. In accordance wltn the
law of supply and demand, prices are likely
I to be higher, not lower. The day has gone
by when councils, at the bid of city grucers,
can dictate to the producers what their
[prices shall be. The result of this measure,
'if carried out, will be to lessen th« volume
of trade done in Hamilton, and sena it lo
other places.

The Hamilton market has been of great
benefit to the peach growers who have motor
facilities for reaching it. More and more
growers every season are taking advantage
of the good prices generally .secured for
fruit there. The total crop of a imimber of
extensive peach orchards has been distrlDut-
ed in the city of Hamilton, wholly through
the open market.

The large centres In Ontario, Quebec, the
Western and Maritime Provinces now get
their supply of fruit from the Peninsula in
car lots. This system is more in evidence
than ever before. The produce arrives in
better condition, on account of the refrigera-
tion, and because it is not subject to trans-
fer or pillage. It is landed at its destina-
tion at much less cost than small lots by
express. The carriage by express will, how-
ever, continue as before to the smaller
centres, towns and villages, where car lots
would glut the markets.

The distributors are learning with every
1' i ing year how best to care for and give

throwers the highest possible price for
their goods. There is, however, still much
Ito be learned and put in practice in the mat-
!ter of better packing of such fruit as early
peaches, pears, plums, and even cherries
and grapes, In order that Niagara district
■fruit growers may more isuccessfully control
the fancy trade in Canadian cities, and oust
the prestige gained by the Southern growers
across the line, who are adepts in packing
and refrigeration.

In Old Niagara this has been a disappoint-
ing season to the growers, in spite of the
fact that some of the soldiers in camp were
' n leave of absence to assist in harvest-

the peach crop. October lOth's heavy
so "brittled" the stems that most of

peaches still left on the trees, fell off,

ng them a total loss to the grower. "We
get enough help to pick the fruit on the

. much less to care for that which falls

1." said a grower recently. "The sol-
who received leave of absence were
good, but there were not enough of

:i to go around. We have lost hundreds
,of bushels of peaches merely for the want

FUR COATS

'0////'''

Direct
From Trapper
To Wearer

2:1— MUSKRAT COAT
-Mailc from select dark
skin-*, wOl matched, deep
(Shawl collar with, cuffs.
The gracelul flare skirt
and stylish lines of the
coat combined with the
handsome reverse border
effect give this garment a
very strikinjj appearance
made only 45 inches long
in sizes of bust 3',! to 44.
Price delivered to you
$62 50.

212-MUSKRAT MUFF
to match $10.00.

You can save the many middlemen's profits
by securing your fur garments from us.

We buy our Raw Furs direct from the Trappers for
cash, and are.the largest cash buyers of raw furs in
Canada, buying direct from the trapper.

These furs are manufactured into stylish fur sets and fur
coats at the lowest possible cost, consistent with the best work-
manship.

Then we sell them direct to you at the very low catalog prices. We pay
all delivery charges.

Every garment is sold under A POSITIVE GUARANTEE OF SATIS-
FACTION TO YOU or your money back.

Our sales for fur sets and fui" garments last year exceeded all our ex-
pectations and were the largest in the history of the house.

This year we confidently expect still larger sales, since the people rea'.ize
more and more the bargains they obtain from Hallam.

We have in stock a large and varied assortment Of all the articles shown
in our FUR STYLE BOOK and can guarantee PROMPT SHIPMENT.

PRIZE CONTEST— $300 in Cash given away free in
Hallam's Zoological Contest, 64 Prizes — Write to-day
for the 1916-17 edition of

Hallam's Fur
Style Book

which gives full particulars of the contest and contains
59 ;nii=fr.^tejj pages showing beautiful and stylish fur
sets, moderately priced.

RAW FURS — Wo sro the largest GUNS — Trnps- Animal Halt Fish

Cash Buyers of Haw Fura direct from Nets. Tackle and a completi; lino of

the Trapper In Canada. - Our Ilaw Sportsmen s Supplies .-ci page Srorts-

Fur Quotations sent Free. men % CaUUoeue Free.

32

coats

THE

Address

^oliii^iallatn. ""n^ou?

follows ^■__^.

Limited
719 HALLAM BUILDING, TORONTO

LINE IN
CANADA

WhenPacking Apples

Remember that the value of every barrel
of apples is increased materially in the eyes
of your customer if it has an attractive
face. He will pay more for fresh, snappy,
unbruised apples.

Warner's Apple Barrel Pads

placed In each end of the barrel hold the
apples firm and ab.solutely prevents them
from being brui.sed when heading in and
shipping. A few cent.-j — that's all they co.st
— i*pent at your end may mean dollars back
from the customer. Let us i»end you a sam-
ple and quote prire.'i.

R. B. Warner, Inwood,Oiit.

F^Jl Spr&ying %k Q^(^ l\ i:j/^fr\t:?>> Vogs the Work.
Controls le^fCurl ^ ^^ U Er V^ I U E Cleans up t/ie Trees

Don't put ofT the dormant fpray until the cprtng rush. The weather
may be bad cr the ('round tco bo'';. Spray tl.ia fall and make sure of
ccntroIHnff peach leaf curl, San Jose scale, pear psylla, apple canker,
collar rot, c*':. You can save trees now that w^ould die be'"ore spring-
\)se"Scalecidc." Letter and cheaper than lime eulphur-^cutsthe labor

cost. Never injures trees, hands, face or pump. Cost of spray mate-
li^ls \vill advance before tpring. Order now^ and rave money. Write
today for free booklet, "The Whys and Whem' f Fall Spraying."

B. G. PRATT CO., Manufacturing Chemif. cpartment 48.

50 Church Street, New York City.

280

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Bdltla

NEW AND RARE SEEDS

Unique collection. Hundreds of rarl-
etles adapted for the Canadian cli-
mate. Perennial and perfectly hardy.

Own saving. Catalogue free.

Perry's Hardy Plant Farm

ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX, ENG.

CIDER APPLES WANTED

We are prepared to pa.y the higlie.st cash
prices for elder apples In oar lots. B'armers
who have not sufficient to make up a whole
car themselves can arrange with their neigh-
bors tor Joint shipment. Write us If you
have any to offer.

BELLEVILLE CIDER AND VINEGAR CO.,
Hamilton Ontario.

-Fruit Trees-

Northern Grown Stock

for Northern Planters

Our stock is first-class and
our prices the lowest con-
sistent with sterling quality,

ALBERT NURSERIES

ALBERT NEW BRUNSWICK

WANTED

Horse Radish Roots

Cucumbers, Onions
Tomatoes.

GOOD PRICES PAID

The Wm. Davies Co., Ltd.

PICKLE DEPARTMENT

521 Front St. E. - TORONTO

of »omeone to pick them." The apple crop
In this locality, too, Is very poor this year in
most varieties. This was due to the wet
spring, which prevented the bees polleniz-
Ing the blossoms. While this is the apple
year, there having been practically none last
year, most of the good varieties are scarce.
The same dismal story can be told of pota-
toes and tomatoes. Tomatoes are scarcer
than for many years, and the canning fac-

Ontario Vegetable Growers'
Association

The annual convention of the Ontari
Vegetable Growers' Association will be hel
in the Railway Commission rooms, Parlii
raenit Buildings, Toronto, on Tuesday, Ni
vember 21st. The following programme (
addresses will be given: "Home Grown Ve)

OTTAWA lEXHIBIT 8'"*^'="

ONTARIO'VEGETABLE GROWERS
ASSOCIATION.

i'

The vegetables .shown by the Ottawa VeKetable Growers' Association at the Ottawa Exhibition
are wall staged and given generally to the hospitals or other charitable organizations.

tories are buying up most of the visable sup-
ply. Potatoes on the local market are $1.50
a bushel, as against 50 cents usually at this
time of year. The outlook for the tomato
pack in the canning factories of this district
is decidedly blue. With the lateness of the
season and the small size of early tomatoes,
canners expected a heavier run late in the
season. Repeated heavy frosts killed the
majority of the tomatoes unpicked. The
canning factories are now working on small
lots, and orders from headquarters are to
can every tomato possiMe.

etable Seed," A. McMeans, Brantford; "Scor
Cards in Garden Contest," J. J. Da\ns, Loi
don; "Field Cultivation of Early Potatoes,
Henry Broughton, Sarnia; "Onion Growing,
John Campbell, Leamington; "Celery," C. C
Syer, Bartonville; "Irrigation," T. M. Mull
gan, Ottawa, and O. J. Robh, Vineland St;
tion; "Standardization of Vegetables," C. I
Durst, Urbana, III.; "Greenhouse Tomat
Growing," Nairn Bros., Hamilton.

S. C. Johnston, Vegetable Specialist, an
Paul Work, Cornell University, are also e:'

peeled to give addresses,
rates on the certificate
from all parts of Ontario.

Reduced railwa
plan will preva

Good Prices Always

We Solicit Your
Consignments

Send for
Shipping Stamp

For Your Fruit and Vegetables

OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit,
vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on
the Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses witJi
competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and
Porcupine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready
outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests.

Branch Warehouses:

Sudbury, North Bay,

Cobalt, Cochrane and

Porcupine.

H. PETERS

88 Front St. East, Toronto

I

References: The Cana-
dian Bank of Com-
merce (Market Branch)
and Commercial
Agencies.

November, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

281

Annapolis Valley Notes

Eunice Buchanan, Berwick, N. S.

There were slight frosts, but nothing to
damage tender things like corn, dahlias and
igrape vines until October 11th, 12th and 13th.
The last frost froze the apples to the core,
but they thawed out about 10 a. m., when
picljing began again. The general opinion
Is that the fruit was not damaged. A thick,
white frost covered everything, and ice
formed on water. The next day there was
a storm of rain and wind, fulfilling the old
saying, "Three white frosts, and then a
rain."

The Zebra caterpillars (Ceramicta picta)
continue to destroy turnips. As it has not
been seen here before, not much has been
done to combat the pest. When driving,
whole patches of turnips are to be seen with
nothing but the mid-ribs showing. After
finishing the leaves, the caterpillars have
descended to eat holes dn the roots.

Help is scarce. Women are working in
the apple warehouses, and in the orchards.
During the summer, some of the men be-
longing to the Highland Battalions, return-
ed at intervals to help on their farms, but in
the .second week of October these soldiers'
regiments were sent to England. The mov-
ing of the troops has caused delays in the
shipping of fruit, especially on the railways.

Manitoba Fruits for
Hybridization

Jas. A. Neilson, Lecturer in Horticulture,

M. A. C, Winnipeg.

Dr. Dorsey, director of the Minnesota

State Fruit Breeding Farm, and Mr. Weiss,

his a.ssistant, spent some time in Manitoba

this summer, for the purpose of discovering

valuable types of native fruits to be used

as .^itock for breeding purposes. These

gentlemen state that they were successful

in locating some desirable specimens. The

leading horticulturists in the adjoining

we<;tern states have realized for some time

possibilities of improvement which

" of the native fruits possess. They

done some successful work along this

P'sppcially in plums and raspberries.

It would be desirable if the Department of

lAgrirulture, or some wealthy interested

-"'7.('n, would undertake to finance a careful

thorough native fruit survey of Manl-

' Our native fruits possess desirable

acteristics, the most obvious and valu-

of which is hardiness. In addition,

I' is a variation in the size, productive-

I -. and flavor in different species. If a

carerii] survev was undertaken, it would be

possible to discover the best types of the

■various native fruits. When these were

, located, it would be easy to propagate them

at a central point adapted to the purpose.

By a judicious system of selecting the most

[Productive and best quality tvpes, and hy-

ibridizing these with the hardiest and best

f'l-.isn fvnps. we should produce speci-

^ combining hardiness, productivity and

iiv. The leading horticultural authorl-

recognize that it is necessary to work

I native stock in order to have the

; greatest succers in fruit growing in a country

(Where severe winter cold prevails.

We have, in our midst, men who have

Smade fortunes from the natural resources

( of the country. These could, if thev chose

I to, confer a lasting benefit on posterity, and

' contribute something to the upbuilding of

their country bv donating a sum of money,

sufricient to cover the cost of a movement

such as has been outlined. Is there anyone

with siifficlent wealth and interest In hortl-

iiral work to respond to the call?

The Fruit and Produce Market

The Commission firms undernoted wish consignments of fruit and general pro-
duce. They will be pleased to have you write them for information, shipping
stamps, etc., if you have fruit or vegetables for sale.

WANTED

ronslgnments of Cherries, Tomatoes,
Peaches, Grapes and all kinds of fruit; also
carlot apples. Centrally located, conveni-
eiu to all car tracks. Commission 10%.
HY LOP&;ONS, 132 PrinoiSt. WiDaipeg, Man

Ref< rencea — Any mercantile agency, or £ >nk of
Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont.

FRED BARKER

25 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

Representing J. & H. Goodwin, titd., Man-
chester; Thos. Russell, Glasgow; Nothard &
Ijorwe. London; G. R. Cooper, Uverpool.

APPLE RECEIVERS.
Consignments Solicited.

DAWSON-ELLIOTT Co.

32 West Market St., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit and Produce. Consign-
ments Solicited.

STRONACH & SONS

33 Church St., Toronto, Ont,

Wholesale Fruit, Produce and Commis-
sion Merchants.

Brown Fruit Company

LIMITED

EDMONTON, ALTA.

Wholesale Frfaits and Produce.

Car-load Shippers of Potatoes

SEND FOR QUOTATIONS.

HERBERT PETERS

88 Front St E., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit and Produce

See advertisement on page 280.

Apple Receivers

Representing

Simons, Shuttleworth & Co.
Liverpool and Manchester.

Simons, Jacobs & Co. Garcia, Jacobs & Co.
Glasgow. Scotland. London, England.

SIMONS FRUIT CO,

David L. Dick, Manager.
27 CHURCH ST. : TORONTO, ONT.

Information regarding export markets on
request.

McBRIDE BROTHERS

J. R. McBrlde, Proprietor.

FYuJt Exporters, Importers and Commlsslan

Merchants.

Consignments solicited. Terms ca^.

35 CHURCH ST., - TORONTO, ONT.

SAMUEL HISEY

82 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Produce and Commission Mer-
chant. Consignments Solicited.

ESTABLISHED 1884

William Morgan&Co.

Fruit Brokers
CARDIFF

APPLE RECEIVERS.

Consignments receive our prompt per-
sonal attention.

Cable Address — Morgan, Cardiff.

H. J. ASH

44-46 Church St. - Toronto, Ont.

CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIf & VEGETABLES

SOLICITED
W« giTe personal, consitient Kod reliable attention
to every consignment. Shipping stamps furnished
on request.

A Good Finn on Two Good Markets

TOM ADAMS b^'^o^

Fruit Merchants
BRISTOL

TOM ADAMS bVI\

9?.!!n^:L Fruit Merchants
SWA N S E A

■*^' Head OfiiceT^BRISfOL

Get in touch with them to.day if you want top prices
{or your produce.

The Oldest
Commission House
In Toronto

Mc

^^\\X^

.l^^s

Sc

t.v

EK^St

Send your
Consignments.

2S2

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition

^. r

¥/T •>

KEEP THEM WORKING

A horse in the field is worth two
in the barn. You can't prevent
Spavin, Ringbone, Splint, or Curb frOm
putting your horse in the barn but you
can prevent these troubles from keeping
horses in the barn very long. You can get

KENDALL'S

SPAVIN CURE

at any druggists at $1 alx)ttle,fifor $5, and
Kcncfall's will cure. Thousands of fanners
and horsemen will say so. Our book
"Treatise on the horse" free. 116

Dr. B. J. KENDALL CO., Enosburg FaUs. VL

1

.u I
ne

Stevens' Potash Fertilizer destroys wire
worms, click-beetles, white grubs, cut
worms, army worms, gypsy moths, bnown-
tailed moths. Addres.s —
GEOhGi STEVENS, PeUrb^rongh. Ont.

The Brown-Tailed Moth

George E. Sanders, Dominion Entomologi-
cal Laboratory, Annapolis Royal, N. S.

We have had during 1914-15 and 1915-16
two very successful seasons in controlling
the Brown-Tail Moth in Nova Scotia. In
1314-15, the year following the big flight
from the New England States, the inspec-
tors found 23,156 nest-s in the province. The
followftig year this was cut down to 18,154
nests, and last winter they found only 14,755
nests in fhe province.

One of the reasons that they have been
.so successful is that they know most of the
infested orchards and go to them early In
the season before the drop of the nests be-
gins. Many infested orchards, however,
could not be located until quite late in the
season and thorough work was of course
impossible in thean on account of the drop
that had already occurred.

The Brown-Tail is very easily located by
apple pickers during October. The winter
nests are now being formed and a circle
of skeletons of leaves surrounds each nest
to a distance of from six inches to two feet.
These spots of brown skeletonized leaves
are very conspicuous against the dark green
of the trees and the nest containing a num-
ber of very small caterpillars in the centre

The Gift of Time

B

IG BEN'S the only time-clock the
modern farmer knows — he helps
the farmer beat the sun to work.

Four a. m., in growing time, «art3 the farmer's
day— brings a bumper crop of hours, for chores and
in the field.

Thai*g why Big Ben goes to the farm, at Christmas
every ycai — lo lend a band in preparing for planting
days. Now'days there's businesslike system on the farm.
Where Big Ben's wound up every night, the farm
cannot run down.

So it's Big Ben for Christmas, wherever jroa go^
the c'lft of time that means good-will all year.

You'll like Big Ben face to face. He's seven inches
tall, spunky, neighborly — downright good all through.
He rings two ways — tea bali-minutc calls or steadily
for five minutes.

Big Ben is six times factory tested. At your dealer's,
22.50 in the States, Sl.SOin Canada. Sent prepaid on
receipt of price if your dealer doesn't stock him.

JVtsulox folk build more than three million alarms
a year — and build them well. All wheels are assem-
bled by a special process — patented, of course. Re-
sult—accuracy, less friction, long life.

usauc,iii.,u.s.A. Western Clock Co. Makers of »-.«.;«

Other H 'tstdox: Bahy Ben. Pocket Ben, Amtrica, Btnsa, Sleep-Meter. Lookout and Ironclad

J

PEERLESS POULTRY FENCE

A Real Fenea-Mot Matllna ' •"

strongly marto and closely spaced— making it a complete
J barrier against larjre animals as well as small poultry, Top^
J and bottom wires No. 0— int«nnediatoa No. li win- -inade i^
f bytheOpen Hearthprocess whicii timeand othertests have! -, - ^

rproTMtoUthebeBL S«ndforcatalo«.Aak»houtourfKin«nduTn»TneQt.ll. Au ,11 M^ ,liL
nnolof . AirenoiM nnarlj ereryvber.. Agents mit.il In unaulgMd 'i lii ii lljAvSiir- '^tUmG
Th» Banwell - Hosia wire Fanca Campany, Lm,, vr^&'ltKTM
Winnipeg. Map., Ilamltton, Ont. * 33 lit '^

Of these browned leaves will Identify th
work -with certainty as that of the Browr
Tail.

Owners desirous of keeping their orchard
free from tBe Brown-Tail would do well t
instruct their pickers to keep a lookout fo
these nests and to destroy them by burnin
wherever found; they would also confer
great favor if they would notify the write
of nests found in their orchards so iliat a
inspector may be sent to these orchards a
the beginning of the season, so that nior
effective work may be done.

Washington Apples for
Western Canada

Circulars issued recently by the Unite
Farmers of Alberta and the Alberta Farit
ers Cooperative Elevator Co., Ltd., of Ca
gary, indicate that the action of wester:
fruit growers in having the tariff on apple
increased at the last session of parliamen
continues to be strongly resented on th
prairies. The prairie farmers some month
ago decided, as a protest, that they wouli
buy apples from the United States this yeai
as far as possible, thus paying the extri
money required in the way of duty into th
Government treasury, rather than to Britis-l
Columbia growers. That they are adherin)
to their decision is indicated to some exten
by the fact that they have signed a contrac
for Washington State apples for their mem
hers. The following are a few extracts fron
their circular.

"The British Columbia fruit growers
through their association, have for a nura
her of years been agitating for a highe
tariff, which would keep the American appli
out of Western Canada, and enable them t(
have the prairie provinces to themselves
Careful investigations on our part showe<
that the British Columbia growers were, fo
the most part, marketing their product in :
most extravagant way, through a series o
middle men, whose number was unreason
able, to say nothing of their handlini
charges. In accordance with our well knowi
tariff principles, we naturally under theS'
circumstances, opposed the British Colunc
bia fruit growers on the tariff issue, and su?
gested instead the application of co-opers
tive effort, and offered the services of ou
organizations in working out a system o
marketing that would come nearer to
straight producer to consumer basis. Ou
offer.s were ignored. The agitation for th
increased tariff was continued, and eventi
ally secured last winter when the tax c
ninety cents a barrel was established by th
Dominion Government.

"In view of these facts, the Canadia
Council of Agriculture, with which the thre
prairie farmers' organizations In Manitobi
Saskatchewan and Alberta are afniiatet
passed a resolution in accordance with th
sentiments expressed from time to time l
our annual conventions, and recommende
to our unions that their year's supply <
apples should be secured .rom the Unite
States as a protest against the action of tl
British Columbia fruit growers."

"The Alberta Farmers' Co-operative Bl
vator Co., Ltd., have made a contract wll
a Farmers' Co-operative Organization 1
Washington, for a supply of Washingtc
apples. It as now up to you, as members/
this Association, to stand by the princip|
which you yourselves have so often
thusiastically endors-ed at our convention
and show that we not only mean what
say from a sentimental point of view,
that we have also the atiility to bring
matter home to those who question
sincerity of our belief."

November, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

2&3

Variety Preferences

Every te\i years the demand of fruit
growers for different varieties of fruit under-
goes a considerable change. Thus a chang-
irr 0". preferences constitutes a serloois
problem for the large nursery Arms, who
have to anticipate the changes by a year or
two as far as conditions permit.

"The popular varieties of apples just
now," said Mr. C. K. Baillie, Manager of the
E. D. Smith nurseries, at Winona, to an
editor of The Canadian Horticulturist re-
cently, "are the red varieties, Mcintosh,
Snow and Spy. This last couple of years
the nurseries have propagated Mcintosh
heavily, and their sales have justified this
policy. Duchess and W.ealthy are having
the best sale for use as fillers in new orch-
ards.

"The fashion in varieties of peaches
changes about as quickly as the fashion In
clothes. Yellow St. John and Elbertas re-
[main as standbys, however. During the last
two years growers have been shutting off
,in peach planting largely, because of tlie
[low prices they have received for their
i fruit.

"There has been a falling off in the plant-
ing of sour cherries. Perhaps the prices are
responsible for this also. In the past, sour
cherries have been extensively planted, be-
cau.se people tad the idea that they did not
need any oare after they were planted. Tne
advent of the shothole fungus has exploded
this theory. The cherry fly has "been par-
ticularly bad on the Montmorency variety.
In the Winona district there has been no
trouble with the fly, but at Stoney Creek in
many orchards the cherries were not picked.

"The sales of stock for plums the last four

or five years have been heavy on Grand
Duke, Reine Claude and Monarch, especially
in the Niagara district. These are good
shippers, and are classed as fancy plums.

"Grapes are only being planted in the Ni-
agara district and Middlesex County. In
Middlesex County grape growing is rather
an experiment as yet, although they have
been planting fairly heavily for four or five
years, and there are some good vineyards.
The varieties grown in Middlesex are Camp-
bell's Early, Moore's Early and Worden. The
Niagara District, however. Is the recognized
grape growing section of Canada."

It is stated that there is a prospect of an
American embargo on shipments of toma-
toes, corn and peas to this country, owing
to the great shortage in these lines in tne
chief producing centres of Marylan-d and
New York. This shortage is so acute that
it has already to some extent had the effect
of a virtual embargo. American shippers
in some cases refuse to quote, and In others
quote at such a high price that large Cana-
dian distributors say they cannot handle the
goods.

A New Bulletin on Peaches

"Peach Growing in Ontario" is the name of
Bulletin 241, Department of Agriculture, To-
ronto, Ont. This bulletin is written by F.
M. Clement, B.S.A., and A. G. Harris, B.S.A.
It is well illustrated and readable. Culture,
societies, packing and shipping are fully
dealt with, and eleven pages of informa-
tion on the diseases and insects attacking
peaches have been added by Prof. S. Caesar
and J. E. Howitt. This is a good bulletin
and should be read by every peach grower.

Prince Edward Island

The cooperative movement is making
headway in this province. Last May there
was organized the Associated Farmers' Co-
operative Company, Ltd. Progress was
slow at first, but now steady, even rapid,
progress is being made.

The principle has been adopted of hand-
ling all goods on a guaranteed 10 per cent,
basis, as this gives tlie members the bene-
fit of their collective buying at the, time of
purchase. All invoices are at the disposal
of the members. This was found to be more
satisfactory than the older way of paying
dividends, where the purchasers had to wait
a year before seeing any results of their co-
operation.

As usual the dealers are opposed to the
movement and are using their influence to
discourage prospective members. By per-
sistent effort on the part of the organizers,
however, the people are slowly, but surely,
seeing the waste in the present system of
inent farmers in the province, who, though
busy with their numerous affairs, find time
to assist with the good work.

Fruit growers will have to pay more tor
their baskets again next year. The price of
six-quart packages has been advanced ?5 a
thousand, and that of 11-quarts, $3 a thous-
and These prices obtain only until De-
cember 15. After that, increases will be
added according to the price of materials,
such as tacks, nails and leno. ^, , ,,

James Johnson, Manager of the Norfolk
Fruit Growers' Association, recently packed,
in specially padded boxes, with iron bind-
ings, 6 carloads of Greening apples, to fill
an order for overseas. These were con-
signed to the Ontario Government Agent,
Union Cold-storage, London, England.

I

tK^o inbefiitorsi

THOSE WHO, FROM TIME TO TIME, HAVE FUNDS REQUIRING
INVESTMENT, MAY PURCHASE AT PAR

DOMINION OF CANADA DEBENTURE STOCK

IN SUMS OF $500 OR ANY MULTIPLE THEREOF.

Principal repayable 1st October, 1919.

Interest payable half-yearly, 1st April and 1st October by cheque (free
of exchange at any chartered Bank in Canada) at the rate of five per cent
per annum from the date of purchase.

Holders of this stock will have the privilege of surrendering at par and
accrued interest, as the equivalent of cash, in payment of any allotment
made under any future war loan issue in Canada other than an issue of
Treasury Bills or other like short date security.

Proceeds of this stock are for war purposes only.

A commission of one-quarter of one per cent will be allowed to recog-
nized bond and stock brokers on allotments made in respect of applications
for this stock which bear their stamp.

For application forms apply to the Deputy Minister of Finance, Ottawa.

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE. OTTAWA.
OCTOBER 7th, 1916.

284

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

/^KINNER

X.YSTEM OF IRRIGATION

c)

C<niirol cumplete. rrovdnts droutflit Iosb-
«H. lltMluctfs labur bills. Increases prodl.
Siteciiil Portable Line for $11.75. Send for
now lliilloiln.

Th*J Skinner Irrigation Co.
217 Water Street Troy, Ohio.

FRUIT MACHINERY CO.

INGERSOLL, ONT.

Manufacturers of the Ontario Power
Sprayer Model 2-B, the handiest of them
all. Engine fills the tank. Also a com-
plete line of Apple Evaporating IViachin-
ery and power evaporator equipment
Our complete power systems for evap-
orating as .^re Install them are practical,
sauitary and labor savings

Write for free Illustrated catalogue on
spraying and evaporating.

We have a large
j stock of all sizes

FLOWER POTS

tFERN OR BULB PANS

} AZALEA POTS
and Rimless Pans
Orders Filled'Promptly. Send for Price*

THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd.

.,..^.1 -^ HAMILTON, ONT.

^HtBESTMAPt

FOSTER'S

STANDARD

POT

Items of Interest

There may be those among our reader.-;
who imagine editor.s as having a tremendous
appetite for horticultural information.
Horticultural products, however, are de-
voured with even greater avidity than mere
facts. This appetite is perhaps partly re-
spon.sible for the rapidity with which ;i
goodly sample of pears sent in by Mr. W. M.
Turnbull, Gait, Ont., disa,ppeared recently lu
the office of The Canadian Horticulturist.
The main reas>on, however, was that the at-
tractiveness of the pears themselves both In
color and flavor was noticed by other mem-
bers of the staff as well as by the editors,
and — -well you know how it is. The pears In
question were grown and developed by Ml.
Turnbull, and have been named by him,
"Sunrise." While they were not so large
as they probably would be in a more moder-
ate season, their high color and flavor should
commend them to consumers. Although the
pears are gone, the memory lingers. We
strongly favor the origination of new varie-
ties of fruit of this quality.

In South-Western Ontario frost has dani-
aged some of the tobacco and bean crops.
A recent report from Lambton County says
peaches and pears have been plentiful, but
plums below an average yield. Apples are
.small and scabby. Many orchards were not
properly sprayed, owing to wet weather and
lack of help in the spring.

Recently 28 iced cars of fruit were shippeii
from Vineland Station .in one week.

The potato crop in New Brunswick this
year is 10 to 15 per cent, short of last year.
The estimate is 7,300,000 bushels from 40,-
000 acres. The quality of the crop is ex-
cellent and no sign of rot visible. At $2.40
a barrel the returns will be $6,000,000.

GREENHOUSES

MANUFACTURERS GREENHOUSE BARS AND SASH

Batts Limited

366-415 PACIFIC AVENUE

WEST TORONTO

Shippinj^ Suggestions

Geo. E. Mcintosh, Transportation Sec'y., On£
Fruit Growers' Ass'n., Forest, Ont.

As the apple .shipping season is now on th
following brief notes may be of value to
shippers. It Is Important for the welfare .f
the shipper that specific data relative
each shipment be kept. Let this be the fit
consideration. It guards against loss to i:
shipper, and such records are a great assi-
ance in adjusting claims.

Prospects are for a shortage of refrig.
ator cars. Car orders should be given
writing, the shipper keeping a duplic;i
copy. On the back of the copy notate 11.,
date car is supplied, car number and initiaW
date shipped and arrival. Forty-eight hour*
is considered time in which Railway Co:
panics .should supply, cars. If po.ssible gi
them another 24 hours.

It is the duty of the carriere to load < .
shipment's of apples. This, however, is
dom done, the shipper preferring to do
own loading. When the car is on a pubfl
team track insist on having a clear bill
lading without notation "Shipper's Coun^
Before commencing to load the car notJ
the agent that a clear bill will be requird
It is then his duty to give it. For flooi?
placed in refrigerator cars not so equippe
or box cars when refrigerators cannot
supplied, the shipper is entitled to a reba
of $3.00 per car, and 500 lbs. will also be an
lowed to cover the weight of such floors.

Indefinite notations such as "Protect fro •
heat or cold," may be refused by agents, 1
a carrier receiving a refrigerator car loadt.
with fruit must use ordinary care to ke
the car ventilated, though the bill of ladif
showing the car is loaded with fruit is silc
on the subject of ventilation. WTiere fr
is carried by a railroad in a refrigerator
there is an implication that the carrier
exerci.^e care. It is the duty of a carrier]
apprehend that at certain seasons of
year shipments of perishable produce af
liaole to freeze.

There is no provision for sending attend
ants with refrigerator cars. WTien a box car
is used and a stove placed therein by the
shipper, an attendant is carried free one way
from Nov. 1st to March 31st, and relurt
transDortation will be granted at one-hall
first-class fare.

The application of the railways to tin
Railway Commission for permission to mak<
an additional charge of one cent per car i""
mile, minimum $2.00, for hejited car serv:
in addition to regular freight rate, has r.
yet been granted. Therefore, there is no ad
ditional charge for heaters supplied for car
load traffic moving from points east of Vo
Arthur.

Agents, when requested, will undertake jj
change in transit the destination of carlo
traffic from one place to another, charg'
$3.00 for each such change, plus the diJ
ence which may exist betiween the
billed and the rate from shipping point j
ultimate destination. If out of the dir
run an additional charge of one cent
ton per mile (minimum 20 miles) will!
made for such extra haul.

The business of a railroad is transp
fion. not storage; and a consignee has'
legal right to use a car as a warehouse; *
is to the interest of both caVriers and shSl
pers that cars be promptly released. Th'
detention charges are $2.00 a day for th>
first two days, and $3.00 a day thereaftt
Forty-eight hours free tJme is allowed f-
unloading.

Where a shipment of perishable produce
made in a month when freezing weather
not unusual, and the shippers direct the c;
rier to leave open a vent in the car, th'
cannot recover for loss caused by sever
but not unprecedented, cold weather.

November, 1913.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Fruit, Vegetable and Flower Reminders for November

Cions of apples for grafting next spring
may be cut now.

Pick and burn all dead fruit or mummies
from plum trees.

Cover the strawberries with clean stTaw
about four inches deep.

Tramp the snow around the young apple
trees. It will help to keep the mice away.

Corn fodder or boards tied on the south
side of apple or basswood trees will protect
from sunscald. Do it now.

See that all weeds, grass and leaves are
removed from around the ^ple trees. This
sort of trash makes a good home for mice
and they like the green bark of apple trees.

Hardwood cuttings of grapes, willow and
dogwood may be taken now and buried in
sand until spring. They may then be set
three inches apart in nursery rows with
three feet of space between rows.

All roots and cabbage should be in winter
storage now.

A cabbage or mangel hung in the poultry
house furnishes a much-liked green food.

Cover carrots, beets, and other root crop.=;
lightly with dry sand to prevent wilting.

A few roots of horse radish should be put
in dirt in a cool cellar for use during the
winter.

Parsnips may be left in the ground over
winter. If wanted for winter use dig late
in the fall and store in a box of soil in a
cool place.

Have a few rhubarb plants been dug to
r.TO\v in the cellar this winter? They will
furnish good sauce if put in a dark cellar
and allowed to grow.

I

i

Mulching of the shrubbery may be done
at any time now.

Leave the hyacinths in a cool dark place
until well rooted.

Snapdragons make good potted plants for

while, if lifted in the fall.

Go over the house plants and ferns anil
remove all scale insects. Soap suds is good
to use.

Paper white narcissi and daffodils potted
early may be brought to heat and light and
will soon flower.

Don't store dahlias or cannas in piles.
They .should be in boxes or on shelves only
one layer deep.

Do not feed chrysanthemums after the
buds begin to show color. Keep a sharj)
lookout for insects.

Pansies covered with straw or leaves will
often live through the winter in good order,
ready to bloom in the spring.

As soon as the ground is frozen, it is well
to put four or five inches of manure over
the tulip bed.

Hyacinths are among the best potted
inlbs. Put one in a four-inch pot, or two or
ree in a six-inch pot.

Flowering shrubs are more useful about
e home yard than annuals or perennials,

they do not require so much care.
Now is a good time to give the garden its
al cleaning. A clean garden now means
wer insects next spring.
Some of the berried shrubs, such as bar-
erry and wahoo, make good bouquet ma-
lerial now, if they have plenty of berries.
Perennials may be lightly covered with

aw after the ground freezes. Do not use
y heavy material, as it is likely to smother
e plants.

Ferns should be looked after closely now.
They should not become too dry or too wet.
he air of most living rooms is too dry for
e best development of the fern.

One can have lots of fun growing bulbs in
the house. They should be started early,
although a planting as late as this will often
give good results.

Roses, canterbury bells, foxgloves, etc.,
may be covered with straw and a board
frame to shed water. Water should not be
allowed to settle about them or in their
foliage.

Do not coddle your plants. Give them
plenty of light and fresh air. Keep them

clean and give them what water they need-
neither too much nor too little.

Put a little good rich garden soil in the
cellar or where it will not freeze. It will
come handy to start those early vegetable
and flower seeds in next spring.

Roses should be laid on the ground and
covered with straw or hay. Cover the hay
with boards. ,

The University of Illinois desires to ob-
tain a copy of the December, 1913, Issue ot
The Canadian Horticulturist. Have any ot
our readers got a copy to spare?

I

Send for our
New Cook Book

Mail us a red ball trade-mark, cut from a bag or carton of
Lantic Sugar, and we will send you a book of particularly good
recipt's for cakes, candies, preserves and other delicious sweets.

Lantic Sugar

is called "T/ie AU-Purpose Sugar " because the extra ""FINE"
granulation makes it equally suitable for the table, for cooking
and for preserving. Packed in 100-lb bags

14

Atlantic Sugar Refineries, Ltd., Power Building, Montreal, Canada

For Your Home

Do not regard a greenhouse as an expensive luxury. In the first place, the
cost of a well constructed, harmoniously designed greenhouse may surprise
you by its moderation.

In the second place, such a greenhouse Is an investment, adcLing more than
its cost to the value of your property.

Let us send you a booklet that makes the case even more obvious.

Address Dept. B.

GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, LIMITED

Kent Building,

Transportation Building, St. James St.,
Montreal.
Factory — Georgetown, Ont.

^^^1

l^^3l

VI.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

:al Edltloo.

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS

A4vtrtiMincnti in this dcpar bcdI inserted «t rale «f 3
ceala a word for tach Jaserlion. eack (ignre, sif n, or tiif 1«
lettrr to eonnt at on* word, ■iainuin coit 30c., sliktlr
cath in advance.

REAL ESTATE

ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit farms a speci-
alty. Writ* for CaUlOKU*. W. B. Cald«r,
Orimsby.

SEEDS AND BULBS.

BULBS — Of all descriptions. Write for prices.
C. Keur & Sons. Hillegom, Holland. New
York Branch, 8-10 Bridge Street.

BEES AND BEE SUPPLIES.

1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colors
any wording, for $1.30. Catalogue free. Ea.it-
ern Liab«l Co., CUntonvllle, Conn.

least a small supply of this fertilizer that
the war has made so high in price.

The Ohio Experiment Station advises the
use of 400 to 500 pounds per acre of a mix-
ture of two parts of wood ashes and one
part of either acid phosphate or bonemeal.
Such a fertilizer may be used to advantago
on the spring crops, while the lime contain-
ed in the ashes will have a beneficial effect
on acid soils. Experiments at the Station
show that potash does not produce its full
effect except when reinforced with phos-
phorus.

FOR SALE— 117 Colonies of Iteiilan Bees. For
price apply to J.i.s. Martin, Hillsdale, Ont.

Wood Ashes Valuable as Fertilizer

Wood ashes, which when unleached con-
tain about five per cent, potash and 30 per
cent, lime, are one means the farmer has
for preparing against the shortage of potash
salts which formerly came from Germany.
The amount of potash varies somewhat, be-
ing higher in hard woods.

The potash is readily soluble in water and
will be largely leached out if the ashes are
not protected from rains. Farmers burning
wood should store the ashes during the win-
ter and thus furnish themselves with at

The Economy Crate

The economy apple crate is not being used
to any extent in Ontario this year. A num-
ber of the Toronto commission men were
questioned recently by an editor of The
Canadian Horticulturist, and this seems to
be their general experience. A great deal
of fhe Ontario fruit this year is No. 3, and
the growers prefer to pack their low grade
fruit in barrels. One letter from Mr. D. S
Dick, of the Simon.s Fruit Co., states:

"While the economy crate is cheaper, and
fruit can be packed in same at a lower com-
parative cost than in barrels, I think No.
3's are better packed in barrels. Of course
an open crate does not come under inspec-
tion as it is an open package, but the very
fact that the fruit is not tight lowers their
keeping quality. A poor No. 3, however, is
better never to go into any package."

Despite the discouraging reports the in-
spectors agree in the opinion that there w^ill
be about 600,000 barrels of Nova Scotia
apples this year. They will be much cleaner
than last year's crop. — Outlook.

Sugar Feeds and Sweetens

in proportion to its purity

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XMAS PRESENTS

Christmas will soon be here, and with
it that eternal and bothersome question
of Christmas remembrances^bothersome
in a sense of the difficulty in knowing
what to get. Yet, you cannot give your
friends anything better than something
in which they are interested.

If their garden is their pride and joy
during the summer months, could you
give them anything nicer than a good
book on gardening? You see the point!
— and a book fe always acceptable. Our
Book Department has a splendid assort-
ment of horticultural books, write us
about them. Here are a few good ones
at popular prices:

FRUIT.

"Trees, Shrubs, Vines and Perennials,"
by John Kirkegaard, Dr. H. T. Fernald
and Prof. E. A. White, deal with when
and how to plant, pruning, spraying and
cultivation. Also general cultural infor-
mation. Net $1.50.

"The Orchard and Fruit Garden," by
E. P. Powell, deals with the choice, plant-
ing and cultivation of fruit, fruit trees
and bushes. Net. $1.00.

"Productive Orcharding," by F. C.
Sears — a practical, complete, up-to-date
and authoritative work covering every
phase of fruit growing. Indispensable to
the fruit grower. Net $1.50.

"Principles of Fruit Growing," by L. H.
Bailey — a complete treatise on the prac-
tise of fruit growing, covering tillage,
planting, fertilizing and protection. Net
$1.50.

VEGETABLES.

"The Backyard Farmer," by J. Willard
Bolte — a very helpful and charming gar-
den book. Makes gardening easy and de-
lightful, and solves the cost of the living
problem. Net $1.00.

"The Vegetable Garden," by Ida D.
Bennett — deals fully with the various
vegetables that form the staple of the
small garden, contains excellent chapter
on fertilizers, insecticides and garden
tools. Net $1.00.

"The Canadian Garden," by Mrs. Annie
L. Jack — deals with cultivation, fertiliz-
ing, what and when to sow and plant,
pests, trees, shrubs, bulbs, vines, hedges,
etc. Ail these are dealt with in a sim
pie and easily understood way. Net $1.00.

"The Garden Yard," by Bolton Hall—
a handbook for the mon or woman who
has a back garden lot out of which he
might make part or more than a living.
Net $1.00.

"Productive Vegetable Growing," by
John W. Lloyd — presents the underlying
principles of vegetable production in a
clear and logical manner. Places vege-
table gardening on a sure and profitable
basis for the farmer or gardener. Net
$1.50.

FLOWERS.

"The Flower Garden," by Ida B. Ben-
nett— a clear and concise simimary of
every possible sort of information that
might be desired by any one interested
in gardening. Net. $1.00.

"Roses and How to Grow Them," by
many experts — the only recent book on
this most popular of all flowers, which
deals directly with American practice
both outdoors and under glass. Net $1.00.

"How to Make a Flower Garden," a
charming and practical book by experts,
covering 200 different flowers and shrubs.
Net $2.00.

The Canadian Horticultun^

ft

Floral Edition

1. XXXIX

TORONTO, DECEMBER, 1916

No. 12

The Apple Scab Problem

L. Caesar, Provincial Eatomologist, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont.

ONE of the big problems in the
minds of most Ontario fruii-
gi-owers this fall is "How can
we control apple scab next year in our
orchards?" Quite a few men, utterly
discouraged by the poor results they
have obtained from their spraying the
last two years will jump to the conclu-
sion that spraying is useless, and so
will cease to spray for a few years un-
til the results obtained from some more
thoughtful neighbor or neighbors will
again convince them that spraying is
an absolute necessity if the orchard is
to be a commercial success.

Successful control of apple scab
under all kinds of weaither condi-
tions requires thait each grower be
constantly stud3ang all he can -
about the disease, so that he may
be able from the knowledge
gained to so time and apply
his spraying that he will be
able to keep his fruit clean.
I wish, therefore, to re-
peat in this article some
things that have already
appeared in the columns
of The Canadian Horti-
culturist, and also to
give some further infor-
mation gained as a result
of the last two years' ex-
7)erience with this disease.
Brief History of the Disease.

Apple seafc winters in little
l>lack spots on both the upper and
lower surfaces of the leaves on the
jround. In the sipring, sometimes about

le time the leaf buds have burst, some-
les not until the blossoms are open-
?, these vspores after or during a rain

^gin to be shot xvp a little distance from

le leaf and are then carried by the

5rid here and there through the air.
le Off tbem light on the young leaves

^■d. if the blossoms are open or nearly
ady to open, on anv pairt of these.

fere they do no harm unless there
les a period of dark, rainy or foggy

leather lasting: for about two days,
_ that there will be moisture sufficient
to enable the spores not only to ger-
niinate but also to work their way
thrnntrh the skin of the leaf or of the
fi-nit blossom. Tf thev have started to

germinate and bright weather comes
they peris'h unless they have first been
able to penetrate the skin. Spores
from the leaves on the ground are not
all scattered by the wind in one day,
but continue to be scattered foir some
weeks if there are rains to provide the
necessary conditions of moisture.

Once the little gei'm tube has pene-
trated the skin it continues to grow-
just beneath the surface. There is no
sign on the surface of fruit or leaf that
it is there until at least a week and

Fig:. 1.— Apple showing; tlu- black spots
caused by apple scab.

often not until two weeks have elapsed.
Fruitgrowers should therefore remem-
ber if they are watching the little
apples for the appearance of scab spots,
that the first spots they see will have
come from an infection that on an aver-
age had taken place fully ten days be-
fore these spots were visible.

The scab spots that develop on fruit
and leaves get their dark color from
the mass of little new spores that cover
their surface and that now form a new
source of danger as they are daily car-

ried from place to place by the wind.
Once more these will do no harm unless
they too can get a couple of days of
constant moisture to enable them to
germinate and have their germ tubes
work through the skin. Once beneath
the skin no spraying can prevent tlieir
forming a scab spot later. Hence spray-
ing must prevent, not destroy, scab
spots.

From the foregoing bi-ief account
we may draw the f oUoiwing inferences :
First : No matter how abundant spores
are in an orchard they cannot germin-
ate without plenty of moisture, usually
tAvo wet days at a time, or two wet
nights and a wet day between.

Second : The greatest period of
danger of scab infection will be
from the time the blossoms are
ready to burst until about two
or three weeks after the
bloom has fallen. This is
the time when the foliage
and young fruit must be
kept covered to ward oflE
the disease. The reasons
that there is more danger
in this early period are that
the months of May and
June are nearly always
wetter than the rest of the
growing season for apples.
The days are then shorter and
the nights longer and the ground
more moist with heavier denvs, so
that there is less chance, especially
in dark weather, for the moisture
to dry off than later in the season.
The hairy nature of the young fruit en-
ables it to hold more moisture than the
bare, smooth skin of the apple later on
could hold.

Third : The apple itself is formed
from the receptacle of the flower, that
is, from the little green pa.rt just be-
low the calyx. As this becomes ex-
posed as soon as the cluster of blossom
buds begin to separate it must be pro-
tected right from this time. If it be-
comes infected there will later be a
scab on the fruit.

Fourth : The object of spraying is
to put on the leaves and young fruit a
substance such as lime-sulphur which
will remain there a considerable time,

286

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Fig. 2.— Opening leaf buds, about the best time

to give the first or so-called dormant spray to

secure results upon apple scab.

and be able to prevent the spares that
are present from germinating and in-
fecting either the foliage or fruit.
Times to Spray.

This year there was in some orchards
some infection of leaves before the
blossoms burst. This is not often the
case. It suggests that contrary to our
opinion las.t year and the opinion of
most students of apple scab in the past,
it would be wise to give an earlier ap-
plication for this disease than the one
just before the iblossoms opened. I
have proof, however, that the omission
of this application did not account for
the high percentage of scab this year,
though giving it would probably have
lessened the scab some. The best time
to apply this earliest spray would be,
not before, 'but just after the leaf buds
have burst. If there is no San Jos^
Scale to eombat, or if there is not a
great deal of Oyster-shell Scale, the
■lime-sulphur need not be stronger than
one gallon commercial to twenty gal-
lons of water (1.015 sp. gr.). If, hovv-
ever, San Jose Scale is present, use it
not weaker than one gallon commercial
lime-sulphur to seven gallons water
<1.035 sp. gr.). If tent-oaterpillars or
cankerworms ai-e present two pounds
arsenate of lead may be added to every
forty gallons.

The second application should be just
before the blossoms open. Do the ear-
liest varieties if necessary first, but try
to get all done as nearly as
possible to the time when
the pink is sliowing, but be-
fore the bloom has opened.
Use lime-sulphur one gallon
commercial to thirty gallons
water (1.010 sp. gr.), and
add two lbs. arsenate of
lead to each forty gallons.
The third application should
be immediately after the
blossoms have nearly all
fallen. Promptness in this
spray is of immense import-
ance, both for scab and
codling moth. Putting it pig. 3

off three or four daj-s will often mean
failure. Use lime-sulphur one gallon
eonmiercial to thirty-five gallons water
(1.008 s"p. gr.), and add two pounds
ai-seiiate of lead to each forty gallons.

Soiiietiiiies, as hapi>e'iu'd in .several
districts this year and als<j a few years
ago in Norfolk county, tihe period elaps-
ing between the spray just before the
bloom and tlie one just after tlie bloom
falls is a long one and so wet that the
mixture beconies washed off and can-
not protect the part of the flower that
later forms the fruit. In such cases
it will be absolutely necessary to give
an intermediate spray, say, ten or
twelve days after the one just before
bloom. In this application the poison
should be omitted and the lime-sulphur
used at the strength of one gallon com-
mercial to thirty or thirty-three gal-
lons water (about 1.009 sp. gr.).

Sometimes all of June is wet. In that
case there should be an application
about two weeks after the codling moth
spray. Use lime-sulphur one gallon to
forty gallons water (1.007 sp. gr.).
Poison may be omitted.

If an autumn spray is given to ward
off late attacks of scab and sooty fungus
it should be not later than August 15th,
otherwise the fruit would be stained at
picking time. Use lime-sulphur alone,
1 gallon to 40 gallons water, (sp.gr.
1.007).

Causes of Failures.

The failure of growers to control
scab this year may be traced to the fol-
lowing causes :

1. Wet weather made the ground so
soft in spring that many had to omit
either the spray before bloom or the
one after bloom. The omission of either
meant scabby fruit. Spraying in dry
weather was useless.

2. Many men did not try to spray
promptly at the times indicated in the
spray oalendar. If they had known the
life-history of the scab disease they
would have known that this would
mean failure in a wet spring.

3. More than half, probably three-
fourths of the apple growers do not

Fiff. 4. — The right stage for the codling moth
spray. Note that the bases of the blossom buds
in 3 and of the flowers .in 4 develop later into
the fruit and should be kept well covered with
spray. -

spray nearly heavily enough. It takes
time and more material to wet a tree
thoroughly, but it more than repays
for all expense. It is the only kind of
spraying that will give nearly perfect
results. Good nozzles, set at the right
angle, good hose and a good working
machine are necessary for good spray-
ing. A large, well pruned tree of thirty-
five years of age that had much bloom
on it, cannot be we'll spraj-'ed with less
than ten gallons of liquid.

4. In some districts, such as Prince
Edward county, an intermediate spray,
-without any poison, between the open-
ing and falling of the blossoms, was
necessary on most varieties to give
clean fruit because the interval then
was too long and the rains too frequent
and heavy.

— The right stage of the blossom t)uds for the second application.

Thinning Apples

The Utah Agricultural College, dur-
ing 1911 and 1912, thinned the fruit on
a number of apple trees to determine
the exact value of this important or-
chard practice. It w-as found that the
yield was not reduced, and, what was
more important, it graded higher when
thinned so that the apples were at least
four inches apart. In 1911, there was
sixtj'-one per cent, fancy fruit on
thinned trees, and fifteen per cent, on
unthinned. In 1912, there
was thirty-eighj; per cent, of
fancy and extra fancy fruit
on thinned, as compared
with twenty-two per cent,
on unthinned trees. The
culls varied from six per .
cent, on thinned to 30 perl
cent, on unthinned trees inj
1911 ; in 1912, from thirteen!
per cent, to twenty-one perj
cent.

"WTien reduced to dollars j
and cent.s, it was found thatj
the net returns were thirtyj
dollars per acre.

December, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

287

The Fruit Tree Leaf Roller in New York State'

Glen W. Herrick, Professor of Economic Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

BECAUSE of the proximity of 'the
principal fruit distriets of this
State to those of Ontario, Canada,
whatever is of interest in the way of
insect pests here is also of interesit to
Ontario entomologists and fruit grow-
ers. It was with this thoug-ht in mind
that the writer chose to discuss briell;,-
the fruit-tree leaf-roilJer in New York.
The leaf-roller is not an insect new
to this country. Since 1896, at least,,
it has been put among the enemies of
the apple in New York. It wias not,
however, until 1911 that the leaf-roller
began to attract particular attention
in this State. It furnishes a fine ex-
ample of an insect previously unimport-
ant which has suddenly and inexplic-
ably multiplied to an enormous degree
and reached the rank of a serious pest
at a single bound. During the sea.sons
of 1912, 1913, 1914, and 1915, it causeil
serious and widespread i'njury in West-
ern New York. During the i>ast sea-
son it was less in evidence, but no pre-
diction can be made regaixiing it, for
it nmy break out again at any favor-
able time.

Habits and Injuries.

The larvae appear as the buds are
bursting, and begin to attack the un-
folding leaves. They bend over and
tie them together with silk. Within
this nesit the larvae live and eat the
leaves. As soon as the blooms appear
the larvae begin to eat off the blossom
sitems and tie them together with silken
threads, ajtong with the leaves sur-
rounding the blossom cluster. This
webbing and tying together of the
'blossoan clusters is a most pernicious
haibit, beoause it interferes seriously
with spraying for the codling moth.
In one Baldwin orchai-d in w'hich the
larvae were very albundant, the blos-
som eluiiters were so webbed together
and covered over with silk, dried
pettals, and leaves that it was almost
impossible to get the spray mixture
into tihe callyx cup.

As .socn as the youii'g apples begin to
set they are tied together with silk.

• Extract from a paper read before the On-

tnriii Kntomolotrical Society.

while the larvae live inside and gnaw
cavities inlto the sides of the young
fruit. To give some idea of the num-
ber of larvae present, the writer count-
ed 17 worms in nine blossom clusters ;
Braucher counted 21 larvae on one
twig 21 inches long, and 19 larvae on
another twig 22 inches long.

The larvae also work on the leaves,
mlling them Jiiul livint!' within the roll.

The leaf-roller, natural size.

Motli of tlie leaf-roller, much enlarged.

Here, effectually hidden, they feed on
the tender tissues of the leaves. When
distui'tbed, they drop down out of their
hiding places and remain suspended by
silken threads like cankerworms.
When all is quiet, they climb back to
their hiding places and begin their
work again. Their injuries to the
leaves are often very serioiis, especi-
ally wlhen tlhe larvae are abundant.
Gillette says, "I have seen small ot-
chaixls entirely defoliated by this spe-
cies so that not a green leaf could be
seen."

Life History.

The eggs are deposited in greatest
numbers during the last of June and
the first part of July. They are laid
in small, oval, convex patches about as
large as the end of a lead pencil on the
bark of Hhe smaller twigs. Here they
remain until the following May or for
a period of about ten months.

TIhe hatching period extends over
a.n interval of two to three weeks, al-
though the majority of the iairvae ap-
pear about the time the buds are burst-
ing.

The full-grown larva is about one
inch in lengtJh, ligfht green in color,
with a black liead, and black thoracic
shield. lit takes from three to four
weeks for the larva to become full-
grown. It pupates in a flimsy web in
a rolled leaf and in about twelve days
the adult motths appear. These begin
to deposit their eggs, thus completiiig
the life cycle.

Natural Enemies.

The fraitJtree leaf-roller seems to
have a naim'ber of natural enemies. We
bred at least four species of hymenop-

terous parasites from the larvae and
pupae in our cages. Gill has recoitled
several species of birds feeding on the
larvae and has also found a few insect.S'
wihich are predaceous on the leaf-roller.
Noitwithsitanding this rather large list
of enemies the leaf-roller has not been
held in check, but in spite of them has
increased enormously at certain
perio'ds.

Methods of Control.

The leaf-roller has been one of the
most difficult of lepidopterous apple
pests to control. Its habit of rolling
leaves, tying them together, and living
within these protectiv"e coverings
makes it difficult to get at. Attempts
were made to control the insect by
thoroughly spraying the infested trees
with arsenate of leatl and lime-sulphur
about the time the buds were bursting,
and aigain jiisit before the blossoms
opened, but t)he results were not satis-
factory. In this connection the work
of one of the better and more intelli-
gent fruit-growers in New York is of
interest.

The large orchards of this fruit
grower were sprayed five times and
sprayed thoroughly and intelligently.
The orelhards were sprayed first, in the
dormant condition, just before the
buds burst, with lime-sulphur, 1 gallon
to 61/2 gallons of water with 1 pint of
iblackdeaf-40 to every 100 gallons for
the aphis. The second spraying was
made jusit before the blossoms opened
with lime-sulphur 1 to 50 and 3 pounds
of arsenate of lead. The third applica-
tion was made just as the petals had
fallen and ^consisted of lime-sulphur 1
to 50, arsenate oif lead 3 pounds and
bkack-leaf-40, % pint to 100 gallons. A
fourth spraying was made about 10
days to two weeks after the third with
lime^sullphur 1 to 50 and 3 pounds of
araenate of lead. At aibout this time
the owners became much worried over
the roller and sprajed a fifth time with
arsenaite of lead alone, 4 pounds to 50
gallons. In sipite of this extraordinary
amount of careful and thorough spray-
ing the trees and over crop under the

Leaf rolled by the larvae.

288

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition

^ 1'he ibuds burst. They have b&en used
generally <'it the rate of 1 gallon to 15
gallons of vvater. OnJy one appliesitioii
should be made, amd that on -a day
w-'htMi the temperature is above freez-
ing.
' In cases of severe infestation the oils
should be sujppleiiiented by thorough
.sprayings wiitfh arsenate of lead ait the
raite of 6 pounds to 100 gallons of water,
or of linie-su'liphur solution. At least
one application should be' made before

Hatched eg-g masses of the apple leat-roUer.

trees were alive with larvae and 40 per
cent of the erop was ruined.

In 1914 the writer and Mr. R. W.
Leiby carried out an extensive series
of experiments in the field at Hilton,
New York. The writer had determined
by laboratory' experiments made in

1912 that the miscible oils were very
effective in destroying the eggs. In

1913 some limited orchard experiments
demonstrated the effectiveness of these
oils under field conditions, and in 1914
we deitermined to try ithem on a much
larger scale. In these experiments ive
used Soal^cide, Orchard Brand, and
Target Brand miscible oils. Suffice it
to say, without godng into details, that
the miseilMe oils gave very gratifying
results. We Avere a'ble to destroy from
74 to 92 per cenlt. of the eggs and we
believe that tliese oils furnish a means
of control for the leaf-roller if they
are intelligently and thorouglily ap-
plied. Such has also been the experi-
ence and conclusion of Gill in Colorado,
Ohilds in Oregon, and Weldon in Col-
orado and California.

Conclusions ajid Reoommendations.

The leaf-roller is difficult to control
because of its habit of hiding in the
opening buds or in rolled leaves. Thor-
ough spraying vi'ith arsenate of lead
in heavy proportioTis has not proved
effective in cases of sevehe infestation,
either in New York or in the Western
States.

Extended experiments show that the
eggs of the leaf-roller are susceptible
to the effect of miscible oils, which,
when thoroughly applied, have de-
stroyed from 74 to 92 per cent, of the
eggs. In Colorado, New Mexico, and
Oregon, where these oils have also been
used extensively, even a higher pro-
portion of the eggs have been destroy-
ed. In experiments made during the
last three years no injury has resulted
from the use of miscible oils. The oils
have been applied in the spring (April)
at as near the active growing period of
the tree as possible, but always before

the blossoms open, and another aftei
the petals fall; the latter will serve
altx) OS the regular spraying for codling
moah. In lightly infested orehard.s
spraying with miscible oils may be
omitted and reliance plaeed on thor-
ough apjjlicatioiLs of arsenate of lead,
at the rate of 6 pounds to 100 gallons
0(f water or lime-sulphur solution. One
or two applioations should be made be-
fore the blos-soms open and anotlx i
after the petals fall.

Lessons From Failures

D. Johnson, Dominion Fruit Commissioner, Ottawa

Now that the apple crop of 1916 has
been harvested it would, I believe, be
good business for the fruit growers to
review the season and draw from it
lessons that may be of value for next
year's returns. Early in the spring it
was freely predicted by the majority
of growers that the apple crop would
be so large and the demand so poor
that apples would be of practically no
value. It was pointed out that the
transportation facilities to Great Brit-
ain were seriously impaired, and that
we could expect but a poor demand at
home. The consequence was that most
of the growers neglected their orchards
and devoted their energies to other
lines of agriculture. The result is that
the 1916 apple crop is one of the small-
est, and is of the poorest quality that
Canada has ever produced. At the
same time, prices are exceedingly high
and the demand strong, not only in
Canada, but also in Great Britain. The
prices realized for apples in England
have been the highest ever obtained in
a commercial way so far as Canadian
shipments are concerned. Those who
have devoted the necessary time and
energy to their orchards have received

returns surpassing anything in their
experience.

Last summer I had an opportunity t < >
visit practically all the leading fruit
growing districts of Canada. I regret
to say that in most of these districts I
found the orchards neglected ; many of
them so badly neglected that it will
possibly take many years to restore
them to their former production. Two
essentials in the production of fruit
have been neglected this year to an
extent never, I think, equalled in any
year in the past — these are spraying
and cultivation.

True, it was difficult to spray in the
early spring owing to the constant wet
weather. Yet those who went about it
in a determined manner, realizing that
their crop largely depended upon the
application of spray were, in all but a
few districts, able to demonstrate what
could be accomplished, even under ad-
verse conditions. In districts in which
there were practically no apples of
value, I have found orchards that stood
like an oasis in the desert, showing
that they had received the required at-
tention, and had responded by develop-

Apples injured by the leaf-roller.

December, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

289

K'

ing a crop of apples quite equal to
that produced in our best seasons.

These orchards also received culti-
vation in order to protect them against
the drought which existed during the

eater part of the summer. While it
.s difficult to lay down definite rules
with regard to the cultivation of orch-
ards, yet on general principles I have
no hesitation in saying that cultivation
in the early summer is one of the neces-
sities in the development of any kind
of a fruit crop. This not only makes
the food in the soil available, but pro-
tects against the long dry spells which
so often prevail during the summer
months. There is no better mulch than
an earth mulch, and if the roots are
kept some little distance from the top
of the ground they will not suffer to
the same extent in dry weather as
roots which are brought to the top to
feed upon a cover mulch.

In travelling among the orchards of
Canada this year I was impressed with
the wonderful results that have been
obtained in many orchards by Bor-
deaux mixture. I have asked myself
time and again, and I pass the ques-
tion on to the fruit growers of Can-
ada : Have we done a wise thing in
dropping almost entirely Bordeaux
mixture? Lime sulphur has proven a
most valuable spray, and has been of
very great service to the fruit grow-
ers, but I merely raise the question :
Has it been as successful in the control
of fungus in the ordinary commercial
orchard as Bordeaux mixture? Is the

King ap»lt,3 ready for the graders and packers. This practice of piling in the orchard
ducive to disease. Fortunately it is Ibecooning obsolete.

qiiality of fruit produced in Eastern
Canada of as high quality as it was
six or seven years ago? And are the
crops as large? Questions such as
these should be studied and pondered
by the fruit grower during the winter
months, so that he may be able to pre-
pare his plans to meet the require-
ments of the coming season.

Profitable Vegetable Cropping

Charles Barton, Cedar Springs, Ont.

»T

^ ti

i

0 make the garden pay its best,
double crowing should be
practised. By double cropping
is meant, growinig two crops on the
same land in one season, either succes-
sively or together. Crops for succes-
sive double cropping must mature
rapidly, so that both can be harvested
the same season. They should not be
f the same ibotanical familjj', since
[rotation is important. Moreover, the
'tillage of the first crop must constitute

suitable preparation for the second.

In growing two crops simtiltancous-
ly, companion crapping, as it is called,
the crojjs seleoted must be such as
mature at widely varying times. One
of them should be a catch crop grown
to usefully occupy the -ground until
the main crop requires it. Moreover,
they should, if practicaible, be of dif-
ferent botanical families, and such as
will benefit by the same tillage and
manuring.

Rotation of Crops.

Rotation signifies the regular re-
moval of specific annuail crops to dif-

ferent plots of ground year by year,
involving successive ■cultivaition lof
plants which tax the 'land in different
ways. A cursory consideration of the
composition of soils, and of the de-
mands made uipon them by plant
growth will demonstrate the impoTt-
ance of sueh a system of cropping.

Practically every sample of soil eon-
tains in available condition some pro-
portion of each of the mineral con-
stituents necessary to sustain vegetable
life. Besides this, an immense quantity
is locked up in the stones and other
mineral components of the soil: This
store is continuously, though very
slowly, being dissolved by the action
of frost, rain and air, so as to become
available 'for ' assimi'lation hy plants.

Certain crops require specially large
proportions of particular minerals,
while others need comparatively small
supplies of the same elements. Again,
some plants tax only the surface soil,
while others send do'wn 'long tap roots
into the stibsoil in search of food. For
example, the ash of -pens contains 40

per cent, of potash and 36 per cent, of
phosphates, while that of cabbage con-
tains, potash, 48 per cent., phosphates,
16 per cent., lime, 15 per cent., sul-
phuric acid, 8 per cent., and soda, 4 per
cent. If we continuously crop ground
with peas, which make a great demand
on phosphates, sooner or later the yield
will fail. The available supply of
these minerails will be used up faster
than it can be restored by natural
forces.

Of course, in such a case the requir-
ed element could be supplied in the
form of manure, or by allowing the
plot to lie fallow for a sufficiently long
period. The latter method is an
obviously unprofitaJble one, since it en-
tails temporary cessation from culti-
vation. EquaJlly obviously the former
may be improved upon by successive
growing of other plants, which will tax
different sets of minerals. Thus, in-
stead of growing peas again, we deep-
ly work the soil to assist in releasing
the locked up minerals by exposure to
the air; give a liberal dressing of
manure, and grow cabbages, which re-
quire 'large proportions of lime, sul-
phuric acid, and soda, and much 'less
phosphates.

Again, after cabbage, the fibrous
roots of w'hich obtain their sustenance
from the surface only, we cultivate
some other pilants, siicli as parsnips,
which send down long tap roots into
the soil in search of the necessary
minerals. Thus good crops are secur-
ed, even though both cabbages and
parsnips require large quantities of
potash.

290

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Decorative Perennials for the Autumn Garden

THERE are few among lus who do
not heave sij.'hs of regret when
we wake up somie morning and
find thot "the fi-ost is on the pump-
kins," and alias! our nasturtiuniiS, sal-
viias and too many other lanmials that
have been making suoh a riot of color
in our gardens are mere limp, blacken-
'ed masses of decaying vegetable matter.
Sadly we clear away the debris. We
try to philosophise, telling ourselves it
does not matter, wiTiter is so nearly
here — 'but is it? Oh! no, there is from
six weeks to two months of our magnifi-
cent "made in Canada"
fall weather yet to conue.
And are our boi-ders to be
a blank waste all this time ?
It is now too late to mend
matters for this season, but
the lesson can be leariied
now — -"Provide plenty of
good, fall-flowering, 'hardy
perennials for the border,
even if you have to leave
out some annuals to make
i"oom. Then the early frost
will have no terrors for us.
The hardy as:ters alone
would more than fill the
breach, with eanly, mid-
season and late varieties —
and they are so lovely ! The
misty blues and mauves,
the rioh pinks and purples,
melt into trie autumn tints
of the trees and shrubs re-
sulting in an exquisite har-
mony of color. But before
beginning on the hardy as-
ters I would like to recom-
mend a few good tall STib-
jects that make an admir-
able background for them.
Some of the Rudbeckias are
excellent. R. Nitida Hergs-
toune is one of the stateli-
est, reaching a height of seven or eight
feet, vroth s'oft yellow flowere and long
green cones. R. Subtomantose is four
to five feet in height, and of a bush-like
growth, with rich yellow flowers and
small cones of a deep chocolate brown.
It has all the glowing color of R. New-
manni, our wild "Black-eyed Susan,"
with a refinement of growth all its own.
For happy growers commend me to
the Heleniums. They are "the flower
for the million." Whether it be the
richly coloi-ed H. Rubrum, the fine old
H. Riverton Grem with its wall-flower-
red blossoms, the soft yellow H. River-
ton Beauty with brown centres broid-
ered delicately with gold, or H. Autum-
nale Superbum, towering often to seven
or more feet, with solid yellow flowers,

•Extracts from a xkaper read before the On-
tario Horticultural Convention.

Misi M. E. Ulackuck, IMcadowvale, Oni.
they are all good, easily grown and
wonderfully fine as backgrounds for
asters in the fall garden.

Boltonia Asteroides (False Starwort)
is another good doer. Its great quanti-
ties of stfiirry white flowers massed on
top of seven to eight foot stems, are de-
lightfully light and graceful. Another
fine white flower Ls the Giant IMoon-
penny Daisy, rivalling the Boltonia in
height, and equally beautiful.

The autumn Monkshoods must not be
forgotten. The gloss}^, finely diWded
leaves of Fisher's Moonkshood would

Mikado Asters.

The Asters are the official autumn flowers.
Mortimer Bezzo, Kitchener, Ont.

make it well worth growing for foliage
alone. But in September and Octol>er,
when its massive spikes of lovely soft
blue flowers begin to open, we worship
it for these alone. Delphiniums, too,
if cut down to the root after their mid-
summer display, can usiiallj'' be relied
upon for autumn bloom, but the spikes
are miniatures compared with their
earlier efforts. Spring sown seedlings,
however, often are effective at this
season.

For lovely autumnal effects nothing
excels or equals the hardy asters.
Perry's Bine and Perry's Mauve, with
Acris and the small white Aptarmi-
coddes, a" charming wee thing for the
front of the border, usher in the season
toward the close of August. With Sep-

tember the Aster season comes on in-
deed. Each little rod shakes out of
sleep its quota of flowers, and from tip
to base becomes a waaid of magie
beauty. When one variety leaves off
another begins, and not until "drear
Xovember" do we harden our hearts
and cut doAvn the plants before the
seeds get rape enough i>o fall and cause
trouble.

To my mind, the outstanding varie-
ties are the following: In the Nova
Augtae section, Sil Fardel, a fine rich
pink. In the Nova Belgii section,
Perry's Blue and Mauve,
eai-ly, Feltham Blue, Cloudy
Blue, an exquisite pale lav-
ender-blue, Keston Blue (a
rich color), Perry's Pink
Improved, Heideron, a soft
pink, Amos Perry an early
pink, Esther a dwurf pink,
and St. Rg\vin a fine late
pink. Not cla.ssed in any
.section are Ooome Fishacre,
a flesh colored late variety
with great la.sting qualities,
Hon. Edith Gibbs with tall
spra.^-s of pinkishjlavender,
and finest of all, the queen
of A.sters, Climax, with its
large lavender-bine flowers
centered with gold. A
clump of it forms a mass of
bloom as large as a fair
sized lilac bush, and quite
as effective.

In the Ooixiifolius secrtion
both Profusion, a pale
niauA-e three to four feet
high, and Ideal a soft lav-
ender dwarf, are exquisite.
Of the small heath-like a.s-
ters, Ericoides Enchantress
is like our o^vn wild one,
and equally beautiful.
Katie, white changing to
rose, is pretty, as is small starry white
known as A. Tradescarutii. In the Vim-
ineus section Maidenhood and Delight
are good varieties.

With all this material to choose from
there is no need of being hopeless when
frost comes. The plants described pay
no attentdon to it, and are quite as fresh
after waking up with its spangles be-
decking them as before.

Photo by C.

The Lebanon Squill (Puschkinia Liba-
notica), with white flowers shaded and
striped with blue, is quite a different
shade to the numerous other blue flow-
ers, and in growth it is more like a
small hyacinth, though its petals do not
recurve. It begins to bloom just as
the Siberian Squill declines.

December, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Flowers that Brighten the Home

291

•l

• I 'HE most useful and satisfactory
I class of plants for brightening the
home in winter are winter flower-
ing bulbs. To secure a succession of
bloom, a number of these should have
'been potted during October and No-
vember, as suggested in an article in
The Horticulturist in the October issue.
'■■' It is not too late, however, now to pot
up a number of these if it has not al-
ready been done. As a rule, good bulbs
from surplus stock can be obtained as
late as the middle of December from
the seed stores, especially if the bulbs
have been kept in a cool place.

By putting three bulbs in a five inch
flower pot in ordinary potting soil of
white roman hyacinths, paper white
narcissus, or two or three bulbs of the
Von Sion, Bicolor Empress, Emperor,
Golden Spur, Poeticus Elvira, or al-
most any of the numerous kinds of nar-
cissus or daffodil biil'bs, good results
may be obtained until the outdoor bulbs
commence to flower in springtime.
Pot the bulbs in loamy soil, either from
the garden or from underneath sod.
Jjighten it up with one-sixth part of
sand and add about two pounds of pul-
verized sheep manure, or as a substi-
tute about one pound of fine bone meal
to each half bushel of the soil men-
tioned. If some leaf soil (black soil
from the bush) can be obtained, a little
of this may be added. The j^ulverized

W. Hunt, O.A.C., Guelph

sheep manure and 'bone meal can usu-
ally be purchased at seed stores. Dry
cow manure gathered fi^om the pasture
or field also makes one of the best fer-
tilizers to mix with soil for pot plants.
Potting Bulbs.
Pot bulbs so that the top of the bulb
is just under the surface of the soil.

The Dutch Hyacinth IV Innocence. A
white hyacintli for the window.

fine

Primula Obconlaca. The leaves and flowers of

this plant contains an irritant poison. The leaves

should be handled as little as possible. This

is one of the best window plants

The surface of the soil should be half
an inch below the top of the pot for
water space. Pack the soil fairly firml^^
around the bulbs. Water them well once
to moisten all the soil, then set the pots
away in a cool, dark place for four or
five weeks or longer to develop a root
system. When good roots have started
their ends can usually be seen protrud-
ing through the aperture in the bot-
tom of the pot. Or the pot may be in-
verted and the plant carefully removed
and examined without disturbing the
root system or removing any of the
soil. T.he soil should not be disturbed
around the roots of bulbs after they
have once started. Bring the pots into
the light when good roots have formed.
Keep the soil moist, not too wet, from
the time the bulbs are potted until they
are out of flower. By bringing a few
pots at a time into the window, a suc-
cession of bloom can be had at little
expense and trouble. The main point
in 'bulb growing indoors is to secure a
good root system before top growth
starts. Dutch Hyacinths are among the
best bulbs for late growing. One bulb
in the centre of a five inch pot will be
found satisfactory, treated as recom-
mended for the other bull)s mentioned.
Good drainage is necessary for bulbs.
Freesias.
Freesias are useful winter flowering
plants grown from bulbs. A'bout six or

seven bulbs of these may be put in a
five inch flower pot, potted in the same
way and the same kind of soil as the
other bulbs mentioned. The pots oi
freesias, however, must be set in the
window at once as soon as potted, and
not put in the dark. Water them well
once, then do not give them too mucli
water until they have started to grow
well. Support them with stakes and
twine or green raffia.
Bermuda Buttercup (Oxalis luteum).
A good bulbous rooted plant best
grown in a hanging pot or basket is
Bermuda Buttercup. Bulbs can be had
at seed stores. Plant bulbs in the soil
mentioned, about an inch apart, and do
not give them too much water until
well started into growth. After this
stage they require plenty of water at
the roots. The toi>s should be sprayed
with water occasionally, or the leaves
dipped in water every week or ten days
to keep down red spider. These bulbs
will make a great showing in the win-
dow. The pink flowered Oxalis roses
and white flowering Oxalis alba are
also good bulbous roote.d pot plants for
the window. The leaves of these plants
are sold as shamrock leaves and are
always in great demand for St. Pat-
rick's Day.

Dallas (Richardia Ethiopica).

Callas should help to brighten up the

Narcclssus Poetecus Elvira. This Is equally

good for growing indoors or for setting out for

spring flowering.

292

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Collection of Freesias in pots. The florwers are very sweetly perfumed.

window now. The leaves should be
sprayed or sponged every week or ten
days with water and the soil they are
growing in kept moist. If they do not
grow or flower satisfactorily give them
some liquid fertilizer every week or so.
One of the best fertilizers for pot plants
indoors in winter is Bonora. It is odor-
less and very effective as a fertilizer.
It can ibe purchased at seed stores.
Sterlingworth plant tablets and other
fertilizers to be had at seed stores may
be used for pot plants in winter. By
dissolving half an ooince of nitrate of
soda in a gallon of water, a good ferti-
lizer can be had for pot plants. Give

about a teacupful of the solution to

each large plant about every two weeks.

Winter Flowering Cactus.

The cactus known as Inch or Lobster
Cactus (Epiphyllum truneatum), is a
good flowering plant, as is also the
Christmas flowering cactus (phyllocac-
tus ackermani). These plants like a
warm place in winter. A dry atmos-
phere does not injure them as it does
many plants. Cactus plants must not
be kept too wet at the roots in winter.

All pot plants that have a well grown
root system are benefitted by being
given a liquid fertilizer when the roots
become crowded in the pots and the soil
exhausted.

A moist atmosphere is one of the
most imiwrtant factors in growing
plants successfully indoors in winter.
Too many people put the plants near
steam or hot water or hot air radiators.
It is a mistake to do so. Tlie super-
heated, dry atmosphere near radiators
is not good for plants, inducing as it
often does attacks of insect pests and
premature decay and discoloration of
foliage. This is more especially true of
palms, ferns, rubber plants and similar
foliage plants. Put saucers or pans of
water on the radiators or underneath
the plants, if possible, or keep a little
water in the saucers in which the pots
are standing. A steaming kettle or pot
of water on a stove in small houses is
also a great help to growing plants.
Sponging the leaves of all glossy leaved
plants such as palms, rubber plants,
etc., every week or so with clear water
is beneficial. A moist atmosphere and
a temperature of 50° at night and 60°
to 65° in the day time is warm enough
for all window and house plants.

With the addition of a few primulas,
Chinese Primula and Primula mala-
coides, and a geranium or two, to the
plants mentioned, a bright and attrac-
tive window can be had all winter. The
preparation for a bright window should
be made in the late summer and early
fall months, to have the best success
possible. Plants must be grown, they
cannot be manufactured on short
notice.

Fighting the Pests of House Plants*

' ' To her window-garden my lady went,
Forlorn and lonely and sorely spent ;
Out from her garden my lady came,
Calm and gentle, with heart aflame.
Lessons of trust her flowers taught,
Patience to toil with hope and cheer.
Life has by love been dearly bought.
Heaven is watching, why yield to
fear?"

THE commonest of all pests of house
plants is the aphis, green fly, or
plant louse; then comes the
minute black spider, which troubles the
rose and the calla ; the small red spider,
the scale louse, small white worms in
the earth, the mealy bug and the white

fly-

The white worm is found in soil
which, through being kept too wet, has
become stagnant — sometimes where too
much leaf mould has been used, or
where dead leaves and other trash has
accumulated on the top of the soil. A
teaspoonful of soot (from hard wood)

• A paper read at the Manitoba Horticultural
Convention, Feb. 17, 1916.

Miss Barbara Stratton, Stonewall, Man.

in earth enough for a five inch pot will
make these insects feel unwelcome,
while at the same time it will increase
the depi;h of
color in pink
and crimson
flowers. Soot
tea is valuable
as a fertilizer,
and those who
use it say that
no worms ever
bother their
plants. One
point needs to
be noited here,
namely, t 'h a t
soot varies
much in
strength, and
an overdose in-
jures plants.

Another rem-
edy for these
pest is lime
wsubeT. Take a
lump of unslak-

ed lime about the size of your
closed fist. Drop this lump of unslaked
lime into an ordinary-sized bucket of

Nothing brightens the home like a windorw of plants. Primulas, Callas,
Begonias and winter flowering bulbs are here shown. — Photo by W. Hunt.

December, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

29S

water. Let it stand t\v€iity-four hours,
and use the clear liquid, avoiding the
sediment. Before applying lime water,
let the earth in the pots become dry,
then flood it with the lime water, and a
week later repeat the process.

The red spider is an enemy of glox-
inia, and many other soft-fleshed plants,
when kept in a dry atmosphere. This
insect dislikes nothing so much as mois-
ture, and will never appear where
plants ar€ kept in moist air. -

It is always better to prevent his
coming, but he will depart if water is
kept constantly evaporating among the
plants, or if the tinder side of the leaves
where this insect makes his home) be
sprayed frequently with water. The
red spider and water are mortal en-
niies — he hates water as badly as a
^lnall boy or a tramp.

Fine tobacco-dust is fatal to many
plant-lice, and to the naked larvae of
all. Ground tobacco in the earth is
used for maggots in outdoor gai-dens,
and is said to be worth more than its
cost as a fertilizer. Possibly it might
be used in this way indoors.

An extract made by boiling the chop-
ped stems and leaves — one pound of
tobacco (the real thing) to one gallon
of water- — is recommended for all soft-
bodied insects. This extract does not
injure the foliage except by way of dis-
figuring delicate foliage with spots.

For the white fly, my remedy for
some years, has been to carefully re-

Pove plant and earth from the jar and

I

Narcissus Bicolor Victoria.

times heated" if it can be found; but
I recently learned that a kerosene emul-
sion will clear them off successfully.
This is made by dissolving two ounces
hard soap in one gill of boiling soft
water, and one pint of kerosene.

The scale louse is a very persistent
enemy of cactus, palms, oleanders, Bos-
ton ferns, and ivy. The first time I
found one of my plants — it was a spe-
cies of coleu — ^^infested with scale lice,
I tihougiht that it might be washed off

by rain. So when I saw a rainstorm
coming I set the plant out of doors.
The rainstorm proved to be a smart
shower of hail, and eifectually removed
the scale-lice — ^also tiie leaves and
branches of the plant. I am not sure,
yet, that this is not the best remedy.
These insects can be removed by soap-
suds, applied with a shaving-brush.
Scraping them off individually with a
razor is advised. Fir-tree oil is also
recommended.

A writer in an old copy of The May-
flower says: "If you intend to fight
scale, go at it in the spirit of the mar-
tyr going to the stake — ready to endure
anything. Kill, not only every scale^
but his skulking father, mother, grand
parents, children, brothers and sisters,
cousins, nephews and nieces, friends
and neighbors as well. One general
massacre is worth a dozen half battles.
Wet the affected parts in soft, soapy
water to soften the sticky scales, then
go over every inch of leaf and stem,
and rub them off."

For the mealy bug, hand-picking, and
afterwards washing the plant with any
good insecticide, is safest.

There is a small species of root-louse^
which gathers on the roots of some pot-
ted plants. The best and quickest way
to get rid of it is to lift the plant out
of the soil, shake off all earth, wash the
roots well, scald the pot, and replace in
entirely fresh earth. Soaking the earth
with kerosene emulsion or toibacco tea
helps. But whatever of these remedies-
one is using, the most valuable ingredi-
ent is patient persistence.

Vines and Their Uses*

W. T. M .coan. Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa

TO most persons born in the Old
Land the word vine means hut
one kind of plant, the grape, but
in America all kinds of c'limlbing plants
are included in the word vine. While
it may not be quite correct to call all
limbers vines, the latter word is more
leasing to the ear and, doubtless, that
I why it has been so generally adopted

this country.
■There is something in the vine-clad
lilding or wall, the festooned pergola,
ad the verandah, porch, or summer
Buse .'Shaded and draped with good
imbei-s that strongly appeals to one.
Jot only are they objects of beauty
ad grace, but they make a dwelling
jme-like, giving the idea of comfort

well,
r There is nothing that so quickly and
cheaply improves the appearance of
unattractive or uninteresting or

[_*Extract from a paper road before .the Ontario
orticultural Convention.

pooirly planned dweiiing as a good
climber." The hard outlines are soft-
ened. The building becomes more
home-like, and some shade for the
\-erandah is quickly afforded.

Perhaps the most popular vine in
Canada and in Ontario is the Virginian
CreepcT. It is native of this country,
is very hardy, and is easily obtained,
which are three of the main reasons for
its popularity. In addition, there is the
glossy graceful foliage in summer, and
the brilliant hues of autumn that make
it attractive. The ordinary form climbs
both by twining and, by means of the
tendrtils which work into crevices in
walls of buildings. Although it is
.suitable for verandahs, it is not satis-
factory for covering walls, as it is neces-
sary to secure it to the wall in some
way. The naturail means is not i^uffici-
ent, for although the tendrils are more
or less provided with discs, these do not
attach themselves securely enoug'h.

The variety known as Englemanni, a
form growihg in the Central States, has-
become popular in recent years. The
tendrils of this variety are _ furnished
with discs, which enable it to cling-
much better than the ordinary Eastern
form. It is fairly satisfactory for walls,
but in our experience it does not cling
nearly as well as a certain variety grow-
ing wild in the vicinity of Ottawa, and,
doubtless, in other places in Ontario.

When the Central Experimental
Farm was establi^ed in 1887, a vine
of this form was found near the site of
the Director's house, and from this
vine, and others found since, many
vines have been propagated both from
cuttings and seeds. All the seedlings
cling as well as the parent plant, thus
showing that it is a true variety. When
this form was discovered, the old de-
scriptions of the Virginian Creeper
made by botanists ^yere looked up, and
it was found that it answered the de-

294

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition

scription of a variety cailled by Don,
Arapelopsis quinquefolia hirauta, heiice
this name was adopted, and we gave it
the common name of "Self-fasteiiiing
Virginian Creeper." It has smaller
leaves than the common species, and
while those of the latter are quite
smooth and glossy, the Self-fastening
variety are dtowny and have not tJhe
glossy aippearance of the other, thougOi
quite attractive, and in the autumn
they eoilour very highly. The tendrils
of hirsuta are comparatively short and
furnished with discs, by means of wMch
this variety clings tenaciously to walls
or fences. It requires little or no at-
tention, save when it reaches the eaves,
when it shoiuld be kept cut off, lest be-
coming top heavy it should be pulled
off in a sitoTm. Another advanltage the
Self-fastening variety 'has over the
other is in its freedom from thrip or
leaf hopper. It may be that the sensa-
tion of the down on the leaves is not
pleasiant to this insect. The leaf hop-
pcT on the ordinary farm ean be control-
led by thorougih spraying with tobacco
extracts sueli as Black Leaf 40, if
spraying is begun in good season.

Boston Ivy.

The Japanese or Boston Ivy which,
perhaps, deserves second place as a
useful vine for the Province of Ontario,
is another plant which has many scien-
tific names. It was oalled Boston Ivy
because it was first brought froim Japan
to the Arnold Arboretum near Boston.
Its glossy leiaA^es, neat attractive ap-
pearance and great piowers of clin^ng
tightly to a wall or fence, make it more
desirable, for this purpose, than even
the Self-fastenmg Virginian Creeper.
It is not sufficiently hardy in the colder
parts of Onltario. At Ottawa, for in-
stance, there are few good vines, most
of them killing baek badly. If the
Japanese Ivy were an evergreen it
would be still more valuaible, hut most
of the evergreen climbers are found
among the tenderer plants.

One of the hardiesit evergreen climh-
ers is the English Ivy, Hedera Helix.
This is scarcely hardy enoug'h even for
the warmest parts of Ontario, ibait many
persons have seen the fine specimen on
the Village Inn at Grimshy, and others
may be found at Niagiara and Queens-
ton. It is rather surprising, coinsidering
how well these few vines are succeed-
ing, that more plants of the Englislh Ivy
are not found on the Niagara Peninsula.

Perhaps the different species of Clem-
aJtis should come next in general useful-
ness. While the large flowered varieties
of the Jackmanni t;\ipe are very fine,
their success is too uncertain. Hence
we give to Clematis paniculata the first
place. This attractive vine does not
bloom until late in Angust or Septem-

ber, after other kinds have done bloom-
mg. During September it is a mass of
siriall, white, sweet-scenjted flowers.
WIMle in Eastern Ontario it kills back
oojisiderably in the winter, it grows
very rapidly again and blooms pro-
fusely.

The Virgin's Bower, Clematis vir-
giniana, the wild species which is quite
common, is a rampant grower, with
small greenish white flowers in summer.
It is useful for covering fences. It
makes a good vine for the verandah,
though it is said to attract flies. The
EurojKjan species, which is somew^hat
similar to this, and whidh the nursery
firms often supply, is the Traveller's
Joy, Clematis Vitalba.

Anyone who has been successful in
getting vines of the varieties of the
large flowered Clematis of the Jack-
manni type estaiblished, or has seen
them growing, knows the great beauty
of these flowers. If they were easier
grown there would, doubtless, he many

This vine covered wall of Boston Ivy adds a

charm to the home of the late Vice-Pres. of

Dundas Horticultural Society.

more of them, but, unfortunately, there
is a disease which attacks them near the
ero'wn of the plajit. This is destructive,
and no good preventive or remedy
seems yet to be found.

The Honeysncfcles are charming
climbers, the three most satisfactory
being the Scarlet Trumpet Honeysuckle,
Lonicera Sempervirens, the English
Honeysuckle, Lonicera Periclymenum,
and Hall's Japanese Honeysuckle,
Lonicera Japonica Halliana. These are
mentioned in order of hardiness, though
none of them are entirely hardy at
Ottawa. The Scarlet Trumpet Honey-
suckle blooms almost continuously from
early in June until late in the autumn,
the scarlet trumpet-shaped flowers be-
ing very attraetJive. It is, as its scien-
tific names implies, an evergreen,
though in the colder parts of the Pro-
vince, the foliage is injured in winter.

The Engli'gh Honeysuckle or Wood-
bine, Lonicera Periclymenum, which is
bright pink outside and yellow within.

is deliciously sweet scented. The odor
is quite spicy, reminding one of incense.
It is not no hardy as the Scarlet Trump-
et Honeysuckle, and at Ottawa does not
usually bloom we*ll unless it is laid down
for the winter. In recent yeare the
Hall's Jaipanese Honeysuckle has be-
come very papular. It is too tender for
the colder parts of Ontario, but in
South-We^ern Ontario the profusion of
the small white and yellow flowers and
graceful foliage make this an attractive
climber. The native honeysuckles
Lonicera hirsuta, and Lonicera glauce-
scens are well worth growing.

One of the most satisfactory vines is
the Climbing Bitter-Sweet or Wax-
work, Celastrus scandens. The foliage
is of an attractive shade of green, and
is rarely troubled with insects or dis-
ease. When established it is a rapid
groAver, sending out long stiff shoots
which, when they reach something to
twine around, will do so. It is par-
ticularly suitable for training over
veTandahs, summer houses and fences.
In planting this vine one should be sure
of having one whidh produces both male
and femaile floAvers. Some vines have
only male flowers, and in such cases no
fruit is produced, and the vine is not
nearl.y so attractive as it otherwise
would be. The fruit is conspicuous and
hangs on most of the winter. The
berries are orange in colour until they
are cracked oipen by frost, when they
show scarlet. The Japanese species,
Celastrus orbiculatus, or Celastrus arti-
culatus, is, if anj-thing, more attractive
than the native species. While the
berries are smaller they are more
abundant and the contrast in colour be-
tween the outside and inside of the
fruit, namely yellow -and orange, is
even more charming than the Canadian
species.

One of the most striking vines is the
Dutchman's Pipe, Aristolochia Sipho.
While not as hardy as some climbers,
it does very well at Ottawa, once it
gets established, whicth usually takes
two or three years. It looks particu-
larly well ahoiit the verandah or pillars
of a large hoxise. The leaves are large,
heart-sihaiped, and deep green. It
climbs by twining. The flowers, which
are nearly hidden by the leaves, are
brown and of a peculiar shape, much
resemhling a Dutchman's pipe, hence
the name.

Grape vines are sometimes used with.
good effect over pergolas, verandahs or
summer houses, but unless kept well
sprayed, are liaible to become infested
by insects, and the leaves be disfigured
before the summer is over.

Many other vines might be men-
tioned, but those all^ady given are the
choice. '

December, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

295

The Cellar Vegetable Garden

I

iy^^ELLAR gardening is not new to
I man}' of the older school of

^^ amateurs. Many of them in
some way or other have found the cel-
lar of inestimable service, not only for
the storage of plants, but for growing
certain salads and vegetables. Who of
us has not had visions of rhubarb for
sauce and pies in mid-winter as well as
in spring. All you need is a barrel of
nice large roots put into your cellar any
time during the present month. Near
the end of the month, put these roots
outside, with ho protection whatever,
for you want them to freeze. It is only
necessary to put them near the door
to accomplish this.

Two or three days later spread some
coal ashes on the cellar floor ten or
twelve feet from the hot water heater.
The roots are then set close together
on this layer of ashes and watered
thoroughly. Ashes are also worked in
between and over the roots until the
bed is nearly a foot thick. A thorough
soaking of water completes the job of
planting. Water once a week is all
that is needed thereafter. It is essen-
tial that the cellar be kept almost dark,
and that the water used for watering
be tepid or as warm as new milk. From
a plantation made about the end of the
month you will be able to get fine
stalks of luscious rhubarb by the first
week in February.

The roots for forcing may be dug
from an ordinary plantation in your
own garden if you happen to have
sufficient so that you may dig some
without interfering materially with
the supply from the garden in the
spring time. Generally speaking, out-
door plantings over four years old are
past their best. Then is the time to use
the clumps for forcing. Good roots
may also be grown in one year from
seed if sown early under glass and
r^transpl anted into rich soil early in the
'spring. Still another plan for getting
pearly roots for forcing is to sow the
seed in a cold frame in August, mulch
the roots in the fall, and plant out into
the open ground the following spring.
It is important to use an abundance of

?ell rotted cow manure. Commercial
Ifertilizers, especially nitrate of soda,

I'm be beneficial.
The roots should be dug in the fall

before freezing weather sets in. They
fmay be kept in any cool place or
thrown in piles out of doors, and cov-
ered with soil to prevent drying out,
but not to keep out frost. Freezing
before attempting forcing is absolutely
essential to success.

It may be asked by someone why we
recommend ashes in preference to soil?

By Henry Gibson

Simply becavise one happens to have
more ashes than soil in the cellar. It is
doubtful if soil is any better. The ma-
terial that makes the stalks is stored up
in the roots, many of which weigh sev-
eral pounds, and it is only a matter of
transforming this material into leaf-
stalks and leaf-blades. Any medium
that will retain moisture about the
roots will suffice for this. The temper-
ature of the forcing place is not a mat-
ter of great importance. If very warm,
say, sixty degrees or more, the stalks
will be more slender owing to the more
rapid growth, but the cutting season
will not last so long. Low tempera-
tures are favorable to large stalks and
heavy yields.

The quality of the forced product is
superior to that of outdoor crop. It is
more tender, not so acid. The skin is
so tender that it is not necessary to peel
it. >The veriest novice should experi-

Winter does not rob Geo. F. Baldwin, Toronto,
of fresh ve.&etables. In his inexpensive green-
house he has a perpetual garden.

ence no difficulty in forcing rhubarb in
the cellar during the winter. The beds
of pink stalks caused by the diffused
light are as pretty as flowers them-
selves. It is a pleasure to look at them
as one is tending the furnace. And
when this delicious vegetable appears
on the table a happy smile goes around
as the possibilities of cellar gardening
in mid-winter are more, fully appreci-
ated.

Chickory (French Endive or Christmas
Salad).

Rhubarb is not the only possibility of
the cellar in winter. Chickory is an-
other vegetable that is as easily grown,
and as a salad it is relished by all \\lio
use it. Many persons confuse this
chickory with the two varieties more
coijimon, the curled, and the broad-
leaved Batavian. French endive be-
longs to another family, the proper

name being Witloof Chickory. Much
of this product sold on this side of the
Atlantic comes from Europe. The
roots are raised from seeds sown not
earlier than the last week in May or the
first of June. The cultural require-
ments are the same as for lettuce or
other salads, save that the habit of
growth is different. The leaves resem-
ble those of the dandelion, and the roots
those of the parsnip. It is a biennial.
During the second year the flower stalk
will develop like that of the common
field chickory, with a blue flower. For
forcing the roots are lifted just before
frost. The leaves are cut off, taking
care not to cut away the crown or
growth will not commence when forc-
ing is attempted.

The roots are stored in sand in the
same manner as carrots are stored, and
brought out for forcing as required.
They are forced in much the same man-
ner as rhubarb, save that it is better to
use soil or even sand. We believe that
soil makes more compact heads than
sand, hence soil is preferable for this
reason. The crowns of the roots should
be covered at least six inches deep in
order to% blanch the leaves as they de-
velop. It is also essential that the tem-
perature does not exceed fifty-five de-
grees at any time. Warm water should
be applied to the soil. A month to six
weeks is required for forcing the roots.
The leaves are then cut off with a small
piece of the roots adhering. Heads
may be had sooner by increasing the
temperature, but the heads are not of
such good quality as when grown
cooler. When only a few heads are
needed for family use, the roots may be
planted in boxes, large plant pots or
tubs of from twelve to fourteen inches
in diameter. From eight to ten roots
can be got into such a receptacle. Pack
firmly between with soil. Another pot
or tub is then inverted over the top,
after watering, and placing in the cel-
lar or under the bench of a cool green-
house if you happen to have one. The
drainage hole of the inverted pot or
tub should be covered with paper or
other material to exclude the light,
even with the small amount of light
that would be admitted the leaves
would come green. That is to be avoid-
ed at all times.

By planting a batch of roots as soon
as they are lifted fi'oin the garden one
may have this salad for Christmas. It
may also be had in the fall before frost
is too severe by covering the plants in
the open ground with leaves, or using
paper and boards as in blanching
celery.

296

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

The Canadian Horticulturist fg^ '^^ '^^ ™ "^ ™ "» »*' '*» " '*■ "™™wr

COMBINED WITH |^ EDITORIAL ^

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST '
. AND BEEKEEPER

placiiig Ontario on the map as a potato-pro-
ducing Province.

With which has been Incorporated

The Canadian Bee Journal.

Published by The Horticultural

Publishing Company, Limited.

PETERBORO AND TORONTO

ONTARIO

M. BRONSON COWAN, Managing Director.

The Only Magazines In Their Field In the
Dominion
Orricial Organs of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, and of the
Ontario, Manitoba and New Bruns-
wick Beekeepers' Associations.

REPRESENTATIVES
UNITED STATES
STOCKWELL'S SPECIAL AGENCY.
Chicago Office — People's Ga.s Building.
New York Office— Tribune Building.

GREAT BRITAIN
W. H. Mountttephan, 16 Raa*nt St., London, S.W.

1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published in
three editions on the 25th day of the month
preceding date of issue. The Arst edition is
known as the fruit edition, and Is devoted
chiefly to the commercial fruit interests. The
■econd edition Is known as the floral edition,
and is devoted chiefly to the Interests of ama-
teur flower, fruit and vegetable growers. The
third edition is known as The Canadian Horti-
culturist and Beekeeper. In this edition several
pages of matter appearing In the first and
■econd Issues are replaced by an equal number
of pages of matter relating to the beekeeping
Interests of Canada.

1. Subscription price of The Canadian Horti-
culturist in Canada and Great Britain. Jl.OO a
year; three years for $2.00, and of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist and Beekeeper, $1.00 a year.
For United States and local subscriptions In
Peterboro (not called for at the Post Office),
16 cents extra a year, including postage.

J. Remittances should be made by Post Office
or Bxpress Money Order, or Registered Letter.

4. Change of Address — When a change of ad-
dress Is ordered, both the old and the new ad-
dresses must be given.

5. Advertising rates, $1.40 an inch. Copy re-
ceived up to the 20th. Address all advertising
correspondence and copy to our Advertising
Uanacer, Peterboro, Ont.

CIRCULATION STATEMENT

The following Is a sworn statement of the net
paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist
for the year ending with Deceonber 1915. The
figures given are exclusive of samples and
■polled copies. Most months. Including the
s-iample copies, from 11,000 to 13,000 copies of
The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to peo-
ple known to be lntere.sted In the growing of
fruits, flowers or vegetables.

January, 1915 ...11,15» August, 1915 10,294

February, 1915 ..10,9.42 September, 1915 .10,067

March, 1916 10,884 October, 1916 ...10,017

April, 1916 10,917 November, 1915 . 9,704

May, 1916 10,927 December, 1915 . 9,263

June, 1915 10,329 ^__

July, 1915 10,448 Total 124,920

Average each Issue In 1907 6,627

Average each Issue In 1915 10,410

Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon
application.

OUR GUARANTEE

We guarantee that every advertiser in this
Issue Is reliable. We are able to do this because
the advertising columns of The Canadian Horti-
culturist are as carefully edited as the reading
columns, and because to protect our readers we
turn away all unscrupulous advertisers. Should
any advertiser herein deal dlshone.stly with anv
Bubserlber. we will make good the amount of
his loss, provided such transaction occurs within
one month from date of this Issue, that It is
reported to us within a week of Its occurrence,
and that we find the facts to be as stated. It
is a condition of this contract that In writing to
advertisers you state: "I saw your advertise-
ment In The Canadian Horticulturist "

Rogues shall no*, ply their trade at the ex-
pense of our subscribers, who are our fnenus,
through the medium of these columns: but we
■hall not attempt to adjust trifling disputes be-
tween subscribers and honorable business men
who advertise, nor pay the debts of honest
bankrupts.

Communications Bhould be addressed

THB CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

PETERBORO. ONT.

Northern Grown Potatoes

There is no reason why Ontario should
not grow and export large quantities of po-
tatoes. Large areas in southern Ontario
are admiratily suited to their iproduction.
Why, then, do not the growers in those dis-
tricts produce those bumper crops? Simply
because they laclc good seed. Good seed po-
tatoes cannot be grown in southern Ontario.
The climate makes for yield rather than
quality In the stock, when considered from
the seed point of view. Good potatoes must
be grown in a more northerly climate, where
the season is shorter.

The men in Ontario who are reaping the
largest and most profita'ble croips of potatoes
are those who are using northern grown
seed. This fact came out at the recent
Vegetable Growers' Convention, when It
was given as a conservative estimate that
from northern grown seed at least twenty-
five per <;ent greater yield is obtained, and
further that the resulting crop matures
much earlier than that from our southern
grown stock. Northern grown seed Is at
present being imported from Wisconsin, be-
cause we have no Canadian supply of this
commodity. But why should we have to im-
port our seed from the United States? The
very best of seed can be grown in the new
districts of northern Ontario.

Of course the growers of seed potatoes in
northern Ontario would never be able to
compete with the southern planter In the
open market, where potatoes are potatoes.
But they would not be expected to. The
same factors that make the northern grown
seed more valuable make also for a smaller
yield. These potatoes would sell at an ad-
vanced price, because as seed they would be
worth more. A numlber of practical grow-
ers have given as their opinion that It pays
better to buy northern grown seed at two
dollars, than ordinary seed at twenty^five
cents a bushel.

As a straight commercial proposition, the
growing of potato seed in northern Ontario
should he attractive. There is one draw-
back, however, to private enterprise In this
direction in the fact that the early planting
season of the southern counties would neces-
sitate the shipping of seed from the north
before danger of freezing in transit Is past
in spring. To overcome this it would be
necessary to ship the potatoes down in the
fall, and store them in some suitable place
until time for distribution in the spring.
Such a project would be beyond the means
of an individual or an association.

With this in mind, the recent Vegetable
Growers' Convention drew up a memorial
asking that the Ontario Government take
steps toward the estaJblishment of a potato-
seed growing industry in northern Ontario,
and also that they finance some scheme for
the distribution of the seed among the
growers of southern Ontario. There is no
reason why the growing of seed potatoes
cannot profitahly ibe carried on in northern
Ontario. Our growers in the south are ready
to pay a premium for such seed. Any action
which may be taken hy the Government to-
ward the estaiblishing of farms for the pur-
pose of potato-seed production, or the ap-
pointment of specialists to experiment in
the best methods of producing seed, or as-
sisting in the inspecting, grading and dis-
tributing this seed among the southern
growers will have a far-reaching effect in

The Town Beautiful

We cannot have a beautiful town without
beautiful homes, but beautiful homes alone
will not make a beautiful towa. What
avails it from a civic standpoint to plant
trees, shrubs and flowers around our homes,
if our streets and street corners are not
made beautiful, or if our beautiful homes are
separated by areas of weed infested vacant
lots? The ninety-one horticultural societies
throughout the Province are doing much to
improve the home surroundings of their
members. Many of them have taken up the
planting of trees on the streets, the setting
out of flowers in beds in waste places, the
establishment of parks, playgrounds and
rest shelters. But all are faced with the
ugly, weedy gaps in the town beautiful,
caused by the vacant lot industry.

Towns and cities have the cure for this
disease within their own grasp — the taxation i
of land values alone. But in our Ontario "
towns and cities the speculator Is encour-
aged to allow his lots to grow weedy. Our
towns add to the hurden of the householder
who improves his place by taxing him for
setting out flowers and shrubs. The work
being taken up by societies of trying to
beautify these vacant areas, is more than
the act of a good Samaritan. It is the act
of one who in his pity for the frozen viper,
places it within his bosom.

These lots are held for an increase in
value. And who is contributing to their In-
creased value? Kvery citizen who, by build-
ing a residence, painting his fence, or plant-
ing a vine, makes that city more desirable as
a residential city, increases the value of the
vacant land in his city. Their value is great-
ly increased by the work of the horticultural
societies. And in return for this increased
value, what does the owner of the vacant
lot contribute to the society which is en-
richimg him? Nothing but ugliness! If
the twenty thousand vacant city lots in Tor-
onto were taxed as they should be, we would
quickly be rid of the weedy lot problem.

But in lieu of this method of removing the
fundaimental cause of the vacant lot, the
work of the societies for the placing of this
lot under cultivation is a highly commend-
able one. By this means many of our work-
ing people are enabled to enjoy fresh vege-
tables, which they could not otherwise af-
ford. They are improved physically and
morally, through their work in the garden.
An-d from the civic point of view a great
stride has been made toward the beautiful
when the weedy lot gives way to the vege-
table or flower garden.

Publisher's Desk

The front cover of this month's issue of
The Canadian Horticulturist shows St.
John's Anglican Church, Peterboro. From
the standpoint of its setting, it is one of
the most beautiful churches in Canada. It
is situated on an elevation which slopes In
well arranged terraces to the street, and is
surrounded by attractive trees. In summer
it is covered by a maigniflcent ivy.

Our readers will notice the absence of
our regular index in this number. All the
articles will, however, be found in the yearly
index on pages v. and vi. This yearly
index is a new feature, and one which will
make the year's issues of more value when
bound for reference.

At the time we go to press we are unable
to state in just what form The Canadian
Horticulturist will appear for the month of

December, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

297

January. For some monttis the paper situa-
tion in Canada has been growing more acute.
For the past three months the cost of the
paper used in The Canadian Horticulturist
has been practically double what it used to
be. Paper is one of the heaviest items of
expense the publisher has to meet. So far
we have not been aJble to secure a contract
for. any considerable amount of our present
grade of paper, even at exisiting prices. All
the other publications who use book stock
are in the same position. The paper manu-
facturers have offered to supply the publish-
ers with an inferior grade of book paper,
for which the price will be almost double
what has hitherto been paid for the stock
now Ibeing used. During Decemlber it is
probable that the publishers will hold a
meeting, and some arrangement may be
entered into with the paper manufacturers.
Already, one or t-wo leading publications in
Canada have commenced to use half tone
news stock in place of book stocp. This is a
superior grade of paper to that used in the
ordinary newspaper. It is being found diffi-
cult, however, to secure even this grade of
paper. Needless to say, this condition is
one of those brought about largely by the
war, and one, therefore, which must be faced
with the best grace possible. Rest assured
that The Canadian Horticulturist will come
out in as good form as possible, but do not
be surprised should the grade of paper used
be different to that 'which has been used
for some years back.

Ontario Horticultural Convention Held in Toronto

Ksc

Plans are well under way which should
assure the readers of The Canadian Horti-
culturist with the best numbers during 1917
that we have ever published. This applies
to every department of the paper. Through
tbe cooperation of Dominion Fruit Com-
missioner, D. Johnson; R. M. Winslow, Pro-
vincial Horticulturist and Fruit Pests In-
spector for British Columbia; President M.
Cumming and Prof. P. J. Shaw, of the Nova
cotia Agricultural College, prominent fruit

owers in Ontario, and others, a program
of articles for each issue of the year is in
course of preparation, which will make these
issues of unusual interest. Each issue will
contain articles not only representative of
Ontario conditions, but of the fruit districts
of British Columbia and Nova Scotia as
well. Quebec, also, will not be overlooked.
Capable correspondents are being secured,
and the articles will be timely for the
month in which they appear. Already a
number of prominent ifruit growers have
consented to contribute, and a very interest-
ing and Instructive list of issues of The
Canadian Horticulturist Is assured for 1917.

t

For the floral pages similar arrangements
are being made. Mr. F. E. Buck, of the
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, and
others in close touch with the needs of the
amateur flower grower have been consulted,
and a long li.st of very instructive subjects
prepared, which It Is planned shall be
.specially Ilhistrated. We propose to make
the Illustrations u.sed during 1917 relate as
closely as possible to the articles that ac-
company them. In order that they may thus
prove of the greatest possible educational
value. Further announcejments a;bout these
issues will be made later.

The attention of our readers is called to
the new poultry department found on page
300. We have had many requests for a
column dealing with poultry from the view-
point of the man who keeps a few hens in
his orchard or in his back yard. Mr. Collan-
der will supply this column with monthly
hints, whirh we believe will be of service
to our rearlers.

The eleventh annual convention of the
Ontario Horticultural Association, held in
the railway committee rooms, parliament
buildings, Toronto, on November 22nd and
23rd, had for its slogan, "A More Beautiful
Ontario." That the work of Societies is get-
ting hold of the towns and cities of Ontario,
. is evidenced by the fact that this year seven
new societies have been formed. This
brings the total number of societies In the
Province up to ninety-one, with a lotal paid
up membership of over sixteen thousand.
The program for the Convention was an ex-
ceptionally attractive one, and well repaid
anyone who was so fortunate as to attend
this convention.

The Rev. G. W. Tebbs, of Hamilton, who
occupied the chair, welcomed the delegates
to the convention. "Garden lovers," stated
Mr. Tebbs, "must have a large vision of their
work. While the home garden is very im-
portant to individual members of a society,
they can never attain the highest good until
they take into consideration the beautifying
of their entire city." The first step toward
town beautification is the cleaning up and
beautifying the waste spaces. Mr. Tebbs
places great weight on the education of the
rising generation to love flowers.

The financial condition of the association,
as stated by Mr. C. A. Hesson, St. Cathar-
ines, treasurer, is flourishing. Mr. Hesson
congratulated the association on the in-
crease in the number of societies that have
affiliated with the association this year.
Some of the societies have not been living
up to their affiliation agreement, in that they
do not keep their affiliation fees paid up
promptly. Mr. Hesson then read over the
names of societies which had already paid
up. This had the effect of bringing on quite
a stampede of those delegates from socie-
ties which were dilatory in paying their fees.

Secretary J. Lockie Wilson, in presenting
his report, emphasized the importance of all
societies in the Province affiliating with this
central association. The association helps
to keep up the size of grants to the different
societies. After speaking of the growth in
the membership of societies throughout the
Province, fMr. Wilson stated that the small-
est town should own its park, its play-
grounds and its civic greenhouse. The
school garden work is not growing as rapidly
as one could wish. It is not an end itself,
but rather a means toward the beautifying
of the scholars' home gardens.

A report was now read of the work of all
the different societies. Several societies
were outstanding in trying out something
new this year. In one society no premiums
were given. The money was used for civic
improvements. Another society has made
It a feature to arrange visits to ordinary city
lot gardens laid out to advantage. This
gives the members who take advantage of
these visits a chance to see what can be done
In the .small garden. St. Thomas, the largest
society in the Province, (although fairly
closely followed by Ottawa) held this spring
a tulip festival, the first of its kind In Can-
ada.

Resolutions of condolence were passed by
the convention, to the relatives of three
friends of the association who have been
removed from our midst since the last meet-
ing. These were Hon. James Duff, Minister
of Agriculture, -C. C. James, Commissioner
nf Ae-rinnlture, and John Cavers, of Oakville.
They were all friends of the association,
and their loss Is deeply felt.

The program proper began with an ad-
dress by W. E. Saunders, London, on "Birds
and Their Relation to Horticulture." Mr.
Saunders took up the subject both from an
economic side— dealing with insect eating
birds, and from the aesthetic side in con-
nection with the garden. His address was
mostly given over to methods for attracting
birds. Beef fat and nuts may be used to
attract all winter birds. He advises the
trapping of the English sparrow, because
of its effect in driving away our native
birds. The most effective trap is a box with
one end held up by a stick to which a string
is attached leading to a window. Food is
placed under this box, and when sparrows
go in to feed, the string is pulled. Summer
birds may be attracted by drinking and bath-
ing pools, and bird nesting boxes. His ad-
dress brought on a very heated argument on
the place of the Sat. It was decided that
the only place for the cat was under ground,
and a resolution for the abolition of this
animal was passed by the convention.

Dr. L. M. Massey, of Cornell University,
gave an address on 'The Diseases of Roses."
He stated that at present there is not much
known regarding these diseases. Mildew,
Blackspot, and Crown Gall of roses are do-
ing much damage. Dr. Massey has been ap-
pointed to investigate into these diseases.

Mr. Richard iMarshall, Chief Gardener in
Queens Park, Toronto, gave a rather techni-
cal address on ''Color Schemes for Formal
Flower Beds." He advised anyone who In-
tended to start a bed to visit the best gar-
dens, note both the effective beds and those
to be shunned, and get the reasons of the
gardener for his placing certain flowers to-
gether. In concluding his remarks, he gave
the flowers which he found most effective
In various sized beds.

At four o'clock the meeting adjourned, to
allow the delegates to take advantage of the
invitation of Sir Edmund Osier, that they
should visit his conservatories. This excur-
sion was much enjoyed by all the delegates.
Great credit is due Mr. William Allen, chief
gardener, for the beautiful display of
chrysanthemums in the conservatory. Tea
was served the delegates, and all came away
with a feeling of gratitude to Sir Edmund
for his kindness.

In thfe evening we were treated to a beau-
tifully illustrated address by Mr. William
Allen. Slides were shown of the different
flowers used by Mr. Allen, in their natural
colors. Mr. Allen advised us that the per-
ennial border be soaked with liquid manure
after the plants have ceased flowering In
the fall. He also discouraged the trimming
of flowering shrubs. Success in flower
growing will only come to him who studies
his plants and finds out for himself how to
treat the Individual subjects.

Hon. Lt. Col. J. L. Hughes gave perhaps
the most inspiring address of the whole con-
vention. He dealt with the influence of
horticulture on child morals. He stated that
there are fewer gardeners in the penitentiary
than any other class of society. He made a
plea for the beautification of the farms, as
well as the cities. By means of school gar-
dens he believes that the boys not only learn
to beautify their home gardens, but also
their city. Horticulture on the farms might
even be made a source of Income. He r"nd
cases of where ferns were grown profitably,
as well as orchids.

(Continued Col. 3, p. 298.)

298

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Ontario Vegetable Growers' Convention

The Annual Convention of the Ontario
Vegetable Groweis' Aasoclation was held In
the railway committee rooms, parliament
buildings, Toronto, on November 24th. The
funeral of the Hon. Jas. Duff, Minister of
Agriculture, which was held on Tuesday —
the date set for the convention — necessitated
the postponement of the convention until
Friday. Telegrams to this effect had been
sent out to the secretaries of the different
societies on Sunday night, Ibut unfortunate-
ly all the members did not receive notice of
the change. A number of delegates came
Tuesday, and were unable to wait over until
Friday. This probably acted to some ex-
tent as a damper on the meeting, Tiut a
very successful convention was held despite
this fact.

President F. F. Reeves, of Humlber Bay,
in his" opening address, commented on the
prosperous condition of the association. The
special garden competition has ibeen very
successful, and has awakened much inter-
est in keeping the individual gardens clean.
He suggested that the association make
representation to the Department of Agri-
culture that work be undertaken to compile
careful and concise statistics regarding the
vegetable growing industry, and further that
this and other valuable data he prepared so
as to give our Canadian heroes a chance to
turn to the business of growing vegetables
after they return home.

A motion was passed that the Ontario
Vegetaible Growers' Association express
their deep regret at the death of the late
Minister, Hon. Jas. Duff. Another resolution
moved that the convention ask the Depart-
ment of Agriculture to provide for collect-
ing statistics and data of the vegetable
growing industry of the Province.

In his report, Secretary-Treasurer J.
Lockie Wilson, spoke of the need for greater
uniformity in judging the different compe-
titions'. He suggested that the judges get
together for a short course before going out
to judge. They could thus ibecome better
acquainted with the standards wtich the
s'core card tries to represent. Mr. Wilson
suggested that work lae undertaken to grade
vegetables^potatoes, onions and tomatoes
Into fancy, No. 1, No. 2, etc., much as we
have apples graded at present. The vege-
table exhibit at the C. N. E. this year wws
badly staged. The men in charge did not
take enough interest in this exhibit to see
that the vegetables were replaced by fresh
specimens. The vegetables after the flrst
week, in many cases, decayed, and present-
ed a very uninviting appearance to the
visitor.

Mr. S. C. Johnson, Vegetable Specialist,
presented his repont. The season has been
unfavorable for experimental work, hut much
good has been accomplished by work already
done. The spraying of celery is rapidly be-
coming a common garden practice. Mr
Johnson estimates that at least fifty thous-
and dollars worth of celery has >been saved
by this practice during the pasit summer.
Dust mixtures have ibeen experimented with
in spraying onions, potatoes and celery The
results have been very satisfactory, but
this practice cannot be recommended until
further investigations have been carried on.

Mr. J. J. Davis, of London, Ontario, took
up the subject of score cards in garden con-
tests. He criticised the score cards formerly
used, and made .-everal suggestions where
It might be improved. A lively discussion
followed, and the following resulted: (1)
s^- •■-atness of rows, 10 pts. (2) Arrange-
ment of space, 10 pts. (3) Neatness and

cleanliness around yards and bui.dings, 10
pts. (4) Neatness, care and cultivation of
the garden itself, 40 pts. (5) Cleanline.ss of
fence corners and heailands, 10 pts. (6)
Closeness of planting and marketable value
per acre, 20 pts.

Mr. A. MoMeans, Brantford, gave a very
instructive address on "Home Grown Vege-
table Seed." The slogan of the vegetable
grower should be "quality," not "quantity,"
when buying his seed. He instanced two
plots of vegeitaJbles of the same variety, the
seed of which cost the same, but was from
different grower*. The crop on one plot
was worth forty dollars more than that on
the other. The great difference in strains
of the same variety is caused by a difference
in the ideals of contract growers. In many
cases a description of a variety in the seed
catalogue is vague. Every variety should
be accurately described, and the type photo-
graphed for the benefit of the seed grower.

In the discussion that followed, Prof. Crow
stated that they have tried out Canadian
grown seed. The best seed comes from the
growers who have carried on this business
longesit Prof. Crow thinks the solution of
the seed problem is in obtaining .someone to
grow seeds e.specially for the Ontario Vege-
table Growers' Association. There is money
in it for anyone who will take up this pro-
fession.

Mr. Henry Broughton, of Samla, gave an
address on "The Field Cultivation of Early
Potatoes." Mr. Broughton was instrumental
in forming a co-operative company, which
imports its potato seed from Wisconsin.
The average yield of potatoes in the Sarnia
district is 150 bags per acre. Mr. Brough-
ton went fully into the cultivation of pota-
toes, ,and presented an estimate of the cost
of producing one acre of potatoes. In his
opinion it cost about eighty dollars per acre.
In Onitario we need but two varieties of po-
tatoes, an early and a late variety. The po-
tato association was made necessary when
the farmers around Sarnia commenced to
cater to the early potato trade. An order
may come in from Toronto for one car of
potatoes to be delivered next day. By co-
operating, a number of farmers can get to
work digging potatoes to fill this order.
Thus eight or ten men, each digging fifty
bags of potatoes, can fill the required car.
This would be impossible without co-opera-
tion.

Mr. Broughton's reference to the importa-
tion of potato seed brought on a discussion
as to the advantages of northern grown
over southern grown seed, and the following
resolution was passed: "Resolved that the
Vegetable Growers' Association of Ontario,
having in mind the great importance to the
market grower of the early potato crop, and
the difficulty of securing reliable seed, do
hereby respectfulliy urge the appointment
of a specialist to undertake the experimental
work with this crop along the line of work-
ing out the best methods of producing high
class seed, and also with the object of im-
proving, by selection or breeding, our .pres-
ent varieties.

"The Standardization of Vegetables," was
dealt with by C. E. Durst. TTribana. 111. There
is a great need for standardization In vege-
table seed. There are altogether too many
varieties on the market, and worse still, one
variety may pass under several names. The
better the variety the more names, for In-
stance, the Earliana tomato has between
thirty and forty different names, Mr. Durst
suggests that. (1) Name be composed of as
few words as possible — all superfluous ad-

jectives should be dispensed with. (2) A
name already in use for one variety should
not be used by another. (3) After names
have once been given they should never be
changed.

'Mr. T. M. Mulligan, Ottawa, and T Del-
worth, Weston, took up the subject of
Skinner Irrigation. The irrigation system
has been of untold value to the vegetable
growers during the hot, dry season just
passed. Mr. Delworth stated that irrigation
enables him to grow two crops on his land
in the same season. He took off a crop of
eaHy potatoes in late July, then planted
celery, and is now marketing twenty-seven
thousand off one acre. This would have
been impossible without irrigation Mr
Mulligan has his overhead pipes on posts
6 ft. 6 in. high, to allow cross cultivation
Mr. Delworth questioned the advisability of
this. He thinks it better to have pipes not
more than four feet high. They do not sway
in the wind, and it is easier to reach them
if a nozzle becomes clogged. Mr. Cook has
been receiving much satisfaction from the
Skinner System, which he has suspended on
heavy number seven wire. By this means
he has few posts in his field, and can drive
underneath the pipes. Mr. O. J. Robb, Vine-
land Station, stated that it costs $3.60 to
irrigate one acre for ten hours, giving it
one inch of water.

Mr. Roadhouse, Deputy Minister of Agri-
culture, then came before the convention,
bringing the greetings of the Government,
and the thanks of the Department for the
thoughtfulness of the association in post-
poning the convention on account of the
funeral of the late Minister.

Greenhouse tomato growing was discussed
by James D. Nairn, Hamilton. Mr. Nairn is
a well known tomato grower. He grows
lettuce as a winter crop, because his toma-
toes in the winter have been susceptible to
blight. Tomatoes are planted about the
fir.st of January, for sprjng growing. But
two varieties are grown in his houses. These
are Carter's Sunrise, of which about ten
thousan-d plants are grown, and about five
hundred plants of Bonnie Bess.

Mr. Nairn has been troubled for a num-
ber of years with a peculiar blight among
his tomatoes. The Department of Plant
Diseases at O. A. C. Guelph, has been work-
ing for some time on this disease, but so
far have not found a remedy. Mr. Nairn
grows his tomatoes on the. ground, rather
than on benches. Tomatoes should be kept
growing from the start, and kept watered
from underneath. He places a straw mulch
to prevent splashing.

Chas. Syer. Bartonville, gave the conveji-
tion his methods of growing celery. A
paper sent in by Paul Worth. Cornell Uni-
versity on "Successful Growin-e of Cabbag-
es," was not read, because of lack of time,
but will appear in the annual report.

An inovation was here introduced, when
Mr. John Camp(bell gave an address on
"Onion Growing." illustrated by moving pic-
tures of the different phases, presented by
Mr. S. C. Johnson. These pictures have
been taken with the idea of using them in
lecture work throughout the country. They
should certainly help to create an interest
in the industry wherever they are shown. A
noteworthy feature about them is that the
films are fire proof. It will therefore be, per-
fectly safe to show them in any lecture hall.

Canadian Horticultural Convention

(Continued from page 297.)

The second day of the convention began
with a very interesting paper on "Vines and
Their Uses," by Mr. Macoun, Dominion
Horticulturist.

CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

299

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Miss Blacklock, of Meadowvale, gave an
illustrated address on "Hardy Asters and
Other Perennial Flowers."

Mrs. R. B. Potts, of Hamilton, in an address
on "The Press in Relation to Horticulture,"
stated that Canada has a system of garden-
ing of her own. There is, therefore, no
foreign publication which, can adequately fill
the requirements of the Canadian gardener.
He must get his ideas from a Canadian
publication.

The following officers were elected for the
ensuing year: President, Dr. F. E. Bennett,
St. Thomas; First Vice-President, Prof.
Crow, O. A. C, Guelph; Second Vice-Presi-
dent, Wm. Hartry, Seaforth; Secretary and
Editor, J. Lockie Wilson, Toronto; Treas-
urer, C. A. Hesson, St. Catharines; Hon. Di-
rector, Rev. G. W. Telb'bs, Hamilton; Audi-
tors, Mrs. R. B. Potts, Hamilton, and Miss
Mary Yates, Port Credit; Representative to
Canadian National Exhibition, W. R. Bur-
goyne.i St. Catharines; Representatives to
Am. Civic Association Convention, J. Lockie
Wilson, J. H. Bennett, Barrie, and Rev. G.
W. Tel>b&; Representative to Civic Improve-
ment League of Canada, R. B. White, Otta-
wa; Representative to School Gardens As-
sociation of America, C. B. Hamilton, Tor-
onto; Directors. Rev. A. H. Soott, Perth;
Walter T. Ross, Picton; R. Whorley, Hailey-
bury; T. D. Dockray, Toronto; James
Ogilvie, Hamilton; John Grieves, Seaforth;
E. E. C. Kilmer, Brantford; Dr. J. A. Both-
well, Stratford; C. D. Brown, Walkervllle.

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list for 1916 — 17 sent on request.

ESTATE OF JOHN CAVERS

LOUGLAS GARDENS, Oakville, Ontario
FOR SALE

An exceptional opportunity to buy a desir-
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Look at the price of apples this year: Were good apples ever worth so much? Dealers cannot
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In 1916 few orchards .were well sprayed, many were not sprayed at all. If there had been more
"Well-done" spraying, there would have been more good apples this winter.

To Spray Is Not Enough

It is necessary to be sure of the quality of the spray material. It is a waste of money and a
loss of labor to use inferior or cheap sprays. If you would be sure of results, be sure of the quality
of the spraying material and the eificiency of the spraying machine.

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Remember, "Wherever Fruit Excels Niagara Brand Spray is used."

B>ie-wr-'.«-f-

300

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

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[In accordance with our policy of making
The Canadian Horticulturist of the greatest
service to our readers, we have, at the re-
quest of a number of our readers, started a
poultry column in thds issue. This is to be
a regular feature of our magazine. Poul-
try and horticulture go well together. There
is, perhaps, nothiTig which will more quickly
rid a piece of garden of the troublesome
white grubs or of other Insects than poul-
try. Even the man who has but one lot in
the city may keeip a few hens and thus
supply his famiily with eggs which have not
yet lost their freshness. Our notes on poul-
try will not be written with the large com-
mercial poultry yard In view, although our
suggestions will apply to the larger plants.
Our object, however, ds to give information
suited to the man with a small flock of
hens.

We have secured for this work the ser-
vices of Mr. J. H. Callander, Peterboro. Mr.
Callander has had considerable experience
in poultry journalism, as Assistant Manager
of "Poultry Success" at the same time that
he was editor and manager of "The Ohio
Poultlry Journal." Since then he spent some
time as editor of "Poultry Advocate," but
is now located in Peterboro. Mr. Callander
is an enthusiast, and under his management
we expect it will be one of the best depart-
ments in the paper. — ^Editor.]

Repairing.

If not already attended to, go over the
poultry quarters and see that they are made
comfortable for winter. An open crack too
near the roosts, may undo all the season's
work in raiising the young stock, by start-
ing a cold in the fowl that is nearest the
draught. This cold usually develops into
roup. Remember a draught ds worse than
roasting right outdoors in a storm. Stop
the draughts before the misichief is done.

If yooir poultry house had damp walls last
winter; if in cold weather a heavy coat of
frost collected on walls and roof, your ven-
tilation was poor. The quarters are too
close. The best way to get ventilation with-
out a draught is to take a few lights of
glass out of the windows and cover the
window with plain factory cotton. This
allows a free circulation of air, and carries
off the dampness. Cold air, if dry, will not
harm the fowls. It is in the unventilated
house (where the air is damp) that frozen
combs, unhealthy fowls, and unproductive
hens are found.

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Profits.

Try estimating the profit on a hen for a
year In this way : See if one egg a week
from a hen all the year round, will pay for
her feed. If so, then if .she lays two eggs
a week on an average, there will be 52 eggs
clear profit. If .she is a 150 egg hen and
lays three eggs a week, she has given you
104 eggs or 8 2-3 dozen as her profit. Spe-
cialists who breed and feed for eggs, have
produced the 200 egg hen, so that allowing
more than an egg a week, or one-quarter of
her product, she has given at least ten
dozen eggs more than the value of her food.
At an average of 30c a dozen this shows a
margin of $3.00 on the profit side in favor
of the 200 egg hen.

Keep Poultry Busy.

The most important point to be observed
when keeping fowls in confinement is to
keep them Industriously at work. This is
the golden rule in managing fowls in large
numbers, and is the key to sticcess. Make
them scratch for thedr food.

Feather Eating.

Feaither pulling is usually caused by a
fowl getting a scratch from which blood
gets on the feathers. The others discover
this, and in the craving for meat, one of
their natural foods, they attempt to eat it
and the feather comes out. They quickly
find that the root of the feather is soft and
meaty, and go back for more, till the habit
gets established. It is generally a well
(grain) fed flock that gets its feed where it
is quickly picked up, and has nothing to do
till next feeding time, that develops this
bad habit. When first noticed remove the
fowl tliat is being plucked and see that Its
wound is healed and wa.'ihed clean before
it is put back. Give fresh cut bone, if pos-
sible, or meat in some form. Feed in deep
litter where the hens must work busily most
of the time to get their feed.

Markets.

This a good time to arrange for a good
market. Eggs are scarce, and retailers or
private consumers will be glad to contract
at a good price for a regular supply.
Provide Water.

Over ninety per cent, of the egg is
water, so that water is of great importance
to the laying hen. She must have it, and
if you are particular about the quality of
your eggs, give her plenty of good, clean
water in dean utensils.

Grading Your Hens.

It will pay you to study your flock and
find out which are the layers. The busy
hen that is first off the roost in the morn-
ing, and last to get on it at night, can be
counted on as doing her share for the egg
basket.

That drone that wants her feed on a
trough where it will be no trouble to fill up,
and then squats around till next feed, had
better be used for next Sunday's dinner,
or go to market in the next batch of culls.
She is eating her head off. Your house
should accommodate only the profitable
layers. It is not fair to them to charge up
the food of the lazy sister to them.

December, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

301

Annapolis Valley

Eunice Buchanan.

From the warm Indian summer of Novem-
ber 9th, when the iliermometer stood at
65°, and pansies were gay in the garden,
.we were plunged Into winter on November
13th. On the 14th a heavy fall of snow con-
tinued all day and left the roads good for
sledding fruit to the warehouses. There is
little, if any, frost under the snow. Bald-
wins and late apple trees are shedding their
leaves on the snow.

A sliipment of potatoes, packed in 96 quart
barrels, were sold for $3.50 a bbl here. Veg-
etables are high priced. Onions are not
grown commercially.

Apples are selling well. Kings brought
$4.30 for No. 1, and Wagners sold for $3.00
by the car load for No. 1 and No. 2. Anxiety
is felt over the non^arrival of the steamer
Rajppahonnock in England. She took a ship-
ment of 20,000 barrels of apples, largely
from our valley.

(Note. — The daily papers report this
steamer was torpedoed and sunk and that
her crew of fony lost thedr lives.— Editor.)

Apple grading machines are beginning to
make their appearance in ithe warehouses.
A locally.anade grader costing $50 has been
in use for two years and is still giving sat-
isfaction. It is composed of a series of
grooved, sloping frames having holes of
gradually imcreasing diameter, over which
the apples work with a set of plungers com-
ing up simultaneously.

Labor is two or three dollars a month
dearer than last year, but it has not been
so scarce that crops could not be harvested,
although many men have enlisted. In Ann-
apolis county colored men work for about
$20 a month. There are many of fhem
there, but we have few negroes nearer here
than Kentville, ten miles away.

I

Okanagan Valley Notes

The big apple crop of the Okanagan has
provided the rush of the season. There has
been a universal shortage of picking and
packing help, and while this condition was
not so apparent in the crops that were a
little short in their yield, it has only been
possdble by working at more than ordinary
pressure to get the apples off the trees and
into the packing houses before the frosts
came. At the time of writing, the middle
of November, the Okanagan is experiencing
its first touch of winter. If any damage has
been caused by the brief cold snap, it will
be from storing the fruit in buildings not
weather proof. There are very few pack-
ing houses in the Valley that are really
frost proof. Some that are merely shells
of buildings, put up with the idea of having
all the apples out hy frost time, are still
full, owing to lack of packing help or car
shortage. There has been damage in many
buildings of this type, but so far as can be
ascertained the damage from this source
will not amount to more than a few car-
loads for the entire Valley.

A car shortage has been an irritating
situation which the Okanagan has had to
contend with lately. The C.P.R. has not
been able to begin to meet the call for re-
frigerator cars. Every point in the Valley
has felt the inconvenience of this in not
being able to move out their packed fruit as
fast a,s it came in unpacked from the or-
chards. This congestion has severely tried
the capacity of the warehouses, and in some
cases buildings wholly unsuitable have had
to be pressed into service to store unpacked
apples. The matter of the car shortage was
put up strongly to the railway company and
the Railway Commission, and paper-lined

*'It is Such a
Saving in Labor I
Must Have a Power
Outfit.**

In his sixth order to us, Mr. J. C.
Harris, of Ingersoll, Ont., says
more for the Spramotor than our
most enthusiastic advertisement. A
man may buy a thing once and be
dissatisfied, but when he comes
back for additional purchases.

there as only ono oo'-
clusiion that we can
come to, and that is
that article must be
all right. We never
claimed more for the

JUHvmo&i^

!l isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless we made it

than that it would do
the work required of
it effectively and econ-
omically, and in all
things give satisfac-
tion. And letters
which we have re-
ceived and are constantly receiving from farmers all over Canada, signify that
our statements have been met with a seryice that is making staunch friends for
the Spramotor wherever it Is used. Over 100 Gold Medals and Special Awards
to the credit of the Spramotor, show "that these expressions of confidence are
merited. Suppose you write now while the matter is fresh in your mind for a
copy of our booklet on crop diseases.

Made in Canada. No Duty to Pay.

Spramotor Works, 3003 King Street, London, Canada

THE BEEKEEPERS' DIRECTORY

The following beekeepers will be able to supply Bees and Queens in any quantity
for the season of 1917.. Order early.

THE ROOT CANADIAN HOUSE,

54-56 Wolseley St., Toronto, Ont.

Full colonies — NUcled — pound packages.

Queens o£ Canadian or U.S.A. stock. Three

ibanded grolden Italians.

F. W. JONES & SON,

Bedford, Que.

ItaUan bees Iby the pound, "Made in Canada,"
also best Italian Queens.

E. E. MOTT

Glenwood, Mich., U.S.A.
My Italians resist well the E. Foul brood,
Northern bred, hard, prolific, gentle.

J. P. MOORE,

Morgan, Ky.

Try Moore's Strain Next Tear.

J. I. BANKS,

Dowelltown, Tenn.
Italian "Queens of Quality,"
Not the <iheap kind.

H. W. FULMER,

Andalusia, l^a.
Importer and Breeder Gray Caucasian
Queens and Bees.

R. V. STEARNS,

Brady, Texas.
My catalogue tells what good Queens I have
and how early I can s/hlp bees by the pound.

J. H. M. COOK,

84 Cortland St., New York City.
New Jersey bred Bees and Queen.s froan my
home apdary, Essex Co., New Jersey.

M. C. BERRY Sl CO.,

Haynevllle, Ala., U.S.A.
Select bred Italian Queens and swarms
of bees in packages.

W. A. LATSHAW CO.,

Clarion, Mich.
Famous HandnMoore Strain Italian
Queens and Bees.

W. R. STIRLING,

RIdgetown, Ont.
Breeder of Fine Italian Queens.

F. L. BARBER,

290 State St., Lowvllle, N.Y.

Breeder of ItaUan and Gray Caucasian

Queens. BYee Circular.

J. A. SIMMONS,

Sablnal, Texas.
Bees by the carload, Italian and
Banat Queens.

JOHN G. MILLER,

723 C. St. Corpus ChristI, Texas.
Three banded Italians. Circular Free.

H. C. CLEMONS,

R. D. 3, Willlamstown, Ky.
Three band Italians, bred for business.

THE DEROY TAYLOR CO.,

Newark, N.Y.
Northern Bred Italian Queens and Bees.

BEESWAX WANTED,

Highest market price paid
In cash or supplies.
The Tlllson Co., Ltd., Tlllsonburg, Ont.

WM. BUEGLASS,

R. R. No. 3, Bright, Ont.
Northern bred Bees.

Queen and Bee Breeders should list their names In our Beekeepers' Directory. Order
now for the next four months. Write for special offer.

302

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

PEERLESS
PERFECTION

IS much heavier and stronger than common poultry t
netting. Peerless Poultry Fence is built just like (,
our farm fence. It is the best Canada Fence made
by Canadians and sold exclusively in Canada.

The Fence Thai's Locked
Together

It's close enough to keep small fowl in and strong

enough to keep large animals out. Securely locked

together at each intersection of the wires. It's

many times heavier and stronger than poultry

netting, and being well galvanized, will last

many years longer. Top and bottom wires

are extra heavy. No top and bottom boards

required. PEERI<ESS Poultry Fence is

built so strong and heavy, that but

half the ordinary number of posts are required. It gives you real fence service Think

of It— a poultry fence strong enough to withstand the combined weight of two big horses
And that without a top or bottom board either. If you are interested in such fencing write
us. Ask for our literature. We also manufacture farm fence and ornamental

Azints nearh everywhtrt, Uvt agtnts wanttd in unailiinid ttrritorj.

gates.

I THE BANWEU^HOXIE WIRE FENCE CO.. Ui,

Winnipeg, Man., Hamilton. Onl.

FOR SPRING, 1917

We have a fine assortmsnt of Apple, Pear, Plum Cherry
Peach and Ornamental Trees, Grape Vines ' Shrubs'
Koses, Hedge and Summer Fruit Plants, all well assorted'

Send for Catalogue. We deal direct. No Agents Over
35 years at it.

A. G, HULL & SONS

St. Catharines - - - . . Ont.

GREENHOUSES

MANUFACTURERS GREENHOUSE BARS AND SASH

Batts Limited

366-415 PACIFIC AVENUE

WEST TORONTO

box cars equipped with charcoal heaters
were put into service. The supply of this
variety greatly exceeded the number o?
proper refrigerators, but stili the required
number of cars ha^ not been reached, nor
is It likely to be. Low temperatures may be
expected through the Rocky Mountaina now
right along and it is a quastion whether
the makeshift of heated box cars will stand
the weather, even with the heaters

The packing problem is getting to be a
serious one for the Valley. This season a
large proiponion of tliis work has been done
by young women. They gained their knowl-
edge for the most part from the winter
packing schools which the Provincial De-
partment of Agriculture has put into opera-
tion every year to help meet such emer-
gencies. Neverthele.ss, it is doubtful if the
situation could be met another ¥ear in this
way. If the apple crop showed even an or-
dinary increase. One suggested remedy ad-
vanced IS to bring up from California and
elsewhere professional men packers who
move around the country doing nothing else
but packing fruit. Their capacity for work
IS naturally greater than even the most ex-
pert young women, and it might be the
means of saving much valuable time
another year.

The Okanagan is breaking its own records
this year an the matter of output. In one
week of October, an increa.se of seventy
per cent, over the corresponding week of
last year was apparent. In this period of
the present year two hundred and seventv-
seven cars of fruit and vegeUbles left the
Okanagan. The total for the same week
twelve months ago was only one hundred
and sixty-four. The Okanagan United
Growers the biggest shipping body in the
Valley, has been sending out lately nearly
a hundred cars of apples alone per week
Otlier bodies have also increased their busi-
ness over Ia.st year. This same organiza-
tion. It IS learned, has now .shipped out more
fruit and vegetables this year than they
handled in the whole of 1915. There is still
much to move yet, if the cars can be had
and the weather does not get too wintry.

The growers cannot complain of the
prices their apples have been bringing. Few
sales have been made on any other basis
than a definite f.o.b. price. This Is the only
way to sell fruit from the grower's .stand-
point. For their No. I's, the orchardists
have been getting not le.ss than two cents a
pound, and often two and a quarter or two
and a half for outstanding quality. No. 2's
and No. 3's have been realizing to the
grower as a minimum about a cent and
three-quarters and a cent and a half respec-
tively. The orchard run pack, which has
come into favor in some quarters, has
realized a price somewhere between the No
2's and No. 3's.

A gratifying feature of this year's ship-
ping operations has been the wide distribu-
tion obtained for Okanaj;an fruit by those
responsible for the marketing. The Prairies,
of course, absorbed a very large part of the
output. This in spite of the quasi-patrioUc
attitude of some grain growers' as.sociations,
who decided that since the growers in the
Okanagan were having a good year, it
meant that the prairie farmers were going
to be made pay more for their apples, and
therefore they imported American apples
and cheerfully paid the increased duty. But
this feeling was not widespread. Judicious
advertising undoubtedly helped sales at the
larger prairie centres, not only by emphasiz-
ing the foolishness of buying American
fruit, but al.so by pointing out the sea.son-
able varieties. Better business has also
been done at the Coast. Many carloads of
Okanagan apples went east as far as To-
ronto and Montreal. One car of extra fancy
grade Mcintosh was bought for $1.40 f.o.b.

December, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

303

2 and 5 ib. Cartons—
10, 20, 50 and 100 ib. Bags.

Few food products in any country have ever equcklled

the Sixty Year Leadership maintained by Redpath Sugar.

Buy it in original packages to be sure of getting the genuine

REDPATH. „, „ , , ^

"Let Redpath Sweeten it." 5

Made in one grade only — the highest !

HIGHLY CONCENTRATED HOME BOILED LIME SULPHUR SPRAY *«bran&" ''Fo.B.^dch"'^

Each barrel contains 133 lbs. sulphur, 66 lbs. Beachvllle Lime. 1

The Bartlett Brand is proving itself to be the most effective spray on the market, and the price means a big saving to you. 1916
sales were (live times) greater than 1915. A satisfled customer is my best advertisement. Order Direct. No Agents.

Write for further information.

Norman M. Bartlett, Mfg.

Beamsville, Ont.

KELWAY'S DELPHINIUM SEED

is as WELL KNOWN in CANADA as elsewhere. But it is not the ONLY

SUPERIOR STRAIN OF FLOWER

{or other) SEED grown or offered by us.

All Our Seeds Are The Best

^immm^^m^ ^^■■■■imhvhhv immmm^^^^^^^^^tt^^ w^^^^i^^^^bm wsM^^nBBMWHr i^mm^mmmmh*

MEDAL OF HONOR, Panama Exhibition for the best collection of annual flowering seeds,

1915.
GOLD MEDAI^— Royal Horticultural Society of England, 1916.
275 Other Grand Prizes — Gold Medals, etc., for finest horticultural exhibits at International

Shows.

Seedsmen, write at once or cable to

KELWAY & SON - ' Langport, England

WHOLESALE SEED GROWERS

for special quotations for 1917
Cable Address, "Kelway, Langport." TRADE WITHIN THE EMPIRE

304

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition

Fruil Trees

Northern Grown Stock

for Northern Planters

Our stock is first-class and
our prices the lowest con-
sistent with sterling quality,

ALBERT NURSERIES

ALBERT NEW BRUNSWICK

■ inff up (food grreen feed In a

A GOLD MINE ON YOUR FARM

BISSELL SILO

"Summer Feed all
Winter Long"

Scientlfloally built to keep
silage fresh, sweet and good
to the last. Built of selected
timber treated with wood
preservatives that prevent
decay. '

The BISSELJj STIjO has
strong, rigid walls, air-tight
doors, hoops of heavy steel.
Sold by dealers or address
us direct. Oet free folder.
Write Dept. "N."

T. E. B SSELL CO., Limited
Elora, Ontario.

<■

FREE LAND

For the SETTLER in

Northern Ontario

Millions of acres of virgin soil obtain-
able free and at a nominal cost are call-
ing for cultivation.

Thousands of farmers have responded
to the call of this fertile country and are
being made comfortable and rich. Here,
right at the door of Old Ontario, a home
awaits you.

For full information as to terras, regu-
lations, and settlers rates, write to

H. A. Macdonell

Director of Colonization
ParJIament Buildings, TORONTO

HON. G. HOWARD FERGUSON,
Minister of Lands, Forests and Mine*.

shipping point, and then senA clear to To-
ronto, where it must have retailed for be-
tween $4 and $5 per box. Sales of B. C.
apples on the prairies have been facilitated
by the shortage of cars, which has been
tying up Washington shippers even worse
than this province. P'irms who have been
indifferent whether they got their fruit sup-
ply from British Columbia or Washington,
are thus in some measvu-e being forced into
a little more patriotic consideration of the
matter.

It Is In the exjKjrt business, however, that
the greatest expansion of apiple markets Is
brought to light. To Europe, Asia, Africa,
and Australia large shipments of apples
have been sent from this Valley. Straight
west across the Pacific new marliets have
been found in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and
the Philippine Islands. With the Antipodes
a tremendous volume of business has de-
veloped. By a contract made at the begin-
ning of the year, the Okanagan United
Growers are shipping more than fifty car-
loads of apples to Australia and New Zea-
land, and other firms In the Valley have
also shipped there. From South Africa trial
shipments in iprevious seasons have brought
substantial orders, and a number of cars
have been dispatched thence. Shipments
have also been made from the Okanagan to
South American points. The British mar-
ket is being supplied increasingly every year
with British Oolumbia apples. It is difficult
to estimate what the business amounts to at
present, probably about fifty carloads from
all Okanagan sources. The British trade is
a valuable connection, but It Is somewhat
hampered just now by the scarcity of ocean
tonnage.

Okanagan apples were -well to the fore at
the Calgary Soil Products exhibition held in
October. A fifty-box exhibit entered in the
name of the Okanagan United Growers by
the Summerland Fruit Union, one of its
local bodies, gained first prize in its class,
defeating other districts of the province.
This fruit came from the packing houses of
the Summerland Union, under the manage-
ment of John Lawler, who at the last Spo-
kame International Fair won the world's
apple packing championship against all
comers. Summerland and Penticton also
had other winning exhibits at this show.

N.S. Fruit Growers' Meeting

The Annual Meeting of the Nova Scotia
Fruit Growers' Association will be hel^ at
Lawrencetown, Anna. Co., Jan. 16th, 17th
and 18th, 1917. This is a three day conven-
tion of all the fruit interests in the Province:
it is one of the oldest associations in the Do-
minion, having t)een organized in 1863.

SMALL FRUITS

Raipbtrriei. G»oscb<rrici.
Rfd Cumita. Black Car-
raott, Striwbtrrits, Rka-
birb Roots, etc., itc.

WM.FLEMING

NLKSKKVMAN
Owen Sound, Ontario

Fruit Growers

GEORGIAN BAY
PRUNER

is the best they have seen. It
cuts easy and cIo»e, is utrone
and of bc<it material. A school-
boy can use it. For parti julara
apply to

GEO. W. BULL

Manufacturer

Wiarton

OnUrio

'••ebest mab^

FOSTERS

standarp

POT

FLOWER POTS

Hanging Baskets and Fern Pans

We make the "Standard" Pot, the best
Pot in the world — 4jniforin, best of clay,
well burned, in every respect superior to
all others.

All our pots have rim on shoulder, thus
allowing them to be placed together per-
fectly and preventing breakage In ship-
ping and handling.

Place your Spring Order NOW.

A complete line and large stock of all
sizes kept on hand to ensure prompt ship-
ment.

Send for NEW CATALOG and PRICE
LIST.

The Foster Pottery Co.

HAMILTON, - - ONTARIO.

Main Street West.

Fruit and Vegetables Solicited

WE GET YOU BEST PRICES

Branch Warehouses:

Sudbury, North Bay,

Cobalt, Cochrane and

Porcupine.

References: The Cana-
dian Bank of Com-
merce (Martlet Branch)
OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, and Commercial
vegetables or ^neral produce. Aside from our large connection on
the Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses witli
competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and
Porcupine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready
outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interest's.

Agencies.

Send for
Shipping Stamp

H. PETERS

88 Front St. East, Toronto

Decemiber, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

.05

Niagara District

F. G. H. Pattison

The shipments of apples sent out from
the Grimsby-Winona section of the Niagara
District this year, were superior in quality
to those of any other apple district in the
Province. The reason was that the orch-
ards in this section were more thoroughly
sprayed and better cared for this season
than in the other districts.

Some of the apple orchards in the Winona
section have had an astonishingly clean
crop for this season. In one of these orch-
ards, which I personally inspected, scarcely
a wormy apple could be found, and there
was practically no scab. The output from
this orchard was over 400 barrels, ones and
twos, with about 50 'per cent, of ones. The
threes and culls were mostly sold in the
orchard to farmers and others coming from
far and near, to purchase their apples from
the fruit belt below the mountain, there
being practically no apples siouth almost to
Lake Erie. These apples Ibrought 50 cents
a bushel, the buyers picking them up from
under the trees.

Following are the results of a test of the
dry spray experiment conducted in the apple
orchard of W. Geddes, North Grimsby town-
ship, by Prof. Caesar, Provincial Entomolo-
gist.

Typical trees were selected, and 100 apples
taken from each. From the first tree, out of
100 apples there were 2 wormy, none scabby.
The second tree had 1 wormy and no scab.
In Greenings, tree No. one had 4 wormy, and

FUR COATS

Wnte to-day for the 1916-17
edition of HALLAM'S FUR STYLE BOOK.

32 Pages illustrated, which shows beautiful stylish
fur sets and fur coats moderately priced, and also Rwts
full particulars of HALLAM'S ZOOLOGICAL CONTEST.
64 Prizes. $300.00 In CASH given away free.
Address as follows:

GUNS, traps, animal bait, nets
and supplies are described and priced
in our 32 page Sportsman's Catalog which
we mail free.

RAW FURS— We are the largest Cash Buyer
of Raw Furs direct from the Trapper in Canada.-
319 Hallam BIdg., Toronto ^"^ Raw Fur Quotations Beat Free.

cJolui^alkm

A Merry Christmas to Each o£
Our Many Customers

WE wish to announce that we have a fine stock of Strawberry and
all other Small Fruiit Planits, Asparagus, Rhubarb, Seed Potatoes
and Seed Corn, which we are offering for Spring delivery. Our new
catalogue will come from the press about January 1st, and will be mailed
free to all who apply for it, as well as to all vrho have formenly applied
for the catalogue.

H. L. McCONNELL & SON

Port Burwell - - - Ontario

DISSTON

Pruning Saws

A Style for Every
Requirement

Flat steel
Irame, riveted
sockets, swivel
stretcher. Beech

handle, varnished edges,
two nickel-plated screws.
Blue steel blade. 14 inches.

Made on the same principles
as our Disston handsaws.
Designed to withstand

maximum "thrust"

without buckling,

and for easy,

rapid cutting.

J

Flat steel

back, narrow

tapered point,

. Beech handle, var-

beechwood grip. 14 [^
24 inches.

if

Write for "Pruning Saw Booklet."

HENRY DISSTON & SONS,

Limited

2FRASER AVENUE TORONTO, ONT.

306

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Kiliii

Booklet on Request

F you are interested in beautiful gardens — especially in those that
yield the greater pleasure of growing flowers out of season — we
will gladly send you, without obligation, a book on "The Joy of
Glass Gardens."

Address Dept. B.

GLASS GARDEN BUILDERS, LIMITED

I

Kent Building,
Toronto

Transportation Building, St. James St.,

Montreal
Factory— Georgetown, Ont.

^^

s

KINNER

YSTEM OF IRRIGATION

Control Complete. Prevents drought loss-
es. Reduces labor bills. Increases profit.
Special Portable Line for $11.75. Send for
new Bulletin.

Th0 Skinner Irrigation Co.
9^7 Water Street Troy, Ohio.

POTASH FERTILIZER

No. 1 unleached wood ashes containing a
high percentage of potash. Sold in any
quantity. The best ayid cheapest fertili;ier
for gardens, small fruits and orchards.

Prices reasonable — for particulars write

H. F. DOIG - Peterboro, Ont.

Insure Your Crops

WITH A

VH^nimotcr

It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless we made it

You fiiMi it good boisiness to insure your life,
your health, your home, then why not insure your
crops upon which your livelihood depends?
A few minutes' worlc with a Spramator at suitable intervals will rid
your crops of fungus diseases, and assure their arriving at maturity
in that hard, healthful condition that secures first-grade prices. We have
Spramotors adapted for every kind of spraying in every part of the world.
Let us quote you prices and terms to meet your own special needs. Meanwhile
write for a copy of our boolclet, which describes the varioois styles of Spramotor.s
and gives valuable information about the treatment of crop diseases. Made in
Canada. No duty to pay.

SPRAMOTOR WORKS, 3002 King Street, London, Canada

no scaib; tree No. bwo, no worms and no
.scab. A Spy tree had six wormy and .six
.scabby out of 100. On 135 apples from two
Jiusset trees, there .were no worms and no
scaib. The feiw worms found in this experi
ment were all what are known as "side"
worms.

On the trees sprayed with the dry spray
by means of the (blower, 90% of the San Jose
.scale was destroyed. These results appear
very satisfactory, and were more favorable
than some of the blower tests made else
where.

Speaking of the du.sting of fruit trees and
grape vines for the d€.s-truttion of insect
pests, rather than by the old method of
spraying. Prof. Caesar recommends a dust
of 80 per cent, sulphur and 15 per cent,
powdered arsenate of lead. This method,
he claims, is 8 times as fast as the spraying
plan, and he has secured just as good re-
sults in the destruction of the codling moth
and ridding apple trees of scale. He also is
of opinion that it will be necessary to have
further exten.sive experiments in this line
of work.

In St. Catharines neighiborhood not many
apples were packed this year, but the fruit
iwas fairly free from scaib, except on a few
Spys and Greenings.

Apples for the winter in Old Niagara will
cost the consumer much more this year than
formerly, as the demand is already exceed-
ing the supply, while the fruit, as a result
of the excessive rains of the early season,
and the heat and drought of the later
months, is not nearly so fine as the people
would like.

Vegetables of all kinds are scarce and
high-priced, and the result will be that
people's supply for the winter will be much
smaller than in past years.

Canning factories ibought up a large por-
tion of the Keiffer pear crop, paying about
1 cent a pound. Anjou, Clairgean and Seckel
pears were in good demand, at from 50c to
75c per basket.

In Lambton County peaches and pears
were plentiful this year, ibut apples were
small and scabby, many orchards not having
been properly sprayed, owing to wet weather
and lack of help in the spring.

A shipment of pears from Grimsby to
Glasgow arrived there in excellent condi-
tion, and brought the following prices: In
half boxes. Duchess, $1.92 to $2.10; Clair-
gean, $2.05; Anjou, $2.16 to $2.64; Base,
$2.40.

A report from Welland' states that nearly
200 tons of grapes during the present fruit
season have been bought by the foreigners
residing in the town of Welland, for the
purpose of making wine. The majority press
out the juice, place it in Ibarrels, and drink
it in that condition. The price paid was
from $25 to $30 per ton, so between $5,000
and $6,000 were expended for this grape
juice. The Welch Qrape Juice Company, of
St. Catharines, bought a large amount of
Concord grape.s around Grimsiby, paying
from $35 to $40 per ton for them.

iMr. A. G. Harris, Pomologist at the Vine-
land Experimental Station, has resigned his
position, to manage a large fruit plantation
in Colorado. During the past summer Mr.
Harris devoted most of his time to tne
new advertising scheme of the Niagara Dis-
trict Publicity Association, and was quite
successful in his canvass of the fruitgrowers
The Association label has heen largely u.sei
this season, and better results obtained than
under the 1915 plan.

It is reported that Canadian canning con-
cerns— the Dominion Canners being pjirti-
cularly mentioned — are finding that, owing
to the shortage of this year's pack, they

December, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

307

Icing Sugar

For frosting cakes, mak-
ing bonbons and other
confections without cook-
ing. Ask for it by name
at your grocers.

1 -lb Cartons only

Laniic
Sugar

is packed at the factory in
dust-tight cartons. Yours
is the first hand to touch it.

2 and 5-lb Cartons
10 and 20-lb Bags

"The A ll-PurposeSugar "

Send u* a red ball trade-mark for a
FREE Cook Book

Atlantic Sugar Refineries Ltd.

Power Bide. Montreal 90

I

FRUIT MACHINERY CO.

INGERSOLL, ONT.

Manufacturers of the Ontario Power
Sprayer Model 2-B, the handiest of them
all. Engine fills the tank. Also a com-
plete line of Apple Evaporating Machin-
ery and power evaporator equipment
Our complete power systems for evap-
orating as w^e install them- are practical,
sanitary and labor saving;.

Write for free Illustrated catalogue on
spraying and evaporating.

AN XMAS PRESENT
your friend will not forget

AGAIN you are faced with the problem of Christmas shopping.
The many drains which are being made upon your pocket by
various patrioitic funds make you wish to economize on your
presents this year.

Yet you must show that you remember your old friends. If your
friends -are interested in fruit growing, or in gardening, whether
flower or vegetable, (and who is not) wTiy not send them The Cana-
dian Horticulturist for a year?

The Canadian Horticulturist comes into the home every month,
fresh, helpful, readable. It will be a lasting reminder to your friends
of your thoughtfulness long after many more expensive gifts have
been forgotten.

Forego the drudgery of plodding through the wet, slushy streets.
Cease pushing your way through the crowds in your customary
tiresome, discouraging search for something suitable, and a)t the
same time not too costly. Try selecting your gifts while seated in a
comfortable chair before the fire.

HERE ARE OUR XMAS OFFERS
Good Only for December

n» ffftli Annual h;

CANADIAN
BORIICULIimiST

PrtirrlKiru. Ont,

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

f '^ 9=? 'j [' '■" "i

STYLE C

Thla la a New Model (or 1916, the result of
fifteen years' experience in Oreenhouce con-
•truction for Cana;da.

Dotted lines show location of wtnd-tiea
that posltlTely prevent* vibration of the aash.

Supplied in widths up to 2t feet 2^ Inches
from post to post.

KING CONSTRUCTION CO.,
40 Dovercourt Road • Toronto.

We will send The Canadian Horticul-
turist to your friend for a year and send
you any of our $1.00 horticultural books
for only $1.50.

We will renew your subscription for
two years and send The Canadian Hor-
ticulturist to your friend for one year
for only $2.00.

We will renew your subscription for one
year and send The Canadian Horticul-
turist to two of your friends for one
year each for only $2.00.
We will renew your subscription for
one year and send The Canadian Horti-
culturist to three of your friends for
one year each for only $2.65.
Extra subscriptions over three at 65c each.
This offer for December only. If your friend
lives in the United States, 25c postage must
be added to the above rates.
Just cut off the attached coupon, mark which offer you are using
and send in the names and addresses of your friends together with
a money order for the necessary amount. We will then enter the
names on our mailing list, and send to each of your friends named
a beautiful Christmas card bearing your Greetings aind the infoi-
mation that you have asked us to send them a year's subscription
to The Canadian Horticulturist. This will be sent to reach your
friend Xmas morning.

Do your Christmas shopping early. Addre.'^s all orders to

The Canadian Horticulturist

PETERBORO, ONT.

COUPON

Cut out Coupon. Fill in names and addresses of those friends whom you
wish to remember by giving a subscription to The Canadian Horticul-
turist. Pin a money order for the amount necessary and mail at once
to The Canadian Horticulturist, Peterboro, Ont.

Offer.

No.

1.

No.

a.

No.
No.

3.

4.

Mark X
opposite
the offer
you wish
to take up.

Address.

Also renew my subscription for years

sender address.

w

308

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

The Fruit and Produce Market

The Commission firms undernoted wisli consignments of fruit and general pro-
duce. Ttiey will be pleased to have you write ttiem for Information, sliipping
stamps, etc., If you liave fruit or vegetables for sale.

WANTED

ConslgTiments of Cherries, Tomatoes,
Peaches, Grapes and all kinds of fruit; also
oarlot apples. Centrally located, conveni-
ent to all car tracks. Commiisslon 10%.

HYSLOP&SONS, 132 Princtti S(. WiDcipeR, Man

References — Any mercantile as«ncy, or I ank of
Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont.

FRED BARKER

25 Church St., Toronto, Ont.

Representing J. & H. Goodwin, L/td., Man-
chester; Thos. Russell, Glasgow; Nothard &
Ijowe. Lrf>ndon; G. R. Cooper, Liverpool.

APPLE RECEIVERS.
Consignments Solicited.

DAWSON-ELLIOTT Co.

32 West IV1arl<et St., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit and Produce. Consign-
ments Solicited.

STRONACH & SONS

33 Church St., Toronto, Ont

Wholesale Fruit, Produce and Commis-
sion Merchants.

Brown Fruit Company

LIIVIITED

EDMONTON, ALTA.

Wholesale Fruits and Produce.

Car-load Shippers of Potatoes

SEND FOR QUOTATIONS.

HERBERT PETERS

88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont.

Wholesale Fruit and Produce

See advertisement on page 304.

Apple Receivers

Representing

Simons, Shuttleworth & Co.
Liverpool and Manchester.

Simons, Jacobs & Co. Garcia, Jacobs & Co.
Glasgow. Scotland. London, England.

SIMONS FRUIT CO,

David L. Dick, Manager.
27 CHURCH ST. : TORONTO, ONT.

Information regarding export markets on
request.

McBRIDE BROTHERS

J. R. McBrlde, Proprietor.

Fruit Exporters, Importers and Commission

Merchants.

Consignments solicited. Terma cash.

35 CHURCH ST., - TORONTO, ONT.

SAMUEL HISEY

82 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont
Wholesale Produce and Commission Mer-
chant. Consignments Solicited.

ESTABLISHED 1884

William Morgan&Co.

Fruit Brokers
CARDIFF

APPLE RECEIVERS.

Consignments receive our prompt per-
sonal attention.

Cable Address — Morgan, Cardiff.

44-46 Church St.

H. J. ASH

Toronto, Ont.

CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIT & VEGETABLES

SOLICITED
W« gire persaiul. coiuiatent aad raliable altenlion
to arerf coiuisnment. Shipping •Umpi funlihed
OS raquest.

A Good Finn on Two Good Markets

TOM ADAMS b^'^o^s.

Fruit Merchants
BRISTOL

TOM ADAMS b^r'^^^s.

Fruit Merchants
SWANSEA

Hf.d Office:- BRISTOL

Get in touch with them to-day if you want top price*
for your produce.

The Oldest
Commission House
In Toronto

NIC

m\^^

.lA^S

&^

rVE^^ST

Send your
Consignments.

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMINTS

AWv<rl>t<m<ali !■ ibii drpar ■>■! i»er<c4 •! iili •! ]
ceiu • word for ticb iuerliM. <acll iitara, lici. tr liaiU
Utt r lo caml u •■« nni, BiaiBan catt JCc, ■ licll;
cask ta arfvaace.

REAL ESTATE

ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fnait farms a speci-
alty. Writ* for C»Ulo«u«- W. B. C*ld«r.
Qrlmrty.

WANTED to hear from owntr of good farm for
>ia.\e. Northwestern Uuslneus Agency, Mtnne-
apohs, Minn.

SEEDS, BULBS AND PLANTS.

BULBS— Of aU de.scription.s. Write for prices
C. Ktiur & .Son.s. HilleKom. Holland. New
York Branch, 8-10 Bridge Street

BEES AND BEE SUPPLIES.

1,000 GUMMED HONEY LABELS, two colon
any wording, for J1.30. CataJoffue fr«e. East-
ern L«t>el Co., CUntonvllIe. Conn.

FOR SALE— 117 Colonies of Italian Bees. For
price apply fo Jas. Martin, Hillsdale, Ont.

may have to 'buy back some of their own
goods at an advanced price, or else import
American supplies, in ord«r to fill their
contracts. The Holding Company, repre-
senting practically all the canners, is badly
oversold. Opening prices the week before
last were $2.15 per dozen for 2% lb. toma-
toes, as against 95c for the 3 lb. size a year
ago. Contracts have already ibeen made at
about $1.35, and delivery has (been niude at
even lower prices in some cases.

The extent to which the larger distribu-
tors demand delivery will determine the
outcome for the canners. The latter are
reported to be ibuying hack their own pro-
duct from wholesalers, at prices around
$1.50 per dozen.

The deficiency in canned goods can be
filled from the States, but only at prices
that will reduce consumption so that it is
likely that not more than half the deficiency
will be supplied. These supplies will come
chiefly from Maryland, and prices are, to-
matoes, $2; peas, $1.75 to $2; beans, $1.50
to $2; corn, $1.75 per dozen.

A later report says: "Retail buyers are
holding back in face of the extreme prices,
tut it is said that canners have actually been
buying back tomatoes from jobber? at $2.25
for 3-lb. tins, an<J $2.15 for 2% lb. tins."

It has been estimated that the amount of
fruit shipped from the Niagara Peninsula
this season will come to 93,000 tons, valued
at $5,500,000. Peaches have the greatest
acreage, pears the lowest. Plum3 have de-
creased in acreage 48 per cent. In the last
6 years, and cherries have increased 21 per
cent. The increase in the acreage of peaches
since 1910 is about 20 per cent.

The Beamsville Preserving Company fin-
ished the season's work on Nov. 18th The
pack is fully up to other years in all except
tomatoes. The shortage of potatoes and
other vegetables is agitating the people In
the cities, and they are blaming the market-
gardeners and farmers for the high prices.
Recent prices on Hamilton market were:
Potatoes per ibasket, 45c to 50c, per bag,
$2.25 to $2.50; carrots and beets per basket,
40c to 65c; onions, 75c; parsnips, 45c to 50c;
turnips, 30c; celery, per doz., 40c to 75c;
lettuce, 50c to 70c; cabbage, 75c to $1.00;
cauliflower, each, 15c to 25c; pumpkins and
squash, each, 10c to 15c; pears are 25c to
40c per basket, and apples, 35c to 70c.

December, 1916.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

1916 Index for The Canadian Horticulturi^ and

The Canadian Horticulturi^ and Beekeeper

Volume XXXIX.

Beekeeping —
A Method of Recording Color Varia-
tions 7

Outdoor Wintering 8

Losses from Maple Honey 9, 32

Quebec Beelieepers' Annual Conven-
tion 10

Poison Baits in their Relation to Bees 11
Useful Appliances for Elxtracting

Honey 31

Honey Sources of Northern Ontario.. 34
British Columbia Notes. .11, 35, 99, 128,155

Notes from Manitoba 10-35

Spring Management in the North .... 63
Cleaning up European Foul Brood. ... 64
How Victoria County Bees are Wint-
ered 65

March In the Apiary 66

Manitoba Beekeepers' Convention ... 66
Co-operative Experiments in Apicul-
ture in 1915 67

Queen Records 95

A Tale of Woe 95

Spring Management 96, 97, 127

Spring Dwindling 97

Swarm Prevention and Control 98

Some Suggestions for the Manufac-
turers 98

New Brunswick Beekeepers Pro-
gressing 99

Feeding the Bees 125

I Sweet Clover Condemned 125
Out Door Wintering in Manitoba 127
Legislation for Beekeepers 128
A Beekeeper's Retrospect of 1915... 151
A Successful Wintering Experiment. . 153

Rearing of Good Queens 154

Honey from Blueberries 173

The Experiences of the Farmer Bee-
keeper ■. . . 174

Bee Notes from the Kootenays. . . . 177, 275
Packages of Beesi — Their Use and

Abuse 197

Swarm Control 199

Notes for August 200

Beekeepers' Supplies and Methods... 201

Wintering Proiblems Discussed 221

Random Observations 222

Selling the Honey Crop 224

White Honey Crop Report 225

Freeing Bees from Supers 245

Methods of Wintering Bees 245

Experiences in Cellar Wintering 247

The Honey Resources of Canada 248

The Honey Crop and Market Prospects 248

Don'ts for Beekeepers 249

The Marketing of Honey 271

Wintering the Bees 272

An Efficient Beekeeper 273

Comb Building 274

Ontario Beekeepers' Convention .... 275
A Day with Beekeepers in Victoria

County 293

The Honey Season of 1916 294

Eflficiency In Beekeeping 295

Wax Extractors 296

Beekeeping In Manitoba 296

Conventions, Reports of —

Queibec Fruit Growers HoM Profitable
Meetings 12

Business Problems Discussed by On-
tario Fruit Growers 36

Manitoba Horticulture and Forestry

Association 84, 43

Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers.... 81

British Columbia Fruit Growers 210

Canadian Horticultural Association.. 225
Ontario Vegetable Growers' Associa-
tion 280

Ontario Horticultural Convention 297

Ontario Vegetable Growers' Associa-
tion 298

Editorials —

Theories Upset 10

City Beautification 10

A Remedy Required 10

Dust Sprays 34

The Growers and the Canners 34

The Duty on Apples 66

Town Planning and Practice 66

The Collapse of Co-operation 66

Home Markets Shrinking 98

Protect the Plants 98

Patriotism and Production 99

Home Market Conditions 128

Mother's Day 128

The War's Influence Appearing 128

Marketing Agencies 154

Checking Transportation Interests ... 154

Protecting Bird Life 154

A Creditable Effort 154

Trade Marking Fruit 176

The Late Dr. James 176

Weeds on City Lots 176

Economic Issues 200

Embellishing Buildings 200

Beautifying Civic Playgrounds 201

Government Interference 224

Street Boulevards 224

A Venture in Cooperation 248

Forming New Societies 248

Western Farmers Retaliate 248

The Home Beautiful 249

The Paper Situation 274

Orchard Diseases 274

Bird Protection 275

Northern Grown Potatoes 236

The Town Beautiful 296

Fertilizers —

Orchard 3

A Fruit Farm Where Commercial

iFertllizers Have Paid 5

Prefers Commercial 6

Principles Made Plain 8

Flowers —

Floral Sugigestions for January 7

The Gloxinia 30

Notes on Neiw Plants and Flowers. .31, 65

Rubber Plants 32

Dwarf Chrysanthemums 60

The Development and Propagation of

the Lilac 61

Annual Flowers Worthy of Favor ... 95
Annual Flowers In Association With

Other Plants 133

The Control of Enemies of the Rose. . 149

Hardy Perennial Borders 152

Summer Care of Roses 172

Summer Preparation for Winter 196

The Night Blooming Cactus 199

Plan Now for Paeonles Next Year 221

How and When to Plant Bultos 223

Are There Barren Paeonles 244

Do Not Forget the Lilies 245

Hints on Transplanting 246

Simply Facts aibout the Growing of

Bullbs 247

The House Culture of Bulbs 268

Pall Planting and Protection of Roses 269

Rearranging the Flower Borders 272

A Chat About Roses 28

Asters and Their Requirements 90

Plant Paeonles in Septemlber 220

What Bulbs to Grow 243

iFlowers that Brighten the Home 291

Vines and Their Uses 293

Decorative Perennials for the Autumn

Garden 2S0

Fruit-
Strawberry Crates for Ontario 1

Notes on the Season's Fruit Trade 13

A Nova Scotia Grower's Methods 26

The Grading of Basket Fruits 37

Seventeen Years' Experience In

Peach Growing 53

Problems of the Fruit Grower 55

Pruning Trees to Promote Production 57

Basket Packages for 69

Packages for Tender [ 109

Factors of Success in Strawberry

Growing 117

How Blossoms are Fertilized 119

Essentials of Success in .-. 120

Export Apple Trade 129

The Apple Situation at the Cast 134

Some Phases of Packing and Market-
ing Basket 141

Best Packages for Tender Fruit Ship-
ments J45

Nova Scotia's Production of Apples.. 163

Marketing Tender Fruits 167

Culture of Small Fruits 169

Bees Not Injurious to 169

The Outlook for 173

The Fruit Trade at Montreal ........ 179

Inspection in the East 182

The Mcintosh Apple 185

Cranberry Culti re in Nova Scotia 191

Strawberry Growing in Quebec 206

No British Emibargo on 209

Quince as an Ontario Fruit 212

Standardization of Fruit Packages.. 213

Packing the ISI6 Apple Crop 215

Raspberry Packing for the West 216

Apple Orcharding Should toe a Main

Line 217

What Que<bec Might do in Fruit Pro-
duction 219

Preceded Shipments of Strawberries. 226

Small Fruit Packages and Packing 237

Points to Watch Ordering Nursery

Stock 239

The Merits of the Duchess Apple 240

Methods of a Large Apple Grower 241

Canadian vs. the American Apple

Standard Box 242

Tests of Pears In Eastern Queibec 243

Okanagan Valley Notes 252

The Triumphs of Efficient Methods.. '261
The Expeditious Handling of Basket

Fruit 263

Pointers by an Experienced Pear

Grower 264

Lessons From the 1916 Apple Season. 265
Dealers' Views on Standard Packaiges. 266
Mulching Strawberries 273

vl.

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

Floral Edition.

Advertising Apples on an Ambitious

Scale 276

Manitoba Fruit for Hybridization 281

Lessons from Failures 288

Gardens —
Informal Planting of Home Grounds 33, 64
Planning the Garden of Satisfaction. . 93

Early Work In the Flower 94

How I Made My Garden Pay 96

Suggestions for May 125

A Velvety Lawn Adds Beauty to the. . 147
A Garden In The Critical Month of

June 151

Early Season Work in the 153

Have a Pergela in Your 170

Cultivating, Watering and Succession

for the Home 171

The Garden and Grounds of Clydagh

House 173

Suggestions for July 174

The Vegetable Garden in July 175

The Garden of a Summer Cottager . . 195

Suggestions for August 197

September Activities in the Home. . . . 222

Making the Garden Live Longer 270

Planning the Home Lot 59

Plan of a Horoe Vegetable Garden .... 90

Preparations for Planting 121

Luxuries for the Home Garden 122

The Grounds and Garden of Cralgleigh 219
October Preparations and Precautions

for Winter 243

Greenhouse —

Insect Pests in the Amateur's 5

The Pleasures of a Home-Made 194

Horticultural Societies —
1)1 35, 67, 99, 129, 155, 177, 225, 249, 275

Insects and Diseases —

The Fruit Tree LeafjRoller 21

Control of Fruit Insects, With Special

Reference to Nova Scotia 25

Sucking Insects of the Apple 59

Two Fruit Pests to Watch for 118

Leaf Curl Disease of Peach 166

Insect Pei5ts In Manitoba 205

Diseases of Potatoes 231

The Apple Sca;b Problem 285

The Fruit Tree Leaf Roller in New

York State 287

Fighting the Potato Beetle 290

Fighting the Pests of House Plants.. 292

Irrigation —
Results from the Skinner System 143

Markets —

Marketing Garden Produce 17

iCanadian Apples in South Africa .... 19
A Forward Step in Cooperative Mar-
keting 250

Miscellaneous —

Niagara Notes

viii., vii., 48, 9, viii., 138, 157, 181

Better Net Returns for Local Associa-
tions 68

How to Prevent Cooperation 79

Annapolis Valley Notes . .x., 184, 256. 281
Success and Failure in Cold Storage. . 100

Better Net Returns 104

Cooperation in the Niagara District. . 130
British Columibia Fruit ' Growers

Helped 156

Reasons for Cooperative Failures.... 159
Planning Cities to Make them Beau-
tiful 177

Cooperative Methods Not a Cure-All. 189
Notes on the Montreal Fruit Trade ... 203

Orchard —
The Right and Wrong Way to Care

For An 27

Fertilization 87

I^inie in the 119

Methods of Cultivation 121

Plants—

The Care of House 29

Spring Work With House 124

Pointers in Potting 127

Winter Protection of Tender 271

Care and Culture of House Plants 6

Poultry —

17 46, 80, 106, 140, v.. 213, 300

Seeds —

Starting Seeds in the Hotbed 63

Conditions of the Seed Market 178

Shru/bs —

Pruning Shrubs 60

Spraying-
Orchard Sprays 23

Poison Sprays and Poison Baits 28

Methods in Nova Scotia 89

Dusting Fruit Trees 118

Spraying at Different Dates 144

Dust Sprayer Tested in Mr. Gibson's

Orchard 166

Tests of Dust Sprays 178

Sulphur Dusting for Apple Scab in

Nova Scotia 220

Vegetables —

A Northern Ontario Vegetable Garden 9

Vegetable Growers Have Losses 13

The Production from Seed 54

Growing Vegetables for a Family of

Seven 91

Sowing . . . , 97

Asparagus Culture 207

Field Crop Competition 258

Onions Along Lake Erie 267

Profitable Vegetable Cropping 289

Successful Vegetable Growing 290

The Cellar Vegetable Garden 295

Get Our

Spring
Catalogue

We want every reader
of the "Canadian Hor-
ticutturist" to send for
a copy of our new
Catalogue which will
be mailed free early
in January. It will
contain a select list of
Vegetable and Flower
Seeds, varieties which
we have tested and
proved most suitable.

Do It Now

GEO. KEITH & SONS

124 KING ST. EAST - TORONTO

ESTABLISHED 1866

Send a Post Card

For the Land^s Sake

Use the best ^Manure
and get

GOOD CROPS

For Nurseries, Fruit Growers
and Gardeners.

Sure Growth Compost

(A Composition of all Natural Manures)

Makes poor land fertile and keeps fertile
land most productive.

Supplied by

S. W. Marchment

133 Victoria St., TORONTO

Telephone* : Main 2841 ; Reiidence, Park 9S1
Sar rov MW thi* ad. in Th* Cuudiaa HorticttkarW

I

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