vmw«nW-i' IWPPPiPPiiiPi li ■ II. 'i ■■ A^ SLiy )t':nci'>>o,'o.ci\-^"^ \ IHDUST Toronto Public Library. Reference Department. THIS BOOK MUST NOT BE TAKEN OUT OF THE ROOM. 'T bc?^ The Canadian Horticultun^ Floral Edition Vol. XLV. TORONTO, JANUARY, 1922 No. 1 Sweet Peas in British Columbia As the flowering season of the sweet pea as grown here for seed pur- ^ poses has only recently drawn to a close, and while the behavior of the different varieties is fresh in one's memory, it is an opportune time to make a comparison betMcen the differ- ent varieties in their respective colors and to decide which one to grow an- other year. This season has been a particularly favorable one for sweet peas in this part of the country, and all varieties, both old and new, have done remarkably well. During June, climatic conditions were such (dull, muggy weather), that a fungus disease at- tacked the plants and stunted the main shoots. Inside of a week or ten days, however, this had disappeared, and the laterals grew just as healthily as if nothing had happened. This disease also attacked sweet" peas in the same way, and for a few days, things looked mighty serious for the sweet pea growers around Victoria, of \\hich there are quite a number. It may be interesting to your Eastern i-eaders to know that forty acres of sweet peas are being grown for seed in the vicinity of Victoria this year (U)21), and the probabilities are that many more Avill be grown next year. Most of this seed is grown for English seed houses. Seed of the latest varieties is sent out here to be grown and, in fact, quite a few varieties ai'e to be seen that are not yet dis- seminated. Of these, of course, I dare not say anything. Sweet peas do remarkably Avell on South Vancouver Island, the climate being ideal for them. Being able to sow the seed early in February, thoy have a long season of growth, and the l)right hot days and cool nights of the summer months are just suited for setting and lipening the seeds of the highest qual- (rco. A. Robinson, Royal Oak, Victoria, B.C. ity. Our seeds are all hand picked, being left on the vines until they are thoroughly ripe. This ensures good quality seed, much more so than if they were cut and thrashed, ripe and unripe at the same time. Such a \ariety of sweet peas is grown now that it is a difficult matter to pick out a list which will suit everyone's taste or every pur- pose. However, I will endeavor to give you what I consider the best varieties in their respective classes. A few of the novelties sent out this year are great advances over older varieties, notably: Royal Scot, Picture, and Gladys, in light Ijlues. Mrs. Tom Jones is magnificent and stands alone in its color, as also does Commander Godsall. In dark blues the latter vari- ety has superseded Jack Cornvvall, V.C., and Lord Nelson Spencer. In blush- pinks. Elegance is true to name, being a A Field of Sweet Ppas in British Columbia. Koft.v anus of .sweet pea.s for .seed Krown in the vicinity of Victoria, Our illu.straiion .ihows » (Itlfi of Bleg-ancc. beautiful variety, a good groAver, with long stems, and holds its color well. Doris is a beautiful cerise-pink. Glory is supposed to be an improvement over 'this variety. It is a little darker in color, but Doris will hold its own in any company. Royal Scot, cerise-scarlet is a good pea in every respect, being large, a good grower and of splendid color. Old favorites sueh as Alex. Maloolm and Ed. Cowdy, will have to take a back seat with this variety. In scarlet-reds. Scarlet Glow is a good thing, but I like Mrs. C. P. Tomlin better. There are many new cream-pinks being sent out and it is hard to make a selection as they are all good with slight variations in color, habit of growth, etc. Picture, Cecily, The Queen, Fair Lady, Caress, Giant Attrac- tion, Market Pink and Mrs. Arnold Hitchcock are all good, but I think the two first named are the cream of the best. Charity is a grand crimson and stands head and shoulders above Sunproof Crimson and King Edward Spencer. I have, hoAvever, seen one in the trial grounds this year, not yet disseminated, Avhich, I think, Avill supersede Charity Avhen it is sent out. Mrs. J. T. Wakefield is classed as finished-pink. It is a lovely pea and should be generally groAvn. This variety and Mrs. Tom Jones Avere the only tAvo varieties to gain unanimous aAvards of merit by the National SAveet Pea Society, of England, in 1920. There are quite a fcAv lavenders, most of Avhich are lovely cojors. In dark lavenders, Gladys, F. R. Felton. Lavender Belle, and Austin Fredei-ick Im- proved, are all splendid varieties. In light laA'enders, HaAvhnark Lavender and Tin win's fjavender are both good and Avell Avorth groAving. Splen- dour, Wcmpl;. . and Dobbie's Maroon, in mai6on,s,''' iii^p all good varieties, esppcially Splendrmj-- This variety has ro-'tracc of purple' in it at all. King M/Huve is in a cla-sts-by itself, as also is Royal Purple in tl)'el,r I'e.spective colors. " •■ • Tangerine, and Robert SydejrAam ImproA'ed, are tAvo grand 'orange- colored varieties, but Unfortunately they burn badlv in the sun. OroAvn B.C., last ye.ir, THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition viuder glass they are fine. In orange- scarlets, Ed. Cowdy, The President, and May Unwin, are fine, but they burn in the sun. Grown shaded, the colors are intense. Jean Ireland, as cream-ground picotee, and Annie Ireland a, white- ground picotee, are both nice flower and worth growing. Hebe is a fine pink and has replaced Hercules. It is a good grower with a long stem. Daisybud is a beautiful pale pink and should be largely grown. Hawlmark. Pink stands alone in dark pinks. A batch of this in the field is a sight worth seeing. Unfortunately, it broke badly this year, but by persistent selection and conscientious ros;uing, it can be kept fairly true, and is worth the trouble. Unwin 's Pink is also a good dark pink, but perhaps better on the ex- hibition table than in the garden. There has been less improvement in white sweet peas than in any of the other colors. Mascot's "White and Moneymaker are both good and Con- stance Hinton, although it shows a tinge of pink when opening its flowers, is, nevertheless, a grand variety. With every grower striving to get a yellow sweet pea, it is no wonder that there are numerous creams on the market. In color, they all look alike to me. Felton's Cream, Unwin 's Cream and Majestic Cream are all good growers with long stems. In selecting the fifteen best varieties in their respective colors as I have seen them growing, I should place them as follows: Mrs. Tom Jones, Elegance, Royal Scot, Charity, Splendour, Gladys, Hawlmark Pink, Doris, Constance Hin- ton, Royal Purple, Felton's Cream, Pic- ture or Cecily, Daisybud, King Mauve, Mrs. Wakefield.— The Canadian Florist. Everbearing Strawberries L. M. McConnell, Port Burwell, Ont. THAT race of strawberries known as the everbearing strawberries is, to many people, a conundrum. They canot understand how any vari- ety of strawberries can produce two crops in a season. This is true, never- theless, as has been proved by hundreds and thousands throughout the contin- ent. They are becoming very popular in many sections; are ideal for the home garden, and -are planted exten- sively by some as a commercial proposi- tion. After eight years close study and.'expenenee with the Everbearing stravvljerries, i have found that they are a fixed type of , berry and that they .-are truly everbearing (that is, fruiting ■fiom spring till fall;) '■ :There is no ch'an'ce of the everbear- ard-of June bearing sorts, but they are very valuable .'in their place and are well dfeservjng of extensive trial by all. "The everbearing sorts are planted in the .si)riug, tiie ,sa.i.. ..j„i<:,.. ...,ii.g fol- lowed as with the standard varieties. Keep well cultivated and hoed throughout the season. Plant on well enriched soil which is well drained and in a good state of cultivation. After planting keep all blossoms picked off until about the middle of July. Be- fore the middle of August you can commence to pick ripe berries in abun- dance and continue to do so till hard freezing weather. Last fall I picked berries after the 15th of October. With regard to culture they can be grown in the matted row system, but the most popular way is the hill meth- od. By the hill system no runners are alowed to take root and, therefore, the full strength goes into the plant, and it is astonishing the berries that are ■produced. It is nothing unusual for a plant to bear from one to two boxes of berries during the summer and fall. i .,c ..Lcoiid season, they will pro- duce a heavy crop in the regular season during June and July and after about two weeks' rest will commence to fruit again and continue to do so throughout the balance of the season. The chief merits of the everbearing strawberries are as follows : 1 — Their remarkably long fruiting season, giv- ing fresh berries practically all summer and fall. 2 — High prices received for the fruit during August and Septem- ber. 3— Are not injured by late spring frosts, for if the early blossoms are killed by frost, they will imediately put forth more blossoms. 4 — Will grow suceesfully wherever standard varieties are grown. Are very success- ful in the western provinces. With regard to varieties, the Pro- gressive is without doubt the best of the everbearers. Other good sorta are Americus, Superb and Peerless. Ordering Plants and Seeds W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist MANY persons leave the ordering of plants and seeds until very shortly before they are needed in the spring with the result that there are frequent disappointments as either the variety desired is sold out or there is not time to test the germinating power of the seed received, before planting time, and if, after it is sown, few plants come up there may not be time to re-sow and obtain a good crop. The early plant- ing of most varieties is important if the best results are to be obtained. It is wise, therefore, to plan one 's garden sev- eral months ahead and to order early. Catalogues from t he most reliable seed and nursery firms, which are usually available in January, should be obtained in good time and the order sent off without delay. The best is none too good for one's home garden, hence, when planning what is to be ordered, lists of best fruits, flowers, and vegetables should be con- sulted. This information can be ob- tained through the Dominion Experi- mental Farms. There is a great difference in the strains of the same varieties of vegetables and flowers, and usually seed of the best strains is more expensive than where careful selection has not been made, but the small difference between the cost will be compensated many times over by the superiority of the crop. This higher priced seed does not refer to novelties, which may be only old varieties under new names or new sorts which are not as good as the older ones. The testing of novelties should be left largely to the experimental stations. Some of the vege- tables where good strains eounx iQUCh are tomatoes, cauliflowers, and onions, but there is a great difference in the strains or selections of other kinds as well. This applies to flower seeds also, and it is very annoying when one has ordered seed of phlox, verbena, aster, or some other annual of a certain color, to have a mixed lot when the plants come in bloom. It is desirable to mark "no substitu- tion" on the order one sends as some- times seedsmen will substitute other sorts for those ordered, which the buyer does not want. This substitution is not so im- portant in the case of vegetables and flower seeds unless on6 is growing these on a large scale, as it only affects one year's operations, but when one is deal- ing with fruit trees which may remain alive through the greater part of one's life, it is very important not to have in- ferior sorts substituted for good ones. It is better to receive trees and plants a little too early than late, as provision can usually be made for putting them in a cellar for a few days if necessary before the ground is ready for them. When ordering, it is a good plan to ask for de- livery of trees at the earliest date that one is likely to be able to plant as it is very unsatisfactory to receive tre^". shrubs, or herbaceous perennials when spring is far advanced. This applies particularly to roses, many of which fail to grow when received late in the spring, but all trees and shrubs will suffer if planted late. Small orders are liable to be left by nurserjonen until large orders are filled unless the order is received early, before the rush, which is another reason why one should not delay in ordering. January, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Beautifying the Verandah W. E. Groves, Hamilton, Ont. VERANDAHS should be given more planning than they often receive, and may be treated to some extent according to size. Hanging pots are pleasing if used in moderation, and carefully at- tended to during the growing season. Have the boundary wall or rail, so that it is not continuously of the same height. This can be done without bad- ly marring the architecture, and if more built-in receptacles for planting were used, there would be less of the artificial appearance sometimes seen. It is, of course, easy to fix boxes on a brick wall and plant with advantage, but it is not so easy to do the same thing on a 1921 verandah rail. A few plants placed on stands, or even on the verandah floor, is a good addition, but it is well to avoid crowding. Steps could be much improved gen- erally. In a majority of houses, they are not built massive enough. It is pos- sibly easier to say this than to provide the remedy, but from the garden view- point, there is much to gain by provid- ing a bold approach to any home. Planting should, always be done on either side of stone or brick steps, either shrubs or a small rockery being suitable. "Where there are pillars they are obviously meant to take a box or tub of plants. Something green gener- ally gives the best effect. Plants for window and verandah boxes in the more sunny aspects should include dra- caenas, Asparagus sprengeri, coleus, and some of the commoner trailing plants for green, with geraniums, petu-, nias and verbenas for brightening up. Vivid scarlet and salmon pink gerani- ums are each good. For a touch of blue, trailing lobelia and ageratum are useful, and for white, alyssum, white geraniums, and some of the silver foli- aged plants are chiefly used. There is always a temptation to plant thickly for immediate effect. It might be an ultimate gain, if there were less crowd- ing, and room left for development. For shady positions, begonias, fuchsias, heliotrope, with a similar mixture of green usually provide the best assort- ment. Ferns might be more often used, especially if there is some protection from prevailing winds. If boxes are portable, a fine spring bulb effect can be secured by planting bulbs in late fall, keeping in cool cel- lar and retarding as much as possible. When real danger of frost is over, the boxes can go out, and a fine effect can often be had for some time before the usual summer planting. The best plants for real winter effect are Nor- way spruce, arborvitaes, cedars and junipers. These retain their coloc better than many other kinds, and are always fairly effective. For plant boxes and tubs, spruce is the best win- ter plant, and, of course, boxwoods for summer. By way of a change, small evergreens may be used amongst the flowering plants in summer. There is also a golden privet quite attractive for this purpose, though it will not stand the winter in this climate. Baby ram- bler roses in boxes sound out of place, but given a good position, a fairly large box, and plenty of attention, are really uncommon. Amongst useful verandaV. plants are Hydrangea hortensis, sever- al good varieties being admirable for this purpose. "Window boxes may be used freely where there is little or no real garden. This decoration may easi- ly be overdone and should be restrain- ed, excepting under the conditions named. Plants suggested for veran- dah boxes will be suitable, care being taken not to crowd unduly. To sum up, real home beautifying should commence at the street, and be continued through to the back alley- way. There is hardly a spot in the whole garden, where something will not ffrow. Trees, shrubs and flowers should find themselves in happy com- bination, not always according to strict rule, but along the lines laid down by the great teacher. Nature. In this par- ticular time of stress and strain when men everywhere seem to be groping after something they know not what, there is an emphasized demand for the content and quietness associated with gardens. For the sake of an individual and national uplift, for the sake of na- tional purity, the home beantiful is es- sential. Bolshevism and beauty are thoughts absolutely opposed to each other. They are positively insoluble, and it is no far-fetched assertion, to say that in a land of good homes, ex- treme social theories have no place. It is, perhaps, safe to say that this glori- ous country will only find its proper place, and become fixed as a real star in the srreat firmament of the divine, when throusrh the town garden lots, and c{o^yn the country sides there comes the fragrance, the beautv and the fflory of homes, not only made beautiful by the hands of those who dwell in them, but are loved and cared for right to the point of beautification. "Watch the house plants for pests. The most troublesome are green and black aphis, red spider, scale and mealy bug. A dry temperature is con- ducive to increasing these. For aphis use a strong solution of tobacco water. The best preventive for red spider is moist temperature and sprinkling the foliage, especially on the lower side. For scale, wash the leaves with strong soap suds, rinsing with cold water. Brush mealy bugs off the plants with a small brush or stick. Destroy them while young. An Attractive Window Box A window box of petunias, grown and photographod by O. H. Foster, Ken-wood, Ont. !if cd v/iiB »own In the box In moderately lie)! Bandy loam. Bloom continued from the middle of July unlil late in October. The Mnlrh the strawberries and fruit frees and shrubs if this has not been done. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral EUitioii Water Features and Arches HERE arc a few simpld features that in their proper place add htrgely to the home appear- ance. Where steps in a garden are required, stone or brick with plantings on either side are pleas- ing. They should be wide, and not over six inches in depth. Some of the lesser used paths may l)e gi'uss. Pleas- ant to walk in, restful to the eye, they also form a delightful blend with the colors in nearby planting. A water feature is of intense inter- est, where it can be provided with any naturalness. Even a built fountain or pool, if the Avater is on the same level as the garden, may be made really ar- tistic. At the end of a walk or grass area appears to be the fitting place. The grass can extend to the edge, or some planting between stones round the edge helps to make the appearance more natural. If some bright-colored (lowering plants can be placed near the pool, the oiitdoor mirror of the sur- face of the water produces a charming effect. The idea can, of course, be ex- tended to include Avater lilies and fish, and it might also attract the birds to some extent. Arches, both wire and rustic, are al- ways admired. They should be mas- sive enough to give an impression of stability and when covered are an added charm. They may be used to advantage near steps, or on paths to give the appearance of additional length, or at walk intersections. From arches to pergolas is not far, for the latter is but a glorified arch. One of t.lie finest kinds of garden architecture, it has to be planned with care, and should only be used where the position is suitable. Covering steps down to a garden level, and extejiding a few feet along a path ; at the end of a garden wall, or at garden intersections are possible positions. If built of wood that has to be painted, a dull brown color is the best. Wlien well planted with any of the vines named, the first and right impression is rather of the plants than the structure. There is not sufficient time to deal with the con- struction but a Avell built pergola de- mands some thought and labor, and is \\orth it. Plum Pockets Prof. L. Caesar, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. PLUM pockets or bladder plums is a disease that is confined in On- tario, apparently, to native varie- ties, doing no damage to the European kinds; hence, it is not of much import- ance to commercial plum growing. How ever, as it often almost ruins the crop of native plums, and as "many farmers, especially in the colder dis- tricts, prize these varieties highly, it will be of interest to them to know that the disease can be controlled at small expense. Plum pockets or bladder plums, or, as the farmers often call them, blasted plums, are characterized by the fruit, instead of developing normally, be- coming much swollen soon after jt is set, turning first pale yellowish or reddish color and later brownish. If such fruits are examined, they will be found to be spongy, leathery in tex- ture and to have no pit inside. More- over, they drop several weeks before healthy plums are ripe. This disease is caused by a fungus which seems to winter chiefly on the buds, and, like peach leaf curl, to which it is closely related, can be con- trolled by an early spray with lime- sulphur, 1 gallon to 7 or 8 gallons of water, applied very thoroughly in the spring before the buds have begun to show signs of bursting. In spraying take special pains to cover the twigs thoroughly. About ten years ago the writer test- ed this method and obtained excellent results. Lately it has been again test- ed on a larger scale in Montana and again proved satisfactory. No poi-son is needed with the lime sulphur. Pruning the Orchard W. S. Blair, Kentvilie, N.S. THE pruning of orchard trees should receive more than passing notice. Successful pruning is that which removes the least amount of top possible to give an open head and elim- inate undesirable branches. It is pretty well established by experimental data that anything which reduces the vigor of the top in like degree reduces the vigor of the root. The reduced vigor is undoubtedly due to loss of foliage, which is the factory of food production for the tree. You can quite understand, however, that the removal of certain branches would inci-ease the vigor of the leaves on remaining branches. Hence, by cutting down the leaf-bearing area, you may produce conditions that will make that area more efficient. The reduction of leaf- bearing ai'ea, however, beyond a cer- tain point may seriously interfere with proper food elaboration. So it is de- sirable that moderate annual rather than excessive pruning on occasional years should be practiced. A principle of pruning not well un- derstood, and from my observation sel- dom used, is, that branches to be re- pressed, should be cut heavily, and those to be stimulated should be cut lightly or not at all. Make practical application of this fact in your prun- ing operations, and it will do more to a.ssist you in shaping your trees and getting a proper spread than anything else. If you practice this, you do un- even cutting, and the avr-ijufp ntnnfM- would laugh at the job. To illustrate this point, Mippusu uno branches which arise from the same branch, are cut back equally. They will tend to produce equal growth the next year. If one is cut back heavily, and the other lightly or not at all, the latter will continue to form the frame- work of the tree, whereas the other will become a secondary branch. A heavy pruning when trees are dor- mant disturbs the equilibrium exist- ing between top and root. Nature endeavors to restore this balance the following season by the growth of leaf developing branches, and the chances are that maximum fruit bud develop- ment will not take place. Nature aims to replace the lost foliage area result- ing from heavy pruning rather than form fruit buds. For this reason heavy pruning has the opposite effect of light pruning. Light pruning makes it pos- sible to develop large trees more quickly, and is also conducive to early fruiting. Do not, hoAvever, get the impression from what has been said, that little or no pruning is necessary. Without judicious pruning, you cannot develop satisfactory crops, but aim to direct your pruning operations so that best results will be obtained. If the severe pruning usually pj'acticed on young trees were followed at our Experiment Station, the trees would not have the size nor would they produce the fruit they do. You know right well that the average pruner prefers pruning a young to an old tree. He would much rather do it than to get up into a big tree, and take out the surplus branches carrying Aveak buds, which necessarily must produce weak leaves. The num- ber of branches under some of our young trees after the average pruner gets through Avith the job gives one the impression that feAv Avho prime under- stand the principles iiivolA'ed, their AA'hole aim apparently being to develop an open, good looking tree. Lately I have been going over all the back numbers of The Canadian Horticulturist. I have some as early as 1916. cutting out and indexing items that interest me, and there are a lot of them. Your paper is one that I think everyone who has a garden should take. 'Every number is help- ful; besides it is Canadian and look- ing after Canadian interests. — Harold r. .\ <-,■ Sydenham, Ont. •MiRi your garden photos to The Canadian Horticulturist. Januaiy, 1922. THE CANADIAN HOR-TICULTURIST i QUESTION BOX W. E. Groves •i AT the suggestion of the editor, I am to liave the privilege of caring for this department. The name im- plies that Question Box is to be a kind of problem clearing-house, and the intention is to honestly try and assist every reader. You will, however, have to come into line ; the reply to your ques- tion may help a hundred others, and for that reason alone you should ask it freely. Please make each question as clear as possible. If you ask it at the time the information is needed, this will often prove the best time for reply. If it is thought that any en Thorndale. The writer has to confess that in; has had little success, but English broad beans may be grown in this country. Prom observation of the methods of good growers, it is evident that a deep rich soil is necessary. Seed shoidd be sown about six inches apart in rows. If sown in a shallow drill, the soil can be drawn towards the plants as they grow. Culti- vation should be followed and late in the season a light mulch is sometimes used. Tl.ib The Home of a Cape Breton Reader ..^ „,:,„„, i.ii of John Taylor, Sydney Mlno.s. N.S. Cupi" Breton has a late owing to the drift Ice fi-om the north. Once the Krowinff season aet.s In, growth is rapid. (See letter on page 6.) fining Pruning Trees. State best time for pruning trees, bush fruits and grape vines.~I. B. W., Thorndale. Pruning is generally a matter for the winter and spring seasons. It is pre- sumed that enquirer referes to orna- mental trees. This work can be done at any time when the trees are dormant and weather conditions siutable. Bush fruits, such as currants and gooseberries are usually pruned in spring, as also are grapes, though there is apparently no reason for delay in this connection if the winter months are not too severe for working outside. Raspberries and black- berries call for attention after fruiting, tlic'old canes being then removed. Garden Bulbs. Please give the names o£ garden bulbs for spring planting, also name of lily simi- lar to tiger lily but without spots and any other general information on the planting of a garden next spring.— H.A.P., Toronto. You should get in touch with a good nurseryman, securing catologues and information that any reputable firm is always ready to give on the question of planting. If you have not yet be- gun to plant, it ^ould be well to lay out a definite f scheme which need neither be elaborate nor costly. Shrubs in variety should be groups, a good rose bed, and a perennial bed or bor- der. The latter would be a good spot for lilies for which you appear to have a special liking. The variety about which you inquire is probably Chalce- donicum, but there are quite a num- ber of kinds possible of successful garden culture. A good seedsman's catalogue would be of real help in the selecticm of roots for spring planting. Disinfecting Pruning Tools. In disinfecting knives for pruning, cor- rosive sublimate cannot be used as It acts almost instantly on knife. Would arsenate or carbolic acid in solution be just as effectual? — H. B., Sydenham, Ont. I have used the same knives and the same saw for four years in succession disinfected with corrosive sublimate and little injury resulted to either. There is no need of your correspondent being alarmed on this point or trying to use some other disinfectant. The corrosive sublimate does not do much harm to steel in this work.— Prof. L. Caesar, 0. A. C. Pruning can be done in the orchard on warm days from now on. Burn all trimmings as promptly as possible. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Editioii. I LETTERS to EDITOR j Growing California Poppies Editor, Canadian Horticulturist: Someone asks in your valuable paper how to grow California poppies. Thsse have done veiy well for me. Let the seed ripen thoroughly before piclcing. Prepare a shal- low box with good garden soil, press it down with the hand and have the soil damp. Scatter the seed (for it is very fine) sparingly. Sift a little fine soil over the seed. In order to avoid hardening the ground when watering place a piece of tissue paper over the box and water through it. The seeds will not come up if the soil is hard. When the young seedlings have grown the fourth leaf, transplant in a shallov/ box, pre- ferably an old wash basin which contains good garden soil. Water gently so as not to injure the young seedlings with the weight of the water. About the middla of May transplant to a border, lifting the young plants out with a teaspoon. This is where the shallow 'lm» is of advantage, as you can press your spoon down to the bottom. Your plant thus stands a better chance of living, for they do not like to be moved. Take as much earth as possible of each plant and without dis- turbing the roots. Once started, California poppies are quite hardy. In the winter they should be covered with some litter. Plant in the shade of a tall plant or about 15 feet apart in the border. They have a striking appearance and this balances up the Ijorder. Place white near them so they will be modified. —Mrs. A. S. Flood, Smith's Falls, Ont. Gardening in Gape Breton Editor, Canadian Horticulturist: I have never yet seen in The Cana- dian Horticulturist anything, either in picture or writings, from this little island of Cape Breton, which forms the southern point of the great Gulf of St. Lawrence and the northern point of the province of Nova Scotia. We have a pretty late spring, owing to the drift Ice from the north, but when once the growing season sets in, in the month of May, vegetables certainly drive ahead. Potato planting generally takes place on or about the 24th of May, but we cannot set our cabbage, cauliflower or tomatoes with any degree of certainty before June 10th. I must certainly compliment you with regard to The Canadian Horticulturist, for It is a neat, interesting, and instructive magazine. Interesting I know it must be to the up-to-date gardener and very Instruc- tive for the amateur like myself. I have had great success with cabbage this season in my garden, due solely to the advice I received through your paper. I have been troubled previously with club- root on my cabbage, and scab on potatoes, but this season I dipped my seed in corro- sive sublimate 1 oz. to 7V^ gallons of water for two hours, then I added another two and a half gallons of water to the solution and used it on my cabbage plants for club-root. The result was, my potatoes were free to a large extent from scab, and I had very little club-root among my cabbage. I watered my young cabbage plants with this solution four days after planting,, and gave them two more doses at intervals of ton days apart. I believe if I had followed up, aa per Instructions, with a fourth watering with this solution I should have eliminated this disease altogether. I had cabbage that went over 15 pounds, and lots that went 11 and 12 pounds in weight. I take great pride in my garden, and sup- ply ourselves with vegetables all the year round. We have a piece of land 150 ft. by 70 ft., which is like a small park during the summer months. The forward half is given over to the house and lawn, trees and flower beds, while the other half I devote to vege- t;ible growing. You seem to use mostly pictures of gar- dens around Toronto, Hamilton, and towns in that vicinity, but I suppose it Is because your readers are failing to supply you with pictures of their gardens elsewTiere in this great Dominion. However, I always admire your pictures, and must say there are some lovely gardens around Toronto and Ham- ilton.— John Taylor, Sydney Mines, Cape Breton. Receptacles at Exhibitions Editor, Canadian Horticulturist: I note the letter in your last issue on the subject of receptacles at exhibitions. As I happen to be the only recent contributor to mention the matter In your columns, it is natural to conclude that I am the un- conscious offender. With your permission I will develop the subject, of exhibitions in a future Issue when I may have something further to say about receptacles. My one reason for writing now is to definitely disclaim any intention to dis- courage small societies, an intention quite unnecessarily, implied in the communication signed by Mrs. Potts. Those who happen to know me and the work I am trying to do. will not need this disclaimer. A number of readers, however, are not burdened with my acquaintance, and it is for these particu- larly that I make the statement. — W. E. Groves, Hamilton, Ont. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES Hamilton THE December meeting of the Hamilton Horticultural Society was held re- cently, J. A. Webber, President, being in the chair. A poor attendance greeted the speaker. Miss Mary Yates, the President of the Ontario Horticultural Association for this year. Her subject was "The progres- sive policies of the Ontario Horticultural Association." With a vision and an outlook that was refreshing as W3ll as new. Miss Y^ates in an exhaustive address freely criti- cized some of the work and methods of the organization over which she presides and suggested for consideration many new lines. She sounded a necessary note of warning against what she called the spoon-feeding of Horticultural Societies by the Depart- ment and asked for a higher and altogether more worthy outlook. In this connection she suggested the appointment of an associa- tion finance committee to laKe in hand the raising of necessary funds for various de- velopments being considered. Miss Yates gave a glowing account of the joint exhibit at the Canadian National Exhibition, prais- ing very much the self-sacrificing work of those who gave their time to the effort. The exhibit was visited by Lady Byng who con- gratulated the association on its success in staging the fine display. Lack of registration facilities as well as opportunities for testing new plants were spoken of and also the lack of efficient judges for our shows. Miss Yates evidently was unaware of the work being done in each of these directions by the Canadian Florists' & Gardeners' Association or she would probably have been a little less critical. A suggestion to arrange for a real Provin- cial Show in different cities of Ontario was warmly advised, the speaker estimating that some finances were already in sight and left no doubt in the minds of the audience as to the possibility of raising the neces- sary funds. The address was practical as well as visionary and the Ontario Horticultural Association might well be congratulated upon having at its head a lady whose out- look is wide and who obviously feels that the organization has boundless opportunity for extending and developing its work. A cordial vote of thanks was given Miss Yates on the motion of the chairman. St. Thomas AN executive meeting was held on De- cember 6, at which it was decided to snnd a formal invitation to the Ameri- can Gladiolus Society to hold its 13th show and to the newly-formed Ontario Gladiolus Society to hold its first annual exhibition in this city In August, 1922. Plans for an energetic membership drive were made, to be conducted along lines adopted in the organzation of tho Chamber of Commerce which proved so successful. Dr. Bennett urged the necessity of a strong organization. With an enthusiastic drive, he felt confident that the present member- ship, which is about 3,000, can be Increased about 50 per cent. A committee of committees was appoint- ed at the suggestion of Trustse Conley, who declared that the society had been leaving too much work for Dr. Bennett and the working secretary. The organization has developed to a point where a management committee is absolutely necessary In order that all departments may receive proper attention. The committee will receive sug- gestions from the members and act on them either by the formation of other working committees or individually, thus relieving the president of many duties. An encouraging report was submitted on the financial standing of the society. Some time ago the society took up the matter of the further extension of the Michigan Central Railway Park System, be- ing beautified and controlled by the society. The support of the C. P. E., who have run- ning rights, was also sought. Landscape- gardener Winegar, of Montreal, and Claims Agent Price have investigated the proposed plan and were both much surprised. They will report favorably on the proposed plan. The best grafting wax I have used is made as follows: Melt together 16 ounces of common resin (pow^dered) eight ounces of metholated spirits and 1% ounces of olive oil. Apply with a small brush. In a few days it will set hard on the grafted part. The melted wax keeps in a liquid state for several days and can always be remelted. It is cheap and good. — The Gardeners' Chronicle. l^wn trees of the poplar species are not satisfactory for extensive planting, fores- ters state. Their extensive root system may lead to the filling of sewers, tile drains, cisterns 'and cellars with fibrous roots. : January, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Still More About Imperial Show Two changes in Imperial Fruit Show procadure and regulations would miti- gate some of the disadvantages suf- fered by Canadian entries at the recent exhi- bition in the Crystal Palace, London — fewer judging and no unwrapping of fruit before judging. That is the opinion of P. J. Carey. Dominion Fruit Branch demonstra- tor, who returned last month from London and a subsquent holiday in New York. Mr. Carey had charge of the Canadian Govern- ment's display at the show, and assisted in staging several of the exhibits, both com- ■letitive and non-comp3titive, from the pro- - . inces. To The Canadian Horticulturist, Mr. Carey said that less than a half-dozen experienc- ed judges would have been sufficient to over the entire show. Instead, there were iliout 80 judges (not 65, as Mr. Carey had first thought in London, and so stated in the despatch that h3 sent to The Canadian 1 forticulturist in November). In his opin- ■n, judges for the British Empire and Over- ■ as sections, at least, should be secured !om some country that was not competing and they should be men who had a thorough knowladge of box packs and packing. He had heard some talk in London about ap- pointing French judges for the next show, but was not in favor of that idea, because SYench judges knew little or nothing about box packing. One or two experienced judges from th3 United States or, if the expense ■were not too great, from Australia or New Zealand, would be satisfactory. At the recent show, there was little chance ' !r overseas exhibits to win in the open lasses. The Newton Wonder entry, which violated all rules of grading and packing, as explained on this page last month, win- ning in the culinary class of the British Empire Section was an example. And Cox's Orange Pipin, Mr. Carey thought, would win over there as a dessert apple in competi- tion with any other varieties of the world, mply because it was Cox's Orange Pippin, I'jgardless of the quality and appearance of the particular entry or of the manner of grading and packing. With reference to requiring the two top ' tiers of apples in boxes being unwrapped, Mr. Carey thought that the regulation should be done away with. It the show was to be educational In a commercial way, the fruit should be wrapped and judged as originally packed. That was the right way to judge fruit for commercial purposes Some of the wrappers could be removed "afterwards for exhibition purposes. It was this two-tiers-unwrapped regulation that prevented a number of Canadian entries, in- cluding some of those from Quebec, from winning prizes. Some entries that liad all tlie fruit wrapped and packed in the open- alternating style naturally were too loose after being unwrapped. With the wrappers on, the style of pack was sufficiently solid for commercial purposes, but, cnce the wrappers were removed, any man could imagine what would happen. That was the case with some of the Quebec entries and with a number froin some of the other provinces. Speaking of the Quebec entries in par- ticular, Mr. Carey said that the fruit was very fine, but sultered through this regula- tion. The representatives of the Dominion Fruit Branch had taken every precaution and given every attention and assistance towards placing the entries on the stands in the best possible condition. All the Quebec entries that arrived were in the competitions, but fared just as did many of the entries from the other provinces. The Quebec apples met with much complimen- tary attention on the part of all who saw them. Canadian Apple Men Must Watch Their Laurels fpHE following quotations are from •*• letters on the Imperial Fruit Show received by the Fruit Branch, Ottawa, and read by Mr. Baxter at the re- cent meeting of the Quebec Pomologlcal Society: "That the exhibition will stimulate growers In this country (the United King- dom) there cannot be any doubt; at the same time, we also hope that It will In- duce shippers In Canada to give the ut- most possible care and attention to the grading and packing of their fruit." "It was to be clearly seen by anyone visiting the show In the Canadian Interest that -English growers are breaking away from their past haphazard and Indifferent methods, and that the effect of an edu- cational show of this kind is bound to be seen. In not the very distant future, In the keener competition that home-grown produce will offer to Canadian and other Imported fruit. The excellent reputation that Canadian packing and grading has already built up will not readily be lost; but. It Is well to emphasize the fact that English growers are now after the busi- ness and. thouqh their progress may be Blow, it will probably be laid on good foundations." Comments of English Papers THE English papers gave the Imperial Fruit Show wide and persistent pub- licity. The London Daily Mail, which was responsible' for the organization, fin- ancing and arrangement of the show, natur- ally lead in advertising the show's signi- ficance, possibilities and excellence. The Daily Mail well deserved the high praise that it received for making the show pos- sible and for carrying it through to great success. In the words of the British Min- ister of Agriculture, Sir Arthur Grifflth- Boscawen. who opened the show: "The Daily Mail performed a great national, a great Imperial service." From The Daily Mail and other English papers, the fol- lowing interesting comments on the show are taken: From the Daily Mail. "Tne finest display of amateur-grown fruit ever seen excelled only in color and beauty by the wealth of fruit sent for exhibition by the professional growers of Great Britain and the Empire." "A striking feature of the show was tho success of English growers in the section open to exhibitors from all parts of the Empire. It demonstrated that we are the best growers of apples In the world." From "Canada" (London). "The Dominion Government's display consisted of leading varieties gathered from all the fruit-growing provinces Every specimen was as near perfection as could be secured, and was artistically arranged." "Mr. W. L. Hamilton, la charge of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association fruit, has a very higli opinion of the fruit-grow- ing industry in Ontario, and believes that the province offers nnrivallod opportuni- ties to practical men." From the Gardeners' Chronicle. "The promoters must bo congratulated on the show as a whole, but we do not recognize the claim that it was the finest fruit show ever held, for there have been fruit exhibitions in the same building which, in our opinion, equalled the pres- ent one in interest, if not in extent." "The show revealed one important fact, i.e., that great improvement is being made by many commercial growers in the pack- ing and grading of apples for market, al- though it was evident from many of the exhibits that much remains to be done in this direction before the standard of the colonial packer is reached." (Get that "colonial"!) "Generally, the home grading was equal to that in the colonial exhibits, but the packing was, at times, inferior. It was also obvious that, in spite of the long jour- ney, Canadian apples would keep sound and good longer, in many circumstances, than the home-grown fruits. This may be explained partly bv the fact that the Cana- dian apples have firmer skins and contain more sugar, but we feel convinced that un- suitable methods of packing are largely responsible for home weaknesses." "The greatest interest was naturally centred in the Empire classes, where the Home Country and the great Dominion of Canada competed on equal terms.... It is gratifying to be able to record that both first prizes (dessert and culinary) were won by the Mother Country In the cull- nary class, the champion 20 boxes were of Newton Wonder — a truly wonderful ex- hibit." "The Canadian exhibits were mostly of brilliantly colored varieties, such as Snow, hut in many instances the natural bloom had been polished out of existence, leav- ing a shiny, oily-looking surface to the fruits." (This comment referred particu- larly to the Dominion and provincial dis- plays, not in competitions). From The Frult-Grower (London). "The show may, in the opinion of many, be found to give a new lease of life to the condemned 'offset' pack as a practical commercial pack." (The term "offset" pack is used in England for what is knovra as th(! "r'ff-raff" pack In Conada). "The public must not be allowed to for- get the fact that in certain districts of England the growing of fruit has been brought to a higher pitch of perfection than in any other country whatsoever." "Packing has been much Improved, and, with quality and color of the first order, the reputed superiority of the North Amer- ican specimens not being observable on this occasion, competition was unusually keen." "That the leading dessert (British Em- pire section) proved to be Cox's Orange Pippin, will meet with popular approval, for whatever the judges may have to say on its merits when reckoned according to the standard laid down for their guidance. Cox's Orange Pippin Is to the public the apple par excellence." "First place also fell to home-grown fruit in the culinary class The judging, which was unanimous In favor of Newton Wonder, reached a deadlock when the sec- ond and third prizes came to be decided, and arbitration had to be resorted to be- fore the matter was finally disposed of, the result being that second prize went to Bramley's Seedling, shown by Mr. H.. M. Cobb, of Rochester. Kent, and the third to Greening, the exhibit of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, Toronto." "In the opinion oj. the judges, the apples shown by growers of the Mother Country In point of appearance, quality, flavor and pack were in advance of those from the ID THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition - daughter Dominion of Canada, both des- sert and culinary, the leading varieties which secured the verdict being Cox's Orange Pippin and Newton Wonder. Can- ada, we have no hesitation in saying, ac- cepts the verdict, and la compensated in a measure by the knowledge that, while agreeing It is a waste of time to teach one's grandmother to suck eggs, Canadian packing methods have enjoyed the distinc- tion of being held up as an example to our growers which has been followed, so that what is on the face of it a victory fo:- the Mother Country is one that actually is shared by the whole family. When the distance travelled by the competing apples from Canada is taken into consideration, the a(Ch;ievem'ent of the home-grower is not so very extraordinary after all, for the advantages were mainly on our side. Canadian growers exhibiting were further handicapped by the very early date of the show, rendering It necessary to pack the apples from British Columbia as early as Sept. 25, and those from the eastern prov- inces not later than Oct. 5. This draw- back, too, had the effect of considerably reducing the number of entries that would have been expected to come forward under more propitious circumstances. It is only fair to Canada that these things should be made known. We give the information not as an excuse or in extenuation, but simply as an explanation. For ourselves, we are reluctant to regard the British Empire section as a competition between Great Britain on one side and the Over- seas Dominions on the other. We dislike the idea altogether. The Crystal Palace Kniit Show we shall always best remember as the finest and greatest exhibition of apples and of fruit growing and distribut- ing accessories the world has ever known, demonstrating what the British (in its im- perial term) fruit grower can really ac- complish when once he has made up his mind to do a thing." Smith, Fruit Trade Commissioner, Liver- pool, in 'Weekly BuUstln, Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa. Missing Quebec Exhibits AN unfortunate misunderstanding on the part of London correspondents of Canadian newspapers resulted in the publication of a despatch to the affect that nearly 100 boxes of Quebec apples had been lost in transit, thus casting an unde- served reflection on the steamship services. The facts are that no definite advices had been received as to the quantities of Que- bec apples actually shipped, nor had the Agent-General for Quebec bean notified as to Quebec arrivals, as was done in the case of the other provinces. Copies of all pre- paid entries from Quebac, however, had been forwarded to the Fruit Trade Com- missioner, who also had other reason to ex- pect the Quebec shipments on the ss. Meta- gama, along with tha Ontario and New Brunswick exhibits. The latter duly ar- rived, and the quantities reached the total that had been expected. In the case of Quebec, however, there was a wide discrepancy between entries and arrivals, and, in the absence of notifi- cation in this regard, there wan at first some thought that tha fruit mi,e;ht have been miscarried in some way. When it was dafinitely ascertained, however, that all Que- bec entries, whether of 6 or 20-box lots that had arrived, wera complete, it appeared al- together unlikely that any mishap had hap- pened to the balance, and the conclusion was reached, since confirmed from Canada, that, lor some reason not yet explained, a portion of tha Quebec entries had not been sent forward. In the meantime, however, the report as to loss In transit had been given regrettable publicity. — J. Foisyth I NIAGARA PENINSULA | Suggestions Wanted E. F. Palmer, VIneland Station, Ont. IN the spring of 1922, the Horticultural Experiment Station will have control of an additional 35 acres of good land, suit- able for all kinds of fruit and vesetables. Definite experimental and breeding work has bean planned for a part of this area only. There are many other projects which might and should be undertaken. This letter is written with the ob.ject of securing the views of growers as to new cultural prob- lams which they consider should be studied in an experimental way. The major lines of experimental work now being carried on at the station or already planned for the coming spring are as follows: 1. Variety tests of apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, grapes, etc., comprising over 1,000 varieties of fruits. 2. Summer vs. winter pruning of apple trees, vs. no pruning. 3. Study of the effect of varying degrees of dormant pruning on the development of the apple. 4. Study of the interrelation of pruning, soil fertility apd distance of planting In the peach. 5. Study of the comparatlva merits of clean cultivation, alfalfa sod mulch and grass sod mulch for apples and pears. 6. Grape: correlation of the number of buds left in pruning and the vigor, produc- tiveness an(} longevity of the vine. 7. Study of height of heading in rasp- berriss in relation to vigor, crop produc- tion and cane support. 8. Comparative value of various high- grade fertilizers for outdoor tomatoes. In addition to these, experiments have been completed on the following problems: Overhead Irrigation of raspberries and strawberries; Irrigation of asparagus; irri- gation and fertilizer tests for early beets, early carrots and celery; northarn vs. south- ern-grown potatoes as seed tubers; self- fertility and self-sterility of grape varieties: value of certain self-fartile varieties of grapes as pollenizers for self-sterile varie- ties; ringing grapes; plum vs. peach roots for peaches for heavy soils ; spring vs. fall planting of fruit trees. Tha title, in each case, indicates the nature and scope of the experiment. We ask fiuit and vegetable growers to carefully read this list, and would appreciate suggestions for new lines of work which they consider we should undertake. Write or visit the station immediately so that necessary stock, etc., can be ordared for spring delivery. the most ideal way of keeping the cars cooled. Shipments leaving Hamilton on Saturday are ready for the Winnipeg mar- ket on Monday. Cheaper transportation In sight should sea a great improvement in both variety and quality of Ontario fruits from the new and successful organization. The western business has been in charge of Arthur H. Brown, who states that they were extremely succassful the past season with a limited quantity of strawberries and raspberries. Shippers Await Settlement SHIPPERS of fruit from this district are wondering when the Canadian National Express Company Is going to make sat- tlements for packages which wcra sold by the company last season, says the St. Catharines Standard. The matter has been taken up by the local agent, but tho offi- cials highar up have not yet shown results as yet. True some of these accounts were handed down from the Canadian Express Company. Did not the present company as- sume the liabilities as well as the assets of tha company? One shipment in question was straw- berries. They were sold in Toronto be- cause connections had been missed. Is the shipper to blame for this? The company requast that all fruit he shipped on the special train run for that purpose. The shippers can't see why the company Is noV liable, and if they claim they are not, why they (the company) don't have the cour- tesy to answer communications and state thair position. Niagara Fruit for West ACCORDING to a press despatch from Winnipeg, in December, Ontario straw- berries and raspberries will next sea- son be plentiful on all western markets. Over 200 carloads of Ontario fruits and vagetables were handled through the Win- nipeg office of the Niagara Peninsula Grow- ers, Ltd., In 1921. Greater preparations are being made for the handling of the next crop. The express companies all give excep- tionally good service to perishable fruits, and the government has expended a great deal of money In exparlmenting to find out Basket Prices for 1922 F. G. H. Pattison, Winona, Ont. I HAVE been informed that the price of baskets for next season is likely to be around $100 a thousand for 11-quarts and ?80 for 6-quarts. This appears to be much too high. Both materials and wages are away below last season, and from all accounts local basket factories have been making good profits of late and they ought to share up with the growers now. The new basket factory in Niagara Town- ship, for instance, owned and managed by the local fruit growers, which only started last season, is reported to have made a profit of nearly 40 per cent its first season. If that be the case, what have the other basket factories in the Niagara District been making? Manifestly, they have been doing very well indeed, and they should be more reasonable this year. An obvious cure for overcharging in the matter of baskets is for the fruit growers' co- operative to establish some basket factories of their own. The Vlnaland Branch of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association met at the Horticultural Experiment Station on Decem- ber 9, and elected the following ofiicers: Hon. pres., E. F. Palmar; pres., Chris. Fretz: vice-pres., Leo Martin; sec, O. J. Robb; treas., J. W. Philbrlck; directors, the foregoing and Gordon Fry. An interesting feature of the Canadian Government's display at the Imperial Fruit Show was an exhibit of fresh grapas from the Niagara District. Red Rogers and Ver- gennes had been collected by J. R. Hast- ings, Chief Fruit Inspector for Western On- tario, and sent to the show packed in cork in boxas. Mr. Carey said that the first-class condition in which they arrived showed that Niagara District grapes could be shipped successfully to England in that way. January. 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 11 I PROVINCE of QUEBEC \ mi i Pomological Society R. J.' M. Reid, Chateauguay Basin. MONG the resolutions adopted by the Pomological and Fruit Growing Society, ■ at the recent annual mseting, were the bllowing: "Resolved, that the thanks of our society re due to the Hon. Mr. Caron, for the ery kindly and sympathetic aid which he ^as always shown to the elTorts of our ociety in its striving for ths best in fruit Culture for ouf province, and more espe- dally at this time for the financial aid given lie society, which made it possible to have |ur province represented at one of the great- Bt exhibitions of fruit that has ever been aged, and we desire to include the name of '^Mr. J. H. Lavoie in this resolution of 'hanks for his part in securing the grant ur this purpose." Federation of Societies. "Resolved, that this society urge the necessity and importance of establishing I federation of all horticultural and allied societies into a provincial society, the central organization of which will be the Tomological and Fruit Growing Society of the Province of Quebec, whose technical members are looking to tha improvement of general horticulture, induding fruit grow- iig, vegetable growing, floriculture, tobacco rowing, etc. — the aims of the provincial ociety to be: first, to gather together .nowledge concerning these subjects hrough its members and then to distribute the same through the local societies, and in this way to get in touch with the rural com- munity; second, to find out the needs and otect the interests of all members inter- ted in horticulture and allied subjects; ird, to hold an annual provincial horticul- ral affair, followed by the annual meeting f the provincial society, consisting of dele- gates from each of the local societies; and that a committee be appointed to communi- cate with all other horticultural and allied tiKjoties with these objects fti view." Orchard Conditions In 1921. In the course of his address as secretary, Peter Reid, Chateauguay Basin, said: "I have gone over the reports of our directors for 1921, and find that, aside from trees lying out as a result of freezing of 1917-18, Uierc was no winter injury and only slight Ipring injury in one or two sections of plums nd strawberries. Not a great deal of plant- iig has been done this year of apple trees side from those which were planted to re- lace dead ones, but districts 2, 4 and 9 re- ort plantings up to 5,000 trees. Most of he sections report large planting of straw- berries and raspberries, district 4 running IS high as 250,000 plants. "Tent caterpillars are becoming more abundant, and a word of warning lor next l)ring is not amiss. Codling moth was very abundant in some places, the second brood were more of a pest than the spring brood. I'all webworm was abundant. One district ' ports railroad worm. Very little scab re- ; III ted, especially on sprayed trees, but t anker is on the increase in district 9. "Most of the reports show that the crop was medium to light, with Wealthy the near- est 100 per cent variety. Plums were the fullest crop, with the other fruits generally ranked as medium. Dudley, Okabena, Low- land, Lobo, Melba and Cooper's Market apples have been recommended in different localities. Most districts reports spraying with best results. Labor was more plenti- ful, but still fairly high— $2.50 to $3.50 a day, sometimes with meals. Cultivation is still only moderately carried on. All report markets good and some report that local markets not supplied by local growers, large supplies being brought from Nova Scotia aod Ontario." I BRITISH COLUMBIA | The building used as a packing house at the Experimental Farm, Summerland, B. C, was burned in December, as one of the methods of wiping out the codling moth, which had obtained access to one of the orchards there. Signing 5-Year Contracts ANEW idea in co-operative organiza- tion contracts, insofar as the Okana- gan Valley is concerned, was outlined at the Vernon Fruit Union meeting, Dec. 2, by C. E. Barnes, the organization manager of the Okanagan United Growers, reports the Vernon News. Mr. Barnes told of the success with which he was meeting in signing growers on the five-year contract Rural Service Department Special attention given to Farmers' problems. Use our Rural Exchange Service. If you have livestock, feed or seed grain to sell, or wish to purchase, list it on our Bulletin Board. Aucti'm Sale Registers furnished free of charge. Have you received one of our Farmer's Account Books ? Have you been supplied with a "Breeding and Feeding Chart"? Call in and iee us — we are interested in your welfare. TH€ M€RCHANTS BANK 123 Head OfHce: Montrsal. OF CANA.DA. Established 1 864^ With lU I4» br.n<:hc. lo Ont.rio, « brsnch.. In 0"'l>»c, I branch In N.w Brunswick. '''"!•/'?" '"'^ova Scotia 44 brincbei in Manitob.. 44 branche. in Sa.liatchewan. 87 brancha. in Alberta and 14 branches la Britlab Columbia, asrvea rural Canada most effectively. WRITE OR CALL AT NEAREST BRANCH. SMALL FRUIT PLANTS Gooseberries — Jo(BS«lyn, Downing, Houghton. Currants— Perfection, Fay, Ruby, Cherry, Boskoop, Giant, Lee'a ProUflc, Champion, Victoria, Naples. Raspberries — Herbert, Plum Farmer, Shaffer's Col- ossal, Columbia, Cuthbert. Asparagus and Rhubarb Roots. PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION. WM. FLEMING : NurserrmM : Oweo Sound, Ontario It Pays To Spray the m^iHVmwtbr: Way t isnt a SPBAMOTOR unless we made it You will cultivate and assist your land in every possible way the coming season. Why not go a step further and, when you have a promising crop, start in early on the pests and blights th^ will try to undo all your good work of cultivating? Spraying needs no argument. Your best friends and the most progressive, prosperous farmers throughout the world will tell you It pays— and pays BlU. The same people will li311 you that the world's- foremost spraying apparatus boars the name Spramotor. Proved Best by Government Test. SPRAMOTOR CO., - 14 King St., London, Ont. Over 100 Gold Medals. Prices down. Write for complete cata- logue and spraying guide. 12 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition. The Fruit & Produce Market The Commission firms undernoted wish consignments of fruit and general produce. They will be pleased to have you write them for Information, shipping stamps, etc.. If you have fruit or vegetables for sale. H. J. ASH 44-46 Church St. Toronto, Ont. CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES SOLICITED. Shipping Stamps furnished on request. D. SPENCE 82 Colborne Street • Toronto Solicits Your Consignments of Fruits and Vegetables, Prompt Returns. Shipping Stamps Furnished. MANSER, WEBB CO. 83 Colborne Street - Toronto Wholesale Fruit and Produce Mer- chants. Consignments Solicited on Commission. STRONACH & SON 33 Church St., Toronto, Ont. All shipments of Fruit and other pro- duce consigned to us receive our per- sonal attention. Shipping stamps furnished. Phone Main 2390. DAWSON-ELLIOTT CO. 32 West Market St., Toronto, Ont. Wholesale Fruit and Produce Consign- ments Solicited. PETERS, DUNCAN Limited 88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont. See Advertisement on another page. H Hfl an *xpfrt wreotJer. Le&rn kt bom* by msQ. Wonderful le3soDspre[iiu'edbrworld'B>chuiipioQa Farmer Burns and Prank Gotch. Fr«e book ajii Wrestling Book FREE basis. This was beinK carried out in Cali- fornia witli great succes.s and wherever he had approached growers lu British Colnmbia they had given their approval. In Grand Forlts, Walliachin and a num- ber ot Oltanagan shipping centres, the growers were signinK the new agreements which would greatly help the parent organi- zation in financing and in other ways carry- ing on its business. The spealter pointed out that in California financing was made much easier, for when the union had a five- year contract with a grower the banks were more ready to advance loans. They knew that the association was not a yearly affair, but rather a permanent institution organized for the betterment of the indus- try and in the interests of the growers. The idea was approved by the meeting, judging by the hearty applause with which the address was received. K. W. Kinnard, manager of the Vernon Fruit Union, quoted figures shov/ing how the tonnage that went through the pack- ing house of that organization had increased during the past three seasons. Tn 1919, the previous big crop year. 307,132 boxes of apples were packed and shipped compared with 212,259 last year and 465.945 this sea- son. In addition to this quantity the follow- ing other fruits had been handled: Crab apples, 91,590 boxes; prunes, 66,275; pears 6,679; and plums, 34,299 packages. Okanagan Marketing, 1921* IN considering what measurers are necessary for future successful mar- keting, we must start with the undeni- able fact that our whole future hangs on the question of quality. The standard of our grade and pack must be made equal to or better than the best that can be found in any market. We must establish and maintain for the brand of B.C. apples a re- putation that will command a preference and a ready sale at fair prices to the dis- criminating purchaser, even though the mar- kets be overfiIled*with the world's produc- tion of inferior quality. We believe that we produce the best apples in the world; that we can send to the markets a larger proportion of perfect fruit than any other fruit growing country. We must prove to the world that this is true, for In this way only can we capture the discriminating trade that will always pay a good price for the best. "Quality First." It is obvious that in order to overcome both of the weaknesses which have been ♦Conclusion of circular letter sent by Olcana- gan United Growers, Ltd., to Us members, In November. The first part appeared in The Canadian Horticulturist for December. responsible of the failure to get full advan- tage of the 1921 market condition (see The Canadian Horticulturist for December), there must b3 a unanimity of purpose and action among the producers of B. C. ap- ples. All must accept the standard of "Quality First" and all must unite In action to ensure that this quality fruit shall be 80 distributed as to bring the best possible re- turns, that local competition among our- selves shall not be allowed to sap our strength w-hen we measure ourselves against our foreign competitors who are now far ahead of us in the race. This is but another spelling of co-operation, tn no other way but by the united action of all ■ the growers can these evils be remedied, and they must be eradicated or the B. C. fruit industry is headed for disaster. The 1923 Crop. This statement may appear like exaggera- tion, but it is not. In 1923 it is probable that we will have an apple crop in B. C. that will make this year's crop look small. We may then have no crop failure in the eastern states, — no car shortage in the northwestern states to give us a bare market in the eastern cities— no surplus of cars at home to give us a phenomenally rapid move- ment to distant points— no exchange in our favor, and if we have then no belter organi- zation for controlling distribution and are no better prepared to meet the demand for quality in the big eastern markets, it does not require any gift of prophecy to foresee disaster to the B.C. fruit grower. We may have a comparatively light crop in 1922, but this is by no means certain. In any case, it will ill become us to play the part of the foolish virgins. If we are to be ready for the crop of 1923 and the still larger crops of the years to follow, we must get together now and by united effort prepare for the future. There is much to do and but one year within which to accom- plish our purpose. We must have better control of distribution, a better standard of quality, more and better facilities for handl- ing the increasing tonnage, an extended or- ganization for securing and developing new markets. All of these things must be done and all jvill be done If we have the united suport of the growers, upon which we are confidently relying. The Mutual Fruit Company, Vernon, B. C, issued cheques in December to growers who shipped through that organization during the season. The returns paid were : Hyslops, ones, $1.50. Duchess, ones and twos, fl.75; crates, $1.25. Wealthys, ones, $1.66; twoo, $1.40; crates, $130. Mcintosh, ones. $1.91; twos, $1.55; threes and crates, $1.00. We Solicit Your Consignment Send for Shipping Stamp Good Prices Always For Your Fruit and Vegetables OOR lacUltiea enable us to realize top prices at all times for your frutt, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses, with competent men in charge, at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt and Timmins. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your Interests. Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt and Timmins. Peters, Duncan Limited 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Banic of Nova Scotia, King and Victoria Branch, and Com- mercial Agencies. January, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 13 I MARITIME PROVINCES | I CROPS and MARKETS | New Brunswick's Chance [T has been maintained by experts, and demonstrated by actual results, that this province contains large areas exceptlon- lUy well suited for fruit growing, and es- fpecially adapted for apple orchards. Con- litions of climate and soil have been shown to be almost ideal for apple culture, and tall that is needed to put the province in fthe forefront among tlie apple producing 'countries of the world is an intelligent and determined effort on the part of those who would profit most by such action. Many difficulties had to be overcome before the possibilities in this direction received even a fair share of public recognition. That so much has been accomplished in recent years is due very largely to the persistent efforts of the provincial government, through its department of agriculture, in encouraging, instructing and otherwise aiding the apple growers. lu view of the success which has been attained, it may be regarded as somewhat surprising that a greater number o£ farmers are not devoting more attention to this op- portunity for securing additional profits. The home market, which now is supplied to too great an extent from other provinces, should be well worth cultivating, and the export market, with its great demand for apples of the highest grade, affords an op- portunity for tapping a source of profit which would bring new wealth to the prov- ince.— St. John Telegraph. Annual Meeting of N.S.F.G.A. The 58th annual meeting of the N. S. fruit Growers' Association will be held at Bridgetown, N.S., Jan. 17-19. A large at- ^tendance is expected, and some very im- portant questions will be brought before the meeting for discussion, such as using chemical fertilizers, growing certified seed potatoes, the best methods of combating insect pests, and dust spraying. One of the most Important questions will be "Pre- Cooling of Apples." All those questions will be taken up by competent speakers from the departments of agriculture of the United States and Canada. Do not fail to be present at this meeting, as we expect it to be the "banner meeting" in the history ' of the N. S. P. Growers.— F. W. Foster, Sec- retary, N. S. F. G. A., Kingston, N.S. Protective Packing C. W. Baxter, Fruit Commissioner. IN view of the susceptibility to damage by frost during the winter months, shippers should give special attention to the pack- ing of fresh fruits and vegetables. Enorm- ous losses occur annually because large quantities of these commodities are frosted in transit. To conserve the food supply is a duty resting upon every •citizen of Canada. Express goods are carried on passenger trains, which are heated by steam or other- wise, and shippers may thereforo be under the impression that fruit and vegetables for- warded by express are always quite safe from frost. It must be remembared, how- ever, that these goods are hauled by wagons in the cities, and are of necessity moved on station platform trucks between trains and d spots, where heated protection cannot al- ways be provided. In the mutual interests of shippers and carriers, and of the public welfare, the matter of the best possible pro- tective packing for fruit and vegetables during the winter months is worthy of con- sideration. Apples to South Africa ACCORDING to The Argus, Cape Town, consignments of Canadian apples reached South Africa in November in splendid condition, "a treat alike to the eye and to the palate." The South African supplies from cold storage had ceased, and these arrived just at the right time to catch an open market. King, Gano and Ben "Davis arrived from Canada, the paper says, and Mcintosh from British Columbia. The Mc- intosh were said to be the "pick of the lot, which, taken as a whole, has rarely, if ever, been equalled." Cape Town, "by far the largest apple consuming city in South Africa," took 50 per cent of the consign- ments, Johannesburg 30, and Duham 20 per cent The first barrels to be auctioned realized £5 each. The following day they brought £1 5s. to £4 15s, and the next day they "were firm at £4 lOs., with no likelihood of any lower price." The boxes began run- ning at 26s. to 30s. each, and were standing the next day at 258. 3d. to 28s. 3d. again "with no probability of any lower price." No mention is made in either case of prices by varieties. "Last season," The Argus said, "Canadian Gladioli and Paeonies Send for lists. Tou cannot do without these. Prices lower now than in spring. H. P. VANWAGNER, R. R. No. 5, HAMILTON, ONT. NEW Seed Catalogue SOON We are hard at work on our ne-w cata- logue and will mail it early in February. It will be pretty much the same size and general appearance as last year, but there will be considerable changes In it and lots of changes in prices, mostly lower. We do not want to cut so low in prices as to sacrifice quality, for quality is the biggest thing of all in buying seed. Send for your copy. George Keith & Sons 124 KING ST. E. : TORONTO, Ont. Seed Merchants Since 1866. Abramotci^ It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless we made it "Gets" Every Insect, Grub or Blight It sprays the insecticide to even the smallest cavity where insect life that harms plant or tree can live. Farmers who own a Spramotor will tell you it has paid for itself many times in crops saved. Write for illus- trated catalogue and spraying guide. SPRAMOTOR CO. 14 King Street - London, Ont. Trade Mark Wherever Fruit Excellt Niagara Spray it Used 19 2 2 -Scale Start the New Year with a determination to rid your orchard of all its enemies- — Aphis— Curl— Scab— Codling Moth, etc. Buy Niagara Spray —The Spray that always gives results -First in business — First in quality —First in results. Do not be discouraged because some other Spray disappointed you. Niagara will do the work— Because it is made right. Niagara costs no more— la higher in quality— Always reliable. Everything for Spraying or Z)usfing— Soluble Sulphur— Lime Sulphur— Arsenate of Lead— Calcium Arsenate— Raw Sulphur— Dusting Sulphur— Spraying and Dusting Machines (Hand or Power). NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., LIMITED BURLINGTON 14 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST rioiai nciiijcin ^nmTfllEND' CAspoar. JV.Y. Catalog Tree M. A. BRUSH for ERRYWEATHER'S English Roses 24 Wellington St. W., Toronto, Ont. Price list on application. Send for Price List. Vick's Famous Asters GLADIOLI : DAHLIAS Burpee's Famous Sweet Peas. MORNINGTON GLADIOLUS GARDENS R. R. NO. 1, - . Stratford. Ont. CEDAR POSTS FOR SALE Dry and green posts from 3" to 9" in diameter. Save middleman's profit by ■buying from producer. Freight lower than from Northern points. Write for prices. L. C. TILT R. R. NO. 3, Ayr, Ont. GET BETTER FRUIT AND TIP-TOP PRICES There is no marliet for linotty, gnarled fruit and wormy apples. Spray witli tlie right ma-' terial at tile riglit time and give nature a cliance to grow lier finest. You will find just tile spray- ing appliance you need in our famous line of OSPRAYMO High Power Sprayers An Ospraymo Sprayer means a hlgii-power sprayer, antl lilsh power is most important. You are sure to make your spraying job effective. SENIOR LEADER Gasoline Engine Orchard Sprayer Above is a popular style of pmver sprayer for general orchard spraying. Investigate our mounted traction Red Jacket and Yellow Jacket Sprayers for beans, potatoes and vegetables. Also Barrel. Bueketi Knapsack and Hand Sprayers. Send today for our latest catalog. Don't buy any sprayer until It comes. We have local dealers at many points, hut write direct for catalog to the address below. FIELD FORCE PUMP COMPANY Dept.C. H., Elmira, N. Y. 40 Years at Sprayer Building jipples did not arrive until Christmas, just the timo when our Southern African grown apples begin to appear. Of course, in competition with fresh fruit in abundance, excellent In quality and cheap, the import- ed article stood no chance and consignors lost pretty heavily. It is hoped that the pre- sent consignment lasts out until Dec. 20, when another shipment is expected from Canada, and must reach here to the very day, or there will again be a fatal dash with our South African apple." Marking Export Packages ^ THE attention of the Fruit Branch has been drawn to the fact that many barrels of apples are being received in England carelessly and improperly marked. In this connection the Canadian Govern- ment Cargo Inspector at Liverpool states: — "Recently there have been many cases where barrels of apples have had the grade and description or both written in pencil Instead of in a plain and indelible manner as required by the Fruit Marks Act. It is a very simple matter for the buyer, should he so desire, to erase these marks and re- mark with a higher grade. In some brands the grade is stencilled on the side as well as on the top, and this is proving an excel- lent practice, as well as preventing any at- tempt at fraud." In view of the above, the attention of shippers is directed to section 320 of the Inspection and Sales Act, Part 9, which re- quires that every closed package shall be marked plain in a plain and indelible manner with letters not less than one-halt inch in length. It has been demonstrated that the marking of an ordinary pencil is not in- delible ahd, therefore, does not meet the re- quirements of the Act. Apart from the legal requirements, it is quite obvious that proper stencilling is necessary for the protection of the shipper's brand. — Fruit Branch, Ot- tawa. Apple Firm Fined ON information laid before J. Miller, J.P., of Castleton, Ont., by the Do- minion district fruit inspector for Eastern Ontario, a Colborne firm was fined f90 on Dec. 20, on two charges: (1) For changing the grade marks on packages which had undergone inspection; (2) for branding apples "No. 1" which were not fit for that grade. The local fruit inspector made an in- spection of the lot of apples in question dur- ing the process of packing and found they were being properly graded "No. 2" and "Domestic." Later he found the same apples at the railway station marked "No. 1," the grade having been raised by the owners after his inspection. There have been very few cases of the changing of grade marks, but this is a fraud- ulent practice, reflecting most seriously on the industry. The Federal Fruit Branch will make every effort to secure the maxi- mum fine in every case of this kind. Fruit Dealer Fined A FRUIT vendor of Winghara, Ont., pleaded guilty, on Dec. 13, before Magistrate Reid, of Goderich, on two charges: (1) For obstructing an officer in discharge of his duty; (2) for having in possession for sale fruit which was unfit for consumption. The fines and cosT amounted to |100. The information was laid by the district fruit inspector of the Fruit Branch of the Dominion Department of Agricul- ture. ) The Fruit Branch has been receiving complaints that some dealers were in the habit of r3-packing tender fruit before offering it for sale, and placing sound fruit on the face and decayed and inferior fruit beneath. Instructions were issued by the branch that special attention should be given to this offence, with th3 result that Easy Now to Rid Your Farm of Rats Wonderful Discovery by Noted Scientist Kills Every Rat Within a Week's Time — Not a Poison. Rats cost farmers over two hundred millions of dollars a year, through the destruction of grain, poultry and buildings. Farmers need no longer suffer this loss because they can now kill oft all the rats on their farm In less than a week's time. This is possible through the re- markable discovery of E. R. Alexander, a chemist, who has perfected a virus which kills rats, mice and gophers as though by magic. This product is not a poison — it can be eaten hy human beings or any animal on the farm as safely as their regular food, but ^eans quick, sure death to rats. This wonderful rat virus, which ia known as Alexander Rat-Killer is merely mixed with bread or meat scraps and placed where rats, mice or gophers can get to it. Within a few hours after a rat has eaten Alexander Rat-Killer he gets a high fever and suffers a terrible thirst. He leaves the barns and nesting holes and goes to the open fields in search of pure air and running water. Eats and mice affected always die away from the barns and houses, so there is no odor. It is a scientific fact that one rat affects others and soon the whole colony leaves the buildings and dies. And though this virus is absolutely deadly to rats— chickens, hogs, cattle or any farm animal can eat it and not be affected at all. So confident is Mr. Alexander that Alexander Rat-KiHer will kill every rat on your farm in less than a week's time that he oilers to send, as an introductory offer, a regular $2.00 tube for only $1.00. Give it according to directions, and if at the end of a week's time you are able to discover any rats, mice or gophers on your farm, your money will be refunded. A big Toronto bank guarantees that Mr. Alexander is reliable and will do as he says. Just send money order, check or currency for $1.00 to E. R. Alexander, Alexander Laboratories of Canada, 2005 Terminal Bldg., Toronto, Ont., and the tube will be mailed at once on the guarantee that if not absolutely satisfactory your money will he returned without question. Write today and stop your rat losses now. PERRY'S SEEDS Alpine and perennials, unique collec- tion; many new varieties unobtainable from any other source. Hardy and adapted for Canadian climate HARDY PUNT FARM. ENFIELD. ENGLAND .Tanuary, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 15 pe 1^ fruit inspector last August visited the tore of the vendor in question and found peaches being tampered with in the man- er described. Whsn the proprietor of the iBtablishment learned the nature of the ork of the inspector, he assaulted the spector and ordered him to leavs the '«t BEST MAPt FOSTERS stanoar" POT We have a large stock of all sizes FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS AZALEA POTS "^^^""^ and Rimlesa Pans Ordar Filled Promptly. S«nd (or Prieai THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. ^ COAST TO ^- --,,- FONTHIU. ,^URSERY _^CLj»»ODW:rS=ABE PUNTED ROOT PRUNED APPLE TREES For the first time In . the Nursery Trade we are offering certain varie- ties in root pruned trees. Root prun- ing enhances early bearing. Send for circular and full informa- tion. i AGENTS WANTED. STONE AND WELLINGTON — (Established 1837) — TORONTO— ONTARIO premises, His report was also destroyed by the defendant. Information was laid shortly after the occurrence, but on account of the absence of an Important witness for the defence, the case was remanded from time to time. It is the intention of the Dominion Fruit Branch to stamp out the practice of misre- prssentation by falsely packing fruit. Cooperation in Ontario As a resuH of conferences held in Toronto last month between Hon. Manning Doherty, Minister of Agri- culture, officers of the Niagara Peninsula Growers, Ltd., and others, cooperative apple marketing in Ontario will be encour- aged this coming season to an extent greater than since pre-war time, and it may be supported by government aid in financ- ing the establishing of central packing houses. At the latest conference, Dec. 29, which was attended by, among others, Lt.-Col. H. L. Roberts and T. J. Mahoney, president and general manager respectively of the N. P. G., Ltd., it was decided that plans would be effected this winter by that company to- wards its offering to act as sales agent for any cooperative apple association in the province that desired the service. Condi- tions would be laid down respecting grad- ing, packing, the use of central packing houses, etc., for the mutual interest and protection of all parties concerned. Hon. Manning Doherty, who frequently has expressed publicly his desire that the great apple industry of Ontario should be handled on a cooperative hasis, was strong- ly in favor of the scheme, and stated that his- department would aid its accomplish- ment and its progress in every way possi- ble. He announced that he intended to in- troduce legislation at the coming session with a view to offering financial assistance in some form for the erection and estab- lishment of central packing houses for the cooperative handling of fruit. Dominion Fruit Conference Although certain papers, especially of Toronto and Montreal, announced last month a "Dominion Fruit Growers' Conven- tion" to he held in Toronto, Feb. 9 and 10, no definite announcement, with dates, re- specting the proposed Dominion Fruit Con- ference had heen §0ven out from the Do- minion F;-uit Branch up to Jan. 5, the date this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist went to press. The delay has been due probably to the change of government. As the new cabinet was sworn in on Dec. 30, an announcement from Ottawa may be expected shortly. It is expected that the conference will be held immediately after O.F.G.A. convention. Your Money Last Year Went to the Bugs ™t* sS youTproflU***"'^ '"**""'' ^° '° buying the only effective comlbatant of the bugs »rovlrtrn!?"nS^fr,'i''*'^ '^^ <''?f-'ni<-al everywhere the bug can gct-or»ck.s and ctevloc..? I>rovli(« for eompleU catalogue and spraving guide. W>fnmc&r It isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless we made it S1M{ A.MO'iOH 1 I KiiiK Si reel London, Out maMiiKiiiiiiminnuimMiiiimHmmmimuiEUfi FOR SALE and WANT ADS Advertisements In this dep»rtment Inserted at the rate of 5 cents per word. Each word, initial or group of figures counts as one word. Minimum 50 cents cash, strictly In advance. iwiw^wiiiiiwuMwwuiHmaiiBi REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit farms a speci- alty. Write, stating requirementjs. W. B. Calder, Grimsby. SEEDS. BULBS, PLANTS VAN'T HOF & BLOKKER, AKERSLOOT, HOLLAND — Bulb growers and exporters. Orders taken for Roses, Gladioli, Paeoniea, 'Tulips, Hyacinths, Narcissi. Write Canadian Office, 430 Brunswick Ave., Toronto. BULBS— Lily of the Valley and Gladioli of all descriptions. Write for prices. C. Keur & Sons, Hillegora, Holland. New York address — 5625 Mosholu Ave. The trade will be visited by us in due time as usual for 1922 spring and fall orders. Lily of the Valley and Gladioli can be shipped immediately direct from our warehouse and Canadian farms. pyfNMOTHERSC? I\ HUBsmrnEM limited J/ROWNSNURSERIES.ONI Radwood describes Canada. Hot water. copper tankfl, double J walls, double elasa doora. />«(i catalnit lem. Send fur it today. Orders ■hipped from Dearest Canadian warehouse. Our lamer size uutfit i» abariraln, freiRhtand duty ; 250-Egg Incubator and Brooder, (39.7 WISCONSIN INCUBATOR GO., Box208Racine. Wis .,M.S.AJ VAN GINHOVEN & CO. 116 Broad St., Room 40, New York, N. Y. Your address for Holland-grown Hya- cinths, Tulips, Crocus, Gladioli. Iris. Paeoniee and all mi.scellaneous bulbs and roots. Please write foV illustrated cata- logue. NORWAY SPRUCE. For Hedges and Windbreaks. Healthy, well-rooted plants 3' — 3H'. transplanted three times. Price F.O.B. Clarkson Stn., $25.00 per 100 — $225.00 per 1.000. An asset to any fruit farm or garden. 80 acres of ornamental shuba, evergreens, rases and perennials. THE SHERIDAN NURSERIES, Sheridan • - - Ontario. Carters Sunrise Collection of early veKftahle sicilH i-^ 111,- result (»f 11.'0 yf.irs' si-locIiliK anil testing. , Earlinefts and quality combined. SUNRISE TOMATO— The earllut, most protUietive. euuU sized, searlet fruit, very even, of (Ino quality, witli R()]i,l meat and few seeds. 16 DAY RADISH— Ovi I, wlilte- tliiped, crimson, erisi) and tender. CRIMSON BALL BEET Very early, round, bright erliusnn. cuod size and One flavor. SPRINGTIDE or ALLHEART CABBAGE— A ilwarf variety ni(ittiriti« in early siirini;. Quality unsurpassed. PERPETUAL LETTUCE— .\ll eeasoil head lettuce. LITTLE MARVEL TURNIP— The earliest white ilahe turnip, crLsj,. sollil flesli of Uelleious flavor. Try this collection at our expense. The niorev you send will ai>i>ly on your first order. Send 2.'>c and ask for Sunrise Collection No. 149 and we will send by re- turn jnall the « i)aci(et3 of Earliest and Best vegetahle seeds, our iiliistrnted catalog and a 2S-Cent Rebate Check to apply on your first order of $1,00 or more. Catalog Free— Our K.'Sth annual t'ataloit of Carters Testetl and Sideeted Seeds will be maileil free to anyono lueittloilittg tbla paper, CARTERS TESTED SEEDS, Ltd., 133 Kln« Ht, E. Toronto, Ont, 16 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition Hardies Have Kept Pace With Spraying Needs Twenty years ago little was required of a sprayer. Orchardists had not yet realized the necessity for a persistent fight against the enemies of fruit growing. To-day, the many d5ang fruit trees and the large profits earned from well cared for orchards, have aroused the owners to the necessity for high-pressure spraying. This necessity and the high cost of labor have developed a demand for spraying equipment of sturdy construction, high capacity, and low cost. The Hardie Manufacturing Company has kept pace with this development. As a result, its power sprayers are at the highest point of efficiency. They are light in weight, with pressed steel frames. They have light-running engines and pumps. They have the Peerless regulator that keeps the pressure uniform at all times, and relieves the pressure from the pumps when the nozzles are closed. They are mounted on underslung trucks to give them the low centre of gravity necessary for safe operation in hillside orchards. Hardie hand pumps are sturdily made, and oper- ate at the lowest upkeep cost. Complete figures for 20,000 pumps over a period of twenty years show that the repair cost has been less than 5 cents per pump per year. Hardies are durable and run at small cost. They cut your spraying costs, but do your spraying rapidly and thoroughly. Hardies are made in twenty styles and sizes, both power and hand, to fit every orchard need. Get illustrated catalogue of the complete line. Hardie Triplex, the high-efficiency power sprayer. It has 3 and 1-2 horse-power engine, 2 and 1-2 inch Triplex pump, delivering 10 gallons of liquid a minute at 250 pounds pressure Hardie Manufacturing Company PETROLIA, ONT. FACTORIES AT HUDSON, MICH. The Canadian Horticulturi^ Floral Eldition Vol. XLV. TORONTO, FEBRUARY, 1922 No. 2 Spraying Fruits and Vegetables FEBRUARY is not too early for the gardener to prepare to com- bat the insect enemies of fruits and vegetables. The earlier that spray- ing materials and a pump are secured, ike more likely one is to succeed in holding tho pests in check, for early efforts in fighting insects are the most effective. In the vegetable garden, destructive insects give the gardener a fight from the time he puts his seed into the ground until the crops are ready for use. Left alone, they would devour every useful plant in the garden. Fruits, likewise, in most seasons are apt to be badly injured. The success- ful gardener is the one who studies the habits of these pests, learns the means of combating them, and keeps con- stantly at it. The gardener who starts with clean >oil has done much to ' keep out in- sects and diseases. One of the best ways to avoid trouble is to plant each vegetable in a different part of the garden each year. In spite of the best precautions, however^ insects will ap- pear. One should always prepare in advance for the combat. Measures Most Effective. The principal measures effective against insects are various kinds of poisons, generally applied as a spray or as a poison bait. Arsenical stomach poisons, such as Paris green and arsen- ate of lead, are used to destroy in- sects that bite and chew the leaves and other parts of the plants. Of these, arsenate of lead is the best and safest for general use, and also adheres bet- ter to the foliage. Paris green is apt to burn some plants, such as beans, seriously, if not carefully applied, but on account of its long use can be ob- tained almost anywhere. Arsenate of lead is sold in either dry or paste form, and should be mixed at the rate of one pound of paste or one- lialf pound of dry powder to 20 gal- lons of water or Bordeaux mixture. Being deadly poisons, these insecti- cides should be kept away from child- ren. Two to four, sometimes even more, sprayings are necessary during the season to keep down garden pests. The powdered arsenate of leac C. B. Alden, Toronto may also be applied dry, mixed with 10 to 20 parts of cheap dry flour or hy- drated lime and dusted on, preferable when the dew is on, by means of guns or bellows, so as to cover the plants and leave as little as possible. Little Bugs with Big Appetites. As space for this article is limited, only one biting insect will be discussed in detail — the potato beetle, known more commonly as the potato bug. *rhis beetle passes the winter in the ground and emerges early in the spring, so that he is on hand when the first potato leaves appear. Within a few days the familiar little clusters of orange-colored eggs may be found on the underside of the leaves. These hatch inside of a week, and the shiny, Spraying Celery. An efllclent home-made spraying outfit for the Hardener Us here shown. One man works the pump, the horse being trained to keep between the rows. Three rows are done at a time. dark-red larvae, commonly called slugs, commence devouring the leaves at a disastrous rate. They attain ma- turity in about three weeks after hatching. There are from two to three broods a year, depending upon locality, and, as one female beetle is known to lay between 500 to 1,800 eggs, it can easily be seen that the rate of multiplication is appalling. In small garden patches, it is well to find and crush the eggs and the beetles on the leaves. The beetles may also be picked off or jarred into large pans containing water with a film of kerosene. In larger patches, an ar- senical poison must be used, either sprayed or dusted. Many other kinds of insects are now wintering over in some form, and will come out early to plan their cam- paigns. Specific advice respecting any of these will be given by The Cana- dian Horticulturist's question and answer department, or . by any agri- cultural college or department of agri- culture on application. Another Type of Insect Pest. Sucking insects, or those which puncture the skin of the leaf and feed upon the sap Avithin, are combated with contact preparations, sprayed or otherwise applied on the bugs, such as nicotine sulphate and kerosene emulsion. Perhaps there is no class of garden insect the method of at- tack of which is so insidious as that of the plant lice, or aphids, the best known type of sucking insect. At first, in spring, a few plant lice may be found hidden on the underside of the leaves of melons, peas, cabbage and other vegetables, or of fruit trees. A little later the leaves begin to curl up and to lose their color, and an exam- ination will show the inside of the rolled leaves to be literally alive with aphids, feasting on the juices of the plants. At this stage something must be done quickly, for within a few days there will be another of the many generations, or broods, at work. Arsenical poisons are useless. Nico- tine sulphate — a tobacco extract — is the most satisfactory preparation for controlling these pests. To be effective, it must be used exactly according to the directions given on the container. One authority says: "For small garden plots, one tea- spoonful of nicotine , sulphate should be used to one gallon of water, to which a one-inch cube of hard soap should be added and thoroughly mix- ed. If a larger quantity is desired, use one fluid ounce to eight gallons of water, with the addition of one half- pound of soap." The spraying should be done as early as possible, always on the first 22 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition appearance of the insect, not only be- cause it is good practise to keep the plants free from pests, but because more thorough work can be done on small plants. The plants and insects must be completely covered with the spray. The foregoing brief sketches of po- tato beetles and plant lice simply il- lustrate the two types of insects with which the gardener has to deal, and deal severely, if good crops are ex- pected in any season. Scores of other insects of both fruits and vegetables will be encountered. And fungous diseases of many kinds will have to be controlled. The gardener will be well advised to fortify himself long in ad- vance with the necessary materials. Caring for the House Plants Henry J. Moore, Islington, Ont. Starting Hotbeds Horse manure free from straw or chips, is satisfactory for hotbeds. The reason horse manure is used is because it is a hot manure. Hotbeds can be made in ordinary garden frames during spring, provided they are raised to afford perfect drainage. They should be sheltered from the north and east. Drainage and posi- tion are the greatest factors. If straw is placed round the outside of the frames they will retain their heat longer. The manure should be turned every three or four days, and should not be left for six or seven days. If . it is at all burned in the centre it should be discarded. If it does not heat properly pour a little water on it while turning. After the third turn- ing it can be put in the beds. The manure should be placed two feet thick at the back of the frame and eighteen inches in the front. Cover it with a layer of two inches of soil. When the temperature declines to 80° F. the seeds may be sown. In tem- peratures higher than 80°, harm may result to the seeds. Few seeds will germinate in a temperature higher than 90°. They germinate best be- tween 70° and 80°. Radishes and let- tuce are satisfactory crops for forcing in hotbeds, but cauliflowers, cabbages, tomatoes and other vegetables may be started thereon for later planting out- doors. Water the hotbeds carefully by means of a watering can with a fine spray, and with tepid water. Cold water will check the growth of the plants. Get materials ready for topworking fruit trees next month. Spraying should be done at just the right time. Two days before or after may make all the difference in the world. — Prof. L. Caesar, Guelph. , PLANTS, used to ornament our greenhouses and homes, require to be kept clean and free from insect pests. Carelessness in home sanitation will soon extend its evil in- fluence to the plants. Where fdth abounds, so will vermin of many kinds. Generally speaking, all insects which attack ornamental indoor plants, whe- ther grown for their flowers or their foliage, are harmful. Some are com- mon, others not so much so, like the in- sects of our orchards and woodlands. Those which attack indoor plants are of two classes — biting and sucking, and may be controlled respectively by employing stomach poisons and ma- terials which smother or kill by con- tact when spraying. Atmospheric conditions exert quite an influence in the control of insects indoors, and are largely responsible for the kinds which attack the plants. A study will show that red spider, mealy bug, and thrips are usually prevalent, and increase rapidly in a high tempera- ture. Green and black aphids, white fly, and others will live and multiply equally well in a temperature consider- ably lower. The most serious insect offenders of the greenhouse and home are scale, green and black fly, red spider, thrips, mealy bug, white fly, mites, slugs, and caterpillars. Prevention. The attacks of nearly all insects may be prevented by sponging the plants thoroughly or by spraying them, when laid down on a piece of burlap or other clean material, with pure water. If really in need of a wash, a little pure soap should be dissolved in the water. To remove traces of soap on the leaves, a further sponging or spraying with pure water should be given. Remedy. Insecticides may be applied in the form of a spray from a hand syringe to large and to hard-wooded plants. In- sects may, however, be more effectively removed from the smaller plants by dipping them in the insecticide. In the home, large plants may be removed to a convenient place and sprayed. Wherever the operation is performed, however, the temperature should ap- proximate that of the room in which the plants are grown. Scale Insects. Scale insects are hard to get rid of, as the insecticides, which are effective, are usually of such strength as to in- jure the leaves of the plants also. With a fine scrubbing brush, scale may be removed from woody stems and foli- age of a firm texture, and from cracks and crevices with a toothbrush dipped in soapy water, or in weak lime sul- phur solution. Badly infested plants of this class should be dipped or be sprayed with a solution of lime sul- phur. Tender plants, like begonias or ferns, should be carefully sponged with soapy water, the worst of the leaves or fronds being removed and burned. Experiments tried on tender plants with lime sulphur or other scale re- moving material must be at the own- er's risk. Green and Black Fly. Spray with or dip the plants in a weak solution of tobacco water. One gallon of water, three teaspoonfuls of nicotine, and a little purp soap will make an excellent solution. Again, one may stand the plants in a large box with an airtight lid, or in an airtight cupboard, or disused room. Fumigate by burning tobacco paper, which is procurable at seed stores. Red Spider, Thrips and Mites. The treatment for these insects is much the same. Mix flowers of sul- phur, one handful to each gallon of warm water. Add one-half oTmce of pure soap to this. Immerse the stems and leaves of the plants therein for a few minutes. The sulphur will adhere to the plants, and $hould not be re- moved for a few days. Before the mix- ture is used, it should be thoroughly stirred, and be allowed to cool to the temperature of the room. Mealy Bug. Sponge the leaves and stems of plants infested with this insect with soapy water. If the masses of insects are touched with a camel's hair brush, dipped as required in wood alcohol, they will immediately succumb. 'The alcohol, however, should not be painted on the plants or injury will result. White Fly. It is generally supposed that fumi- gation with potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide is really the only effec- tive way to extirpate the white fly. Such is not the case. It may be de- stroyed with strong tobacco fumiga- tions if the plants are removed to a small airtight chamber, and after fumi- gation are allowed to remain therein over-night. The insect lays eggs, these hatch in four days. The plants should then be re-fumigated. Failure to fumigate every four days until the last insect and egg is destroyed will result in failure to control the pest. Beware of the poisonous cyanide un- less you have a greenhouse and know iiow to use it. February, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 23 Selecting Seeds for the Garden Ella C. Morton, Niagara Falls, Ont. TF seeds for next summer's flower J garden have not yet been selected, no more time should be lost, for February is the start-off month for seed sowing and seed growing. Some kinds of perennials will bloom the first season, if .started now, and annuals that are wanted in bloom earlier than usual in summer must be forced in ad- vance. Various kinds of seeds should be started in a window, hotbed or greenhouse at the end of this month or early in March. The gardener who de- lays will miss one of the greatest de- lights of gardening — having things a little earlier and perhaps a little differ- ent from those of friend or neighbor gardeners. Summer Decorative Plants. Among the annuals and perennials that should be started indoors are pe- tunias, verbenas, antirrhinum (snap- dragon), Pentstemon gloxiniodes, sal- via (scarlet sage), ageratum. dusty miller, golden feather pyrethrum and lobelia. There are few summer decora- tive plants that can be raised from seed that will make a finer and more con- tinuous display in the flower graden than those named, if the seed is started early and the plants given ordinary lare and attention. If sown out-of- oors even as soon as spring opens they re very late in flowering. Petunias erbenas, and snapdragons especiallv ive good results if sown early. All he plants named will be found very useful also for helping to fill window and verandah boxes, hanging baskets and rustic stands. The pentstemons are very similar to snapdragons in growth, but far pret- tier when grown well. The seed must, however, be sown early — not later than the end of February. For early flowers, the salvia seed should also be sown about the same time. Seeds of the other kinds mentioned should be sown in March. Earlier sowing is not necessary, excepting in very warm localities. Pansy seed also may be started in March indoors. If a few tall plants for the centre of a bed or the back of a large border are required, plant of few seeds, of castor oil bean some time in March, or even earh^ April, in shallow boxes in the house and transplant singly, when three or four leaves are started, into small flower pots or even berry boxes made tight. One may even start single beans in small pots and allow the plants to grow there until time for planting outside. Some eosmos seed and ^ome of the small-flowered sun- flowers (helianthus) may also be started indoors at about the same time. These plants, and all the others mentioned, when started as suggested, should be transplanted, when four to six leaves have been produced, singly into good soil in small pots or be set about two inches apart in well-drained boxes. Annuals and Annual Climbers. Most of the annual climbing plants must be sown outdoors where they are to grow,, as they do not transplant well, but there is one that should be start- ed inside in March — -Cobaea scandens i". w^-f^ ^ ' ^' •^"'^vi .••-\?-«!i _ J.. 1 . 1^1/ /:a^^ - A Lily Pond and Bird Bath In a Dundaa Garden. These attractive garden featurng were arranKed in the garden of J. A. Kyle, secretary of the Dundas Horticultural Society. (See artlclf, "An Attractive Garden, " on page 24.) (cup and saucer vine). The others, if started inside at all, will transplant best from pots. Cobaea is one of the best climbers for trellises and veran- dahs. Transplant to a medium-sized pot when four to six leaves have start- ed, grow indoors until ,all danger o' frost has passed and then stand out- doors in partial shade and keep pro- tected imtil warm weather comes. This plant and the castor oil plant are very easily chilled and should not be planted out until the ground is quite warm. In fact, all plants started in- doors should be set out in cold-frames or in some other sheltered spot when weather permits, so that they may be- come hardened to outdoor conditions before being planted in permanent quarters. Common Annuals. A few varieties of the common an- nuals, such as asters, Chinese pinks, Phlox Drummondii, zinnias, balsams, marigolds, coreopsis, scabiosa, calen- dula (pot marigold), mignonette, and sehizanthus, may be started either in- side or in the open. For earliest bloom, sow the seed indoors in March, even as late as early April in coldest districts. Many annuals, such as pop- pies, nasturtiums, ten weeks' stocks, silene, gypsophila, love-in-a-mist, lark- spur, and portulaca, do not transplant or .succeed well when sown indoors. Besides the various plants mention- ed, one may find many others describ- ed and illustrated in the seed and plant catalogues for 1922 that every good gardener will have at hand by this time. There's a wealth of information and many surprises in these annual catalogues, if one only looks well. In the space here available, it would be impossible to mention all the good things that one may select from them for a flower garden. Perhaps it would be helpful if a list of the best of them are given in order of some of the uses to which they may be put. The; plants marked with an asterisk (•) are per- ennials, those with a double asterisk may be had both as annuals and peren- nials, and those unmarked are annuals only. Some of them, such as Canter- bury bell, foxglove, sweet william, hollyhock, forget-me-not, are either biennials or have biennial forms which are treated as annuals or perennials, according to variety. Tuberous be- gonia, feverfew, and maurandia are perennials that are treated as annuals. For Special Purposes and Places. For Beds and Masses. — Achillea.* Aster,** Begonia (Tuberous),* Bachelor's Button, Balsam, Bleeding Heart*, Calendula, Can- terbury Bell,* Califomla Poppy, Celosia (CockBcomb), Clarkia, Coreopsis,** Four O'clock, Foxglove,* Gaillardia,** Godetla, Heliotrope,* Love-Lies-Bleedlng, Love-ln-a- Mist, Lupine,** Marigold, Nasturtium (dwarf), Nicotlana, Pansy, Pentstemon,* 24 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition ^ Peony,* Petunia, Phlox,** Pink (Dlan- thuB),** Pyrethrum,* Salplglossis, Scabiosa, Scarlet Sage, (Salvia), Schlzanthus, Silene (Catchfly), Sweet Sultan, Sweet Sultan, Sweet William,* Verbena, Veronica,* Wall- flower,** Zinnia. Best for Backgrounds.— Castor Oil Bean, Cosmos, Golden Glow,* Helenium,* Hellan- thus.** Heliopsis,* Hollyhock (B), Lark- spur.** For Edging Beds and Borders.— Agera- tum, Anemone,* Arctotis, Aster (dwarf),* Begonia (Tuberous),* Bellis,* Candytuft, Clarkia (dwarf). Dusty Miller, Feverfew,* Forget-me-not,* Gilia (dwarf). Lobelia, Marigold (dwarf), Nasturtium (dwarf). Pansy, Phlox nana compacta, Portulaca, Primrose,* Pyrethrum aureum, Sweet Alyssum, 'Verbena, Violet,* Zinnia (dwarf). Suitable for Rockeries. — Adonis,** Ane- mone,* Bellis,* Gypsophila, Iceland Poppy, Lily-of-the-Valley, Pansy, Primrose,* Pyre- thrum,* Silene, Veronica,* Violet.* For Sunny Piaces. — Arctotis, California Poppy, Castor Oil Bean, Coreopsis,** Helianthus,** Petunia, Portulaca, Veronica. Shade and Partial Shade.— Asperula, Be- gonia (Tuberous),* Bellis,* Canterbury Bell* Columbine,* Feverfew,* Forget-me-not,** Foxglove,* Larkspur,** Lily-of-the-Valley,* Lobelia, Morning Glory, Pansy, Phlox (gar- den),* Poppy, (common), Schizanthus, Snapdragon, Sweet Alyssum. Fine for Fragrance.— Asperula, Helio- trope,* Mignonette, Moonflower, Nicotiana, Scented Stock, Stevia, Stock (Ten Weeks) Sweet Alyssum, Sweet Sultan, Verbena Wallflower.** Annual Climbers.— Balloon yine, Canary- hird Vine, Cardinal Climber, Cobaea scandens, Cypress Vine, Gourdis Hop (Jap- anese), Hyacinth Bean, Maurandia,* Moon- flower, Morning Glory, Nasturtium, Sweet Pea, Wild Cucumher. These groups are merely suggestive. Many other annuals and perennials might be included. The plants listed here for special purposes and places are not always grown in ways specified. For instance, the plants and flowers mentioned as suitable for rockeries are not all rock or alpine plants, but they are worth trying for that purpose and usually give satisfaction. Again, those grouped as suitable for shade or part'ial shade 'are likely to do their best in the latter degree of darkness; only lilv-of-the-valley will prove suc- cessful in dense shade. Some of the annuals and perennials mentioned will grow almost anywhere. Any one of them is worth trying in the flower gar- den of 1922. If the weather is not severe, hot- beds may be started the latter part of this month. See that they are well protected on the outside with dry straw or dry manure. Heating or wet manure freezes and takes heat from the beds. If early celery is desired the seed should be sown during the month of March in a hotbed or in the house. For late celery the seed is sown about the middle or during the latter pai-t of April.— W. T. Macoun, Ottawa. An Attractive Garden THE two illustrations on pages 23 and 25 of this issue show views of the attractive and well- planned garden of J. A. Kyle, Dun- das, Ontario, secretary of the Dun- das Horticultural Society. It contains a lily pond, a bird bath, and a sun- dial. How these threu garden acces- sories are constructed is told in the following : — The lily pond is on the first terrace at one side of the garden. It is about ten feet in diameter and two feet deep, and is built up in the front with stone and cement. In the bottom of the pool three holes were dug for tub.s fourteen inches in diameter and eigh- teen inches deep, the tops of the tubs being level with the cement in the bot- tom of the pool, which is six inches thick. The sides are built up against the bank from 6 inches to 4 inches at the top, with a thick coat of cement. After setting, the tubs were filled with earth and well-rotted cow manure, and well mixed before planting the lilies, which were obtained from Dreer's, of Philadelphia. Of the three planted, I only succeeded in raising one, which had 22 blooms on last sum- mer. It is called Marliacea rosea, and has a large flower, of deep rose color. The young leaves are purplish red, changing to deep green. In the other tub, I planted a seedling which I rais- ed during the past summer. This has not bloomed yet. The third tub had the common buUrush. ' Surrounding the pool is a border. On the one side is planted lilies and on the other peren- nials, with iris. The west side is about 30 inches wide, planted with Murrillo tulips, which look much like the water lilies, and made a grand show in the spring with iris of different kinds sur- rounding the M'hole border. In the pool, I have 22 gold fish, which I keep in the house in the winter. Of these, I only had eleven to start with one year ago. I have no trouble keeping them and can feed them out of my hand with worms, of which they are ■very fond. Some of them are six inches long now. The bird bath near the pool is made of cement, three feet high. The baisin is twenty-two inches in diameter, and one to three inches in depth. It is a delight to the many birds that visit my garden, and also amusing to watch the different birds fight for their place. There is also a feeding place not shown, where we place feed of different kinds for the birds all the year round. Nut- hatches, robins, flickers, jays, and wrens and sparrows cover the feeding shelf during the winter. The sundial, on the west side of the garden, is also made of cement, three feet high ,with a shaft six inches at the bottom, and tapering to four and a half inches. The top is nine inches square. The dial is made of copper one-eighth of an inch thick, with a slot for the gnomen or style to set in. The style is of brass and cut to the angle of 51 degrees. I placed the dial on the pedestal and after finding the true north, as near as I could for an amateur, I watched the shadow from the style every hour and marked it with a pencil before cutting it perma- nently, to be sure I was right. It was correct during the summer but now is not, with the change of the sun. All this has been of great interest to both my wife and myself during our spare hours. The Striped Cucumber Beetle H. L. Spooner, Windsor, Ont. THE easiest way to combat the striped cucumber beetle is to use some form of repellant. They abhor dust of any kind, and many odors are oifensive to them. Air-slaked lime is commonly used. It is generally scented with kerosene, turpentine, or carbolic acid. As the beetle spread rapidly, it is important that the lime be on the plants all the time. Therefore they should be dusted when the beetles first appear, and at fre- quent intervals thereafter until the danger is past. Paris green is some- i times mixed with the lime, and gets^ *; some of the beetles that the lime fails to drive away. Other dusts are often used in place of lime, such as land plaster, road dust, tobacco dust, and cayenne pepper. Tobacco dust is especially good. In- stead of the dust, tobacco stems are sometimes used, being placed around the plant on the ground. Besides act- ing as a repellant, they have a high fertilizing value. Wood ashes satur- ated with kerosene are also used in this waj-, but care must be taken that they do not touch the plants, as they are rather strong. Instead of dusts, some growers use sprays. The most common is Bordeaux mixture, which is the best as it is a fungicide as well as a repellant. Arsenate of lead is usually mixed with it, about three pounds of the lead to fifty gallons of 3-6-50 Bordeaux. Lime- sulphur is sometimes used with good effect in conjunction with the arsenate of lead. A spray made by dissolving a bar of laundry soap in a pail of warm water is excellent. It kills every bug it touches and repels the rest. By pour- ing a barrel of water on a gallon or two of coal tar and letting it stand a day, then sprinkling on the plants, an effec- tive spray is made. February, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 2& QUESTION BOX W. E. Groves I Plants for Windy Position. What would you advise for a very windy and sunny spot — plants to be grown in pots or window boxes?— Mrs. C, Hamilton, Ont. Any of the stouter stemmed sum- mer plants could be used, though con- tinual wind is bound to affect even these. Geraniums, fibrous begonias, coleus, lobelia and alyssum should all be satisfactory. If a box is used, two or three plants of dracaena would help to steady the other plants, and in this case petunias could be used. There are many worse things than dwarf nasturtiums for the purpose. The ob- ect to be kept in mind is to use plants as dwarf as possible, any taller kinds to be those with naturally stiff stems. Cactus. I had a plant with drooping stems and sharp thorns with a red flower. Was this a cactus, and if so, would it do in this country? — Mrs. C, Hamilton, Ont. The plant was more than likely one of the cactus class, though just which variety is not easy to say, the number being so numerous. However, there should be no difficulty in making a plant grow here if given a decent place in winter and stood out of doors during the summer. A plain gritty soil suits them best, and if kept grow- ing during the summer season and rested a little during the winter, will usually flower in spring. They are not hardy here. Color in Apples. What will give color to Snow apples? Ours are never as red as they should be. — Mrs. J. T., Hamilton, Ont. Trees grown in light sand, even when well cultivated and fertilized have a higher color than those grown in heavy land. So, too, have trees gro^vn in sod as compared to cultivated land. I doubt if there is any substance known that will add to the color of apples. There is a great difference in the individual- ity of trees. Some trees of the same variety have much higher color than others.— Prof. L. Caesar, 0. A. C. Hardy Chrysanthemums. What are the names and colors of the best hardy chrysanthemums ?—F. G., Lon- don, Ont. The only chrysanthemums that are at all fit for outside planting are the Pompon varieties, which succeed if planted in a sheltered place. Care has to be taken in this conneption, in view of the fact that the plants are needed for bloom before the frost comes, and a south border is really the only safe place. The following varieties are the most suitable: Beth wine color, Carrie (yellow), Golden Glow (yellow), G. S. Kalb (white), Mrs. Roberts (pink), October Gold (orange), Doris (red), Julia Lagra- vere (red), Goachers Crimson (red), Queen of Whites: Starting Geranium Slips. • A number of geranium slips in small pots have been coming along well, but when the new leaves are about a quarter inch in size they dry off. They are In a sunny window and e,ll sprouted. There is a heater in the room. How can I remedy thia condition and bring them to maturity?— Mrs. R., Toronto, Ont. The slips are probably not rooted, and, if in a warm room, may shoot out leaves before the rooting action is completed, with the result stated. It is likely that the plants will continue growing all right, though it will be wise to g^ard against over-watering during the dull days of this month. The room being warmed precludes danger from frost, and unless the reason suggested covers the trouble, one will have to be found in the atmo- spheric condition of the room. Is there any chance of gas« doing the damage? Gas from a heater will oc- casionally seriously injure plants, es- pecially at night when fires are check- ed off Another View of an Attractive Dundas Garden. At the left Is a sundial, and at the right Bird Bath and Lily Pond. The preceding page describes these. article on the Rubber Plant. What is the cause of my rubber plant leaves going as the enclosed one? How shall I treat it for this? This is the second winter it has occurred, but it is only on last year's growth, and not on that made during the past season. — F. G. W., St. Lam- bert, Que. I Gas, cold, a dark position, or too much water may each be a reason for the plant going off as stated. See that a light position is provided. If the plant is stood in a jardiniere guard against water collecting in the bot- tom. This affects the drainage and sours the soil. See that drainage is good and keep plant away from draughts. The fact that the new leaves do not fall off does not admit the possiblity of too little moisture and a too dark position is more than likely to be the cause. Planting Apple Trees. I am told that if an apple tree dies, an- other one will not grow it planted in the same place. What is your opinion? — H. B., Sydenham, Ont. I have set out apple trees under these conditions, and they have grown fairly well. I took the precaution, however, to put good, fresh soil into the hole be- fore planting. The surface soil works well for this purpose, if the dead tree has not been a very large one. There is no reason that I can think of why a new tree should not be planted in the same place as the dead one. If it has been an old one, it is difiScult to get the roots all out and the earth sufficient- ly firm. As a general practice, it is better to set trees in new soil. — Prof. L. Caesar, 0. A. C. Annual Pinks. A bed of annual pinks is keeping green under straw manure. Will they bloom next season?— Mrs. C, Hamilton, Ont. The plants are really biennial, and if frost does not kill them, will prob- ably bloom again next season. As to whether they will survive the winter is, however, rather problematical. 26 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES London THE annual meeting of the London Society was held on January 16, attended by about 125 enthusi- astic members. W. E. Saunders, pre- sided. The annual report of the Sec- retary showed $3,519.82. The dis- bursements showed a deficit of $28.58 ; 1,731 was the membership for the year, 2,000 being the objective. The President gave an interesting resume of the year's work, which showed that the directors had not been idle. Alto- gether a very successful year was re- ported. One and a half dozen named gladioli was given for the spring pre- mium, and two and a half dozen choice named tulips of the tall, May-flower- ing variety for fall premiums. In ad- dition, each member was given "The Canadian Horticulturist, ' ' which every member appreciates. Right here I want to congratulate the pub- lishers on the improvement of this magazine, the only one of its kind in Canada. Canada first is my policy. There is absolutely no need of us get- ting American papers when we have just as good at home. The election of officers resulted mostly in re-elections. Much regret was expressed at the retirement of S. F. Wood, a past-president and director of long standing, J. C. Mid- dleton, and H. Hartrj-. Their places were filled by capable men, J. C. Cam- eron, of the Collegiate Institute staff, and the well-known horticulturists, Walter E. Greenway and W. E. S. Potts. The other directors re-elected were W. A. Hayden and Wm. T. Law- rence. Those elected a year ago to fill a two-year term were K. W. Cas-. selman, C. W. Baker, J. W. McLeod, Wm. McNaughton, and M. W. Alt-, house. W. E. Saunders was again elected president for a third term, as were also E. Jeffrey and T. C. Flem- ing, first and second vice-presidents. American Peony Show. The President spoke at length of the coming show of the American Peony Association, which is to be held in London in June next. Few people realize wh;at a ! great show this AAnll be. This is the first time it has been held in Canada, and the first time it was ever held in a city of less than half a million people. So London is greatly favored. For 1922, 4,000 members is the ob- jective of the directors. Membership booklets of ten memberships each are being distributed among the most en- thusiastic members. It is a favor to a friend to ask him to join the society. At the inaugural meeting of the directors it is expected tiiat a good membership committee will be appoint- ed by the directors to consist not only of directors but enthusiastic members. The committee will meet at intervals and conduct a well-organized cam- paign, so as to raise the membership. New members are not only needed, but old members should pay their dues promptly. These are payable now. Payment may be made to Do- minion Seeds, Ltd., Morgan's, West's, Dicks', Gammage's, Miss Watson's, Huron and Erie, tellers' on Richmond St., Child's Drug Store (now Arm- strong's), Young and Ferguson's seed store, or to any of the officers. Hamilton Seven well-attended meetings were held last year by the horticultural society, in addition to other activities, was the report made at the annual meeting on January 13. Some $2,418 was raised and $2,276 expended, leav- ing a balance on hand. The officers elected for 1922 are as follows : President, Dr. D. G. Storms ; firsli vice-president, Benjamin John- ston ; second vice-president, Corbett Whitton; directors (two years), E. W. Blackmore, William Hobson, Jas. Dunlop, Calvin McQuesten, and W. R. Turnbull. Five other directors were elected last year for a two-year term. A. C. Blake and W. Fearnside were appointed auditors. Grimsby The horticultural society has elect- ed the following officers for the ensu- ing year: President, T. P. Jenkinson; first vice-president, R. Mole ; second vice-president, Henry Hillier; secre- tary-treasurer, W. A. Cullingford. There was a good turnout of mem- bers at the annual meeting on January 14, and the various reports were the best in the history of the society. Guelph The annual meeting of the local so- ciety showed that the past year has been one of unusual activity in all de- partments. There has been a marked improvement in the interest and co- operation of the general public. The treasurer's report showed receipts of $2,956.08, with expenditures of $2,914.45. Officers elected for the ensuing year were: Hon. presidents, Mayor How- ard, Frederic Watt, H. Occomore, Dr. Bethune, Wm. Laidlaw; president, R. R. Graham; first vice-president, Geo. M. Yates; second vice-president. Dr. Norman Wallace; secretary, J. E. Car- ter; assistant secretary, H. Occomore; treasurer, Jos. A. Hewitt; Direc- tors, for two years: J. J. Dryden, Chas. Dempsey, J. A. Paul, A. A. Duignam, J. M. Campbell; auditors, John Sutherland, Geo. Chapman. Duignam, J. M. Campbell. Peterboro The past year has been one of the best in the history of the local society, 211 new members being added, making a total of 348. Improvements were car- ried out at the corners of various streets and at Inverlea Park. Two suc- cessful shows — Gladiolus and Aster — were held. Officers were elected for 1922 as follows: President, Dr. J. E. Middleton; First Vice-President, Alex. Weddell; Second Vice-President Carl Simpson; Secretary, L. Fraser; Direc- tors for one year: E. E. Brumwell, A. Sanders, T. E. Bradbum, J. Smythe, E. H. D. Hall ; Directors for two years, Mrs. Dr. H. M. YeUand, Mrs. J. Wells Fraser, Mrs. F. D. Kerr, I. Boddison and C. Land. F. J. A. Morris, M.A., of the Peter- boro' Collegiate Institute staff, gave an address on orchids, declaring that many rare varieties Avere to be found near Peterboro'. Ottawa The Ottawa society recently held an enthusiastic annual meeting, where re- ports showed that the pa.st year had been very successful. The member- ship for 1921 was 1,527. Financially the society had a slight surplus. Cash prizes to the amount of $391.75 were offered. Of this, 1320.50 were award- ed to 34 successful exhibitors Elections resulted as follows: President, F. C. Nunick; first vice- president. R. M. Motherwell; second vice-president, W. B. Varley; direc- tors (two vears), Mrs. J. A. Wilson, F. H. Byshe, H. W. Cooper, M. B. Davis, John Graham. Niagara Falls The Horticultural Society held its annual meeting for election of officers on January 11. Reports of the affairs of the society were presented, showing everything to be in a satisfactory state. President Geo. Emory gave an outline of work for the coming year. The officers elected were: President; Geo. Emor>' ; First Vice-President, John Oakes; Second Vice-President, Mrs. MeHattie. New Directors, J. Rose, M. C. Goodsir, Mrs. D. Kelley and J. Barnes ; old Directors, Mr. Garner, Dr. Snyder, Mrs. F. Anderson, Aid. Wilkin- son and C. Sanders. February, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 27 Ingersoll I The Ingersoll Horticultural Society ad splendid success during 1921, as 'as shown by reports submitted at lie annual meeting. Therd were 139 lembers and much important work was performed during the year. The oifieers for the year are : President, F. P. Leake ; First Vice-President, Mrs. R. ;V. Paterson; Second Vice-President, Miss A. Elliott ; Secretary, R .V. Roger- son. New Directors are, George Suther- land, George H. Mason, J. V. Buchanan, Mrs. F. W. Bowman and -Mrs. W. K. Watterworth. D. G. Cuth- bertson and W. J. Elliott are the Auditors. Preston Tilt; annual meeting of the Horticul- tural Society was held on Jan. 10, being \vell attended. This is the youngest society in District No, 6, and for this reason the Superintendent, J. !•:. Carter, of Guelph, has offered a sil- ver cu]) for competition at the Flower Show. Tliere are 228 members, and thei-e were 241 entrtes at the annual exhibition laJ3t year. The following officers were elected : J'resident, .H. Sneyd; 1st Vice-Presi- dent, T. Yates ; 2nd Vice-President, \V. R. Edgar. Directors, J. H. Mickler, I Kelly, W. Zinn, C. E. Bryant, 0. A. ummer, J. Bregman, J. Preston, Jos. ordon, Mrs. T. Yates, Mrs. Baldwin.-r- . Sneyd. Georgetown The second annual meeting of the Georgetown Horticultural Society was held on January 18. Reports for the past year proved from every stand- point' that the year had been a very successful one, and p?'ospects for 1922 are exceptionally bright. The receipts for- the year were $479.44 and the ex- penditures, $414.36, leaving a cash bal- .nce on hatui -f ^nr. n8 i,, shirt the ear's work The newly ciiTicfi (lim-cis aii-.^ lion, resident, Mr. Papst; President, W. Ij. iavidson; First Vice-President, Prof. :utt; Second Vice-President, Ma.ior •rant ; Secretary -Treasurer, Mihs Annie ;„.,,11„,- r Elora and Salem The annual meeting of the society was held on Jan. 10, closing one of its best years. Though situated in a village of only 1,100, it has a member- ship of 241 and expended nearly $1,000 last yfear. Its Birdhouse Show, Avhere 175 houses were exhibited by 121 school children, was greatly commended by ' ,_r. Lewis of Otta^va, who had the diffi- ■ult l;isk of awarding prizes. The flower show had nearly 400 en- tries, several entering the class of the 50 gladioli exhibits. The following officers were elected for 1922 : President, E. Davidson ; First Vice-President, W. Gordon; Second Vice-President, Rev. G. A. McDonald, B. A. ; Secretary-Treasurer, W .0. Men- dell. Directors, T. Tuckey, J. J. Brown, W. Pitt, R. E. Mills, W. L. Gordon, Rev. L. J. R. Naftel, B. A.; Rev. W. S. Daniels, B. A., B. D. ; F. F. Tophan, W. Murray and Past Presi- dent W. Brown, who is the vice-presi- dent of the newly formed Ontario Gladiolus Society.— W. 0. Mcndell. Kitchener At the annual meeting of the Kitchener Horticultural Society, J. A. Halman Avas re-elected President Other officers included : Isaac Hillborn, First Vice-Pi'esident ; Mesdames E. Schaefer and K. Opperman and Messrs. C. Elmslie, H. W. Brown and W. G. Bain. Directors. The reports showed the society to be in a healthy condition. Memorial to W. B. Burgoyne The recent death of W. B. Bur- goyne, president of the St. Catharines Horticultural Society , will prove a severe loss to the horticultural devel- opment of, not only his city, but the province as well, throughout which he was well known. At the annual meet- ing of the St. Catharines Horticul- tural Society a tribute was paid to his memory by the placing of a resolution on record, expressive of deep regret at his demise and the great loss sus- tained. A committee was appointed to consider a permanent memorial to his memory. The late Mr. Burgoyne was one of the founders and for several years the president of the Ontario Horticultural Association. This he frequently represented at important horticultural conventions in many parts of the United States, where he I)ccame widely known. He presented a rose garden to the city of St. Catharines, and for a number of years has been the main force behind the large horticultural exhibition held annually there. The vegetable garden will be just as important this year as last. Plant freely and take good care of the gar- den. Some fine catalogs have been issued the last few weeks. It is worth while to read some of them. Celery seed loses it.s germinating power very soon and for that reason care should be taken in obtaining fresh seed from a reliable source. The seed should be ordered early and its ger- minating power tested before the time of .sowing. — W: T. Macoun, Ottawa. The Gladioli Mrs. Geo. A. Bonisteel, Belleville. THE gladiolus, as an imposing and gorgeous summer flower, has no competitor. It has reached a stage of perfection that it would seem useless to try to im- prove, yet hybridizers are forging ahead producing new features, char- acteristics and colorings. What is considered most beautiful to-day may seem commonplace a few years hence. The blooming period of the gladio- lus is July, August and September, the months of greatest heat. There- fore one can preserve the bloom much longer by removing from the plant. Although they are beautiful blooming in the garden, they are extremely de- corative when cut. In fact, the gladi- olus is first and last a cut flower. Anyone who has not felt an inde- scribable thrill at the beauty of some of the present day varieties when ar- ranged artistically in a suitable re- ceptacle has a most pleasing emotion yet to be awakened within him. Notwithstanding its beauty, it is a flower for everyone, for the most satis- i'actory thing about it is its absolute suitability for amateur and florist alike. For this reason it is growing in popularity in leaps and bounds. For the benefit of the would-be grower a few notes on cultivation would not be amiss. We will begin with "Do not." Do not plant your bulbs here and there among other flowers. Do not plant close to any other flower or shrub, as the latter will take the mois- ture and absorb the plant nourish- ment faster than the bulb. Conse- quently the bulb rarely matures to blooming stage. To produce good flowers it is best l^o plant in double rows about seven inches apart, the double rows being about fifteen inches to two feet apart, according to space at command. The bulbs are placed from six to twelve inches apart in the rows (strong grow- ing varieties twelve inches) and the bulbs planted four to six inches deep. In heavy soil we have found it best to trench slightly and cover only three inches on planting. Then when plants are about five inches high grad- ually draw more earth around them. Deeper planting tends to hold plants erect, although there is some discus- sion as to production of cormels with deep planting. A cord run along the outei .mUi ui the double row and fastened there with an ocea-sional stake if the rows are long, holds plants firmly against* wind and storms. Faint over the larger wounds made when pruning. 28 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST floral Edition } LETTERS to EDITOR | Decorative Exhibits Editor, Canadian Horticulturist: The part played by the exhibition in the educational activities of the horticultural society can scarcely be over-stated, because it is the medium through which the public Is most directly reached. Every factor, therefore, which contributes to the drawing power of the show is worthy of the best consideration that the directors can give 't. The exhibition has two main purposes: first, to encourage keen but friendly rivalry, looking to the improvement of varieties and cultural methods; second, to create an individual and community interest in gar- dening and outdoor beauty. Perhaps the order of these might be reversed. How to achieve these purposes is dis- cussed in the interesting letter of Mrs. Potts in the December issue of the Cana- dian Horticulturist. Mrs. Potts, as a prelude to her observations, quotes the opinion of Madison Cooper, editor of "The Flower Grower," that too much stress is placed upon "artistic arrangement and display." I wish not only to dissent from that dictum of Mr. Cooper, but to advance the view that too little attention has been paid to it by those responsible for the preparation of exhibition schedules. Flowers in Four Inch Vases. For years the Ottawa Society offered prizes for iiowers in four inch vases, with results that not infrequently reacted upon the artistic consciousness of many w&o came to view them. Every impossible color combination of the traditional "posey" was represented, and varieties of flowers possessing no natural affinity or compl3- mentary quality were jammed and jumbled together in the same receptacle. The fault was not so much with the exhibitors, who were complying with the requirements of the prize list, as with the society in failing to realize the importance of encouraging artistic standards in floral display. The reversal of that policy has been productive of the most satisfactory results, not only artistically, but from the more practical point of popularizing the shows. The society is now strong on "decorative features," and the beautifully arranged tables, baskets and bowls make a compel- ling appeal particularly to the, as yet, non- gardening portion of the public. These are the people whose conversion we are striv- ing to obtain. Many who give a passing, though pleased, glance at the competitive classes of individual blooms ranged in long, straight rows on the show tables, will hover ecstatically over the decorative exhibits. These arrangements of flower and foliage are not only attractive in themselves, but add greatly to the general effect in reliev- ing the stiffness of the serried ranks of vases -on the other tables. Arrangement Adds to Charm. It is apparent that Mr. Cooper has not considered the whole question, or He would not have under-estimated the educational value of the decorative exhibit. Flower growing is important, but the. fine art of arranging flowers is equally worthy of illus- tration and development. As the setting enhances the brilliancy of the jewel, so the arrangement adds to the charui of the flower. A notable improvement has been observed In the character of the decorative pieces at the Ottawa shows, and a standard has heen set up by the exhibitors them- selves that puts out of the running any- thing fantastic or of doubtful artistic merit. This departure has introduced a new element of interest. I'ormerly the lady members of the society, numbering several hundreds, were toot conspicuous as exhibi- tors in the ordinary competitive classes. Now the opportunity is presented to exer- cise the artistic talent inherent In woman- kind with the added zest that comes from amiable rivalry. Taste In Judging. The task of judging these decorative exhibits is assigned to persons with special qualifications for it. Perfection of indivi- dual bloom does not count for so much here as the general arrangement and the effect produced by it. Judges highly qualified to appraise the merits of exhibition flowers are not necessarily the best for decorative exhibits. This w^ork presents unusual difficulties because it has to do with that elusive and indefinite thing called taste, and there are different standards and con- ceptions of beauty. But, on the whole, the judging has been well done, and little com- plaint has been heard, even from the un- successful competitors. What possible conflict can there be between the decorative and other classes? They are not in competition. The stand- ards of judging are not the same. One does not trench upon the other, and no com- parison can be drawn between things which are unlike. Adventitious effects resulting from arrangement are not sought in the ordinary competitive classes of cut blooms. There the flower depends entirely on its intrinsic merit in competition with its rival. But tiie two classes are complement- ary, and the show must lack in interest, beauty and educational value if either is excluded. The ideal is a combination of both. Milk Bottles as Receptacles. Something was also said by Mr. Cooper in defence of the use of milk bottles as recsptacles. If nothing else is available, by all means use milk bottles rather than give up the idea of having a show; but if other receptacles can be had, they are much to be preferred. This is a practical question of finance, and it presents a serious prob- lem to all societies. Our society wrestled with it for years. We had a constantly diminishing supply of glazed pottery vases, mostly in the smaller sizes, but there was a demand for more receptacles capable of taking care of peonies and the larger nerennials. War-time quotations for glass and pottery were prohibitive, considering our resources. Then someone proposed galvanized sheet vases. Sheet iron and flowers do not suggest a happy combination, but when the samples were before us, the effect was not unnleasing and the practical utility wa3 apparent. Most important of all, the cost was within reach. Two sizes were procured, otie ten .nches high by four inches wide, and the other e'ght by three. The price ave.'aged 25 cents each. Time toned down the galvanized coating to a soft, neutral gray which harmonizes well witli all flower colors. These vases have the merit of being light in weight and un- breakable, an advan!:age of importance to a nomadic society, which has to hold its shows wherever it can find a hall and to transport its impedimenta hither and thither. The question it vases is just one of the many practical deta'ls that might with advantage be discussed tlirough the correspondence columas of The Canadian Horticulturist, and might also find a place on the agenda of -^he nex meeting of the Ontario Horticultural Socioty.—George Simpson, Ottawa. « Receptacles at Exhibitions Editor, Canadian Horticulturist: The article, "Receptacles at Exhibitions," by Mrs. A. L. Potts, Hamilton, in your December Iseue, is what I term good com- mon sense. As I go in a lot for competition myself, her idea on containers for staging flowers at flower shows is right. We want to see flowers, not containers. I have been connected with the Riverdale Horticultural Society since it started, and we put up a good show every year, using the containers we can pick up. If we had a regulation con- tainer it would be a failure, as the average society cannot go to that expense. The Canadian Hortioulturist has been a great help to me, and the many useful hints, I find evb.y month are certainly inter- esting.—Wm. Ogg, Toronto. Destroying Weeds with Chemicals THERE are numerous plots of wa.ste ground in towns, along roadsides all over the country, railroad tracks, and large areas of stony or rocky ground that cannot be cultivated, where keeping down weeds by chemical sprays might be profit- ably considered. The spray should be applied in fine, calm weather when there is a probability that no rain will fall during the next 24 hours The amount of spraying mixture will vary some- what with the kind of spraying machine used, but as a general rule at least 60 gal- lons are necessary to cover an acre. The spray should be applied while the weeds are young. The chemical substances most used are sulphuric acid, iron sulphate, copper sul- phate, common salt caustic soda, sodium arsenate, carbolic acid, orchard heating oil and fuel oil. After the use of some of these, the soil remains sterile until the chemical has heen wa;hed out by rain. In calculat- ing the strength to be used it has to be re- membered that a gallon of water weighs 10 pounds. Fuel oil can be used on waste ground or garden paths. After its use the soil re- mains sterils for a considerable period. Orchard heating oil is applied at full strength in a fine mist. It destroys all vegetation but is not poisonous and does not injure the soil. Sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol has a cor rosive effect on the spraying apparatus, and can be used only in a weak solution varying from 3 to 10 per cent. It has a fer- tilizing effect on the soil. Carbolic acid is used in a solution of 12% per cent, or stronger. Iron sulphate Or copperas is used in a solution of 15 to 20 per cent. Copper sul- Dhate or bhiestone can be used instead of iron sulphate, but in a solution of l^^ to 2% per cent. Common salt or sodium chloride is used in a strei^th of 20 to 25 per cent. It checks the growth of other' plants, besides weeds until it has been washed out by rain. Caustic soda or sodium hydrate is used in a five per cent, so'ution. It kills all kinds of vegetation. 'The formation of the Ontario Gladiolus Society, at a meeting in St. Thomas recent- ly has been received in Ottawa with favor. Indications are that this district will pro- vide a considerable number of members. At present. Ottawa's sole representative is William B. Varley, a vice-president of the Ottawa Horticultural Society, who has been appointed regional vice-president for the Ottawa District.— E. G. W., Ottawa. The OH.A, annual convention will, be held in Toronto, Feb. 9 and 10. February, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 29 Eastern Ontario Apple Men Meet THAT interest in the apple industry o£ Eastern Ontario is rapidly reviving was abundantly evidenced by the atendance at the tenth annual meeting of the Northumberland and Durham Apple Growers' Association, held at Brighton, Ont., on Jan. 18. Nearly 300 persons were present, and the great majority were actual producers. The few addresses were of a very practical nature, being particular- ly well adapted to conditions in the neigh- borhood. Benefits of Cold Storage. A. Fulton, supervisor of the Ontario Government cold storage plant at Brighton, described the beneffts the growers might derive from this affair, among other points .stating that if prpducers could see their way clear to utilizing this storage during the months of June and July for tender fruits the concern would soon be on a self- supporting basis. Mr. Fulton stated that although the full capacity of the plant had been taken up practically since the opening in September last, the bulk of the apples stored were of the lower grades, whereas. would be well repaid in financial returns received. Mr. Ross dealt with the other side of the question, giving the results of different tests with various sprays. One point of particular interest to apple producers in this part of the province brought out by this speaker, and in the discussion follow- ing his address, was the fact that dusting "should not be considered as a substitute for liquid spraying, but merely as a valu- able adjunct to it." Dusting, he said, helped the large grower to get over his plantation when it could not be accom- plished with liquid spray, but in nearly all cases he advised the latter where at all possible. M. B. Davis, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, discussed pruning and fertilizing, The meeting was ably presided over by President Brock Scripture, assisted by Secretary Harry Sirett. . Officers Elected. ' Ofiicers and directors of the past year were re-elected as follows: Pres., R. B. Scripture, Brighton; vice-pres., A. A. Col- A Power Spt^aying Outfit Is Needed on Every Commercial Fruit Farm. Uecause of the abnormally early spring lafit year, spraying was neglected in many orchards, and pests of all kinds had opportunity for lncreasln(f more than usual. Orchardists will ' require to be on the job early and effectively this coming .season. I In his opinion, growers could not afford to store anything but Nos. 1 and 2 fruit while there was any of this quality on hand. Judging by the discussion following Mr. Fulton's address, local producers are more than satisfied by this experiment of the pro- vincial government, and although the con- cern has been in operation but a few months, the season has been extended to such an extent by its use that thousands of dollars have been made out of fruit and vegetables which under ordinary conditions would have gone to waste. More Spraying Advocated. Prr>f. L. Caesar of the Ontario Agricul- tural College and W. A. Ross of the Vine- land Experimental Station briefly discussed spraying and spray materials. Prof. Caesar while convinced that interest In fruit growing, and particularly apples, was rapidly being restored after the war-time depression, claimed that the growers were still "falling down in their efforts to pro- duce good, clean fruit." To accomplish this end he urged more frequent and universal spraying, and stated that those doing so will, Newcastle; sec.treas., Harry Sirrett, Brighton; directors, W. H. Gibson, New- castle; W. J. Gragg, Bowmanville; C. R. Lovekin, Newcastle; E. H. Martin, Port Hope; 3. G. White. Colbourne; A. M. Mack- lara, Brighton; W. Montgomery, Brighton; P. C. Dempsey, Trenton. inspectors made such inspections. He ad- mitted, in reply to a question by Mr. Baxter, that they had not demanded a certified copy of the inspector's report. Fruit Commissioner Baxter stated, that every now and then some dealers try to beat down prices to the growers by making unwarranted claims for rebates on the ground of defects in the fruit. Last sum- mer a dealer in Winnipeg faulted a car which had heen shipped by the Niagara Peninsular Growers, Ltd., and claimed that the fruit had been condemned by the fruit inspector. The N. P. G., Ltd., reported the case to the Fruit Branch, which, on investi- gating it, found that the car had not been faulted by the fruit inspector, but had been passed by him. Where claims of this kind are made, it was suggested that if any doubt exists as to their accuracy the facts should ibe submitted to the Fruit Branch, Ottawa, -for investigation. T. J. Mahony, general manager of the N. P. G., Ltd., ad- vocated the inspection of fruit at the ship- ping point. He pointed out that were this done very few dealers would dare to make fraudulent claims for rebate and when they did the fruit growers would he protected by having the inspector's certificates. Unwarranted Claims THE methods adopted by some fruit dealers to secure unwarranted rebates in the prices they agree to pay for fruit or unduly high prices for fruit they sell, wore revealed at the meeting of the Ontario Experimental Union, held in Guelph. Jan. 10th to 12th. W. C. Good, M.P., of Paris, re- ferred to a difficulty some farmers in his section had had in the adjustment of prices over a oar of Nova Scotia fruit .which had been purchased, and which was very defective. The shipper claimed the fruit had been inspected by the Dominion fruit Inspector and was according to grade when shipped. Mr. Good asked Dominion PYult Commissioner C. W. Baxter, it the Apple Blister Canker INVESTIGATIONS conducted by the New York Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva show that an outbreak of blister canker in apple orchards is always possible, especially following a protracted period of dry weather in the spring. The organism causing the disease Is nearly always present in the orchard or in near- by woodlots, and since apple trees are most susceptible to attack in the spring when new growth starts any condition of the soil or weather which retards growth favors the development of blister canker. Early cultivation to preserve soil moisture is, therefore, especially desirable. The disease gains entrance into the wood through some injury to the tree, us- ually a pruning wound, hence it is impor- tant that all such wounds be covered in some way. For this purpose a coating of common shellac followed by coal tar gave the best protection and withstood weath- ering better than any of the other wound dressings which were tried. The immediate removal of all hlister cankered branches is probably the best control measure as such practice retards the spread of the disease in the orchard. It should be remembered, however, that In removing a diseased branch the cut should be made as far away from the canker as possible because the disease extends In all directions through the wood and unless all diseased wood is removed a new canker will form. "Paradichlor" for Borers THE so-called peach-tree borer has con- stituted one of the principal draw- ibaeks to the successful cultivation of the peach for 150 years, and only within five years have effective and practical means of control been discovered. The para-dichlorobenzene treatment developed by E. B. Blakeslee of the bureau of ento- mology, United States Department of Agri- culture, is described In Farmers' Bulletin 1246, "The Peach Borer; How to Prevent or Lessen Its Ravages," by Dr. A. L. Qualn- tance, entomologist in charge of fruit Insect Investigations. The bulletin treats jrlefiy of the life and habits of the Insect; .if fho "worming" method of destroying I he (Continued on page 32.) 30 r ] THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral EdIUon (P I ^ NIAGARA Dust Sprays Dusting gives RESULTS. Dusting increases the crops. Dusting shortens the labor. Dusting reduces the cost. Dusting improves the quality. DUSTING Makes Fruit or Vegetable Growing Easy and Profitable With a DUSTER you can do yout work when it should be done. You eHminate the heavy liquid, the mixing, the hauling and clogging. Dusting is the Modern Method With a duster you will harvest the most with the least toil. You can dust a forty acre orchard in one day. Dusting has passed the experimental stages-Its merits are established. There is a Niagara Duster to suit your orchard or crop. Apples — Plums — Pears — Peaches — Cherries — Strawberries — Potatoes or Vegetables. There is a Niagara Dust to control every pest. Sucking Insects — Chewing Insects— Fungus— Rot — Blight^Mildew. Our catalogue — Status of Dusting— Potato Dusting — When and How to Dust—are free. Learn about Dusting — Increase your profits. NIAGARA BRAND BURLINGTON ESTABLISHED 1909. WHEREVER I I I February, 1922. THECANADIANHORTICULTURIST 31 NIAGARA Liquid Sprays SOLUBLE SULPHUR — The perfected Sulphur Spray in powdered form — controls San Jose Scale — Oyster Shell — Blister Mite — Peachleaf Curl — Aphis and Psylla eggs, etc. A 1 00 lb. drum makes the same amount of Spray as a 600 lb. barrel of Lime Sulphur. SOLUBLE is easy to apply — no waste — no sediment — kills quicker. As a summer spray mixed with Calcium Arsenate and lime, it is a safe, efficient and economical spray. LIME SULPHUR -Pure— Clear Solution— Highest Beaume test. ARSENATE OF LEAD— The Finest and Strongest Lead in the World. CALCIUM ARSENATEr~A newer poison — More used every year. POWDERED BORDEAUX— An excellent fungicide. We guarantee our Products to be the highest quality produced. SPRAY OUTFITS— The famous Bean Sprayers. Bean Giant Triplex with 4 H.P. Engine. Bean Giant Duplex with 3 H.P. Engine. These are the most powerful — durable and efficient Sprayers made. They are built to give real service — Hundreds of Ontario growers endorse this. Everything for Spraying- Hand Pumps— Spray Guns High Pressure Hose — Raw Sulphur Blue Stone — Engines — ^Accessories. Write for our prices — We will send you our Catalogues and Calendars. PRAY CO., Limited tCCELS NIAGARA SPRAYS ARE USED ONTARIO # ^ 32 THE CANADIA'N HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition ftorers where there are only a tew trees involved, and ot "paradichlor" method. The peach borer is the larva o( a beauti- ful clear-winged moth. It feeds on the inner hark at the base of the tree or on the adjacent roots, seriously injuring and frequently killing the trees attacked. As a result of experiments begun by the (lst in the business the last five years. The larger value of the supplies handled in 1920 is due to the fact that the entire barrel sup- ply for our members was handled through the association. In 1919 the association was incorporated under special charter of the legislature, empowering it to carry on a general cooper- ative business, both as to purchasing and selling, and it now receives an annual grant of $200 from the New Brunswick De- partment of Agriculture. Fruit in P. E. Island, 1921 J. A. Clark, Supt., Exp. Farm, Charlottetown THE spring of 1921 opened early; the snow was gone by the 17th of April, and spring work commenced on the 27th of April, two weeks earlier than usual. On May 18th, the trees appeared green; this was 10 days ahead of other years. The strawberries wintered well, and the small bush fruits escaped injury from the early frosts. The spring weather was favorable for all fruits; the early summer drought, which extended to the 15th of July, retard- ed the growth of large fruits, and consider- ably reduced the yield of strawberries after the second picking. Small Fruits. Black currants, which bloomed on the 19th of May, set well, and gave a good crop of ripe fruit on the 27th of July. Red cur- rants bloomed on the 23rd of May, and vrere ready for picking on the 21st of July. They gave a much heavier yield than the black, but there is a very poor market for them, and the price is low. White currants came into bloom on the 22nd of May, and gave a yield quite equal to that of the red currants There GET BETTER FRUIT AND TIP-TOP PRICES is no market (or knotty, gnarled fruit and wormy apples. Spray with the right ma- terial at the right time and give nature a chance to grow her finest. You will find just the spray- ing appliance you need in our famous line of OSPRAYMO High Power Sprayers An Osprayrao Sprayer means a high-power sprayer, an-i hieh power is mc^t important. You are sure to make your spraying job effective. Gasoline Engine Orchard Sprayer Above is a popular style of power sprayer for general orchard spraying. Investigate our mounted traction Bed Jacket and Yellow Jacket Sprayers for beans; potatoe.'! anti vegetables. Also Barrel. Bucket, Knapsack and Hand Sprayers. Send today for our latest catalog. Don't buy any sprayer until it comes. We have local dealers at many points, but write direct for catalog to ^the address below, FIELD FORCE PUMP COMPANY Dept.C. H., Elmira. N. Y. 40 Years at Sprayer Building 130 EGG WISCONSIN INCUBATORandBROODER BOTH FOR ^23 1* Freight and Buty Paid J ordered together we send both machines for only $23.75 in Canadian money and we pay all freight and duty charges to any R. R. station in Canada. We have i branch warehouses in WInnipas, TWan. and Toronto, Ont. Orders shipped , from nearest warehouse to your R. R. station. Hot water, double walls, dead airspace | between, double glass doors, copper tanks and boilpra. se1f>regulatinR. Nursery onder egg tray. Especially adapted to Canadian climate. Incubator and Brooder shipped set up complete w~ready to Qse. Ten year nuarantee— 30 days trial. Incabators flnished in natural colors lahowtDK the high graoe California Redwood lumber used. If you compare our machines with ■others, we feel sore of your order. Don't buy ontil you do this — it pays to investtirate before ryou buy. Remember our price is coverinB freieht and dutychararea. Send for FREE catalog today, or eend in your order and save time. Make Monpy Orders payable to ua at Toronto, I Ont., but mail remittance with order to us at Racine. Wia. WISCONSIN INCUBATOR CO. Box 208 RACINE, WISCONSIN, U. S. February, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 35 on the 26th of July. There is a readier market for these, on account of their use in the making of jellies. The summer of 1921 was very favorable for raspberries. The Shaffer, a purple rasp- berry, led; Herbert, one of the varieties of red raspberries, was a close second; Golden Gladioli Selected Last of These Magnificent Free-Flowering Summer Bulbs: America, pink; Halley, salmon color, early; War, blood red; Francis King, salmon red; Peace, late white; Pink Perfection, pink; Loveliness, creamy white; Willy Wigman, blush with dark blotch; Panama, pink; Schwaben yellow; Lily Lehman, creamy white. $1.00 for 25 $3.50 per 100 Excelsior, mixed — extra first sized bulbs, $3.00 per 100. Cash with order. No cliarge for packing. The Peterboro Flora 'Co. PETERBORO ONTARIO Queen, the best white, was third, with a very satisfactory yield. The strawberry crop, as already men- tioned, dried off after the second picking, and was not so good as the crop harvested in 1920. Parker Earl, Senator Dunlap and Glen Mary still stand at the head of the list of varieties. Portia, a variety introduced by Mr. Macoun, at Ottawa, has also given very satisfactory yields. The season was also favorable for goose- berries. Keepsake, Pearl and May Duke have given very satisfactory returns over a number of years. Large Fruits. During the period of drought, the larger fruits were checked in their growth, and were quite undersized at the first of August. They, however, quickly recovered when the rains came, and the harvest of apples, plums and pears was the best for many years. The cherry trees that had been regularly sprayed all gave a very good crop. In the province, however, very few orchards of cherry trees have withstood the attacks of Gnomonia (during the past ten years'^, which practically defoliates the orchard early in the season. The remedy is regular, thorough spraying, with lime-sul- phur and Bordeaux. Apple Sucker in Nova Scotia IN August, 1920, the Dominion Depart- ment of Agriculture placed a quarantine on Kings, Hants, Colchester, Cumber- land, and part of Lunenburg counties on account of the apple sucker, a pest that was first discovered in Nova Scotia in 1919. The quarantine prohibited the shipment of nursery stock unless the shipment was ac- companied by either a permit or certifi- cate. As a result of scouting work carried GLADIOLI 65 Varieties. Orange Glory, Byron L.. Smith. Pride of Goshen, Herada, Gold Measure and many others. Write for list. MRS. GEO. A. ^ONISTEEL, 73 Highland Ave., Belleville, Ont. FO STEP'S i Standard ' POT FLOWER POTS Hanging Baskets] and Fern Pans We make the "Standard" Pot, the beat Pot in the world — uniform, best of clay, well burned. In every respect supeo-ior to all others. All our pots have rim on shoulder, thus allowing- them to be placed together perfectly and preventing breakage In shipping and handling. Place your Spring Order NOW. A complete line and large stock of ail sizes kept on hand to ensure prompt shipment. _ Send for NEW CATALOG and PRICE i:,IST. The Foster Pottery Co. HAMILTON - - - ONTARIO Main Street West. Honey Containers " ORDER THEM EARLY " Did you order your honey pail requirements early last year? If so, was it not very satisfying to have the pails ready at your apiary in time to take the honey from your storage tanks? DID IT NOT MEAN MONEY IN YOUR POCKET? On the other hand, if you happened to be one of the beekeepers who neglected to order pails early — what was the result? You lost an early sale of honey, and zJlowed your honey to granulate in the tanks. THIS MEANT A DIRECT LOSS TO YOU. Think it over, and decide this year to place your order in plenty of time to allow us to stencil your name and have the pails at your apiary when required. Our illustrated circular and price list is being sent out. If you do not receive yours, drop us a card. Macdonald Manufacturing Co., Limited- SPADINA AVE. AND RICHMOND ST. TORONTO, CANADA 36 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition Bruce's Seeds ESTABUSHED 1850 wS^ 6^ Gco^ SEND for a copy of our big catalogue. Everything for the farm garden and lavrn. 128 page*. Free for the asking. A post card will do it. Don't delay. JOHN A. BRUCE & CO. LIMITED HAMILTON CANADA 245 on during the past summer, for this pest, it was found that the uiiple sucker had spread into Halifax county. On Nov. 15, a ministerial order was passed adding Hall- fax to the districts already quarantined. Persons who wish to send any shipments of nursery stoclc and desire further inform- ation should apply either to the Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Annapolis Royal, N.S., or to the Dominion Entomologist, De- partment of Agriculture, Ottawa. Strawberries Grown the Kellogg Way Yield BIG Profits Our Bree Book tells how. Written by the Strawberry King. Gives his secrets for growing the Big Crops of Fancy Strawberries that won him fame and fortune. Worth its weight in gol'i. Costs nothing-It's FREE. R.M. KELLOGG CO. Boi 181 Ttiree Rivers. Mich N.S.F.G.A. Convention AT the annual convention of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association, Bridgetown, Jan. 17-19, a' resolution was adopted asking the departments of agriculture at Ottawa and Halifax to make provision for experimental work in pre- cooling apples in N.S. this year. Another resolution petitioned the Federal Depart- ment to employ at Kentville a specialist for the purpose of developing new sorts of apples suitable to conditions in N.S., parti- cularly with reference to late-keeping vari- eties. Important addresses were delivered by W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist; C. W. Baxter, Dominion Fruit Commission- er; J. A. Ruddick, Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner; B. Leslie Emslie, Soil Fer- tility Specialist, Ottawa; Dr. M. Gumming, Prof. W. H. Brittain and Prof. Truman, Truro; W. S. Blair, Kentville; G. E. San- ders, Annapolis Royal, and others. Officers were elected as follows: Pres., G. H. Vroom, Middleton; Vlce-Pres., J. Elliott Smith, Wolfville; Sec, F. W. Foster, Kingston; Executive, George Hutchinson, Morristown; Fred Johnson, Bridgetown; Ray Clarke, Lakeville; Fred Chipman, Nictaux West. Delegates to Dominion Fruit Conference — C. P. Raymond, Berwick; E. H. Johnson, Wolfville; W. C. Spurr, Meivern Laquale; J. H. Cox, Cambridge. The New Brunswick Department of Agri- culture will hold a three days' apple packing school at Fredericton this month, probably on the 14th, 15th and 16th, or 21st, 22nd and 2.3rd. P. J. Carey, Dominion Fruit Branch demonstrator, will be in charge of the work. The annual meeting of the B. C. F. G. A. will be held in conjunction with the packing school. Exhibition! Gladioli M. Foch, new Pink, Edith Cavell, white, etc. Schwaben, Peac«, America Mrs. King, Niagara. $3.50 per 100. Mixed , Varieties, I2..50 per 100. All 1%" up. Uet Free. O. SANSBY, 7 Waverley Road, Toronto, Ont. For Gladioli and Paeonies Send for lists. H. P. VAN WAGNER, R. R. No. 5. Hamilton, Ont. Fruit Growers Write for circular describing: the new and only lime and fertilizer machine which Alls your needs. W. J. BUCHAN, Beamsvllle ... - - Ontario Trees, Roses, Shrubs, Vines and Perennials A RTISTIC Planting will help to make your home beautiful. We grow the stock, and will cheerfully give you the benefit of our experience, Our 1922 Catalogue is Now Ready JOHN CONNON CO., LIMITED Nurserymen and Florists HAMILTON - - - ONTARIO QUALITY SEEDS [SEED SERVICE OF AN UNUSUAL KIND Eliminating undesirable varieties and confining our recommendations only to the best strains of the most high-bred varieties of vegetables and flowers. "Quality Seeds" is the title of our cata- logTie. It tells you about seed novelties and spe- cialties as Sure Crop Stringless Beans, Early ■Wonder Beet, Golden Giant Corn, New Melon "Oka." an improvement on Montreal Market. Marrowfat Pea Progressive. Asters: Ball's White, perfectly double, of flawless purity and form. Pacific Beauty, best lavender to date; Blue Lace Flower; New Hollyhock, Exquis- ite: Sweet Peas: Mascot White, Dobbie's Maroon. Daisybud, Cecily, Pink Pearl: Zinnia, Double Dahlia Flowered; Campanula, Violet King; Petunia, Elk's Pride, a strildng deep Royal Purple, and many more nteresting and delightfully new Flowers and Vegetables. Catalogue on request. DUPUY & FERGUSON 38-42 Jacques Cartier Square MONTREAL February, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 37 i I BRITISH COLUMBIA B. C. F. G. A. Convention I THE annual convention of ths B. C. F. G.A. was held in Victoria, Jan. 18, 19 and 20. The attendance was excel- lent, being the largest on record, and all sections were well represented. Numerous resolutions were presented, the most im- portant being those relating to pest control and compulsory spraying. Following these resolutions measures were taken which will insure the control of any pest or disease outbreaks in the province and assist in main- taining the high quality of British Columbia fruit. One of the resolutions adopted advo- cated the adoption of Washington pack and grade rules for British Columbia. This idea was supported by many delegates who pointed out that in the larger markets Brit- ish Columbia fruit was meeting competition from northwestern apples and that it would be an advantage to British Columbia if all fruit were graded and packed according to the same standards. British Columbia was losing money by selling under the 1, 2 and 3 grades and that if the grades Extra Fancy, Fancy and C. grade were adopted, there would be no discrimination and selling would be much easier. Papers on various subjects were read as follows: "Fertilizer Problems," Messrs. Boving and Helmer; "Transportation Prob- lems," G. E. Mcintosh, Ottawa; "Small Fruit Subjects," Messrs. Barss and Eddie. Excel- lent addresses were given also by D. F. Fisher, of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, on "Spoilage of Apples after Harvest" and R. C. Treherne on "Codling Moth and Superheating." Delegates to the Dominion Fruit Con- ference wore also appointed. Those re- presenting the growers were Messrs. Barnes, Palmer, Abriel and Mutrie; to re- present the shippers, C. Lowe. Officers were elected as follows: Pres., C. E. Barnes, Walhachin; Vice-Pres., L. E. Taylbr, Kelowna; other executive officers, R. M. Palmer, R. V. Agur, W. F. Laid- man, and T. Abriel; Sec.-Treas., A. F. Barss, Vancouver. i B. C. Berry Growers THE British Columbia Berry Growers' Association, organised last summer, handled the fruit of about 500 acres, or some 2,500 tons. It acted as the central selling agency for 13 berry marketing organizations that were already in existence. The sales manager is H. A. McNaughton, Gordon Head. The success of this new organization in its first season stands out as a memorial to the vplue of co-operation. For 25 vears individual growers had been struggling along without signal success. Various small associations that came into existence could not afford to provide proper cooling-plants and other facilities for handling the fruit previous to shipment, or else they could not afford proper inspection as to grade and pack. In 1915, the Gordon Head Fruit Growers' Association on Vancouver Island was formed and soon built up for itself an enviable reputation in B. C. and prairie markets. Then various other co-operative associations began to spring up on the lower mainland. The Fruit and Mercantile Exchange at CONFIDENCE Except Eggs, no other article purchased so little indicates the quality within ' as seeds, for seeds do not. give any clue whatever. Seed demands, first, a lot ot confidence on the dav of purchase; and secondly, a con- tinuation of that confidence during- the growth of the plants — quite two months at least — and it the results are bad the purchaser has only himself to kick. 57 years of good service and good seeds has gained for us the confidence of many gar- deners. Ask one. Write for our catalogue. SEEDS ^''•'*''"' Flower GEO. KEITH & SONS 124 King St. East, Toronto, Ont. DAHLIAS Ten prize- Twenty winning DAHLIAS of $1.00 postpaid, mixed varieties, $1.25 all classes, postpaid. Send for Buctouche price list. MRS. C. DOUGLASS, ■ N.B. GASPORT. N.Y. Catalog 7ree. HARDIE SPRAYERS are sold plus service, for all Hardie Agents carry repairs. I I AGENTS — Duncin Robertson, Oakville; S. Piott & Son, Stoney Creek; Jas. A. Wray, Grimsby; R. O. Wilcox, Beamsvllle; L. S. Haney, Fenwick; Hall Bros., St. Catharines; G. W. Manley, Niagara Falls; W. H. Harrison, Nlagara-on-the-Lake; G. H. Shaver, Hamilton. HARDIE SPRAYERS HA VE STOOD THE TEST Every part of the Hardie Power Sprayers is the best that money, brains and experience can make, and the differ- ence in price between a Hardie and the cheaper makes, is nothing compared to the loss of time and trouble costs, which cheaper makes entail. Hardie Power Sprayers are made in many styles and sizes to lit varying conditions. Tell us your Sprayer troubles, and the conditions you have to ovei-come and we will give you our knowledge and experience in over- coming spraying difficulties gratis. There Is a Hgfdie Sprayer that will exactly fit your requirements. Hardie Sprayers are light in weight and being manu- factured of the very best material, are very strong and durable, easily cleaned after spraying, and are known by Hardie users everywhere as "the Sprayer with the trouble left out," Write for our illustrated catalogue and price list. THE BIGGS FRUIT & PRODUCE CO., LIMITED BURLINGTON - ONT. District distributing agents for the Niagara Peninsula, and Hamilton to Toronto trult districts. 38 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition CARTERS NEW INTRODUCTIONS NEW HYBRID E8CH8CH0LTZIA — ('ontalnfl many new shadBS of color not prpvloiwly seen InPopplea; flesh -colored, palf* roae, brilliant scartot, slate and .-^moke colors. EVERBL00MIN6 HOLLYHOCK— Blooms from seed llrst year, July till late autumn. Profusely branch- Ins, filled witli largo double flowers; Si^T"_iucl:ii-,r preat variety of eolnra. TittyConttUpSmilm? double godetia, double PINK— Very handsome. Send 10c and ask for Novelty Cotlootfon No. 2.4^ and Illustrated cataloa of flowers and vegetable 8oecl8, or eead for the catalog alone. Mailed free. CARTERS TESTED SEEDS, Ltd., 133 King St. E.. Toronto. Out. NEW f ASTER DISPLAY JOHNSTON'S NEW VICTORY. An improved and very beautiful type of Aster. The blooms equalling chrysan- themums in form and very free bloom- ing, are borne on long stems, every flower coming full and ^perfect in every way. These asters have 'been unbeaten and have secured premier honors during the last three seasons at The Canadian National Exhibition. Johnston's New Victory — Flesh Pink, pkt., $1.00. Johnston's New "Victory — White — pkt., $1.00. Each package contains about 100 seeds. R. JOHNSTON, 23 Grafton Ave., -:- Toronto, Ont. The Fruit & Produce Market The Commission firms undernoted wish consignments of fruit and general produce. They will be pleased to have you write them for Information, shipping stamps, etc., If you have fruit or vegetables for sale. H. J. ASH 44-46 Church St. Toronto, Ont. CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES SOLICITED. Shipping Stamps furnished on request. p MANSER, WEBB CO. 83 Colbome Street - Toronto Wholesale Fruit and Produce Mer- chants. Consignments Solicited on Commission. STRONACH & SON 33 Church St., Toronto, Ont. AH shipments of Fruit and other pro- duce consigned to us receive our per- sonal attention. Shipping stamps furnished. Phone Main 2390. DAWSON-ELLIOTT CO. 32 West Market St., Toronto, Ont. Wholesale Fruit and Produce Conslsn- ments Solicited. PETERS, DUNCAN Limited 88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont. See Advertisement on another page. Hatzic was formed, and the members there- of, recognizing that upto-date methods were essential to success, built a warehouse and installed in it a small freezing and pre- cooling plant. They shipped berries in car- lots to the prairies in perfect condition and frozen fruit for jam as far east as Ontario. By the end of the first season the member- ship of this exchange had increased from 28 to 120, and by July of 1920 there was completed at Hatzic a modern pre-cooling and cold-storage plant of hollow-tile con- struction capable of holding 600 tons of berries, which capacity can be increased to 1,000 tons by further insulation of the base- ment. This was followed In 1921 by the organi- zation of *he British Cplumbia Berry Growers' Association, collecting under one head at first 10 co-operative associations in different parts of the country. The acreage under small fruits in British Columbia in 1921 was three times greater than in 19l9, and the various local associations were strengthened proportionately. The central organization bought a large cold storage plant with the object of storing berries for canning and for pulping for jam, and of checking any glut in the fresh fruit market. This move proved most successful. Al- though prices for berries were lower last season than for many years, the entire operations of the new organization were of remarkable benefit to the berry growers of the province. Publicity for Mcintosh THE Mcintosh Red received unexpected publicity at the Imperial Fruit Show, London. The director of the exhibi- tion department of the Daily Mail took a spacial fancy to this variety, and brought a constant succession of notabilities to the Canadian section to test its quality, also arranging for it to be specially written up In the Daily Mail. On press day also sev- eral boxes were provided for the press room, resulting in further publicity, and lastly, a presentation box was sent to Lady North- cliffe, the wife of the proprietor of the Daily Mail, the London Times, and other import- ant newspapers. Very wide attention was therefore directed to this variety, which many of those who tasted it had no hesitation In de- claring to be superior to the English favorite, Cox's Orange. As a result, Cana- dian representatives have been deluged with requests by mail from English growers for information as to where trees can be pro- cured. Another more important result will be the awakening of interest in the Mcin- tosh Red among the trade and among con- sumers, as hitherto this variety has never been appreciated at its full value on English markets, actually taking second place to Jonathans.— J. Forsythe Smith, Canadian Fruit Trade Commissioner, Liverpool. Nicotine Dusting To the sorrow of some of the insect pests which feed on the under side of plant leaves and so escape the effect of poison sprays, the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture has been conducting experiments with nicotine sulphate applied in dust form. Mixed with kaolin to give the poison bulk, 40 per cent strength nicotine sulphate did remarkable work in control- ling melon, cabbage, and pea aphis and onion thrips. All these Insect pests are hard to reach with ordinary sprays, but the floating dust settles upon the under side of the leaves as well as on the surface. The experiments show that much larger areas can be treated in less time than ia Dominion Fruit Conference Preliminary Programme 'POR consideration at the Dominion ■*^ Fruit Conference, Ottawa, which Is to be held at Ottawa, Feb. 22, 23 and 24, the following subjects have been suggested: Standardization of fruit packages (berry crates, stone fruits, cantaloupes). Change In sizes of berry and currant boxes (elimination of two-fifths and four-fifths quart; adoption of Imperial pint and quart). Grades for tender fruits In open pack- ages. Specific national grades for apples. Differentiation In grade names and grade definitions as between boxes and barrels. Transportation. Fruit by-products. Fruit statistics. National Horticultural Council. As several of the provinces will have held their annual fruit growers' meetings by the date set for the Dominion Confer- ence, It Is expected that various other subjects will be submitted for discussion. required by spraying. Moreover, the equip- ment necessary to apply the dust is much less expensive than a spray outfit and its cost of application is less than by the older method. It weighs less than spray and is more conveniently handled. It can be mixed with arsenate of lead or sulphur for use against insects and fungous diseases. At a meeting of the Penticton branch of the B.C.P.G.A., held in December, the grow- ers of the district pledged themselves to contribute up to the amount of one cent per packed box of apples and pears per year to iight the codling moth infestation in the Okanagan Valley. See page 42 for list of meetings to be held this winter. GLADIOLI A card will bring my price list. ROBT. F. CAMERON, 210 Ontario St., St. Catharines, Ont. NORWAY SPRUCE. For Hedges and Windbreaks. Healthy, well-rooted plants 3'— 3%', transplanted three times. Price F.O.B. Clarkson Stn., $25.00 per 100— $225.00 per 1,000. An asset to any fruit farm or garden. 80 acres of ornamental shubs, evergreens, roses and perennials. THE SHERIDAN NURSERIES, Sheridan - - - •Ontario. PERRY'S SEEDS Altklne and iierennlals, unique colleo- tlon; many new varletlee uaobtaiii&Ue from any other source. Hardy and adapted for Canadian climate. HARDY PIANT FARM, ENFIELD, ENGLAND VAN GINHOVEN & CO. 116 Broad St., Room 40, New York, N. Y. Your address for HoUand-growTi Hya- cinths, Tulips, Crocus, Gladioli, Iris, Paeoniee and all miscellaneous bulbs and roots. Please write for illustrated cata- logue. February, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 39 I CROPS and MARKETS | A Fruit Tree Census THE need for having an accurate census of the fruit trees in the Niagara Pen- insula was pointed out hy T. J. Mahony, general manager of Niagara Pen- insular Growers, Ltd., at the meeting of the Exiierimental Union held in Guelph, Jan. 10th to 12th. Mr. Mahony stated that one of the greatest difficulties the N. P. G., Ltd., had to contend with last year was the re- ceipt of unexpectedly large quantities of fruit late in the afternoons of shipping days. Enquiries were always made ahead as to the quantities of fruit the growers expected to deliver and sales were made by telegraph and telephone on the basis of these reports and arrangements were made for the shipment of the fruit. Very fre- quently it happened that much larger quan- tities of fruit were received than had been expected, with the result that it was then often difficult to find an immediate market for it or to have it shipped as promptly as it might have been. Mr. Mahony pointed out that in parts of British Columbia and in California the growers' organizations have complete re- cords of all the trees in the orchards of the district, showing their age, variety and bearing condition. These are kept up-to- date each year. This makes it possible for the fruit growers' associations to estimate, much more accurately than could otherwise be done, the quantity of fruit of the differ- ent varieties that is likely to be delivered throughout the season. He pointed out that the buyers always endeavor to make it ap- pear that the quantity of fruit that will 'be offered for sale will be very large in order thajt they may beat down the prices. In the Niagara District they were led to be- lieve on one occasion, by the dealers, that some 15,000 tons of grapes were likely to be delivered during a certain season. When however, they investigated the situation for themselves they found that the production was not likely to exceed 4,000 tons. This was due to many vineyards having been neglected, to the number of growers not being as large as reported and to other similar reasons. By keeping a fruit census the growers would know accurately what the real conditions were. United States Containers To eliminate fraud in the marketing of fruits and vegetables by the substi- tution of short-measure packages at full-measure prices is one of the principal objects of specialists of the United States Department of Agriculture now making a study of the hundreds of different types of containers in use. For example, baskets which contain seven-eighths of a bushel are frequently used, as bushel baskets, it being difficult to detect the short measure In Farmers' Bulletin 1196 from the bureau of markets, the specialists discuss the need for standard containers for fruits and vegetables and describe how the public Is sometimes defrauded because of the many types and sizes of containers now in use As a number of Important recommenda- tions have been made by the investiga- tors, Canadian shippers, who are inter- ested in American markets, will find them suggestive. Since the passage of the United States standard barrel law, in 1915, there has Irises, Peonies and Gladioli The Flowers ihat Bloom from April until October Order now for early spring delivery. We are growers and Importers of the choice varieties. Over 600 varieties of Irises. Our ideal soil condi- tions enable us to grow the finest of roots and bulbs. Our selected varieties of Irises and Peonies withstand our extremes of weather, and are, therefore, acclimated to grow well in all parts of Canada and United States. Our Gladioli are selected from the finer varieties. "We ship with the idea to please, and that we succeed in this respect Is shown by the number of repeat orders received. Send to-day for our Free 25 page illustrated catalogue and supplements. RAINBOW 701^ COMMERCE BUILDING GARDENS ST. PAUL, MINN. Kundcrd's New Gladiolus Catalogue [For 1922 describes nearly 400 varieties in Ruffled, Plain ^ " Petaled and Primulinus Types, all of them origi- nated by A. E. Kunderd. 29 varieties are showu in beautiful colors, and many others are illustrated in half-tone. Most complete cultural information is also given, with special directions » if .i i w-i for the growing of show flowers. Mailed t XQG Kunderd's Gladioli are now so well known as the BEST in the world that no garden is complete without a choice collection of them. No other grower ha.s ever produced so many nor such wonderful kinds. Pend for the beautiful free catalogue which shows in colors these new Ruffled strains of Gladioli. A. E. KUNDERD The Originator of the Ruffled Gladioli Box 60, Goshen, Indiana SMALL FRUIT PLANTS Gooseberries — Josselyn, Downing, Houghton. Currants— Perfection, Pay, Buby, Cherry, Boskoop, Giant, Lee's Prolific, Champion, Victoria. Naples. Raspberries— Herbert, Plum Farmer, Shaffer's Col- ossal, Columbia, Cuthbert. Asparagus and Rhubarb Roots. PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION. WM. FLEMING : NarMrynun : Owan Soand, Oniario Wheels Turn Easier- Imperial Mica Axle Grease gives perfect lubri- cation between hub and axle. Its mica flakes smooth the roughness of the spindle and hub, enabling the grease to do its work more thor- oughly. Saves friction, wear and tear, horse power and axle trouble. Goes twice as far as ordinary axle grease and lasts twice as long. Harness Lasts Longer- Imperial Eureka Harness Oil will keep leather soft and pliable and double the life of harness. Tugs and straps remain soft and are easily adjusted, as the oil penetrates to every fibre of the leather. Prevents cracking and breaking of stitches and needless repair. Imperial Eureka Harness Oil gives a rich black, lasting finish. IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED Canadian Company Canadian Capital Canadian Workmen 40 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition been a steady progress in the work of eliminating unnecessary and deceptive sizes from the list of containers used in marketing fruits and vegetables, says the bulletin. The passage of the United States container act, establishing standards for grape baskets, berry boxes, and small till baskets, followed in 1916. Many Sizes Increase Cost. The serious lack of uniformity of con- tainers increases the cost of marketing, say the specialistB, because of the greater expense of manufacturing a large number of unnecessary styles and sizes and by breakage In transit, which is sometimes directly attributable to the difficulty of loading odd-sized containers. There are in common use at present about 40 sizes of cabbage crates, 20 styles of celery crates, 30 lettuce crates or boxes, 50 styles and sizes of hampers, 15 styles and sizes of round-stave baskets varying in sizes from Get this Valuable ^ Book on ^. Better Lawn Care The Ideal Junior Every one interested in the care of large, beautiful lawns should have a copy of this book which tells all about Ideal Power Lawn Mowers. It shows many photos of well-known homes, parks, grolt clubs, cemeteries, colleges, etc., where the lawns are cared for the "Ideal Way." It tells about the Ideal Junior, a moderate-priced power mower for medium-sized lawns, the 30-inch Ideal Power ILiawn Mower for large lawns, and the Ideal Triplex Power Mower for large parks, golf clubs, etc. Write for this book to-day— learn how to keep your lawn in better condition at less cost. IDEAL POWER LAWN MOWER CO. R. E. OLDS, Chairman. 433 Kalamazoo St. Lansing, Mich. World's Largest Builders of Ppwer Lawn Mowers. Dealers in all principal cities. AIKENHEAD LIMITED 17 Temperance St. Toronto, Ont- 1 to 24 quarts, whereas relatively few standard sizes would satisfy all demands of the trade. In many cases the 6-quart market basket, the 14-quart peach basket, the %-bushel bean hamper, and the 5-peck lettuce hamper are confused with peck, half-bushel, and IV^-bushel baskets. Containers Recommended. The two acts referred to, which estab- lish standard containers, have done away with a large number of unnecessary sizes of barrels, berry boxes and grape baskets, and have awakened a widespread demand for the application of the same principal to other containers, says the bulletin. At present there is no standard hamper, which Is one of the most widely used types of containers, especially popular in the east- ern and central states. Almost 30,000,000 of these baskets are used annually. The sizes of hampers which are recommended by the bureau of markets as being suffi- cient in number to satisfy all legitimate requirements of the trade are as follows: 8-quart, or 1 peck; 16-quart, or V6-bushel; 32-quart or 1 bushel; 48-quart, or m- bushel. It is suggested that the latter be made in two styles to meet the preference in various parts of the country. The round-stave basket, for which there is no standard, is popular in all regions ex- cept the southern and middle Atlantic states and on the Pacific coast. About 20,- 000,000 such baskets are manufactured an- nuall. The sizes which are recommeHded as standards by the Bureau of Markets nually. The sizes which are recommended for the hamper except for the elimination of the 8-quart size. The splint, or veneer baskets, for which there are also no stand- ards, are well known to the public as mar- ket baskets. The sizes which are proposed by the bureau of markets are five In num- ber—4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 quart. BASKETS PLANT BASKETS BERRY BOXES CLIMAX BASKETS Order Your Baskets Early Carload Shipments Three Lines of Railroads PORT HOPE BASKET FACTORY PORT HOPE. ONTARIO OPERATED BY C. B. JANES & CO.. LIMITED ANNUAL Fertilizer Number Out March 4, 1922 This special number should appeal to every advertiser of equipment and supplies of in- terest to fruit growers and horticulturists. It deals with fertilizing problems of the orchardist and gardener. DOMINION FRUIT CONFERENCE A full report of the coming Dominion Fruit Conference will also be given. Copies of the issue containing this will be sent to every mem- ber of every provincial fruit association in Canada. Plan a strong, attractive message about your offering. Forms close February 20-25. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Peterboro - • - Ontauio February, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 41 Community Packing Pays THAT the handling of an apple crop through a community packing house had actually resulted in bringing the orchard owner higher prices, while at the same time it had given the consumer better apples, was the contention of H. W. Pretty- man and H. S, Vandervoort, two representa- tives of a community packing house at ilorganstown. West Virginia, who ad- dressed a session of the American Associa- tion for Horticultural Science in Toronto in December. A state appropriation was made by the West Virginia legislature to establish a demonstration community apple packing house in the principal apple growing dis- trict in the state. This house was used to demonstrate the best methods of growing and picking apples. During the first season, 1920, over one hundred cars of apples were handled through the house. These apples brought a better price than those packed by orchardists themselves in the orchard, stated Mr, Prettyman, showing that a com- munity could organize and handle Its crop much more satisfactorily than the indivi- dual. The fruit growers agree to put all of their crop through the house and pool their products selling as a group; each receiving pay for the apples according to the number of barrels and the grades. Horticultural Short Course A short course for amateur horticulturists will be given at Macdonald College, St. Anne, Que., from February 13-17 inclusive. Practical demonstrations and lectures on fruits and vegetables, and the care of trees, shrubs and flowers will be given. A three-day course lor commercial gar- deners and fruit growers will also be held February 28 and March 1-2, dealing with practices in growing fruits and vegetables, _the control of insect pests, etc. tNo fees will be charged, and accommoda- Dn can be secured at reasonable cost. Let Us Be of Service to You in Sending Money Abroad TRANSFERS of money to all parts of the world, by draft, post remittance, or cable, can be made through this Bank quickly and at advantageous rates. 210 TH€ MCRCHANTS BANK Head Office: Montreal. OF CANADA Established 1864. With its 149 branche. in Ontario. 47 branches In Quebec. 1 branch in New Brunswick, 3 branches In Nova Scotia, 44 branches in Manitoba. 44 branches in Sasltatchewan, 87 branches in Alberta and 14 branches la British Columbia, serves rural Canada inost effectively. WRITE OR CALL AT NEAREST BRANCH. FThe fruit and vegetable division of the Inlted States Bureau of Markets has start- an investigation of the methods and prac- Jces of auction companies in that country, preliminary survey of the fruit auctions the cities of the Atlantic seaboard was %a.Ae during December. Growers and others interested in the apple industry of the State of Washington are planning to collect, by a small assess- ment per box, a fund of $250,000, to be used next season for advertising the apples grown in the Wenatchee district. PLANT McCONNELL'S PLANTS A FULL LINE OF WE HAVE THEM strawberry Plants. Everbearing Strawberries. Raspberries. Blackberries. Currants. Gooseberries. Grapes. Asparagus Roots. Rhubarb Roots. Horseradish Roots. Ornamental Shrubs. Ornamental Vines. Hedge Plants. Bulbs. YOU NEED THEM Send for Free Illustrated Catalogue. H. L. McCONNELL & SON Port Burwell, Ontario Success with Strawberries Largely depends upon a proper knowledge of the necessai-y details. The soil must be right, the plants imust .be right, and the right care must be given. Our book, "Farmer on the Strawberry," 112 pag«s, 60 illustrations, tells all about it; price 50c, postpaid. , Our business is to show you how to grow 1 strawberries and other small fruits, etc., and to sell you the p'lants. The stories of suc- cessful strawberry growers in 1921 are almost urtbelievalble — B6c to 70c per qt.. wholesale; $25 per bu«(hel crate; over $1,500 net per acre, etc., etc. A,H this is told in our free cata- logue for 1822. You. are interested in adding $600 to $1,000 or more to your income. Send to-day for our beautifully illustrated 48-page cata-logue, and let us talk it over these long, wintry evenings. Address L. J. FARMER "The Strawberry Man," Dept. C.H. PULASKI, N.Y. We Solicit Your Consignment Fruit and Vegetables Solicited We Get Best Prices OOR tadlities enable us to realize top prices at all times tor your tmtt, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses, with competent men in charge, at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt and Tlmmlns. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice yonr Interests. Send for Shipping Stamp Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt and Tlmmlns. Peters, Duncan Limited 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Bank of Nova Scotia, King and Victoria Branch, and Cont- merclal Agencies. 42 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition Easy Now to Rid Your Farm of Rats Wonderful DIscovary by Noted Scientist Kills Every Rat Within a Week's Time — Not a Poison. Eats cost farmers ovBrttwoohundred»inilllons of ♦dollars'! aijear, through Vthe»^estructlon3of Sraln, poultry and buildings. Farmers need no longer suffer this loss becauee they can now kill off all the rats on their farm in ieaa than a week's time. This is possible through' the re- markable discovery of E, R. Alexander, a chemist, who has perfected a virus which kills rats, mice and gophers as though by magic. This product Is not a poison — It can be eaten by human beings or any animal on the farm as safely as their regular food, ibut means Quick, sure death to rats. Ontario F.G.A. Programme This wonderful rat rirus, which ia known as Alexander Eat-Killer is merely mixed with bread or meat scraps and placed where rats, mice or gi^phers can get to it. 'Wllthin a few hours after a rat has eaten Alexander Rat-Killer he gets a high fever and suffers a terrible thirst. He leaves the bams and nesting hol»8 and goes to the open fields in search of pure air and running water. Rats and mice affeoted always die away from the barns and houses, so there is no odor. It Is a scientiflc fact that one rat affects others and soon the whole colony leaves the buildings and dies. And though this virus is absolutely deadly to rats — chickens, hogs, cattle or any (arm animal can eat it and not be affected at all. So confident ie Mr. Alexander that Alexander Rat^KlUer will kill every rat on your farm in less than a week's time that he offers to send, as an Introductory offer, a regular $2.00 tube for only $1.00. Give It according to directions, and if at the end of a week's time you are able to discover any rats, mice or gophers on your farm, your money will be refunded. A big Toronto bank guarantees that Mr. Alexander is reliable and will do as he says. Just send money order, check or currency for $1.00 to E. R. Alexander, Alexander Laboratories of Canada, 2005 Terminal Bldg., Toronto, Ont., and the tube will be mailed at once on the guarantee that If not absolutely satisfactory your money will be returned without question. Write today and stop your rat losses now. Perfect hearing is now beins re- stored in every condition of deaf- ness or defective hearing from ' causes such as Catarrhal Deaf- ness, Relaxed or Sunken Drums, Thickened Drums, Roaring and . Hissing Sounds, Perforated, Wholly or Partially Destroyed L Drum3,Di3charge from Ears, etc. Wilson Common-Sense Ear Drums "little Wirekss Phones for the Ears" require no medicine but effectively replace what is lacking or defective in the natural ear drums. They are simple devices, which the wearer easily fits into the ears Wherethey are invisible. Soft, safe and comfortable. Writ* today for our 168 page FREE book on DEAF- NESS, giving you full particulars and testimonials. WILSON EAR DRUM CO.. Incorporated 434 Inter-Southern Bldg. LOUISVILLE. Kit THE amiual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, Prince George Hotel, Toronto, Feb. 7 and 8, will be in programme a stock-taking of the fruit Industry of Ontario. Ontario's edu- cational associations, orchards, varieties, spraying, pruning, fertilizing, grading, pack- ing, packages, sales organizations and finan- cial returns from fruit will be dealt with. Among questions for open discussion will be the following: What about advertising our fruit? Are we ready to supply the de- mand? Can we change some of our varie- ties profitably? What kind of grapes are most profitaljle? Of strawberries, pears, plums, peaches and apples? Shall we plant Delicious, Jonathan, Winesap, Newton, Cox Orange and Rome Beauty? Has the C.E.F. anything better to offer? Shall we adopt the imperial pint and quart boxes for ber- ries? ShaJl we adopt the western grades for boxes only? Why not more co-operation in selling? Are we fooling ourselves on our profits? Addresses will be given by the following speakers: "The Ontario Fruit Growers' As- sociation," P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto; "The Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' Associa- tion," C. E. Fisher, St. Catharines; "The Northumberland and Durham Apple Grow- ers' Association," H. Sirrett, Brighton; "The Niagara District Grape Growers, Ltd." and "The Niagara Peninsula Growers, Ltd.," T. J. Mahony, Grimsby; "The Norfolk Fruit Growers' Association," J. E. Johnson, Simcoe; "A National Horticultural Coun- cil," C. W. Baxter, I'^'ruit Commissioner, Uttawa; "The Imperial Fruit Show: Its Results," W. L. Hamilton, Collingwood; "Spraying," Prof. L. Caesar, O.A.C., Guelph, and W. A. Ross, Vineland Station; ••Pruning and Fertilizing," Pro" J. W. Crow, O.A.C., Guelph; "Further investiga- tions Into the Fruit Industry in Ihirham County and the Niagara Peninsula," Prof. A. Leitch, O.A.C., Guelph. The directors will report on the fruit outlook in all parts of the province. Every fruit man in On- tario should be present. t*lM^-ilMi^.«.u.........M-^. Ontario V.G.A. Programme THE annual convention of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association will be held in the Canadian Foresters' Hall, Toronto, Feb. 16. An excellent pro- gramme of reports, addresses, and discus- sions has been arranged. Morning Session — President's address, Maurice May, Teciimseh; report of the secretary-treasurer, J. Lockie Wilson, To- ronto; "Asparagus," Harper Secord, St Catharines; "Ontario Should Supply Her Own Potato Market," Henry Broughton, Sar- nia; "Northern-Grown Potatoes for Seed," W. A. Broughton, Whitby; "Currants and Other Small Bruits," J. R. Bemey, Owen Sound. Afternoon Session — "New Methods De- veloped in Control of Insects and Fimgous Diseases," A. H. McLennan, Vegetable Specialist, Toronto; "Successful Green- house Growing," C. Fretz, Vineland Sta- tion; "Canning Vegetables," W. H. Stew- art, Aylmer, Que.; "Suggested Improve- ments in Field Crop and Garden Competi- tions," J. J. Davis, London; "Profitable Growing of Onions, Seed and Transplant- ed,' Howard Rittenhouse, Beamsvllle; "My Experience with Fertilizers on Vegetable Crops — Tomatoes Especially," W. M. Grant, Blenheim. Evening Session— Banquet at 6.30 in Y.M.C.A. BuUdlng, 40 College St., at which prominent speakers will deliver short an FOR SALE and WANT ADS Advertisements in this department inserted at the rate of 5 cents per word. Each word, initial or group of figures counts as one word. Minimum 50 cents cash, strictly in advance. ■'"'*~~~~~~~~~~~~~^ REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit forms a speci- alty. Write, stating requirements. W. B. Calder, Grimsby. SEEDS, BULBS. PLANTS SEEDS — Vegetable, garden, flower, field. FYench -grown. Import orders only. J. E. Shoemaker, 33 Fifth Ave., Ottawa, Ont. BULBS — Lily of the Valley and Gladioli of all d-escriptions. Write for prices. C. Keur & Sons, Hillegom, Holland. New York address — 5625 Mosftiohi Ave. The trade will bo visited by us in due time as usual for 1322 spring and fall orders. Uly of the Valley and Gladioli can be shipped Immediately direct from our warehouse and Canadian farms. GREENHOUSES GREENHOUSE FOR SALE— lord and Burn- ham construction, 18x40, in first class condi- tion, hot watei- heating. Complete line of pot- ting house pottery and equipment. Easily moved. Apply Box 60, The Canadian Horti- culturist, Peterboro, Ont. FOR SALE — Two Greenhouses, with complete heating plant, hotbed sash, iron pipe and garden tools. J. MdcNamara & Sons, 789 I>avenport Road, Toronto, Ont. GMADIOLI 20 Butterfly ......10c 30 Anna Bberius 30c 7 Jack London... 40o 10 Marechal Foch 20c 20 Lily White 20c 10 Myra 30c 25 Prim Beauty ..49c 10 Kennermerl'd. 10c 20 Salmon Beauty. 15c 20 Sirius 10c W. E. SAUNDERS, London, Ontario. addresses. Later, commencing at 8.00 — General discussion on the value of green cover crops as fertilizers; "A Canadian Council of Horticulture," L. F. Burrows, Assistant Fruit Commissioner, Ottawa; "Woiild Flowers Be a Valuable Adjunct to Vegetable Growing," illustrated, George M. Baldwin, Toronto. Time for discussion following each paper will be provided. Every market gardenar in the province is requested to attend. It will be a day well spent. Winter Meetings COMING events of horticultural Impor- tance and others of Indirect horticul- tural Interest are listed "elow. Secre- taries of associations and exhibitions are requested to send dates and other infor- mation as early In advance a" .Poff '""• particularly for events of provincial or district, rather than local, scope. Grimsby— Niagara Peninsula Growers, Ltd. (shariholders) Feb. 20. Ottawa-Dominion Fruit Conferenc^e. St. Catharines-Niagara ^Dlff'^* °"io Growers, Ltd., (shareholders) Feb. 10 Toronto-Ontario Association of f^a'" and Exhibitions Fe". 7-8. Toronto-Ontario Fruit G™««"' '^^V elation ^^°- ',■ Toronto-Ontario Horticultural Associa- tion '■'"'• "■' Toronto— Ontario Vegetable Growers' As- sociation Feb. lb. Toronto— Ontario Good Roads Associa- tion Mar. 2-3. The Canadian Horbculturiil % Floral Edition Vol. XLV. TORONTO, MARCH, 1922 No. 3 Ontario Horticulturists In Convention P GEANTS to horticultural societies and fox' horticultural education, plant registration and standards, horticultural exhibitions, horticulture at the 0. A. C, Guelph, the relationship of amateur organizations with com- mercial, and various financial matters featured the business of the convention of the Ontario Horticultural Associa- tion, held in Toronto, February 9 and 10. Although business should come be- fore pleasure, and be chronicled before play, the series of floral pictures pro- jected on the screen in the Pompeian Room of the King Edward Hotel, where the convention was held, also must be recorded at the outset as an outstand- ing feature. Beautiful in coloring and in photographic execution, the hun- dreds of pictures of landscapes and gardens, of railway and roadside plant- ing, and of trees and shrubs and flowers in great variety combined entertain- ment with instruction in a manner that will not soon be 'forgotten by the large ;athering of delegates and other lovers horticulture present. Not least in interest also was the de- lightful banquet held during the even- ing of the first day. Under the able guidance of the president. Miss Mary Yates, of Port Credit, who occupied the chair at all sessions and functions, the programme was carried through with that smooth satisfaction that appeals alike to speakers and audience. ■I President's Address. ask ^^^hor ^^^ioi In her opening address as president, iss Yates reviewed the achievements and the progress of the past year. She asked for the hearty co-operation of all orticultural interests and organiza- ,oiis. She thought that the horticul- al societies should continue the dis- ilays at the Canadian National Exhibi- ion, so well done and so well regarded last September. Referring to the pro- posed Canadian Council of Horticul- ture, she stated that this association would gladly co-operate in any scheme that meant the really effective co- ordination of all branches of horticul- ture. For the consideration of the dele- gates, President ,Yates suggested four specific problems: 1, the desirability of establishing a provincial horticultural show ; 2, the finances of the association ; 3, education of gardeners; 4, the re- lationship of amateur with commercial organizations. The report of the superintendent, J. Lockie Wilson, Toronto, pointed out that no organization in Ontario had made such rapid and substantial growth as the horticultural societies. Last year the membership was 32,000 and the ex- penditure correspondingly great. The number of branches had increased by 25, the largest yet recorded in any one year. The superintendent expressed a doubt as to the advantage of amateur Officers and Directors AT the Toronto convention, the Ontario Horticultural Association elected the following officers and directors: President, Rev. W. M. McKay, Wes- ton; first vice-president, J. P. Jaffray, Gait; second vice-president, J. E. Carter, Guelph; secretary, J. l_ockle Wilson, Toronto; treasurer, C. A. Hesson, St. Catharines. Directors: District No. 1. Carlton, Dundas, Glen- garry, Grenvllle, Lanark, Leeds, Pres- cott, Renfrew, Russell, Stormont — George Simpson, Ottawa. 2. Durham, Frontenac, Haliburton, Hastings, Lennox and Addlngton, North- umberland, Peterboro, Prince Edward, Victoria.— H. A. Middleton, Lindsay. 3. Algoma, Dufferin, Kenora, Manltou- lln, IVIuskoka, NIpissIng, Parry Sound, Rainy River, Simcoe, Sudbury, Temis- kaming.— W. P. Bailey, Fort William. 4. Ontario, Peel, York. — T. D. Dockray, Toronto. 5. Haldlmand, Halton, Lincoln, Norfolk, Welland, Wentworth.— Rev. T. W. Tebbs, Burlington. 6. Bruce, Grey, Huron. — Wm. Hartray, Seaforth. 7. Brant, Waterloo, Wellington.— J. H. Hallman, Kitchener. 8. Elgin, Lambton, Middlesex, Oxford, Perth. — Dr. F. E. Bennett, St. Thomas. 9. Essex, Kent. — J.E. Brown, Klngs- vllle. growers exhibiting at the Canadian Na- tional, where commercial florists and such large private conservatories and gardens as those of Sir Henry Pellatt, Sir John Eaton and others were able to make such extensive and varied dis- plays. Referring to the great progress made in recent years by commercial floriculture, he thought that such was due to the influence of the amateur horticultural societies inculcating into the public greater love for flowers and a consequent consuming desire. A line of work which had been undertaken by some societies was, the report stated, the care of cemeteries ad- joining towns and villages, and a great deal of improvement had been accomplished. Mr. Wilson thought [his work could be extended to embrace cemeteries in the country. He advocat- ed also the sending of expert lecturers by the societies to rural sections for the purpose of encouraging the further beautifying of rural homes and rural schools. The report of Treasurer C. A. Hes- son, St. Catharines, showed receipts of $745.34 for the year; expenditures, $403.35 ; balance in hand $341.99. Horticultural Shows. In discussing the advisability of es- tablishing a provincial horticultural show, J. E. Carter, Guelph, thought that such would be of great assistance to this association and would greatly stimulate the work in which it was en- gaged, but felt that a provincial show would meet only part of the require- ments. He advocated, instead, a Do- minion Horticultural Exhibition em- bracing fruits, flowers and vegetables. A Dominion organization of that kind, he contended, would make it possible to secure a Dominion Registration Act and a Dominion Standards Act, both need- ed to encourage the introduction of new varieties and the improvement of present varieties. Such a show would advertise Canada and bring exhibits and exhibitors from all over the conti- nent of America. It would encourage more of our boys and girls to take up horticulture as a profession. Dominion acts respecting registration and stand- ards would bring from the United States and other countries growers and others who desired to register new varieties in Canada. Mr. Carter con- tended also that few judges at local shows had a real knowledge of stand- ards. A Dominion show would educate judges as well as exhibitors. He stronj?- ly advised all horticultural interests to consider its establishment at once. In a discussion which folloAved Mr. Carter's address, many delegates thought that such a show should be pre- vincial rather than Dominion-wide. The President pointed out that the idea (Continued on page 64.) 50 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral EVlHloD The Iris in Early Spring* Dr. F. G. Brethour, Toronto, Ont AS soon as the frost is out of the ground, and before any growth starts, trim off all ends of the foliage, down to two or three inches from the ground. Bemove all debris, such as leaves, grass and weeds, and scrape off any soil that by accident has gotten too high on the rhyzomes. Then peel off any broken leaves, or any that show signs of being winter-killed or diseased. This gives your clumps a neat appearance, and is not conducive to rot if the weather is wet. Now, go over them carefully, feeling for any soft or spongy spots and cutting them smoothly off with a sharp knife. Then spray them with a 2 per' cent, solution of formalin or a solution of permanga- nate of potash, half ounce to a gallon of water. Bear in mind that the iris has two sets of roots. One set lies just beneath the surface, running out horizontally, so' that fertilizer must not be used too freely for fear of burning. In the first place, scatter all over and around air- slaked lime to make the ground look white, and scratch this in gently with a small iron rake. This breaks up any crust that may have formed on the sur- face. Then, after the first rain I go to a pile of rich earth, made up of de- cayed sod, or edge clippings and leaves, which has been covered all winter with a pile of manure. I scatter this about half an inch thick between the different clumps, followed by some bone-meal, about a handful to a plant, which is scattered thinly. This I rake in gently also. Nothing remains to be done ex- cept to watch for signs of root-rot, if the weather is wet. If you do not get good bloom from this, I certainly *A paper read at the recent convention of the O.H.A. at Toronto. would dig up the clumps and remake the ground. The best time to plant iris is im- mediately after blooming period. If, however, you have to plant in spring, or have seedlings to transplant, do it early. Iris Show What promises to be one of the out- standing events in horticulture in the province this year is a big Iris show to be held by the Toronto Horticultural Society in early June. For the first time our own Canadian seedlings will be shown for awards by merit, and the Federal Committee on names of novel- ties will be on hand to pass on these specimens. Besides iris, the Darwin tulips, lilacs, shrubs and perennials will also be shown, and it is possible the wonderful peony show of last year will be eclipsed. Further notice of this show will be given. The Gladiolus Mrs. G. A. Bonisteel, Belleville, Ont. THIS article on types and standard varieties is intended for the ama- teur rather than the professional grower, the latter already being famil- iar with them. The different points to consider are size and color of flower, arrangement and number of flowers on stem; num- ber open at one time ; height and erect- ness of flower stalk, and keeping quali- ties of flower. Few gladioli reach per- fection in aU points. Hybridizers have increased the size of gladioli from two inches to some magnificent beauties six and seven inches across, although th6se with which we are most familiar are three and a haK to five inches — a nice size, indeed. Flowers may have a solid color, a blotched or lined throat, or be mottled. The WllLci j^ivc:^ |ji cirl l-iii-ru i w n Cicul tint, either in a solid shade or with delicate throat markings or blotch, yet 1 there are some remarkable combina- tions in mottled and striped produc- tions. A flower of good height with an up- right flower stalk, and flowers facing one way, is to be preferred, although a twining stem is graceful in a vase arrangement, but not handy for ship- ping. One of the most important points is the number of blooms on a flower stalk and the number open at one time. Most standard varieties produce from ten to sixteen blooms, but several newer varie- ties have from fourteen to twenty. A first-class variety should have not less than four blooms open at one time, un- less flowers are extremely large ; there are a few varieties that will show as many as six to eight flowers open at one time. The time required to obtain bloom is approximately eighty to one hundred and ten days, according to variety. Among the very early standard varieties we have: Halley, salmon; Prince of Wales, a salmon pink over yellow, a sort of glorified Halley, of which it is supposed to be a sport ; and the wonderful new Marechal Foch, a light lavender pink of beautiful texture, measuring six inches across. This is a cross of Halley and our old standard America. It has the earliness of Hal- ley and the 'color of America and is larger than either. A little later come Mrs. F. Pendle- ton, Mrs. F. King, Europe, Panama, Schawaben, Loveliness, Niagara, and America, Peace, a standard white, and War, a good red, are both late and bloom at the same time. Therefore, we can see the necessity of knowing if a variety is early, medium, or late, when (Continued on page 52.) Delegates to the Convention of the Ontario Horticultural This convention marked another milestone of satisfactory progress in the history of the horticultural societies of Ontario. were added, and a still further rapid develop- March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 51 i: Fertilizers For The Amateur E. S. Archibald, B.A., B.S.A., Director, C. E. F., Ottawa cultivation of the soil for moisture con- VEN amateur gardeners must have constantly in mind the three important factors of pro- duction, that is, increasing production, improving the quality and decreasing the cost. The essential requirement for these is to have the soil in proper phy- sical condition and containing the nec- essary fertilizing ingredients in an available form. The study of the above problems, then, is of just as great im- portance to the amateur gardener as to his professional fellow. Soils for Gardening The ideal garden soil is a rich, friable loam. Unfortunately, however, this ideal is not available to the majority of those wishing to grow garden crops. Hence, it is imperative that the soil available, whatever it may be, either sand, clay, muck or any combination of these, must be so treated and so modified that good results may be ob- tained. The day is past when it was considered that only a special type of soil was suitable for garden crops. Modern methods of handling soils will permit of profitable crops being har- vested from any type of soil which may (e available. Time does not permit us to go into ny lengthy discussion upon the im- ortance of thorough cultivation of )il, rotation of crops and proper drain- ge, but every good gardener should thoroughly undei'stand the importance of these. What may be emphasized here in this regard is that proper culti- vation includes fall plowing or dig- !iing, working the manure thoroughly into the soil at that time and leaving the land in good shape for spring work. It also includes thorough and constant servation, destruction of weeds and liberation of plant food from early spring until the crop has covered the ground. Fertilizers The fertilizers used are of the utmost importance and warrant the most care- ful study, since a large percentage of amateur gardeners are doing so at a loss, either because of insufficient use or using fertilizers which are unsuited to their soils or crop conditions. The most important requirement of any fer- tilizer is that it contain the main fer- tilizing ingredients, namely, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in propor- tions suitable to soil and crop and in the form available as needed. Analysis show that the first nine inches of our medium to poor soils con- tain 2 per cent, nitrogen, 1 per cent, phosphoric acid and 3 per cent, potash, or a total amount per acre of 5,000 pounds nitrogen, 2,500 pounds phos- phoric acid and 7,500 pounds potash. Considering that a crop of 200 bush- els of potatoes per acre contains only 42 pounds nitrogen, 18 pounds phos- phoric acid and 60 pounds potash, it is seen that such a crop takes, even from our poorer soils, a relatively small per- centage of their actual fertilizer con- tent. The reason why a proper appli- cation of manure or fertilizer, or both, to such soils stimulates production from 15 per cent to, in an extreme case 200 per cent, is owing to the availabil- ity of the fertilizing ingredients thus applied. ' Unfortunately, we can not giye this subject the detailed study it deserves here, but I would emphasize the need of everyone intending to garden study- ing carefully the values of manures and fertilizers, the time to apply them and the amounts to apply, not only to suit his or her particular soil, but also the type of crop to be grown, since each type of crop has its own requirements. Value of Barnyard Manure The value of this cannot be over- estimated. Barnyard manure is the most important source of soil fertility which we have. It contains, per ton, twelve pounds of nitrogen, four pounds of phosphoric acid and ten pounds of phosphoric acid and ten pounds of pot- ash. These amounts vary more or less according to the source of supply and the care with which the manure has been handled and applied. Above all, it is the source of humus or decaying vegetable matter which is of even greater importance to the soil than are the fertilizing elements themselves supplied by the manure. Humus, in its turn, is a source of nitrogen and, in fact, is the regulating factor in the pre- servation of nitrogen and its liberation as nitrates in the soil. In gardening the physical effects of humus are most important to plant growth, and finally, its biological effects are controlling factors as to whether the soil is to be a "dead" one or "live" one, that is, a soil in which bacterial organisms are making available the fertilizing in- gredients. Commercial Fertilizers Neither will time permit us here to enter upon a detailed discussion of commercial fertilizers. We caii only again emphasize that this subject de- mands the most careful study. It may, however, be said here that as yet our knowledge of commercial fertilizers is only fragmentary, hence each gardener must study his or her own gardening conditions in the endeavor to ascertain what commercial fertilizer will best ... ; ;. 1922. II i-'-[)r<-scnt«-u ovt'F J ,iij .-oci'-ii'ff. Willi a coiiibiiieu metnbi-rshlp of inenl la anticipated during this comlnrt year. •000. During the past year, 25 new sncli-t'.pa 52 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition 1 suit requirements. Again, the function or place of a commercial fertilizer is to act as a supplement to, rather than as a substitute for, barnyard manure. It should be applied in the minimum amount to obtain the maximum profit from the resulting crop. This does not necessarily mean the maximum crop as not infrequently a small increase in yields obtained by a heavier applica- tion of fertilizer is unprofitable. Again, the source of the fertilizing elements contained in commercial fer- tilizer is important as indicating their availability and suitability. Many commercial fertilizers sold contain rea- sonable amounts of the three named fertilizer ingredients, but these in- gredients become available to crops so slowly that they are of little value in stimulating growth at the time they are most needed. The importance of using high-grade fertilizer rather than a low-grade one must also be borne in mind. Although the former may be more expensive per ton, the gardener will find that almost always in securing the high-grade product, he is buying his fertilizer units more cheaply. If, after careful study, the gardener is sure that a ready-mixed fertilizer is satisfactory for his soil conditions and crops, the purchase of such is to be recommended. Otherwise it will pay him to buy the various ingredients and mix them according to his soil and crop requirements. In fact, unless one has had experience in applying the indi- vidual ingredients rather than com- pounded fertilizers, it is almost impos- sible for one to ascertain and under- stand the requirements of his soil. Nitrogen is the most important, in fact, the controlling factor, in soil pro- duction. An adequate supply of nitro- gen in the form of nitrates is impera- tive to the plant if it is to use to the best advantage the other fertilizing ele- ments, namely, phosphoric acid and potash.' Moreover, growth in the early part of the season for all garden crops, and especially for early crops depends upon the supply of immediately avail- able nitrates- in the soil. Nitrogen is best supplied by application of barn- yard manure or in commercial ferti- lizer in the form of nitrate of soda. The factors regulating nitrification in the soil are bacteriological activity, warmth and moisture in proper propor- tions. On this subject there is a large amount of information available to readers in the results published from years of work on the Dominion Experi- mental Farms. We have indicated the importance of a supply of nitrates in the soil and would, in this connection, emphasize equally the danger of losses through leaching and loss of nitrates, unless the soil is properly worked and cropped. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES London The membership for 1922 is now 700 and when this issue is out will be 800. Many of our membership committee in canvassing have secured every one on whole blocks. Why not get every one on every block 1 They all love flowers, and if they can't grow them them- selves, they can join the horticultural society and help boost "horticultur- ism" (that's my word) in London, and so make a more beautiful city. We will get 4,000 members this year if every one works. Yes, 8,000 if that latter condition be fulfilled. Why not enlist all the doctors, lawyers, minis- ters and school teachers? I should have mentioned the latter first. A mihister told us recently that school teachers are the greatest nation builders. By the way, I am one of them myself, and have no apologies to offer. More power to the school teachers, we want them all to be horticulturists; also the chil- dren, the working man and the work- ing woman, working in God's good air, in His native soil and producing His flowers. To the members of 1921 1 want to say this. If your fees are not paid for this year, why are they not 1 No one is con- sidered k member of the society unless the fees are paid for the current year. Will you kindly see to this matter NOW before you forget it. Our premium committee have decid- ed thai the spring premium will be six Peace Gladioli (Groff) and six Flora. For quality this is the best we have yet given for spring. Peace is considered one of Groff 's masterpieces. Flora is the best yellow I saw at the American Gladioli show at St. Thomas last Aug- ust. Our members will get six of these, a flower better than the $2.00 Golden Measure (my opinion, please). 1921 members whose dues are not paid had better do so at once, if they want to get this choice premium. E. Wyatt, Secretary. ance on hand. 2.50 loads of black soil ' were secured by the society and given to citizens during the year for gardens and boulevards. Flower seeds were distributed among the school children and the Victoria Nurse distributed 100 more in the homes she visited, with splendid results. For the first time the society received $250 in donations. Plans for improving the old Union Cemetery have been completed and the work should soon be under way. Among other suggestions made was. that the Parks Board should approach the Dominion Department of Agricul- ture with a view to securing an experi- mental station plot in the Dundas Park. It was also suggested that beds of iris and perennials and a lily pond should also be placed in the park. The ofiicers of the 1st Battalion asked for the co-operation of the so- ciety in approaching the Militia De- partment to carry out plans for having •a park made out of the Armory grounds. Other suggestions were: the trim- ming-of the town trees, planning of a swimming pool, a park at the top of the mountain, signs at the town en- trances and the widening of the road on the Hamilton hill. Dundas A very interesting annual meeting of the society was recently held, leading features being the number of promi- nent citizens present and the general enthusiasm shown for co-operation in making the town thoroughly up to date. Secretary Kyle reported a mem- bership of nearly 300 and a cash bal- The Gladiolus (Continued from page 50.) planting. In fact, a Peace takes the whole season to bloom and the bulb to mature after blooming. Some of the newer varieties that are fast becoming standards are: Kund- erdi "Glory, EveljTi Kirtland, Herada, Crimson Glow, and Pride of Goshen. I If planting different varieties of full- ' sized bulbs, for home purposes only, . I would recommend putting in the ground any time from the tenth to the twentieth of May. The primulinus is a type of gladioli obtained by crossing the gladiolus pro- per on the fine and slender yellow primulinus species. The result is a smaller and more dainty flower of delicate shading, with a fine, straight and wiry stem, and blooms usually ar- ranged alternately with a short space apart. Any person growing gladioli should try a few bulbs of the newer primulinus varieties. The following is "igiven as a general rule of guidance for planting potatoes in Canada for highest yields. Where the spring is early an^ autumn frosts early, plant early ; where the spring is early and summers are dry, plajit early; where the spring is late and autumn frosts late, early planting is not so important; where the spring is late and autumn irosts are early, plant as soon as soil is dry enough. — W. T. Macoun (Dominion Horticulturist). March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 53 _QUESTION tBOX W. E. Groves ^! AsparagTis Sprengeri and Plumosus. Asparagus I am now growing from seed has a small bulb somewhat resembling an oxalis root, the fronds of which are not like another variety I have. I am enclosing a sample, and will be glad of the name ot ach variety. — N. H., Gordon Bay, Oni. I The sample enclosed is Asparagus sprengeri, a variety with a drooping habit much used for hanging pots and boxes. For verandah boxes or baskets it is one of the best plants to use, the .graceful froijds often growing to ighteen inches in length during the (>ason. The name of the other popular - ariety is Asparagus plumosus, this icing the kind most used in a cut state i iir decoration with flowers. The habit of this kind is climbing, a well estab- lished plant sending up shoots many feet in length. Grown in pot^ this makes a really fine house plant and under these conditions does not grow to >uch a height. The two varieties are [uite different in habit and appearance, plumosus being generally the most popular. Starting Canna Seeds. Is there any better method for starting canna seeds than boiling water? I treat the seeds three times by pouring boiling water over them. — C. L. T., Dutton, Ont. Sulphuric acid could be tried, soak- ing for just a few minutes. AJiother method is to cut or file ofi: a bit of one end of the seed, the object being to let in the moisture. A thorough soaking in water, however, usually softens the seeds sufficiently for fairly quick germination, if after sowing they are kept in a warm temperature. Planting Violets. Would separating violets and planting in a sehii-sunny place with ordinary rich soil be the correct method to induce blooming? Would the bank at the side of a ditch be a good place to plant?— C. L. T., Dutton, Ont. A cool spot should be selected and the shady side of a ditch ought to be ideal, especially if the soil is good. Separate or take off! the runners after blooming and the plants will make good growth for flowering the following year. data on this matter. The flower stem should be left on plant for best results, and there is usually no difficulty in securing well-matured seed before the fall. If seed is required for sowing at once care is needed at this season, and it is generally best to hold it over until January. Transplanting Date Palm. How many years should date palm from seed be given in their first pot before transplanting? If left undisturbed the second summer will they grow character leaves?— C. L. T., Dutton, Ont. Presuming that the seeds were raised in a bed, and the young plants potted in small pots, the leaves mentioned are usually formed before the plants de- mand repotting. It is not easy to lay down definite rules On this, but general- ly the need for repotting, and the show- ing of character leaves will occur at about the same time. Gladioli Among Tulips. Could gladoli be planted between tulips for summer bloom? The tulips are eight inches apart and the ground is unusuariy rich.— C. L. T., Dutton, Ont. The gladioli should not materially damage the tulips if the latter are planted fairly deep. "When gladioli corms are lifted, a dressing of well-de- cayed manure might be a help, lightly forked in if possible. The method will- have no ill effect on the ripening of the tulips, though, of course, it is easy to see that tkis kind of planting could n6t be maintained indefinitely without a renewal of the soil. Paeonies. Should paeonies planted along a west wall bloom as quickly after planting as those on south or east side of garden? — C. L. T., Dutton, Ont. Given similar soil conditions both positions are equally good and results should be much the same. Moving Crimson Eambler. Could a three-year Crimson Rambler rose be moved in spring, and would it live after replanting?— C. L. T., Dutton, Ont. With ordinary planting precautious such as saving all possible roots and avoiding the drying out of roots during the operation, there is no risk. 'Mum Sevenoaks. Is the chrysanthemum sevenoaKS hardy if grown from seed and planted on the south-west side of the house? Is it as hardy as the common pink and yellow varieties so frequently used in hardy bor- ders?—C. L. T., Dutton, Ont. The chief value of Sevenoaks is its earliness and continuity of bloom. It should be hardy in a sheltered spot in the garden, and plants raised from seed would be just as likely to succeed as those raised from cuttings. Seed should be sown quite early to secure good strong plants for putting in the ground in May or early June. A Fine Display of Bloom. A plot ot improved asters grown by l{. Johnston, Toronto, Ont. iMr. Johnston calls his asters "Johnston's New Victory." Paeony Seed. How long from bloom docs paeony seed take to ripen? Is it best to let the seed ripen on th^ plant or the stem placed in water in the sun?— C. L. T., Dutton, Ont. So much depends on weather and dis- trict that it is not easy to give exact Pollinating Iris. Will seeds form in an iris border without artificial pollination?— C. U T., Dutton, Ont. Y^s, in some instances, but it is best to do your own pollination to be on the safe side. Market for Flov?er Seeds. Is therq a market in Canada for hardy flower seeds, such as canterbury bell, hollyhock, etc.?— C. L. T., Dutton, Ont. Apply to any of the large seed merchants who will readily give this information. Cactus and Begonia. A white fungus is killing my cacti and l,egonia. A strong soapy solution does not seem to stop it.— M. B. q., DunnvUle, Ont. We are inclined to think that this is mealy bug. If so, the best remedy is to literally wash it off with soap and water, for which purpose a soft brush could be used. The plants may be cleaned after with clear water. Write again and send an infected leaf if this reply does not meet the case. Primula Obconica Poisoning. What Is a good remedy for Primula ob- conica poisoning?— A. T., Toronto. A mixture of equal parts of lime water and lemon juice, and applied externally, is said to be good. S4 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral tJuui Ontario Horticulturists Meet In Convention (Continued from page 49.) was to hold a Dominion show, centred each q!«L'?,.* different province. Wm. Hartry, Seaforth, expressed the opinion that it tZ"'^f«r' *""?""'' .*° ^^''"'' material from the far east and the far west for a Dominion show, as flowers would not w^ "^^^ ^"^ '""S distances As ^ instance, he said that large quantities of powers arrived in bad shape at the C.NE last year from Port William and other dis^ tant points, though packed by experts Percy Mitchell stated that roses properly packed can be sent successfully by mall nn J^f ^ ^^^^'^ ^°"''°°y- He favored a Dominion show each y^ar In a different said that flowers could be shipped almost any distance, but, for certainty of arrival ihonf^ Z''^^,^ *?l «^I»ib"ing. the exhibitor should travel with the flowers and person- ally care for them on the journey A report of a delegation to the 'American Civic Association was given by C. A. Hesson, fi't?^^" °f ^- ^ ''®P°'"' °' representatives to the Royal Agriculture Winter Fair Asso- ciation was presented by W. J. Evans To- ronto This report stated that plans were now being made tor a big show in the arena next November. Diseased Bulbs. For the committee on diseased bulbs, Mr Hartry reported that about a year ago the matter of diseased bulbs came to the atten- tion of the association, investigation followed and an exaggerated report on same appeared in the newspapers. Out of 23 correspondents on gladiolus bulbs, 18 reported that they had had no disease. Various persons and firms reported also no trouble with Holland bulbs. Five correspondents reported disease. The speaker had himself found only three or ■four bulbs actually diseased out of feome 2,000. These few were submitted to Prof J E. Howitt, O.A.C., for examination. A discussion on diseased bulbs that fol- lowed the report brought out that lately many bulbs from Holland had been diseased, that home grown stock was preferable and that the growing and testing of bulbs should be more extensively tested In Canada. W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, said that the Central Experiment Farm was pre- pared to test bulbs at any time. The will- ingness of the O.A.C., Guelph, to do work of that nature also was expressed. Mr. Hartry stated that bulbs, sometimes condemned, have proven to produce good bloom. That the Investigation Committee be made a standing committee was moved and carried. The report of the Finance Committee, pre- sented by J. E. Carter, Guelph, declared that a larger portiorf of the federal grant to Ontario for agricultural instruction should be apportioned to horticultural education. While the apportioning of the grant to vari- ous purposes was a provincial matter, Mr. Carter hoped that, through the personal In- fluence of 'Dr. J. H. Grisdale, who had charge of the administration of the grant at Ottawa, horticulture would receive better treatment in future. George Simpson, Ottawa, pointed out that the local societies could not be ex- pected to furnish any assistance for further- ing the educational work of the central association, as they already had too much on their hands. A further grant must be se- cured from the Government. President Yates suggested the possibility of raising money by other means, such as the sale of O.H.A. badges to the members of societies, life memberships, private donations, en- couraging the leaving of legacies to tli« asso- ciation, etc. Report on Names and Varieties. The growing need for having a commit- tee or committees with some Canadian or- ganization behind it for them to pass on new varlties of horticultural plants of Canadian origin, was emphasized in the report of the committee on names and varieties, present- ed by W. T. Macoun. The need had been felt the past year more than ever. It was hoped that something would be done at this meeting to strengthen the action of the Can- adian Florists" and Gardeners' Association, which had already made arrangements for the registration of Canadian novelties. Amateurs as well as professionals or .com- mercial growers should be on any commit- tee functioning in that way. The report also impressed on the members the great im- portance of keeping the standard of awards at exhibitions very high, in order to gain and maintain the confidence of the public in the value of awards. The report included lists and descriptions of new and little known varieties of iris, by Miss M. E. Blacklock, Meadowvale, .and by W. E. Saunders, London; of gladioli, by Prof. H. L. Hutt, Georgetown; of roses, by Miss I. Preston; and of paeonies, compiled by the American Paeony Society. All these lists will be published in The Canadian Horti- culturist. A provincial library of lantern slides was advocated by Dr. J. M. Baldwin, Toronto. Such slides might be grouped according to nature of subject, each group accompanied by adequate descriptive matter. Such fea- tures, available for use among local socie- ties, would help to increase membership. Miss Jennie Dixon, Hamilton, pointed out that slides provided entertainment. as well as instruction, and would help to make in- teresting meetings for which speakers were not available. F. C. Nunnick, C.E.P., Ottawa, announced that a series of slides on home beautiflcation now were available from the division of extension and publicity of the Central Experimental Farm. The slides were accompanied by explanatory manuscripts. They were available to any society, free of cost, excepting express charges one way. Important Resolutions. A resolution was adopted authorizing the executive to arrange for a deputation to ' wait upon Premier Drury and the mem- bers of the Cabinet to urge the necessity of an increased legislative grant of $10,000 to horticultural societies. Another resolu- tion petitioned the fiovernment to retain out of grants to the local societies a small per- centage, proportioned according to amount of grant, for the use and purposes of the provincial association. This resolution ap- pears In full on this page. Dillboards came in for strong condemna- tion in a resolution tendering congratula- tions to the provincial highways depart- ment on its issuing of regulations recently "pertaining to this nuisance, and thus pav- ing the way for a cleaner and brighter pro- vince." The association put itself on re- cord by resolution, as it did two years ago, as favoring the founding of a Canadian Council of Horticulture. A resolution was adopted also favoring the passing of a Do- minion Registration and Standards Act and the holding of a Dominion Horticultural Ex- hibition. Another resolution called for a committee to consider the advisability of selecting some typical flower as an emblem for the Province of Ontario. Another sup- ported the Idea of holding a special Iris show. A resolution was adopted providing for the establishment by the association of a provincial library of lantern slides, with appropriate literature, to be available for the use of the branch societies. By silent standing votes, resolutions of sympathy were passed to the families of the late W. B. Burgoyne, St. Catharines, and of the late John Glassford, Chatham, two lead- ers in Ijortlculture who passed away during the year. The President's address, the Superintendent's report, and various speak- ers' discourses throughout the convention voiced the general feeling of regret over the loss that the association and the pro- vince had sustained through the passing of these gentlemen. Illustrated Lectures — Activities In St. Thomas — City and Railway Adorn- ment. In an interesting illustrated talk on "Floral Adornment of a City and of a Rail- way Right-of-Way by a Horticultural Society," X>r. F. E. Bennett, of St. Thomas, B^id that there were many plans under way for the co-operation of the railway and the horticultural society for the general beauti- flcation of all railway areas in and around ihat city. The Michigan Central had given Ontario Horticultural Association's New Plan for Raising Funds ■p ESOLVED that the Minister of Agriculture of Ontario be and is hereby petitioned i"- to retain out of the annual legislative grants to various horticultural societies, the following amounts, in accordance with the following schedule, that Is to say, from societies entitled to receive a grant of over $100 and less than $200— 3% of said grant 20O " " " 300 — 5% " " " 300 " " " 400 — 7% " " " 400 " " " 500 — 8% " " " 500 and over loy, " " '• and that from societies receiving less than $100, a stated sum of $3.00 shall be retained and paid to the Ontario Horticultural Association for the use and purposes of this association In lieu of all affiliation fees. IVIemo. Based on Grants of 1921. 28 Societies received $100 and less than $200 @ 3% — $120.00 5 " "200 " " " 300 5%— 65.00 6 " " 300 " " " 400 7%— 134.61 400 over 500 500 8%— 69.76 10%— 612.21 Revenue O.H.A., 1920— $292.00 1,000.00 Total $1,001.58 $1,292.00 This resolution shall not be effective until the consent of the majorlt/sof the Ontario horticultural societies has been obtained and that the sceretary be instructed to forward a copy of this resolution to each secretary in the province, with a request that a special meeting of the society be called and the resolution acted upon at once. March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 55 Dominion Registration Act and Dominion Exhibition THAT the representatives of the Horticultural Societies of the Province, In the 16th Convention of the Ontario Horticultural Association, recognizing the valuable work that has been done in plant registration by the florists and gardeners in Canada, a synopsis of which Is outlined In bulletin No. 1, copy herewith attached, and viewing with lificommon interest at this particular time the inviting and expansive branches of service in Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture and Landscape Horticulture, are agreed that the period has been reached in Canadian record when the Interests of these four departments of Intensive soil activity would be promoted by First — The passage of a Dominion Registration and Standard Act; and Second — The holding of a Dominion Horticultural Exhibition. In view of these two requirements for the furtherance of scientific and practical soil culture, they do now Firstly— Name and appoint H. J. Moore, Prof. W. T. IVIacoun, Prof. Hutt, Miss Blacklock to act as representatives of this Association, and that they, in conjunction with representatives to be appointed by kindred other organizations working on kindred lines, be charged to prepare and submit to the Department of Agriculture at Ottawa facts and figures bearing upon the important service tc Canada of Intensive soil pro- duction, with the request that an Act be passed covering the horticultural requirements as to-day; and Secondly — Name and appoint another committee as follows: J. E. Carter, Dr. A. H. Scott, T. D. Dockray, who shall act with representatives and kindred organizations or associations, whose duty it will be to prepare and submit for the approval of those immediately concerned, a workable plan for the carrying out of a Domlnlorv Exhibition, at which interested persons on each or all of the aforesaid branches of Horticulture throughout the Dominion may have opportunity to set forth In friendly competition the results of the skill and wealth of intensive soil production In Canada. a park and an annual grant of $500 to the society. Beautifully colored slides were lihown of horticultural ornamentation, in- cluding profuse growths of roses, paeonies, hyacinths, etc. An interesting treatment of the blind end of a street was shown, with flower beds and a semi-circular curb of cement. The advantage of Improving foundry or similar surroundings (where grass could not successfully be grown) by putting in shrubs and beds of hardy flowers, and keeping the balance of the area covered with cinders, free from all grass and weeds, was pointed out, and a good example of this sort shown on the screen. Several illustra- tions of gardens in workmen's homes were shown, many of which were extremely at- tractive. It was noted that special efforts had been made to create attractive spots where the children could play — little shel- ters, etc. Several slides dealt with the American Gladiolus Society Show, held in Alma College grounds. During one horti- qultural ^ow in St. Thomas, an organ re- cital was held, a feature which might well be adopted wherever possible in connec- tion with such exhibitions. Pictures of the large trial grounds in use by the St. Thomas horticulturists were shown, bearing thousands of gladioli. The use of the Skinner irrigation system was Illustrated A valuable suggestion was made when the speaker described the depositing of leaves in one general pit or dump for the use of the people as fertilizer. It is against the law of that city to burn dead leaves, and they are here put to the full use for which nature intended them. Municipal birdhouses are a feature In St. 'homas. It is believed that many harmful sects are destroyed every year through la means, and the beauty spots of the ty are improved by .the presence of the ilrds. Private birdhouses are also encour- aged in the city. ». Following Dr. Bennett's address, B. M. Winegar, landscape gardener, C.P.R., Mon- treal, said that that railway was beautify- ing its station grounds, etc., and found such ornamentation to be very attractive to travellers and Of good moral effect on the families of employees at stations, section houses," etc. Many section foremen were members of horticultural societies and were making their home surroundings attrac- tive. S. G. Skinner, landscape gardener, G.T.R. Ontario lines, stated that the horti- culturists and the railways must work to- gether for the beautification of this coun- try. The societies sometimes provided valuable material and advised the railways respecting the Improvement of their pro- perties. Other Illustrated Lectures. A number of other interesting and instruc- tive illustrated lectures were given. Lack of space forbids detailed reports at this time. A symposium on the iris comprised "Culture," by W. T. Macoum; "Garden Use," by Rev. T. W. Tebbs; "Names and Varieties," by Dr. F. G. Brethour, Toronto; and discussions by Miss M. E. Blacklock, Meadowvale, and others. "Kingsville Gar- dens" were described by J. E. Brown, Kingsville. "Continuity in Garden Bloom" was discussed by George Baldwin, Toronto. "Beautification of Provincial Highways" was dealt with by H. J. Moore, Islington. Co-operation between horticultural so- cieties and other organizations in com- munity work was urged by F. C. Nunnlck, Ottawa. The societies, he continued, had the right to expect such co-operation of all local organizations capable of assistance, such as city and town councils. Rotary Clubs, and so forth. "Improved Home Sur- roundings," an address by A. H. Tomlinson, O.A.C., Guelph, will be published separ- ately in full. Relationship Between Amateur and Professional. By means of a, carefully prepared paper, W. E. Groves, Hamilton, President of the Canadian Florists' and Gardeners' Associa- tion, answered the questions: "What Rela- tionship Should Exist Between the Ama- teur and the Professional Gardener?" The speaker stated that the horticultural socie- ties were the greatest force in the province for the Improvement of horticulture in it- self and in its relation to the home and to the community. The address will be pub- lished in full, or in part, in a subsequent issue. Of special signlflcance were Mr. Groves' references to horticultural needs at the Ontario Agricultural College. Speak- ing of the need for a place where would-be gardeners might be taught at least the ele- mentary rules of the profession, he said: "We look sometimes to the O.A.C., and what have we? A principal apparently quite out of sympathy with our branch of horticulture. I am unable to suggest a rea- son. Probably it Is through ignorance as to the necessities for this branch of his work, probably because his interests are in other directions, but we feel that in either case the head of a great institution like that at Guelph should be big enough and the great Department of Agriculture should be big enough to see that this work of de- veloping the love for beauty is positively bound Up in our progress as a nation, and they have no right to pass it up. It is true that at Guelph we have a Horticultural De- partment head who is giving the very best of his life to this work for the benefit of his Province. His well known ability, his teach- ing capacity, his splendid sympathy, stamps Professor Crow as the Ontario Horticul- turists' friend, and it will be difficult to ever repay him for the struggle he has made and is making to demonstrate the possibility of Guelph were he given a chance. Yet, be- cause of the utter lack of interest shown in horticultural education by the powers that be the equipment of the college is just a monumental disgrace." Banquet at King Edward Hotel. That the Horticultural Department of the O.A.C. was the poorest equipped of all departments there, and needed funds for putting it in a position efficiently to further the interests of horticulture throughout the province, was contended also by Harry Ryrie, Oakville, in a short speech following a delightful banquet held by the delegates, with friends, at the King Edward. The Pro- vincial Government was neglecting its duty to horticulture by not better financing the department at Guelph, Mr. Ryrie averred. At the banquet. Prof. Thomson, of the University of Toronto, spoke on the ootanic garden project. Until times improved, it was holding fast and waiting for financial developments. The speaker advocated a de- finite organization, with an organizing secretary, to pull all horticultural interests together. J. Lockie Wilson, who foUov.ed ^ith an excellent speech, thought that the University of Toronto itself might set an example in spreading the desire for and the gospel of horticulture by doing a little more horticultural work on its own grounds. W. W. Gammage, London, representing the Cana- dian Florists' and Gardeners' Association, referred to the need in Canada for a school for education in gardening. Young folks at present could not learn the fundamentals of the profession through lack of opportunity. Brief addresses were given also by W. A. McLean, Deputy Minister of Highways; R. W. Wade, live -stock branch; W. J. Con- nelly, Cobden; Prof. Mavor, University of Toronto; and W. B. Roadhouse, Deputy Minister of Agriculture. Mr. Roadhouse ad- vocated the adoption of a floral emblem for Ontario. President Mary Yates, as toast- master, was a combination of grace and tact personified. After the banquet, "Some Hardy Flower- ing Trees of the North Temperate Zone" was the tubject of an illustrated address by John Dunbar, Rochester, N.Y. Among the trees shown on the screen and described by the speaker were: Juneherry, or shade tree; American hawthorns in great variety, various crabapples, bell-tree, dogwoods in various species, native plums, white fringe, cherries uf many kinds, Chinese evodia, golden chain viburnum, horse-chestnuts, lilac and magnolia speciosa. An illustrated talk on "Birds, Friends and Enemies of the Garden," by W. E. Saund- ers, Loudon, concluded an evening of much enjoyment and instruction. Mr. Saunders' address was one of the most interesting of the convention. Lack of space prevents re- porting it m detail. On the following after- noon a visit to the beautiful greenhouses of Sir Edmund Osier concluded a conven- tion that vvas replete with good things from beginning to end. 56 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Bditloo DOMINION FRUIT CONFERENCE THE founding of a Canadian Horticul- tural Council, the adoption of new grade names for apples in boxes, and the raising of grade standards, the changing of sizes for berry boxes, recommendations for the improvement of transportation methods and facilities and in the manufac- turing of jams and jellies, and a score of other important recommendations and de- cisions, characterized the big Dominion Fruit Conference at Ottawa, Feb. 22 to 24. From beginning to end, it was a busi- ness conference. The results in many par- ticulars are expected to revolutionize the fruit industry of Canada. While the doings were not decisive in changing existing practices and legislation, they being merely suggestive or advisory at the time, the recommendations respecting transportation methods, for instance, are expected to bring about important changes for the better, and the recommendations respecting grading,' packing, packages and other legis- lative concerns, are practically certain of becoming law. Action featured every problem discussed. No time was wasted. That so much was accomplished in such short time was due partly to the apparent advance preparation on the part of the delegates, who, further- more, were sympathetic of each other's viewpoints, and in large measure to the masterly fashion in which the sessions were handled by the chairman. Fruit Com- missioner C. W. Baxter. At the opening session, Mr. Baxter em- phasized the innovation of including this time representatives of the allied interests, as well as of the fruit growers, instead of the latter alone, as formerly. This was the sixth conference of the kind, others having been held In 1896, 1906, 1912, 1914 and 1918. While past conferences had been respon- sible for much important legislation respect- ing fruit marketing, the chairman looked for even greater advances from this gather- ing. Dr. J. H. Grisdale, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, in an address of welcome, lauded the spirit of co-operation that pre- vailed now, as never before, among the- fruit provinces, associations and the grow- ers themselves, and between the Fruit Branch and all those fruit factors. Address by Hon. Mr. Motherwell. At a banquet tendered by the Department of Agriculture to delegates and others in attendance, Hon. W. R. Motherwell, Minis- ter of Agriculture, stressed the importance of organization. No feature in society was more helpful to a government. The fruit and other horticultural interests should be centralized nationally along lines similar to those of the National Dairy Council. Standardization of packages was another matter that required particular attention. Speaking on cold storage, Mr. Motherwell referred to the Cold Storage Act, sponsored by the late Hon Sydney Fisher, which pro- vided for a bonus of 30 per cent, to com- panies and associations that desired such assistance for the erection of such plants, and to its being amended by the Borden government to being applicable only to municipalities. For economy, the present government might have to follow its pre- decessors. He hoped to live long enough to see a reversion to the old Act. With proper control, cold storage was one of the great- est blessings of the age. Throughout the three days, the topics dealt with in discussion and resolution con- cerned chiefly fruit by-products, fruit statistic, grade names and grade defini- tions for apples and other fruits, the stan- dardization of packages for berries, trans- portation, cold storage, fumigation, and the formation of a Canadian Horticultural Council. Lack of space prevents reporting the discussions in detail. The important groups of resolutions and decisions are given under separate headings on this and the following pages. Miscellaneous resolu- tions and other matters were as follows: "Fruit Statistics" was dealt with by Er- nest H. Godfrey, of the Dominion Bureatj of Statistics. The work and the plans of « the bureau were outlined. "Fumigation of Nursery Stock" was dis- cussed by Mr. MacLaine, of the Entomolcg- ical Branch, and others. Some of the delegates contended that fumigation injured the vitality of trees. No action was taken. Miscellaneous Resolutions. A tariff resolution requested of the Federal Government that, in the event of any material change in the customs regu- lations pertaining to the entrance into Canada of foreign fruits and vegetables, no change be made in the regulations until the various producing interests have had' an opportunity of presenting their views to the Government in connection therewith. The Dominion Government was urged to restore the aid previously granted toward the erection of cold storage plants under the Cold Storage Act, of 1907, which was rescinded by Order-in-Council in May, 1919, except as it applied to municipal cold stor- age. A bureau of markets, under the De- partment of Agriculture, also was requested. Complimentary resolutions were extended to Hon. W. R. Motherwell. Minister of Agriculture, for making the conference possible, and to C. W. Baxter, Fruit Com- missioner, for the able and impartial man- ner in which he conducted the proceedings. Resolutions Rejected. Quebec representatives requested the in- clusion of windfall apples among the grades that may be marketed in closed packages. At present there are three grades, number ones, twos and threes, all of which must con- sist of sound fruit. Sod culture is universal in Quebec, and good prices could be secured if the practice was permitted. The resolu- tion was lost. British Columbia asked for a grade defin- ition for apples in crates, and that that Province be permitted to continue the use of the two-fifths hallock for berries. Lose. ' A resolution to provide for inspection of apples at points of shipment and that such inspection be accepted as final, was lost. Proposals to standardize packages for melons were not adopted. It was thought wiser to experiment with crates for an- other season before making definite recom- mendations. Transportation Recommendations A COMMITTEE appointed by the Con- ference to report on transportation matters pointed out, through its chair- man, W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines, that the carload fruit movement within Canada runs into several thousand cars, and repre- sents a very large revenue-producing traffic for the railway and express companies. To improve transportation conditions, a number of important changes were necessary, as follows: The number of unloading points should be increased for carload express shipments; additional destinations and routings should be arranged; there should be no difference in the charges for Ice sup- plied, whether for express or freight ship- ments, and no difference in switching and demurrage charge, as between express and freight cars, the special fruit tariffs should cover all varieties of fruits, both carload and less carload; all types of cars in the fruit service should be made suitable for the traffic, and a sufficient supply provided to render the use of unsuitable cars un- necessary. Storage-in-transit privileges for certain movements were suggested. These recommendations were adopted. Resolutions Adopted. A number of important resolutions that this committee presented were adopted unanimously. Space permits their publica- tion only in brief. The Conference went on record as oppos- ed to any increase in the classification of fruits and vegetables by the railway com- panies, but looked for a readjustment and reduction. A substantial reduction in freight rates for fruits and vegetables was asked in a resolution that pointed out that the present high rates were working a serious hardship to these industries. Whereas, there is a growing necessity for wider distribution of Canadian fruits, it was resolved also that the carrying companies be requested to establish express carload commodity rates from producing centres to distributing points in local terri- tory, also from British Columbia and On- tario points to the various large United States cities and intermediate points; further, that the unloading in transit privi- lege apply the same as on cars moving from American territory to Canada. Types of Cars — Minimum Weight. Another resolution asked that the Fruit Branch continue and extend its experimental work in connection with best types of cars for carrying fruit, and the best methods of loading. A reduction was re- commended in minimum weights, from 20,- 000 pounds to 17,000 pounds, for large ex- press refrigerators, and 15,000 pounds for smaller cars on both domestic and export traffic. The railway companies will be ask- ed to extend the carriers' protective ser- vice to and from all points in Canada at a reasonable charge, which charge shall be calculated on the cost of the insurance service That ventilated and refrigerator cars only are the proper equipment for the safe movement of fruit, was contended in a resolution recommending that the Do- minion Atlantic Railway be asked to discon- tinue its additional cj||iarge for refrigerator cars, and thereby place all shippers on an equal basis. The Conference will ask the express companies to restore the privilege, enjoyed for 20 years by the fruit shippers of the Niagara district, until last year, of a car- load express rate loaded by one shipper for distribution to various points in distant markets, and to extend the privilege to all parts of the Dominion, or, failing that, to Issue a special rate for such shipments sub- stantially lower than the rate for less than carload shipments. March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 57 Canadian Horticultural Council BY the adoption of a provisional consti- tution and the appointment of provi- sional representatives of soms of th§ interests concerned, a Canadian Council of Horticulture was founded by the Dominion Fruit Conference. Early in the proceedings of the Conference, J. Howe Cox, Cambridge, N.S., moved, and Sam S. Savage, Calgary, Alta., seconded, the adoption of the proposal to form a Council. This was carried unanimously. After some discussion, the objects of the Council, as outlined in a tentative constitution submitted by the fruit branch, also were carried on motion of Senator E. D. Smith, Winona, Ont., seconded by Thomas Abrlel, Nakusp, B.C. The next day, after further considera- tion, it was decided, on motion, that the chairman appoint a committee to consider especially the matters of finance and mem- bership, and to report later. Such commit-' tee was named as follows: T. J. Mahony, Grimsby, Ont. (convener); J. Howe Cox, Cambridge, N.S.; N. E. Jack, Chateauguay Basin, Que.; W. B. Gilman, Fredericton, N.B.- Thos. Abriel, Nakusp, B.C.; F. W. Bishop, Paradise, N.S.; A. Brenchley, Van- couver, B.C.; W. A. Fraser, Trenton, Ont.; Jas. Wagstaffe, Hamilton, Ont., and E. B. Luke, Montreal, Que. Membership. At the concluding session, the report of this committee was presented to the Con- ference by Mr. Mahony. In brief, the resolution recommended that the member- ship in this Council include two representa- tives of the producers from Britsh Columbia and the prairie provinces (one to represent the small fruit growers and one to repre- sent the tree fruit growers) ; two represen- tatives of the fruit growers of Ontario (one to represent the small fruit and tender ttruit growers and the other to represent Delegates in Attendance at Dominion Conference OVER 150 growers and others interested in the fruit Industry of Canada at- tended the various sessions of the Con- ference. The official delegates were as follows: Representing the fruit growers— Rev. G. P. Raymond, Berwick, N.S.; F. H. Johnston, Greenwich. N.S.; J. Howe Cox, Cambridge, N.S.; W. C. Spurr, Melvern Square, N.S.; A. E. Dewar, Charlotte- town P.E.I.; W. B. Gilman, Fredericton, N.B •' N. E. Jack, Chateauguay Basin, Que.; C. H. Fetch, Hemmlngford, Que.; Jas. E. Johnson, Simcoe, Ont.; Wesley Montgomery, Brighton, Ont.; W. F. W. Fisher, Burlington, Ont.; W. L. Hamil- ton, Collingwood, Ont.; A. A. Craise, St. Catharines, Ont.) C. E. Barnes, Vernon, B.C.; Thos. Abrlel, Nakusp, B.C.; W. J. Manson, Mission, B.C.; and J. T. Mutrle, Vernon, B.C. Growers' shipping organizations — F. W. Bishop, Paradfse, N.S.; T. J. Mahony, Grimsby, Ont., and C. U. Lowe, Vernon, B.C. V^holesale dealers— E. A. Goodwin, St. John, N.B.; J. R. Clogg, Montreal; Karl B. Conger, Ottawa; Sam S. Savage, Cal- gary, Alta.; A. M. McCallum, Winnipeg, Man.; and A. Brenchley, Vancouver, B.C. Barrel manufacturers — W. A. Fraser, Trenton, Ont. Box manufacturers — i. M. McDonald, New Westminster, B.C. Basket manufacturers — J. M. Wallace, Oakvllle, Ont. Jam manufacturers — James Wagstaffe, Hamilton, Ont. Nurserymen — E. B. Luke, Montreal. Retailers — E. M. Trowern, Ottawa. 1^ the apple growers); one representative of the fruit growers of Quebec; two represen- tatives of the fruit growers of the Marl- time Provinces; one representative of the vegetable growers; one representative of the Canadian Florists' and Gardeners' Association; one representative of the can- ners and jam manufacturers; one repre- sentative of the nurserymen, one represen- tative of the package manufaciurers ; one representative of the wholesale vegetable and garden seed merchants; and two repre- sentatives of the wholesale fruit dealers (one to represent British Columbia, and the prairie provinces, and one to represent Ontario, and the other eastern provinces). Financing. It was suggested that the Council be financed by (a) a membership fee of $100 per member in the Council from each asso- ciation or allied industry appointing a mem- ber; (b), a contribution of 50 cents yearly from each producer (fruit grower or vege- table gardener); (c), an annual contribu- tion as follows from each allied industry (to be made jointly by the several busi- nesses concerned and to be collected as those within each allied industry may deem best) : — Nurserymen, $200; package manu- facturers, $500; seed merchants, $200; can- ners and jam manufacturers, $500; florists, $500; and wholesale fruit dealers, $1,000, and that in the meantime the Dominion Government he asked to provide a grant of $5,000 for organization purposes. The pro- visional directors were authorized to make such alterations in these suggestions as may be deemed essential to the success of the organization. Provisional Members. Immediately following the adoption of the report, the delegates to the Conference got together by provinces, or interests, and nominated the following provisional mem- bers of the Council: For producers of fruits — British Columbia and Prairie Prov- inces, W. J. Manson, Mission, B.C., and C. E. Barnes, Vernon, B.C.; Ontario, Lt.-Col. H. L. Roberts, Grimsby, and Jas. E. John- son, Simcoe; Quebec, Peter Reld, Chateau- guay Basin; Maritime Provinces, F. W. Bishop, Paradise, N.S., and A. G. Turney, Fredericton, N.B. Wholesale dealers — Bri- tish Columbia and Prairie Provinces, R. R. Scott, Winnipeg; Ontario and eastern prov- inces, Karl B. Conger, Ottawa. Package manufacturers, W. A. Fraser, Trenton, Ont. Nurserymen, E. B. Luke, Montreal. Jam manufacturers and canners, Jas. Wagstaffe, Hamilton. Representatives of the seed, florist and vegetable industries were left to those interests- to select. The provisional members present appointed F. L. Burrows, of the Fruit Branch, Ottawa, provisional secretary. On Feb. 25, the day following the Confer- ence and the formation of the Council, the following members waited upon Hon. W. R. Motherwell, Minister of Agriculture, and re- quested that a grant of $5,000 be made to the Council for organization purposes: C. E. Barnes (spokesman), W. J. Manson, W. F. W. Fisher (representing Col. Roberts), Jas. E. Johnson, P. W. Bishop, G. P. Ray- mond (representing A. G. Tufney), S. S. Savage (representing R. R. Scott), and Karl B. Conger. The Minister expressed his sympathy with the movement, and the dele- gation left, feeling confident that the organ- ization grant would be forthcoming. Following the meeting with the Minister, these provisional members decided that no further action could be taken in promoting the affairs of the Council, including the selection of an executive, until all the inter- ests included in the Council had appointed their representatives. The provisional sec- retary was instructed to arrange for the completion of membership at as early a date as possible. Grading, Packing and Packages THE decisions and recommendations of the Conference that were of greatest interest and importance to fruit grow- ers in general, concerned grading, packing and package matters. The changes recom- mended in berry boxes, in grape baskets, in grade names for boxed apples, and var- ious others, were discussed from all angles and from all viewpoints, according to the interests and the provinces concerned. A full report of these discussions would make Interesting reading, and would more than fill this entire issue. Only the resolutions can be reported this time. Grade Names for Boxes. In future, Canadian apples packed in boxes will be graded to a higher standard than those standardized in the Western States. The Conference resolved unani- mou.sly to recommend the grade names, Extra Fancy, Fancy, and C, in place of the Canadian grade names of number one, two and three, and to adopt grade definitions superior to those recommended by Western United States fruit growers and shippers at a recent conference in Spokane, Washing- ton, for 1922. Fancy apples produced in Canada must be fancy In fact as well as in name, was the contention of the committee that submitted the resolution, and all dele- gates supported the contention It was recommended also that the three "combination" grades, as defined in the Washington State grading rules, be made standard grades for Canadian boxed apples, but that there be no grade for orchard run. A recommendation will be made to the Government to forbid in future the use of such terms as "orchard run" or "straight pack," in addition to the grade mark. No. 3, for apples packed in closed packages. Grades for tender fruits in open packages were recommended and made permissable, hut not to be legalized at present. By unanimous resolution, the Conference also decided to recommend to the Govern- ment the legalization of the half barrel for use in Canada. Heretofore, this package has been legally used for apples in the ex- port trade only, and for this purpose has been employed quite extensively in Nova Scotia. The package is not especially popu- lar in Great Britain, but its standardization as to size and specification was thought desirable. Another resolution advised that any ac- tion taken respecting apples apply also to pears and crah-apples. Grape and Cherry Packages. A resolution was adopted, sponsored by Senator B. D. Smith, Winona, and seconded by T. J. Mahony, Grimsby, recommending that the three-quart basket for grapes be changed to one of the same size as the "pony" basket, used in the United States. Another, moved by G. A. Welstead, St. Catharines, and seconded by A. M. McCal- lum, Winnipeg, recommended that the Fruit 68 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition Branch be given power to issue permits to growers to use the so-called 12-quart basket for bulk shipments of grapes in Canada. A resolution was carried, moved by C. L. Lowe, Vernon, B.C., and seconded by Thos. Abriel, Nakusp, B.C., asking that the depth of plum and prune boxes be changed from 3% inches to 3^4 inches, and of the cherry box, or lug, from 5l^ Inches to 3% inches. Berry Boxes to Be Changed. "That this Conference recommend the adoption for use in Canada of the Unitel States standard pint, and the United States standard quart berry and currant boxes, and that this regulation shall come into effect this current season, excepting that the boxes now in use be recognized as lawful packages in order to permit stocks on hand to be utilized until Oct. 1, 1923." MARITIME PROVINCES N.B.F.G.A. Convention Fruit By-products KEEN discussion took place at the Con- ference on jams and canned goods, on fruit, juices and other by-products. The following resolutions were adopted: For Pure Jams and Jellies. "Whereas, the Act defining the standards for pure jams and jellies seems to have fallen into abeyance, whether from the in- ability of the department having charge of the enforcing of it, to carry it out without grievous injury to the home manufacturer, or whether, because owing to the closing of the Department of Inland Revenue this Act has fallen by the wayside, or from whatever cause we do not know, and "Whereas, in the interest of three import- ant classes, viz., the consumers of jams, jellies, etc., the producers of fruits used in the rnaking of these articles, and those manufacturers of the same, who desire to set a high standard of purity for their pro- ducts, the present standards for pure jams, jellies, etc., or other improved standards, shall be strictly adhered to, •"Be it resolved, that we urge upon the Dominion Government that the fixing of standards for jams, jellies, etc., and the making and carrying out of regulations en- forcing adherence to the same, both by the home manufacturer and by the manufac- turers of these articles imported into Can- ada, be placed in the charge of the same branch of the Department of Agriculture that has charge of the regulations fixing standards for canned fruits and vegetables, and that every effort shall be made to com- pel the strict observance of regulations made by that branch, with a view to creating and maintaining a high standard of purity for these important adjuncts to the fruitgrowing interests." To Improve Marketing. "Whereas, the canning and jam indus- tries of Canada are of very great value to the fruit-growing industry, this Dominion Conference of fruit growers would respect- fully urge upon the Minister of Agriculture the desirability of taking every opportunity to assist those industries in placing their products on the markets in the most advan- tageous and attractive manner to merit the confidence of the buying public, as this would be of direct benefit to the fruit and vegetable-growing industries." No Faking of Fruit Beverages. "Resolved, that regulations be adopted to prohibit the use of chemicals in the prepar- ation of beverages, such as cider, fruit juices, wines, etc., such practice being detri- mental to the best interests of fruit growers generally." ABOUT 50 enthu.siastic gruit growers were present at the annual meeting of the New Brunswick Fruit Growers' Association, Fredericton, Feb. 15. Presi- dent W. B. Gilman occupied the chair. In his presidential address, Mr. Gilman pointed to the achievements of the association's entries at the Imperial Fruit Show in Lon- don last fall as answering effectively the question as to how New Brunswick apples compared with those from other parts of the Dominion. The awards showed that N.B. could grow certain varieties of apples as fine in appearance and in flavor as could be grown anywhere. That showing indi- cated, the president thought, the need for an immigration policy for this province that would insure the coming of many new settlers who would appreciate the splendid resources of New Brunswick at their full value. "The co-operative shipping of apples to Montreal the last few years," the president continued, "has been a great benefit, and shows us the advantage of growing fewer varieties. Montreal dealers have reported our pack equal to any and superior to most packs on the market. For this we must thank the N.B. Department of Agriculture for supplying us with a most efficient and painstaking horticulturist — A. G. Tumey — who, with his assistants, has done splendid work in bringing up the standard of the ' New Brunswick pack." Resolutions were adopted unanimously thanking A. G. Turney for his efficient ser- vices as secretary-treasurer of the associa- tion, endorsing the action of the executive In recommending that the growing of only a limited number of varieties of apples be encouraged, recommending the advisability of increasing the selling charges on sup- plies, so that the financial affairs of the association might be increased, and urging the incoming executive to make ample arrangement with various exhibitions to give proper and ample space for the dis-' play of fruit exhibits, together with suffi- cient oversight to prevent the loss or damaging of fruit. Officers were elected as follows: Pres.' \V. B. Gilman, Fredericton; vice-pres., W. W. Hubbard, Fredericton; sec.-treas., A. G. Turney, Fredericton; directors, A. C. Parker, Woodstock; A. G. Dunphy, Doug- las, and H. G. Smith, Long Reach.. A very successful apple packing school was conducted preceding and following the convention. The instruction was In charge of P. J. Carey, Dominion Fruit Demon- strator, Ottawa, assisted by A. G. Turney, Inspector G. H. Vroom, Inspector Potts, George Danby, A. C. Parker and W. P. Fox. A pleasing feature of the school was the presence of boys and young men, as well as older men, all keenly interested in the proceedings and full of faith in the future of fruit growing In New Brunswick. Orchard Cultivation W. S. Blair, Kentville, N.S. IN general there are but two methods; the cultivation and the sod mulch. The former is under average condition for a period of years likely to prove the better. The latter it followed consistently may give good returns. The cultivation method consists of early sprng cultivation with frequent cultivations at Intervals of two weeks to July Ist, after which no cultivation is given. At this time a cover crop may be sown, of which the common vetch is best at the rate of one bushel per acre. The sod mulch demands cutting of the grass when not more than six inches high to get Ijest results, and this will be neces- sary twice or better three times during the season. On hilly situations where cultiva- tion is difficult and washing; is likely to re- sult this method should be followed. Freights on Fertilizers THE appeal for lower freight rates on fertilizers which was made at a recent sitting of the Dominion Board of Rail- way Commissioners In Halifax and St. John brought quick results. Dr. M. Cummlng appeared before the commissioners in Hall- fax. The result of the conference has been announced as follows: "The matters under advisement were ful- ly and frankly discussed. The railway rep- resentatives felt that it would be impossible for them to give any general reduction on fertilizers without covering the whole freight situation, but they met the delega- tion frankly and among the concessions granted were these: "1. Nitrate of soda and sulphate of am- monia intended for agricultural purposes to be placed on the same footing with other fertilizers and to be ranked as tenth class, with the privilege of carrying 25 per cent, of either or both commodities in mixed cars. "2. A reduction In the tonnage of straight cars of sulphate of ammonia from 40,000 lbs. to 60,000 lbs. "3. The C. P. R. to reduce local rates so as to equalize those in £orce by the C. N. R. "4. Concessions to P. E. Island lines which will give residents of the Island the advantage of the mainland commodities. "The railway authorities did not agree to reduce the limestone rate to that of gra- vel, claiming that it was already very low and on short hauls below the gravel rate. They promised that the findings would be communicated to the railway commission forthwith and hoped that soon the rates would be effective and in force." — Berwick Register. Excessive pruning on young trees is ac- countable for much of the weak growth noticed, and during the first eight years the aim should be to develop as many vigorous leaves as possible. Pruning to direct growth is necessary and the main branches should be established, but this practice of thinning out young trees to make them look nice, is all wrong. We are doing too much thinning on young trees and not enough on old trees. The greater the area of vigorous foliage on young trees, the bet- ter will the roots develop, because roots cannot develop with a scant foliage area. Between root pruning and ,top pruning, we have lost a lot of time in developing young trees and both of these have been avoided in the deelopment of the orchard at the Ex- perimental Station, Kentville. — W. S. Blair, Kentville, N.S. Many transplanted garden plants, after they have become established, — such as tomatoes, cabbage, celery and the garden annual flowering plants, may be stimulated Into active growth by scattering a little ni- trate of soda around them just before a rain. It is well to use judgment, however, as a little too much may injure the roots and kill the plant. The fertilizer should be kept from the foliage as It will cause in- jury.—W. S. Blair, Kentville, N.S. March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 59 NIAGARA PENINSULA GROWERS, Ltd t«. PI I WITH a total turnover of about $1,500,- 000 at an operating expense of 8 % per cent, of sales, or 12 per cent, of mem- bers' credits, the Niagara >Penlnsula Grow- ers, Ltd., completed its first fiscal year (of only nine months) with a statement which surpassed the expectation of even the most optimistic. At the annual meeting of the shareholders held at Grimsby, Feb. 20, at which more than 400 were present, satis- faction was expressed, and the growers most Interested financially declared them- selves exceptionally well pleased with the management in every respect. The annual statement, which had been forwarded in pamphlet form to the shareholders the pre- ceding week, was read and explained in de- tail. Complete figures were presented and everything of interest was laid before the meeting. All the statements were adopted. In the absence of Lieut.-Col. H. L. Rob- erts, Grimsby, president of the organiza- tion, who was seriously ill, the chair was taken by Vice-President A. A. Craise, of .St. Catharines. Regret was expressed by the officials and by several members, as well as by resolution, over the illness of the president, and many expressions were ^ voiced of appreciation of Col. Roberts' |;great work and constant interest in the affairs of the association since its organiza- tion. After the adoption of the minutes of the preceding general meeting, read by Secre- tary-Treasurer G. G. Bourne, the following directors for the ensuing year, as nominated by the districts?, were announced: H. T. Foster, Burlington; T. J. Mahony, Stoney Creek; F. W. DeWitt, Fruitland; J. P. ^Bridgeman, Winona; Col. H. L,. Roberts, fOrimsby; H. K. Griffith, Grimsby Beach; ' James Taylor, Beamsville; Arthur W. Smith, Vineland; H. "W. Hunsberry, Jordan; Arthur A. Craise, Peachland; W. C. Nicker- son, St. Catharines; J. M. Crysler, Queen- ston; Robert G. Lawson, Niagara-on-the- Lake; M. A. Ware, Fonthlll and Fenwick. General Manager's Report An interesting account of the year's work was given by General Manager T. J. Ma- hony. From 469 members at the inception of the organization last May, the enrolment now was 656, with 934 shares subscribed. Thfe growers had wanted to get away from the old system of selling through dealers, commission houses, brokers, etc., and had made a good start in a hard year. When the organization started it was looked upon as a combine to boost prices, with nothing offered in return. Honest effort to improve "Trades, eliminate waste and arrange for a letter system of marketing, had resulted In the disappearance of this hostile attitude. Considering many difficulties encountered throughout the season, Mr. Mahony thought that progress had been satisfactory. Among the difficulties encountered were excep- tional earllnesa of season, abnormal heat in summer, decreased buying power on the part of the public, and so forth. The lack of adequate facilities for handling the crop was deplored. Pre-cooling and cold-storage .systems were missing, central packing houses were practically non-existent and fruit was being packed In containers which did not meet with favor on western mar- kets. Speaking of the British riiarkets, Mr Mahony stated that the apples and pears Shipped there by the company had brought "trices as good or better than those ob- tained In Canada. Instead of only 18 cars of pears being exported, however, 50 cars or more would have gone forward had cen- tral packing and cold-storage facilities been available. For the United States markets there must also be a change in methods and packages. The business done there with Niagara District grapes had been success- ful. Other fruits could be handled to the same advantage were our grading and pack- ing and packages suitable to the require- ments across the line. As the Niagara Dis- trict had a market of 40,000,000 people within a radius of 500 miles, our growers should adopt jBvery possible means of taking advantage of same, and that meant, for one thing, the changing of our package stan- dards to conform to United States demands. Comprehensive fruit surveys were an- other need of the industry. Mr. Mahony advocated the preparation of charts of the whole district, which system was adopted in other large fruit-growing sections. Acreages would be determined, the num- ber of trees and their ages could be known, the company would have on intelligent fore- cast of the probable crop and, in any one season, an estimate of the amount of any one kind of fruit or other product to be handled, some time before the crop was harvested. To emphasize the importance of wise marketing, Mr. Mahony said that in 1920, when a large part of the Niagara fruit crop rotted on the ground $32,000,000 worth of American fruit came into Canada. Financial Statement The financial statement was then read, as given on page 61 of this Issue. The state- ment was the same, with slight adjust- ments, Mr. Mahony explained, as given out at the district meetings. While In some particulars it might not be as "rosy" as some of the members would like, It was much better than the company's competi- tors and others outside the organization had expected. A number of questions were asked re- specting the salaries of the leading officials. "What does the president receive per year?" asked a shareholder. Chairman Craise re- plied that the president had received the magnificent sum of about $6.00 a month for expenses attending directors' meetings, and no salary, but that the organization must expect to pay henceforth a president's salary that would be adequate. Probably no other man was In the same position as Col. Roberts, financially and enthusiasti- cally, to devote so much time and personal expense to the interests of the company. Col. Roberts had been on the job constantly since the beginning early last year, and de- served the highest words of praise and ap- preciation for what he had done, not only for this company, but also for the fruit In- dustry of the district throughout a period of many years' service. Salaries of Officials In reply to the same member's guery re the salaries of the sales manager and assist- ant sales manager, it was pointed out by H. C. Cox, Winona, and others that the Car- penter Brothers had given up a business of $600,000 a year, the major part of which had been absorbed by this company — a business from which they had acquired a larger personal Income than the salaries they now received. It was pointed out, fur- ther, that the record of their achievements this past year was sufficient In Itself to show that the salaries were not too high. No objection was voiced respecting the amount of salary paid to the general manager. In- cidentally, to show the salaries paid by similar organizations elsewhere. Chairman Craise stated that the manager of the Nor- folk Fruit Growers' Association received $10,000, and Hon. Manning Doherty, who was present and expressed himself well pleased with the reports, stated that the manager of the California Fruit Exchange was paid $40,000. Sales Manager's Report Sales Manager C. D. Carpenter presented an exceedingly clear and complete report on the operations of his department. This report appears in full on page 60. He referred to the difficulties of the season and mentioned, in addition to the handicaps re- ferred to by the general manager, the lack of advertising through newspapers and other mediums. He thought that an ad- vertising campaign to reach the public must • sooner or later be started and afterwards conducted annually. In answer to a question respecting the shipment of tomatoes, Mr. Carpenter said that basket-packed tomatoes should be abandoned. There was no use in sending tomatoes in 11 -quart baskets to Winnipeg and expect them to stand up for reship- Recommendations From Old Directors to New Board, N.P.G., Ltd. WITH a view to bigger business this coming season and to greater effi- ciency in all departments and activi- ties of the company, the old board of directors of the N. P. G., Ltd., passed to the new board the following recommenda- tions, which the annual meeting approved by unanimous vote: That so far as It Is consistent with the best interests of the company, as much Information as possible be given to members with regard to sales, prices, movement of crops and other matters of general interest. That growers be given the privilege of securing advance cheques against their accounts at head office on making appli- cation through their divisional managers. That the rules and regulations be so amended that the general manager shall have complete authority over all depart- ments. That all members holding half-shares of stock, be entitled to vote and that every effort be made to Increase the membership of the company, by encour. aging small, as well as large, growers to Join. That the necessary rearrangement be made \r\ the sales department with a view to making more use of the ability and experience of our divisional mana- gers. That the salaries and appointments and duties of officials and employees of the company be considered, with a view to curtailed expenditure and Increased efficiency. In order that the overhead expense be reduced as much as possible. That, having In view the Importance of the local markets as an outlet for our products, every effort be made to use them to the fullest extent. That every effort be made to Induce the Dominion Department of Agriculture to supply a sufficient number of Inspec- tors In the district to Inspect all carload shipments: and we further recommend that company Inspectors be appointed whose duty It shall be to see that the company grades are properly maintained, and to co-operate with the growers In Improving the quality of their pack. That some change be made In regard to commission sales on the Toronto mar- ket, so that members whose produce is shipped there will not be subjected to a double commission. That wherever practicable, steps be taken to secure sites and arrange tor the financing of central packing houses, the establishment of which will contrl. bute very materially to the successful marketing of our crops. 60 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition ment from that point. Packed in boxes, Niagara's flne tomatoes would more than hold their own in the markets of Montreal, Toronto, and the West. He advocated the use of boxes entirely and the packing of to- matoes in central packing houses. For improving the efficiency of the com- pany, a number of recommendations from the old board of directors to the new board were read by Chairman Cralse. These are published In full on page 59. Some Resolutions That the company was forced to market its fruit at a disadvantage, through lack of cold-storage facilities, was emphasized In a resolution designed to remedy this state of affairs, if the Federal authorities saw fit to carry it out, as follows: "That this meeting of the Niagara Peninsula Growers, I>imited, realizing the necessity of cold- storage facilities In order to market our fruit crop profitably, and to secure our share of business^ on the export markets, hereby petition the Federal Department of Agriculture to amend the regulations re granting assistance to cold-storage ware- houses, in order that co-operative market- ing companies may be eligible for such fin- ancial assistance as is now available to municipalities." Another resolution, heartily endorsed, ex- pressed appreciation of the efforts and in- terest of Hon. Manning Doherty, Minister of Agriculture, in the association and trusted that the minister would continue to favor the association with no abatement in such interest and work. The absence and illness of Col. Roberts were sincerely regret- ted, as already mentioned, in a resolution adopted unanimously by standing vote. Hon. Manning Doherty Congratulations on the success of the first year's business were tendered the mem- bers in an encouraging talk by Hon. Man- ning Doherty. Only by organization could the stabilizing of markets be effected. The Niagara Peninsula Growers, Ltd., had cut its first teeth, he said and had made a success of Its life already. The Minister made special mention of the great services rendered by Col. Roberts. Ontario needed more men, he averred, who unselfishly worked in the interests of the community. Growers outside the association have claimed in some cases that they secured as high prices as those obtained through the company. "What price would I have got if there had been no association?" the Min- ister advised such men to ask themselves. That alone was the important question. There have been criticism also of the man- agement, he continued, but no organiza- tion, so large and so full of promise, should be expected to run smoothly the first year. It may take three years, perhaps five, to perfect the organization in all details. No grower could afford to stay outside the asso- ciation and every man inside should be loyal. Referring to the discussion on salaries, Hon. Mr. Doherty said that more co-opera- tive associations had failed through under- paid officials than overpaid. Men of calibre were needed, he declared, and the company should be prepared to pay them. "I look for you to have a turnover of two or three million dollars this coming season," he said "I expect one million dollars in apple busi- ness alone. To do that kind of business, you must have wide-awake capable men." The amount of salaries was of small concern. The big matter was the net returns to the growers. Regardless of the shortcomings of the past year, of criticisms from outside and of all other Initial obstacles, the mem- bers should allow no one or nothing to In- terfere with the working of the organiza- tion. "Be loyal!" the Minister advised, "and after another year or two's experience you'll be proud of the company and its achievements." James E. Johnson, SImcoe, manager of the Norfolk Fruit Growers' Association, also spoke, and referred to the difficulties of co- operative marketing. Words of advice were offered which were much appreciated. Throughout the various addresses and discussions special mention frequently was made of the efforts of T. J. Mahony, Drys- dale Carpenter and Elsdon Carpenter, the three prominent figures in the orgranlzatlon. Their work was considered in a large mea- sure responsible for the success of the year. After the meeting, Mr. Mahony told The Canadian Horticulturist that an announce- ment respecting the handling of supplies had been inadvertently overlooked. The company was in a position to handle for Its members orders for fertilizers, packages, spraying materials, spray pumps, and other ordinary necessities. J. W. Hewitson was now in charge of the supply department. — A. B. C. 1st Annual Sales Report, N.P.G., Ltd. C. D. Carpenter, Sales Manager, Grimsby I WISH to present the first annual sales report of the Niagara Peninsula Grow- ers, Limited, for the season 1921. Our fiscal year ended December 31. Figures for sales to that date have already been given out by our general manager, but total sales to date, which include final sales of ap- ples, amount to $1,501,156.48— a little more than $1,000 over our objective set last March 1, which was very creditable, taking several things into consideration, such as lack of public buying, unemployment, short crop, short marketing period of fruit, two or three weeks ahead of proper ripening period, extreme hot weather during that period and no advertising done to advise the public, except through our weekly or semi- weekly quotations and a little free adver- tising in local papers, advising them that the fruit was on and would be gone before the householder had a chance to preserve for winter use. Furthermore, it was also the case that the householder In most cases was still on her vacation — the reason of the big demand and high prices paid for late and inferior fruit. On Couunission and on Sales Next, I will give figures for the total busi- ness on commission, including guarantees, $236,995.13, or 15.78 per cent. With guar- antees deducted as near as can be ascer- tained, brings our total on commission down to 10 and 11, per cent, in "money and our total percentage of baskets on commission to 14 to 15 per cent. The business done in the larger centres, where we did both wholesale and commission, was confined to Toronto, Montreal and Ottawa, and, on ac- count of unforeseen circumstances, some fruit sold in Winnipeg on commission. Of course, in other years shippers used almost any town of importance for commission shipments, which I have no hesitancy in stating stopped the wholesaler or retailer from buying, because he never knew what was on the way for him and also was al- ways willing to take a chance that he did receive something on the morning express. The figures for four cities are as follows: Montreal, $256,401.97, approximately 65 per cent, on sales; Toronto, $226,610.46, ap- proximately, 45% per cent, on sales; Win- nipeg, $143,553.04, approximately 98 per cent, on sales; Ottawa. $44,735.41, approxi- mately 70 per cent, on sales. Cars Shipped and Provincial Percentages The next figures I have to present are the approximate total number of cars ship- per last season, giving the chief varieties with the balance grouped as miscellaneous: Rhubarb 3, asparagus 9, cabbage 10, can- teloupes, 54, cherries 49, apples 105, cur- rants 10, cucumbers 8, eggplant 6, goose- berries 3, grapes 336, Kittatlnnies 7, strawberries 75, raspberries 40, toma- toes 133, plums 74, peaches 564, pears 119, peppers 11, miscellaneous 30; a total of 1636 cars. Dividing total number of cars into districts, the west or three prairie pro- vinces handled 135 cars; Maritime, 51; Que- bec and Ontario, 1,407; Great Britain 40, and U. S. A., 3. I have also the figures of the percentage of fruit business done In each province, as follows: Alberta, .2; Sas- katchewan, 1.3; Manitoba, 8.4; Ontario, 62.6; Quebec, 21.4; New Brunswick, 1.1.; Nova Scotia, 1.8; P. E. I., .1; Great Britain, 2.8; V. S. A., .3 per cent. Conditions, Both East and West Regarding our western conditions this year, to say the least, they were very bad, owing to British Columbia's very hea\'y crop and the superior way in which they pack their fruit. In other seasons, with a B. C. smaller crop, we have been able' to compete to some extent, but the last season hardly anything was shipped Into Alberta and Saskatchewan, and then again it is the first time in the history of Manitoba that they were able to ripen their own tomatoes in large quantities and sell them on the Winnipeg market for Ic per lb.; in fact, tomatoes were reshipped from Winnipeg to outlying cities. In other years, Ontario al- ways supplied Manitoba, principally with a lot of late tomatoes and vegetables. The lower provinces business was affected the same way. Also by the express companies stopping our distributing privileges and, in both cases, the advance In Icing and freight, and express charges, curtailed our shipping to distant markets considerably. Our esti- mates show on fruit shipped by the N. P. G. this last season that It cost us over $50,000 this year more than last. Sales by Divisions Our sales by divisions are as accurate as is possible to take off, as you are all aware that there is considerable trucking from one point to another and also fruit put in cold-storage, which when shipped out gave that point credit. These figures have been carefully gone into and are as follows: Burlington $,185,631.55. Stoney Creek, $63,875.66. Winona and Fruitland, $173,830.91. Grimsby, $138,150.39. Grimsby East, $81,297.87. Beamsville, $114,139.32. Vineland, Jordan. $246,318.98. St. Catharines, $171,252.63. Peachland, $66,004.43. Fenwick and Fonthill, $25,261.28. Queenston, St, David's and Stamford, $61,641.98. NIagara-on-the-Lake, $67,617.45. Next the figures deal with percentages of fruit sold to wholesalers and retailers. The total percentage of fruit sold to wholesalers as near as can be figured is 44 per cent. This includes jobbers No. .1 and jobbers No. 2; that is to say, a wholesaler in Toronto we figure a jobber No. 1 and a wholesaler in a town approximately the size of Lind- say, a jobber No. 2. This figure includes both. Next, the amount of peaches shipped out March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 61 at Niagara-on-the-Lake and Queenston, and percentage both in baskets and money aver- ages on sales and commission: Quantity. -Proceeds. Average. Commission ...50,057 $35,232.66 70c Sales 59,334 50,418.36 85c Baskets, 47% Commission; 53% Sales. Money, 41% Commission; 59% Sales. Export Pears vs. local The next figures I wish to show are the amount of export pears and the difference on the pool for pears exported against those sold on local markets. Altogether there were exported 18 cars— 5 cars of Bartletts, 5 cars of Duchess, Anjou and Louise Bonne, and 8 cars of Keiffers, all of which were packed through a central packing house, which is the only possible way to pack our fruit and get a standard, so that we are not ashamed to put our brand on it and stand by it. Bartlett pears average, export and local, figuring by the pound, practi- cally the same price, but what would have happened if the five cars had been put on our local market, especially when they had all they could dispose of at the time? The same thing applies to the five cars of Duchess and Anjou — the export prices for 20 lb. boxes of No. I's, 74c; No. 2. 59c; while local averages, No. I's, 60c, and No. 2's, 45c. The KeifEer export average was 3.24c a lb. net, while Keiffer local average was 2c, including container. Export price was f.o.b., with wrapping, boxing, handling, wiring, all paid for. Basket price on local market was still worse with No. I's at 40c average. Pint and Quart Berry Boxes The next figures that I have prepared are the difference between pint boxes and quart as it now stands. This is something of vital importance and will come before the Dominion Fruit Conference at Ottawa on the 22nd of this month, when we will have radical changes recommended in the stan- dardization of our packages. If we do not Niagara Peninsula Growers, Ltd., Balance Sheet, Dec. 31, 1921 Assets. Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment $ 13,587.03 Organization Expenses d 19,935.39 $ 33,522.42 L*ss 20 per cent, absorbed in operating Expenses 6,704.48 $ 26,817.94 Accounts Receivable .•. $95,774.47 Do., Members' Supplies 5,737.06 Bills Receivable 260.00 Cash in Bank 12,508.32 Cash on Hand 63.53 Fruit on Hand per Inventory 5,230.60 iMemb3rs' Supplies per Inventory 7,146.95 Stationery and Office Supplies per Inventory 3,363.95 $130,084.88 Liabilities. Capital Stock Subscribed $93,200.00 lL*ss— Uncalled 74,560.00 $156,902.82 Members' Credits $1,059,498.39 Less — 12 per cent, operating ccst 126,930.77 $18,640.00 iljess — Payments 932,567.62 888,438.45 -$94,129.17 Accounts Payable 12,074.26 Reserve for Adjustments 32,059.39 OPERATING ACCOUNTS TO DEC. 31, 1921. Cost of Sales. -$156,902.82 Sales Less— (Freight, imus.^ion, Packing and Trucking. .$1,494,770.88 79,786.87 Per cent, to Sales. Net Sales $1,414,984.01 Members" (Credits (from May 15th) $1,059,498.39 Fruit Purchases including Members' to May 15th 28,834.85 Niagara District Grape Growers 324,184.73 100.00 5.34 94.66 Less — FrUit on hand per Inventory. $1,412,517.97 5,230.60 -$1,407,287.37 94.15 Sales Reserve tor Adjustments $ 7.696.64 Operating Expenses. Head Office. Divisional. Salaries $39,964.92 $41,035.70 Tnavelllng 625.02 1,548.32 Telephone 4,163.85 1,224.27 Telegraph 2,293.25 973.43 „ Rents 600.00 2,937.60 Postage 1,706.42 317.52 Stationery and Supplies 3,297.33 1,727.78 Advertising 625.45 General Expense 2,471.84 2,582.69 Bank Charges 1,376.15 .61 $57,126.23 $52,347.31 Total Head Office Expense $57,126.23 Less — Government Grant 9.000.00 Total Divisional Expense $52,347.31 Less— Jlefund Ix)adlng, etc., of Fruit 4,610.00 1 43,126.23 3.22 Depreciation 20 per cent, of Organization Bxpense and Equip- ment Adjustments $32,059.39 Less — Sales Reserv 7,696 64 $ 47,737.31 6.704.48 3.19 .45 $ 24,362.75 1.63 Total Cost being 12 per cent, of Members' Credits $126,930.77 8.49 do something to get a more attractive package than what we have at the present time, and a package that will stand ship- ping, we cannot compete with British Col- umbia and the states to the south of us, and might as well get off the market, as they are most certainly making a big effort to ship right into our local markets and, furthermore, they will continue to do so unless we awaken to the fact that our packages are inferior and will not hold up on long distance shipments, and before it Is too late, make a change. We have sp- perior fruit — why put it In the inferior con- tainer? Let us start this season in box packing through central packing houses. We have the chance. With the government behind us, why should we not take the op- portunity? Our averages on fruit shipped in pints and quarts are as follows, in cents: Quarts. Pints. Raspberries 17.24 , 12.16 Red Currants 11.00 8.00 Black Cherries 14.00 16.00 Black Currants 21.00 15.00 Of course, there is one big disadvantage in adopting the full quart: It will take some time on our local markets to educate the consumer that he is getting a fifth more than he used to in our old box. However, this can be accomplished and, as far as the factories are concerned, it will make no difference, as they practically all figure by the pound. Average on Each Kind of Fruit I have also had averages on every variety of fruit taken oft by our auditing depart- ment and, while the average on several var- ieties may not compare with the growers' average he received, it shows the price of the early sale to the last. Our strawberries average 11.65c. If we had not have had an organization, what would the grower have received for his berries? Nearly every factory started with a very low price, but, going the rounds, we were at least able to make a contract for at least 15 or 16 cars at a good price, which was the salvation of the strawberry crop. Furthermore, I do not hesitate In saying that, hadn't it been for the poor quality of the berries this season, our average would have been much higher, as the American market would have taken so much larger quantity at higher prices, provided we could have shipped. This is one good rea- son why we should change the standard for our berry box. Raspberries, 17.24: That average is be- low the price asked at the beginning, but we find in some cases that It is necessary to take large losses on account of the fruit not carrying and, even at that, I consider the average good. The next average I wish to remark on are tomatoes at 48c. Are you going to let the factory pay you 30 to 35c per pushel or what price will you basket them for, or, better still, what price will you box them for? At your next local meeting give this information to your director. Cherries, sour, both Richmond and Mont- morency, at an average of 1.20: It is quite right that some dealers paid higher. The answer to this is: What did It cost him? Black, sweet, 6-quart flat average, $1.30; lenos, $1.67. A little low owing to short crop, but as I have explained, right in the height of our black cherry season there were sufficient cars of American cherries selling on our local markets, which knocked our markets and lowered the price. Peaches average all through the season. No. 1, 85c; No. 2, 71c. Our average on our quotation for the season in 20 -basket lots (Continued on page 64) e2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition Yearly Crops o COME Well Ferti Barrels on th* laft repraunt ji»\d from rertilized trees. Those on the right show yield from unfertilized. G«ln, l*S%,—From 0*«» Experiment Station Battelin No. 80t. Orchard Rejuvenation has been accomplished over large areas in Ohio by fertilization. Here is a picture from bulletin 339 (1920) showing two rows of 1 2 Ben Davis trees. REPORT 1914. 12 Fertilized trees yielded 49 bbls. apples, 12 Unfertilized trees yielded 20 bbls. apples, Gain from Fertilizers 29 bbls. apples. REPORT 1915. 12 Fertilized trees yielded 46 bbls. apples, 12 Unfertilized trees yielded 9 bbls. apples. Gain from Fertilizers 37 bbls. apples. 12 to 15 lbs. of Shur-Gain Fertilizer per tree early in spring will make big gains in your orchard. 1 Fertilizers supply well balan desirable wood- growth. Fertilizers cause fruit to fill an Fruit borne by trees that hav superior in size, color and flavor. Fertilizers cause great increase Fruit borne by trees properly size, color and flavor. -fanii^. REPRESENTATIVES W. March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 63 High Quality Fruit LY FROM ed Orchards food for orchard trees. This means iture uniformly. in properly nourished with fertilizers is ields. irished by SHUR-GAIN is superior in A Recent Discovery West Toronto IN UNALLOTTED TERRITORIES Your crop next summer and for 1923 Is very largely determined by what twig and bud growth takes place this spring. II there is plenty of suitable plant-food, the fruit blossoms develop and set fruit abundantly, also the young buds which should bear fruit in 1923 develop. If there is a lack of plant-food, many of the flowers for 1922 tail to set fruit, and the buds for 1923 do not develop. This is why so many orchards have "off" years. Make sure of this year's crop and next year's by feeding your trees abundantly with Shur-Galn ferti- lizers. Fertilizers affect both season's crops. €4 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition G&R Hardy Roses HllfXI 1 rootH. Sure to bloom Tniotonatiiw. Rainbow Collection 5 Harchr Roses. Ottf«r*nt Color* Columbli. — Hich pink Cmaader — Vclvnty oritrwon Gladys Holl And' — Buflandormnc* MaduDBvttsrfly — Pink, aurioot an.) BOia Alexander HIU Or»y — Ivory. crwim-tluHhod Mailed postpaid $^ to any address. Guaran- t*.^^! to reach you in ROod KrowinR condition All G & R roses arc vrown In Isrro uiinnt(tlp!i, which enables us to asll Mum at miKjwrMt* priff»:«, Ovftr four Diiillion ros«8 koIJ tiy ua last year. SPECIAL OFFERS 6 Hardy CtuTUnthemnnai — embmcioB all colors f^-^^ 6 OlMlloU — Cicam of nvwer aorta, selected colors $1.00 6 Liberty Iris — Choico colore — assorted $1.00 3 Decontlre Fern* — New sorta, Rooaevelt, Teddy Junior and Ostrich Plume $V00 4 OabUtA A very select list which includee the most desirBblocoionf: SpRiNartEU> — Salmon Pink. Cactus. Kmo OF Autumn — Buff. Decorstivo. Mina BuROLa — Ricbeot Red. Decorative. Floradoha — Oxblood Crjm.'*on. Cactus $1 00 Special O&or — The O collections mailed postpaid for $0.00 3ox 107 Cumpluti^ cat&lOK mailtHi on application. The Good & Reese Co. Larocat lio»» Orowaru in the World Springfield, Ohio NIAGARA PENINSULA I (Continued from page 6L) was, No. 1, 97c, and No. 2, 75c, against a 1920 quote for 20-basket lots .of No. 1, 84c, and No. 2. 61c. Plums average, 11-quart flat, 97c; medi- um, 82c; Damsons, 11-quart flat, $1.51. A good average on 79 cars. These are a few of the averages. I can give you more, if required. There Is one question to which I wish to refer, which has been asked at several of our previous meetings, regarding the dif- ference between No. 1 and Select lenos in peaches. This is something that can and will be rectified, but last season when a car of peaches was sold Including, No. 1 and Select, they were pooled together, which we And was an error. The True Co-operative Idea One thing more: I ask you members to work with the organization with a true co- ALEXANDER'S DAHLIAS Unless you happen to be one of those who value a Dahlia for its rarity and wish to pay from $5.00 to $25.00 each for that attribute, you will find that many of the older varieties are just as l>eautlful an J just as satisfactory. This is your opportunity to obtain a few first-class varieties at a reasonable price, a price that you can afford to pay. A Collection of Tried and Tested Dahlias for $2.00 prepaid. (Tubers) Madonna, white Decorative. Maude Adams, pink and white Show. MIna Burgle, scarlet Decorative. W. B. Chllds, purple-maroon Cactus. Zeppelin, lavender Peony-flowered. MT CATA1XX3 will tell you the complete story of the Dahlia: when and how to plant, how to fertilize, stake, prune and disbud. PMlly illustrated and well worth looking over whether you decide to buy or not. Send for your free copy. J. K. ALEXANDER Largest Dahlia Grower In the World. 310-320 Central St. East Bridgewater, Mass. "Tht Dahlia Kinf' Irises, Peonies and Gladioli The Flowers that Bloom from April until October Order now for early spring delivery. We are growers and importers of the choice varieties. Over 600 varieties of Irises. Our ideal soil condi- tions enable us to grow the finest of roots and bulbs. Our selected varieties of Irises and Peonies withstand our extremes of weather and are therefore acclimated to grow well in all parts of the United States and Canada. Our Gladioli are selected from the best varieties. We ship with the idea to please, and that we succeed in this respect is shown by the number of repeat orders received. Send to-day for our new Free Illustrated Catalogue 4th Edition RAINBOW GARDENS 701-2 COMMERCE BUILDING ST. PAUL, MINN. iKunderd's New Gladiolus Catalogue ^Por 1922 describes nearly 400 varieties in Ruffled, Plain Petaled and Primulinus Types, all of them origi-^)^ nated by A. E. Kunderd. 29 varieties are showri in beautiful colors, and many others are illustrated in half-tone. Most complete cultural information is also given, with special tlirections my| •! i ¥-• for the growing of show flowers. JVlSluCCl ITCC Kunderd's Gladioli are now so well known as the BEST in the world that no garden is complete without a choice collection of them. No other grower has ever produced so many nor such wonderful kinds. Send for the beautiful free catalogue which shows in colois these new Ruffled strains of Gladioli. A. E. KUNDERD The Originator of the Ruffled Gladioli Box 60 Goshen, Indiana operaL.,.: ..,.a and not make it any harder than possible for the Sales Department. Give the district manager your estimate lor the day. If he does not call you, call him. This is mo.st essential. Also remember that we are trying to make a name for the Niagara Peninsula Growers, and the way to do it is honest pack and loyalty to the com- pany. Someone might think that I did all the work myself. This is not so. I have some very able assistants on our sales staff. Mr. A. E. Carpenter Is assistant sales manager, and carried on his duties as well as assist- ance in other departments with entire sat- isfaction. Then, Mr. J. W. Hewitson, the "father of us all." Too much cannot be said about Jack, as he certainly did all in his power to make our end of it a success. Also assisting in office as well as platform, Mr. Frank Galloway. He has had lots of experi- ence and steady work. Next, Mr. Arch. Dixon, .who, while not having the experi- ence of the other members of the staff, car- ried on his work satisfactorily. New Officials Elected AT a meeting of the new directors of the N.P.G., Ltd., held at Grimsby, on Feb. 27, T. J. Mahony, the general manager, was elected to the presidency. A resolution, voicing the deep appreciation ot the members of the good work ot the retir- ing president, Lt.-Col. H. L. Roberts, during the organization's first and therefore most precarious year, was unanimously passed. The retirement of Col. Roberts was much regretted by the board. The election of Mr. Mahony to the presidency met with general approval. As general manager Mr. Mahony had given good service in guiding the business of the company throughout its first year. A. A. Cralse, St. Catharines, was re- elected vice-president, and G. G. Bourne, Grimsby, was reappointed secretary- treasurer. J. P. Bridgeman, Winona; Harry K. Griffith, Grimsby East, and Col. Roberts were elected to the executive committee. The new president expressed his keen satisfaction at the splendid results ot the past season, and noted the fact that many new members were applying for admission to the privileges of the N.P.G., Ltd. He expected, he stated, that the company would do double the business in 1922 that it did in 1921. The officials had profited by the hard experience of the past season, and expected to conduct the affairs of the com- pany with still greater efficiency this year. At a directors' meeting of the Niagara District Grape Growers, Ltd., held on Feb. 18, G. A. Welstead, St. Catharines, was chosen president to succeed T. J. Mahony, who has been president for the past two years. Other officers elected were: Vice- pres., F. B. Cole, Louth; sec, W. C. Thomp- son, Beamsville; treas., R. G. Montgomery, St. Catharines. Annual Meeting, N.D.G.G., Ltd. F. G. H. Pattlson, Winona. THE annual meeting of the Niagara District Grape Growers, Limited, was held at St. Catharines, Feb. 10, with President T. J. Mahony in the chair and a large attendance of shareholders from all parts of the Niagara District. In openihg the meeting President Mahony gave a brief resume of the large amount of work done through the central office, and paid a high triubute to Sales-Manager Montgomery and the directors for the excellent manner in which they had conducted the company's business. Owing to the increase In freight March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 65 GREENHOUSE FOR SALE Complete Lord & Burnham greenhouse for sale, in perfect condition, at very low price, including glass house, 18' X 25', and potting house, 25' x 25'. Highest grade hot water heating sys- tem and furnace; would cost ahout $3,500 new; will sell at sacrifice. L. COSTELLO 73 ADELAIDE STREET WEST TORONTO f^ 1 1 • 1 • List biadioii -:~ Louise 60c each, $6.00 per doz. L.e Mirechal Ftoch .20c each, 2.00 per doz. Evelyn Kirtland 20c each, 2.00 per do.z Ldly White 20c each, 2.00 per doz. Mary Fennell 20c each, 2.00 per doz. Herada 20c each, 2.00 per doz. Oretchen Zang 15c each, 1.50 per doz. Pride of Goshen 15c each, 1.50 per doz. Red Emperor 15c each, 1.25 per doz. Prince of Wales 8c each, .75 per doz. $1.00 Postpaid Each Item. 10 Begonias, Tuberous, Single, Mixed. 10 Hardy Phlox, Named. All Different. 5 Dahlias, Named. 30 Gladioli, Named, 6 Var., Separate. 4 Paeon les. Named. Six Packets of Vick's Rochester Asters, Shell Pink, White, Rose, Lavender Pink, Lavender and Purple. 15 Packets Burpee's Sweet Peas. Leaflet on Culture. Add 10c postage extra. Mornington Gladiolus Gardens STRATFORD, ONT, rates, amounting to 20 per cent., and also in- icing charges, etc., the grape growers did not receive as much as they had expected. The wine manufacturers, he said, had real- ized last season the great benefit of friendly relations with the grape growers. Sales-Manager Montgomery presented the financial statement, which was con- sidered by the shareholders to be very sat- isfactory. Growers had received $85 a ton for bulk grapes and 40c a basket for those sold in baskets, the highest price ever paid for an average grape crop, and this was largely due to the efforts of the company. The wine manufacturers, how- ever, did not buy nearly their usual amount, and the Welch Grape Juice Co. did not open their factory at all. In 1920 the pre- mium on exchange on grapes sold in the United States was 14 to 15 per cent., which offset the American duty of $17 a ton. In 1921, however, the premium averaged a little over 8 per cent., making a difference of $8 a ton. Between Sept. 15 and 20 last, the company had lost from $100 to $200 on every car sold, but this was more than made up at the end of the season. Late in September, the company placed $50,000 worth of grapes in cold storage at Hamil- ton, and on these when sold in the United States a profit of over $20,000 was made. The company begins the 1922 season in good financial standing, and is to-day one of the strongest co-operative companies In Canada. Replying to questions regarding trade in the Canadian west, Mr. Montgomery said that 40c a basket at the point of shipment here was a little too high, as the spread of prices between here and the west was large, freight charges to Winnipeg being 16c a basket, and to Calgary 20c, making cost of grapes in west 806 to $1 a basket. Fluc- tuations in price were very unsettling, and ESTABLISHED 1877 Quality First COAST TO Apple Trees THAT Pay Profits Alexander Baldwin Baxter Baldwin Delicious Duchess Fameuse Jones' Red Fameuse Mcintosh Red Milwaukee Northern Spy N.W. Greening Peerless Scarlet Pippin Snow Stark Wealthy Wolfe River Winter St. Law- rence. Yellow Transpar- ent. Special Prices'foriOrchard Plantings Send for NEW CATALOGUE. STONE AND WELLINGTON — (Established 1837) — TORONTO — ONTARIO Alas! Too Late Do You Find It Out! Poor insect control and leaf injury are the only indications to the layman that he has used an inferior insecticide, and when these signs are noticed it Is too late for him to remedy his error. '* There is no insecticide law in Canada similar to the rigidly enforced statute in the United States, but by using J -C. Spray Chemicals you can be sure of Quality, the one absolute essential, J-C Lead Arsenate and J-C Cal-Arsenate are made to the U.S. standard, and a GUARANTEED ANALYSIS Is printed on every package. Other J-C Chemicals: Bordo-Arsenate. Bordeaux Mixture. Bluestone, Crystals or Powdered. Copper-Lime-Arsenate Dusts. Dehydrated Copper Sulphate. JOHN COWAN CHEMICAL COMPANY Limited Dalhousie and Common Streets _ - - Montreal 66 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral EJdltion WRITE FOR OUR CATALOGUE r»r have proven their quality in the vegetable gardens and flower beds in every section of Canada. They are proven stock — absolutely true to t5TJe — clean, healthy, vigorous — the only kind of seeds it pays to plant. Our big new Seed Annual will help you to choose the varieties most suitable for your Vegetable and Flower Gardens. Write for a copy — free, of course. The William Ewing Co., Limited Seed Merchants McGill Street - Montreal a uniform price throughout the season is needed for the western trade. All grapes shipped to points west of Winnipeg should be pre-cooled, to prevent molding. Pre- cooling and better packing were needQd to recover the lost western trade. Jobbers In the west are making no profit on Ontario grapes, but find it to their advantage to handle grapes from California. Growers here are not likely to get more than $7 a ton on the American market next seasoi; California shipped. 4,000 cars more to the east last year than ever before, and will probably ship 5,000 more in 1922. Ameri can growers are planting grapes heavil;. and we must pay more attention to our own market. A box package Is needed for grapes going to the west, as all those shipped to Alberta the past season arrived in bad con- dition. Out of 334 cars shipped in the States only three cars were subjected to any reductions. During the past season the Canadian market was higher by nearly $3 a ton than the American market. A. M. Cocks, of Winona, proposed that It be made compulsory that all growers who sold their grapes through the company be- come shareholders. The proposal met with the approval of the meeting, and it was left to the directors to work out a scheme that would be equitable to all. The shareholders passed a resolution commending the Hon. Manning Doherty, Minister of Agriculture, for his interest in the fruit industry of the Niagara Penin- sula, the encouragement given by his de- partment to the co-operative movement, and to the establishment of central pack- ing houses and cold storage plants. For the purpose of assisting and main- taining a cold storage plant to be erected at St. Catharines, the directors were given authority, if expedient, to make a call of 10 per cent, on the stock. The following directors were elected for 1922: T. J. Mahoney, W. C. Thompson, F. D. Cole, W. W. Armstrong, A. W. Smith, A. B. GuUinger, G. A. Welstead. The ice and snow storm that swept the Niagara Peninsula on Feb. 22 apparently did not materially influence the prospects for a fruit crop. The greatest damage was ia orchards where pruning had not been done. There was considerable breakage of limbs in some sections, especially on old trees, and fruit buds were injured to some extent. Shade trees with long limbs and 'branches were badly broken. Early in March the outlook in general for a bumper crop of fruit was good. We SoUcit Your Consignment Send for Shipping Stamp Good Prices Always For Your Fruit and Vegetables ^^illife ^r^ DR tacJlitlea enable us to realize top prices at all times lor your trait, ^^^^SbuS^^ ODR tacJlitlea enable us to realize top prices at all times lor your Irutt, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses, with competent men in charge, at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt and Tlmmins. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt and Tlmmins. Peters, Duncan Limitedl 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Bank of Nova Scotia, King and Victoria Branch, and Com- mercial Agencies. March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 67 Niagara P.F.G.A. Convention THE annual convention of the Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' Association, held at Grimsby and St. Catharines, March 1 and 2, not only was well attended, but was one of the most interesting and most impoftant in years. The various ses- sions were conducted by the president, A. Onslow, Niagara-on-the-Lake, assisted by the secretary, C. E. Fisher, St. Catharines. The programme comprised both cultural and business topics, and several important resolutions were adopted. W. H. Bunting presented the various transportation reso- IMPORTED ROSE BUSHES, Boxwoods, Rhododendrons, Hardy Shrubs, Etc. Catalogue ready around middle of March. D. SPENCE, 82 Colborne Street, Toronto, Ont. ••THE GLDAIOLUS FOR PROFIT" Teaches the gladiolus growing business from A.-Z. Dis- closes the aecreta of how to get the BIG PROFITS from a fltnall garden or backyard Second edition, 20 Chapters, 18.000 words, Ulustratfona from actual photographs, Merita and Demerits of over 165 new gladiolus varieties discussed. Chapter on dahlias for cut flowers, alone worth $100.00. Hundreds of endorsements. Sl.OOper copy, postpaid. Satl»* faction or your money back. R. M. CHAMPE. Gladieluf Spacialist, Box 62. WalUd Lake. Mich. DA H L I A S Ten prize-wlnning DAHLIAS of all classes, $1.00 postpaid. Twenty mixed varieties, $1.25 postpaid. Send for price ILst. MRS. C. DOUGLASS, Buctouche .... N.B. lutions that had been adopted at the Do- minion Fruit Conference. These concerned matters affecting minimum express weights, a carriers' protective service for the east, car equipment, carload commodity rates, experimental shipments, rate classification of fruits and vegetables, 'freight and ex- press rates in general. All these were ap- proved unanimously. Resolutions Passed. The Dominion Department of Agriculture was petitioned by resolution to continue and extend, through its Fruit Branch, its investigations into the best methods .of transporting fruits and vegetables under the supervision of G. E. Mcintosh, transpor- tation specialist, and to undertake further shipments from the Niagara district during the coming season, with a view to the solv- ing of several pressing problems as to the best methods of reaching distant markets. A resolution recommended that the con- vention of the association in future be ex- tended in period of days and expanded to in- clude exhibits of Implements, fruit growers' supplies and accessories. Following the adoption of this resolution, a committee to arrange next year's convention was named by President A. Onslow as follows: W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines; S. H. Rittenhouse, Vineland Station; J. B. Fairbairn, Beams- ville, and G. W. C. Brown, Fonthill. Another resolution pointed out the urgent need for immediate and substantial reduc- tions in the present railway rates on the transportation of fruits and vegetables, which at present were discouraging plant- ing, curtailing consumption and interfering with the free movement of supplies. A tariff resolution asked the Federal Dutch Bulbs for Canadian Gardeners Grower to Grower Tulips, Hyacinths, Narcissi, Crocus, Etc. The choicest bulbs guaranteed at moder- ate prices. To accredited customers pay- ment not required until bulbs are delivered. Catalogue ready in April. Boolclet on Bull) Culture for Garden and Winter Bloom on request. Over 20 years In the Canadian trade. Each year adds to our customers among Horti- cultural Societies, Park Commissions, Hos- pitals, Schpols and individuals. Import or- ders only; accepted up to September 1st. Orders for Pall delivery of Roses accepted VAN'T HOF AND BLOKKER Bulb Growers and Exporters. AKERSLOOT, HOLLAND. Write our Canadian Office, 430 Brunswick Ave., Toronto, Ont. Choice Paeonies We are offering for 1922 a limited number of the following very fine American varie- ties: Elizabeth Barrett Browning (Brand 1907) Frances Wlllard (Brand 1907). Karl Rosenfleld (Rosenfleld 1908). Longfellow (Brand 1907). Martha Bulloch (Brand 1907). Milton Hill (Richardson). Richard Carvel (Brand 1913). Walter Faxon (Richardson). Orders for Spring, with remittance, received before March 27, DELIVERED FREE. Fall delivery only: Alsace Lorraine, Baroness Schroeder, La France, Le Cygne, iLady A. Duff, Mme. Gaudichau, Mme. Jules Des- sert, Marie Orousse, Philippe Rivolre, Raoul Dessert, Sarah Bernhardt, Solange, Therese, Tourangelle, etc. Orders recelv- De£iVBRE^"^^^b'''' ^'^'^ -^'n'ttance. THE FARBRON GARDENS Office, 182 Clemow Ave., OTTAWA, ONT. Lime and Sulphur Solution and Arsenicals is guaranteed It pays to use Standardized Spray Materials For further information apply to Canada Rex Spray Co., Ltd. Brighton - Ontario Now is the Time to Plan Your Spring Planting TN the warm comfort of your home this is -■- the time to figure out how to make your land abundantly fertile this year. Use Ontario Fertilizers. They are consid- ered best by thousands of successful farmers. Judiciously used, they save 'expense and labor. Let us tell you why. Facts and figures about the results of Ontario Ferti- lizers will surprise you. Send for full particulars now — while you have the time. Ontario Fertilizers, Limited West Toronto, Ontario 6S THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Bdition SEEDS VEGETABLES FLOWERS. BULBS GLADIOLI DAHLIAS BEGONIAS LILIUMS PLANTS ASK FOR CATALOGUE. Geo. Keith & Sons Seed Merchants Since 1866. 124 King St. E. TORONTO Bartllett Pruning Tools are designed on scientific principles, made of the highest grade materials and sold on their merits. We make a complete line, including our Compound Lever Jointed Tree Trim- mer, and will be glad to send our folder upon request No. 18. Pruninj* Saw Price, $2.10 No. 777, Two Hand Pruner, 26-in. Ash .^. Handles, $2.40 Yotir dealer can supply you ; if he does not, mail money order to us and we will ship prepaid. No. 18 Bartlett Mfg. Co. no. 777 428 E. LAFAYETTE AVE. DETROIT* MICHIGAN Government not to make any change In cus- tom regulations reKpecting fruits and vege- tables, without first giving an opportunity to present their views in connection there- with. The association put itself on record as expressing in a resolution its hearty appre- ciation of the work being carried on and the interest in the Industry which is being shown by E. P. Palmer and his associates at the Horticultural Experiment Station, by Geo. Wilson, district representative for Lincoln County, and by Dr. Rankin and W. A. Ross, local representatives, for insect and disease Investigations respectively, of the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Transportation Matters. A better refrigeration service for Niag- ara Peninsula fruit shipments was suggest- ed in an address by George E. Mcintosh, Fruit Branch, Ottawa. In six months the railways of Canada had paid claims, loss and damage, of about $6,000,000 he said, $1,000,000 of which was concerned with fruit and vegetables. By proper advance attention on the part o£ both railways and shippers, 75 per cent, of this condition could be avoided. Three requisites for proper fruit shipping were mentioned: First, the fruit must be in proper condition when shipped from picking to packing; second, refrigerator cars must be avail- ablfe, so constructed and so equipped that best results may be secured; and third, the initial and transiticing must be effi- ciently performed. Prospects for a marked improvement in all these essentials for Niagara District fruit were very bright. For one thing, the railways were planning to put in special sidings at Grimsby, where re-icing of all fruit cars will be performed at the Grimsby cold storage plant. Mr. Mcintosh was convinced that, for the western markets, the Niagara District must adopt better methods of packing, using crates and boxes, instead of baskets, and see that the cars are properly loaded when leaving the shipping points. British Colurn bia already had adopted these practice:- Because of this fact, the speaker would not GLADIOLI 65 Varieties. Orangre Glory, Byron L. Smith. Pride of Goshen, Blue Jay, Mary Fennel, and many others. Write for list. MRS. GEO. A. BONISTEEL, 73 Highland Ave., Belleville, Ont. GLADIOLI A card will bring my price list. ROBT. F. CAMERON, 210 Ontario St., St. Catharines, Ont. GLADIOLI n of own Ptiv© We are offering an excellcn* the finest Ajnerlcan and I Gladioli bulbs at reduced prlci price list gladly furnished on rcquost. G. WOODALL BOX 395, ELMIRA, ONT. Exhibition Gladioli Marechal Foch, new pink: Red Emperor, White Giant, Prince of Wales, America, Peace, Mrs. Pendleton — 3 of each, J2.00 free. ^lixed unnamed — $3.00 per 100 by express; 5 Prince of Wales free every 100, 1% in. up. Lists free. o. SANSBY, 7 Waverley Road, Toronto, Ont. DUSTING The Method That Saves Time--- The Method That Gives Results Save Your Crop of Apples, Plums, Pears, Peaches, Cherries, Strawberries, Potatoes, Celery, Vegetables By Control of Sucking Insects, Chewing Insects, Fungus, Rot, Blight, Mildew. DUSTING will do this cheaper, quicker, easier, better, and do it when it should be done. DUSTING MACHINES, power and hand, for Orchard or Crop. DUSTING MATERIALS — Sulphur, Arsenate, Nicotine, Copper, Lime Dusts. DUSTING FORTY ACRES A DAY Write for Our Free Catalogues, Calendars and Descriptive Booklets. We want you to know all about DUSTING. You will dust eventually— The sooner you start the more you save. ^^^^^^ ^^„„^ ,^„ Everything for Dusting or Spraying— MACHINES, MATERIALS, ACCESSORIES, SUPPLIES. NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., LTD. Burlington, Ont. March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 69 be surprised, he said, to see British Colum- bia strawberries marketed this coming sea- son in Montreal and other eastern cities. That something should be done to get Ontario fruits back on the western markets w^as advised by Mr. Mcintosh. Most im- artant was improved methods of packing ad loading tor shipment. Packages should spaced in the cars to facilitate ventila- don. Tomatoes and peaches should go for- irard wrapped in the four-basket crate; lerries also in that kind of package, and lums in the plum crate, instead of all iese fruits in Climax baskets, as now practised. Turning to the east, Mr! Mcintosh con- tended that the railway companies should give carload rates for fruit from Ontario points to Prince Edward Island, with open- ing-in-transit privileges on the mainland. This was an immediate necessity. The iljolition of distributing privileges to the Maritime Provinces in general should be ' ''Ctifled. An express carload rate into Northern Ontario and into the large distri- •ution centres of old Ontario was needed, ilso through carload rates to United states points. Other" essential changes ' oncerned minimum weights and icing con- ilitions. Eastern Fruit in Western Markets. That the Western Canada Fruit Jobbers, which embraces all the jobbers west of the Great Lakes, stood for Canadian fruits first, if packed right in packages that the market requires, was averred by Sam Savage, of Caigary, in an address on "Eastern Products in the Western Market." It was not always possible, he said, to get fruit in that man- nor. The Niagara District must improve ts methods in this direction if it hoped to . {-cure any permanent hold on western markets. Mr. Savage^s firm did not handle orie basket of Niagara District grapes last oar, because they could get no guarantee I if delivery in proper condition. The speaker advised the growers to wait until the grapes v/ere mature before picking; to send Con- cords, and Concords only, when that variety was ordered; the same with other sorts, ind always to stamp the name of the > ariety on the package. Mr. Savage contended that Niagara tomatoes could compete with the product of any other section it they were packed uniformly. He did not favor the ll-quart basket for shipment of tomatoes, or even "caches or plums. Crates and boxes were a-dvised. If baskets were used at all, they should be 6-quart. Better transportation facilities and lower railway rates were an emphatic need of the fruit industry at this time, concluded Mr. -avage. It was unfair, a shame, that fruits ould be brought into Canada from Texas nd other distant points in the United -tates at much lower rates than Ontario luits could be moved to Calgary and other ; ointK in the western provinces. Modern Marketing Methods. That Niagara District fruit growers must iandardizR their products in quality, rade, package and name before they can xpect to reach success in co-operative iiarketing was impressed upon the gather- ng by C. E. Basaett, Director of Field Or- ;inizatlon. North American Fruit Ex- hange, New York. No organization liould even attempt to sell a product, Mr. iiassett contended, without first making ure that it had something fit to sell. Standardization was the most Important factor in marketing and standardization In I'rade and pack was possible only through 'lie central packing house system. Next ROSES, FINEST HOLLAND IMPORTED Big two year plants. Assortment including Red, White, and Pink, selected from hundreds of varieties. Twelve, $3.60; twenty- four, $7.00; forty-eight, $12.00, f.o.b. Niagara Falls, Ont. Cash with order. Gladioli of the Best Cut Flower Varieties in Existence Top per 6 America, soft rose 30 B. J. Hulot, blue 40 Brenchleyensis, red 30 Gandavensis, super mixed 30 Glory of Holland, pure white . . .45 Halley, salmon orange, early.. .30 Gloire de Kennermerland rose.. .30 Loveliness, creamy 40 Niagara fine yellow 30 Pink Beauty, pink, very early.. .30 Swaben, very strong yellow ... .30 Prince of Wales, light salmon.. .30 L'ImmacuIee, pure white 60 Panama, deep pink 40 Peace, white, rose spotted 40 Willy Wigman, white and pink. .40 White Giant - 75 Pink Perfection 50 Wilbrinck, rose, early 30 War, deep scarlet 50 Size 2nd Size Flowering Size per 12 per 6 perl2 per 6 per 12 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .75 .30 .55 .25 .45 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .80 .40 .75 .35 .65 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .75 .30 .55 .25 .45 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 •1.10 .50 .90 .40 .75 .75 .30 .55 .25 .45 .75 .30 .55 .25 .45 .75 .30 .55 .25 .45 1.40 .60 1.10 .50 .90 .90 .40 .75 .35 .65 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .90 .40 .75 .35 .65 Holland Canadian 449 River Road Import Company Niagara Falls, Canada N.B. — Order at once from this advertisement,.and make sure of the best stock. RHUBARB WANTED — VICTORIA 1,000 or more Good Roots. SCARBORO GARDENS CO., Scarboro P.O., Ontario. Strawberry Plants Senator Dunlop, $6.00 per thousand; Wil- liams, $7.00 per thousand, $1.00 per hundred. Good plants and well packed. T. W. DARLINGTON Southampton Ontario. It Pays To Spray the ^aiMWnwtdl^ Way I isnt a SPPAMOTOR unless we-made it You will cultivate and assist your land in every possible way the coming season. Why not go a step further and, when you have a promising crop, start in early on the pests and blights that will try to undo all your good work of cultivating? Spraying needs no argument. Your best friends and the most progressive, prosperous farmers throughout the world will tell you it pays — and pays BIG. The same people will tell you that the world's foremost spraying apparatus bears the name Spramotor. Proved Best by Government Test. SPRAMOTOR CO., - 14 King St., London, Ont. Over 100 Gold Medals. Prices down. Write tor complete cata- logue and spraying guide. 70 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition GET BETTER FRUIT AND TIP-TOP PRICES There is no market lor knotty, gnarled fruit and wormy apples. Spray with the rinht ma- terial at the right time and give nature a chance to grow her finest. You will find just the spray- ing appliance you need in our famous line of OSPRAYMO High Power Sprayers An Ospraymo Sprayer means a high-power sprayer, and high imwer is mo.st Important. You ace sure to make your spraying job effootlve. SENIOR LEADER Gasoline Engine Orchard Sprayer Above l3 a popular style of power sprayer for general orchard spraying. Investigate our mounted traction Red Jacket and Yellow Jacket Sprayers for beans, potatoes and vegetables. Also Barrel, Bucket, Knapsack and Hand Sprayers. Send today for our latest catalog. Don't buy any sprayer until it comes. We have local dealers at many points, but write direct for catalog to the address below. FIELD FORCE PUMP COMPANY Dept.C. H., Elmira, N. Y. ^ 40 Years at Sprayer Building after standardization in the success of co- operative marketing was advertising, Mr. Basset continued. Competitors in fruit production and selling, America over, were telling the public about their products through the daily and periodical press and making the public want and buy them and spending millions a year, while this dis- trict was not spending a nickel. The Niagara District iriust face the matter of advertising its fruits sooner or later. It should face It and do it now. Merchan- dizing was the last factor, observed Mr. Bassett, but too often it was considered first. Once an as-sociation had the right kind of goods to sell, and told the trade and the consumer about it, merchandising was comparatively easy, but it must be done sensibly. Dumping was not mer- chandizing. P.O.B. selling, with a well- directed distributing system at both ends, was the satisfactory way. Some Loose Screws. "Loose Screws That Need Tightening in the Fruit Business" was the subject of another interesting address by C. B. Bas- sett. There were too many fruit men who said that they believed in co-operation, he said, and they did, if the other fellow would take all the trouble and meet all the diffi- culties. A big organization would be lucky in making a profit in two years. It would take the trade alone that long to get ac- quainted with it. There should be a five- year trial at least. Men who would not go in on that basis would aid the organization by staying out. Associations did not die from co-operation; they died from lack of it. Organize, standardize, advertize and mer- chandize were the four "izes" of marketing. All these factors must be observed if or- ganization is to succeed. The speaker in- cidentally stated that better Concord grap' were produced In the Niagara District la year, as sold in the United States, tha any produced across the line. Grapes ■ that kind deserved every attention possib: when being marketed. Speaking of oth- fruits, Mr. Bassett contended that grad and grade names should be uniformly stai dardized between Canada and the Uniti . States. Importance of -Co-operation. In an address on "The Importance of C operation Among Producers," President J. B. Reynolds, of the O.A.C., Guelph, said NORWAY SPRUCE. For Hedges and Windbreaks. Healthy, well-rooted plants 3" — 3^4", transplanted three times. Price F.O.B. Clarkson Stn., J25.00 j>er 100 — $225.00 per 1,000. An a.sset to any fruit faJTn or garden. 80 acres of ornamental shubs, evergreens, roses and perennials. THE SHERIDAN NURSERIES Sheridan - - - Ontario. PERRY'S SEEDS Alpine and perennials, unique collec- tion; many new varieties unobtaliuLble from any other source. Hardy and adapted for Canadian climate. HARDY PLANT FARM, ENFIELD, ENGLAND VAN GINHOVEN & CO. 116 Broad St., Room 40, New York, N. Y. Tour address for Holland -grown Hya- cinths, Tulips, Crocus, Gladioli, Iris, Paeoniee and all miscellaneous bulbs and roots. Please write for illustrated cata- logue. Trees, Roses, Shrubs, Vines and Perennials ARTISTIC Planting will help to nriake your home beautiful. We grow the stock, and will cheerfully give you the benefit of our experience, M IL* ■ "ji^v^fe ^ ' ^P^ '' /'if TW ^^^^^M hI^^*^h jr'Ui^HBI IRK. -. ^MB W^-"! Hk^^^'''^ "i^M ^.vjrVa HM 1 ^^^^Bu^ •:• •:• •;• Our 1922 Catalogue is Now Ready JOHN CONNON CO., LIMITED Nurserymen and Florists HAMILTON - - - ONTARIO :^[ ROSE BUSHES A limited quantity of the finest bench-grown hybrid tea rose bashes VARIETIES Columbia — a wonderful new pink variety. Ophelia — a soft pink suffused with apricot. White Killamey — a pure white rose. Dunlop — of the dark pink variety. Cecil Bruner — the sweetheart rose of the polanthus variety. These rose bushes vrill flower the first season. Per bush, 60c, or $6.00 per dozen bushes, prepaid. As the varieties eire limited, please order so as we may substitute, and to avoid disappointment, order early. Delivery will be made either in April or May. D. O. MacDONALD PALMERSTON ONTARIO March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 71 that, while there were many men in On- tario who were both good business men and good farmers, the majority, including most fruit growers, were individualistic in a world of business amalgamations and co- operative activities. The individualistic and indifferent grower was the big ob- stacle to progress in co-operation. A great industry like farming could not afford to continue in the individual class. The only hope for a progressive and satisfactory agriculture in Canada at the present time was that the farmer should adopt the methods of big business and amalgamate. The only style of amalgamation that was practicable was co-operation. Prof. Rey- nolds congratulated the growers on the large measure of success attained by their new co-operative organization in its first year. He hoped that the organization would not be required to spend money in keeping its members "converted" to the project. The results of deliberations at the recent Dominion Fruit Conference were outlined briefly by C. W. Baxter, Fruit Commis- sioner, Ottawa. The many resolutions and recommendations respecting packages, grades, grade names, tariff, markets and transportation wer» explained. Regarding cold storage, Mr. Baxter assured the asso- ciation that Hon. W. R. Motherwell, Minis- ter of Agriculture, was prepared to furnish every aid that was pi-acticable. The found- ing of a Canadian Horticultural Council, the speaker announced, had been well re- ceived by all Interests approached since the conference. The various addresses and discussions on cultural matters will be reported in next issue. These included talks on insects and diseases, by W. A. Rosa, Vineland Station, and Dr. Rankin, St. Catharines, respective- ly; on varieties of fruits to plant, by J. P. Bridgeman, Winona, Cameron Husband, To- ronto, and E. F. Palmer, Vineland Station; "Substitutes for Barnyard Manure," E. F. Palmer; and "How to Secure Annual Crops," Prof. J. W. Crow," O.A.C., Guelph. I PROVINCE of QUEBEC j Chinese Gardeners CHINESE gardeners are numerous in the Pacific Coast province, but few are aware that practically the entire vege- table demands of Montreal's Chinatown are being supplied by Chinese farmers. That these men are .succeeding Is quite evident. The labo? employed is largely Chinese, and the crops grown are largely those that the Chinese have been accustomed to eating in their own native land. Other evidences of the success of the Oriental gardeners are seen in the volume (it total production, the class of crops grown ind the fact that the erstwhile laundryman is in many cases making a good tiller of the soil. The crops grown Include Chinese cabbage (or Pe-Tsai), Chinese turnips, Chinese parsley, peppers, tomatoes, and some are growing cauliflower and cabbage 'f the ordinary varieties. Labor applied to the crops Is largely manual labor after the land Is once pre- pared. A8 one grower, Lee Yung, near Mount Royal, expressed it, as regards iher labor^— women, who were then in the tields — "two dollars, one day, too much!" Another factor In the Chinese fanner's f!ucce8s without doubt is that he eliminates the middleman in his marketing, and •Ither hauls direct to the public markets most patronized 'by bis countrymen or •-ells through the Chinese stores of China- town direct to his customer. In many cases Get this Valuable Book on Better Lawn Care Every one interested in the care of large, beautiful lawns should have a copy of this book which tells all about Ideal Power Lawn Mowers. It shows many photos of well-known homes, parks, golf clubs, cemeteries, colleges, etc., where the lawns are cared for ihe "Ideal Way." It tells about the Ideal Junior, a modtiate-priced power mower for medium-sized lawns, the 30-lnch Ideal Power OLawn Mower for large lawns, and the Ideal Triplex Power Mower for large parks, golf clubs, etc. Write for this book to-day — learn how to keep your lavm in better condition at less cost. IDEAL POWER LAWN MOWER CO R. E. OLDS, Chairman. 433 Kalamazoo St. Lansing, Mich. World's Largest Builders of Power Lawn Mowers. Dealers in all principal cities. AIKENHEAD LIMITED 17 Temperance St. Toronto, Ont. Why You Should -'•Buy Johnson Dust- ers. — Results obtained b y the Canadian A g r icultural Department In Nova Scotia and New B r u n s wick with Johnson Dusters, and Dust Mixtures produced and recommended by Gov- ernment Entomologists, have demon- strated that dusting is most effective. _ _ 'Uw I I O _.^^'Ccc TX u/^uc^u red ^ip''^^ DUST SPRAYER >tANUFACTURING CO. KANSAS CITY, MO. Most Practical, Economical and Reasonable in Price, In Fact — Best at Any Price. Government dusting reports show better control of orchard pests and at a considerable saving of time and money — two good reasons why you should buy Johnson Dusters — recommended for 20 years- by growers. Send to-day for catalogue and full information. Woodworth Bros. Berwick, N.S. Distributors for Maritime Provinces 72 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Plorai iMiitiou Berry Boxes Baskets Send us your inquiry. We will save you money. ifrn HYSLOP & SONS MANUFACTURERS GREENSVILLE, ONTARIO The Fruit & Produce Market The Commission Arms undernoted wish consignments of fruit and general produce. They will be pleased to have you write them for Information, shipping stamps, etc., If you have fruit or vegetables for sale. H. J. ASH 44-46 Church' St. - Toronto, Ont. CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES SOLICITED. Shipping Stamps furnished on request. MANSER, WEBB CO. 83 Colborne Street - Toronto Wholesale Fruit and Produce Mer- chants. Corislgnmenta Solicited on Commission. STRONACH & SON 33 Church St., Toronto, Ont. All shipments of Fruit ajid other pro- duce consigned to us receive our per- sonal attention. Shipping stamps furnished. Phone Main 2390. DAWSON-ELLIOTT CO. 32 West Market St., Toronto, Ont. Wholesale Fruit a.nd Produce Consign- ments Solicited. PETERS, DUNCAN Limited 88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont. See Advertisement on another page. the Canadian farmer's product passes through two or three hands before reach- , ing the consumer, and each dealer has his charges for the service. * Still another instance of the Chinese thrift is found in that in many cases he is his own seed grower. Plants that here and there go to seed in the annual crops are used, and with that seed that takes two years to produce our Chinese farmer grows that, too. Operations are as yet largely confined to rented land, and this involves economy and good management, but it is safe to say that a few years will see the hard-working Oriental owning much of the land he uses. He usually runs his land on a good eco- nomic basis, often grows his own hay, too, and uses every square inch of land avail- able. The size- of the holdings varies, but the average acreage is anywhere from 30 to 40 acres. — Family Herald and Weekly Star. I BRITISH COLUMBIA | The 1922 Berry Crop T. B. Windross, Victoria. IT is claimed that there will be some reduction in the acreage for strawberry crops in British Columbia this year, but a very great increase in the acreage in raspberries, owing to the fact that statis- tics kept by the British Columbia Berry Growers' Association have proved that the growers receive more value out of rasp- berries than strawberries. Special marketing last season on. the prairies and in the eastern provinces had the effect of disposing of a large part of the crop that in other years has been diffi- cult to unload. Another feature of the year's operations which brought in mone- tary returns was that of taking care of the surplus fruit by means of a special process in cold storage and canning arrangements. Since the first of the year, partly frozen strawberry pulp has been greatly in de- mand all over the Western States, where the growers were unfortunate In not hav- ing their surplus taken care of in the same way as the British Columbia producers. California, in spite of its vast fruit-growing resources, has been one of the best pur- chasers, and some of the pulp has gone as far southeast as Pittsburgh, Pa. In Janu- ary, a shipment of British Columbia" straw- berry pulp was sent to Great Britain on one of the ships which ply between "Vic- toria and Europe. The Berry Growers' Association expects to be able to ship every ounce of strawberry and raspberry pulp grown in the province this year. Prices have been good this last year for canned goods and, with increased HARDY PLANTS PERENNIALS. PAEONIES, IRIS, DAHLIAS Geraniums, Fuchsias, Cannas, Helio- trope, Salvia and Begonia* from 4 inch pots Everything in the line of bedding plants. Shrubs, Evergreens, Roses and Azalea Mollis. Write for Catalogue. Our Paeonies and Iris will be inspected this season, and be true to name. Douglas Gardens Nurseries OAKVILLE - ONTARIO ,>^^j5^ F.LORAL BARGAINS Special Introductory offers from our tried -^ and proven Canadian 'Y^ grown hardy flowers, ' ^ bulbs, etc. ^ $1.00 Trial Collections. 10 gorgeous Iris, named, all different --JI-OO 3 beautiful Paeonies, 3 cotors .... .... 1-00 5 lovely new Phlox, named sorts i.uu 10 hardy flowers, perennials, named .... l.oo 30 choice Gladioli touibs, imported, mixed 1.00 1 Hydrangea (2 yr.), 1 climbmg rose, new (2 yr.). 1 Hibiscus LOO 5 rare Cactus plants, correctly named . 1.00 FREE— 1 flowering.TAil climber, with every order for two above collections. 1 YAii and 1 nice fern free with an order for 3 collections. ,„ji„„ Or the entire 7 collections. Including YAJI and Fern for $6.00. Orders filled at right Ume to plant In sprin*. J. H. CALLANDER 575 Wellw St. Peterboro, Ont. Strawberry Plants FOR SALE standard varieties and Everbearing varieties. Free delivery. List Free. ONTARIO NURSERY CO. Wellington, Ontario. iSPLANTS Herl«rtl Hcrbertll Htrl>ertll Red Raspljtrry. Plum Farmer I Plum Farmer 1 1 Black Rltp- ijerry, Lawtonberry (Black), Asparagus R o o t > , Rhubarb RooU, etc Send tor price list. WILLIAM FLEMING Owen Sound Ontario PLANT McCONNELL'S PLANTS A FULL LINE OF WE HAVE THEM strawberry Plants. Asparagus Roots. Everbearing Strawberries. Rhubarb Roots. Raspberries. Horseradish Roots. Blackberries. Ornamental Shrubs. Currants. Ornamental Vines. Gooseberries. Hedge Plants. Grapes. Bulbs. YOU NEED THEM Send for Free Illustrated Catalogue. H. L. McCONNELL & SON Port Burwell, Ontario March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 73 marketing facilities, the British Columbia Berry Growers' Association expects to be able to take care of any increase in the acreage or enhanced <;rops. Preparations are being made for- the 1922 crop and, with last year's experience behind it, the Association expects to place the small fruit industry of the province on a sound commercial basis. Some B.G Insects EXAMPLES of the natural control of one insect by another were a feature of the discussions at the annual meet- ing of the British Columbia Entomological Society. An important case was dealt with in a paper read by E. P. Vonabiow, Vernon, on "Hemisarcoptes Malus, a Small Mite, and Its Relation to Oyster-shell Scale on Apple Trees." The entomological branch of the Department of Agriculture have been sending the mite to various parts of* the province to be used in combating the work of oyster scale in the orchards. The year 1921, it was said, was marked by_no great insect outbreak on the main- land. Some interesting facts about economic insects of the year in the Lower Eraser Valley were dealt with by R. Glendenning, o? Agassiz. The satin nK)th and the elm- currant aphis were specially noticeable. The latter was a new menace to black currants. A paper of particular interest to orchard- ists in the upper mainland was read by Prof. A. L. Lovett, of the Oregon Agricul- tural Experiment Station, on the use of spreaders in spraying operations. The lite history of the poplar sawfly, which has done so much damage to the trees in Victoria, was described by W. Downes, of Victoria. The teaching of en- tomology in the Public Schools was taken up by J. W. Gibson, director of elementary agricultural education, and ne enlisted the support of the members of the society in extending the teaching of elementary en- tomology in the schools. Officers were elected for the ensuing year as follows: Pres., L. E. Marmoiit, Mail- lardville; vice-pres., R. S. Sherman, Van- couver; 2nd vice-pres., M. H. Ruhman, Vernon; sec.-treas., R. Glendenning; ad- visory board. E. H. Blackmore, W. H. Rob- ertson and J. W. Gibson, Victoria; W. H. Lync, Vancouver; Eric Hearle, Vernon. — T. B. W. The 1922 spray calendar for British Columbia is now available to anyone desir- ing a copy. This edition is thoroughly up- to-date. The information is given very clearly and in such a manner that it is easily comprehended. The varieties of tomatoes that Brltlsn Columbia canneries ask for are Landrath, lohn Baer, Chalk's Early Jewel and Earl- iana if smooth, says R. H. Elmer, of Sum- i;erland. The first three are smoother than Karliana as a rule, not quite so early, but good croppers. Penalization of producers of low-grade fruit was proposed in the directors' report presented at the annual meeting of the Pontlcton Co-operative Growers, hold last month. The report suggested the adoption of some plan whereby the grower who '■nds to the packing house a large per- rontage of culls would be charged extra for the handling of the same, and an extra charge In all cases where the culls exceed 10 per cent, was proposed. Exhibition Quality Seeds START your prize garden right by sowing our Prize Strains of Seeds, which are grown from exhibition strains. May we help you in your selection by suggesting the following specialties: BEET, DOBBIE'S SELECTED GLOBE Peifect shape, good color, excellent quality, fine for exhibition. Pkt. 10 cts.; Oz., 40 cts. BEANS, SURE CROP STRINGLESS WAX Perfectly stringless, and of finest quality. Pkt, 10 cts.; ii lb. 20 cts.; lb. 50 cts. BEANS, FERGUSON'S CANApiAN WONDER.— We have known our selection being awarded the first place in a competition of 40 lots. Pkt. 10 cts.; % ib. 20 cts.; lb. 70 cts. CORN, FERGUSON'S GOLDEN GIANT Grows faster, matures earlier, and is three times as large as Golden Bantam and is the sweetest and juiciest of all varieties. Pkt. 10 cts.; »4 lb. 25 cts.; lb. 75 cts. LETTUCE, FERGUSON'S PEERLESS.— Most distinct and. largest "Crisp-head." I'kt. 15 cts.; Oz. 50 cts. NEW MELON "OKA."— The richest flavored Melon in the (Market. Pkt. 25 cts. ONION, "CRANSTON'S EXCELSIOR."— For exhibition it stands unrivalled. Pkt. 25 cts. PEA, LAXTON'S PROGRESS The finest new early dwarf we have ever offered. Pkt. 15 cts.; Vi Ib. 50 cts.; % lb. 75 cts. NEW MARROW variety yet raised. 'RUTHERSIDE Pkt. 25 cts. ORANGE." — ^The most prolific and 'best flavored RADISH, GIANT BUTTER ^Grows to a large size without getting pithy or hollow, and of finest flavor. Pkt. 10 cts.; Oz. 25 cts. NEW BEAUTY ASTER In five separate colors. Pkt. 20 cts. each. Catalogue for description. ASTER, "HEART OF FRANCE."- cts. ASTER, "PEERLESS YELLOW."— By far the most satisfactory yellow Aster yet pro- duced. Pkt. 25 cts. See page 4 of our The best pure Red Aster ever introduced. Pkt. 25 ASTER, 25 cts. 'BALL'S WHITE." — ^A sphere of pure white Petals of flawless color. Pkt. Ask for particulars of prizes to the value ' of $30 we offer tor collection of Asters. BLUE LACE FLOWER.^Of charming pale blue color, the more the flowers are cut the more the plants will bloom. Pkt. 25 cts. New Sweet Peas A new shade. Pkt. "ANNIE IRELAND."— White with distinct edge terra cotta pink. 20 cts. CECILY. — Kne salmon pink for exhibition. Pkt. 20 cts. DOBBIE'S MAROON Finest reddish maroon to date. Pkt. 20 cts. EDITH CAVELI A very fine rose-pink on a cream ground. Pkt., 20 cts. HALLMARK PiNK The richest colored Sweet-Pea ever seen. Pkt. 20 cts. MASCOTS WHITE.— The finest and most solid of all white. Pkt. 20 cts. MRS. T. J. WAKEFIELD Cream edge, rose-pink. Pkt. 20 cts. PiNK PEARi Clear pearly pink. Very chaste. Pkt. 20 cts. NEW DAHLIA FLOWERED ZINNIA ^Most beautiful Zinnia grown, blossoms 5 to 7 inches -acioss. The greatest novelty of the times. Pkt. 20 cts. DUPUY & FERGUSpN 38-42 Jacques Cartier Square - - - Montreal VMnwnwtbi^ It isn t a SPRAMOTOR un ess we made it THE DEATH-DEALING ENEMY OF BUGS, SCALE OR BUGHT When spraying is done with the Spramotor there is no passing over. Nothing can escape the pow- erful .spray that is directed on tlie crops. Potatoes should bo sprayed from below as well as from above— the outfit Illustrated will do this. There Is one effective way to spray — that's the Spramotor way. If you are not spraying that way. you are lo. are carefully selected as to size and care fully boxed. The idea back of the new legislation is to encourage Ontario export ers to handle their fruit in the same way. The high standing attained by Ontario M. A. BRUSH for ERRYWEATHER'S English Roses 32 Lowther Ave., Toronto, Ont. Price list on application. GLADIOLI Maiden's Blush — Prim, Enchantress Pink, dainty, wiry strong stem, usually three to bulb, 1% in.— $10.00. Orange Brilliant — ^Prlm (Gold Medal) a standard variety — $8.00. Kitty GruUemans — Orange and clear yellow spikes, tall flowers, great size, % In. — J6.00. Majestic — Orange Salmon, a new shade, a favorite, % in. — $4.00. Le Marechal Poch — The finest cut flower glad, ever sent out from Holland, % in. —$5.00. Rose Pearl — ^One of the finest pinks, 1% In. —$8.00. s L'lmmaculel-^Splendid pure white flower, % m.— $3.00. White Giant — The white, extra large, % in. —$3.00. Other sizes and varieties. Price all per 100. 25 at 100 rate. H. P. VAN WAGNER, R. R. No. 5. Hamilton, Ont. Carters Sunrise Collection of early vegetable seeds is the result of I'li) yciirs' selecting anti testing. Earliness and quality combined. SUNRISE TOMATO— The earilest. most productive, good sized, scarlet fruit, vtry even, of fine quality, with solid meat and few seeds. 16 DAY RADISH— Ovil. whlte- tlrp«d. crimson, crisp and lender. CRIMSON BALL BEET— Very cjarly, round, bright crimson, good size and fine flavor. SPRINGTIDE or ALLHEART CABBAGE— A dwarf variety maturing in early spring. Quality un.mrpassed. PERPETUAL LETTUCE— All season head letluee. LITTLE MARVEL TURNIP— The earliest white globe tnrntp, crisp, solid flesh of delicious flavor. Try this collection at our expense. The morev you send will apply on your first order. Send 25c and ask for Sunrise Collection No. M9 and we will send by re- turn mail the 6 packets of Earliest and Best vegetable seeds, our Illustrated catalog and a 25>Cent Rebate Check to apply on your first order of $1.00 or more. Catalog Free— Our 85th annual CaUlog of Carterf Tested and Selecteii Seeds Will be mailed free to anjoDO mentioning this paper. CARTERS TESTED SEEDS. Ltd., 133 Kin? St. E., Toronto, Ont. NIAGARA PRODUCTS SOLUBLE SULPHUR ARSENATE OF LEAD POWDERED BORDEAUX THE ONES THAT GIVE RESULTS 40 BLUE STONE DUSTING MATERIALS LIME BLACK LEAF SULPHUR LIME SULPHUR CALCIUM ARSENATE NIAGARA Products are all Guaranteed — Highest Quality Only. NIAGARA Products are not experiments — They are the results of years of experience. We were the pioneers in the business — NIAGARA always leads. Our prices are right — Our Calendars and information are free. Remembep — Wherever Fruit Excels, NIAGARA Spray Is used. Everything for Spraying or Dusting —MATERIALS. MACHINES, ACCESSORIES, SUPPLIES. NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., LTD. - - - Burlington, Ontario March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 75 apples In competitive exhibits is evidence that, so far as quality is concerned, the apple from this province has , nothing to fear from competition if properly marketed. The proposed grants, of course, would be limited to co-operative organizations, either to growers' associations or xo local groups of growers organized to handle their own crop. At the Port of Toronto WHILE tonnage of almost all commodi- ties entering the port of Toronto by water in 1921 showed a decided falling off, in no case was this more notice- able than in that of fruit, which in 1921 amounted to only 3,013 tons, as compared ■with 8,204 tons in 1920. These receipts compiled by the harbor master show a re- flection of the receipts of fruit at Toronto by all methods of transportation, also of the comparative bulk of the fruit crop throughout the province in the two sea- sons considered. So far as water-borne re- ceipts at Toronto are concerned, the tender fruits from Niagara district are almost entirely responsible for the tonnage. Another feature of the most recent re- port by the Toronto harbor master is with regard to the water levels. These, when compared with levels of recent years, seem to bear out the recollection of the majority of the farmers and fruit growers in Western Ontario as regards the comparative dryness of the seasons. With zero datum for water at Toronto 245 inches above New York sea level, Toronto water levels in 1920 showed plus 29^^ inches at high water, and minus 4 inches at low water, as compared with plus 24% inches at higl^ water, and minus 3% inches at low water in 1921. High level in 1920 was 27% inches lower than in 1919, and low level In 1920 was 8% inches lower than in 1919.. In all, this indicates a decided lowering of the mean water level in the three years. Sapiro on Go-operation ON March 6, at St. Catharines and Hamil- ton, large audiences of fruit growers heard Aaron Sapiro, the guiding genius of the great farm commodity marketing associations of the American Pacific slope, tell of the success of co-operative market- ing in California and suggest means where- by a similar success might be achieved in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario. At both meetings, Mr. Sapiro was dccompanied by Hon. Manning Doherty, Minister of Agricul- ture. At the St. Catharines meeting in the afternoon, Hon. Manning Doherty, in intro- ducing the speaker, stressed the need for co-operation among the farmers of this prov- ince. Mr. Sapiro, in the course of his ad- dress, said that the first thing that they learned in California was that the associa- tion must have control of the grades. "You riD set people to eat an article once, by ad- rrtislng," he said, "but after that you must ive quality plus advertising. The grading lust be done by outsiders and the growers lUst be penalized for low and rewarded or high gradings." A good package was nother essential. "Watch the quality," he Mutinued, "then pack and extend the markets; see what the market can absorb t a fair price, and then get the people to it the product. "You don't advertise enough in this coun- try. Your peaches are better than the Cali- lOrnia peaches, but you cannot get the ii:ov\e. of the United Stages to believe that, because we advertise, x "Make your association a non-profit Buy Your TREES, SHRUBS, VINES of L J. Fanner "The Strawberry Man" We make a specialty ot supplying: everything to plant about the suburban or country home, such as Fruit Trees; Ornamental Shrubs, Plants 1 and Vines: Berry Plants; Garden Roots ana I Vegetable Plants; Seed Potatoes; Berry Crates and Baskets; Eggs and Baby Chicks, &c., &c. Send for our beautifully illustrated 48-page caHalogiie and let us talk it over before the rush season comes on. "We have had 39 years of experience and are , known everywhere as the introducer of the Fall or Everbearing Strawberries, which we specialize in. Sena 50c for our 112-page book — "Parmer on the Strawberry." 25,000 copies have been sold. Our catalogue is free. Write for it today. Address L. J. FARMER Dept. C.H. PULASKI, N.Y. TRY THEM IN YOUR GARDEN DE LUE'S GOLDEN GIANT SWEET CORN, one to two weeks earlier. Ear half as long again and 12 to 14 rowed where Golden Ban- tam is 8 rowed. Better quality, more productive. Plct. 25c X'lb. 40c. J^Ib. 65c. 1 lb. $1.00 postpaid. NEW ALBINO TOMATO. Pure white in color, containing no acid. Pkt. 25c. postpaid. New York Head Lettuce A leader as a summer head lettuce. Pkt. lOc. oz. 50c 2 ozs. 85c post- paid. BRUCE'S SPECIAL FLORAL COLLECTIONS in Asters, Sweet Peas, Tall and Dwarf Nasturtiums, Floral Gems. 6 Pkts. in each. 50c each postpaid. FARMERS, LOOK! Hubam Annual White Blossom Sweet Clover. It is the greatest fertilizing plant known, a wonderful hay and pasture crop, and unsurpassed as a honey producer, lib. $2. 10. 10 lbs. $18.50 postpaid. Write for copy of our big catalogue. Free for the asking. JOHN A. BRUCE & CO. HAMILTON, LIMITED CANADA ESTABLISHED 1850 "SEEDS THAT GROW" Sprayed Fruit BringsJBig Profits Go at spraying in a whole-hearted way. Spray, not just the leaves, but into every crack and crevice where there is Insect or blight life, WHwrmtw It isnt a SPBAMOTOR unless we made it The farmer who last year invested in a Spramotor showed increas- ed production that more than paid for the extra expense. This year he is working on a clear profit basis — every cent of profit goes into tho farm coffers. : That's what we shall be able to say of you next year, if you buy your Spramotor now. A Spramotor is equally good for whitewashing hen-houses, stables, etc. Over 100 gold medals liave been awarded the Spramotor. Write for Illustrated catalogue and guide to spraying. SPRAMOTOR ICO. 14 KING ST. LONDON, ONT. 76 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition Easy Now to Rid Your Farm of Rats Wonderful Discovery by Noted Scientist Kills Every Rat Within a Week's Time — Not a Poison. Rats cost farmerfi over two hundred millions o£ dollars a year, throuffh the destruction of grain, poultry and .buildings. Farmers need no longer suffer this loss because they can now klU off aU the raU on their farm In aeaa than a week's time. This is possible through the re- markable discovery of E. R. Alexander a chemist, who has perfected a virus which kills rats, mice and gophers as though by magic. This product is not a poison— It can be eaten by human beings or any animal on the farm as safely as their regular food, but means quick, sure death to rats. organization composed of growers only," ad- vised the speaker. "We make the tightest contract we can draw. The members must deliver or we force them through the courts Our contracts are usually for seven years without withdrawal, and then permanent with the right of withdrawal." Mr. Saplro was confident that the Niagara Peninsula growers would solve their prob- lems in less than three years. By co-opera- tion everything was possible. The associa-* tion should have its own distributors at the primary points, and its own warehouses, cold storage and pre-cooling plants and central packing houses. At the Hamilton meeting in the evening, Mr. Saplro repeated the address. He was in- troduced by T. J. Mahony, president and general manager of the Niagara Peninsula Growers, Ltd., who occupied the chair. Hon. Mr. Doherty again discussed organization among farmers in general and fruit growers in particular. Wireless Market Reports THE wireless is now being used by state and federal agencies in the United .;^ States to broadcast national and local ^ agricultural market reports throughout '^ virtually the etftire country. Reports on the -^ national markets are dispatched dally by the United States Department of Agricul- i| ture from wireless stations of the post office ;' department at Cincinnati, Omaha, Washing- ton and four other places. These reports are received by hundreds of amateur wire- less operators, among whom are many farm- ers and farmers' sons. National market reports are also received by state bureaus of markets and agricultural collegss, supple- ThlB wonderful rat Tlrus, which is known as AJexander Eat-Klller is merely mixed with bread or meat scraps and placed where rats, mice or gophers can get to it. "WUthin a few hours after a rat has eaten Alexander Rat-Killer he gets a high fever and suffers a terrible thirst. He leaves the barns and nesting holes and goes to the open fields in search of pure air and running water. Rats and mice affected always die away from the barns and houses, so there is no odor. It Is a scientific fact that one rat affects others and soon the whole colony leaves the buildings and dies. And though this virus is absolutely deadly to rats — chickens, hogs, cattle or any farm animal can eat it and not be affected at all. So confident is Mr. Alexander that Alexander Rat-iKiller will kill every rat on your fajrm in less than a week's time that he offers to send, as an introductory offer, a regular $2.00 tube for only $1.00. Give it according to directions. and if at the end of a week's time you are able to discover any rats, mice or gophers on your farm, your money will be refunded. A big Toronto bank guarantees that Mr. Alexander is reliable and will do as he says. Just send money order, check or currency for $1.00 to E. R. Alexander, Alexander La-boratorles of Canada, 2005 Terminal Bldg., Toronto, Ont., and the tube will be mailed at once on the guarantee that If not absolutely satisfactory . your money will be returned without question. Write today and stop your rat losses now. , Perfect hearing is now being r& stored in every condition of deal- I ness or defective hearing from ' causes such as Catarrhal Deaf- ness, Relaxed or Sunlien Drums, Thickened Drums, Roaring and ;! Hissing Sounds. „ Perforated,- : Wholly or Partially Destroyed _„__ ^ K Drums,Discharge from Ears, etc. Wilson Common-Sense Ear Drums "liltle Wireless Phones for the Ears'/ require no medicine but effectively replace what is lacking or defective in the natural ear drums. They are simple devices, which the wearer easily fits into the eara wherethey are invisible. Soft, safeand comfortable. Write today for our 168 page FREE book on DEAF- ti£SS, giving you full particulars and testimonials. WILSON EAR DRUM CO., Incorporated ' BSTlnter-SoutheinBldg. LOUISVILLE. KK In Defence of Ben Davis * (Mrs.) H. Farecomb, Newcastle, Ont. THE Ben Davis tree is a strong and vig- orous grower, and, in ten years after planting, will bear a fair number of clean and healthy apples, which year after year will increase in numbers until the branches touch the ground. The branches do not require supporting with props, like other apple trees, because the branches of the Ben Davis are tough and will bend without breaking. After close observation, I find the Ben Davis the best of our many good varieties of Ontario apples. It can be used for nine months in the year and can be cooked in more attractive ways than any other fruit that grows. The apples are sweet, have a small core and thin skin, make excellent jelly and preserve like pears. I would advise anyone who is unacquaint- ed with the good qualities of the Ben Davis apples for household use to try them. If you do not have good results, 1 would be pleased, on request, to forward my method of cooking them. Apple Grading in England THE British apple growers have recently been devoting considerable attention to the establishment of grades for their product and much' progress has been made in this development. The chief reason for the movement is the desire to place on the large British markets an apple grown In England which will compare favorably In price with the best American and Australa- sian product. It has often been stated in England that the market advantage of the American apple is entirely due to the fact that it is correctly graded and packed. In this connection the American Agricultural Commissioner at London observes that the shippers in the United States, Canada, and Australasia have the advantage not so much because their stock is graded to perfection but because they have large supplies of apples adapted to meet the grading require- ments. There is no large supply of British apples which could be closely graded for market. The British growers generally have not paid much attention to market requirements in the selection of their trees, nor to the care and cultivation of orchards. It has been estimated that in the ordinary run of un- graded home-grown apples not 20 per cent, would reach fancy or extra fancy grade. — U. S. Department of Agricultm'e. Imperial Mica Axle Grease keeps axles cool, reduces friction, lessens wear. The ground- mica forms a hard, smooth surface base while the grease forms a friction- less coating on all wearing parts. Requires only half as much as ordinary grease and lasts twice as long. Sold everywhere in sizes from 1-lb. tins to beirreU. Imperial Eureka Harness Oil does more than simply coat the surface of the harness. It penetrates to every fibre of the leather, making it soft, strong and pliable. Imperial Eureka Hsu-ness Oil doubles the life of harness — makes it water- proof — prevents cracking and breaking of stitches. On sale everywhere. IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED Canadian Company Canadian Capital Canadian Workmen I March, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 77 mented with local market reports, and re- layed by wireless telegraphy and telephone to farmers, shipping associations, news- papers, banks and other agricultural in- tsrGsts The St. Louis University at St. Louis, Mo., was perhaps the first among educational in- stitutions to broadcast market reports by wireless. Others followed. The Minnesota College of Agricultura has assigned an ex- tension representative to instruct the farm- ers in the use of wireless receiving appara- tus. The College of Agriclilture of Cornell University has assigned an expert for similar work, and to assist rural radio clubs that are being organized in New York. Demonstrations intended to interest farm- ers, dealers, and shippers in installing the MAN r WANTED Experienced in small fruit nursery an(f fruit growing. Wm. Fleming 0\>VEN SOUND, ONTARIO. FREE 11^ Book ^* Gro.^t Crop* or ^ Xtrawberrie^ w W iintl !iow to GrowThen\ \^0 THE KEH-L-OGO WA>r Write auick for this valuable 68 page book of straw- berry information and art. Written by America's mo.st successful strawberry grower. Explains how he makes poor soil rich wi*.hout manure or fertilizer and (fives his secrets for growing the big crops of sum- mer and fall strawberries that won him fame and for- tune. Pictures in colors ar.d tells all about his won- detful new Everbearer that won the $1,000.00 Cash Prize. Shows 34 pages of strawberries, strawberry fields and gardens in natural color. Gives 30 tested rci'ipos for making the most delicious strawberry dainties. ConUins nothing but prtfven facts. Gives you the benefit of more than 40 years of successful strawberry experience. Send for this valuable book and learn how easy it is to make big money gcowipi'^ Kellogg Strawberries The Kdlogg Way. Worth it« weight in gold-costs you nothing. Just send yonr name and address— a postal will do. Thebookis FREE. R. M. KELLOGG CO. BOX 183 THREE RfVERS. MICH. ^HtBESTMADt FOSTERS Standard POT ' We have a large stock of all sizes FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS Or4« FilUd PrompllT. AZALEA POTS and RitnleM Pans Saail (er P>ic« THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. necessary wireless receiving apparatus will be held in various rural communities ot the State ot Missouri. In many other atates, the dissemination of market reports by wire- less and instruction in wireless installation and operation has been effected or is being planned. I GRADED and CULLED | FOR the first time in the history of On- tario, the fruit industry was mentioned in the Speech from the Tirone by His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor. Speaking of the Department of Agriculture, reference was made to the success that had attended the efforts of co-operative companies to stimulate and revive the fruit industry. His Honor predicted that co- operative marketing would be the power that would elevate agriculture, in all its branches, to the high place which it should occupy as the fundamental industry of the province. A meeting of the Forest Fruit Growers' Association was keld at Forest, Ont., on Feb. 21, and was a decided success. The chair was occupied by Vice-president A. J. Clark. The feature address was given by Prof. L. Ceasar, O.A.C., Guelph, on various aspects of fruit culture. by wallowing in soil. For this reason every poultry house should be provided with a dust box. After the eighteenth day do not open the Incubator door until the chickens are hatched. , If possible, locate the brooders on ground that has recently been cultivated, thereby eliminating the danger of tainted soil and possible disease. Eggs from hens that have made a fair showing in laying this winter will be more fertile than those that did heavy laying. If you have windows in the hen house, keep them clean, as the hens need all the sunlight they can get these days. The value of skim-milk as a feed for poultry cannot well be overestimated. It not only has a high nutritive value, but keeps the digestive tract in sharp, clean condition. FOR SALE and WANT ADS Advertisements in this department inserted at the rate of 5 cents per word. Each word, initial or group of figures counts as one word. Minimum 50 cents cash, strictly in advance. A press despatch a few weeks ago from Buenos Aires stated that the Argentine Re- public was desirous of supplying the United States with fresh fruits and vegetables in winter.' A sample consignment, consisting of five tons of selected peaches, plums and grapes, was being shipped. The seasons south ot the equator being directly the re- verse ot those north, it was thought that some reciprocal trade arrangement might be made accordingly. {..POINTERS on POULTRY j FOWLS for breeding purposes should be strong, healthy, vigorous birds. The comb, face, and wattles should be of a bright-red color, eyes bright and fairly prominent, head comparatively broad and short and not long or crow-shaped, legs set well apart and straight, plumage clean and smooth. Prepare now for a good crop ot chickens. Hatch early— avoid lata summer stock. Early winter layers snculd be out of the shell early. A pullet hatched now is worth three in June. V Darken the Incubator to keep chicks quiet and induce sleep. Remove chicks from the Incubator when all are dry and do not feed for 36 hours. Keep hens free from lice and the house tree from mites. Chickens never wash, as many other I birds do, but cleanse themselves of insects REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit farms a speci- alty. Write, stating requirements. W. B. Calder, Grimsby. EMPLOYMENT FOREMAN GARDENER wishes situation, in Canada or B.C.; 12 years' experience in all branches; good dlscharg-es from all past em- ployers. Full particulars from Murtough I>wyer, The Gardens, Tilburn Towers, Aln- wick, Northumberland, England. GARDENER AND FLORIST seeks employ- ment. iLiife experience, good at production, single, Old Country references. Box 44, The Canadian Horticulturist, Peterboro. WANTED — Trustworthy foreman for extensive apple orchards. Must have thorough practi- cal experience in latest methods; married man preferred; comfortable house with town water supply, telephone, 'etc., supplied; state fully experience, age, wage desired; send re- ference.s. Borden Estate, Canning, N.S. SEEDS. BULBS, PLANTS SEEDS — Vegetable, garden, flower, field. Frencli -grown. Import orders only. J. B. Shoemaker, 33 Fifth Ave., Ottawa, Ont. BULBS— Ldly of the Valley and Gladioli of all descriptions. Write for prices. C. Keur & Sons, HlUegom, Holland. New York address — 5G25 Moslholu Ave. The trade will be visited by us in due time as usual for 1922 spring and fall orders. Lily ot the Valley and Gladioli can be shipped Immediately direct from our warehouse and Canadian farms. SELECT GLADIOLI — Wholesale terms, schools, societies, contract gardeners. 30 named, 5 varieties $1.00. Lists free. Sansby, 7 Waverly Road, Toronto. STRAWBERRY PLANTS— Williams. Sen. Dun- lap, Glen Mary, and other varieties, $6.00 per M., tied in bundles of 25, packed in moss. Gordon Herrles, Port Burwell, Ont. 130 EGG WISCONSIN INCUBATOR andBROODER If ordered together we send both machines for onlv $23.78 in Canadian money nnd we pav nil freiRht and duty charges to any R. R. station in Canada. We have branch warehouses in Winnipeg, Man. and Toronto. Ont. Orders shipped Frpiffhl nnfl 'f""* nean-nt won hoose to your K. R. Btation. Hot. watrr. double walls, demi nlr epace ■i*"6"l ™" l»etweon, douhl'' BlMsdoora. coppnr tnnkB nnd |y)il.rfl. B-'if-rPtrulatinR. Narsery undRr <•«« tray. Eaperinlly adapted to Canadian climativ Indih«torand Brooder Bhippcd srt up mniplcto •—ready to iif(i>. T«n ymmr f uarant**— 30 days trial. Incubatorn Oniahed in natnrnl rolorti Bhowinir tho hi'dh trrane California Redwood lumbrr UBPd. If you compare oar miichinfs wilh [othera, we feel miri* of your order Don't, buy until ynadothiB — it paya to invcdtiirote hefore yiwbay. Roraomberour prin- in rovpfinK frcitrht nnd duty char (ree. Send for KHKK <*iitalo« today, or luwd in your ord'T and bhvc timr M;ikc Monfy Orders payable to ua at Toronto, Ont., but mail rrmittance wtfh orrjcr to tin at Kurine, Wif*. WISCONSIN INCUBATOR CO. Box 208 Brooder i RACINE, WISCONSIN, U. 8. A. 78 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition Advertisers — Here You Are ANNUAL Planting Number FOR APRIL This is the last of our Spring Specials, and will be replete with spring planting plans for the horticulturist. It will be the type of ilsue that will be kept for reference during the rest of the spring — therefore especially valuable for advertisers. It will produce business, so send in your best copy. Rate is $2.10 per inch. Send copy early. Forms close March 25. The Canadian Horticulturist PETERBORO - - ONTARIO BASKETS PLANT BASKETS BERRY BOXES CLIMAX BASKETS Order Your Baskets Early Carload Shipments Three Lines of Railroads PORT HOPE BASKET FACTORY PORT HOPE. ONTARIO OPERATED BY C. B. JANES & CO.. LIMITED I: —HIGHEST QUALITY FRUIT BOXES— Specially Constructed to Protect the Highest Quality Fruit DEEP PINT BERRY BOX— 24-Box Crate. For Barly Berries — Built for Ixing Distance Shipping. Standard — Meets Government Requirements for Canadian and United States Markets. STANDARD FIVE-POUND TIN-TOP BASKET For Fancy Fruits or EUirly Tomatoes Unsurpassed for giving Contents Best Marketable Appearance USE PACKAGES THAT GIVE YOUR PRODUCT THE APPEARANCE IT DESERVES BRITISH COLUMBIA MANUFACTURING COMPANY, LIMITED - - New Westminster, B.C. Eastern Representatives: S. H. MOORE & COMPANY, 51 Wellington St. East - Toronto The Canadian Horticulturi^ Floral Edition Tol. XLV. TORONTO, APRIL, 1922 No. 4 Garden Planning SPRING is the time for building. For this reason these notes will probably apply more particularly ' home making rather than garden improving, though the same lines of treatment will be applicable in both .cases. It would be an advantage were it possible to design the garden before the house is built. This is practically out of the question in the towns and cities, where street lines have to be so carefully followed. The owner or the gardener h^s usually to take things as they are and plan the garden after the house is completed. It is wise to make a plan of the area to be treated. A quite simple drawing is all that is necessary. It should show boundary lines, drives or walks, existing build- ings, trees that are to be retained, a note as to direction of views to be pre- served and those to be shut out, not forgetting the points of the compass. The front garden is naturally import- ant, yet not always the most important. Community has to be considered in this connection, and for the sake of com- munity uplift the best effect po.ssible should be produced here. A town front garden is usually only large enough to provide a proper setting for the house and to take it back a little from the street with its dust and noise. I Foundation Planting. Bare foundations and straight lines are always noticeable features of a home as yet unplanted. What is called foundation planting is the attempt to hide or soften the severity of a bare house, and to provide a pleasing link between the building and the ground. Shrubs will fill this need admirably and with little difficulty. The planting should extend out at the corners re- ceding to the face of the building. A few principles to be followed may be helpful. Do not plant tall growing kinds under windows, but take advant- age of the spAces between, and this will relieve any pos.sible monotony. Make the planting irregular. "Where the tallest shrubs are used, the bed should be the widest. A double row of- plants is always the most effective, and if the distance between house and road W. E. Groves, Hamilton, Ont. is not too limited even three rows is possible, always having the dwarf kinds in front. A brief selection for this kind of planting could be made from the following :■ — Tall growing varieties : Syringa, lilac, snowball, weigelia, For- sythia. Medium height varieties: Cy- donia, Rosa rugosa, lonicera, kerria, Spiraea Van Houttei, deutzia, almond, snowberry, buddleia. Dwarf varie- ties: Spiraea A. Waterer, Amorpha canescens, Deutzia gracilis, golden syringa, Berberis thunbergi. In the garden at the side or rear of the house the objects to be kept in mind are the preserving of views that are worth while, the securing of a cer- tain amount of seclusion, and the shut- ting out of unattractive features. Where it is not possible to completely cut off bad features, the object to be aimed at is to hide them from the points Two Fine Peony Blooms. These specimens of James Kelway, white, and Kugene Bigot, red, were grown by J. Walsh, Trenton, Ont. most used. "Whilst general rules are usually worth considering, individual taste in arrangement, the kind- of plants to be used, the color schemes and sea- sons of blooming should each be kept in mind, especially at the time of initial planting. Grading. In grading a few principles should be remembered. Ground near a house must be as level as possible. Broken surfaces are permitted as lawns recede from a building until, if necessary, they merge into natural irregularities of field or wood. The ground surrounding walks should also be tolerably level for at least a few feet, beyond which it may slope up or down. The points from which to grade are steps to the house floor level and the path or paths in the rear or front of the house. The land at the rear of city houses is often sloping away from or towards the house and some care is necessary. If the grade is but slight, it may remain much the same. If, however, there is a real sense of slope it is best to level for a short distance back from the house, making then a small terrace from which the re- maining ground can assume the natural grade. Artificiality in grading must be avoided. This need not prevent the making of a sunken garden or the level- ling of a portion of the ground for games. "Where the latter is desired and the surrounding ground is either high- er or lower the difficulty can be got over with a terrace. Walks. Walks should be carefully provided for, and not be more in number than necessaiy. There should be a reason for every path that is made. A walk going to a garden seat is allowable, but one leading nowhere is out of harmony. Paths when they are provided should be of sufficient width for comfortable use; a path of thirty inches being much more satisfactory than two paths of fifteen inches in width. The Back Garden. The layout of a back garden depends largely upon the chief purpose for which it is to be used. Where there are children suflScienl grass should be provided for playing, which means that the planting area is at the sides and end. If ornamental gardening is in- tended it is wise to set aside a portion for flowers and group some shrubs in the corners and, if there is room, at one or two other spots. The front of the border can be quite irregular and parts might be planted to roses, hardy flowers, annuals or bulbs, as is suited to the taste of the owner. If the area allows a tree or two they are real ad- 86 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Bditioi; ditions. iSelect varieties lliat will eventually develop in proportion to the size of the garden, remembering that trees are planted for permanency. These can be used to act as wind-breaks or screens if necessary, as well as to provide a little shade. A specimen shrub or two in the grass is allowable, but in nearly all cases it is best to keep the centre quite open unless the owner is particularly fond of some such flower as roses, when a bed or two for the particular favorite adds a real note of distinction. Where part of a garden is to be used for vegetables this should be set apart either at one side or the end, and par- tially screened off from the rest of the garden. There is nothing untidy about a well-kept vegetable garden, and there is no need for complete hiding, but a group or two of shrubs or a small peren- nial border at this spot adds to the lay- out. Geometry should be largely for- gotten in modern gardening. Unless carefully designed it is apt to be arti- ficial in appearance and the tendency to-day is rightly towards the natural and free. Do not over-plant a small area or it becomes stuffy. Aim to keep all planting in harmony with the building, and also aim at simplicity and restfulness. The ideal garden should be a picture, not a collection of merely interesting objects. It is not enough to plant; the plants must be in the right place. The Newer Irises' Growing Gladiolus Gormels Df. F. G. Brethour, Toronto, Ont. THOSE who have a few cormels of some choice gladiolus might try the following method with success. I had some cormels of a notoriously difficult variety to increase, and whose cormels are hard to get to germinate, namely, "Madame Mounet Sully." I peeled off the skins and planted them indoors in four-inch boxes, in soil con- taining an excess of leaf mould, and a good deal of coarse sand. This was done early in March, and I left them in a cellar near a window, with north light. As soon as the ground was a bit warm in early May I planted them outdoors. They had leaf growth from two up to eight inches. Some of them bloomed the same year, and many of the corns are one and a quarter inches. They will give good bloom this year. I think by this method you can get much bigger bulbs than by planting outdoors, and have many more germinate. This method may be applied to mont- bretias, only you do not need to peel off the outer skin. Bloom will come much earlier and the growth will be much taller. Montbretias require plenty of leaf-mould even outdoors, and they keep on coming for a long time, giving lots of bloom for cutting. W. E. Saunders, AT the time of our last remarks on irises, the list of quality was head- ed by such varieties as Alcazar and Isoline, introduced by Vilmorin, Aiidrieux et Cie, Paris. Since that time there has been a wonderful improve- ment in the species, and a whole new gamut of wonderful varieties has been introduced. The i'renchmen are still in the forefront, but some of their varieties on put on the market by Eng- lish fii'ms. There are also notable con- tributions by Americans as well, though their flowers are usually held at prices that none but dyed-in-the-wool fans are willing to pay. The result is, that most of their varieties are unrepresented in Canadian gardens. There is also the impression that the American varieties do not possess the same superfine qual- ity ihat is found in France; indeed, some recent American introductions have been adversely criticized by offi- cers of the American Iris Society. ■ The following remarks are therefore necessarily confined to varieties of European origin, and as some of them have been available for only a year or two, opinions now expressed are sub.iect to revision in the near future. All we can say is that the following statements express the opinions of several iris growers up to the present. The firm of Vilmorin stands, per- haps, at the head of the iris world, and shall therefore receive first considera- tion. Their new varieties have been fairly tested in the London district, and Ambassadeur, Ballerine, Cluny, Grevin, Magnifica and Moliere have been found worthy of the highest praise. Ambas- sadeur is a noble Squalens of fine habit, with large and substantial flowers of the richest tints. Ballerine, Cluny, and Magnifica are bicolors that arouse enthusiastic comment from every be- holder. Moliere so far appears to be rather dwarf, but with enormous flowers in which the blue is modiled by red. Grevin is of the deep rich garnet color found in Opera, previously intro- duced by the same firm, an exceedingly rich color and a flower of great beauty. The Outstanding Irises. Perhaps the outstanding iris of the world to-day is the product of the skill of Bliss, the celebrated English hybridizer, and is named Dominion. It is unfortunate, though perhaps un- avoidable, that Wallace and others who offer it for sale have not yet been able to recede more than a trifle from the introduction price of five guineas. The flower is a nrarvellous blue of a rich- ness previously unequalled, and an •A report presented by the Names an<3 Varieties Committee at the recent Ontario Horticultural Association Convention. London, Ont. American visitor reported that th' stock at Wallace's was "much deple; ed, owing to the enormous demand." From the garden of Millet and Son, in France, comes the great iris. Sou- venir de Mine. Gaudichau, said by soui' expert growers to be the finest iris the have ever seen. Ochracea Coerulea, L the same men, is one of great promisi Mile. Schwartz, by M. Denis, is tli choice of another enthusiast as the be.si so it will be seen that while opinion differ, all unite in thinking that on of the new ones is the finest. Lent A. Williamson is the fourth i- the new rich blues that are acclaimed ;i the top. It is an American variety, am the plants so far reported have not yc bloomed. Wallace & Co. are the distributors <■ a large group of new irises by Deni^ Bliss, Van Hort and Yeld, and from th i group we may look for many fin- things. They are all, or nearly all, in Canada, but some of the young plants have not yet bloomed, and no opinions can be definite as yet. Crusader and Lord of June are certainly very fine bi- colors of great stature, and fine sub- stance and color, bearing many magni- ficent flowers on a spike, and in that respect lies one great point of super- iority, of the new irises over the old ones. Lady Foster is a lovely pale mauve, practically self-colored. Cle- matis,opens after the style of a Kaemp- feri with beautiful markings on the lavender petals. Deuil de Valery Mayet is a splendid ^\ine red, and seems to be one of the coming kinds. Dimity is one of the new frilled ones, probably bet- ter than Mme. Chereau, and it take- no mean flower to eclipse this old , variety. Sunshine, Viola, Tomtit and ' Sweet Lavender may easily be worth M-hile, but Yeld 's Dawn seems to lack'' sufficient character to make it sure of a grower. Preparing Soil For Dahlias J. K. Alexander, Bridgewater, Mass. The preparation of the soil in which you put your dahlia tuber is just as im- portant-as the fertilization and culti- vation you give your dahlia after you have them planted. The soil should be thoroughly culti- vated ; plowed or spaded 8 to 10 inches deep, well pulverized and thoroughly worked over, thus affording an oppor- tunity for rapid expansion, and making an easy path for the tiny rootlets. To secure exceptional results, have your soil thoroughly plowed or spaded in the fall or early spring; then just before plantjpg have it plowed or spaded again. April, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 87 Gladioli of Recent Introduction" H. L. Hutt, Georgetown, Ont. 1. Anna Eberius (Diener, 1917) — Dark velvety purple, throat of deeper shape; large flo\ii;ers on tall spikes. 2. Anthony B. Kunderd (Kunderd, 1918) — Large ruffled flowers of deep cream color, overspread with a pink blush; lower petals primrose-cream, flushed-pink at edges. 3. Byron L. Smith (Kunderd, 1917) — Lavender-pink on white ground, col- ored like a cattleya orchid. 4. Bertrex (Mrs. Austin, 1914) — A beautiful glistening white ; tall and vig- orous. 5. Catherina (Velthys, 1916)— An excellent light grey-blue, lower petals a little darker with brownish-red spot; tall spikes. 6. Crimson Glow (Betscher, 1916) — A deep, brilliant crimson ; flowers large on tall, graceful sipikes. 7. David Starr Jordan (Diener, 1917) — Very large, bright red or flame- colored flowers. 8. Evelyn Kirtland (Mrs. Austin, 191G) — A beautiful shade of pink deep- ening towards the edges; large, wide open flowers on tall, graceful spikes. 9. Flora (Velthuys, 1917)— A large, light, golden yellow; ranks next to the famous Golden Measure as the best yellow. 10. Gretchen Zang (Mrs. Austin, 1915) — A glistening rosy-pink; stems grew crooked during the hot weather last summer, but in the cooler season, later, the blooms were exceptionally fine. •The list on this page of some of the best gladioli of recent introduction was given by Mr. Hunt, who is a member of the Committee on Names and Varieties of the Ontario Horti- cultural Association, at the recent convention. 11. Herada (Mrs. Austin, 1916) — Another of Mrs. Austin's "Big Four"; pure mauve; large flowers; a vigorous grower. 16. L'Immaculee — An early pure white, which does not tint in the sun. Many flowers open at once. 13. Jack London (Diener, 1917) — Bright salmon with flame-colored stripes and yellow throat. A good grower and great multiplier. 14. Lady Borden (Gilchrist) — A Can- adian variety; large, creamy-white flowers with large crimson blotch in the throat; blooms late. 15. Liebes Feuer (Velthings, 1912) — A brilliant scarlet; tall spikes and many flowers out at once. 16. Le Mareehal Foch (Van Demsen, 1919) — A Holland variety said to be a seedling of America; flowers much larger than American, of about the same shade of lilac-pink. As early as Halley, and as good a multiplier. 17. Loveliness (Van Kongnenburg, 1912) — Large, creamy-white flowers tinted pink. A beauty, appropriately named. ;8. Mrs. Dr. Norton (Kunderd) — Large silvery-white flowers tinted with pink, deeping towards the edges, with sulphiu:-yellow centre; an aristocrat among the gladioli. 19. Mrs. Watt (Crawford)— Ameri- can Beauty rose, solid self-color. 20. Myrtle (Kunderd) — Delicate rose-pink, shading to creamy-white in centre; very dainty. 21. Prince of Wales — A clear, salmon pink; large flowers, blooming very early. A Well-planned Flower Border. ''ui^' Pawner, Peterboro, Ont., separated his lot from his neighbor by a low cement curb. wnich also forms the outer edge of the flower border shown. In this border last year were ^rrown petunias, nicotlana, geraniums, verbenas, nasturtiums and Canterbury bells. The bed along the wall of the house Is planted to perennial phlox. 22. Pride of Hillegom — Another fine variety from Holland; large, bright scarlet flowers on tall spikes. 23. Summer Beauty (Kunderd) — Clear, salmon-pink; long spikes; a strong grower. 24. Violet Glory (Kunderd)— A self- colored, deep, rich violet ; flowers large and slightly ruffled. 25. White Giant — Very large, pure white flowers, with pointed spreading petals. Lily-like in appearance. Planting Strawberries W. S. Blair, Kentville, N.S. Planting strawberries is done by pushing a spade into the soil, pressing it to one side and dropping a plant with roots spread fan-shape into the open- ing. Hold the crown of the plant to the top of the level soil and press the earth firmly arouHd the plant with the heel. Finally level with loose earth aroun*the crown of the plant. This is quickly done. The importance of pressing the soil firmly around the plant is great; The plant should be suf- ficiently firm, so that if it is pulled by a leaf, the latter will break before the plant will pull out. Only young plants should be set; that is, plants of the previous season's growth. The planting should be done early, in fact, the earlier the better. Much of the failure with strawberries is due to late planting. This is a job that can be done in the early spring. The sooner the plant becomes estab- lished, the earlier the formation of run- ner plants. The earlier the runner plants form, the larger and better de- veloped are the crowns, without which strong stalks of well formed fruit are impossible. The growth on all newly purchased climbing roses usually requires to be well cut back when planted, leaving only about twelve to eighteen inches in length of the base of three or four main steins. Cut out any small weakly shoots to their base. To prune bush roses, remove all dead wood first. Cut out all weak shoots that start from the ground, leaving sufficient of the stronger ones. Then cut back about two-thirds of the length of the last season's lateral or side growth, leaving short spurs a few inches long at the base of the last sea- son's growth. Leave one or two strong, young, one year canes, that start from near the ground each year, to keep the bush supplied with young, strong, vigorous growth. Very old wood three or four years old may be cut out to make room for the young growth. k 88 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 1 Floral Edition Starting Vegetables Outdoors C. B. Alden, Toronto IN most parts of Canada, the first of May is early enough for planting vegetables outdoors. Plants started at that time usually will reach maturity as quickly as those started earlier. The variable weather of April of most sea- sons is apt to interfere with growth. It is always better to wait a few days and thus employ good weather as an aid. Important points in garden planning are: (1) Make every foot of land work all the time. When one crop is harvested another should take its place if there is room for its proper growth. Practically all of the garden should grow two crops and part of it ought to produce three. • Warm season crops, such as beans and tomatoes, and late seeded. crops like turnips may follow early, cool season crops such as iettuce, spinach, radishes and onion sets. (2) Vegetables which .can be stored for winter use should be given prefer- ence in the plan because they will be more appreciated when the supply is low and the price high. (3) First plan for the long season crops; the short season ones will take care of themselves. Grow short season crops (lettuce, radishes, spinach) be- tween the rows of Icftg season crops. Globe radishes may be grown in the rows of carrots, "parsnips and beets or between young cabbage and tomato plants or between hills of corn. (4) Crops requiring a large amount of space, such as potatoes, corn and vine crops, should usually be left out of the very small garden. If these are grown, however, smaller, quick-growing croi)s should occupy the space until the larger crop needs it. (5) Foliage crops, such as lettuce and spinach, usually grow better in partial shade than do the fruit crops, such as tomatoes and beans. Every crop, however, needs to have light at least part of the day. (6) Do not plant high-growing plants (corn, or tomatoes to be staked) where they will shade sun-loving plants. Shading can be decreased by having the rows run north and south. (7) Crops such as cauliflower, pep- pers and egg-plant often fail because of weather conditions or slight errors in culture. Give their space to more certain crops or limit the area given them unless you are experienced. (8) In a small garden there is plenty of "up and down" space, but it is limited sidewise. Tomatoes should be . trained to trellises or stakes. Tall-grow- ing peas, trellised and planted between rows of smaller vegetables, take no more space than do dwarf varieties and can usually be grown on a trellis in the small garden. (9) Provide for as wide a variety of vegetables as practicable. (10) Leave enough space between rows to make good tillage pos.sible. Slightly more space than is needed is better than too little, especially for the beginner. (11) The suburban gardener should plan to use the horse cultivator. The long rows are better when the horse cultivator is used as it lessens the amount of turning necessary. When one does not want an entire row of a particular vegetable, two or more vege- tables that require about the same space and time for their growth may be planted with advantage in the same row. Varieties of Vegetables TASTES differ greatly in choosing varieties of vegetables. In many classes there are a dozen or more well-known varieties that are reliable and well worth having in any garden. There are many new varieties also that seem to be as good as some of the «ld, but it is always safest for the home gardener to select the standard sorts. The following list comprises some of the best for table use : Asparagus.— Argenteuil, Palmetto. Bean. — Bush: Stringless Green Pod, Early Golden Wax, Ward well's Kidney Wax, Valentine, Bush Lima. Pole: Caseknife, Kentucky Wonder. Beet. — Egyptian, Edmand's Early, Detroit Dark Bed. Brussells Sprouts.— Dalkeith, Long Island Improved. Cabbage.— Early : Jersey Wakefield, Winningstadt. Mid-season: All Sea- sons, Succession. Late: Danish Ball Head, Late Flat Dutch. Red: Mam- moth Rock. Savoy: Chester. Carrot.— Early Scarlet Horn, Chan- tenay, Danvers. Cauliflower. — Snowball, Dry Weather. Celery.— Early : Golden Self-Blanch- ing White Plume. Late : Giant Pascel. Corn, Sweet.— Golden Bantam, Early Cory, Bantam Evergreen, Stowell's Evergreen. Cucumber.— Early White Spine, Im- proved. Long Green, Boston Pickling. Eggplant.— Black Beauty, New York Improved. Kohl-Rabi.— White Vienna. Lettuce. — Leaf: Black-sfeeded Simp- son, Grand Rapids. Head: Iceberg, Salamander, Big Boston. Muskmelon. — Emerald Gem, Paul Rose, Osage. Onion.— Sets: White or Yellov Seed : Danvers, Southport White Globe, Red Weathersfield, Prizetaker, White Queen (for pickling). Parsley. — Moss Curled. Parsnip. — Hollow Crown, Guernsi Peas. — Early: Excelsior, Thos La ton, American Wonder. Late: Gradi Strategem. These are all bush varie- ties. Among tall sorts are Telephone and Champion of England. Pepper — Sweet: Ruby King, Neapoli- tan, Chinese Giant. Hot : Red Cay em Potatoes.— Early Eureka, Early Oh; ., Irish Cobbler. Pumpkin.— Sugar, Quaker Pie, Large Cheese. Radish. — Scarlet Globe Turnips, French Breakfast, Chartier, White Icicle. Winter: Black Spanish, Rose China. Rhubarb. — Linnaeus, Victoria. Salsify. — Sandwich Island. Spinach. — Victoria. A type spinach, known as New Zealand, Avill furnish greens throughout the summer months. Squash. — Bush: White Scallop, Crookneck. Vine : Essex Hybrid, Deli- cious, various Hubbards. Swiss Chard. — Lucullu.s. Tomato. — Earliana, Bonny Best. Chalk's Jewel, John Baer, Stone. Turnip, garden.— Milan, Snowball, White Globe. Swede : Hazard's Swede, American Purple Top. Watermelon. — Cole's Early, Ice Cream, Kleckley's Sweet. Spading Garden Land SMALL garden plots cannot be plowed. They mu«t be spaded. There are a few wrinkles that make the work more easily done and most effective. A considerable area can be spaded if the work is done a little at a time, so that it does not become tire- some. The land should never be turned when it is extremely wet. The plow- man's test is to squeeze together a hand- ful of freshly turned earth, and, if it sticks together in a ball with the im- print of the hand upon it, it is too wet for plowing or spading; but if it crumbles when the pressure is released, the soil may be considered dry enough to spade or plow. Do not turn the land up in large spadefuls. Begin at one side of the plot and work back and forth across the plot, maintaining a sti-aight line, cut- ting the soil in thin spadefuls and turn- ing completely over. If the soil does not crumble readily, use the edge of the spade and break up each spadeful im- mediately after it is turned. For this work the ordinary square-pointed spade is considered the most desirable. On loose soils and on land that was April, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 89 spaded or plowed during the autumn, a four-tined spading fork is often pre- ferable to a spade. While the fork will not turn the bottom soil to the surface quite as well as the spade, this com- plete turning is not desirable on land that was plowed or spaded last fall, and the fork leaves the soil in a more finely divided condition. The remaining ' lumps that escape breaking during the spading process should be pulverized within an hour or so after the land is turned over. This can be done either with a steel rake or with a hoe, care being taken to go deeply enough into the soil to break up all clods that will interfere with planting. Thorough preparation of the soil is the keynote to success in gardening. Spade reasonably deep and loosen the lower strata without bringing very much of the subsoil to the surface. English gardeners spade two or three lengths of the spade in depth, working manure into the subsoil to a depth of 12 to 14 inches. Half the work of cul- tivation may be done before the seeds are planted in the garden. Perennial Crops Plantings of perennial fruit and vege- tables add to the interest and value of very home garden. One of these is aiiparagus, which will thrive almost anywhere, provided it is planted in good soil. A plot of ground 15 to 20 feet square in one corner of the garden will supply all of the asparagus needed by an average family. A few hills of rhubarb in sections ■where it will grow can be planted along the, garden fence and furnish the family supply. The same is true of horse- radish and of a number of the herbs, in- cluding thyme and sage. To Stimulate Growth TEUCK farmers in some districts have a little trick in the culture of vegetables for the market that the amateur might well copy. In early cul- tivation, until the plants are several inches high, they plow or cultivate the soil away from the plants, getting as close to the row as possible without in- juring them. Then on subsequent cul- tivations, they plow the soil toward the row, throwing it up around the plants. The principle involved in this trick is easily explained, so that the advantage is apparent. Early in the season, when the plants are beginning to grow, the element most necessary to plant de- velopment is not moisture, of which there is usually an abundance, but heat. What holds back plant growth at this period is lack of heat, and any method which introduces greater heat is naturally reflected in the rapidity of growth. When the soil is pulled away from the row the effect is to warm the soil which is left, by admitting air, and incidentally drying out the soil ; that is not usually objectionable at this period. After a few weeks, however, it is moisture that is needed, instead of heat, and the earth is thrown back -toward the row again to conserve moisture. Boxes for Early Plants TOMATO, early cabbage, pepper, cucumber and other plants may be started in a window box. The boxes may be made four to six inches deep, six to twelve inches wide, and of a length to fit a south window in the kitchen or other warm room. Fill the box to within half an inch of the top with a clean rich loam soil, seed in shallow rows and keep the soil moist by frequent watering. Tomato plants should be trans- planted to small flower pots or boxes Chi'iti'-n :xnr: ',., nri.r :':.., ,^ !. mi ; ^ ■ , , n w.utii Whit'' in Spnncj or Any Time. By staitiiiK young folks early in Ihe game of gardening, they will find life afterwards mors full of delights and joy. when two or three new leaves appear. This will cause them to form a good root system and harden them ready for planting in the garden as soon as there is no longer dang^ of frost. Melons, cucumbers, lima beans, and the like may be started in small flower pots or paper cartons a few weeks be- fore it is safe to plant in the garden.' The small containers should be sunk in soil or sand in shallow window boxes to keep moisture and tempera- ture uniform? When danger of frost is past, trans- fer all the plants of a pot to one hill without breaking the roots or loosen- ing the dirt from them. Making a Good Lawn J. A. Clark, Charlottetown, P.E.I. A GOOD lawn is one of the first essentials in making a beautiful home. There is nothing that can take the place of a beautiful green- sward about any house if it is to be really attractive. Those who are plan- ning to build should include the lawn in the original plan for the home. Draw up a plan of the contour of the ground adjoining the proposed site. The area of this will depend upon the amount of land available. In the country this should be not less than four times the area of the house site. In excavating, remove all the rich surface soil separately. The subsoil from the excavation is then used for filling depressions and grading so that the surface water will always flow away from the house. When the house is completed, and the rubbish, incident to building is removed, the surface soil is brought back and used to make a seed bed for the lawn grasses. The lawn should be as permanent as the house, and requires equal care in the making. The autumn is a gQod time to do the grading and filling. This should be done at intervals, allowing heavy rains to settle the transported soil several times before the final grad- ing, ploughing and thorough tillage of the spring. This will prevent de- pressions developing afterwards in your lawn and tennis court. Before seeding a finer condition of tilth is re- quired than for any other farm crop. Keep at it until the soil is like a gar- den or about ready for seeding onions. If the land is not in good heart, a heavy coat of manure should be work- ed in during preparation, and when necessary, a heavy dressing of fertil- izer will greatly help to make the soil as rich as it should be for growing po- tatoes or roots. The seeding should be heavy. The best lawns are made by having a great many fine stalks of grass. The best grass for shade and open lawns is the Kentucky blue grass. It is sown at the 90 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition rate of about 60 pounds or four bush- els per aci;e. It weighs 14 pounds to the bushel. The seed merchants sell reliable mixtures, which usually con- tain a large percentage of Kentucky blue grass and white clover. Timothy and red top, when added to the mix- ture, are satisfactory grasses for mak- ing a permanent lawn. To secure a satisfactory seeding, take about one- half of the seed for the area and sow the area one way, carefully by hand. Then take the other half and sow- across the first seeding. By this means you woidd avoid any misses and secure an even stand. To avoid having the lawn bare dur- ing the early summer, sow oats at the rate of from four to five bushels per acre before the last cultivation in pre- paration for seeding. This will form a dense greensward within three weeks, and though requiring frequent cutting with the lawn mower, will not only make a beautiful lawn, but wiU serve as a nurse crop for the grasses until they are well established. Cover your lawn seed with a garden rake and roll from time to time after rain. HORTICULTURAL j S.OClETIESj^^^ j London MEMBERS will be delighted to know that our membership is going up rapidly. To date (April 3) it is 1,300. By the time this issue is out it will be almost up to last year— 1,731. While not bad, it is hardly half way to 4,000. It is expected that the "dozen gla- dioli" premiums will be given out abQUt the first week of May. Every member will receive due notice by post card, which must be presented at Morgan's or Dominion Seeds in order to obtain spring premium. Please do not forget to present the premium notice. It will save yourself a lot of trouble and anxiety and the secretary some too. All being well, next year, two cou- pons for premiums will be attached to the membership card so that when a member pays for the year his member- ship card will contain these. This will do away with sending out premium notices twice a year; also every paid up member will be sure of his prem- iums, as at present some go astray. Notice will be given through the press when the premiums will be ready. This change will, of course, not be till 1923. A large membership committee of about 150 members is working to bring the membership to 4,000, one sub-com- mittee for each of the four wards. A competition has been evolved for each ward with a captain in charge. The captains are: Ward 1, J. G. Morrison, 5 Wind.sor Ave. ; Ward 2, W. E. Green- way, 17 St. Andrews St.; Ward 3, A. E. Suter, 88 JCheslcy Ave. ; Ward 4. Sgt. Major W. H. Prowse, 894 Elias St. Committees can canvass any part of the city, but the members must live in the ward of the committee in which they work. Fees paid by mail to the sec. will be credited to the ward from which they come. Now everybody! Let's pull togeth- er. Those who have not already paid and have a 1922 membership card, kindly remit, now that notices are be- ing prepared for the spring premium. — Ed. Wyatt, 524 Princess Ave., Sec. The Newer Roses * Miss I. Preston, Ottawa, Ont. DURING the summer of 1921 a number of the newer roses were grown at the Central Experimen- tal Farm at Ottawa. Notes on some of the outstanding varieties will be of in- terest. Hybrid Teas Aladdin — Coppery orange to yellow, fragrant ; good in autumn. La Champagne — Chamois yellow with apricot centre; large; good in autumn. K. of K.— Semi-double ; intense scar- let, brilliant color. Margaret Dickson Hamill — Straw- colored ; deeper shade in the autumn. Pemetianas Gottfried Keller — Single; apricot; spicy fragrance. Mrs. Farmer — Indian yellow; re- verse of petals, apricot; beautiful color; medium sized flowers. Climbers A test of climbing roses is being made at the Experimental Farm, and out of the forty varieties grown in 1921 the following were specially noted: Christine Wright— Bright pink, med- ium sized, double flowers. Leohtine Gervais — Salmon rose, very attractive color. Pauls Scarlet Climber- — Strong grow- er with good foliage; flowers semi- double, vivid scarlet, shaded with bright crimson. Source d'Or — Buds yellow, fading to cream when fully open; double. Polyantha Pompons Polyantha pompon roses, as a class, are successful at the Experimental Farm. They have a longer season of bloom than any others; the first buds show early in June, and the last ones are buried under the snow in Novem- ber. Some mildew was noticed on a few plants in the fall, but most of the varieties seem perfectly healthy and free from insects all the season. They can be obtained in many colors, and, although the blossoms are borne in •From report of Committee on Namea and Vari- eties given before the convention of the Ontario Horticultural Association. clusters, the shape and doubleness of the flowers are so varied that a collec- tion of them is full of interest. Special mention should be made of the beauti- ful shape of the buds in a Cecile Brun- ner, George Elger, Etoile Luisante, and others. Out of the collection of forty- eight varieties tested the following of the newer sorts are recommended. Eblouisante — Very double, deep red flowers, beautiful, and effective in beds. Echo — A dwarf form of Tausend- schon, semi-double, pink flower. Etoile Luisante — Buds vermilion, opening coppery pink. George Elger — Yellow, opening cream. Large clusters. La Marne — Semi-double, salmon pink flowers ; dark green glossy foliage. Merveille des Rouges — ^Bright, vel- vety crimson. Renoncle — Pink, large clusters of Ranunculus shaped flowers. Rodhatte — Clear, cherry red, large clusters of large semi-double flowers. Yvonne Rabier — Double white, good foliage. Older Varieties The following are some of the best of the older sorts : Aennchen Muller — Bright pink. Jessie — Bright orange-red. Katherine Zeimet — Pure white; free blooming. Mrs. W. H. Cuthbush— Bright, deep* pink; free flowering. Orleans Rose — ^Vivid rosy crimson; free flowering. Hybrid Rugosa Few hybrid rugosa roses of great merit have been introduced in recent years, but the two following are wor- thy of mention: F. J. Grootendorst — Foliage like ru- gosa; flowers bright red with fringed petals; small double blooms in large clusters; perpetual flowering. Agnes — A hybrid between Rosa ru- gosa and Persian yellow, raised at the Central Experimental Farm by the late Dr. W. Saunders; foliage like rugosa; flowers double, pale amber; form good in the bud, not so good when fuUy open; fragrant; very early. April, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 91 QUESTION BOX W. E. Groves Chinese Lily After Flowering. Can a Chinese lily be kept for a second year after flowering?— M. E. C, Dunnville, Ont. To avoid disappointment it is always best to throw out the old bulbs and start with fresh stock. Cultivating Smilax. , How shall 1 cultivate smilax?— M. E. C, Dunnville, Ont. This is usually' grown in rich soil by the greenhouse men, the small plants previously raised from seed being planted a few inches ap£Crt and strings provided for support. Young plants give the best results and it may be that the plants covered by the question are getting old and had better be discarde'^.. Smilax is easily raised from seed and if the plants are potted on as required in good soil and sticks or some other support provided, there should be no difficulty in securing good strings. Hyacinths. My hyacinths come up with five or six small spikes of flowers instead of one largo one? Do I put them into too large pots? — F. A. P., Port Rowan, Ont. There are a few varieties of hya- cinths that frequently throw up more than one ilower, and these are usually know to the bulb dealers. When pur- chasing it is sometimes possible to de- tect these by the bulb formation. It is not likely that over-potting or any cul- tural treatment is the cause, and the best thing to do is to take note of the varieties acting in this way and be Of -"fill to try some other kinds. Making Dahlias Bloom. Dahlias planted last spring grew five to six feet high, but only a few plants bloomed. Why?— H. P. R., Owen Sound, Ont. Sound, Ont. It is hardly possible to deal fully with dahlia culture within the limits of a reply such as this. The causes of failure have to be found either in soil, position or general treatment. The fact that the plants grew five feet high proves that the soil is good. Might it not have been manured much too heavily? This is possible even though the plants revel in a good soil. The enquirer's own statement that the roots, planted in a sunny position, bloomed well suggests another pos- sible reason for failure. Were the plants that did not bloom in the shade? The best results are usually obtained by planting in the open . Whilst watering is necessary, it is easily pos- sible to give too much. It is unwise to keep the plants in a constant state of moisture. It never hurts a plant to get dry; the damage is only done when we allow it to stay dry, and there is a great temptation when water is easily obtainable to turn on the hose every day, with no useful results. Another possible cause of failure may be insect pests. Earwigs are very fond of dahlias, and where they are preva- lent will keep every bud eaten off unless caught. Some simple system of trapping usually succeeds. Growing English Violets. Kindly srive some information regarding growing English violets, as to .soil and gen- eral treatment. Will they winter in the open In Western Ontario and will they blos- som here? Can the seed be successfully germinated by amateur? What variety gives best results? — M. F. A., Glanworth, Ont. The English violet should not be dif- ^^ilt to grow, if a fairly sheltered and ^^vtially shaded position is provided. ■(rood loam with the addition of a little bone-meal, if available, is the soil to .-use. Seed may be germinated, but pro- pagation by division or by runners i.s 80 much quicker in results that either of these is the better method to follow, tluless the plants are in a naturally protected spot some winter pretection should be given. P'or outdoor growing it is best to stick to the old type Viola odorata, rather than the better varie- ties. 'Wliile such kinds as Princess of Wales are much finer, they lack the hardiness of the older kinds and unless own indors are not satisfactory. scale would possibly injure the plant. A simple wash is made of ^soap and water, about two ounces to a gallon of water and used at a slightly warm temperature. A frequent spraying with* this solution followed by washing with clear water should help considerably. A little later, new leaves will begin to show and if the spraying i»kept up as a preventive, there should not be much further trouble. In spring give a little fertilizer to secure a strong healthy growth. Rubber Plant Losing Leaves. "My rubber plant is losing its leaves one by one. They become dark spotted and fall off. What is the cause and remedy?" — R. A. H., London, Ont. The plant may have become too wet, or have been kept in a dark part of the house. Gas might be responsible, or cold would also produce the condition described. The enquirer will know if either of the last two reasons apply. If not, it is more than likely that too much water and bad drainage causes the damage. If the plant stands in a jardiniere it is necessary to guard against allowing water to remain in the receptacle. This not only sours the soil, but affects the general aera- tion necessary to plant life. See that drainage in the pot is good, and water carefully during the dull days. Give all the light possible, and lieep the plant away from draughts. ■ Ivy with Scale. Could you tell me what is wrong with the sample of ivy I enclose? — L. B., Owen Sound, Ont. The leaves have been apparently in- fested with scale. The plants are likely in pots or tubs and should be cleaned as well as it is possible. The scales have to be loosened and washed off. Any in- secticide strong enough to kill the Starting Formosa Lily Bulbs. When and how shall I start Formosa lily bulbs, and care for them after they have started growth?— J. D., Niagara Falls. Ont. Lilium bulbs should be potted much the same way as followed for hya- cinths. The soil would be improved if a little leaf-mould were added. Pot the bulbs so that they are just level with the soil, and it is wise to keep the soil at least an inch below the top of the pot. Liliums root out freely on the top of the bulb, and by follow- ing this method a little top dressing can be given, which is a great help. There is no need to keep these bulbs in the dark, as in the case of hyacinths. They should be kept cool until the pots' are fairly full of roots, after which a warm room or window can be provided. The only pests to look out for are aphis, which can be easily cleared with a weak solution of soap and water. Madonna Lily. When the foliage of the Madonna Lily has died in the fall, what treatment is needed to get the foliage growing in Sep- tember? Should the bulbs be lifted, cured and planted again in August? — C. L. T., Dutton, Ont. Just why new foliage is needed in September is not quite clear, but the less these lilies are disturbed the better. They usually form two sets of leaves a year, the first for the support of flower stems and the latter for the manufac- ture of new bulbs. The best success is usually secured by leaving the bulbs in the ground and not disturbing them until they get over-crowded or are ex- hausted. If new foliage is made in the late summer, it is well to try and avoid smothering when mulching for the winter. A small branch thrown over before the mulch will prevent this. It is almost impossible to buy these bulbs in the fall quite dormant, and if not to be planted until spring, it is possible to keep them fresh in a box of soil in a cool cellar for early spring planting, even saving the green foliage through the winter. Prizetaker onions should be started in the greenhouse or hotbed, if large onions are wanted. m 92 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral tiuition Horticultural Research at O.A.G. IN view of recent criticisms of the horti- cultural department at the O.A.C., Guelph, and of developments which culminated last month In Prof. Crow's dismissal, a brief record of research and experimental work performed an* In progress by that depart- ment is of Interest at this time. Through- out the past decade, Prof. Crow and his assistants, handicapped as they claim and have been by lack of funds, equipment and men, have not only performed the duties of teaching horticulture in all its branches to the large classes, regular and special, and of maintaining the extensive gardens and ornamental grounds of the college and campus, but have also either completed or have under way investigations of much Im- portance to the fruit and vegetable growers of the province, whether commercial or amateur, and to a less extent, the flower and ornamental plant growers. The nature of much of this work, with results, was learned by a special enquiry made at the college by The Canadian Horticulturist on March 23 and 24. Some of these facts have been made public this winter and before at fruit and vegetable growers' meetings by Prof. Crow and his assistants; others have not hitherto been published. In the space here available, only a brief synopsis can be given. Research work in fruits has con- cerned chiefly biennial and annual bearing, summer pruning and winter injury. The results of studies in the fruiting habits of apple trees and in methods of securing annual crops of fruit should prove of Im- mense value to the apple Industry. It well known that apple trees ordinarily b only every other year. The work at Guelpa has proven that such habit can be corrected — that most varieties of apples can be made to bear every year. Fruit bud formation In biennial bearing trees is confined to the "off" year. By repeated investigations, Prof. Crow has proven that regular or annual bearing can be secured by preventing the formation of so many fruit buds in that "off" year. How It is done has been told by the pro- fessor at- many fruit meetings during the A Fruit Variety Chart for All Canada' By A. B. Cutting Distances for Planting Varieties for Various Purposes and Places Class and Kind of Fruit Home Gardens Farm Orchard Of Widest Adaptability Of Lotal Importance Hardiest of the Class New or Uocommon Worth Trying RKMARKS Rows Apart i Apart nRows Rows Apart i Apart nRows TFBB FRUITS 30' 30' 35' to 40' 35' to 40' Duchess G Wealthy G Fameuse (Snow) D Mcintosh D Grimes Golden G. King G CrimsonBeauty(N.B..Que.) New Brunswick (N.B ) Dudley (N.B.) Gravensteui,(N.S.,Ont.BC) Blenheim (N.S., Ont.) Delicious (B.C.) Jonathan fB.C.) Baldwin (Ont., N.S.) Yellow Newtown (B.C.)... Roxbuty (N.S. .called Non- pareil) Eluded CalvilleC... Duchess G Melba G . . . . Many other well-known varieties do well in the various provinces and local- Joyce G Charlamoff D Lowland Raspberry G. Patten Greening C Hibernal C Lobo D in the prairies provinces and for the coldest parts of the other provinces. Spiotta G R. I. Greening C. Wagener G Northern Spy G. . Golden Russet G. Spiro G Wilgar C .2 Cox Orange D Rome Beauty G Winesap G 1 Milwaukee (North) Apple, Dwarf . 12' 12* Any varieties work ed on French Para disc and Doucin Dwarfs are useful for back- yard gardens Varieties worked on Doucin Stock Any variety is worth ^ farm orchards, but are suitable for home 1 Crab Apples. . 20' 20' 25' 25' Whitney G Florence C P . . . . Transcendent C P Martha G Montreal Beauty (Que.). . . Virginia (Man.) ... . HYHRIDS : Silvia G Other hybrids and . . crosses originated at C.E.F., Ottawa Every home garden should have one Jewel G or more crab apple trees. The hybrids Charles G Elsa G f-i o Hyslop C P.. Robin G Osman G <» Columbia G d Pear 15' 15' 18' to 25' 18 to' 25' Bartlett G Clargeau G Howell G Clapp's Favorite D. . . Flemish Beauty G. . . . Kieffer P Bartlett-Seckel Various forms of blight interfere in o A Sheldon G Seckel G Winter Nells G. . . raercial culture, but that should not prevent culture everywhere for home use. Pear, Dwarf. . . 10' Iff Duchess and oth- ers worked on quince roots Used chiefly for backyard Angers quince stock makes best union Any variety worth tryingfor experiment Occupy but little room, easily cared for and usuallv come into bearing sooner than standards. Besides bush form, may be trained in various shapes. Quince 10' 10' 15' 15' Orange Rea Orange Vntidfrnflti One or two trees worth having in Champion Meech Rea Bourgeat. any garden where climate permits. Apricot 15' 15' 20' 20' Moorpark Gibb Stella Royal Budd. . . . Superb succeed in warmest parts of Ontario Alexander. . and British Columbia. s Cherry, Sour. . . 15' 15' 20' 20' EarlyRichm'd CP Montmorency CP English Morello C P May Duke G OrelG Various hardy sorts iDported from Russia Various native species of cherries might be grown in home gardens of the s Olivet CP west. rH b Cherry, Sweet. . 20' 20' 25' to 30' 25' to 30' Governor Wood D Black Tartarian G Napoleon G ElkhomG Black Eagle D Governor Wood D . . . . B. Tartarian G Schmidt G Pickering G BihgG Succeed commercially only in British Yellow Spanish D Columbia arid Niagara District, but do pt Bing G Gold D fairiy well in some other localities. s Lambert D Windsor D. . . . Worth taking chances with in home gardens anywhere that fruit grows. o CO Peach 15' 15' 20' 20' Greensboro D Early Hale D.. . . St; John G Early Crawford G Fitzgerald G Elberta C P Smock G Alexander D Sneed D Mayflower D Rochester G All varieties mentioned are yellow- Garfield G Greensboro D fleshed free-stones, excepting Greens- boro, Early Hale, Alexander, May- S New Prolific G . . . New Prolific G Hill's Chili G Crosby C P Belle D flower, and Sneed, which are white, Late Crawford G J. H. HaleG fleshed clings or semi-clings, and Belle- Lemon Free C P g Salwey C P I.^nghurst C P Plum 15' 15' 18' to 20' 18' to 20' europban: Washington D. . . Bradshaw G Lombard CP Monarch G Grand Duke G. . . Reine Claude G . . Damson P EUROPE.AN : Yellow Egg G AMERICAN : Cheney G HYBRIDS : Omaha G (Including the three chief types: European Japanese and American) The American plums are adapted to parts of the west. The hybrids also KagaG., should be tried in cold districts. JAPANESE: Shiro (Hybrid) D Columbia and most parts of the east. Bixby G Japanese kinds are suitable for the Burl>ankG WolfG milder districts e'«r. April, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 93 past two years. It was explained with special clearness at the meetings of the Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' Associa- tion in Grimsby and St. Catharines. The fact to record here is that it can be done and that the work of the O.A.G. horticultural department is largely responsible for mak- ing the fact known. The summer pruning of young apple trees as a factor in hastening the bearing period and the effect of such pruning on yield, quality and regularity of bearing has been studied with results entirely contrary to the teaching and recommendations of recent and former years. It has been shown that sum- mer pruning does not hasten the production of fruit; that it results in less growth than that produced by dormant pruning; that dor- mant pruned trees do not grow as rapidly or come into bearing as early as trees with little or no pruning, either dormant or sum- mer; that unpruned trees have made a larger growth and are now bearing more heavily than either summer pruned or dor- mant pruned trees, etc., etc. Studies have been made on winter injury of fruit trees with special reference to hardy and tender varieties, to factors that cause or predispose fruit trees to winter injury, on cultural methods that may be used to prevent or lessen the losses due to winter injur\', the effect; of stock on scion in rela- tion to hardiness, yield, etc. Experiments have been conducted to determine the best kind of hardy stocks for fruit trees with special reference to apples. Better methods of training and pruning fruit trees have been under consideration, also better methods of top-working fruit trees. Investigations are under way respecting the possibilities of nut culture in Ontario, with reference to the location of trees pro- ducing superior nuts and to methods of im- proving and propagating nut trees. The introduction and testing of Chinese fruit and nut trees is in progress. To obtain a method by which the hardiness of fruit seedlings might be determined without waiting for a test year, both in pro- duction of hardy varieties and in the pro- duction of hardy stocks, artificial means of determining hardiness are now being studied. With the special apparatus In use, the tests show a marked correlation between the ability of the scions to withstand cold temperatures and the hardiness of the varie- ties as they are known out-of-doors. Breeding Apples, Plums and Berries. Plant breeding work has been conducted with apples, plums and strawberries. Out of a large number of seedlings of apple crosses which have fruited for four years, 10 seem to be of a very superior nature. There are also some 800 apple seedlings about five years of age which have not fruited, but which are all very desirable crosses and which are expected to furnish one or more varieties of promise. There are also some 40 plum seedlings of the Glass variety, a number of which promise well. The strawberry breeding work was com- menced in 1913-14 with imported English varieties of high quality crossed with stan- dard Canadian commercial sorts. The ob- ject has been to combine the flavor and quality of the English varieties with the hardiness and shipping quality of the Can- adian varieties. The original number of seedlings raised was 7,500. These have fruited six times. By.elimlnating each year the less promising seedlings, there are now some 40 seedlings on hand for further test- ing, of which about 15 have already proven to be varieties worthy of general culture on the basis of utility. Breeding Work With Vegetables. The variety tests and breeding work in vegetables that have been conducted during the past five years are little known to growers in general because only now are results beginning to be sufficiently well established for publicity. In some cases, conclusions have not yet been arrived at, but the work is progressing favorably. In the spring of 1918» seed of Mary Wash- ington asparagus was sown and in the fol- lowing year 1,400 plants were set out. Plants were selected and marked according to vigor. Cutting tests were started In the spring of 1921 and production records kept. This will be continued this spring. Later all desirable plants will be removed to an isolation bed and allowed to cross among themselves for the production of a superior strain of this excellent variety. In beans, work has been under way with a view to securing disease-resistant varieties or strains of varieties. During the past sum- A Fruit Variety Chart for All Canada* (Continued from page 92) VINB FRUIT: Grap€ 6' 6' 8' 8' Nfoore'sEarlyG(B Worden O fB) . . . Concord G (B) . . . Lindley G (R) . . . Agawam G (R). . Niagara D (W).. . ) Campbell's D (B) Wilder G (B) Early Daisy CP(B)... ManitoG(B) Moyer D (R) Brighton D (R) Winchell D (W) Mary D (R) Lincoln G(B) Eclipse D (B) Portland D (W) . . . . Ontario D (W) Outside the district where grapes are grown commercially, it is usually neces- Delaware D (R) sary to protect the vines in winter by Vergennes D (R) . Catawba D (R) laying down and covering with soil. This necessitates special training. BUSH PRUItS : Currant 5' 6' 0' Victoria (B) Naples(B) Lee Prolofic (B). . Fay (R) Perfection (R).. .. Cherry (R) Champion (B) Saunders (B) Cliraax(B) ICerry and other Saunder's black hy- brids Rome varieties can be grown any- RabyCastle(R) where in Canada. Currants are especial- Red Dutch. ly valuable for cold districts, but should receive more attention by home garden- M White Chcrrv ers everywhere. Try some of the newer *< varieties. i Wilder (R) White Grape ^ Gooseberry. . . . 4' 4' 6' 4' Pearl OreRon Champion Whitesmith (English) Industry (English) Mabel Another fruit of wide adaptability Downing Josselyn (Red Jaclcet) Poorman with special value for cold regions (h Chatauqua (Eng.) . . English sorts deserve greater popular- n ity in home gardens. •k Raspberry, Re<3 - i' 2' 0' 4' Marlboro Herbert Count In home gardens, better to grow in CO St. Regis (Ever-bearing) . . . Brighton Newman No. 23 Latham rows than in hills. In coldest districts. Cuthbert King canes require bending down and hold- 1 Golden Queen (W) Minnetonka ing with earth for protection in winter. Raspberry, Blk *' *' 6' 4' Conrath Honeysweet Farmer Not quite so hardy as the reds. In Older Cumberland. 7,. . . Smith Giant, . . . r Older purple raspberries, the leading varieties :=3 Gregg are Shaffer and Columbian CO s Blackberry. . . . 8' 4' 8' 6' Agawam Wachnsett(N.S.) Minncwaski (N.S.) Kittatinny (SoOnt.) Blowers Succeed in warmest districts and in Joy many other sections when protected. rfi Kldorado The dewberry, a trailing blackberry, is still more tender; leading varieties. Mauunoth (B C ) Lucrctia and Mayes. The loganberry, a red-fruited type of blackberry, is important in British Columbia. OROUNn fruits: Strawberry. . . . (Anothergrounc fruit is the cran- berry.) 30' 15' r 42' 18' m Parson (Que, Ont.) Sample (ICast) "X Howard No 17 Varieties marked with X have im- Splendid Beder Wood perfect flowers, and require planting Warfield X Rubach X Glen Mary Wm. Belt Bujiter(Q«c.)X Ophelia , Portia X near a perfect varietv of same season Marshall (BC.) MaKOoo(B.C.) for pollination. No home Rarden should be without strawberries. Choose varieties of local adaptation. Strawtjcrry, Ever-bearing 24' ly 36' 15' Americus Progressive Superb Minnesota. Continue to bear and ripen fruit throughout summer and fall. Remove first flowers. This chart was prepared for farm orchards and for small fruit gardens in town or coimtry. Part of it was published last year n the "Canadian Countryman." It consider* varieties adaptable to conditions, as indicittcd, in all parts of Canada. It includes most of the money-making varieties. Distances between rows and plants in rows would be greater 111 Hom- . ( , for commercial planting. They vary aI.so for varieties, for methods of culture and for the different provinces. Between apple and pear trees, fillers'mny be used. V ir.' t!' •; in each class arc arranged mostly in order of season for use. "New and Uncommon" includes some old varieties that might be better known. "Hardiest of the Clas*'* •uggcsLs vitrieties for culture in coldest districts where that particular class of fruit (apple, pear, etc.) will grow. Abbrkviations : G— General, or all, purposes. D— Dessert. C— Cooking. P— Preserving and Canning. (B)— Black or blue. (R)— Red. (W)~Wliite. 94 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral EMition mer alone, some 9,000 bean plants were grown from selections and crosses. From these about 450 disease-resistant plants were selected. They include bush, heavy yielding wax and green beans of a .stringless nature and high quality, and also high quality and disease-resistant white bnans of marrow-fat size. From a cross of the white field bean and the Scarlet Runner, a pea bean has been secured which for the last two years has shown no anthracnose. The celery breeding dates from 1914. Seed of some of the strains developed have been distributed for the past three years and reports from such well-known market gardeners as P. F. Reeves, Humber Bay, state that they are finer than any variety on the market at the present time. In lettuce, a strain of Grand Rapids let- tuce haa been developed that will force in nine weeks. In an effort to obtain a long- standing, large, solid-heading variety, tests started with 78 varieties have dwindled to six of the best, with Iceberg the best of the lot for hot weather.' Of this variety, the department now has two strains, one of which heads a week before the other. For test this year, there are some 85 progeny lots of one plant each which will be tested separately. In 1916, onion breeding work was started with Southport Yellow Globe, Yellow Dan- vers and Denia. Since then three genera- tions of inbred onions have been secured. The object has been to secure bulbs of uniform type and color, and with heavy yielding qualities. Exfceedingly promising results already have been "eecured. In five years' work, some exceptionally promising seedlings of rhubarb have been secured for outdoor use and for forcing. The writer saw three seedlings of marked superiority growing in a cellar at the college among a number of well-known commercial varieties. They were of exceptional high color and quality. Beet work has been under way since 1918. Seedlings of various varieties have been se- cured. An Early Egyptian beet has been developed of the best flat early type and almost entirely dark red. The cabbage work has been limited to breeding a superior strain for early forcing. Last year heads of cutting size were secured after the plants had been set out two months. Flowers and Ornamentals. The breeding work with flowers has been limited, due to lack of funds and facilities, but It has not been entirely neglected. Several lily crosses have been made and brought to maturity, also crosses of several varieties of Iris. For the past two years flowers have been secured in the first gen- eration of Iceland poppy crossed with Orien- tal poppy. During the past season, crosses were made in rose, peony, gladiolus and lily, and the seed will be sown this year. About 150 crosses of gladioli with montbretia also have been secured, a few of which flowered for the first time last year. This winter, cuttings of coleus, silver- leaved geranium, carnation and chrysanthe- mum were treated with varying strengths of chemicals before being placed in the sand for rooting. Best results were secured when the cuttings were soaked in a one to 1,000 normal solution of potassium perman- ganate for five hours. A remarkably vigor- ous root action was caused and the number of cuttings ordinarily lost by "damping off" was cut down to nil. With hardwood cuttings the same effects were noticed. Cuttings of each of root and scion of hardwood shrubs and trees were used for this work to compare the strength of growth made and the ability of the plants to reproduce by the two methods. It was found that many of the shrubs made more vigorous growth from root cuttings than from scion cuttings and that in some cases root cuttings would succeed where scion cuttings would not. Of special Interest la the apple which apparently propagates quite freely from root cuttings while scion cut- tings refused to root at all. — A. B. C. NIAGARA PENINSULA Grimsby Storage Plant AFTER several seasons of successful demonstration, the Dominion Depart- ment of Agriculture has handed over to corporate ownership its Grimsby, Ont., plant for the pre-cooling and storage of tender fruits. This warehouse, which since 1914 has been operated under the direction of the Dairy and Cold Storage Commis- sioner, J. A. Ruddick, as an experimental plant, has now been taken over by the Growers' Cold Storage and Ice Company, Limited. It was from this point that the suitability of properly filled brine-tank cars for the long carriage of tender fruits was first demonstrated In Canada. This fact, com- bined with the other facilities offered at this warehouse, enabled growers to successfully ship tender fruits to Winnipeg and other western points. Many thousands of dollars were saved to growers, by enabling them to gather carload lots to hold fruit over week- ends and temporary market gluts. Loss to canning factories and to growers was like- wise obviated in a similar way. The necessity tor cold storage facilities in the successful handling of tender fruits has so impressed itself upon the growers that a strong local organization has been formed to operate the plant. Under the new arrangement^the capacity of the warehouse will be quadrupled, and improved refpgera- tlon will be installed, as well as mecnanical facilities for the manufacture of ice. N.P.G., Ltd., to Expand FOLLOWING Its policy of expansion, the Niagara Peninsula Growers, Limited, Is making provision for the handling of a large portion of the apple crop of Western Ontario. After the meetings addressed by A. Sapiro, the co-operative marketing expert from California, a few weeks ago, the com- pany was approached by a deputation of apple growers, who are outside of the area now covered by the N. P. G., Ltd., requesting ,that they be permitted to share the advan- tages of co-operative marketing enjoyed by members of the association. The matter. President T. J. Mahony stated, has been con- sidered by the company, and It is probable that apple units will be formed in the west- ern and southern sections of Wentworth, and in apple-growing districts adjoining the area embraced by the company. Apple growers have for many years been at a disadvantage owing to poor grading and packing — and in many cases from neg- lected orchards producing poor fruit — in the local markets. Fruit from British Columbia has in many Instances taken precedence over home-grown apples. The British market has, on account of the care taken in marketing and packing British Columbia and maritime province apples, almost become a closed door to the Ontario apple. It is claimed that the apples produced in Ontario can be of a better quality than those grown in any other part of the world, and a strong effort will be made to recapture the local, British, American and foreign markets for the Ontario apple. Better shipping facilities are assured t fruit growers of the Niagara peninsula tli: season. Recently representatives of the shipping compabies operating in the district visited the several shipping points in com- pany with President Mahony, Sales Manager Carpenter, and other members of the execu- tive, and results that will mean much to the growers will undoubtedly obtain tlftrefrom. Arrangements are being made for adoption, by the railway companies, of the use of the sidings at St. Catharines, Vineland and other shipping points. Shipping platforms wiU be built at other points, and arrangements for utilizing to the extreme limit the pre-cooling plants and refrigerator cars are being rapid- ly completed. Pear Blight Prevalent E. F. Palmer, Vineland Station, Ont. PEAR blight is very prevalent this year and, unless drastic steps are taken, it is likely that there will be further severe losses in remaining healthy and diseased trees. Pear bright is caused by microscopic bac- teria spread by insects from diseased wood, to healthy shoots and blossoms, where it grows and develo'ps beneayi the bark. For this reason, spraying as a control is worth- less. The only remedy is to cut out the infected parts. During the winter and spring at pruning all infected parts should be removed. The symptoms o£ this disease are: On the trunk or branches, a blackish color of the bark; on twigs, discoloration and shrivelling; also probably some leaves will still be at- tached. To make sure that the blackened areas on the trunk are really caused by blight, take a knife and cut down the bark. If there is a reddish or brown appearance beneath the surface, the trouble is blight. ■Unless these infected parts are removed, the disease will spread very rapidly, and in two or three years at the most the tree will be dead or useless. In the meantime, if left, this tree is serving as a source of infection to all healthy pear and apple trees in the vicinity. The bacteria winter over at the lower margin of the infection and, while the trees are dormant, cuts can be safely made two inches below the diseased part with- out the necessity of disinfecting the tools. If the trunk has become infected, the whole tree should be removed. Once growth be- gins, cuts must be made six to eight inches below any" outward signs of Injury. At this time the pruning tools must be disin- fected thoroughly after each cut with cor- rosive sublimate, 1-1,000. (See Bui. 257, Ontario Dept. of Agr.) In the spring, insects and ants particu- larly feed on the exudate caused by the bacteria and then carry it to the flowers and from there the disease is spread by honey-seeking insects. Ten thousand bac- teria could find room on a pin head, and each is capable of increasing to a million or more in 24 hours. Shortly after infec- tion takes place, the blossom spurs will wilt and droop. Go through the orchard again after blossoming and break off with the hands all such drooped parts before the disease can penetrate to the main branches. Control, therefore, Is only by prevention. - Cut out all infected areas during the dor- mant period. Again after blossoming break off all drooped spurs and remove any later infections. Disinfect the tools with cor- rosive sublimate 1-1000 after each cut. Burn all infected branches and cultivate just sufficiently to keep the tree in moderate vigor. wf- April, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 96 Pruning Young Fruit Trees E. F. Palmer, Vineland Station, Ont. THE practice usually advocated in On- tario for young trees, (whether apple, pear, peach or other fruit) until they "come into bearing, has been to give regular, fairly heavy annual dormant prunings on the theory that such pruning induces vigor- ous growth and makes for a larger, stronger tree. Experimental work in England, in the United States and at the Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station, Ont., has shown conclusively, however, that the less pruning the young non-bearing tree is given, the larger, stronger tree it makes and the sooner it comes into bearing. Growth is only apparently induced by pruning. The long, thick, sappy growth in the young tree resulting from heavy prun- ing does not total as much, however, as the normal growth and extension of large and small branches in the unpruned tree. Careful measurements demonstrate this. The reason for the unpruned or lightly pruned tree being larger than the tree re- ceiving more severe treatment Is in reality very simple and logical. The soil may con- tain an abundance of plant food, but this "raw" food must first go to the leaves and 'be there turned into "manufactured" food ■before the tree can make use of it for fur- ther growth and fruitfulneess. Pruning, by removing part of the possible leaf area of the tree, reduces by just that much the ability of the tree to manufacture plant food, and hence inhibits growth. With reference to pruning delaying fruiting, it has lately been shown that be- fore there can be fruitfulness there must be a partial storing up of mantifactured food in the branches, twigs and fruit spurs. This storing up of surplus food naturally takes place first in the unpruned tree with its greater leaf surface and the unpruned tree is therefore the first to come into bearing. Pruning Recommendation. — Head back the young tree at planting time, as is the present practice, to counterbalance the root pruning incident to transplanting. Limit subsequent pruning of the non-bear- ing tree to the removal of undesirable branches and even then thin out too little rather than too much. Hea4 back a branch only when necessary to shape the tree and then head back preferably to a side branch. Prune lightly, recognizing that light prun- ing for the peach would be moderate pruning for the apple. As the tree reaches maturity and bears heavily, heavier prun- ing will have to be given to maintain a proper supply of new growth. We would appreciate growers writing for further in- formation. The snow and wind storm of March 30 and 31 did much damage to old orchards in Southwestern Ontario, many trees being badly broken, especially in Brant, Middle- sex and Norfolk. Even young orchards suffered in Norfolk. Very little damage was done in the Niagara District. The directors of the Niagara Peninsula Growers, Ltd., last month appointed C. W. Baxter as general manager and J. R. Hast- ings as secretary-treasurer of the organiza- tion. Mr. Baxter is now Fruit Commis- sioner at Ottawa, and Mr. Hastings, Chief Fruit Inspector for Western Ontario. Mr. Baxter's appointment to the position of general manager of the N. P. G., Ltd., fol- lowed the resignation of T. J. Mahony from the post. Mr. Mahony was elected presi- dent in February. Universal Bushel Baskt:t and Cover Absolutely the best basket and cover on the market. Write Us for Prices in carload lots, delivered, your station, or smaller quantities shipped from oitr warehouse. QUICK & HOLGATE BowmanvUle - - Ontario CANADIAN DISTRIBUTORS VAN GINHOVEN & CO. 116 Broad St., Room 40, New York, N. Y. Tour address for Holland-grown Hya- cinths. Tulips, Crocus, Gladioli, Iris, I"aeonles and all miscellaneous bulbs and roots. Please write for illustrated cata- logue. PAEONIES and IRISES We have growing in our garden over 800 varieties of Irises, and 900 varieties of Paeonies. We are offer- ing the good standard varieties and the newer introductions. Our price lists mailed on request. BONNEWITZ PAEONY & IRIS GARDENS VAN WERT Box 55 Ohio, U.S.A. Be Sure of Your Market A good crop of fruit or vegetables will profit you little unless you have a ready market where you can secure good prices. Right at the first of the season is the time to consider this and make your arrangements. Let Us Sell for You We have an old-established organization and an experienced staff, situated in one of the best markets in Canada. Ship us your Asparagus, Spinach, and Lettuce. We will give you careful service and prompt pa)Tnent. WHITE & CO., Limited Front and Church Streets Toronto, Ont. ' Wholesale Fruit Importers and Commission Merchants. 96 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral EJdition GLADIOLI We aro offerlnR an excellent coIJectlon of the flneat Aanerlcan and Holland grown Gladioli bulbs at reduced prices. DesorlptlTe price list gladly furnished on request. G. WOODALL BOX 395, ELMIRA, ONT. GLADIOLI A card will bring my price list. ROBT. F. CAIVIERON, 210 Ontario St., St. Catharines, Ont. THE BEST GLADIOLI R. M. Champe, Gladiolus authority, writes: White Giant, the largest white, Red Km- peror, fine color, immense size, Majestic, beautiful new shade, flora good; Mr. Mark, best blue. Marechal Foch, the finest gladioli. I. would add. Rose Pearl, fine pink. Twenty- eight bulbs, four each variety, Jl.OO post- paid. %-inch size. H. P. VAN WAGNER, R. R. No. 5, -:- Hamilton, Ontario. fi&R Hardy Roses On their own rootd. tSure to bloom. Truotonamp. LfiDca 1 On their own rootd. tSure to bloom. Truotonamp. "^ " Rainbow Collection 5 Hardy Roses. Different Colors Colambla — Rich pink Cmsader — Vi>lvoty crimson Gladys Holland — Buff andorange Madam Batt«rfl7 — Pink, aprioot and sold Alexander HUl Gray — Ivory- c ream -tlufi b cd Mailed postpaid $' to any addreee. Ciuaran- tecd to reach you in good growing condition All G & R roses are rrown lo Ivee auantitlea. which enables us to a«ll lem at moderate prices. Over four milll«i roses sold by ua last year. ,1 SPECIAL. OFFERS 6 Hardy Chrrianthemiuns — embracing all cotorB {'"'^9 6 OladloU — Cream of newer sorts, aelectod colora jJ-SS 6 Liberty Irla — Choice colore — assorted - »1.00 S DecoratlTB Perni — New sorts, Uoosevelt, Teddy Junior and Oauich Plume ■**■*'" 4 Dablias. A veiy select list wbich mcludea the most desirable colora: Spmnofield— Salmon Pink, Cactus. Kino OP Autumn — Buff. Decorative. Mina Bdbolb — Richest Red, Decorative. Flobadoka — Oxblood Crimson. Cactus f 1 00 Special Offer — The 6 collections mailed postpaid for $0.00 Complete catalog mailod on application. The Good A Reese Co. iMtgeat Ro*« Growtra in tiu World Box 207 Springfield, Ohio GLADIOLI 12 Le Marechal Foch Free with each'SIO.OO order, 6 with $5.00, 3 with $2.50 Per doz LE MARECHAL FOCH..plnk $2.00 America pink 50 Baron Hulot blue 75 Halley salmon .50 Loveliness cream 75 Mrs. Francis King .pink 50 Niagara yellow 75 Peace white 75 Pink Perfection pink 1.00 Prince of Wales salmon 75 Red Emperor red 1 .25 Llebesfever sCEiiet 1-00 Maiden's Bush pink 1 .50 Panama pink , 75 Elactra orange red 1 . 00 Orange Brilliant orange 1.00 Prosperpino cherry 75 Boem rose 75 Schwaben. yellow 75 War red 1 . 00 White Giant white 1,25 Above ofTer only applies to Gladioli, 6 bulbs at doz. rate. Divide doz. rate by 10 for price of 1 bulb. Bulbs from IJ-lnches up. Each Item 10 Begonias, Tuberous $1.00 8 Hardy Phlox 1 00 6 Dahlias, named 1.00 40 Gladioli, mixed 1 00 30 Gladioli. 6 varieties, named 1.00 4 Paeonles, named 1 . 00 3 Dahlias, King of the Autumn, December, Burnt Amber, and Old Rose, new mixed collection, above 1 .00 6 packets VIck's Rochester Asters — Bhell pink, white, rose, lavender pink, lavender and purple 1 . 00 6 packet* VIck's Lata Branching Aster, white, lavender, lavender pink. i)each blossom, rose and purple .50 Burpee Box of Sweet Peas, 16 packets and leaflet 1.10 Everything prepaid. MORNINGTON GLADIOLUS GARDENS R.R. No. 1 Stratford. Ont. MARITIME PROVINCES Varieties for N.B. AT a meeting of the executive commit- tee of the New Brunswick Fruit Growers' Association, held last De- cember, it was considered advisable to urge the necessity of limiting the plantings o£ apples to not .more than five or six com- mercial varieties, namely, those that have proved to be o£ the best general value. For the St. John River Valley the execu- tive recommends the following: Duchess or Dudley (either one for an early fall apple), Wealthy, Alexander, Fameuse, Mcintosh and Bethel. Plant more Mcintosh than the other varieties. For the extreme lower end of the St. John Valley, that is, in the Long Reach section and in the Kennebecasis, it was felt that perhaps one or two other varieties might be used in preference to Fameuse and Mcintosh. It must be pointed out that this list is of course for commercial or shipping varie- ties and does not include varieties that are doing well in the St. John Valley and which, although all right for local markets, are not really suitable for outside markets; for example, such varieties as Yellow Traftsparent, Crimson Beauty, Red Astra- chan, and Bishop Pippin, but the plantings ot these should be very limited. It was the unanimous opinion of the executive that as far as the St. John Valley was concerned the planting of such varie- ties as Baxter, Wolf River, Stark, Milwau- kee, Ribston Pippin, Bishop Pippin, Grav- enstein, Canada Baldwin and Ben Davis, should be strongly discouraged, with the exception that possibly the Bishop Pippin might be used to advantage in the Long Reach district. For the section around Moncton and Shediac, including the Petitcodiac Valley, Welling Bros., Shediac Cape, offer the fol- lowing suggestions: "We think it advisable to encourage the limiting of varieties of apples especially for commercial trade. As far as our selection goes for this district for commercial purposes, we would choose the same varieties which the executive recommends for the St. John Valley. All grow well here with the exception of Fam- euse and Mcintosh, which usually scab freely, but probably this can be overcome by spraying." Possibilities of Bethel. At the convention of the N.B.F.G.A., In February, Secretary Turney said: "What is needed to complete a list of first-class commercial varieties for New Bruns^Yick is a real winter apple — a red variety of good quality, attractive appearance and a good shipper; the fruit to keep in good condition until the end of March, and the tree to be a vigorous grower, thoroughly hardy and an annual bearer. "The only variety that we have at the present time that comes close to these re- quirements. Is the Bethel. Its record so far shows that it is very hardy and the tree is vigorous, well-shaped, strong-limbed, in fact, as sturdy as an oak, and grows to a large size. The fruit is well colored, very attractive in appearance, of more than or- dinary size, of good uniform shape, and ships well. The two points of doubt that have been raised concerning this variety are its quality and bearing record. That standard work, "The Apples of New York," has this to say of the Bethel. " 'This shows its kinship to the Blue Pearmain in the quality, texture, form, con- GLADIOLI Wo still have stock of choice standard and rare varieties, also mixture. Write for list. MRS. GEO. A. BONISTEEL, •73 Highland Ave., - Belleville, Ont. "THE GLADIOLUS FOR PROFIT" Teaches the gladlolud growing bualncsa from A.-Z. Dla- closes the aecreta of how;to get the BIG PROFITS from a small garden or backyard Second edition. 20 ChAptcn, 18.000 words, illustrations from actual photographs, MerlU and Demerits of over 1 65 new gladiolus varieties dlacuased. Chapter on dahlias for cut flowers, alcne worth 1100.00. Hundredsof endorsements $1 00 pa* copy, postpaid. Satis- faction or your money back. R, M. CHAMPE, Gladiolus Specialist, Box 62, Walled Lake. Mich. EXPENSIVE PEONIES Divisions ray Specialty W. A. SISSON, - Rosendale, Wis. JOHNSTON'S New Victory Aster Pink and white, very full centres, and biff fluffy blooms, very choice. Pkt. $1.00, 100 Seeds. R. JOHNSTON, 23 Grafton Ave., - TORONTO, ONT. OKA Gladioli Father Leopold still has a surplus of mixed varieties and seedlings ; named varieties all sold. Try the OKA MIX- TURE; it is not the ordinary one. $3.00 per C, J25.00 per M, postpaid in Ontario and Quebec. Cash with order. LA TRAPPE, QUE. HARDY PLANTS PERENNIALS, PAEONIES. IRIS, DAHLIAS Geraniums, Fuchsias, Carinas, Helio- trope, Salvia and Begonias from 4 inch pots Everything in the line of bedding plants. Shrubs, Evergreens, Roses and Azalea Mollis. Write for Catalogue. Our Paeonies and Iris will be inspected this season, and be true to name. Douglas Gardens Nurseries OAKVILLE - ONTARIO Afril, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 97 spicuous dots and color of its fruit. Some- times it has a rather dull appearance, but it may attain a bright and attractive, though dark red, color. The quality is fairly good. It will not bear rough handling, and is suit- able rather for local markets than for ship- ping long distances. The tree shows a rather weak development of roots in the nursery, but in the orchard becomes mod- erately vigorous and generally quite pro- ductive. It has proved very hardy in North- ern New York, and is recommended for planting for home use and local markets in that section and in the more elevated re- gions of the State, where varieties of the grade of hardiness of Baldwin are apt to show winter injury. In such localities some prefer to grow it on warm soil or sod, to favor the development of better color. It is locally profitable. It is healthy, long- lived and a reliable cropper, usually comes into bearing rather young and bears an- nually. There is apt to be considerable loss from dropping of the fruit. " 'Flesh — Yellowish, firm, coarse, crisp, moderately tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, fair to good. Season — November to mid-winter, or possibly March. Uses. — Baking, dessert and local market.' "W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, in his description of this variety, lists the tree as a strong grower. He gives the season of the fruit as mid to late winter, lUd describes the flesh as whitish with traces of pink, juicy, mildly subacid; core of medium size; quality good." Apple Experiments in N.S. INTERESTING and valuable experiments with English varieties of apples are be- ing made at the Dominion Experimental Station at Kentville, N.S. As a large pro- portion of the Nova Scotia crop crosses the sea, it is, of course, important that varieties should be grown that best suit the British consumer. As a matter of fact, some of the best apples cultivated in the Annapolis Valley are of British and European origin, -such as Blenheim, Ribston and Gravenstein, all well known in the British Isles. Out of the large collection of varieties at Kentville it is hoped a few others may prove to be well adapted to the Maritime , Provinces. Some samples shown at a meeting of the Araorican Pomological Society in Columbus, Ohio, attracted much favorable attention. An outstanding feature of tests at Kent- ville with orchard fertilizers is that nitrate ■of soda should be used with care, as other- wise there is danger of the trees growing too late in the season and being winter- aipped. Outlook in Nova Scotia IN discus.sing some of the factors that spppiod to assure continued prosperity for the fruit industry of Nova Scotia, President Manning Ells, of the N.S. F.G.A., whose addross at the recent convention was read by Secretary Prank Foster, thought that one of the greatest was the continued downward curve of production all •over America, and this in the face of greater consumption and increased demand. "The largest crop of apples ever pro- 'iuced in America was in 1896 — over 25 ■.pars ago," the address pointed out. "Dur- ing that 2.5 years, the crop in Nova Scotia h.is shown a good steady growth, although lor 10 years we have re.sted on our oars IS far as new planting is concerned. Since 1910, tho United States has shown a decline -■•* i'. S*,'*^./! ' ■-«JI5.V*« *>.'*'■„ O" *3 ._-j*'r44Jftb^j ■w-MI -«(t?=?^^ What is Overhead Irrigation? It is a simple but marvellously effective system of applying water, regu- larly and systematically, to vegetables or flowers, to ensure the best Results in the matter of quality and yield. How is it Operated? By an arrangement of straight rows of galvanized piping, drilled and tap- ped every three feet in our Factory, to absolutely accurate measurement and fitted with the C. W. Skinner patent nozzles, with other patented attachments that accompany every equipment. The water is pumped directly into the system from your water supply by gasoline or electric pump, or from town pressure. What does It do? It provides the best possible insurance against loss. If you insure your crop in an Insurance Company, you get the COST of your crop in the event of loss. By Overhead Irrigation you make sure of a good crop, and get your PROFIT over and above your cost. It eliminates all possible loss from drought. Write for Catalogue. CANADIAN IRRIGATION LIMITED 146 JARVIS STREET TORONTO - - . ONTARIO NIAGARA PRODUCTS POWER DUSTERS POWER SPRAYERS HAND DUSTERS HAND SPRAYERS THE ONES THAT GIVE RESULTS SOLUBLE SULPHUR LIME SULPHUR RAW SULPHUR DUSTING SULPHUR ARSENATE OF LEAD CALCIUM ARSENATE POWDERED BORDEAUX BLUE STONE NIAGARA Products are all Guaranteed— Highest Quality Only. NIAGARA Products are not experiments— They are the results of years of experience We were the pioneers in the business— NIAGARA always leads Our prices are right— Our Calendars and information are free Remembet^-Wherever Fruit Excels, NIAGARA Spray Is used. BLACK LEAF 40 SPRAY GUNS HOSE ACCESSORIES NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., LTD. Burlington, Ontario 100 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition " HANDY " GARDEN TOOL FORK -SPADE -HOE A High Grade Tool For Gardens Cemeteries Greenhouses Flower Boxes Rose Culture Fern Hunting Digging Bait Camping Picnics Keep One In Your Car. Gardeners find it easy to work with, as it practically turns work into play — the "HANDY" being the acme of labor and time saving. One tool only for potting, trans- planting, weeding and hoeing, with no need to look around tor the others and find them gone. Splendid- ly made of the best carbon steel, with ground blade and all metal fully protected from rust. Handle one-piece polished, hard- wood. Closed 17 inches long; open 10 inches long. If not at your Dealers, send us seventy-five cents in stamps and we will mail you one post paid by return mail. Money back if not satisfied. CANADIAN DISTRIBUTORS: Idea Novelty Goods Co., Reg. p. O, Box 3154, MONTREAL. the directors of the different' organizations to take cognizance of this fact and set at rest these disquieting storles.which do much harm and no good. Good healthy criticism is always in order but when criticism gets beyond the criticizing stage something must be done. And whatever action Is decided upon It should be taken with caution, roresight and good judgment. The fruit business in the Okanagan Is not the only branch of commer- cial life that is feeling the pinch. Many sub- stantial concerns which have been carry- ing on for years have failed while others are struggling on as best they can. We are passing through a period of readjustment and times like these demand that careful and considerate action guide the ships of commerce through narrow and tempestuous channels. — Vernon News. FARBRON GARDENS Choice and Extra Choice PEONIES Wrlto for Price List. Office, 182 Clemow Ave., Ottawa, Ont. ~ Shippers Name Officers BEFORE the B. C. Traffic and Credit As- sociation members adjourned their recent, meeting, E. Doberer, Salmon Arm, the president, was honored by fel- low members and was asked to accept a handsomely engraved silver tea service as a token of appreciation. W. H. Smith, Vernon, made the presentation and referred In the most laudatory terms to the high jplace in which Mr. Doberer was held by the shippers. Mr. Doberer thanked the donors in his usual happy style. Oflicers elected at the meeting for the en- suing year were: Pres., E. Doberer, manager Salmon Arm Farmers' Exchange; vice-pres., B. McDonald, B. C. Growers, Kelowna; executive, F. Landry, B. C. Berry Growers'; D. McNalr, Armstrong; C. L. Lowe, Vernon; E. C. Skinner, Vernon; L. Hayes, Kelowna; H. B. Armstrong, Keremeos; E. Norman, Nelson; Guy Constable, Creston. R. M. Winslow was re-appointed manager and sec- retary, with W. M. Scott as his assistant. The fruit industry of Canada as well as of the United States, sustained a heavy loss In the sudden death of G. Harold Powell, general manager of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, at Pasadena, Calif., on Feb. 18. To Mr. Powell, more than to any other one person, the fruit industry of America is indebted for ideals in the co- operative marketing of fruit Many of the readers of The Canadian Horticulturist learned with regret also of the death in January of Dr. John P. Stewart, who for 12 years was head of the depart- ment of iwmology of Pennsylvania State College, and more recently engaged largely in experimental work in farm fertilization. Dr. Stewart frequently addressed meetings in Canada and was always welcome. Big and Brilliant 1, run-. ■ ■.ni'i h>iriiliH. -i o,i \v:ll ^■( I i .-.■■ ■ blooms, wonrterfiiUy gor.'i-oiis colors and delicious Jlavor. Grcil tor l;twnfl. «^tlm-U-nlanT Is clean, eaay to IIS*;: no Bnit'll. atlin or din. '1 liere is "o po^'Htitiite, Prk. SIM INT IN I HS-M> !.«•■ Pulp>4 If your seed dealer baan t it. order from Earp-Thom8» Cultures Cwp., Lafayette Street New York Abrnnwtop- t isn t a SPRAMOTOR unless we- made it "GETS" Every Insect, Grub or Blilglht It sprays the insecticide to even the smallest cavity where insect -life that harms plant or tree can live. Farmers who own a Spramotor will tell you it has paid for itself many times in crops saved. Write for illus- trated catalogue and spraying guide. SPRAMOTOR CO. 14 King Street - London, Ont We Solicit Your Consignment Send for Shipping Stamp Fruit and Vegetables Solicited We Get Best Prices ODR tacUltleB enable ns to realize top prices at all times tor your fmtt, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto Market, we have established branch warehouses, with competent men in charge, at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt and Tlmmina. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your Interests. Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt and TImtnlns. Peters, Duncan Limited 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Bank of Nova Scotia, King and Victoria Branch, and CoRt- mercial Agencies. April, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 101 ! CROPS and MARKETS ! Standardizing Varieties To the Editor: The article entitled "Fruit Grading Problems," February issue, was very Interesting. It seems to me that there is but one way of solving the troublesome problem of standardization. But this will take several years. I believe that Prof. Crow gives a hint of its solution in the subtitle of the said article, "Market- ing Begins at Planting." The growers of Oregon and "Washington are solving this problem, if they have not already solved it, by planting only the var- ieties that eminently succeed in those reg- ions. But in all other regions where fruit Is commercially grown, the planting is haphazard; and too often traditional senti- ment predominates in the choice of varie- ties. I believe that the planting of a few varie- ties in a district where such varieties are successful will in time solve the problem. Charles W. Mann, who is an up-to-date or- -chardist of Massachusetts, and who is now president of the Massachusetts Fruit Grow- ers' Association, was recently asked: "If you ■were to plant an orchard to-day what varie- ties would you plant?" And he quickly answered: "Baldwins for main crop." This man has learned that, owing to climate or other conditions, he can grow Baldwins to perfection. He has also learned that It would be more than unwise to try to com- pete with those western states by attempt- ing to grow Delicious or Stayman Winesap. It has been sufficiently demonstrated that the seedlings of the old Canadian Fameuse are eminently successful in the northeastern regions. Let the growers of those regions grow the Mcintosh and others of its kind for the general market. But this will be a work of patient educa- tion. Mr. Macoun and other pomologists of Canada are doing a wonderful work. And when these men have gone the length and breadth of the fruit districts of the country, recommending and urging the planting of varieties that succeed in given districts for commercial purposes, an encouraging be- ginning will have always been made in a workable standardization. There will always be fruit growers who prefer to cater to a local trade, and such a trade may have peculiar local requirements. But we are now discussing the subject in a broaded sense. Prof. P. C. Sears, of Am- herst, Mass., is an advocate of standardiza- tion. Yet because their trade is a local one, he and his associates grow several varieties that ripen successively through a long period. This not only meets a peculiar lo- cal demand, but it also helps in the solution of the labor problem. I believe, however, that If these men had a market such as we are now discussing, they would soon plant the varieties that would best meet those requirements. — Louis Gr^ton, Whitman, Mass. Products Standardization *'/^NE of the most encouraging signs In \^ these days of depressed farm pro- duct values is the effort that is be- ing made to improve bur methods of mar- keting and distribution, and one of the first steps towards this end Is the establishment of grades or standards," said C. W. Baxter, Dominion Fruit Commlasionor, at the Do- minion Fruit Conference. If we would ex- tend and maintain our overseas trade In ROSES, FINEST HOLLAND IMPORTED Big two year plants. Assortment including Red, White, and Pink, selected from hundreds of varieties. Twelve, $3.60; twenty- four. $7.00; forty-eight, $12.00. f.o.b. Niagara Falls, Ont. Cash with order. Gladioli of the Best Cut Flower Top per 6 America, soft rose 30 B. J. Hulot, blue 40 Brenchleyensis, red 30 Gandavensis, super mixed 30 Glory of Holland, pure white . . .45 Halley, salmon orange, early.. .30 Gloire de Kennermerland rose.. .30 Loveliness, creamy .40 Niagara fine yellow 30 Pink Beauty, pink, very early. . .30 Swaben, very strong yellow ... .30 Prince of Wales, light salmon.. .30 L'Immaeulee, pure white 60 Panama, deep pink .40 Peace, white, rose spotted 40 Willy Wigman, white and pink. .40 White Giant 75 Pink Perfection 50 ' Wilbrinck, rose, early 30 War, deep scarlet 50 Holland Canadian Import Company 449 River Road - Niagara' Falls, Canada N.B. — Order at once from this advertisement and make sure of the best stock. Bwer Varieties in Existence Size 2nd Size Flowering Size per 12 per 6 per 12 per 6 per 12 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .75 .30 .55 .25 .45 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .80 .40 .75 .35 .65 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .76 .30 .55 .25 .45 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 1.10 .50 .90 .40 .75 .75 .30 .55 .25 .45 .75 .30 .55 .25 .45 .75 .30 .55 .25 .45 1.40 .60 1.10 .50 .90 .90 .40 .75 .35 .65 .55 .25 .45 .20 .35 .90 .40 .75 .35 .65 Strawberry Plants Senator Dunlap, $6.00 per thousand; Wil- liams, $7.00 per thousand, $1.00 per hundred. Good plants and well packed. T. W. DARLINGTON Southampton Ontario. SMALL FRUIT PLANTS GOOSEBERRIES— J<,iu];n, Dewmiu, CURRANTS, BUCK-BiMkii, ta. Rub;, RASPBERRIES-Herbot, Pbn F.mer, STRAWBERRY-RASPBERRY BLACKBERRrES,THtMBLEBERRIES GRAPE VINES, RHUBARB ROOTS ASPARAGUS ROOTS Send tor pric» lut. WM. FLEMING Owen Sound Ontario THE BEST THING ON WHEELS Imperial Mica Axle Grease prevents fric- tion, heat and wear. Its use makes wheels turn easier and axles last longer. It also takes a load of strain off horses and harness. It goes twice as far and lasts twice as long as ordinary grease. Sold everywhere in various sizes from one pound tins to barrels. --ON HARNESS Imperial Eureka Harness Oil keeps your har- ness soft, pliable, strong and serviceable. It doubles the life of harness and reduces repair bills. Prevents cracking and breaking of stitches. Penetrates to every pore of leather, making it waterproof and sweatproof. It gives a rich black, lasting finish. IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED Canadian Company Canadian Capital Canadian Workmen 102 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition fruit, or for that matter in any of our farm products, this is very evident, for it Is only by maintaining uniform excellence and re- liable standards In such products that we lM^jdt»^fe THE GLADIOLUS and is one of the most satisfactory flowers grown, because it blooms continuou sly when it is cut put in water, just as well as when in the ground. There is no reason why every family cannot enjoy this grand flower, for the simple reason that it is as easy to grow as the potato. You can have them in bloom from July to frost, if you plant a few bulbs each month from April to July. For only one dollar we will send 25 bulbs of our EXHIBITION mixture, which covers every conceivable shade in the Gladiolus kingdom. Last year we sold 50,000 of thq bulbs, and have received hundreds of testimonials as to their merits. ORDER YOUR BULBS NOW so as to have them to plant when you begin making your garden. Write to-day and secure this splendid collection of Gladiolus bulbs for only $1.00, prepaid to your home, anywhere in Canada, with our 1922 Spring Catalog. Also ask for list of named Gladioli covering over 75 varieties. DUPUY & FERGUSON 38 Jacques Cartier Sq,, Montreal can hope to obtain and retain such markets. It it were only local markets that we had to rely upon, differences of opinion between shippers and consignees, Mr. Baxter stated, could be easily adjusted; but If we would grow and occupy any place commercially among the nations of the world we must look farther afleld. To this end the stan- dardization of our products and proper in- spection service have proved, he stated, to be essential. Such regulations should be national rather than provincial, as is indi- cated by the experience of our neighbors to the south, who have different grading laws In different states, which sometimes conflict one with another. These laws are also liable to fresuent change, causing endless confusion. One difficulty we have to over- come is the wide expanse of our producing area, the difference in climatic conditions, and in the nature of our products. However, it has been demonstrated that minimum standards can be established which, while working no hardship on the producer, stimulate him to improve the quality of his product, from which should follow better and more assured returns. To Boost Grape Trade AT a conference held at Buffalo, on March 28, under the auspices of the New York State Farm Bureau, Fredera- tlon, R. J. Montgomery, manager of the Niagara District Grape Growers, Ltd., jvas chosen as chairman of a committee to in- vestigate the advisability of establishing a central selling agency and a co-operative advertising campaign for the Concord Grape Belt, including New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and Ontario. A realization that the establishment of a central association is the necessary founda- tion to the stimulation of grape consump- tion, through the medium of advertising campaigns and centralized selling agencies, resulted in the unanimous adoption of a resolution that a central association be created. A committee of seven was ap- pointed with power to act in perfecting plans for the formation of the organization. Because of the multiplicity of details it is expected that it will take a few months be- fore the organization is completed. The committee includes R. J. Montgomery, St. Catharines, chairman; PYank T. Cupp, Saint Joseph, Mich.; Fred Johnson, West- Why Not Use This J-C Service? field, N. Y.; E. C. Gillette, Penn Yan; P. O. Schlander, Sheridan; L. E. Pratter, Paw Paw, Mich., and W. Y. Velie, Marlboro. Duties of the committee are to perfect Dutch Bulbs for Canadian Gardeners Grower to Grower Tulips, Hyacinths, Narcissi, Crocus, Etc. The choicest bulbs gruaranteed at moder- ate prices. To accredited customers pay- ment not required until bulb.s are delivered. Catalogue ready In April. Booklet on Bulb Culture for Garden and Winter Bloom on request. Over 20 years In the Canadian trade. Each year adds to our customers among Horti- cultural Socletie.s, Park Commissions, Hos- pitals, Schools and individuals. Import or- 6ers onlV: accepted up to .September 1st. Orders for Fall delivery of Hoses accented VAN'T HOF AND BLOKKER Bulb Growers and Exporters. AKERSLOOT, HOLLAND. Write our Canadian Office, 430 Brunswick Ave., Toronto, Ont. KELLOGG'S Great Crops of STRAWBERRIES and How to Crow Them THE KELLOGG WAY The most practical book on straw b-r- ■•■ ■ ■ - f-.-er published. 68 pages of money-makin, nnd art—54 I ral color. V. Mi.T- \vlS s'jr.;rong Pole Pruners. BARTLETT MANUFACTURING CO. 415 East Lafayette Ave.. Detroit, Mich. IrSFMY CHESIUtSlll Without cost, you may have the advice of the J-C Spray Expert as to the best methods and materials to use in spraying. A graduate of Macdonald College and a Specialist in Econ- omic Entomology, he has had several years' experience in orcl\^rd and field work. Do not be puzzled or uncertain — send along your problem. If you do not recognize the insect or disease send sample. State your crop and acreage and the J-C Expert will tell you the most economical way to pcptect it. Lead Arsenate, J-C SPRAY CHEMICALS: Bordeaux Mixture, Biuestone, Crystals or Powdered, Cal - Arsenate, Copper Lime Arsenic Dusts, Dehydrated Copper Sulphate. J-C COW OIL brings relief to fly-tc^roented catde JOHN COWAN CHEMICAL COMPANY Bordo • Arsenate, Dalhousie and Common Streets UMITED MONTREAL April, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 103 CEDAR POSTS FOR SALE About 6,000 dry, iinpcoled Cedar Posts, assorted in different sizes to suit pur- chaser. Also some Anchor posts and lum- ber in pine and hemlock. Apply to R. J. McAFEE Cookstown :-: Ontario IMPORTED ROSE BUSHES, Boxwoods, Rhododendrons, Hardy Shrubs, Etc. Catalogue ready around middle of March. D. SPENCE, 82 Colborne Street, Toronto, Ont. NORWAY SPRUCE. For Hedges and Windbreaks. Healthy, well-rooted plants 3' — 3%', transplanted three times. Price P.O.B. Clarkson Stn., $25.00 per 100 — $225.00 per 1,000. An asset to any fruit farm or garden. 80 acres of ornamental shubs, evergreens, roses and perennials. THE SHERIDAN NURSERIES, Sheridan - - . Ontario. PERRY'S SEEDS Alpine and perennials, unique coUeo- tlon; many new varieties unobtainable from any other source. Hardy and adapted for Canadian ollmate. HARDY PLANT FARM, ENFIELD, ENGLAND ROSES The Best in Canada Large list of true to name Roses at attractive prices. , Write for catalogue. A. W. GRAHAM St . Thomas Ontario Perfect hearing is now beintr re- stored in every condition of deaf- J ness or defective hearing from ' causes such as Catarrhal Deaf- ness, Relaxed or Sunken Drums, Thickened Drums, Roaring and > Hissing Sounds, perforated. Wholly or Partially Destroyed ^ Drums.Discharge from Ears, etc _ V/ilson Common-Sense Ear Drums "Lillle Wireless Phones for the Ears" require no medicine but effectively replace what is lacking or defective in thenatural ear drums. They are simple Oeyices, which the wearer easily fits into the ears where they are invisible. Soft, safe and comfortable. „Wriite today for cur 168 page FREE book on DK AF- nt-SS, giving you full particulars and testimonials. WU^ON EAR DRUM CO.. Incorporated 773 Inter-Southern Bldg. LOUISVILLE. KXi We have a large stock of all sizes FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULI PANS ^_^^^ AZALEA POTS and Rimlaaa Pans Ord„ PllI^ Promp,!,. S..J f« Pri... THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. '"tB|STMAll£ FOSTEPS Standarp POT HAMILTON, ONT. plans as to the type of the proposed organi- zation; to maintain strong local organi- zations; to develop pi .-ins for an adequate system of market reports with relation to prices at marlvets and at shipping stations and to the distribution of cars; to make a study of the most desirable packages for grapes with a view toward standardization of grades and to Investigate the various methods of co-operative merchandising and advertising. "There are numerous problems in con- nection with the organization of the central association that must be worked out," de- clared Jay Caryell, secretary of the farm federation. "There is the question of whether it is better to organize in the United States or Canada, and, if the former, in what state. The formation of this organi- zation naturally precedes steps toward a centralized selling and advertising plan. It is a question of whether it would be pre- ferable to merchandise the product and con- duct an aivertising campaign tliiough one of the eyiiiing selling and advertising agencies or through the central association. There is no question, however, that tremen- dous progress has been made at the con- ferences toward development and extension of the grape industry." At the morning session, Charles E. Bassett of the North American Fruit Exchange and William Baggs of the American Fruit Grow- ers explained their selling plans. Bassett now sells grapes for some local associations in the United States and Baggs for Cana- dian growers. Their argument that mer- chandising through an agency would profit the growers because of the elimination of speculators and of overlapping of shipments convinced the growers that some selling agency is needed. George A. Cullen, vice-president of the North American Fruit Exchange, submitted samples of advertising to the growers which were viewed with much favor. He declared that co-operative advertising was essential to the broadening of the grape consumption. Growers agreed with him in this. Other plans for an advertising campaign were pre- sented by William Starck of the George Batten Company. Western Marketing War EARLY in February the North-western Fruit Exchange, with headquarters at Seattle, one of the largest distributors of commercial apples in the world, passed Into new hands with the resignation of the men who Helped form the. exchange 11 years ago. The change, which is said to place the fruit exchange in the hands of the American Fruit Growers, Inc., came as a surprise to the growers of Washington. The old directorate which resigned in- cluded: W. F. Gwin, president; ReginaKl H. Parsons, chairman of the board; D. K. White, treasurer; A. A. Prince, secretary; Worral Wilson, general counsel, and Jolin W. Langdon. On Feb, 20, these men incorporated at Olympia a new organization, the North Am- erican Fruit Exchange, with a capital of $100,000. It was stated that this selling body will be a rival of the one from which the organizers resigned. The North Ameri- can officers are: Reginald H. Parsons, chair- man of the board; W. F. Gwin, president; A. R. Rule, vice-president; I), H. White, sec- retary-treasurer; A. A. Prince, sales man- ager; J. Curtis Robinson, traffic manager. These officers, with Worrall Wilson, com- pose the directorate. New officers placed In control of the North-western Fruit Exchange, at the time the old officers went out, are these: J. A. I Meade, president; H. O. Fletrhpr, vicp-pre- "INTENSIVE STRAWBERRY CULTURE " A new book by an expert grower for more than 40 years. Highly com- mended by eminent authorities. Written for men and women, having but small holdings, but would never- theless grow strawberries by most approved methods. Write for free Prospectus, or send $1.00 for the book. LOUIS GRATON WHITMAN - - . . MASS. GLADIOLI 50 varieties. Cut rate prices. Mixed % from $15.00 per 1,000; 1 to 1^4, $20 00 per 1,000. List Free. O. S A N S B Y 7 Waverley Road, Toronto, Ontario. The Fruit & Produce Market The Commission firms undernoted wish consignments of fruit and general produce. They will be pleased to have you write them for Information, shipping stamps, etc., If you have fruit or vegetables for sale. H. J. ASH 44-46 Church St. - Toronto, Ont. CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES SOLICITED. Shipping Stamps furnished on request. MANSER, WEBB CO. 83 Colborne Street - Toronto Wholesale Fruit and Produca Mer- chants. Consignments SoUclted on CommUslon. STRONACH & SON 33 Church St., Toronto, Ont. All shipments of Fruit and other pro- duce consigned to us receive our per- sonal attention. Shipping- stamps furnished. Phone Main 3390. DAWSON-ELLIOTT CO. 32 West Market St., Toronto, Ont. Wholesale Fruit and Produce Consign- ments Solicited. PETERS, DUNCAN Limited 88 Front St. E., Toronto, Ont. Sea Advertisement on another page. 104 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Bdili Paint Without Oil Remarkable Discovery ThatXuts Down the Cost of Paint Seventy-five Per Cent. A Free Trial Package is Mailed to Everyone Who Writes A. L. Rice, a prominent manufacturer of Adams, N.T., discovered a process of making a new kind of paint without the use of oil. He named It Powderpalnt. It comes In the form of a dry powder and all that Is required Is cold water to make a paint weather proof. Are proof, sanitary and durable for outside or in- side painting'. It is the cement principle ap- plied to paint. It adheres to any surface, wood, stone or brick, spreads and looks like oil paint and costs about one-fourth as much. Write to A. L. Klce, Inc., Manufacturers, 37D North St.. Adams, N.T., and a free trial pack- age will be mailed to you, al.so color card and full informatio'n showing you how you can save a good many dollars. Write today. sident and sales manager; J. E. Mestor, secretary, and H. H. King, treasurer. Fletcher, Kefth L. Bullitt, a Seattle lawyer, and Walter B. Congdon are the other board members. A third development came Feb. 23, at Wenatchee, when members of the Skookum Association, which has always marketed en- tirely through the North-western Fruit Ex- change, voted to permit Its units to market where they please. This was accompanied by organization of a third marketing body, called the United Apple Growers. The ofll- RDIFNin" POTATO r_KiniVU SPRAYER DEVELOPMENT CATALOO FREE DEALERS WAIfTEO Write for Grower to Planter priced catalogue. CENTRAL NURSERIES FRUIT TREES AND PLANTS, SHADE TREES, EVERGREENS, ROSES, ETC. It is not what you pay but what you get, that makes you a satisfied customer. We have what you want, "The best that grows." A particularly fine lot of apple trees. A. G. HULL & SON, St. Catharines, Ont. Your Money Last Year Went to the Bugs The actual damage done to your fruit and potatoes by insects last year ate up in profits far more than the cost of a Spramotor. . .. ^ This year let some of your money go to buying the only effective combatant of the bugs that steal your profits. The Spramotor drives the chemical everywhere the bug can get — cracks and crevices provide no protection when it is used. Over 100 gold medals have been awarded the SPRAMOTOR Write for complete catalogue and spraying guide. wHHximotin^ It isnt a SPRAMOTOR un ess we made it SPRAMOTOR CO. 14 King Street - - London, Ont. Get this Valuable Book on Better Lawn Care The Ideal Junior Every one interested in the care of large, beautiful lawns should have a copy of this book which tellfl all about Ideal Power X^awn Mowers. It shows many photos of well-known homes, parks, golf club'i. cemeteries, colleges, etc., where the lawns are cared for the "Ideal Way." It tells about the Ideal Junior, a moderate-priced power mower for medium-sized lawns, the 30-lnch Ideal Power iL1ANUFACTURING CO. KANSAS CITY, MO. Most Practical, Economical and Reasonable in Price, In Fact — Best at Any Price. Government dusting reports show better control of orchard pests and at a considerable saving of time and money — two good reasons why you should buy Johnson Dusters — recommended for 20 years by growers. Send to-day for catalogue and full information. Woodworlh Bros. Berwick, N.S, Distributors for Maritime Provinces DUSTING NIAGARA HAND BLOWER This I Ulster strips to tlic slioiiltlcrs of the openitor ami is family wm kciI. Weighs 8 pounds. It will dust 3 or 4 acres, a day. It is the Ideal machine for Potatoes, Tomatoes. Onions, Melons, Strawberries, Cabbage. Flowers or Shrubs. No grower can afford to be without one. Give Dusting a trial this year with this little machine. The results will please you. MODEL F Orchard Duster — will dust 40 acres a day. MODEL F22P Potato Duster— will dust 30 acres a day. NIAGARA DUSTING MACHINES AND MATERIALS— control Insect pests and fun- fus diseases better than liquid spray. They will do It with less cost, less labor and in H the time. Write for our descriptive catalogues. Bulletins and Calendar. EVERYTHING FOR DUSTING AND SPRAYING— MACHINES, MATERIALS, ACCESSORIES, SUPPLIES. NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO. LTD. BURLINGTON, ONTARIO 106 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Bditi SARNIA POULTRY FENCE 'llie Canadian frtrmers and ourBelvefl haveheon friends for more than eiijht yeora. Our hliRincsn relatioDH have been very intimate and profltable both wavH— to the farmer and to us. We have diven full measure of Ber%Ic«— real fenre value. That means repeat orders. Once a Sarnia 'once cuBlomer. always a Sarnia fence customer. That ts eappcially true of Sarnia poultry fence. You get real fenre value, durable and Rtronu, with allextrft protitB eliminated, when you deal dirett with UB on our Factory to Farm one profit plan We Save You Moneij Bny no Poultry fence any part of which ip made of light wire. The life of the fence will only bo the life of the liRhtest wire. A chain iti no fctronKerthnn its weakest link. 'I'he Sarnia knot — in fact all parts of our fence are made of the name size wire. Wo guarantee the Sarnia fence to be made from Government Ruage. high grade wire that stands the acid test, and to be the moat perfectly woven Poultry fence on the market. Western Canada supplied from Winnipeg. Get our low price list and descriptive literature be- fMtc you t'uy PouUry Fence. Atldresi nesrest oflflce. THE SARNIA FENCE CO., Limited GET BETTER FRUIT AND TIP-TOP PRICES There is no market for knotty, gnarled fruit and wormy apples. Spray with the right ma- terial at the right time and give nature a chance to grow her finest. You will find just the spray- ing appliance you need in our famous line of OSPRAYMO High Power Sprayers An Ospraymo Sprayer means a high-power sprayer, and high power Is most Important. You ore sure to make your spraying Job effective. SENIOR LEADER Gasoline Engine Orchard Sprayer Above Is a popular style of power sprayer for general orchard spraying. Investigate our mounted traction Bed Jacket and Yellow Jacket Sprayers for beans, potatoes and vegetables. Also Barrelr Buckct, Knapsack and Hand Sprayers. Send today for our latest catalog. Don*t buy any sprayer until It comes. We have local dealers at many points, but wTlte direct for catalog to the address below. FIELD FORCE PUMP COMPANY DeptC. H.» Elmira, N. Y. 40 Years at Sprayer Building A Few Don'ts]/or Beginners DON'T forget to keep a record of your operations. If you want a good form, write Poultry Division, Central Ex- perimental Farm, Ottawa. Don't teed poultry at irregular times. Don't think that good chicks can be ob- tained from poor stock. Don't forget that grit is the hen's teeth. teeth. Don't forget that a broody hen sitting a few hours on fertile eggs spoils them for eating. Don't forget that eggs are porous and will absorb bad flavors it they are placed near them. Don't think spoiled feed can be ted lay- ing hens and still have good flavored eggs. Don't keep a male bird with hens not intended for breeding. Don't fail to keep the poultry house clean, dry and sanitary. Don't have filthy nest boxes; see that they are cleaned and have fresh litter occasionally. Don't let any of the stock get lousy. Keep them free from lice. Don't keep the loafers; they make better soup than anything else. Don't nail roosts to the wall, have them so they can be removed for cleaning. Don't fail to let plenty of sunlight Into the poultry house. Don't say your chicks died of white diarrhoea when it was your carelessness that killed them. Don't buy a cheap incubator and think it should hatch every egg. Don't blame the weather when you find that leaky brooders are full of dead chicks. Don't think you can make a success of poultry because you have failed at every- thing else. Don't give up hope, however, without a fair trial; it may be just where you be- long. The size of the flock which can be kept most efficiently will depend upon the space available and upon the amount of table scraps and other waste available for teed. V. is a mistake to overstock. Better re- sults will be obtained from a few hent in a small yard than from a large number. The back-yard flock rarely should consist of more than 20 or 25 hens, and often not more than 8 or 10. For 20 or 25 hens one should have a yard 25 by 30 feet in size. Success with Incubators Follow the manufacturer's directions in setting up and operating an incubator. See that the incubator runs steadily at the desired temperature before filling it with eggs. Do not add fresh eggs to a tray containing those which are undergo- ing incubation. Turn the eggs twice daily after the second and until the nineteenth day. Turn them before caring for the lamps. Cool them once daily, according to the weather, during this period. Attend to the machine carefully at reg- ular hours. Keep the lamp and wick clean. Test the eggs on the seventh and four- teenth days. Do not open the machine after the eighteenth day until the chickens are hatched. IfcihtmiiimimriMinmiimmiiiiiiJLmiiingiitnir FOR SALE and WANT ADS Advertisements in this department inserted at the rate of 5 cents per word. Each word, initial or group of figures counts as one word. Minimum 50 cents cash, strictly in advance. JBJBjMUimwmit! REAL ESTATE ALL KINDS OF FARMS— Fruit farms a speci- alty. Write, stating requirements. W. B. Calder, Grimsby. EMPLOYMENT FOREMAN GARDENER wishes sItuaUon. In Canada or B.C.; 12 years' experience in all branches; good dlscliarges from all past em- ployers. Full particulars from Murtough Dwyer, The Gardens, Tilburn Towers, Aln- wick, Northumberland. England. SEEDS. BULBS. PLANTS SEEDS — Vegetable, garden, flower, field, French grown. Import orders only. J. B. Shoemaker, 33 Fifth Ave., Ottawa, Ont. BULBS— Lily of the Valley and Gladioli of all descriptions. Write for prices. C. Keur & Sons, Hillegom, Holland. New York address — 5625 Mosholu Ave. The trade will be visited by us in due time as usual for 1922 spring and fall orders. Uly of the Vailey and Gladioli can be shipped Immediately direct from our warehouse and Canadian farms. STRAWBERRY PLANTS FOR SALE— Sena- tor Dunlap only, splendid roots, well packed, $6.00 per thousand. $3.50 per Ave hundred, $1.00 per hundred. Leavens Orchards, Bloom- fleld, Ontario. STRAWBERRY PLANTS— Williams, Sen.' Dun- lap, Glen Mary, and other varieties, $6.00 per M., tied in bundles of 25, packed In moss. Gordon Herries, Port Burwell, Ont. FINE HEALTHY PLUM FARMER AND . CUTHBERT RASPBERRY PLANTS, grown in Muskoka district, where healthy plants grow. Send for free descriptive cat-iiogue. Glen Maliory. Gravenhurst, Ontario. Berry Boxes Baskets Send us your inquiry. We will save you money. HYSLOP & SONS MANUFACTURERS GREENSVILLE, ONTARIO The Canadian Horticulturi^ Floral Eldition Vol. XLV. TORONTO, MAY, 1922 dbe No. 5 Beautifying the Home Surroundings' HE improvement or beautifica- tion of home , surroundings means not only planting a few flowering plants or a tree adjoining the house, but bringing about the heautification of the whole neighbor- liood. The Creator has given us a wonder- ful landscape rich in streams, trees, meadows ond flowers. The progress of industry often causes the removal of these, and we have instead crowded industrial centres Where such as flowers and trees have little chance. Mankind has always been associated with the beauty and wonder of the sky and the earth's surface. The human family cannot remain healthy in body and soul if the direct sun's rays, fresh air and restful scenery are excluded. Crowded conditions result in an inferior generation. We are in- debted to the Creator for these first gifts, and restoration of some kind is needed. This suggests that a working plan is necessary for any constructional or reconstructional scheme. There is a right location for homes, public build- ings, factories, parks and playgrounds. Furthermore, all must be planned with due consideration for traffic. Responsibility of Individual. The work of improvement rests with the individual as well as public bodies. One enthusiastic lover of the beautiful, after making his own imme- diate home surroundings worth while, •A paper presented at the recent convention of the Ontario Horticultural Association. A. H. Tomlinson, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. may create, largely through his ex- ample, community interest in improv- ing home grounds, streets and well- ordered open spaces. Nowadays much greater attention is being given to this movement, but there is a great need for further education and develop, ment. Ugliness and unhealthy condi- tions must give way to the beautiful and healthful. Follow a Definite System. One may consider the advisability and scope of home ground improve- ments to a degree; but with these schemes, whether small or large, some definite system should be followed. The aim should be to create a har- monious whole, even though there may be many units. From a landscape gardening point of view two great styles predominate, viz., the natural- istic or landscape style and the formal or architectural. These include many subordinate styles or systems. Where the buildings are of marked architec- tural importance, the formal style should be followed particularly at the main entrances. A naturalistic ar- rangement of trees and evergreens may form the background and proceed also from the immediate front lawn or terrace. The formal style should be of definite design, and may be com- plete or a part of a larger scheme. It may be adopted for a flat area where space is limited, or slopes. Variety may be introduced with statuary, ter- races, still water, enclosures and ac- centuations made with planting material. The naturalistic style is brought about with uneven surfaces, open lawns, group planting, vistas, running water and an absence of apparent boundaries. Extensive grounds may have various minor gardens, such as Italian, Dutch or sunken, a rosarium, a rock and wild flower garden, and yet the style of the whole be naturalistic. Whatever style predominates in any system there must be a definite theme characterizing the whole ; variety ought to be featured, yet dignity and expression must be paramount. Let's Plant Something. With all due regard 'to styles in landscape art, systems, plans and de- signs, let's plant something! Trees for beauty and shade; evergreens for shelter in winter and for a restful effect in summer; flowers for a con- tinuous blooming from spring until fall ; open spaces for grass and play- ground! Furthermore, the scheme should have a local expression. It should be Canadian in particular. Our expanse of country must be con- sidered. We should never crowd in planting. The beautiful should be the aim, but attention must be given to protection from the sun's rays in sum- mer and from the wind storms of winter. What to Plant. What to plant may concern us! Our native flora and sylva ought to be planted in the right places, and must not be forgotten! Many indigenous varieties are hard to beat. Amongst Display of Delphinium Jn Garden of Judge Reynolds, Brockvllle, Ont. The Delphinium (perennial larkspur) Is one of the most beautiful of all flowers, and exhibits splendidly the various shades of blue. It is Invalu- able for either cutting or outdoor display. 112 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral EJdition many, the following may be planted : Deciduous trees — White or swamp elm (Ulmus Americana), a most ma- jestic tree; tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), a handsome tree in flower and foliage, not hardy north; cucum- ber tree (Magnolia acuminata), like the foregoing, and has very attractive cucumber-like red fruit; black walnut (Juglans nigra), attractive foliage and form, with edible nuts. Conifers or Evergreens — White spruce (Picea Canadensis), has very attractive glaucous foliage and form; white pine (Pinus strobus), long, lived and picturesque; red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana) ; and common juniper communis) ; both splendid in groups or singly; of conical shape; white or swamp cedar (Thuja occidentalis ; fine for hedges or windbreaks, and stands trimming well. Ornamental flowering shrubs — Burning bush or strawberry tree (Euonymous atropurpurea). It has most interesting red and tango-colored fruit in fall; highbush cranberry (Viburnum opulus); splendid in fall when covered with purplish-green foliage and scarlet berries. Deciduous climbers — Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), wonderfully at- tractive in fall with red and yellow- winged fruits. Wild Flowers — The hepaticas, tril- liums, orchids (lady's slipper and moccasin flower) ; adder's tongue (Erythronium Americanum) ; marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) and Lobelia cardinalis; these and many more are worth planting, and are more beautiful than many exotic plants. Exotic or Foreign. Deciduous trees — Maiden-hair tree (Ginkgo biloba). Oriental and class- ical; copper beech (Fagus purpurea), the best colored foliage^ tree, but only hardy in warmer districts; cutleaf birch (Betula laciniata pendula) and cutleaf maple (Acer laciniata), the two best weeping trees; Schwedler's Red Norway maple (Acer Schwedleri), a splendid tree with compact head and red foliage in early summer, later purplish-green; Norway maple (Acer platanoides), a fine street tree. Conifers — Silver fir (Abies con- color), a most graceful conifer; blue spruce (Picea pungens), splendid for formal planting; dwarf mountain pine (Pinus mugho), excellent for founda- tion use; pyramid and globe cedar (Thuja pyramidalis and globulus), for formal and foundation planting. Shrubs — There are so many varie- ties which are deservedly popular, as spiraeas in variety, new types of lilacs (Syringa vulgaris variety) ; many honeysuckles, as Lonicera fragrantis- sima; weigelias, as Diervilla Eva Rathka; deutzia, as Deutzia Lemoine and crenata variety ; Japanese bar- berry (Berberis thunbergia), the best dwarf shrub for hedges or effect; also, varieties of Forsythia, cydonia, pru- nus, philadelphus, Chionanthus Vir- ginica, althaea, and others. Perennial climbers — The following are worthy: — Boston ivy (Ampelopsis veitchii) is the best self dinger. Cle- matis Jackmanii is first-class. Wis- taria sinensis, with its long racemes, is a great acquisition in warmer sec- tions like Niagara. Roses. — The best climbers and hy- brid teas are indispensable. Perennials. — Plant the best varieties of paeonies, iris, phlox, delphiniums and asters. Annuals. — These have a place whether it be for formal or informal planting. Roses for Best Bloom Ella C. Morton, Niagara Falls, On^. THERE is no secret about rose culture. The first requisite is rich, deep ground. The next is to keep the ground rich. If these points are observed, there will be less complaint about diseases. Sturdy, well-fed plants are seldom attacked by disease, and suffer less from the depre- dations df insect pests than their weaker neighbors. . The rose bush should be planted in a wide, deep hole, in soil that has been thoroughly worked over to a depth of at least two feet, and well enriched with rotted stable manure. If the soil is sandy, it is well to work in a little clay. A mulch of old manure should be applied each fall, and spaded into the soil each spring. Frequent appli- cations of manure water during the summer will help to keep the plants blooming continuously — if they are the right varieties. If stable manure is not easy to get, wood ashes and bone meal may be dug into the ground to good advantage. Keeping the plants well fertilized is the first point in the successful growing of roses. Prune First at Planting Time. The next thing to remember is the fact that rose bushes need severe prun- ing back. Vigorous cutting back each spring will result in strong shoots, which will produce fine crops of flow- ers. The first surgical operation should be performed when the plants go into the ground. Let us say that they should be cut back to the third bud, probably leaving them about nine inches above the ground. Sounds like drastic treatment, doesn't it? Ask your neighbor, who always has a wealth of roses, and see what he says about it. If you want to grow really fine blos- soms, you will continue to cut the bushes back in the same proportion every spring. That is an elementary rule in rose growing, and yet not one amateur in forty practices it. No one has a right to expect good flowers on straggly old plants that are expending all their energies on wood growth. It isn't wood you want, or leaves, but blossoms. 'Then, prune! , Roses are thirsty plants. They need a lot of water, but you will not need to carry it all. Cultivate the ground around the plants, instead. Ctltiva- tion forms a dust mulch, which keeps the water in the ground, where the roots can get it. If the surface of the ground is allowed to become baked hard in the sun, the soil moisture is lost by evaporation. Water must be given, and given freely ; but cultivation is just as necessary. When you give water, put it on by the gallon. You waste your time otherwise. Make a little barricade of earth, so that the water will not run off, but sink into the ground. As soon as the ground is dry, stir the surface with a hoe. Really, it is worth while to feed and water roses carefully. About Choosing Varieties. Even with this carefully given at- tention, there will be comparatively little satisfaction in growing roses un- less the kinds are chosen which have a long season of bloom. With the right sorts, however, roses tended in the fashion described above, will sure- ly provide a full season of the most exquisite delight. There is no reason why amateurs should not have blooms from spring until the icicles form. Of course, the man who has exten- sive gardens will set aside one section exclusively for roses, and will grow a hundred varieties, including those which give a brief, but unparalleled^ show in the spring. There are rose sensations — wonderful blossoms which lift the expert rosarian into the sev- enth heaven of ecstacy. They are not for the average man. Most of us want roses which will produce large, hand- some flowers all the season through. We may have but half a dozen plants, anyway, and we want every one tO' count. We want blossoms which we can cut by the dozens and carry into- the house. We want fragant blos- soms, in which we may bury our faces and find a blessing in their perfume. May, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST ii» Planting Dahlias J. K. Alexander, Bridgewater, Mass. rT-iHE time for planting dahlias varies ^^1 according to the locality ; whether ^B^ your spot is sheltered or open, ipHarly or lateness of the season, and the time when the general crop of flowers is desired. Dahlias can be planted any- time after danger of frost is over, and under ordinary conditions will blossom in from six to eight weeks after they have been planted. A good rale to fol- low is to plant at the same time you would plant your vegetables. I do not recommend planting too early, as 1 find dahlias give better results if one waits until the ground becomes warmed. Plant tubers in hills or drills, laying flat down, six inches deep. Do not stand the tuber on its end. I have found that if you do this the sprout near the top of the ground, all the new tubers which form will grow near the top of the ground. Then, when a dry spell comes the plant becomes stunted. If the tubers are planted flat down six inches deep, no matter how dry the season, they will receive sufficient mois- ture to keep them growing. By planting the tuber first, then covering an inch or so with soil and applying your fertilizer or manure, your plant receives the entire benefit of the dressing. The dressing is above the tuber and every rain carries the plant food down to the roots ; if below, each rain takes it further away from your plant? Either fertilizer or manure will burn the sprout, so it should be placed so that it will not come in contact with the sprout, when it comes through the soil. The preparation of the soil is im- portant. The ground should be thoroughly plowed or spaded eight to ten inches deep, well pulverized, and thoroughly worked over. This affords an opportunity for rapid expansion, and makes an easy path for the tiny rootlets. Fertilization is one of the most im- portant factors. For best results, I recommend that fertilizer be used at both time of planting, and during the flowering period. You can use dress- ing, either horse, cow, sheep, or hen, or any commercial fertilizer, such as you wquld use on your vegetable garden. Gladiolus Hybridizers Mrs. Q. A. Bonisteel, Belleville, Ont. THE gladiolus has been known as a garden flower in Europe for three centuries. Although many species seem to have been native to Europe, others were brought from Western Asia and Africa by various explorers and travellers. Many of these early species were treated as insignificant flowers and only tolerated, because they bloomed in midsummer when other blooms were scarce. During this time various scientists endeavored to improve this plant, but it was only within the last hundred years that marked progress has been made. A Belgian gardener in Ghent was one of the first to make a decided ad- vance, his hybrids being known as the gandevensis type. ' These were follow- ed by the Lemoine strain, a type with an attractive blotch on the throat, and the work of a Frenchman. A little later came a German hybridzer who improved on the work of the former men. This strain of gladiolus was sold to Childs of Rochester, N. Y., and was henceforth known as the Childsii gla- dioli They were noted for their tall, An Attractive Verandah a\ the Hom» ./ >t. A verandah box rung from post to post and contains Uerantums, Pelarponiums and Ferns. The surrounding foliage la from two trained cobea plants. vigorous growth. The flowers had a wide range of beautiful coloring. These gained much popularity in America and are still on the market. Just how far this Childsii strain has figured with hybridizers of today would be difficult to say, but no doubt they have given their characteristics' to many flowers. Luther Burbank experimented with gladioli for several years and produced a strain of great substance that with- stood the dry atmosphere of Califor- nia. Mathew Crawford also did ex- cellent work. About this time, H. H. Groff of Simcoe, Ont., began to elimin- ate weak points of existing types, and produced one known as Groff's hybrid, which is noted for daintiness, beauty and purity of color and which shows a long line of select breeding behind it. Many of our standard varieties were originated by Mr. Groff, but in several instances were introduced by a Mr. Cowee, an American grower. It is said that the gladiolus owes its popu- larity as a garden flower to the latter's work. Childs, Crawford, Cowee and Groff were the pioneers in raising the gladiolus to its present standard. A. E. Kunderd, Goshen, Indiana, has produced a new type with ruffled or fluted petals which are distinctly different from previous originations. Richard Deiner, of California has to his credit a strain which is of great substance and practically a giant in the gladiolus family. This hybridizer has gone in for mixed colorings and pecu- liar stripings, which make his work different from the others. America 'therefore does not depend on foreign novelties ; as hybridizers of this continent have produced the most beautiful varieties and those that are better suited to our soil and climate. It would seem that this plant has reached its highest point of perfection but we may be assured that it will take on many new characteristics in the next few years, as many people are giving it undivided attention. The Best Bearded Flag'Iris THE following is a list of the best sixty late May and June flowering l^oarded flag iris prepared by the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, arranged in thirteen color groups. 1. White predominating on standards and falls : — Florentina, Mrs. H. Darwin, White Knight, Bridesmaid, Innocenza. 2. White feathered or suffused with bluish-lavender and bluish-purple : — MafMie, Madame Chcreau, Mrs. G. Reuthe (Lord Seymour and Maid Marion are very similar), Fairy. 3. White, or white and purple stan- dards and purple falls: — Clio, Rhein Nixe, Victorine, Due de Nemours. 4. Yellow predominating on stan- 114 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Bdltlon dards and falls: — Mrs. Sherwin Wright,' Mrs. Neubronner, Flavescens. 5. Pale yellow standards and violet purple falls : — Princess Victoria Louise, Loreley, Darius, Gracchus. 6. Yellow standards and brownish or- maroon falls: — Iris King, Maori King, Mithras, Honourable. 7. Lavender blue and bluish-purple predominating on standards and falls: — ^AU pallida varieties. Albert Victor, Celeste, Juniata, Mary Gray, Tinaea Imogen, Dalmatica has a very fine flower but is a shy bloomer. 8. Bluish purple standards and bluish-purple or deep purple falls: — Oriflamme, Amas (Macrantha), Chester Hunt, Blue Jay, Alcazar. 9. Pale purple standards and purple falls: — ^Perfection, "Walneri, Salvatori. 10. Purple standards and purple or dark purple falls: — ^Kharput, Black Prince, Sappho (Othello is very similar) , Pare de Neuilly, Archeveque, Mon- signor. 11. Lilac and rose predominating on standards and falls: — Queen of May, Coquette, Her Majesty. 12. Violet and reddish-purple pre- dominating on standards and falls: — Caprice, Edouard Michel, Lohengrin, Mandraliscae, Madam Pacquitte. 13. Dusky or dull coppery standards and rich maroon falls: — Jacquesiana (Jacquiniana), Prosper Laugier, Arnols, Red Cloud, Nibelungen. •Best Twelve Varieties Florentina, Mrs. H. Darwin, Ma-Mie, Perfection, Princess Victoria Louise, Iris King, Albert Victor, Alcazar, Chester Hunt, Kharput, Caprice Jacquesiana. Best Twenty-four Varieties. Florentina, Mrs. H. Darwin, White Knight, Ma-Mie, Madame Chsreau, Mrs. O. Reuthe, Rhein Nixe, Mrs. Sherwin Wright, Princess Victoria Louise, Iris King, Albert Victor, Celeste, Pallida Dalmatica, Juniata, Alcazar, Amas (Macrantha), Chester Hunt, Perfection, Kharput, Parcede Neuilly, Black Prince, Caprice, Edouard Michel, Jac- quesiana. In planting, the roots of all trees should have a mellow bed of good soil, so that the roots will resume their function and form new rootlets in the shortest possible time. The roots should be spread out in a natural posi- tion, and the soil pressed firmly mto contact with every fibre, leaving no air spaces around any of them; this will encourage the new rootlets to start at the earliest possible moment. — C. F. Clark, Toronto, Ont. , Root and Salad Crops C. B^ Alden, Toronto WHERE garden space is limited, plant food and salad crops. No garden, large or small, is com- plete without them, but they are parti- cularly adapted to small backyard gar- dens. Among the root crops are rad- ishes, beets, carrots, parsnips, salisfy, or vegetable oyster, and turnips. Salad crops include lettuce, endive, cress, dandelion, cos lettuce, or romaine, Chinese cabbage, and others. They require little space, because they can be planted in rows from 12 to 18 inches apart, and cultivated with hand tools. Many gardeners make only one plant- ing of these crops, but the best plan is that several plantings of some of them be made a week or so apart in order to have a succession of those vegetables. Radishes are one of the finest and best vegetables that come from the garden in spring. They should be planted as early as possible, whether for market or home use. For the home supply small amounts should be planted, and at least tv/o or three plantings made with varieties that ma- ture at different times. The small tur- nip-rooted varieties will mature in 15 to 20 days. Varieties which are long and slender are best for later use, but the seed should be planted early. Ra- dishes should be used when they are small. Left in the ground too long they become pithy, especially in warm weather. Food Value in Beets. Beets are one of the most important crops for the home garden. Seed can be planted just as soon as the soil is in condition to work. When the plants crowd one another in the row, thin them out when they are young, and cook them as greens. Later, when they are about an inch in dia- meter, both leaf-stems and young beets can be cooked together. When the ■ beets are larger, the leaf-stems become tough and woody. As a rule, two plantings should be made, one ex- tremely early and another in about four weeks. On rich soil, garden beets will make an enormous yield. There is perhaps no other crop, unless it is carrots, that will give so much real food value to a given area. Carrots should be planted just a Httle later than beets, and as soon as ^e plants are up they should be thin- ned. A second thinning will leave the plants one and a half to two inches apart in the row^ and give a supply of small carrots, known as baby carrots, for use on the table. The tops of the carrots cannot be used as greens. Parsnips and salsify are more in the nature of winter crops; that is, they are grown during the summer and kept for winter use. A section of row 20 to 30 feet long generally will produce all the parsnips or salsify that the average family will want. They are planted and cultivated in the same manner as carrots, only in the case of the parsnips they should stand fully three inches apart in the row. Both parsnips and salsify may remain in the ground over winter, but it is better usually to dig the roots in the fall and store t^em in moist sand in a cool cellar. Lettuce of Various Kinds. While it is true that too much let- tuce often is planted at one time, not enough attention is given to keeping a continuous supply. Lettuce plants grown in hot-bed or cold-frame, or in a box in the house, can be planted in the open ground just as soon as the danger of the last frost is past. It may be necessary to cover the plants with paper or with straw during chilly weather, but lettuce is quite hardy, and if the plants are not too tender when set out they will stand consider- able cold. Another seeding should be made in the open ground just as soon as the soil can be worked. Romaine or Cos lettuce is better adapted for growing in the summer as also is Pe- tsia, or Chinese cabbage, and endive. Thousands of bushels of wild dande- lions are gathered from the pastures and meadows for greens every spring. Some gardeners cultivate them, and get the finest quality for salad by covering them with a light coating of fine straw which causes the hearts of the plants to develop into a cluster of bleached and tender leaves. Fresh Things all the Year. By making a study of the different kinds of salad crops offered in seed catalogues one can easily have a con- tinuous supply from the earliest springtime until the late autumn, and even into the winter. Water cress, for instance, is grown commercially in ponds or spring-fed streams in sections where the water naturally contains large amounts of lime. By starting water cress from seeds sown in a box in the house or by getting a bunch of cress in the market and using the stems for plants, it is easy to grow a bed of water cress without the aid of a stream or pond. To do this a very. level bed of rich soil surrounded by six-inch boards similar to a cold frame should be prepared, or the cress may May, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 115 be planted in one end of the cold-frame. The plants are set about four or five inches apart in each direction, and an abundance of water is given them. To give the cress its natural condition a little lime should be mixed with the soil while preparing it or a tablespoon- ful of lime should be put in each pail pf water used for sprinkling the cress bed. . The secret in producing tender cress for salad is to maintain the plant growth, and keep them cut back so they will not produce seed. Cress is especially recommended for use as a salad where it can be combined with some other salad such as lettuce, ro- mane, or Chinese cabbage. It has a peculiar, pungent flavor which, when eaten alone, is a little objectionable, but is is especially desirable when com- bined with something else. Chickory is one of the finest of the winter salads. The roots are grown during the summer, and then dug in the fall and placed in the cellar in boxes of most sand, the roots being placed rather close together in the box with the crowns or tops near the sur- face. A covering of straw is placed over the box, and the soil around the roots kept moderately watered. Fresh, oung leaves will be formed beneath he straw, and as they are grown in comparative darkness, these are white, crisp and tender. Before planting rose bushes budded or grafted on the briar or manetti stock, examine the plant carefully. If there are any buds or young growths to be seen below the junction of bud or graft, cut them off close to the stem. If left, they will be a source of annoy- ance, and eventually destroy the rose growth proper. O" QUESTION BOX W. E. Groves 1 Bulbs After Flowering. How shall one keep narcissis and hya- cinth bulbs after flowering, and will they bloom as well next season'' Are outdoor hyacinths treated in the same way?— B. T, P., Freeman, Ont. Both bulbs, after blooming, shoald be allowed to dry off gradually. When the foliage is completely dried, the bulbs may be shaken out, cleaned and stored in any cool, dry place until the following September or October. Not often are the blooms the second season as good as the first, thus it is wise to procure new bulbs for pot culture, using those previously grown in pots for garden planting. Bulbs already in the gfound may be treated in the same way, if they have to be removed to make room for summer plants. They may be left for two or three years be- fore removal. Outdoor Window Boxes. What is the proper way to make an out- side window box? — E.T.P., Freeman, Ont. So much depends on the kind of window that general rules do not al- ways apply. If there is a sill, the length and width would naturally de- termine the size of box. The front could be made to slope outwards, mak- ing the top of the box one or two inches wider than the bottom. The depth should be six to eight inches, this being also a good size for width. A couple of strips should be nailed on the bottom to keep the box up an inch or so from the window sill, and allow the water to drain away. Holes about three-quarters of an inch in diameter should be made at least every eight inches along the bottom for drainage purposes. It is presumed that the question applies to the making rather than the planting of a box. Transplanting Trees. How and when shall I transplant a num- ber of small walnut and butternut trees that have grown up beneath the parent trees? In what is the best location to put them till large enough to plant permanent- ly?— R. A. F., Walkerton, Ont. These could be transplanted at any time when the leaves are off. April, early May or October are good months. The transplants could be set quite close together, say, twelve inches apart, in rows in some spare-corner of the garden, and, after a year or two, may be given a little more room, or planted in permanent quarters. Pine Bark Aphis TREES infested with pine bark aphis may be cleaned by thor- ough and, if necessary, repeated spraying with kerosene emulsion, one part stock solution to seven parts of water or nicotine sulphate, 1 to 600 or even stronger. Repeated sprayings with a strong stream of water, when this is avail- able, will assist greatly in removing the cottony masses, and keeping down the infestation. After a thor- ough hosing the insecticide has a bet- ter opportunity of reaching the in- sects and efifecting more thorough control. The stock solution of kero- sene emulsion is made as follows: Kerosene (Coal Oil) — 2 gajlons. Rainwater — 1 gallon. Soap — y2 pound. Heat the water, cut the soap into fine shavings and add them to the water, stirring till all is dissolved, then pour this into the kerosene and churn the whole violently with a syringe or force pump for about five minutes or until a thick creamy emul- sion is produced. This makes the stock solution which as it cools thickens into a jelly-like mass. When required for use dilute with ten times its measure of warm water. The stock solution when perfectly made will keep for months if kept from the air. — Division of Botany, C. E. F., Ottawa. Onion seeds should be so^vn just as early as it is possible to get the land into condition, as onioTis need a long season of growth to bring them to ma- turity.— W. T. Macoun, Ottawa. The MouUns are low shruli.s hranohlnc near the Kioimd, and bear manv large nowcrs In shades of red runnlriB to white. A deep, heavy, clay loam, well drain- ed, is the ideal soil for cauliflowers. — T. M. Mulligan, Harbord, Ont. 116 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition TheCanadianHorticulturist Published by The Horticultural Publlihing Company, Limited. The Canadian Horticulturist Is published the flrflt of each month in two editions, as follows: FLORAL EDITION. Devoted to the Interests of amateur horti- culture— landscape gardening, floriculture, Irult and vegetable gardening — and to the work and progress of Horticultural Societies. Subscription Rates. — 60 cents a year; H.OO for two years. FRUIT EDITION. Devoted entirely to the interests of commer- cial fruit and vegetable growers — official organ of Ontario Fruit Growers' Association and of Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' Association. Subscription Rates. — Jl.OO a year; JZ.OO for three years. POSTAGE— FOREIGN AND TORONTO. For foreign subscriptions to either edition, add 50 cents a year extra for postage. For subscriptions to the United States and In the City of Toronto add 25 cents a year. Advertising rates, circulation statements and «ample copies free on request. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, Peterboro, Ontario. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES London OLD Father Time has brought the spring around to us again with its April showers and May flowers. What a grand place this old world is after all. Ana there is nothing like getting down to the garden and turning up a few fishworms for good exercise and an appetite thrown in for good measure. Now I want to talk about the L.H.S. Those letters stand for Liondon Horticultural Society, and hereafter, when your many readers see these letters, they'll know that they stand for the largest horti- cultural society in Canada. We even have St. Thomas, the suburb of Lpndon, beaten for the first time in history and we intend to keep on doing it. Congratulations, eh. Dr. Bennett? He's a pretty good head, and he'll be glad to hear this bit of news. The memberships are coming in fine — more new ones than old ones. By the time this Issue is out our spring premiums will have been distributed. These will be well worth looking after, six Peace and six Flora .gladioli. These are two excellent varieties, the first a Canadian production by H. H. Groff, Slmcoe, Ontario, and the second a good Holland production. The fall premium has not yet been de- cided upon, but will be shortly when the premium committee gets time to meet again. Members can still pay their 1922 dues and get this spring's premium at Morgan's or Dominion Seed Co. Do not forget the American Paeony Show to be held in our Armories next month. It's going to be the best ever. Just think of it, the American Paeony Society going to hold its show in London, Canada, in June. This is the first time it has ever been held in Canada, and the first time in a city of less than 500,000 people. '"Nuft said."— E. Wyatt, Sec'y. N.B. — The L.H.S. not only gives its mem- ibers spring and fall premiums, but this nice monthly magazine. Figure it out, and see if It's not worth while joining the L.H.S. — E. W. Hamilton The Hamilton Society has just issued its spring flower show prize list. This will be held in the armories on June 21-22. The usual Show will also be held in the autumn. At this two unusual competitions will be listed, one for "garden photographs" the other for a "leaf collection." In the first, three classes have been provided: 1, before and after views; 2, three garden views, (all different); 3, a single plant or group of one variety of flowers. For the leaf collection Dr. D. G. Storms. President, is giving three prizes of $15, $10 and $5. to the pupils of the public, private and separate schools of the city for the best mounted collection of leaves of our native and cultivated trees. Belleville The Belleville Horticultural Society was recently reorganized, elected officers and prepared plans for the coming year. It was found, however, that it did not quite conform to the Horticultural Act. Accordingly an- other meeting has been held since, at which the necessary changes were made. The society is planning this year under the leadership of President T. Blackburn, to make its work mainly» educational and the acquirement of funds. The membership is now over five hundred. Welland The Welland Horticultural Society, which has been practically dead for three years, was re-organlzed on April 13, with the en- thusiastic support of many prominent citizens and flower lovers. The plans which were put forward, have In view not only the beautification of the 'homes of the members, but of the town as a whole. B. Coleman was elected president. Fertility in Garden Soils Manure is scarce in and around cities. Commercial fertilizers must be depended upon primarily for adding fertility to garden soils. It pays to use the best grade of com- mercial fertilizer. When the home gardener buys fertilizers he pays for nitrogen, phos- phoric acid, and potash, and if he can se- cure the required amount of these elements in a small quantity of material, so much the better, as he will avoid the handling of a greater weight upon which freight and other ccsts have been paid. A fertilizer con- taining from 4 to 6 per cent, nitrogen, 8 to 10 per cent, of available phosphoric acid, and 3 or 4 per cent, potash, is generally sat- isfactory for use on home gardens. One pound to 30 feet of row is equivalent to 500 pounds to the acre. One pound to 15 feet of row is equivalent to an applica- tion of 1,000 pounds to the acre, and an ap- plication of 1 pound to 8 feet of row is prac- tically equivalent to 2,000 pounds of ferti- lizer to the acre. Care must also be taken, in the applica- tion of fertilizers, as there is constant danger of burning the roots of the plants, especially where the fertilizers are applied directly In a row. The best results are gen- erally secured where the fertilizers are ap- plied and raked in a few days bdfore sowing th^ seeds or setting the plants. In this way they become more or less mixed with the soil and there will be little danger of doing the plants an Injury. Test Held Over Seed Some time soon, bring out the left-over seeds and those saved from last year's gard- en, spread them on a table, examine them closely, and see how many are worth plant- ing in the garden this year. As a rule, it does not pay to plant old seeds, and unless those left over from last year are in flrhc- clasa condition, they had better be dis- carded. Even though they look all right, nothing but a germination test will d-^ter- mine their value. The test may be made in two or three ways, the easiest being by means of a small box of sand In the window or in a warm place in the house. From 50 to 100 seeds of each sample to be tested should be counted out and carefully planted in the moist sand. After the sprouts have appeared another count can be made to de- termine the percentage that have germi- nated. If Ie.ss than 65 or 70 per cent, have grown, the seed, by all means, should be discarded. It is unwise to attempt to grrow such vegetables as corn, squash, pumpkins, melons or similar plants in a small garden, they take up too much room. To grow asparagus successfully, the ground should be deeply spaded, and well- fertilized until the soil becomes rich and fine. The young plants should be placed four inches below the surface and 18 inches apart. The stalks should not be cut the first season 1 Date. o [ The London Horticultural Society E. WYATT, Secretary, 524 Princejs Ave. ^ X! [ Received from 1 M ' ONE DOLLAR DC n ' Annual Fee from Jan. Ut, 1922 to Dec. Slst, 1922 m X j Rec'd by UI S -o 1 Our membership for 1921 was almost 1.700. • CJ ►- 1 new member and send the attached slip to any z >. S 1 to 1 director, or to the Secretary. A membership a £ I i^ Cv ■D ticket tor the year 1922 will then be sent to the ■D • n 1 ♦; ■o O p-fe 1 new member. ■a o S < Q Z < tc w 1 4,000 MEMBERS IN 1922^ s < a Membership ticket used by the London Horticultural Society. These tickets are made up in books. The stub at the left hand side Is retained by the can- vasser, the second portion sent to the secretary with the fee, and the main portion left with the new member. May, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 117 European Currant Rust WHITE-PINE trees and currant or gooseberry bushes should not be per- mitted to grow near together. This is because the two form a rotation for the white-pine blister rust, a fungous disease im- ported from Europe aT)0ut 20 years ago. The disease is also called "European cur- rant rust." No case has ever been found where the blister rust organism com- pletes its life cycle on the white pine or the gooseberry or currant bush alone. In its first period, the disease ap- pears on the bark of the white pine. The dust spores are car- ried by the wind and if they fall upon a currant leaf the next two periods of de- velopment take place there, to the damage of the currant bush. They may reproduce the Bame kind of spores on the currant or gooseberry bush, but the disease will not be perpetuated unless other spores so bred find their way back to the pine tree. For this reason, as an Important control mea- sure, white-pine trees and currant or goose- berry bushes should be kept from 600 to 900 feet apart. On March 21, an Order-in-Council was passed at Ottawa dealing with this disease. The importation into Canada of the follow- ing is prohibited: "All species and varieties of currants and gooseberries (Ribes and Grossularia) but not including the fruits of these, from all foreign countries. Provided, however, that the Importation of said vege- tation shall be permitted without any re- striction into the province of Ontario from the state of New York." In view of the fact that white pine blister rust has now been discovered In the Pacific Coast area of the U. S., it has been found necessary In the interest of the public to close the Canadian bwder to all importa- tions of vegetation carrying this disease, eicept as above provided. Growers of cur- rants and gooseberries are advised by H. . Gussow, the Dominion Botanist, to pro- agate their own stock. White Pine Blister Rust. A young white pine stem on which the spore-filled blis- ters are showing. These appear during the last of April and throughout May. ! Nitro- Culture Distribution XPERlENCE seems to indicate that the application of nitro-cultures to the seed of leguminous plants results In considerably increased yields, besides aid- ing in restoring fertility to the soil. The legumes particularly concerned are: The clover group, Including red, crimson, white, zigzag or alsiko; the alfalfa group, com- prising alfalfa, medick, and sweet clovers, white or yellow; also the pea, vetch and bean. To enable farmers to treat their seeds, nitrocultures are prepared and distributed in bottles froe to farmers applying to the iyPlvlslon of Botany, Central Experimental arm, Ottawa. Each bottle contains on an average suSicient bacteria to Inoculate about a bushel (60 pounds) of seed of the particular kind specified by the farmer In his application. By aid of the contents of the bottle, mil- lions of bacteria are transferred to the seed, giving it more vitality and additional productiveness, and enabling the plant to store nitrogen taken from the air in the nodules which form on its roots. The super- intendents of several of the experimental stations where tests have been made tes- tify to the improvement that has taken place in the resulting crops. NIAGARA PENINSULA Bumper Crop Expected ENCOURAGING reports were heard from the different sections of the Niagara Peninsula late in April, when enquiries were made regarding the possibilities of the fruit crop this season. There was every Indication of a good crop. The frosts of April did not affect the fruit buds, and the slow development of the latter was working to the advantage of blossoming. When the season is not forced, crop pros- pects are much improved, stated T. J. Ma- hony, president of the Niagara Peninsula Growers, Ltd. If May is dry and warm, the "Niagara district may (be expected to produce one of the largest crops for years. The Niagara Peninsula Growers, Ltd., and the Niagara District Grape Growers, Ltd., were busy preparing for the season. A large percentage of the growers had con- tracted to sell through these two com- panies. Plans had been made for handling and distributing the fruit and garden crops of the Peninsula to the greatest possible advantage. i Cabbage Root Maggot W. A. Ross, VIneland Station, Ont WE would urge all gardeners to acquire the habit of treating their early cabbages and cauliflowers every year with corrosive sublimate, in order to prevent the ravages of the white maggots, which burrow into the roots and only too frequently destroy thousands of plants. The treatment outlined below is a simple one, and in the hands of commercial growers has proved to be almost 100 per cent, effective. The roots of the plants should be satur- ated with corrosive sublimate solution — 1 oz .to 10 gals. iVi to % cupful to every plant). The solution may be applied bj means of a watering can with a long spout, the end of which should be plugged to allow only a small stream to Issue; or by means of a wooden pail and ripper or cup; or, in the case oi, large fields, by means of a wooden barrel with two lines of thin rub- ber hose. It the plants are set out before European plums blossom, the first application should be postponed until the plums are almost In full bloom. If the plants are set out later, the first application should be made four days after planting. Two more applications should then be made at intervals of a week. Corrosive sublimate may be procured from any druggist. Some men who grow seedlings, make a practice of buying suffi- cient corrosive sublimate from wholesale druggists to supply the need of their cus- tomers. Corrosive sublimate is deadly poisonous to man and animals, and for this reason. great care should be exercised in using it. It should be dissolved and kept in glass or wooden containers, as it will corrode metal. In cases where only a few plants have to be treated, it would be advisable to buy the corrosive sublimate in tablet form, and use one tablet to every pint of water. Plant Breeding Problems E. F. Palmer, Vineland Station, Ont IN a previous circular letter, we asked for suggestions for new experimental work which we might undertake to advantage. Similarly, we would appreciate the views of fruit and vegetable growers as to plant breeding projects, which should be worked on. By plant breeding projects, we refer to the production of new and improved war- ieties of fruits, such as are indicated in the list below. Briefly, the improvements that we are now striving for, and on which the work is more or less advanced, are as follows: 1. A late-keeping red winter apple. 2. Blight-resistant varieties of pears. 3. Hardier varieties of yellow-fleshed apples. 4. Better quality early and late varieties of peaches of the Elberta type. 5. In grapes, earlier and better quality varieties, and particularly main season varieties of red Rogers type, but self- fertile and of good shipping quality. 6. Drought-resistant gooseberries; varie- ties which will hold their foliage throughout our hot dry summers. 7. General improvement in strawberries and raspberries, particularly in early and late varieties, and in varieties of improved shipping quality. 8. Earlier and smoother early tomatoes. 9. Early and large cob yellow sweet corn. 10. Free-setting varieties of tomatoes and cucumbers for greenhouse culture. In addition, a considerable amount of work of lesser importance is under way with other fruits and vegetables. "The above, however, constitute the main breed- ing projects. On some, little progress has been made as yet, and in fact little progress can be expected for many years, due to the time it takes for seedlings to reach bearing age. In other lines, progress has been more rapid, and definite results have been achieved, notably with strawberries, raspberries, peaches and greenhouse cu- cumbers. We would appreciate careful study of the projects nnder way, and advise as to other projects which should be undertaken. We ask for advice at this time so that new work can be started with the present blos- som season. N.D. Grape Growers, Ltd. <(| fERETOFORE the Niagara District l~~l Grape Growers, Ltd., has only taken from the growers contracts for each season, but this year we have changed our policy," said R. J. Montgomery, the manager, to The Canadian Horticulturist recently. "Beginning Jan. 1, we started making a new canvass of the whole terri- tory, getting the growers' signatures on a permanent contract, which goes on automa- tically from year to year with a cancella- tion clause giving the grower the privilege to cancel the contract In any year within a certain period. "Since Jan. 1, we have signed, up to May 1, 603 growers on the new permanent con- tract, controlling 3,417 Vi acres of grapes. 118 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition BUYS THIS $1.00 Garden Collection postpaid. ORDER IT TO-DAY We want you to know the value of KEITH'S SEEDS, therefore, we offer you this splendid collection of "Vege- table and Flower seeds at an excep- tionally low price. 1 pkt. Swiss Chard— Lucullius. 1 oz. Beet — Crosby's Egyptian. 1 pkt. Carrot — Chantenay. 1 iSkt. Cabbage — Copenhagen Market. 1 pkt. Cucumber — Keith's Perfection. 1 pkt. Lettuce — Big Boston. 1 oz. Onion — Yellow Globe Danvers. 1 pkt. Parsnip — Hollow Crown. 1 oz. Radish — Scarlet White Tip. 1 pkt. Parsley — Curled. 1 pkt. Sweet Peas — Choice Mixed Spen- cers. 1 pkt. Nasturtiums — Choice Mixed Dwarf 1 pkt. Tomato — Earliana 2 oz. pkt. Beans — Improved Golden Wax. 2 oz. pkt. Peas — American Wonder. 2 oz. pkt. Corn — Golden Bantam. GEORGE KEITH & SONS 124 King St. East, TORONTO ESTABLISHED ISSS. Paeonies and Gladioli We have the best varieties. Order now. H. P. VAN WAGNER R.R. No. 5 Hamilton, Ont. which is approximately 75% of the entire crop. We expect to have 95% of the entire acreage of the Niagara Peninsula under contract to this company by July 1, which will be approximately 800 growers control- ling 4,500 acres of grapes. "Up to the present time our standing and work is much ahead of any previous year. We are in a position to handle their entire crop to an advantage. We have 430 shareholders who have subscribed ap- proximately $43,000 of stock, 10% of which is paid up at the time the stock is subscrib- ed, the balance on call. "We work in conjunction with Co-opera- tive Grape Associations in Michigan, New York Pennsylvania and Ohio on a great many matters pertaining to the welfare of the grape growers, and have founi that we have here a much stronger co-operative grape company than anything we have yet seen in the United States, excepting Cali- fornia. "Another change in our policy this year Is that we are selling grapes in car-lots direct on Canadian markets this season, some- thing we have never done before. Last year our Canadian business was handled through the Niagara Peninsula Growers, Ltd., while this year they handle L.C.L. shipments and we also supply any straight carloads they require. Our arrangements with the United States are the same as last year. We oper- ate through the American Fruit Growers, Inc., Pittsburg." Have the first look at "Firstbrook" when buying Apple Boxes. Firstbrook Bros., Limited Manufacturers of Boxes and Shooks, TORONTO, ONT. BRITISH COLUMBIA j B.C. Prices in 1921 THE growers will hereafter have a per- manent committee working with the shippers in the discussions and ar- ranging of marketing policies. This was the outcome of a meeting of growers, held at Kelowna, April 11, to hear the report of their special committee on the 1921 market- 15 Per Centx Reduction ON APRIL PRICES DUPJXG MAY O.N GLADIOLI See advertisement in April Issue on page 96. Momington Gladiolus Gardens R. R. No. 1, STRATFORD, ONT. GLADIOLI Final offers I14 to Ihi in. bulbs, mixed vari- eties, $2.00 to $3.00 per 100; named varieties from $2.50 per 100; Prince of Wales, Schwa- ben, Niagara, Childsii, Hybrids, Halley. 25 for $1.00; Baron Hulot, Kunderdl Glory, Pan- ama, Peace, 20 for $1.00; War, Wine King, Mrs. Pendleton, 25 for $1.50. % stock >4 above prices. Postage extra. Lists free. SANSBY, 7 Waverley Road, Toronto, Ont. GLADIOLI We are offering an excellent collection of the finest American and Holland srown Gladioli bulbs at reduced prices. Descriptive price list gladly furnished on request. G. WOODALL BOX 395, ELMIRA, ONT. SAVE MONEY Hundreds of thousands of dollars are burned up every year as a result of DROUGHT Drought is the dread phantom that haunts every Market Gardener, every Strawberry Grower, every Florist, every Grower of all vegetables, flowers or small fruits. Why not escape from all worry regarding drought by installing our OVERHEAD IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT Such an equipment will give absolute assurance of bumper crops. It gives you RAIN whenever needed, and in a dry summer will save thousands of dollars. Lines supplied for small gardens as readily as for large areas. Portable lines, irrigating by one operation an area of fifty feet wide, made to order. We invite investigation. Write for Catalogue. CANADIAN IRRIGATION LIMITED 146JARVISST. - - - TORONTO, ONT. —BOXED APPLES- Bring Better Prices when packed in quality boxes IN addition to large orders, we are especially equipped to supply APPLE BOXES either made-up or in shooks, in small quantities to the individual grower. Let us quote you our attractive prices on your needs for this season. Barchard & Co. Limited 135 Duke St. - Toronto, Ont. May, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 119 ing policies. The B.C. Traffic and Credit Association extended the invitation to the growers to name a committee to confer with the shippers, which was accepted with considerable satisfaction. After hearing a number of speakers, chief of whom, was R. M. Winslow, mana- ger of the B.C. Traffic and Credit Associa- tion, and E. Doberer, president, the valley shippers were invited to tEe stage, and the meeting then developed into a debate be- tween the representatives of the Okanagan United Growers and the B.C. Growers.. It was evident from the tone of the meeting that the growers were not satisfied with last year's deal, and wanted to know "whq cut the prices." R. M. Winslow, of the B.C. Traffic and Credit Association, Vernon, an organiza- tion representative of nearly every fruit shipping concern in the province, was the spokesman for the shippers, and was on the stand for nearly three hours, during which time growers fired all manner of questions at him, which he handled like a politician on the stump. He reviewed the season's marketing diffi- culties and showed how the drop in the price of wheat last October and the decreas- ed value of farm produce generally had cut down the purchasing power of the prairie provinces by three hundred million dollars, resulting in a poor demand for B.C. fruit. There never had been such a small consumption of apples on the prairie prov- inces as in 1921, he declared. It was felt by most of the growers that the meeting had done a great deal in show- ing to their number the reason for the poor prices for the 1921 crop. While the meeting was rather stormy at times, much good resulted, for it cleared the air The Tomato Situation R. H. Helmer, Summerland, B. C. EVERY year a large acreage of tomatoes is grown in the Okanagan Valley and only a few realize enough from the crop to claim a plus wage income. A short review of the situation may throw some light on the case and prevent some people actual- ly making a cash loss on the year's work. A few years ago the hothouse tomato was not a very serious competitor with our earli- est crop, and during that period the demand and prices realized for our early tomatoe.s warranted the growers putting considerable expense on the crop to get It early. Wlien we say early we mean the last week in June. It was soon found that the tomato gave a good yield per acre if forced with commer- cial fertilizer and that, when the early market was off, the canneries which fal- lowed the tomato into the valley would take the main crop. This gave, for a time, a rea- sonably good return, but today some changes have taken place; the hothouse tomato is practically on the market during the whole late winter and early spring, coming from across the line and coast sections. This tomato has a very attractive appearance and at all times sells above the price paid for field tomatoes, with the result that what we consider early tomatoes are no novelty on the consumers' market and the price at once begins to decline. Usually the Earliana is selected to sup- APPLE BOXES, A "FIrslbrook" Box Is bought Wlicn thfi Very Best Is sought. Firstbrook Bros., Limited ManufacturiT.t of Boxes and Shooks, TORONTO, ONT. w ROSES, FINEST HOLLAND IMPORTED Big two year plants. Assortment including Red, White, and Pink, selected from hundreds of varieties. Twelve, $3.60; twenty-four, $7.00; forty-eight, $12.00, f.o.b. Niagara Falls, Ont. Cash with order. Holland Canadism Import Company 449 River Road - - Niagara Falls, Canada N.B. — Order at once from this advertisement and make sure of the best stock. D. SPENCE, TORONTO Now has for sale at 23 Bloor St. West, the largest assortment of Flowering Shrubs, Rose bushes. Evergreens, and Boxwoods ever imported into this country. Inspection invited. Catalogues on application. Phone North 7818 ALEXANDER'S DAHLIAS Unless you happen to be one ot those who value a Dahlia for its rarity and wlab to pay from $5.00 to $25.00 ea«h for that attribute, you will ftnd that many of the older varieties are Just as beautiful an J just as satisfactory. This is your opportunity to obtain a few flrst-class varieties at a reasonable price, a price that you can afford to pay. A Collection of Tried and Tested Dahlias for $2.00 prepaid. (Tubers) ^fladonna, white Decorative. Maude Adams, pink and white Show. Mlna Burgle, scarlet Decorative. W. B. Chllds, purple-maroon Cactus. Zeppelin, lavender Peony-flowered. MT CATALOG will teU you the complete story of the Dahlia: when and how to plant, how to fertilize, stake, p.rune and disbud. Fully illu-strated and well worth looking over whether you decide to buy or not. Send for your free copy. /. K. ALEXANDER Largest Dahlia Grower in the World. 310-320 Central St. East Bridgewater, Mass. "The Dahlia Kino" DUSTING NIAGARA HAND BLOWER This Duster straps to the shoulders of the operator and is easily worked. Weighs 8 pounds, It win dust 3 or 4 acres, a day. It is the Ideal machine for Potatoes, Tomatoes, Onions, Melons, Strawberries. Cabbage, Flowers or Shrubs. No grower can afford to be without one. Give Dusting a trial this year with this little machine. The results will please you. MODEL F Orchard Duster — will dust 40 acres a day. MODEL F22P Potato Duster— will dust 30 acres a day. NIAGARA DUSTING MACHINES AND MATERIALS— control Insect pests and fun- fus diseases better than llrjuid spray. They will do It with less cost, less labor and In H the time. Write for our descriptive catalogues, Bulletins and Calendar. EVERYTHING FOR DUSTING AND SPRAYING— MACHINES, MATERIALS, ACCESSORIES, SUPPLIES. NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO. LTD. BURLINGTON, ONTARIO 120 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral BdiUoD THE GLADIOLUS is one of tiie •most satisfactory flowers grown, 'because it blooms continuously when it is cut and put in water, just as well as when in the ground. There is no reason why every family cannot enjoy this grand flower, for the simple reason that it is as easy to grow as the potato. You can have them in bloom from July to frost, if you plant a few bulbs each month from April to July. For only one dollar we will send 25 bulbs of our EXHIBITION mixture, wihich covers every conceivable shade in the Gladiolus kingdom. Last year we sold 50,000 of the( bulbs, and have received hundreds of testimonials as to their merits. ORDER YOUR BULBS NOW so aa to have them to plant when you begin making your garden. Write to-day and secure this splendid collection of Gladiolus bulbs for only Jl.OO, prepaid to your home, anywhere In Canada, with our 1922 Spring Catalog. Also ask for list of named Gladioli covering over 75 varieties. DUPUY & FERGUSON 38 Jacques Cartier Sq„ Montreal ply this early market and this variety has become very rough, in fact, most of the crops the writer saw last year were not salad tomatoes at all and really too rough for good cannery stuff. Now, if we want the pub- lic to take field tomatoes in preference to those grown in the hothouse, the quality and especially the appearance must excell the hothouse product This can only be done by growing the choicest seeds of smooth, medium sized tomatoes. Whether or not the price at that time would warrant all the trouble involved, we are doubtful. On the other hand, the canneries are not at all in sympathy with the rough, mis-shapen, waste- ful product being grown and we advise growers who hope to sell to a cannery to make a contract for their entire output and grow tomatoes which the canneries want. B.C. Fruit News W. H. Robertson, Provincial Horticulturist. THE winter was a rather hard one on small fruits in the Lower Fraser Val- ley. Growers are figuring on a small- er crop of strawberries than in 1921. Logan- berries also were affected. Raspberries came through fairly satisfactory, although there is some winter injury. The small fruit production in all districts will be light- er than during the previous year. Shipments will be late and this year the Gordon Head Fruit Growers and the Saanich Fruit Growers, of Vancouver Island, will make carload shipments together. Both Vancouver Island and Lower Fraser Valley growers are making their sales this year through one sales organization on the prairie. Prices for jam berries have not yet been established. In the tree fruit districts of the Okanagan and the Kootenay, the trees have come through the winter satisfactorily, and in- dications are that the crop will be satisfac- tory, although not as heavy as in 1921. The weather has been very cold and back- ward and has delayed spring work. Consid- erable planting is being done, particularly in the Southern Okanagan. This district Is 40 miles south of the Okanagan Lake and Is being developed by the British Columbia IMPERIAL MICA GREASE The ground mica in Imperial Mica Axle Grease smooths the spindle by filling the minute crevices in the steel. Over this the grease works easily, eliminating friction, heat and wear. Eases the strain on horses and harness. It goes twice as far and lasts twice as long as other greases. IMPERIAL EUREKA' HARNESS OIL Fills the pores and protects the fibre of leather from the action of dust, sweat, moisture and heat. Keeps harness strong, flexible and new-looking. Doubles its life and gives it a rich, black finish that lasts. On sale everywhere in sizes from a pint to a barrel. IMPERIAL OIL Canadian Company Canadian Workmen LIMITED Canadian Capital Oovernment who are installing an extensive irrigation system. In this area, which Is the earliest In the province, approximately 800 acres will come under cultivation for the first time this year, and of this, 600 acres will be set out to trees. Canning crops will also be grown, one of the larger canneries having contracted for 100 acres of toma- toes. Dutch Bulbs for Canadian Gardeners Grower to Grower Tulips, Hyacinths, Narcissi, Crocus, Etc. The choicest bulbs guaranteed at moder- ate prices. To accredited customers pay- ment not required until bulbs are delivered. Catalogue ready in April. Booklet on Bulb Culture for Garden and Winter Bloom on request. Over 20 years In the Canadian trade. Bach year adds to our customers among Horti- cultural Societies, Park Commissions, Hos- pitals, Schools and individuals. Import or- ders only; accepted up to September 1st. Orders for Fall delivery of Rose.s accepted VAN'T H :) ? AND BLOKKER Bulb Growers and Exporters. AKERSLOOT, HOLLAND. Write our Canadian Office, 430 Brunswick Ave., Toronto, Ont. APPLE BOXES, Fifty-four Tears learning how Make "Firstbrook" Boxes finest now. Firstbrook Bros., Limited Manufacturers of Boxes and Shooks, TORONTO, CAN. Strawberry Plants Senator Dunlap, $6.00 per thousand; Wll- liame, JT.OO per thousand, {1.00 per hundred. Good plants and well packed. T. W. DARLINGTON Southampton Ontario. VAN GINHOVEN & CO. 116 Broad St., Room 40, New York, N. Y. Your address for Holland-grown Hya- cinths, Tulips, Crocus, Gladioli, Iris, Faeonlee and all miscellaneous bulbs and roots. iPlease write for illustrated cata- logue. Berry Boxes Baskets Send us your inquiry. We will save you money. HYSLOP & SONS MANUFACTURERS GREENSVILLE, ONTARIO May, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 121 MARITIME PROVINCES N.S. Apples in Britain* W. S. Blair, Kentville, N.S. ONE of the objects of my visit to Great Britain was to find out whether Nova Scotian apples as at present pacKed are likely, in the future, to return profitabla prices to the grower. Because other sec- tions have not had a surplus of barrel apples to ship, the British market in this trade has been left almost entirely to Nova Scotia. The small shipments sent front other sections were very closely watched to determine if possible just where improve- ments, if any, might be made. When your fruit lands In Great Britain all of it is not just what you would wish it to be. The appearance is very often unat- tractive, both as to barrel and fruit, but fortunately the quality of the fruit Is satis- fying to the consumer. You have had re- markably good distribution and the ship- ments have not been more than the markets could readily use; consequently, prices re- mained uniformly good and will continue so until the balance of your crop is marketed. Must Improve Appearance. If we are to secure top prices an improve- ment in appearance is necessary. The offer- ings of Virginia, Maine and Ontario apples in barrels was small Indeed, but when these were put up for sale there was no uncer- tainty as to preference. Their superiority centred largely around appearance both as to color and freedom from bruises. We can improve very much by giving more atten- tion to the handling of our fruit. We sus- tain a great loss on the farm, on the road to the packing house, and in the packing house. This loss is not just due to one person lacking in efficiency, it is because too many of us lack in efficiency. The bulk of our fruit has a dull appear- ance, not the bright, highly-finished look of that from many other places. This finished appearance may in a large measure be due to spraying with sulphur preparations but doubtless our maritime climate does not •From an address delivered at the convention of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association. admit of the fine maturity so evident on more inland grown apples. Varieties Recommended. It is necessary, therefore,' for us to give all the attention we can to appearance and we should consider whether we are not now at the point where work should be started looking toward the development of varieties of high color more suitable for our country than those we now have. There is a lack of firmness to much of our fruit which should be overcome and varieties having firmer fruit with good appearance should be aimed at. We know it is not desirable to increase plantings of Ribston and Blen- heim, and other than Cox's Orange there is not, as far as we can see, any variety of English apple we can advise. King is one of our outstanding sorts but we all know it is not by any means perfect and certainly it is not always attractive. The Crimson Oravenstein should be planted in preference to any other strain of this variety. We can hope for good prices for our fall fruits one year with another by supplying highly- colored apples of good quality. In seasons when the English apple crop Is short apples for cooking will be in de- mand, but otherwise the quality required Make Your Garden A Wonder Garden It's easy. Market growers know the secret. Follow It and have the largest crops of fruits and vegetables, an abundanoe of the biggest and sweetest lecented flowers of the moat lo- tense and vivid colors. Here la the secretl The better grades of commercial fertilizers contain only 3 to 5 per cent nitrogen ; 6 to 10 per cent phosphoric acid and 3 to 5 per cent potash, combined In material that has no fer- tilizing value. Most fertilizers are far below this average. Science has produced a tablet, rich In plant food, contain- ing 11 per cent nitrogen ; 12 per cent phosphoric acid and 15 per cent potash — clean and odorless. For crops In rows, set the tablets a foot apart, along the row. In Flower Beds and Borders, place tablets a foot apart. Three tablets, one every ten days. In the hills make Cucum- bers, Squash, Melons and vines fairly jump. For Buphi^rults and Shrubbery, use three to Ave tablets, placed In the 9oll about each plant. Fruit or Ornamental Trees, place tablets two feet apart, extending from the trunk a? far as the longest branches. Fine also for greenhouse l)encheB and pot plants. Four tablets dissolved In a gallon of water, used In place of liquid manure, Is less trouble and gives better results than objectlcnableimanure water. Makes velvety lawnp. Each tablet ^contains highly concentrated. Immediately available plant food. They Increase production, heighten color and Improve quality. Their use Is highly profitable. The name of the tablet la Stim-U-planT. No matter how fertile the soli. Stim-U-pIanT la effective In feeding and for- warding crops. Market Gardeners use them In laiigQ Quanti- ties. Order by name — there Is no substitute. Price delivered : 100 tablets, 75 eta.; 1.000 tablets. $3.60 If your dealer hasn't It, order from the makers — EARP-THOMAS CULTURES CORPORATION 80 LafaystU St., New York Sprayed Fruit Brings Big Profits Go at spraying In a whole-hearted way. Spray, not just the leaves, but Into every crack and crevice where there is insect or blight life. The farmer who last year Invested in a Spramotor showed Increas- ed production that more than paid for the extra expense. This year he is working on a clear profit basis — every cent of profit goes into the farm coffers. That's what we shall be able to say of you next year, if you buy your Spramotor now. A Spramotor is equally good for whitewashing hen-houses, stables, etc. Over 100 gold medals have been awarded the Spramotor. Write for illustrated catalogue and guide to spraying. Abnimotbi^ It isn't a SPRAMOTOR un e^s we made il , SPRAMOTOR CO. m. 14 KING ST.- LONDON, ONT. HCvuT ouiCiLs)!! Why Are the Annapolis Valley Apple Growers Dusting? Lead Arsenate, It is because these successful orchardists know dusting is the modem, time-saving method of crop protection. It is because their time is precious during the spring rush, and dusting saves hours and hours. That is why their spraying machines are being replaced by dusters. It is a tribute to J-C spray-chemicals that the United Fruit Companies of N.S. have used them for the last two years. This year again we are supplying their full requirements. Bordeaux Mixture, Bluestone, Crystals or Powdered, Cal - Arsenate, Bordo - Arsenate, Copper Lime Arsenic Dusts, Dehydrated Copper Sulphate. J-C COW OIL " Keeps the flies away." . JOHN COWAN CHEMICAL COMPANY UMITED Dalhousie and Common Streets ... MONTREAL 122 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral BditioD mi/e med them for ycars^- Imperial Farm Lubricants will properly lubricate every farm machine. They are always cheapest in the long run because of the way they cut down operating costs and repair and upkeep expenses. Farmers who once- use them seldom change to any other brand. The same Imperial Lubricant cannot be used for all machines. It is important that you use the right Imperial Lubricant and the right grade for each to obtain the best results. If there is any question about the correct way to lubricate any machine on your farm, the Imperial Oil man will be glad to bq of service. Lubricdnts FOR Al/L FA.UM PURPOSES IMPERIAL POLARINE OIL IMPERIAL POLARINE MEDIUM OIL IMPERIAL POLARINE HEAVY OIL For gasoline-bumingEengines— automobiles and trucks. IMPERIAL POLARINE SPECIAL HEAVY OIL For kerosene-burning stationary engines and tractors. IMPERIAL POLARINE EXTRA HEAVY OIL For motors requiring an unusually heavy oil. ' IMPERIAL PRAIRIE HARVESTER OIL IMPERIAL GRANITE HARVESTER OIL For open bearings of separators, binders, etc. IMPERIAL CAPITOL CYLINDER OIL For steam cylinder lubrication— tractors and stationary engines IMPERIAL GAS ENGINE OIL For stationary or portable engines, kerosene or gasoline, IMPERIAL POLARINE CUP GREASE IMPERIAL THRESHER HARD OIL For greafe cup lubrication — clean, solidified oils. The Imjjerial Charts of Recommendations show exactly what grade of Imperial Polarine Motor Oils will give the best results with your type of truck, tractor or automobile. Further information will be gladly supplied by the In^perial Oil man^ an expert on lubrication. IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED Canadian Gompany Canadian Capital Canadian Workmen Is that suitable for sale on the fruit stand and for which good prices will always be paid. Wagener la probably one of the best apples but It does not entirely measure up to what we want. The Red Stark should be planted rather than the greener colored one. The Delicious apple may be highly suitable for more inland sections, but It Is doubtful if it is suitable for our Valley, cer- tainly not for general planting. Golden Russet may be planted more ex- tensively. This russet apple seems to be increasing in popularity. Color is not looked for in the russet apples and the fact that this apple is yielding in texture and does not show the bruises as do the other vari- tles, is one of the strong points in its fayor. Too Many Slack Barrels. You are sustaining a great loss because of barrels arriving with apples slack. There does not appear to be any one cause alone for this, but many factors may contribute. Briefly, they may be stated as follows: 1. Lack of care when harvesting. 2. Over-ripe fruit. 3. Faulty judgment when packing. 4. Rough or unnecessary handling during transportation. 5. Too deep tiering on ship. 6. Too high temperature during shipment. The relative influence of these can be de- termined only by experimental work, and it would seem wise to take sieps to solve this question and remove the loss now resulting from "slacks." Go Slow With Fall Varieties. It seems desirable that we should go care- fully in extending plantings of fall apples beyond that required for local markets, ex- cept of^sorts which, because of appearance and quality will always find a ready market. The Crystal Palace Fruit Show offered an excellent opportunity for a study of English varieties and a careful survey was made of the varieties now considered to be leading English sorts. The English grown fruit is not what one could call attractive nor is the quality in general very high, except in a few varieties of wEich the Cox's Orange is an outstanding example and undoubtedly the best dessert English apple. So far as we could determine there are no varieties possessing qualities superior to the Blen- heim, and in this we have had a similar ex- perience with the leading English sorts which have fruited at the Kentville Experi- mental Station. The Worcester Pearmaia may be of some value for limited plantings as a fall apple, it being of high color z.n\ of fair to good quality. Outlook For Boxed Trade. The box apple trade was given consider- aTjle attention. Certainly prices of box apples during this season have not been suflSciently above the prices obtained for similar grades in barrels to lead us to think that we could make more out of our fruit in boxes. The box trade has been large from British Columbia and the Pacific States. The box apples seem to drift into a different trade from the barrel apples and it is said that the trade in one is not affected by the other. This does not seem to be possible and if more boxes are offered than the normal box trade can take care of a com- petition between box and barrel fruit of good quality must result. Crimson Graven- stein and other highly-colored fall apples should go over in boxes, in fact, it is doubt- ful if they can be successfully transported in any other way •if they are allowed to properly mature before picking. On the whole, there is some opportunity for more extended box shipments, but the bulk of the fruit we now have is more suitable for the barrel trade. May, 1922. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 123 Lessons for N.B. from 1921 W. B. Gilman, Fredericton. THE apple crop of last year suffered from the extreme heat and dry weathei" In several ways. The drop was ex- ceptionally heavy and continued into Aug- ust. On old trees, especially, the fruit did not develop its usual size, and came to ma- turity so much earlier than usual that the shipping and keeping qualities were dam- aged considerably. Yet, in spite of these disadvantages, the returns from the 1921 apple crop were the best we ever had. The unusual weather conditions of last summer emphasized several things. First, the great need of maintaining the available supply of moisture and plant food In the soil. Second, the necessity of picking the fruit before it becomes too mature or over- ripe for the best shipping results. Third, the cooling of the fruit quickly to the low- est possible temperature. A good tight storage building that can be opened at night and closed through the day works well In ordinary falls, but conditions such as we had last fall make one wish for some- thing more effective than night air for cooling the fruit quickly. 1 CROPS and MARKETS I Fruit from South America TOWARD the end of February a small shipment of about 900 packages of fruit arrived In New lorK City from Argentina. The lot comprised peaches, plums and grapes, and met with a fairly good demand from the jobbing trade which purchased them in small lots at rather high prices. The peaches were in small boxes contain- ing 70-90 and the quality was only fair, the fruit showing very little color. They sold at $2.50-$5 according to size and quality. The grapes were the Muscat variety, four boxes of uniform size being strapped together. The net weight of the contents was about 32 lbs. and they sold within a range of $7-?8. The plums, a red variety, sold best, at a range of $4.50-$5.50 mostly |5 and were packed in the same sized -boxes as the peaches. A small lot of each fruit was placed on auction as a trial, but they did not command prices quite so high as the private sales. A shipment of 13,.^00 boxes of peaches and 180 boxes of melons from Chile was sold In New York during the first week of March and distributed in part to markets in other SPRAY NIAGARA PRODUCTS THE ONES THAT GIVE RESULTS LIME SULPHUR RAW SULPHUR DUSTING SULPHUR ARSENATE OF LEAD CALCIUM ARSENATE POWER DUSTERS POWER SPRAYERS HAND DUSTERS HAND SPRAYERS SOLUBLE SULPHUR POWDERED BORDEAUX BLUE STONE BLACK LEAF 40 SPRAY GUNS HOSE, ACCESSORIES NIAGARA Products are all Guaranteed — Highest Quality Only. NIAGARA Products are not experiments — They are the results • of years of experience. We were the pioneers in the business — NIAGARA always leads. Our prices are right — Our Calendars and information are free. Remember — Wherever Fruit Excels, NIAGARA Spray Is used. EVERYTHING FOR SPRAYING OR DUSTING NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., LTD. Burlington, Ontario Get this Valuable Book on Better Lawn Care E^yery one interested in the care of large, beautiful lawns should have a copy of this book which tells all about Ideal Power L>awn Mowers. It shows many photos of well-known homes, parks, golf clubi, cemeteries, colleges, etc., where the lawns are cared for iJie "Ideal Way." It tells about the Ideal Junior, a moderate-priced power mower for medium-sized lawns, the 30-lnch Ideal Power H>awn Mower for large lawns, and the Ideal Triplex Power Mower for large parks, golf clubs, etc. Write for this book to-day — learn how to keep your lawn in better condition at leas cost. IDEAL POWER LAWN MOWER CO R. E. OLiDS, Chairman. 433 Kalamazoo St. Lansing, Mich. World's Ltci^ It isnt a SPRAMOTOR un ess we made it Spray the SPRAMOTOR Way— It Pays! Awarded over 100 gold medals. SPRAMOTOR CO. 14 King Street : London, Ont. If You Ship Fruit to Toronto LET US HANDLE YOUR SHIPMENTS We are centrally located in the Fruit Market. Service unexcelled. Prompt returns and a satisfactory deal guaranteed to all. Write to-day for Shipping Stamps JOSEPH BAMFORD 72 Colborne St. COMMISSION MERCHANT Toronto, Ont. Phones; Main $036 and Main 3085 Reference: Canadian Bank of Commerce, Market Branch GROWERS and SHIPPERS Give Our Selling Service a Trial All Kinds of Fruits and Vegetables Handled on Commission Shipping Stamps Supplied Prompt Advice and Returns Satisfactory Results Correspondence Invited W. J. McCART & CO., Ltd 78-80 Colborne Street TORONTO Telephones, Main 784 and Main 715 Referenet : Imptrial Bank, Markett Draneh I Stronach & Sons 33 Church Street TORONTO, ONTARIO Fruit, Produce am Commission Merchants m All Shipments of Fruit and other Pro- duce consigned to us receive our personal attention. Competent sales- men in Fruit Market at all times. Advice Card mail- ed each evening. Shipping Stamps mailed on request. . Your Shipment Solicited Long Distance Phone: Main 2877 . 126 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Flcral £}diU< fRIEND^ POTATO SPRAYER A NEW DCVELOPMENT CATAIOO FREE OEAUERS VcuAge. high gradft wire that stands the acid test, and to be the moat perfectly woven Poultry fence on the market. Western Onnada supplied from Winnipeg. Get our low price list and descriptive literature be- fort you tuy Poultry Fence Addreii aesreit oftte*. THE SARNIA FENCE CO., Limiled WtMnipcc aUnltebs ftanita, 0*tari«^ The Canadian Horticulturi^ Floral Edition Vol. XLV. PETERBORO, ONT., JUNE, 1922 No. 6 Notes on the Gladiolus THESE notes make no pretence to include any fraction of the desir- able varieties in commerce. For one thing, the prices are much too long for the moderate purse to compass many of them, and after one has pur- chased a hundred or so of the named varieties, he becomes deeply impressed with the truth of a remark of a friend ast year, that many of the named kinds 'hould never have been offered. Even the men who have introduced the really great things of the gladiolus world are conspicuous sinners in this respect. One man who got most of the new in- troductions of a certain prominent grower pronounced them "90 % junk!" Personally, I have been much amused at the nerve of some growers. Some months ago, a firm offered through "The Flower Grower," a set of "World Beaters," at about $7 per "beater!" One looks in vain for the names of those illustrious kinds in the prize-list of the " st shows, and why? Doubtless be- i:>e they are not of the supreme -xcellence that is claimed. And therein lies a lesson. Do not at expensive varieties at the first ...cring. If they are good, they will be leard from later, and if poor no one vants them. One needs to be the more ^articular on account of the attitude of iome of the magazines. One of my eports on the gladioli of the past «ason was emasculated on account of he unfavourable criticism of varieties >ffered by prominent men who, were rl "-ertisers ! lie following list is treated alph.i leally for convenience of reference, ;i'i refers only to good ones, or those hat might be supposed to be good, whether from the price, or the originator Adeline Kent, similar to Pride of ioshen, and inferior to that variety. Anna Eberius — A fine red-purpk : ood spike, and good flowers. Armistice, (Groff)— Bought under tlu umber 855. A splendid deep dark carlet. The finest of its color that I ave seen. Five feet high with five ich flowers. A. W. Hunt (Christy)— The best ght red; A wonderfully fine and bright iplor. My spikes have not been tall, ut a great variety nevertheless. Badenia— Again failed to bloom, to '" '""■"* -''".ippointmcnt. Others had k W. E. Saunders, London, Ont. the same experience. The blues are not always sturdy. Baronne d'lvoley, (Vilmorin) — A lovely white, but it seems to dislike heat. Perhaps later planting will pro- duce better flowers; Worth experi- menting with; of great promise, if one can succeed with it. Carmen Sylva — The most promising of the new whites. (Have not flowered White Wonder, though I have now bought it). Color, spike and size, good. Challenger — Holding its position as the best of the cheaper reds in my garden; popular in London. Colonial (Metzner)— The only one of a dozen Metzner varieties that seems worth keeping; colors as in Byron L. Smith, and they blend better. David Starr Jordan — Good colot, but much inferior to Armistice, so why grow it? Dawn (Groff) — Unequalled as yet in the salmon colors. Not enough is heard of this grand variety, and we, Canadians should give prominent place to the creations of one of ourselves who was the pioneer on the continent in the advancement of the gladiolus. Diener's White — Not a white at all. A near white, suffused with an ugly tinge of dull magenta pink. Dominion— Very fine; Glowing red. Etendard (Lemoine) — White, lower petals lemon, and the cardinal blotch is absolutely the most brilliant thing in the gladiolus world. F. J. Symmes — A fair-sized flower of a fresh color; Orange salmon. Flora — Fine yellow, now getting very cheap. Herada — Not too easy to attain success, but a fine color. Ina ColHns — unworthy of name; poor color. Le Marechal Foch — My spikes have not been fine but the color is splendid, and others may have better success. Lily White — Fancy that one must pick this as soon as it is opening to save it from the purplish tinge that overcasts it so soon. Louise — Certainly a grand color and of good size, but the spike leaves con- siderable to be de^red. Still, it is one of the real additions to the list. A SI'LENDID SPECIMEN OF WHITE CLEMATIS The Cleniiitii U a climber which u iiiurh pi izid for its haiiilmnic and oflfii Hbowv lluwirs. There are several white- vnrieties, SiUcll as lleiiryi, Mrs. OcorKc Jack-mil mid Lailuuiiiosa Caiulida. They. hoMrcvc-r, are not very hardy in some parts of Ontario. 132 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition Lucie — Light yellow, and of value for its season; The earliest in my garden of light colors, and a fairly good flower too. Majestic — The color is ordinary, and the spike poor. Pire it, brothers. Mary Pickford — A rather peculiar white with lemon tints in the throat but still quite nice. Mrs. Bothin — The finest in color of all the Diener varieties that I have grown. Lighter than Mrs. Pendleton, and of the same type, with colors that blend better. Mrs. Walsh of the same grower looked better at St. Thomas, but I do not fancy the colors so much, and the price is an obstacle. Mrs. Norton— One of the great ones, but none too easy of attainment. Next year it ought to be cheap, and a well- grown spike is something to be proud of. Nymph (Coleman)— Flesh pink, with lighter throat. A tempting description and better than it sounds. The best of Joe Coleman's that has bloomed for me; A great spike, two feet long, with flowers up to five and a half inches. Pres. C. C. Moore— Lots of name, but there would have been no loss, if it had never been disseminated. Princepine — When this flowered, it was Princeps, which is a grand flower, but not easy, and never a good spike. Prim Beauty — Very fine again, though some of my friends are derisive of my enthusiasm, five feet high with a fine spike of good flowers. The best of the prims with me. Purple Glory — Another of Kundred's great ones. At St. Thomas, this took the award for, "Finest spike in the show." Some praise! It is not purple though, but a dark garnet, with a Httle purplish tinge. Pythia, — Not a good color, but one whose flowers open exceptionally wide, and makes a fine show. Probably not worth the high price. Rose Luisante — A lemon flower with extensive rose edgings. A pretty com- bination, and good enough to grow in spite of its small size. Snow Glory— A pretty good one, that would doubtless become more popular if offered at a more moderate price. Superba — A grand red flower, but the color seemed dull against some others. When I first saw it at Detroit show, it was outstanding, and the fact that Joe Coleman introduces it is strong evid- ence, but it developed no enthusiasm in me in 1921. If we had more men Uke Coleman, there would be less money wasted on novelties that belong in the ordinary mixture. Pretty soon it may be time to discuss originators with the same candor that we apply to varieties. Might do them good too. Some of them have put out some really great things, and, trading on their reputation, have sold a lot of worthless stuff, with here and there a good one thrown in. The men who refrain from such practices deserve our heartfelt commendation Success with Dahlias W. E. Groves, Hamilton LIBERAL culture, well drained soil, with sufficient moisture are each indispensable to success, but given these, there are no great difficulties. The tuber of green plant whichever is chosen should be planted about five to six inches deep according to soil texture. May, June and early July being suitable times. It is well to avoid too early planting, and June is possibly the ideal month for this operation. Deep digging before planting is more essential than heavy manuring, planting in a hard pan being a complete waste of time. If best results are looked for, a handful of a cool fertilizer may be given each plant, bonemeal being a safe and ideal food to apply. It is surprising how much bonemeal the dahlia will absorb and being slow in action the soil is im- proved for more than one year by its application. The phosphoric acid con- tained in bonemeal provides a steady, safe supply of this essential element. For intensifying the color of blooms potash in some form is helpful, and there is perhaps no better medium for this purpose than wood ashes. This may be given to the plants just when coming into bloom, and caa be easily raked in. Deep cultivation is necessary, a depth of four inches being about right. Weeds are kept down and moisture conserved by this method. When the plants are coming into bloom shallower cultiva- tion should be practiced, the feeding roots at this time being near the surface. One to two inches should be the rule from then on. Cultivation will help largely to produce good dahlias in any soil. Neglett in this connection spells failure though every other condition be provided. Some varieties may need suppprt during the growing season, and for this purpose a strong stake should be provided to which the plant may be loosely tied. Ferns for the Shady Corner A GROUP of fine ferns makes a splendid display in the flower garden where a suitable place can be found. Make the conditions as near as possible under which the fern lives in its native haunts. The ideal place for ferns is where the tree tops are suffi- ciently thick to merely break the direct rays of the sun during the early part of the day. Where the shelter of trees cannot be obtained, an east or north- west exposure may be used. In these locations they may be protected by a fence from the biting north and east winds. Ferns should be lifted while the ground is wet, either early in the spring before the ground is dried out or im- mediately after a rain. Select the fern most pleasing to your fancy and after cutting the top off, if it has grown to any size, lift carefully with a spade, leaving as much of the soil as pos.sible around the roots. Wrap immediately in a piece of burlap to keep earth and roots intact until you are ready to plant. After planting, give a tho^ough water- ing, and put on a two-inch mulch of pine needles, moss, sawdust, or any- thing that will prevent the rapid evapor- ation of the moisture. Ferns may be removed any time during the summer though spring is best. To prepare a bed for ferns dig out the space to the depth of 12 or 1'6 inches and fill with a compost of two parts leaf mould, three parts meadow soil or well-rotted sod, one part well-rotted cow-manure and one part sand. Add one pint of charcoal to each bushel of the mixture. After the plants are well started, they may be given liquid foods in consider- able quantities, such as pulverized cow or sheep manure, one ounce to two gallons or potash one ounce to five gallons of water. Sweet Peas FREQUENTLY in warm weather, sweet peas are attacked by the red spider and green fly and to keep these down there is nothing better than the use of tobacco extract (which is sold under various trade names.) A teaspoonlul to a gallon of water, used in a sprayer will be found very satis- factory. A small quantity of whale oil soap thoroughl}' dissolved in warm water (and strained) added to the so- lution is helpful as it better adheres to the plants. If there is a protracted period of damp weather, the leaves may show a tendency to mould and for this a dust- ing with a mixture of two parts of lime and one of sulphur will be found of good service. The cause of the blighting of sweet peas, using the word blighting in the general sense, can be summarized as follows : Sour soil. Shallow top soil. Shallow ploughing or spading. Use of green manure. Excessive use of fertilizers. Wrong use of fertilizers. Too late planting. Improper watering. Improper location. The remedy lies in the observance of these causes. — The Flower Grower. The best time of the year to plant peonies and iris is during the latter part of August and September. When planted at this time, new roots are made before freezing weather, and when spring arrives the plants are ready to begin their growth It- Tune, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIS' 133 Dividing Iris Clumps F. H. Byshe, Forestry Branch, Ottawa. THE best time for dividing tall- bearded irises appears to be soon after flowering. They then seem ;o get squared away in preparation for he next season's blooming, and you jive them their best opportunity when rou make any necessary re-arrangement )efore this process is far advanced. "Why divide them?" you say. Well, here may be several reasons. You may vant to give a rhizome or two to a ■riend, or you may want to move the jJump or a portion or it to another part jf the garden. Again, the clump may lave been in place long enough to have xhausted the food value of the soil, or t may have grown so large that for the ake of its own health and symmetry it hould be lifted and reset. You will ippreciate this the better if you recall ^e fact that the iris, hke other plants, Iraws upon the food elements of the oil in which it grows and that in time he soil becomes impoverished. When his condition arises, the growth be- omes less vigorous and the flowers less lumerous and smaller in size. I do not BOW to what extent irises "foul their twn nest" or contaminate the soil in Thich they grow, as other plants are uiown to do, but it is a possibility to )e considered. Rhizomes Lift Themselves in, you will have observed in an clump of iris that the rhizomes have pparently lifted themselves above the round level. To account for this we honld understand that the rhizome ( rs only once. If you look at a : ip of iris in the spring you will ver the dried up stalks which bore vear's flowers. These stalks will be .1 growing out of the "neck" or nd of the rhizome, and if you break off tie stalk, you will find that the rhizome p.' Mclui has already begun to callous at the point of breaking. That rhizome will not usually flower again but will send out "offsets" which will develop into rhizomes that will flower in their turn. In time the old rhizome will decay and disappear. Incidentally, this decay is a natural process and should not be con- fused with the disease known as "Iris rot" (Pseudomonas iridis). In a long established clump these new rhizomes, not having sufficient ground space, often gr6w on top of each other, which accounts for their appearing above ground. This condition will be found in clumps three to five years old, the time varying according to the vigour of the growth. Replanting Assuming then, that you are going to lift and reset an old clump, with a shovel or spading fork, remove it entire. Continue shovelling until considerable earth has been removed and refill with fresh soil. Then take the clump and, after shaking it free of earth, pull the rhizomes apart. In replanting, whether in the old or the new location, select only those rhizomes which have not flowered, and cut away the old rhizomes that have fulfilled their purpose. These may be discarded unless they give promise of producing additional offsets, in which case they may be planted in a separate location. It is not advisable to replant iris in large unbroken clumps. It is, of course, unnecessary to lift a clump solely for the purpose of removing a rhizome or two. Take a spading fork and loosen the roots at a point on the edge of the clump. Then with the hand, pull away what rhizomes you require. A chisel is a good instrument with which to sever a stubborn member from its family group. B^^JSS^* Ti HOW BUSINESS FIRMS CAN IMPROVE THE COMMUNTTY \ of several tulip beds in front of the ofiiccj of Joho Bertram & Sons, Ltd., Dundos, Out. There has been considerable discus- sion as to the proper depth to set the rhizomes. Shallow ,even surface plant- ing has been advocated to avoid rot, but I have found rot active in fully exposed rhizomes as well as in those covered with soil. In a mild climate and with an old variety, I doubt if it matters how shallow the rhizome is planted, so long as the feeding toors get down. Under our conditions at Ottawa where during the past three winters we have occasionally had temperatures of 18 to 25 degrees below zero without the protection of snow, and where we have in addition to the older varieties many new ones whose hardiness is still under- termined, I have found that a good inch of soil over the rhizome affords some protection without inducing con- ditions favorable to rot. I QUESTION BOX | I V. E. GROVES } Rhododendrons "My rhododendron has had two buds on it since last fall. These are not blighted. When may I expect it to bloom? — Mrs. A. S., Niagara Falls. Rhododendrons, like azaleas form flower buds on the shoots made this year, the buds opening next year. This means that the buds on the plant will mature during the early summer, and if they are still firm, there is no doubt about the opening to full bloom. After blooming, all seed pods should be cut off making it possible for new growth in just the same way as previously described for azaleas. Green Gage Plum "A clean, healthy Green Gage plum tree about ten years old blossoms well but sets little fruit. What is the reason and remedy?'' — F. B. L., Longbranch, Ont. This is probably a case of self -sterility If no other variety of European plum is growing nearby, I would recommend planting one for cross-pollination pur- poses. Japanese or American varieties will not fertilize the European sorts which classification includes most of the commercial varieties. — J. W.^^Crow, B.S.A., Guelph. Keeping an Azalea "How shall I keep from year to year an azalea purchased last month from the green- house? Should I put it in the cellar after (lower- ing for a rest?" Mrs. A. S., Niagara Falls. The azalea described should have no resting period, but should be kept growing all the year. All flower stems should be cut off, and the new growth will start away from the base of the stems, and it is on the new shoots made that the buds form for next years bloom. For a time the plant should be kept in a good position in the house, and be 1.14 THE CANADIAN HORTIC L L 1 L uio 1 Floral F.ditioi frequently sprayed to keep down red spider. About the end of June it could be placed out of doors, but must be provided with a shady position during the hot summer months and the spray- ing should be kept up at least until September. By this time the buds will have formed, and if the plant is taken inside before frost, there should be no difficulty in bringing the blooms to perfection. Saving Sweet Pea Seed IN saving your own seed from sweet peas, do not try to get flowers and seed from the same vine. Pick out the sturdiest vines and cut out the poorer flowers, leaving the best with three or four flowers to the stem to seed. When ripe, pick the pods which will contain about seven seeds each. Those at each end of the pods will be smaller. Discard these and keep only the large seeds for next year. You will probably secure improved plants and flowers from- them. The earliest flowers are the best for this purpose, as those which mature in hot weather do not seem to have the same vitality and strength. Disease of Gladiolus Mrs. G. A. Bonistcel, Belleville THE only disease which affects the gladiolus is a dry rot, although this is not very prevalent; bulbs so affected are recommended to be soaked in a solution of formaldhyde, one ounce to four gallons of water, for twelve minutes; however if we find a bulb we are suspicious of carrying dis- ease it is best to burn it unless a valuable variety, when we might give it a chance. Occasionally a bulb may appear rather scabby and stunted one season and entirely recover the next. The writer had practical experience with this a few years ago when having only two bulbs of a choice variety, the end of the first season they looked hopeless, but after nursing them along for two years they developed into a rank grow- ing, large bulb variety. It is quite possible that the first year these bulbs were burned from the application of fresh fertilizer. The only enemy that I have ever had attack Gladioli was the cut worms, last year, when they were bad in our section. After applying the poisoned bran, we lost no more plants. While the propagation and growing of the gladiolus require a certain amount of care, there is no flower so worth while . for the cost of the bulb and attention needed to bring to maturity. A vigorous growth of clover in a lawn is a good thing. It enriches the soil in nitrogen and humus, rendering it in the best conditions for a succeeding crop of grass. The Kitchen Garden in June C. B. Alden, Toronto WHEN planning and planting the home garden, plenty of seed should be sown to provide a surplus of certain kinds of vegetables for canning. Crisp young radishes and lettuce are best eaten fresh from the garden; whereas the succulent string bean, the prolific tomato, the iron-rich spinach, to say nothin;,' of carrots, beets, peas, corn or asparagus, will delight the palate and enrich the diet many months after they mature in the garden, if properly put up in cans or jars and stored in pantry or cellar. It is not enough to enjoy these vege- tables when they are fresh. From October to June the storage cellar and the grocery store are likely to yield only potatoes, turnips, old carrots, cabbage and onions, and the use of these vege- tables is likely to prove monotonous without occasional reminders of the summer garden. It may take a little more time to plant and cultivate two rows of beans or two dozen tomato plants instead of one, but if it furnishes these vegetables for winter as well as summer use, it is worth the while. The amount of each kind of vegetable to be canned depends on the preference of the household, and the garden must be planned, accordingly. A family of five — mother, father and three children —or four adults — may well use 70 pounds a week of fruits and vegetables weighed fresh or uncooked. This would be the equivalent of such a combination as eight pounds canned, three pounds dried, and 44 pounds of fresh material. Of this allowance, half, or 35 pounds a week, may well consist of fresh or canned vegetables. Four pounds, or two quarts, of canned vegetables are considered a minimum weekly allowance for the winter months. the ground. If the plants are to b« trained, they may be set in rows close as two and a half feet or three, ai spaced 18 inches in the row. If they art not to be trained, the plants should Ik set three or four feet apart in each direction To Grow Good Tomatoes EVEN though tomato plants have been hardened after starting in the hotbed, it may be necessary to cover them for a few nights with several thicknesses of newspaper to protect them from the cold after they are set in the garden. Tomatoes require a moderately rich soil, not too rich, but such soil as will grow a good crop of corn or potatoes. A little well-rotted manure can be worked into the spot where each plant is to be set, and a tablespoonful of high-grade fertilizer, sprinkled over a space about one foot in diameter and mixed with the soil, will aid in giving the plant a good start. Planting distances will depend upon whether the plants are to be pruned to a single stem and trained to stakes or are to be allowed to grow according to their natural habit of spreading over Eggplants and Peppers EGGPLANTS are very sensitive U frost. They should not be set it the garden until all danger oi frost is over. They require a warm rich soil; well-manured and of fine texture. Plant in rows 30 to 36 inchei apart, allowing 18 to 24 inches betweer the plants. Give same general cultiva tion as for tomatoes and cease whet the fruits reach about mediun size. Peppers are another crop that wil not stand frost. The soil should be s sandy loam, well-drained and warm On heavy soil the plants will produce an abundance of leaf but usually onlj a few fruits. Set in rows two feet apart allowing one foot between the plants Peppers also require the same cultiva tion as for tomatoes. • Watering the Garden WHENEVER the moisture contem of a garden soil falls below £ certain point the crops suffei There is a right and a wrong way t( remedy this condition. The two besi ways are by irrigation, or applyins water, and by placing a "blanket' over the soil to hold the moisture. Thi: blanket may consist of fine manure fine straw, lawn clippings, leaves or i thin layer of finely divided soil, callec a dust mulch, such as is produced b} hoeing and cultivating. Such a blanke tends to stop the flow of moistun through the capillary tubes, or pores of the soil and thence into the air Plenty of manure or organic matter ii the soil also adds greatly in holding thi moisture. When watering a crop, the firs essential is to soak the soil thoroughly After doing so, do not put on any mor water until the land has partially driei and one or two good cultivations hav been given. The method of applyin the water will depend upon local facili ties, conditions and established prac tices. Any other method is better tha frequently sprinkling just a little wit the hose or other sprinkler. Sprinklin is all right if plenty of water is applie at one time, after which no more shoul be given for several days. Running water in small furrows alonj side the rows of plants is one of th best methods of irrigating garden crop After the water has soaked into tti 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 135 pil, the furrow may be filled with dry oil and the surface cultivated. Water intelligently, no matter what lie method of application. Do not rater too often, rhen you do. but water thoroughly Pointers on Thinning \ ARDENERS usually sow more" m seeds than are necessary, under ^"^ the expectation of getting a fuller tabd, or at least of having enough, 'his results in no particular harm, ex- epting the waste of seed, provided the lants are thinned before they begin to rowd each other. Peas very seldom need any thinning, s they will thrive when planted quite lose together. Beans plan'ted five seeds 0 the hill and the hills 12 inches apart ?ill not need to be thinned, but if six r seven seeds have been dropped, it /ill be desirable to thin them, leaving nly four or five in a hill. Corn should Iways be thinned to three or four talks in a hill, the weaker being pulled ut, leaving only the best. If beans nd corn are planted in drills instead of ills, they will not need much thinning nless carelessness in sowing has pro- uced too thick a stand. Radishes, unless too thick, can be Uowed to stand, thinning being ac- omplished by pulling up plants for able use as they reach edible size. «ttuce is generally sown entirely too Ijick. To thin the bed, the small or ledium-sized plants can be pulled out nd used. Some of the plants may be fted and transplanted, spacing them )ur to six inches in each direction, so lat they will develop into distinct heads jr later use. Beets are usually planted too thickly, artly due to the fact that" each seed- all contains two or three seeds, and, as a rule, every one of these seeds grows. They should be thinned to stand not closer than two inches in the row. Still later, every other beet should be pulled out. This last thinning can be postpon- ed until beets are large enough to use. Carrots and parsnips also often are sown too thickly, and must be thinned. The thinning should be done just as soon as the plants are large enough to pull out, and as they are thinned, a little loose soil should be worked in around the plants that are left. Two or two and one-half inches is about the right distance to leave the carrots and three to five inches for parsnips. If the seed has been sown in a rather broad drill, the plants can be left a little zigzag or ir- regular in the row, and a larger number of plants accommodated. The distance between individual plants, however, should not be less than two inches Even then, some of the carrots should be pulled as soon as they are large enough to use, in order to give the re- mainder a chance. How to Grow Celery T. W. Sheward ALL the cultivated varieties of celery are descendants of the wild celery, Apium graveleens, a native of England, where it grows wild in damp places near the coast. Celery is a profitable crop to grow, as there is always a good demand in winter. One grower near Montreal clears $1,000 per acre from celery alone. The varieties most grown are, — White, Plume, Sut- tons A, I, Giant Pascal, and Winter Queen Seeds are sewn in hotbeds for early crops, and in the open in rich soil for late winter and spring use. The seed- lings are planted out any time from June to the first week in August, the planting being done on dull days. There are several ways of growing celery. The old way of planting in trenches and filling them up with earth, (I), and (G), in the accompanying diagram, and then banking up each side of the row with earth (H), is very good for garden use. When planting in trenches, good soil should be placed at the bottom of the trench to give the young plants a start as shown at (D). Then, as the plants grow, they are tied up (E), and later, ■ METHODS OF GROWING CELERY may be grown in acvcrnl (lifTeiciit ways especially such as arc sliown in the nliove diagram. The explanation of the diagram is given in the article. ' How to <;row Celery." about October, are banked up with soil to cause them to blanch. In November, if the celery is to be left outside all winter, leaves are placed over the bank 1 foot thick to protect it from frost. Other ways of growing celery are shown at (A) (F) and (J) in the diagram. (A), shows a way of growing on the level, between rows of peas or other tall crops This is blanched by tying brown paper around the stalks as shown at (A). Some self-blanching sorts, (Golden Self -blanching), can be grown close together (F), in blocks, and blanched by placing boards around|the sides as shown at (J). Timely Reminders For roses, a general purpose fertilizer is good. Well-rotted manure is best. If this is not available, use a blood and bone combination. Rose bushes should be trimmed real early in the spring. Cut the Bush back at least one-half of the growth it made the year before. Phosphate of potash is a good stimu- lant for sweet peas at blooming time. To every 25 feet of the rows, apply one ounce dissolved in two gallons of water. Aster plants from which seed is to be saved should be selected early in the season, when the first flowers have developed. Select the best types pos- sible and keep the small blooms cut off. Save seed only from the largest and best developed flowers. Cut the flower heads when the seed is nearly ripe, dry them thoroughly before putting away for the winter. Keep seed in a dry cool, i)lace. The essfiilial thing for the new patch of brambles, during the first season is to provide moisture and promote a vigor- ous growth. This is best done by tillage. Cultivate shallow for all brambles of shallow rooting. Deep cultivation in- creases suckerine. Tillage should be stopped after the fir'^t "'" Vns^iist to ripen the cane. I, Mi TR V A D ] HORTICULTURIST ,J The Canadian Horticulturist P.ibli«htd bf Th« Horllcullurjl Publlshlnje Company. Limited. The Canadian Horticulturlet is publilv i >i' ■ ffi of each inontU in two cililioni. as foliowi: FLORAL EDincJi* Devolod to tlic interests ot anmtfur horticulture- landscape cnrdcJiitiK, floricullurc. fruit Bner cent, effective. The roots of the plants should be saturated with corrosive sublimate solution, 1 oz. to 10 gals. ()4' to K cupful to every plant). "The solution may be applied by means of a watering can with a long spout, the end of which should be plugged to allow o;ily a small stream to issue; or by means of a wooden pail and dipper or cup; or, in the case of large fields, by means of a wooden barrel with two lines of thin rubber hose. If the plants are set out before European plums blossom, the first application should be postponed until the plums are almost in full bloom. If the plants are set out later, the first application should be made four days after ilanting. Two more applications should then «•«•*••*• Ontario Apples In West r> the Editor. — I have read with deep in- terest the various articles and letters, relative to boxed apples, that have ap- peared recently in The Canadian Horticulturist. As a westerner, by recent adoption, I wish to present briefly a Saskatchewan dealer's opinion ot the box package and of the Ontario versus the British Columbia apple. In April /I went into a store in the City of Saskatoon to purchase some apples. This was a mere repetition of what I had done frequently during the previous six months. I had observed that apples only from British Columbia were handled by this firm, and on this particular occasion I took the liberty of asking the manager to explain the non-appearance of Ontario apples in his store. He replied that Ontario growers could not find a market for their fruit through him until they adopted the box package and put up an honest pack. He maintained that the Ontario grower is using an undesirable package and that the dealer who buys his apples is never sure of obtaining a barrel of apples uniform in quality throughout. He accused the Ontario grower of facing the barrel with apples of high quality and using "rubbish" between the faces. The British Columbia grower he commended for using the box package and for putting up an honest pack. The quality of the Ontario apple, he asserted, was much superior to that of the British Colum- bia apple. He concluded by saying that the Ontario grower, by using the box package and by ceasing to employ a deceptive pack, could monopolize the western market. The case cited is not exceptional. On the other hand, it is fairly representative for the prairie provinces. The British Columbia grower finds a ready market for his goods, owing to his employing the bo.x package and to the uni- formity in pack maintained. The Ontario grower often finds His apples not in demand, o\ving to his employing the barrel package and to the lack of uniformity in pack maintained. Judging by the evidence obtainable, the time is ripe for a change, ^f the Ontario grower wishes to compete lavorably with the British Columbia grower on the western market he must adopt the box package. Before discarding the barrel package he need not wait until his so- called non-box varieties are replaced by so- called box varieties. It is true that some varieties are more suited to the box package than are others, but the British Columbia growers have no hesitancy in marketing in boxes We have a large stock of all sizes FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS Orders Filled Promptly AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Send for Prices THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. land pays. Does Your Orchard Pay ? If your land is being taken up by fruit trees, it is a business proposition to see that that Second grade fruit need not be tolerated on any Canadian farm. Keep your trees properly sprayed, destroy the insect life and blight that destroys your fruit — and your orchard will pay. For effective spraying, use the Spramotor — not only because it has a world-wide reputation, but because it actually does the work better than any other sprayer on the market. It snt a SPRAMOTOR unless we made , Spray the SPRAMOTOR Way— It Pays I Awarded over 100 gold medals. SPRAMOTOR CO. J4 King Street, London, Ont. PEONIES OF DISTINCTION AND SUPERIOR MERIT Alsace Loiraiac S 4.00 AWatcur Reymond 7.00 Baroness Schzocder I. SO Cbcrry Hill 20 00 Elwood Pleas .^ 5 . 00 Enchantressc 8 . 00 Faribault 8.00 Georgians Sharlor..... 8.00 Frances E. Wiliard 6 . 00 Gismonda 3.00 Harriet Famaley 4.00 Henrj ArerT ' 8 . 00 Karl Resenfield 2.00 Kelway's Gloriotss „ 35.00 Kelway's Queen 16.00 Lady A. DuS 8.00 Le CyEne tt.OO LonEf ellow 8 . 00 Lora Dexheimtff 4.00 Lovetlness 5.00 La France 8.00 Mme. Em. Lemoine $ 1.50 Mme. Jul. Dessert 6 00 Marje Crousse 2,00 Martha Bulloch 20.00 Mary Brand 7.00 Mary W. Shaylor 25 00 Moos Mar. Cahuaac 4.00 Mont Blanc 6.00 Nymphaea 10.00 Phoebe Gary 10 . 00 Opal 8.00 Richard Carvel 6.00 Rosette 10 .00 Ruth Brand 2.00 Sarah Bernhardt 5 00 Solange 7.00 Sundard Bearer „„.. 20.00 Therese 5.00 Tourangelle 7 .00 VictdeMarne 7.00 Walter Faion 8 . 00 Prices arc for strong diriaions, f.cb. Chlcaso* payable at par on Chicago or New York. No charges for packing. ■ONE EYE" DIVISIONS AT HALF ABOVE PRICES The above varieties are for the connolsseor. We also grow the better standard varieties and offer LARGE ROOTS IN ASSORTED SHADES AT J5.00 PER DOZEN. Mx PeoniesX IriseS M^ 6144 Lakewood Ave., Chicago, U.S.A. Tallman Rotary and Oscillating Sprinkler DOUBLE THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF YOUR HOME YotJr place looks tv^ice as attractive when the lawn and shrubbery are Jresh and green. A Tatl- man Rotary and Oscillating Sprinkler will keep your grounds attractive in the dryest weather. Its soft apray is like an April shower. Simple and durable this sprinkler lasts in- definitely. Ask your hardware dealer or write us. tmmSimvmd^ Imited n ^K. ^^ I Lp_ I *— » ^» » 1.18 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition SPRAY NIAGARA PRODUCTS THE ONES THAT GIVE RESULTS LIME SULPHUR RAW SULPHUR DUSTING SULPHUR ARSENATE OF LEAD CALCIUM ARSENATE POWER DUSTERS POWER SPRAYERS HAND DUSTERS HAND SPRAYERS SOLUBLE SULPHUR POWDERED BORDEAUX BLUE STONE BLACK LEAF 4« SPRAY GUNS HOSE. ACCESSORIES NIAGARA Proilucts are all Guaranteed — Highest Quality Only. Niagara Products are not experiments — They are the results of years of experience. We were the pioneers in the business — NIAGARA always leads. Our prices are right — Our calendars and information are free. Remember — Wherever Fruit Excels, NIAGARA Spray is used. EVERYTHING FOR SPRAYING OR DUSTING NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., LTD., Burlington, Ontario Buy Your Bulbs Direct From the Actual Grower. Hyacinths, Tulips, Daffodils, Crocus and all other kinds of Bulbs and Roots. Descriptive List upon Application. Best Quality at Reasonable Prices PAPENDRECHT-VANDERVOET Bulb and Plant Growers Dahlia Specialists Sassenheim, Holland BULBS, PAEONIES, ROSES, GLADIOLI Send for 1922 lists. Orders for bulbs and Paconies accepted up to September 1st. Import orders only. Roses and Glads. imported in Spring. Several Societies sent in orders too late last year. ORDER EARLY. VAN'T HOP & BLOKKER HEILOO, HOLLAND Canadian Offic«, 430 Brunswick Ats., Toronto It Pays To Spray ll isntaSPRAMOTOR unle^i we made il You will cultivate and assist your land in every possible way the coming season. Why not go a step further and, when you have a promising crop, start in early on the pests and blights that will try to undo all your good work of cultivating? Spraying needs no argument. Your best friends and the most progressive, prosperous farmers throughout the world will tell you it pajs — and pays BIG. The same people will tell you that the world's foremost spraying apparatus bears the name Spramotor. Proved Beit by Government Test SPRAMOTOR CO., Over 100 Gold Medals. 14 King Street, London, Ont. Prices down. Write for complete catalogue and spraying guide. apples of varieties from the Ben Davis to the Delicious and Mcintosh. Many of the varieties IxrinK grown in Ontario at the present time, and whicn are considered unsuited to the box pack- age, could be marketed to great advantage in this style of package. Why delay longer in adopting the box as the standard package? — Prof. C. F. Patter«)n, University of Sask- atchewan, Saskatoon. British Columbia J THE Dominion Government has made pro- vision to continue the experiments in the transportation of B. C. fruits and vege- tables under ventilation and heat, and under refrigeration. An assistant in fruit transporta- tion will devote all his time to B.C. problems. Frost in May damaged crops on Vancouver Island and the gulf islands to the extent of 30 to 50%, in some cases heavier, according to government reports. At the end of May, a good set of fruit of all kinds was expected in the Okanagan Valley. On most varieties of apples the showing of bloom was as good as last year. The coast jam factories will this season pay 10c. a pound for strawberries. This price is 4c. higher than that paid last year. It is reported that the apple growers of the Wenatchee district of Washington are narrowing their activities to seven chosen varieties, to the gradual exclusion of all others. Winesap is the most popular, with the others following in the order: Delicious, Stayman Winesap, Rome Beauty, White Winter Pearmain, Winter Banana and Jonathan. Representatives from almost every portion of the Wenatchee fruit district of Washington have endorsed a proposition to create an adver- tising fund .f from $250,000 to $500,000 for the purpose of promoting the distribution and sale of the 1922 crop. 05ne special brand name will be featured in all advertising. An English fruit weekly claims that the best flavored apple is Cox's Orange Pippin, in EnglaniT. Next to an English C opinion, is the Cox from New Zealand. as grown Cox, in its Universal Bushel Basket and Cover Absolutely the best Basket and Cover on the Market. Write Us for Prices in carload lots, delivered your station, or smaller quantities ship- ped from our warehouse. QUICK & HOLGATE Bowmanville - Ontario CANADIAN DISTRIBUTORS June, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 139 \ Maritime Provinces | ^«« »♦»»»»»•»<•*♦— »»•»♦♦• »•*•««*••& Tent Caterpillar Control Horticultaral Division, Frederiction THE simplest and best way to control tent caterpillars is to spray the trees with some form of stomach poison before the cater- pillars have grown to any size or done any damage. In orchards where the regular New Brunswick spray calendar is being applied, the first spray as there recommended will control these caterpillars. It consists of poisoned Bor- deaux mixture made of 3 lbs. of bluestone, 10 lbs. of either water-slaked stone lime or hydrated lime and l}4 lbs. of arsenate of lime to 40 gallons of water. Where this formula is not used the caterpillars may be controlled by spraying thoroughly about five days before the blossom buds open with 2 lbs. of dry arsenate of lead to 40 gallons of water, or Paris green, 8 ounces lime; 3 or 4 pounds; water, 40 gallons. (Keep well agitated). Where spraying is not practised, the cater- pillars may be destroyed in clusters and nesls by crushing with a thick cloth swab on a stick. It is not recommended to try and destroy the cater- pillars in this manner by the use of a kerosene torch, as generally more damage is done by the burning of the limbs than good is accomplished by destruction of the caterpillars. Most of the cocoons on trees are within easy reach of the ground and can be pulled off and burned. The destruction of these before the 1st of July pre- vents the eggs being deposited. After the 1st of July, it is useless to bother with them, as they will be nearly all empty, the adult mother having emerged. An *'AppIe Day'' For N.S. IN the troubled days of prohibition, when California raisin grape growsrs feared utter ruin by the passing of the vineyard industry, an enterprising publicity man, now running a news bureau in Vancouver, conceived the idea of holding a state-wide "Raisin Day" to boost the grape. The raisin was boosted widely. It was acclaimed as a health-giver, a death-defier and the most delicious thing that ever tickled the palate of a dyspeptic. Soon everyone was eating raisins. And the fad spread. The vine- yards men are no* raising grapes, for the world, and business never was better. Something like this might prove a great success in Nova Scotia. Let us nave an "N.S. Apple Day." Let it be an education, a revela- tion of the qualities of the apple and other orchard products. Any medical man or drug- less healer will tell you there is not enough fruit eaten. The old adage about "an apple a day drives the doctor away," has much truth. An apple taken daily on arising is a true health giver. The human system craves fruit acids. Apples and other orchard fruits are rich with nature's own tonics to upbuild the body, enrich the blood, build the bone, aid the growth, fortify the forming development of adolescence, help healthy maternity, defer the ravages of old age, and keep the Grim Reaper further in tne background. By all means, let somebody organize "Apple Day in N.S." Let us start a wide campaign and encourage everyone to eat fruit in abundance on the day. Then the orchard product will receive its boost. People will learn to like fruit. They will make every day fruit day. And the result will be, better general health, with, in- cidentally,- a greater demand for our orchard products. — Wolf\alle Acadian. JUTE BOARD BERRY BOX 4/5 QUART Approved by Dept. of Agricoltwre, Ottawa Supplied to Government Experimental Farm Proven swccessftjl and economical, season I92I Not affected by moisture, sun's heat, reasonable handling, shipping, etc. Fits standard crates. Requires no tacking, wiring, etc. Folds up and is ready to fill. Weight 75 lbs. thousand, packed flat, ready for shipment. Price, $6.E0 per Thousand. F.O.B. Toronto. Cash with order, STOCK ON HAND. IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT. Dominion Envelope and Cartons Limited Duchess and Ontario Streets, Toronto OTTAWA LADIES COLLEGE l^o'l^rMiy^o): Foundad 1870 FOR GIRLS Matriculation Course, Music, Art, Household Science, Games,Gymnastics and Riding. For particular* apply to the Principal, New Fireproof Building MISS I. J. GALLAHER, Ottawa Ladiaa ColUca, Re-opens September 13th OTTAWA. If You Grow Potatoes You Must Spray Them Don't matter whether you grow 100 acres or only a garden patch — you'll have bugs and blight unless you spray! No other crop is so subject to insect and (fiseases. J-C BORDO-ARSENATE is a combined spray especially made for use on potatoes and other garden truck. It is a combination of Arsenate of Lime and Bordeaux Mixture made by a special process to insure scientifically c»rrect proportions of insecticide and fungicide: May be used for either liquid spraying or dusting. Lead Arsenate, Bordeaux Mixture, Bluestone — Crystals or Powdered, Cal-Arsenate, Bordo-Arsenate, Copper Lime Arsenic Dusts, Dehydrated Copper Sulphate. J-C COW OIL— "Contentment in the Cow Stable." JOHN COWAN CHEMICAL COMPANY Dalhousie and Common Streets, LIMITED MONTREAL in THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition Protect Your Young Fruit Trees from dtunage by mice in early spring by using PEDLAR'S "PERFECT" TREE PROTECTORS Mice will "girdle" any fruit tree up to six inches in diameter, in the early spring. When the snow at the base of the trees melts the hungry rodents gnaw the tender bark close to the ground. Thousands of valuable young trees are injure*>**i#»>»»»»»0 FOR the purpose of carrying out the pro- visions of the Destructive Fnsect ,-ind Pest Act, and the regulations thereunder, and also recommend such changes or additions to the said regulations as may l>e deemed necessary from time to time, an aeony wallj In the tjiirdtn of W. H. Scott, DuikIhs. Out. freely produced. Fairly vigorous grower. Generally conceded to be one of the most beautiful paeonies at pres- ent in existence, as its rank indicates. Touranfjcllc (Dessert, 1910) 9.4 — This charming variety is a delicate, pure, almost flesh-pink with no hint of the objectionable magenta in it. Its flowers are of fair size and pretty shape, and to see it is to love it. Elizabeth B. Browning (Brand) 9.2 — This is a fine variety that promises well, and its high rating in the sympo- sium shows that it is likely to prove w^orth having. It is not as good a grower as Frances Willard. Frances Willard (Brand, 1907) 9.1— A large free-flowering white, that pro- mises to become very popular. It is a free grower and bloomer. Karl Rosenfield (Rosenfield) — A brilliant and attractive red variety with fairly large fiowers in clusters; a vigorous grower. Mary Brand (Brand, 1907) 8.7— This is a little richer and more brilliant in color than Karl Rosenfield. Both are better, in my estimation, than Longfel- low, which ranks 9.0 in the paeony symposium, while Mary Brand only ranks 8.7 and Karl Rosenfield 8.8. Mary Brand is a fairly large flower, and in shape, growth and fragrance leaves little to be desired in a crimson i)aeony. Water Lilies in Ponds A I HAPPY feature in the gardening of the present day is the increas- ing use of hardy aquatics. By their aid many a sheet of water or little pond is being brightened and made a most charming feature of the garden. No hardy aquatic can compete in value for this purpose with the newer Nym- phxas, the creations of M. Latour- Marliac and other raisers. These are among the most delightful of all flowers and their cultivation should be en- couraged in ever}^ possible way. It is necessary, however, to employ them with discretion. I observe a tendency to overcrowd the plants — a tendency due to the natural desire to make as much of their beauty as pos- sible by growing as great a number as can be used in the space at command. In consequence, in the course of a few years the plants become too large and crowded together, with the result that the water is covered by the leaves, and the latter are so thick that the flowers do not come so freely. I have found that Nymphsas bloom much more freely when the suu has access to the water and its rays are not cheered to too great a degree by the foliage. In a 148 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition' large pond or lake large plants are not an objection, but in a small one or a tank, the leaves quickly cover the entire surface, to the detriment of the plants. It is therefore advisable to undertake a periodical thinning out and division of the water lilies in small ponds or tanks, and this should be done in early May. The task is a difficult one unless the pond can be drained otT. when there is Httle difficulty. The plants may be cut through with a spade or strong, sharp knife, and will soon make growth and flower the same year. The work ought to be performed about the times mentioned, a good deal depending on the climate of the district, and it may be carried out in milder places as soon as the plants show signs of growth. Where it is not easy to undertake this task or it is ncccv ary to delay it as long as possible, much may be done by thinning out the foliage of the Nymphseas. This should be done annually, at more or less frequent intervals, in small tanks where there are several plants, or tubs occupied by one or more plants. — — Gardening Illustrated. Th< Iris and Its Cultivation W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticaltorist IT does not seem so long ago, to those of us who are getting past middle life, since about all the irises we had in our gardens were few, such as Iris pumila, the delightful fragrance of which is to, at least, some of us, a glad reminder of the first spring days in the gardens of our childhood. There was also the old reliable, but beautiful. Iris florentina, and the large purple-flowered Germanica. These, with Iris flavescens, completed the list, as far as my memory serves. Outside of these few what other iris had we in Canadian gardens? Now all is changed and hundreds of lovely varieties are available to make our gardens more delightful and in- teresting. So popular has this charming flower become that it has its own American Iris Society, with a great test garden at the New York Botanical Gardens and several supplementary ones. Books have been written about it, the two most noted being "The Book of the Iris," (Lynch), and "The Genus Iris," (Dyke). We who are iris enthusiasts think that there is no group of plants which affords more delight than the iris. There are more shades of colour than in most other kinds of flowers, and the light, delicate texture of the flowers, combined with their graceful form, and delicate fragrance, are points much in their favor. The Greeks gave the iris an appropriate name when they called it the Rainbow Flower, for there must be all the colors of the rainbow in it. As cut flowers they are most useful, the buds opening readily indoors. They have a long blooming season, beginning almost as soon as the snow is away and continuing until the end of July. And, finally, many excellent varieties can be obtained at a low cost, and will multiply rapidly. But it is upon the more prosaic side of culture that I write, and one can say briefly that they are of easy culture, succeeding in a great variety of soils. Prcscntetl at the recent convention of the O.H.A. For the bearded flag iris or German iris, a rather dry soil is desired, but they have succeeded well on both very light and very heavy soils at Ottawa. A sandy, loam well-drained, and well- enriched, ensures perhaps the most satisfactory results. The roots of these iris are near the surface, hence a soil which will not often heave with frost is desirable, as they will become too shallow, and the clumps have to be renewed oftener than they otherwise would. Siberian and Japanese Iris The Siberian and Japanese irises need a moist soil to be at their best, and look well by ponds or streams. In a good garden soil one can have these succeed- ing well with the bearded flag iris. The bulbous irises, such as the English and Spanish, also do well in the average garden. Time of Planting In our experience, iris may be planted successfully at any time from early in the spring until the ground is frozen in late autumn. Perhaps the most satis- factory time for the bearded flag iris is between the time when they have done blooming and early autumn. If planted then, they will become well- rooted before winter sets in, and there will be good bloom in the spring. Spring is a good time to plant the Japanese iris, or they may be planted with good results in autumn also. The bulbous iris are planted in the autumn as soon as bulbs can be obtained. How to Plant Bearded flag iris should be planted quite shallow, the fleshy roots being barely covered with not more than an inch of soil Great losses have occurred from planting these iris with several inches of soil over the top of them, es- pecially in damp soils, as the roots rot under these conditions. It is natural for them to have the fleshy roots close to, or even on the surface of the soil, where they are subjected to the summer sun and keat. Pieces of roots may lie around for weeks in the summer on the • surface of the soil, which, if replanted, will soon grow. There is more danger of the iris being killed by apparent kindness than by apparent neglect. It can be readily seen that when the roots of the iris need to be exposed to the ■ sun, which they become by this shallow planting, it is important to plant them where they will be in bright sunlight most of the day. Where shaded they , will not bloom well. The bearded flag iris multiplies rapidly and after a few seasons, the centre of the clump becomes weak. If the most and best bloom is to be obtained from the area of ground it occupies, it is necessary to divide the clump and re- plant it The old clumps may be left for a season or two, after pieces have been taken off them, until these new clumps are large enough to ensure a good display of bloom. It is even mon important to divide the clumps O: Japanese iris than it is the bearded flag iris, especially when they are grown in the average garden and have none too much moisture. The tufts or clumps soon become thick and there is appar- ently not that free flow of sap, which is essential, if there is to be free blooming Hence the clumps should be divided at least every three years. When growing along a stream or in springy places, the}- may be left longer without dividing. Enemies and Disease The iris has few enemies and the most serious seems to be a rot disease which, however, in over thirty year> experience at Ottawa, has given us little trouble, but which has destroyed many plants in some places. The following method of treating iris affected with this rot is employed by one of our Ottawa iris enthusiasts The affected plant is dug up, and the diseased part cut away until healthy tissue is reached. When this is done another clean knife is used to cut off an additional thin slice, after which the roots are soaked in a two per cent, solution of formalin for a time, which should not exceed ten minutes. This two per cent, which should not be confounded with other and perhaps better known two per cent solutions, is made up by using about two teaspoon- fuls of formalin to a pint of water. No doubt soaking the soil with this formalin would also be beneficial, if it is necessary to re-plant in the same place. Where only a small part of the plant is affected the disease could be cut away and then the injured part sprayed with formalin. The leaves of iris often are spotted with disease which is most noticeable after the blooming season At Ottawa, this has not been found to affect the blooming for the following year to any appreciable extent, and the plants are not treated for it. July, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 149 The Time for Planting Perennials W. E. Groves, Hamilton, Ont. IN the growing of hardy flowers we have rather unfortunately got the impres- sion that planting has to be done only during the spring. Though it may be conceded that the two planting months of April and May are suitable for a large number of varieties, it does not follow that even these varieties may not be planted at some other time and further it should be remembered that the early autumn months are much more suitable for some of our favorite flowers. The more enthusiastic we are in our garden work the more evident it is that there are really very few ironclad rules to be followed. The plants we grow are usually so accommodating that planting with ordinary care can be done at dates that would shock the worker who governs his operations by worn out theories, or possibly the state of the moon. More Time in Fall Season More than one reason might be ad- vanced in favor of doing all the fall planting possible. One is that there is usually more time. In any garden there are of necessity a number of details that have to be attended to in the spring ; no other time will do. In the fall, the general garden operations are cleaning up and preparing for winter. As plant- ing is possible for quite a number of weeks before things freeze up, there is never so much need for haste as at other times. Then as planting is often done by way of development or improvement, it naturally follows that with the summer effect of the garden fresh in the mind, it is much more easy then to decide on alteration or necessary improvement than some months afterward. When favorite flowers such as roses or peonies are in bloom is always the time when the specia- list decides on the new kinds he needs. This same principle applies to the subject under consideration. In September the garden lover will have a mind photo- graph of the summer effect and with this quite fresh he may well set about his plans for the future. Divisions More Easily Made There is a still further reason. If the planting is being done to increase a variety and well-established stocks are being divided, there is an advantage in doing this in the fall. The old plants have not completely died down, and divisions are more easily made, and made with less haste than at other times. There is also no risk in buying from a nurseryman at this season, for plants will at least be quite as robust, if not more so, than those purchased in the spring. There is, of course, no intenton of ad- vising the planting of any and every kind of hardy plant at this season of the year, as there are some kinds that resent the treatment. The exceptions are few and roughly speaking are chiefly the kinds that root very near the surface, with a few other varieties that have fleshy roots. Early autumn is of course the accepted time for planting paeonies and iris, though the latter may be handled at almost any time after blooming. Divisions of pyre- thrums might be made when the flowering season is over, and if these are kept in a semi-shady spot for the summer months they may be planted out safely in the fall. The same treatment applies to such things as Phlox subulate, and doronicum, with this exception ; both these could be transplanted to their permanent quarters after blooming if watched carefully for a little while during extreme heat. There aie few other hardy flowers that resent handUng during the fall months. If the work is attacked sufficiently early there is time for the plants to settle down before the winter weather arrives, and many will positively make some roots right away. These notes are not intended to deal with the operation of planting, but a word or two on division of old roots might be allowed. Strong growing kinds such as sunflowers, helenium, aster and phlox, take much food from the soil, and should be divided quite frequently. The best method to follow is to dig the old stool up, selecting a few healthy looking bits to plant back. If they are to go in the same place the ground should be thoroughly dug and manured. Much better results are secured by just planting single stems, even if it means the dis- carding of a large part of the old root. Two Precautions There are just two things to specially bear in mind when fall planting is done. Do the work when the soil is in good con- dition, and not wet, planting firmly. It is obvious that a little extra care should be taken in protecting during the first winter, especially in the case of the more tender varieties. With these simple pre- cautions and the ordinary care given by any flower lover there is no reason for hesitation when the autumn season comes around. A Splendid Specimen of Freautiful pink. Some points wcr. cleared up and settled, for- ever it is hoped, re„ irding correct nomenclature. La France, a peony that is scarce and the true variety being in doubt, came in for much dis- cussion. Three gooil specimens were shown which one was by S. F. Wood, London, and another by Thurlow. The writer has a two-year old plant from one grown by Miss Rose Mc- Ilvenna of London, who showed one bloom at the local peony show three years ago. This captured the prize for the best peony at that time and was named La France by Dr. Saunders who was judge. A rather poor specimen of the same plant was compared with those on exhibi- tion at this Show bv A. M. Brand, Dr. Berthour and others. Though they appeared identical, the faded specimen lacked the crushed appear- ance of those exhibited. I think myself they are all the same. Among special peonies of interest were blooms from a plant 87 years old shown by Mrs. Jos. Marshall, London. The variety was called Fragrans. Philippe Revoire, a new dark red originated by a Frenchman of that name, had two speci- mens. While not large, they had color, shape and perfume. President Wilson, a $50.00 bloom, had many interested spectators, on account of the price. It is a nice bloom of light pink. Among the exhibitors were — Dr. Brethour, Toronto; Treasurer Scott of Chester, Pa; Dr. A. P. Saunders, Clinton, N.Y.; Miss M. E. Blacklock, Meadowvale, Ont.; A. M. Brand, Faribault, Minn; Henry S. Cooper, and Mrs. Cooper, Kenosha, Wis.; R. Bonnewitz, Van Wert, Ohio; W. H. Thurlow, West New Bury, Mass.; F. C. Green, Greenwood, Ontario; Jas. H. Howarth, Toronto; Dr. R. W. Schnarr, Kitchener; H. M. Rolph, Markham, Ontario; J. M. Peachey, Brantford, Ont; G. F. Donohue, Newton Lower Falls, Mass. The following acted as judges — B. H. Farr, Wyomissing, Pa.; H. A. Norton, Ayres Cliffe, Que.; Pres. A. H. Fewkes, Newton Highland, Mass; Jas. Boyd, Haverford, Pa.; A. M. Brand, Faribault, Minn.; and Dr. A. P. Saunders, Clinton, N.Y. At the annual meeting and banquet held at the Tecumseh House, A. H. Fewkes, was elected president and W. E. Saunders of London, President for Canada. The Show next year will be held at St. Paul, Minn. St. Catharines That St. Catharines has well earned the name; The Garden City of Canada, was borne out by the recent annual rose show, held on June 20. A wonderful collection of roses was placed on exhibit, in the local armories. While essentially of roses there were .ilso many fine displays of paeonies and other cut flowers. Grimsby The popular annual rose show was held on June 20 in the local arena. A very large exhibit of bloom was staged, the condition and arrange- ment being excellent. The show attracted a large attendance of enthusiastic flower lovers. Town- spirit Improves Child Magistrate Fry, president of the Dundas Horticultural Society, recently said that in past years he had frequently to discipline children who sought to destroy and injure civic and private property. Since the spirit of im- proving the town had been developed, by the horticultural society, however, this wasteful sort of petty mischief had largely disappeared, and the children were co-operating in the good work. This is a form of endeavor that could be more largely fostered. A Grafting Experience To the Editor:— On May 7, 1921, a friend of mine put six Northern Spy grafts on a Golden Russet tree. They were watched a1! summer but no sign of life appeared. The were given up for dead but left in branches. In Alay this year, when cutting off a dea limb on same tree, I was surprised to see some thing green in the end of one of these grafts. To make sure, I took a step-ladder over and sure enough there were two leaves on a stem, coming out of the end of last year's graft. To-day it has as healthy a bunch of leaves as any one would wish. Have shown this to a number of persons and it was a surprise to all. The question is, wiU it bear Spys or Russets? It will be carefully watched until it fruits. — E. W. Moyle, Langstaff, Ont. The Western Fair The interior of the Horticultural Building at Queen's Park will be re-arranged this year with a view to making it better for both exhibitors and visitors. The tables in the centre for fruit and flowers will be placed crossways of the build- ing, leaving an aisle on each side of every table. With the present prospects for a good fruit crop this building should be very attractive this year. Special interest is being taken in the display of Flowers, and extra editions of the Prize List in this Department were issued to all prospective exhibitors through the London Horticultural Society. The dates are Sept. 9th to I6th. All in- formation will be promptly given on application to the Secretary, General Offices, London, Ont. Mildew is a fungus which attracts the leaves of rose hushes and can be distinguished by the white appearance oi tlie leaves. It can be easily controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. Give the Child Vegetables VEGETABLES and fruit* are now con- sidered a necessary part of the diet of the child. The reasons are many, but most of them may be summed up by saying that they furnish material needed to form bone and tissue and to regulate body processes. The mild acids which some of them contain help to prevent constipation; so, too, does the cellulose or fiber, especially when it is raw, though- its value for this purpose may have been exagger- ated in popular literature. Green vegetables are also a valuable means of introducing into the diet mineral matters, particularly iron, in a form in which the body can utilize them. Even at city prices, green vegetables have been shown tobe an economical source of iron. Leaf vegetables, like spinach, beet greens, kale, etc., have recently been found to contain some of the growth-promoting sub-- stances that are found in milk. The uses of fruits in the diet are much the same as those of green vegetables, though, un- like most vegetables, they have a considerable percentage of sugar, especiallv when they are dried, an^ sugar is a quickly absorbed fuel food. Like vegetables, they have value because they contribute some of the nitrogen required for tissue building and repair, and some energy. However, they are valuable chiefly because they supply growth-stimulating and body-regulating substances and also mineral matter needed for bone and for many other purposes. The quantity of these materials in fruits and vegetables^ is small, it is true, but large in comparison with the amount in many other common foods. July, 19a THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 153 British Columbia Okanagan Fruit Notes J IN the Vernon district, early in June, Duchess apples in the aggregate promised lighter than last year's crop and Wealthy very much so. It is rather difficult at present to decide how Mcintosh will turn out on account of the quan- ity of young trees this year coming into bearing. Some of the older orchards which bore heavily last year are carrying a considerably lighter crop. Jonathan and Grimes Golden are going to be heavy and there is apparently a good set of Delicious. Newtowns, Spitzenberg and Rome Beauty vary considerably. For the Kelowna district, the concensus of opinion is that the crop will be somewhat lighter than last year. Around Summerland, apples set well. In the Kootenay district, there are hopes of a heavy crop with prospects of having to thin all the early varieties. The horticultural branch of the B.C. Depart- ment of Agriculture held strawberry packing demonstrations at various places last month. IRIS IRIS Forced to dig a large block of fancy Iris in August, I offer a special bargain of 12 Named Varieties $1.00 Bjr Express, collect; or postage paid for $1.30 August is best time of year to plant Iris. Try this collection. J. H. CALLANDER petebroro Eliminate the Culls R. H. Helmer, Summerland. B.C. PAST experience points to the wisdom of taking precaution to eliminate culls and small sizes; these have been the stumbling block in the past and will be in future. Let us consider for a moment how culls and small sizes occur. If our trees are making a poor growth it is likely that they will ha^e a heavy crop and furthermore if this is the 'on year' for bearing, our trees will be over-burdened. Both of these conditions crowd the fruit, one against the other, causing rubbing or poor color and the tree with such a heavy crop cannot make growth and form and feed fruit spurs for the 1923 crop. Therefore if the trees are left over-loaded, we are only exaggerating the "off year" habit and increasing culls and small sizes. We believe the British Columbia orchardists are now fully alive to the fact that soil building and plant food have a tremendous influence on returns per tree and have taken this up in a whole-hearted way. The method of the thinning of the fruit should now be considered. Where trees are heavily and evenly loaded the rule should be one fruit every eight inches and spurs that are apt to interfere with others should be relieved allowing other spurts to rest and mature for 1923. Where trees are not heavily laden, good judgment nxust be used to get the best quality apples at the minimum risk of making them into culls. O- Western Provinces } "The wonderful success of the Australian apple shipments, after the first few years of troubles and failures, is attributable, " says an English fruit weekly, " to the perfecting of pre- cooling arrangements, so that fruit for shipment would go into the hold of the vessel at practically the same temperature at which it was desired to be carried, when it was possible for the marine refrigerator engineer to keep his holds at an equal temperature without much difficulty." Western Fruit Jobbers THE following terms of sale, adopted by the Western Canada Fruit Jobbers' As- sociation, will interest shippers of fruits and vegetables to the Prairie Provinces: 1 . All goods are sold at seller's warehouse or distributing point at buyer's risk of delaj', loss or damage in transit. 2. Berries of all kinds and cherries are sold entlrelv at buyer's risk of deterioration, after seller delivers same to transportation company. 3. All orders are subject to approval of seller's credit department on date of shipment. 4. On any commodity that transportation company refuses to accept, only at owner's risk, the buyer be considered the owner from the time seller receives receipt for such goods from transportation company in good condition. 5. If heated cars are not available, seller shall ship in box cars at buyer's risk, unless in- structed in writing by buyer to ship in heated car only; and in case buyer so Instructs, seller shall have right to either ship at seller's risk or cancel order. 6. All orders received by the seller from the buyer which cannot be filled on date named in order, will go forward on arrival of the goods, unless distinctly specified on order. 7. All orders must be signed by the buyer when given in person, or when order given by telephone, must be so noted on order sheet. 8. All orders shall be considered as sold on regular terms unless so noted on the order or contract. Any deviation from regular terms would be subject to acceptance by seller's office. In writing. 9. Rejections or Refusals. — Buyers shall not unjustifiably refuse fruit and vegetables. Delay The Garden Beautiful To those who love flowers and are groxvlng them, whether commercially or just because they do love them an Overhead Irrigation System IS A REAL BOON It Is the only system of irrigation that gives proper iukI permanent service. Llftcs can l)c carried along your fence, or concealed behind your hedge, or placed wherever desired- One line serves a width of fifty feet on each side of the line. Writ* for circular gioing alt detailt, Canadian Irrigation Limited 146 JARVIS STREET, TORONTO, ONT. Tallman Rotary and Oscillating Sprinkler Lack of rain need not wither your lawn this summer If you have a Tallman Rotary and Oscillating Sprinkler. Its spray like natural rain keeps your lawn and shrubbery fresh in the driest weather. Tallman Rotary and Oscillating Sprinklers are adjustable, simple and durable. Sold by hardware dealers. Price $10.00. For Pipe Line Installation for Market Gardeners, Sprinklers are sold without base. Price $8.00. Mm^mmjWMM IM THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition OTTAWA LADIES COLLEGE Founded 1870 RESIDENTIAL AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS .Nl.ihitiilatio:i L.,. lusic, Art, Household Science, Games,Gyinnastics and Riding. For particuUr. .ppl, to Ih. Principal, N.w Fireproof Building Re-op«nB September 13th MISS I. J. GAIXAHER, Ottawa Ladiaa ColUga OTTAWA. Buy Your Bulbs Direct From the Actual Grower. Hyacinths, Tulips, Daffodils, Crocus and all other kinds of Bulbs and Roots. Descriptive List upon Application. Best Quality at Reasonable Prices PAPENDRECHT-VANDERVOET Bulb and Plant Growers Dahlia Specialists Sassenheim, Holland PAEONIES IMPORT ORDERS The stock of biuh-priccd varieties of paeoniea is very limited even in Holland and vfhcn a variety is sold out it is almost impossible to replace it I have about 25,000 paeonies prouius at Stoney Creek and in the lot a number of high priced varieties in limited quantities — Hut the paeonies I sell are small one year, ono eyed Holland roots. By the time an order arrives in Holland some vaiieties may be sold out. It is the. t- fore advisahle to place orders early! Again, growers hope that the U.S. will remove the quarantine which forbids the importation of paeonies to the U.S. If this quarantine is removed, prices 'aUI double. Send for price list — ".\lsace I,orraine" $2.00, etc. H. P. VANWAGNER R. R. No. 5, Hamiltoa, Ontario. THE WESTERN FAIR LONDON, ONTARIO September 9th to 16th, 1922 Growers of FRUITS and FLOWERS Send for a Prize List Liberal prizes — good classification. Interior of Horticultural Building changed this year, giving more room for display. Send for prize lists, entry forms, etc., to the Sec'y. J. H. SAUNDERS, President A. M. HUNT, Secretary DAISY APPLE PRESSES FOR BOXES AND BARRELS THE DAISY APPLE BARREL PRESS. is one of the most satisfactory and efficient presses made. It is used by the leading fruit growers in Canada, the United States and England, because every grower who wishes to handle his crop economically should have one. THE DAISY BOX PRESS is the fastest and only automatic press on the market. Works simplj' by pressing with the foot, thus leaving both hands free. WE ALSO MAKE THE DAISY FOLDING APPLE SORTING TABLE. This is another of the famous "Daisy" apple packers' outfits. It is light usage. Folds compactly for carryin but strong, being built to meet rough about the orchard. Send now for oar Descriptive Circular, and let us Quote You Prices. J. J. ROBLIN & SON BRIGHTON ONTARIO In transit, pilferage, or other damage shall not of itself justify a refusal. ^4 10. The seller does not undertake to deliver goods to buyer on a certain date. The question of delivery is in the hands of the transportation company. 11. Complaints or Adjustments. — The buyer shall notify the seller in writing or wire within 24 hours after arrival of shipment. Failure to give such notice shall constitute acceptance, except that it will be proper to determine (as may be customarv) the loss or waste which can be attributed to the seller. This, however, does not apply to highly perishalile goods, such as berries, cherries and early green vegetables, which must be accepted at shipping point. 12. On all orders given without definite in- structions, the seller will exercise his best judgment regarding the best means of trans- portation. 13. All orders given travellers and other em- ployees are subject to confirmation and to goods being unsold. Sellers are not to be held respon- sible for failure to deliver any order as a result of anything unforseen at time of sale. 14." Interest is to be charged on overdue accounts at the rate of 1 per cent, per month. j Maritime Provinces j Fruit Prospects in N. S. W. S. Blair, Experimental Farm, KentviUe. IT is yet too early to more than forecast the possible fruit crop in the Annapolis and Corn- wallis Valleys. The reports are very con- flicting. The bloom on the whole was good and the weather at blossoming time was warm and generally bright. The temperature for the week during full bloom averaged 77 degrees as the maximum and 57 degrees as the minimum. The 3rd of June, when trees were in full bloom, was dark with a light shower of .14 inches and there was a further shower of .34 inches on the 4th. The 4th cleared up bright, which weather con- tinued during the week. It will be seen that the conditions were on the whole favorable for pol- lination. The bloom lasted but a few days on all the later blooming varieties and the high tem- perature on the 5th apparently prematurely dried up the petals and by the middle of the week the bloom was practically all off the trees. A general survey would indicate that Graven- stein, Ribston, Greening, Fallawater, Wagener and Mcintosh are a good set. King, Ben Davis, Stark, Gano and Golden Russet fair. Baldwin and Blenheim entirely off; the latter blossomed in abundance but the set is light. The early varieties, as Crimson Beauty, Duchess and Wealthy, are a good set. The crop is_ variously estimated by growers at from 40 to 75% of last season. It "is probable that the crop will run about 65% of last season's harvest. "The plum crop is likely to be good, also cherries. The first ripe cherries, "Early Purple" or "Earlv Purple Guigne," were picked on June 21. This "is the earliest cherry we have in our plantation. The first strawberries were harvested on June 17. The season is early and the prospects are that only a light crop wUl be harvested. The weevil has made its appearance in places and will reduce the crop somewhat. N.S. Apples in J 92 J THE apple crop of the Annapolis Valley Was the most successful ever grown, both from a financial and quality standpoint. It is understood that the average net price realized from the entire crop outside of the cheaper apples used in the factories, was around $3.50. This means that the amount of foreign money brought into the valley for apples the past year amounted to around six million dollars. The total production of Nova Scotia apples m July, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUEIST 155 1921 was 2,033,901 barrels and 6,494 boxes. The United States received 98,354 barrels, West Indies 4,683 barrels, Newfoundland 13,377 barrels, while the remainder were consigned to various English ports. New Brunswick points received 30,481 barrels of the total crop. Nova Scotia 22,840 barrels and other Canadian points 296,042 l)arrels. Provincial canning factories consumed 31,800 barrels and cider and vinegar plants 36,000 barrels. r \ Crops and Markets t i —«»♦♦»»■■»■»«»<>■■»•»»■»■ Many new apple warehouses are being erected in the Annapolis Valley. Among the places where construction is going forward are Ayles- ford, Weston, Billtown, and Hillaton, in King's Countj'. Meetings will be addressed throughout Canada this summer by J. Forsyth Smith, Canadian Fruit Trade Commissioner, Liverpool, England. Mr. Smith is now in British Columbia and will address meetings there in July. The Ontario meetings will start on or about August 10 and will continue for a period of probably 10 days. Later, meetings will be conducted in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Dates and places for the eastern meetings will be announced in next issue. Mr. Smith will speak on "Canadian Fruit on the British and Continental Markets. " Ontario Gladiolus Society 1 31 ANNUAL EXHIBITION apd CONVENTION Wednesday and Thursday, August 23 and 24, 1922 Alma Ladies* College, St. Thomas* Oat* Splendid prize list. Finest display of Gladioli in America in the Trial Garden of St. Thomas Horticulturtil Society (official test plot .\.G.S.) Music, sight seeing trips and other entertainment. For further information write Dr. F. E. Bennett, Pres.* or Rev. P. S. Dobson, Sec'y — ST. THOMAS THE CITY OF FLOWERS — Potato Inspection IN the May-Tune number of the Agricultural Gazette of Canada, tlie Division of Botany, Dominion E.xperimental Farms Branch,tells of the work that has been carried on in potato- field inspection and certification. Most of the seed-growing districts were inspected twice. An analysis of the figures for 1920 and 1921 given in the article shows an increase in the per- centage of acres passed last year over those of the preceding yeiir, a fact that is attributed to the employment of improved methods of seed growing and to the more general use of certified seed. Ontario showed up best in 1921, having a percentage of acres passed of 88.6 as compared with 54.2 in 1920, when Nova Scotia was on top with a percentage of 78.6 as against last year. Manitoba came second in 1921 with a percentage of 84.8 aganst 46.3 in 1920. Nova Scotia was third and New Brunswick fourth in 1921. Prince Edward Island was second in 1920 with a percentage of 59.0 but in 1921 fell a little behind, the percentage being 56.2. The other provinces came in this order last year: Alberta, Sask- atchewan and Quebec. The two first mentioned of these three had no fields inspected in 1920, but Quebec increased from a percentage of 21.7 in 1920 to a percentage of 42.0 in 1921, an im- provement which Is the more marked because Universal Bushel Basket and Cover Absolutely the best Basket and Cover on the Market. Write Us for Prices in carload lots, delivered your station, or smaller quantities ship- ped from our warehouse. QUICK & HOLGATE Bowmanville - Ontario CANADIAN DISTRIBUTORS ROBERT McCULLOCH FRUIT MERCHANT and COMMISSION AGENT Consignments Solicited. 65 MAIN STREET, AYR, SCOTLAND CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION TORONTO SATURDAY, AUGUST 26 TO SATURDAY, SEPT. 9 NEVER ON A BIGGER SCALE rBOXED APPLES Bring Better Prices When packed in quality boxes In addition to large orders we are especially equipped to supply APPLE BOXES either made-up or in shooks, in small quantities to the individual grower. Let us quote you our attractive prices on your needs for this season. Barchard & Co. LIMITED 135 Duke St., Toronto, Ont^ ise THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition the acriiigc inspcctctt in that province l.isi year was Krcalcr than in the jprcvious .year. In Qiiehoc also the lUimWr of acres inspfctcd is much larycr th.in in tile otlitT provinces. It is PEDLAR'S "PERFECT" TREE PROTECTORS i?''40^ Protect Your Young Fruit Trees from damage by mice in early spring Mice will "jjirdle" any fruit tree up to six inches in diameter, in the early spring. When the snow at the base of the trees melts the hungry rodents gnaw the tender bark close to the ground. Thousands of valtiable young trees are injured in this way every year, in- volving an enormous loss to orchardists. But you can easily circumvent the mice by using Pedlar's " Perfect" Tree Protectors. They are made from strips of galvanized metal lath, with a mesh only three-eisbthsof an inch — too small for the smallest mouse to squeeze through. Supplied In bundles of 25. Write for prices. THE PEDLAR PEOPLE LIMITED EstabUsbtd I86I EXECUTIVE OFFICES! OSHAWA, ONT. Factories: Osbaw«» Ont.. and Montreal. Que. Braachesi — Montreal. Ottawa. Toronto. Hamilton. Winnipeg, Calgary. Vancouver thought that it the ^■.l■.uh^r luiu ocwii more pro- pitious in the early part of the season last year, the general improvement shown would have been still more im^)rissivc. Rogueing, advised by the inspectors in New Brunswick in 1920, owing to the presence of mosaic among the Green Mountain variety, had the effect of in- creasing the percentage of that province from 46.8 to 67.2 last ye.ir. Wilt was responsible for the slight falling off in Prince Edward Island, and the hot dry season particularly affected Nova Scotia. Transportation Matters Frait Branch, Ottawa SPECIAL express commodity rates will be effective on carload and less carload ship- ments this season on fruits crries, which were scarce, with the average going at 10 cents less, until June 12, when prices commenced to go down rapidly. The bottom was reached on Tuesd.-»y, June 20, when the bulk of arrivals moved at 8 to 10 cents. From that date, prices advanced a cent or two a day until the end of the month, when 14 to 16 cents were received for the average run. A noticeable feature of the berry market all through the month was poor quality and con- dition. While there were daily exceptions in the case of odd lots of prime goods, the bulk of arrivals was poor in one or more respects — too many green tips; berries sandy, wet or bruised; no attention paid to facing the bo.xes, hulls in- stead of fruit often being the first thing seen; boxes slack, sometimes only two-thirds full. The reference to "facing" the boxes should not be confounded with " topping '' which means putting the best berries on the top. A box of berries can be faced honestly, and one of the essentials is not to face with stems up. Better quality and con- dition prevailed on this market during the last 10 days of the month. Cherries commenced to arrive about the 10th, but they were small and immature. Not until about the 20th did sweet cherries of good grade Tulips, Hyacinths, Daffodils, Paeonies, Etc. Import and Retail. Write for List. MORNINGTON GLADIOLUS GARDENS Stratford, Ontario VAN GINHOVEN & CO. 32 Pearl Street New York, N.Y. Your address for Holland-grown Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Gladioli, Iris, Paeonies and all miscellaneous bulbs and roots. Please write for illustrated catalogue. We Solicit Your Consignment Good Prices Always For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at al( times for your fruit, veget- ables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto Alarket, we have establishctl Irancli warehouses, with competent men in charge, at Sudbury, North Bay, Colialt and Timmins. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branchesi We never have to sacrifice \out interests. Send for Shipping Stamp Branch Warehoases: Sudbtiry, North Bay, Cobalt and Timmins. Peters, Duncan Limited 88 Front St. East, Toronto Referencest The Bank of Nova Scotia, King and Victoria Brancht and Commercial Agen- July, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 167 sin to arrive in noticeable quantities. The iirst good sweets brought as high as $3 in sixes. While berries lasted in large supply, the demand for cherries of any kind was weak. On June 30, a day preceding two holidays in iccession — Dominion Day and a Sunday — cherries were a glut. Sours in sixes sold at 30 to 50 cents, and sweets from 50 cents up. The demand for green vegetables was active ':! through the month. Lettuce, spinach and radishes frequently were in over-supply, but best quality always found buyers. Ilothouse tomatoes and cucumbers sold strong. Outdoor tomatoes arrived from Leamington first about the 20th. The first Ontario new potatoes, grown near Hamilton, arrived on the 22nd, and sold at $2.75 a bushel. Fruit Crop Outlook AT the end of June, the Acting Fruit Com- missioner, Ottawa, issued the following summary of the outlook for fruit crops in the eastern provinces: Ontario: Apples^' 30 per cent, larger crop than last year, or 1,1,50,580 barrels; Spy, Greening, Baldwin, light. Peaches — Heavy crop. Plums —Japanese, light; others exceptionally heavy. Pears — Below average; KeifFers and Bartlett, fair. Cherries — Sweet, full crop; sour, light in western Ontario, but a good crop in eastern districts. Grapes — Fair crop. Raspberries — Fair, but less than 1921. Currants — Full crop. Quebec: Apples — 75 per cent, in excess of 1921, or 61,600 barrels. New Brunswick: Apples — 25 per cent, in excess of 1921, or 41,250 barrels; Spy and Stark- light. Nova Scotia: Apples — 75 per cent, of crop 1921, or 1,527,000 barrels. If You Ship Fruit to Toronto LET US HANDLE YOUR SHIPMENTS We are centrally located in the Fruit Market. Service unexcelled. Prompt returns and a satisfactory deal guaranteed to all. Writa To-day for Shipping Stampa 72 Colborne St. JOSEPH BAMFORD COMMISSION MERCHANT Toronto, Ont. Phones : Main 6036 and Main 308S Reference: Canadian Bank of Commerce, Marlcet Branch **Mr. Grotf^er, — Remember, we are at your service. TR Y US. * ' Stamps and information mailed on request. Prompt returns' Weekly settlements. UNION FRUIT & PRODUCE CO. 82 FRONT STREET, EAST, Phone Main 1996 and 3498 TORONTO, ONTARIO Readers are requested to send for reproduction photographs of their orchards or gardens. PERRY'S SEEDS A!pine and perennials unique collections i man> new varieties unobtainable from any other source* Hardy and adapted lor Canadian climate HARDY PLANT FARM, ENFIELD. ENGLAND APPLE BARRELS New, .standard -machine made, best quality. De- livered anywhere in Ontario and Quebec. Write for prices. Contracts made with Fruit Associations and others. SARNIA. JOHN HAYNE ONTARIO Stronach & Sons 33 Churc h Street TORONTO. ONTARIO Fruit, All Shipments of Fruit and other Pro- duce consigned to Produce, us receive our per- sonal attention. and Competent sales- men in Fruit Mark- et at all times. Commission Advice Card mailed each even- Merchants mg. Shipping Stamps mailed on request. YOUR SHIPMENT SOLICITED Long Distance Phone: Main 2877 GROWERS and SHIPPERS Give Our Selling Service a Trial All Kinds of Fruits and Vege- tables Handled on Commission Shipping Stamps Supplied Prompt Advice and Returns Satisfactory Results Correspondence Invited W. J. McCART & CO., Ltd. 78-80 Colborne Street TORONTO Telephones: Main 784 and Main 715 Me/ertncts: fmfiertml Bank, Markets liranch 168 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition The Fruit & Produce Market The Commismlon firmB undemoted wish con- slgnmcDts of fruit and general produce. They will be pleased to have you write them for Information^ ■hipplnc stamps, etc.. If you have fruit or vcsetables for sale. H. J. ASH •t4-t6 Church St. Toronto, Ont. CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES SOLICITED Shipp'ng Stamps Furnished on Request. MANSER, WEBB CO. A3 Colborne Street Toronto Wholesale Fruit and Produce Merchants Consiffnments Solicited on CommisMon. STRONACH & SON 33 Church St.» Toronto, Ont. All shipments of Fruit and other produce consigned to us receive our personal attention. Shipping stamps furnished. Phone Main 2390. See advt. on page 157 DAWSON-ELLIOTT CO. 32 'West Market St., Toronto, Ont. Wholesale F.uit and Produce Consignments Solicited, PETERS, DUNCAN Limited 88 FRONT STREET, EAST, TORONTO, ONT. See Advertisement on Page 156 BULBS, PAEONIES, ROSES, GLADIOLI Send for 1922 lists. Orders for bulbs and Pasonies accepted «p to September 1st. Import orders only. Roses and Glads. imported in Spring. Several Societies sent in orders too late last year. ORDER EARLY. VAN'T HOP & BLOKKER HEILOO, HOLLAND Canadian Office, 430 Brunswick Ave., Toronto '•f^BESTMAOt FOSTER'S POT We have a large stock of all sizes FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Order. Filled Promptly Send for Pric,. THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. 1 Canadian jhorticultural council | Various Activities L. F. Burrows, Secretary-Treasurer. THE various standing committees appointed at the general meeting of the Council, May 17, have been very active and each has accomplished considerable to date. The publicity committee have had several articles regarding the Council published in the press, and this is undoubtedly giving it the advertising which is most necessary at this stage in the organization. Arrangements have been com- pleted with The Canadian Horticulturist, whereby that publication will be the official organ pro tem. of the Council. A column will be conducted, in the interest of the Council, in each month's issue. The chairman of the transporta- tion committee prepared a memorandum wliich was submitted to the special committee of Parliament on transportation costs. The chair- man of the legislation committee was most active in the preparation of the memoranda pre- pared regardmg the enforcement of regulations and the proposed tax on fruit juices. Consider- able progress has also been made by the registra- tion committee; the chairman advises that he expects to be in a position to submit a full report on or about Oct. 1. Although a representative of the Council did not appear, personally, before the special com- mittee of the House of Commons, that has been investigating railroad freight rates, arrangements were made whereby a memorandum from the Council would be accepted as evidence. A memorandum was tlicrefor submitted which fully set forth the position of the Canadian fruit and vegetable interests as affected by the Crows Nest Pass agreement, i'?^ J .j A letter was addressed to the department of health, regarding candied citron peel, it being represented that melon peel was being placed upon the market as Canadian citron peel and therefore constitutes an infraction of the mis- branding clause of the Food and Drugs Act. An investigation is beint conducted in this connection by the department. A communication was received from the president of the Ontario Horticultural Associa- tion advising that tlicir association desired to hzve a representative on the Council, and as provision was made in the constitution for a representative of the amateur horticulturists, he named J. E. Carter, Guelph, vice-president of the O.H..^. The amateur horticulturists of Ontario, having a membership of 32,000 in the O.H.A., are materially interested in the registra- tion of horticultural plants, shrubs and trees, one of the objects of the Council. Under separate headings in this column, various other activities of the Council are ex- plained in detail. The constitution and by-laws are published in full on page 147 of the" Fruit Edition. Readers of The Canadian Horticulturist are requested to vise the facilities which the Council at present affords of having the diffi- culties of the industry in whicli they are engaged settled. The secretary, whose address is 21 Cliff St., Ottawa, is always ready to give his attention to even the smallest matter which may be brought before him. Important Resolutions AT a meeting of the Canadian Horticultural Council, held at Ottawa. May 17, when the Council was formally organized, an appreciation of the services of Ci W. Baxter, who was retiring as fruit commissioner to accept the position of general manager of the Niagara Peninsula Growers, Ltd., was expressed in a resolution. The Council recommended as his successor, G. E. Mcintosh, fruit transportation specialist. Fruit Branch, Ottawa. A resolution was adopted urging the Dominion Government to enforce rigidly the regulations with respect to pure foods as applied to bever- ages, and that, if such regulations do not afford full protection to consumers, producers and manu- facturers, these be amcne similarly distributed, nth the exception that tliere is but one rcprp» entative lor the three Maritime Provinces. Registration of Plants THIO Council lias already taken steps toward the organization of a system for the registra- tion of new varieties of plants. Through the agency of \V. B. Lobjoit, Controller of Hor- ticulture for Great Britain, the secretary of the C.II.C, will lie kept informed of the efforts be- ing made, not only in England liut on the Con- tinent, to provide a means for tlic registration of horticultural plants, shrubs and trees. The secretary has also got into touch with the horti- cultural authorities in tlie United States who are interested in this matter. It is cxf)ccted that a conference on the subject will be arranged for during the present year. Readers are invited to use the columns of Thr Canadian HoRTiciiLTLmi.ST for discussing any and all matters of general horticultural interest. Ife couldm Farm wi^out mem -— Prosfferous farming depends upon smooth working machinery — and smooth working machinery is usually the result of proper lubrication with the right grade of Imperial Lubricants. Imperial Farm Lubricants have been developed to meet the needs of every type of machine used on Canadian farms. The use of the right grades insures msiximum service and profit from all of your imple- ments. Make your selection from the list below, or ask the Imperial Oil man. Lubricants roa /VJLL FA.RM PURPOSE^S IMPERIAL POLARINE OIL IMPF.RIAI- POLARINF, MEDIUM OIL iMPERi.\L poljvrine he.wy oil For gEuiolinc-burninglengiaea— automobiles and tnicks. IMPERIAL POLARINE SPECIAL HEAVY OIL For kerosene-burning stationary engines and tractors. IMPERIAL POLARINE EXTRA HEAVY OIL For motors requiring an unu&u^Uy heavy oiL IMPERIAL PRAIRIE HARVF^STER OIL IMPERIAL GRANITE HARVESTER OIL For open bearings of separators, binders, etc IMPERIAL CAPITOL CYLINDER OIL For steam cylinder lubrication— tractors and stationary engine* IMPERIAL GAS ENGINE OIL For stationary or portable engines, kerosene or gasoline. IMPERIAL POLARINE CUP GREASE IMPERIAL THRESHER HARD OIL For grease cup lubrication — clean, solidified oils. The Imperial Charts of Recommendations show exactly what grade of Imperial Polarine Motor Oils will give the best results with your type of truck, tractor or automobile. Further information will be gladly supplied by the Imperial Oil man — an expert on lubrication. IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED Caudiia Compuiy Ciotdiin CipUal CanadUn WorluncD 160 TIFK CANADIAN JiORTICULTURIST Floral Edition BEAUTIFY YOUR HOME AND GARDEN RENNIFS SUPERB BULBS HYACINTH— LADY DERBY To succeed with bulbs it is necessary to begin right, by getting sound bulbs of good size, and we would warn intending purchasers against baying cheap, under- sized bulbs and expect the fine results obtained from such as we offer. Our sources of supply are the best in this country and abroad, the leading growers of the world having for years supplied us with their choicest stock. To the lover of flowers there is no class of plants so much prized as those which arc produced from bulbs. The reason is easily found, because within the bulbs arc stored all the future glory of leaves and flowers, only requiring the simplest culture to develop them in their highest perfection. Success is, therefore, the rule. A FEW CULTURAL HINTS WHEN TO PLANT.— To the beginner we would emphasize the fact that Autumn and not Springtime is the time to plant all kinds of spring-flowering bulbs. 1 he larger part of the bulbs ofFered in our Catalogue are ready to ship by the second week in September, and the sooner they are planted after that the greater will be the measure of success, more particularly those for indoor culture; therefore, ORDER EARLY. A few sorts, which are noted in the Catalogue, do not mature imfil October and November, and are forwarded as soon as ready. DUTCH HYACINTHS— Fancy Quality Add 3c. each, 25c. per dozen, for postage. THE HYACINTH is so well known and esteemed that any description of its many good qualities is needless. The list now offered includes nearly every shade of red, white, blue, yellow, etc. 20c. each, $1.95 per dozen, $13.00 per 100 Lady Derby, (Bright Rose Pink) » Charles Dickens, (Pink) ! La Victoire, (Deep Carmine, Rosel ; Gertrude, (Deep Rose) ! Giganthea, (Light Pink) Morena, (Pink) ; King of Belgians, (Deep Red) j Robert Steiger, (Dark Red) ; Garibaldi, (Crimson Red) ; Albertine, (White) ) Madame Van Der Hoop, (Pure White) ; Grandeur a Merveille, (Blush) j Arentinc Arendsen, (Pure White) ; LTnnocence, (Pure White) ; Grand Maitre, (Pale Blue) ; Queen of the Blues, (Pale Azure blue; King of Blues, (Dark Blue); Sir. Wm. Mansfield, (Mauve); Yellow Hammer. DARWIN TULIP— 1st Quality Add 10c. dozen, 50c. per 100, for postage. The most beautiful section of the Tulip family, increasing in popular favor every year, and deservedly so, not onlj' on account of their length of stem, size of flower and lasting quality, but also from the fact that blooming as they do, in the latter part of May, they lengthen the season of bloom of the regular early flowering varieties and should be planted by everyone who wishes to get bulbs and plants that will fill in the season from the beginning of April until the later part of May when other hardy perennials are starting to bloom. Doz. 100 Mixed Colors, (Superfine). 60 $3.75 Mixed Colors, (Fine) 55 3..50 MINIATURE HYACINTHS ALSO CALLED "DUTCH ROMANS" These little Hyacinths are excellent for growing in pots, pans or boxes; they bloom very freely; often producing 3 or 4 spikes. They are equally desirable for culture out-doors; they should be planted closer together than the "Dutch Hyacinths." Culture is the same as recommended for the Roman Hyacinths, and they come into bloom after the Roman Hyacinths are exhausted. Per Doz. ,70, Per 100, $4, 25. (Postage extra) Grand Maitre, (Light Blue) ; Gigantea, (Light Pink) ; Gertrude, (Deep Pink); L'Innocence, (Pure White); Lady Derby, (Delicate Pink); La Victoire, (Dark Pink). Send your name for a copy of Rennie's Catalogue, which includes Poultry Supplies, Planet Junior Implements, Sprayers, Insecticides, Fertilizers, etc. THE WILLIAM KING? AND MARKET STREETS RENNIE COMPANY LIMITED TORONTO The Canadian Horticulturi^ Floral Edition Vol. XLV. PETERBORO, ONT., AUGUST, 1922 No. 8 The Newer Varieties of Iris' AFTERGLOW (Sturtevant)— This and Nothing are very much alike, but Afterglow, with me, at least, is taller and has a little more brilliance. It is a beautiful and striking iris, mauve- grey throughout, with soft, but brilliant, yellow in the style, arms and crests; fairly tall, and the flowers well set on the stem, and of good size; well worth having. Alcazar (Vil.) — A tall, vigorous, very fine iris. S. a pinkish mauve with F's a reddish purple. While the colors are not brilliant they are very soft and beautiful. The whole plant, with its stately growth and immense flowers, is striking. Ambassadeur (Vil.) — This might be described as a larger, deeper colored Alcazar, very imposing in height, size of bloom and coloring. It is said to be rather shy flowering, but this remains to be proved. It appears to be of vigorous constitution. Ann Page (Horts.) — This is a truly delightful iris. The color is nearly as beautiful and pure as that of Pallida Dalmatica, but the shape is quite different, though almost equally attrac- tive. It is a large spreading flower of wonderful effect in the garden with its tall branching stems and stately mien. Anne Leslie (Sturtevant) — S delicate pink, F carmine. The coloring of this variety is pretty, but it is not free enough flowering, or tall enough to be very effective. Archeveque — A wonderfully rich, pure purple throughout, but too short in growth to be imposing, and the flowers are on the small side. Its deep color and velvety texture are its greatest assets. Ballerine (Vil.) — This iris is very promising. Fine large mauve-blue; Growth, tall and stately. Black Prince — The coloring of this iris is still the most beautiful, to my mind in the richness of the deep violet purple of its velvety falls, and it is de- cidedly the latest to flower with me. Its gaping standards leave a good deal to be desired as to form, and its poor constitution and low growth are de- ■ idedly against it. Dawn' (Yeld) — This is described as 1 1 Iphur-yellow, but is really barely off * A report prewnted by the committee on Names and ^ctics, l>efore the recent CoQventioo of the OutariQ 'icultural Associfttign. Miss M. E. Blacklocfc, Meadowvale, Ont. white; it is a good iris, but not specially wonderful in any way. Dominion (Bliss) — The high price of this rariety should not be taken as a positive proof of its desirability. Having only flowered it once, it is too early to say much about it, but compared with the performances of Magnifica, Ambas- sadeur, and a number of other new ones planted at the same time, it is a little disappointing. The colouring of the bloom is not as beautiful as that of Black Prince, the S being a pinkish lavender, and the F's more of a plum purple (not indigo, as stated in descrip- tion), but the flower appears to be of A Three-branched Fozelorc* The foxRlovcs are old fashioned and dignified, dean of KTOwth and siiituble for the choicest garden. They are sel- dom stronK enough to branch. Tlie one shown lias three spilces from the one flower stalk. much better form. It may be that when well established, it will prove the marvel of beauty we have been led to expect. It is not always possible to judge of a flower's capabilities for a year or two. Unfortunately it appears to be a weak grower. Dimity (Bliss) — This reminds one of Mrs. H. Darwin, being whit« with mauve pencillings near the throat. Probably it will be an improvement on that good old variety in size and bloom and in the looser setting of the flowers on the stem. Time will tell. Ed. Michel (Verdier) — This is sup- posed to be a taller and richer colored Caprice, but, with me, it has proved a poor grower and though the color is darker, the blooms are smaller. It is a little taller, but not nearly as effective, as it does not appear to be free-flowering. Perhaps my soil does not suit it or else it has been greatly over praised. Eldorado (Vil.) — A wonderful com- bination of yellow, bronze, heliotrope and violet purple, with orange gold beard. Seeing it at close range one is filled with admiration for the exquisite contrast of its colors. The bloom is of weak structure, though large, and the stalks are short, therefore, from a short distance it is scarcely visible, as the prevailing colors are too brown to be noticeable, at least on my sandy soil. Isoline (Vil.) — A tall, large-flowered, most beautfiul variety. S lilac-pink, F purplish old rose, with gold at the throat, and speckled with molten gold along the haft; so wonderfully metalic is this gold that you feel you could pick out the grains with a needle. With me it is not a very strong grower. Magnifica (Vil.) — Huge flowers. S light and F darker violet-blue, on tall, strong stems. The leaves are broad ano glaucous and suggest great vigor ci constitution. This is a most promisinjr variety, and in no way belies the des- cription given of it. Ma Mie. — A pretty little iris a la Mme. Chereau, without as decided a lavender edge. The flowers are a little larger, and do not hug the stem so closely, but it is not tall enough to be verv effective. Marsh Marigold (Bliss) — A most bril- liant variety. Though the yellow stan- dards are not so deep a color as those of Maori King, and the falls are very much the same, the flowers are so well placed and the stems so much longer, that the whole effect is very much better. Mile. Schwartz (Denis)— If this mag- nificent iris only proves to be hardy and fairly vigorous in our climate (a matter of great doubt, as it is from a Ricardii cross), it will be a great acquisition, as it has every other virtue. The large lae THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition shapely flowers are of the most delicate and delightful shade of lavender-blue, paler than celeste, on tall stately spikes. Medrano (Vil.) — Fair sized flowers of a most peculiar and striking brown- crimson color. Medium height. De- cidedly attractive. Monsignor (Vil.)— This variety, in my opinion, is much overrated, or else there is something in my soil that prevents it doing it selfjustice. It is in two shades of purple, the falls especially being splashed with a deeper purple. It is short, very floriferous, and has medium-sized flowers. Nothung (G & K)— So like After- glow that it is needless to describe it; possibly another year it may be taller, but the spikes in 1921 (from August, set plants of 1920) were not long enough to be effective; Large blooms; An at- tractive variety. Parisiana (Vil.) — Large flowers, well placed on tall stems of the Mme. Chereau type, but of pinkish-lilac in- stead of lavender, and the color carried over the flower by minute dots and veinings; quite effective. Rodney (Bliss) — A lovely pure blue with large well formed flowers; Good constitution. Sweet Lavender (BHss) — S pale lavender; F's deeper with a rosy glow. The coloring is charming, far more beautiful than it sounds. Remarkably free flowering with tall branching spikes; A very beautiful variety. Tristram (Bliss) — S pure white, F's deep black-purple. This is supposed to be an improvement on Thorbeck. It is very free flowering, but the flowers hug the stem too closely to be effective or graceful ; Strong grower. Rubini — This was one of the surprises. I had grown it before but without en- thusiasm, but, on the second day of glads in 1921, it opened a gorgeous five and a half inch flower of exquisite tints that everyone liked immensely. It is a Dutch introduction, and if it can do as well again it is assured of a place in my garden. Phyllocacti J. H. Callander, Peterboro, Ont. IT is interesting to listen to the com- ments made by visitors to the home or conservatory, where a cactus col- lection or even a few specimens are grown. Nine out of ten pronounce them ugly, yet they spend more time looking them over than they would other plants of more ordinary appearance. The ugli- ness, when examined closely, is found to be a most striking oddity of form, every formidable spiny guard, having a re- gularity as apparent as the arrangement of the kernels of com on the cob. Nature has followed out a wise plan in providing the wicked-looking spines to protect the desert plants, but there are cacti that grow in damper regions, where vegetation is abundant, which are unprotected by spines of any kind. The latter are the Phyllocacti, a flat branched smooth-skinned genus, that is partly orchidaceous in habit. They are found adhering to tree trunks and in the moss on fallen logs. The shade of the forest appears to be suitable to their best development. This class of cacti has more friends than any other. The common King cactus (Phyllocactus Ackermannii) and the Queen cactus (Phyllocactus lati- frons) are met with quite frequently. The plants themselves, are uninteresting, but the flowers well repay holding the plant all the year round till its blooming season. Hybridizers have taken the Phyllo- cactus and produced many marvellous new colors, just as all other wild flowers that show merit, have been cultivated, and improved till they far surpass the original flower. For instance the large red bloom of the King cactus, has, by breeding and crossing, produced a more open flower of deeper, richer red, the throat being given a dazzling tint of violet. It is a flower so striking that it has been named Phyllocactus brilliant. Another instance of the change made is seen in the bloom of P. Cleopatra, which is a salmon flesh shade, that somehow seems to be appropriately named after the famous Egyptian beauty. A fortunate find placed the writer in possession of a collection of about 28 or 30 varieties, a number of which have flowered, and proved fine additions to any assortment of house plants. In fact, the Phyllocacti are the most satisfactory of all cacti as house plants and when in bloom are the pride of their owners'. Don'ts with Peonies Do not plant in the spring. Do not plant the crown any deeper than three inches. Bo not crowd the plants. Allow a distance of three feet or you will retard proper development. Do not allow dampness to remain at the roots through lack of proper drainage. Do not make soil so poverty stricken that it will dry out with the first gleam of sunshine. Do not disturb them. Do not cut awav foliage after blooming, as the leaves are their lungs. Do not leave foliage on during winter, as it harbors disease. Cut all off and burn it. Do not worry over ants on the buds, as they are harmless. Early celery may be blanched by standing boards 10 to 12 inches with one edge at each side of the row close up to the plant. Late celery is blanch- ed usually with earth. — Prof W S Blair, Kentville, N.S. Foundation Planting W. E. Groves, Hamilton, Ont. HOUSES which set close to the ground should have little or no planting at the base. The grass might extend up to the porch or verandah and group plantings be made at the cor- ners. Where the floor level is slightly off the ground or where it is three or four feet high what is called foundation or base planting is correct and artistic. The purpose in this kind of planting is to soften and to some extent hide the straight severe lines and angles so obvious in an unplanted home, or in other words to provide a pleasing connection between the home and the surrounding ground. The average Canadian home, especially in towns and cities, is so constructed that it is approached by steps, and the kind of garden decoration suggested makes it possible^ to turn what may easily be common-place into a pleasing attraction. To accomplish this is not difficult. Where the whole front of the house is used for verandah and entrance, plants that will grow up to the height of verandah rail may be used for back- ground. A row or rows of lower growing kinds in front of these will finish the planting. To plant against a house where there is no porch or verandah demands slightly different treatment. There are nearly always windows to be considered, and it is well to avoid planting tall growing varieties under the windows. The place for them is between the windows. It is quite obvious that this arrangement allows for more freedom in the planting and less of the uniformity which does not always bring softness or artistic effect. If the window-sills are five to six feet from the ground varieties growing about four feet should be planted di- rectly under the windows, and advantage could be taken of the spaces between to use kinds growing from six to eight feet high. A double row of plants is always wise, the practice being to stagger the rows or to avoid planting one shrub directly in front of the other. Unless the distance between the house and sidewalk is very limited parts of the planting might be extended forward, making the front ir- regular rather than formal. A little extra massing near the comers and at the steps can be achieved in this way. Remember that the extra width of the planting should always occur where the tallest shrubs are used at the back. Usual distances to plant are three feet apart for varieties that do not usually grow over five feet in height; three and one half to four feet apart for larger growing kinds. Do not neglect the small fruit bushes. The result will be an increased crop next year after the fruit is picked off. Keep them well cultivated. p August, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIS' 167 Transplanting the Perennials* R. P. Brotherstone ^ TT needs not to be said that hardy plants I become too big to fulfil the object of having them in a garden — the object of producing a profusion of flowers of I good quality — and before they become so crowded with growths it is important to divide and replant them. At this season the chief plants that demand at- tention in this way are pyrethrums, irises and herbaceous peonies. I grow single pyrethrums only, and these are ready first to operate on. The soil of sizable clumps is apt to become hard and dry by the time flowering is over, unless a more than usually copious rainfall moistens it. Usually it may be necessary to soak the clumps for 24 hours previous to dividing them, when it is easily accomplished without damaging either fohage or roots. Each clump should be torn into halves by means of two forks working against each other. Then the soil can be washed from the roots, and the pieces separated by hand and into sizes according to the wish of the operator. They should be planted, according to the nature of the soU, from ^2 inch to 1 lower than the spring of the leaves, and a reasonable quantity of manure should be worked into the soil when planting. One soaking of water will generally be sufiicient. In beds for cutting not less than nine inches should Bitt allowed for interspaces. H Iris ^Hn northern gardens, June planting of ^^pes is not possible, because they are, Wmless of the earlier sorts, still in flower nor are their new roots formed till the next month, so that, at the earhest, division must not be attempted until July. I have established them success- fully with all the old rhizomes and their roots removed, but probably most will incline to leave an inch or two of rhizome with its roots, which, however, super- fluous otherwise, at least helps to steady the young plant until new roots in suffi- cient number are produced to effect that object. Sometimes a quite short stick may be required for ensuring stability, especially when the blades are very strong. The soil, if at all loose, should be slight- ly firmed before planting, and, as the rhizomes run along the surface, planting should be only deep enough to give the pieces a grip of the soil. When set, all that is needed to firm them is a slight pressure with the tip of one's boot, the pressure being a little forward as well as downward, so firming each tightly. The distance to plant should be not less than one foot apart. As to watering, that, of course, depends on the weather, but never more than a very slight application to each set is required, and that only till root action has become vigorous. A thick mulch of rotted manure should not be omitted, and renewed annually. Peonies Later than these, peonies are ready to be divided. It may be found necessary to soak old plants in water similarly to pyrethrums, and in any case it is worth while to wash most of the soil off the roots previous to breaking them up. Here, again, two forks should be em- ployed, not only to halve them, but also to subdivide them into smaller pieces fit to plant. Peonies are gross feeders, and the ground for a fresh plantation should be manured to a depth of six inclies with rotted cow-dung, and in addition to that a thick layer applied to the surface and worked in while the operation is pro- ceeded with. The stems of the leaves should be tied together to prevent break- age, and every care taken to save the roots, the washing of which will be found of great advantage to that end. Once planted, a stout stake is needed to which to tie the plants, and an abundant supply of water poured about each to moisten the ground all round and to a fair depth. A thick mulch of cow-dung should be 'applied to the plants each spring before growth pushes, an inch or two of soil being previously scraped on and returned on top to prevent birds from scratching and to hide the dung. I should have added that at least three feet should separate the plants when setting them out, and to preserve the flowering stems from growing crooked a ring of string supported on sticks should be run around the large plants before the stems are much in evidence. Prairie Queen occuiiicn the trellis, while the round bed In the centre is plontcl to Genir.il McArthiir. Ophelia, Anierican Beauty, with Madame Planticr for centre piece. Part of the tine roac garden of Henry Bertram, IJundas, Oot, August Notes The oriental poppy is not dead just because its foliage has dried up and dis- appeared. Now is the time to take up the plants to transplant. The roots may be cut up for propagating purposes. Constant clipping or spudding on the lawn and hoeing in the garden will keep the weeds within bounds. Mildew may be kept off phlox by using sulphide of potassium one ounce to a gallon of water sprayed over the plants. Dahlias should be fertilized once a week while the buds are swelling. They are gross feeders. Seed pods should be removed from shrubs and perennials as fast as the flowers ripen and wilt. This will make stronger plants for next year. Tulips which have been planted out in. ripening beds after ihey were through blooniing, .should now be lifted, cleaned off and packed hi shal- low boxes until thoroughly dry. Do not expose to the sun. Aster plants from which sued is to he saved should be selected early in the season when the first flowers have de- veloped. Select the best types possible and keep the suiail blooms cut off. Save seed only from tlie largest and best de- veloped flowers. When the seed is nearly ripe, cut the flower heads and dry them thoroughly before putting away for the winter. Keep the seed in a dry, cool place. 163 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition ■♦•»*»Q QUESTION BOX W. E. GROVES Name of Pale Pink Rose What is the name of a pale pink rose, similar to Dorothy Perkins but earlier? — Mrs. R. W. L., Whcalley, Ont. Both Tausendschon and Lady Gay are similar in color, and often come a little earlier into bloom. We think that the question refers to one of these varieties Growing Ginseng " Can Ginseng be grown successfully in Sask- atchewan, or is the climate too cold? — Clavet, Sask. W. T. Macoun, the Dominion Horti- culturist, has a bulletin on this subject which will give full information. A letter to the Department of Horticulture, Ottawa, will be sufficient to secure a copy post free. Asters and Blight My asters are infected with blight in which the leaves curl and get full of dimples. What kind of insect would be infesting them? — biting or sucking ? Is kerosene emulsion a good in- secticide to use? — -Enquirer, Collingwood, Ont. The common plant bug is a sucking insect that gives trouble to aster growers continually. Kerosene emulsion is the most effective remedy, though even this does not always kill the mature insect. Keep the area where the plants are grown clean and well cultivated, encouraging as vigorous a growth as possible. Spray once or twice a week with the emulsion using fairly strong, but with special care to keep the solution well mixed whilst spraying. Obconicas Are flowerj of Obconica firaliriata as large as those of Obconica grandiflora? — F. B. D., Branchton, Ont. Primula fimbriata is merely a kind with the blooms slightly fringed. The blooms are generally nearly as large as grandi- flora gigantea. Unasoal Canterbury Bell A Canterbury bell has produced what is pre- sumably a double flower, at least one bell or flower is perfectly formed inside the other. Is this unusual or is it a new variety? — ^J. R., Toronto. The Canterbury bell bloom is probably just an unusual flower, the reason for which it is not easy to discover. It may be well to watch and see if all the blooms on the plant come the same or if later flowers revert to type. If the whole plant produces the same kind of flower, it might be interesting to try and save it or save seed. Hollyhocks What shall I do for my hollyhocks? I have many beautiful varieties, but I had to cut them down before flowering because of the unsightly foliage. The undersides of the leaves are covered ■vith tiny black specks, insects or blight, which turns the leaves rusty " — E. P. h., Belleville, Ont. The hollyhocks are probably infested with the rust to which these plants are susceptible. Bad plants should be re- moved, and a bordeaux spray given to the others. It is well to spray occasion- ally during the season and care should also be taken to keep the ground clean and well cultivated. Plants that are growing strong are not so readily at- tacked, as those that are weaker. Coal Ashes for Garden Would sifted coal ashes be harmful to ray flower garden. The soil is heavy clay, and I thought the ashes might lighten it up. I used wood ashes last spring, but took care not to put it near the plants. I wonder if I might use coal ashes freely near the plants. — ^Mrs. S., Norwich, Ont. The action of coal ashes on the soil is purely mechanical, but it certainly does break up the clay, and used in modera- tion, is very helpful. To get the best results, it should be used at a time when the ground is in a decent condition for digging, so that the ashes can be well mixed with the soil. Wood ashes carry a fair percentage of potash, and can be safely used in addition to the coal ashes. Dark Pink Peonies Please give me list of very deep peonies in late variety, also names of some inexpensive kinds suitable for Horticultural Society. — Mrs. R. W. L., Wheatley, Ont. Among the best late pink varieties are Modeste Guerin, Livingstone, Marechal Vaillant, and Claire Dubois. Some standard kinds suitable for Horticultural Society would be Duchess de Nemours, La Rosiere, Festiva, Madame Calot, Edulis _Superba, Felix Crousse, Victor Hugo, and Augustin d'Hour. Salpiglossis Is it better to sow salpiglossis seed in flats and transplant or sow directly in ground and leave without transplanting? — K. B. D., Branchton, Ont. It is best to treat salpiglossis in much the same way as aster. If sown in flats and transplanted, earlier blooming and stronger plants result. Begonia Leaves Dropping We have a back-yard garden which when everything comes up, will I am sure be a sight. We have 71 varieties of flowers, annuals and perennials, 25 Prize dahlias, 30 rose bushes, some of which are now in bloom. I have a tall begonia which seems healthy, but the leaves are drop- ping one by one, and am enclosing leaf which has just dropped showing the condition. Can you tell me the reason? There does not seem to be any blight. Could I slip off the stem, and make two or three other plants. — Mrs. G. H. R., Toronto. Our correspondent's letter is interesting reading, and we wish her every success in her garden efforts. The begonia con- dition is apparently brought about by a check of some kind. It is not stated if the plant is in the house or planted in the garden, 'if the former, we advise cutting back hard, and when the plant begins to make new shoots, repot break- ing away some of the old soil, potting back into the same or a little larger pot. The cutting back would do no harm if the plant is in the garden. The cuttings would be rooted readily in light soil, and the young plants should speedily grow away from the trouble mentioned. Celery Rotting Last year our celery was a failure. It seemsd to be of good quality and in good condition when packed in root cellar, in dry earth, but shortly it commenced to decay at the heart and we lost most of it. Our celery is grown in trenches. Could you give us an idea of the cause of our failure. Would you recommend leaving it outside all winter." — Hospital, Petro- lea, Ont. We have found that celery rotting at the heart is caused by the tarnished plant bug which punctures the stem and allows the bacteria to enter. The best remedy found so far is tobacco dust impregnated with Nicotine to 1%. We generally use this in combination with Bordeaux, sulphur and lime, all being used in the dust form. This dust has proved satis- factory over a period of three years with commercial celery growers, and may be obtained from the Niagara Brand Spray Company, Burlington, who make it up. —Prof. A. H. MacLennan, O.A.C., Guelph. It is possible to keep celery outside by replanting close together in a pit covering the top with boards. Ventilation must be provided and soil kept away from the tops of the plants. Jerusalem Cherries When should Jerusalem cherries set in garden in spring, be taken up and how treated for best results?—?. B. D., Branchton, Ont. Jerusalem cherries may be lifted m September by which time the berries should be well set. They should be taken up and potted carefully and kept in a shady sheltered place or in a cold frame until established in the pots. Take in- doors as soon as there is danger from frost and if then kept in a light airy place they will gradually ripen berries without shrivelling. Rose Bushes Are rose bushes that have been grown in greenhouses by florists any good for planting out in the garden. — Mrs. R. W. L., Wheatley, Ont. These plants are used in numbers by rose growers, and are usually found well- worth growing. There is no reason why they should not be planted freely, the only difficulty being that it is impossible to secure more than a few varieties. Grape Vine My Rogers grape vine (fruit is sort of brown color), is not fertile and few grapes set. What variety should be grown to fertilize it? — F.B.D., Branchton, Ont. Any strong growing variety favored by the enquirer would be suitable for this purpose. August, 19M THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 169 What Shall We Plant in the FaU W, T. Macoun, Dominion Horticoltorist HERE is such a rush in the spring to get seed sowing and planting done in good time that anything that can be accomplished in the fall to lessen the work in the spring should be done and particularly where fall planting is preferable. At the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, it has not been found satisfactory, taking one year with another, to plant trees of any kind in the fall. Exposure to the long, cold winter beginning shortly after transplanting is not favorable to the trees. Any which will be below the snow-line, however, have a much better chance, al- though in soils where there is danger of heaving, late fall planting is imsafe. Shrubs and Perennials When low-growing shrubs and her- baceous plants are planted in the fall, which is a good time, the sooner it is done the better after the soil becomes moist enough to ensure their not dying from lack of moisture. When set out early, the plants have a chance to take root again before winter; and in the case of herbaceous perennials to makt some growth. Raspberries Raspberries, gooseberries, and cur- rants may be planted successfully in I September. The advantage over spring ■anting is, if any die they may be re- ■aced in the spring, whereas if planted B the spring it is too late to replace them, I and a season's growth is lost. If straw- berries are planted in the fall they should be planted in September or before to en- siu-e their rooting well and lessening danger from heaving. Balbs As soon as bulbs can be purchased in the stores they should, if desired, be pro- cured and planted at once as the longer time they have in the ground before winter the better the bloom is Ukely to be in the spring. The bulbs referred to include tulips, narcissus, hyacinths, cro- cus, squills, and other hardy kinds. Rhubarb and Asparagus The fall is a good time to plant both rhubarb and asparagus. They may be planted with success any time between now and winter. Seeds Usually there are good results from planting seeds of herbaceous perennials, trees, and shrubs in the fall. The action of the frost, especially on tree and shrub seeds, makes germination easier. When seeds of perennials are planted in the fall it is best to wait until just before winter sets in to make sure that the seed will not germinate before winter as if seed germinates a short time before winter the seedlings are Uable to be killed. Seeds of trees and shrubs, however, and especially of fruits, should be planted as soon as ripe so as to prevent their be- coming dry. Usually fall planted seeds germinate very early in the spring. Repairing the Wounded Tree IN the case of really large trees that demand attention it is perhaps wise to secure some professional assis- tance. For the owner doing his own work, or who likes to have something iO say as to how it shall be done, a little owledge on the principles of repair- ing is of great assistance in the actual ■work. Wounds heal by means of a billus forming on the growing tissue be- ween bark and wood. The old wood likes no part in the healing process, but ■ just covered when healing is com- plete. Dressing will not hasten the process, but will keep the wood from lecay, or in other words, the whole ob- ject in dressing a wound is to protect it. Simple methods of treating a tree [ wound are cleaning and trimming. In cutting away stubs or diseased branches, cut close to the base of the liranch and wherever pos.sible let the ;ul be parallel to the axis of the trunk or limb. If the repairing is demanded Ijy the splintering of a branch the same kind of cut should be made. To help l^^iic formation of the callus previously ^^Hlentioned it is a good plan to trim the margin smooth with a sharp knife. That the actual shape of the wound being treated has some effect on the time re- quired for healing is a point insisted on by some tree experts, but this is rather a matter for expert than amateur attention. In the case of damage by accident or the biting of animals all ragged pieces of bark should be cut off and the margin trim- med smooth; in every case take away any projecting strips of dead bark. Waterproofing is the operation that chiefly concerns the amateur repairer, care or neglect in this connection hav- ing a great deal to do with the healing process expected. It should be remem- bered that quick-growing trees heal more rapidly than, say, an oak, and as it is more particularly the latter kind of tree that we usually want to save, it follows that the greatest care should be taken. Small cuts if properly done need no treatment, but all larger cuts on trees that are valuable should be given some covering, the obvious rea- son being to keep out the wet. The paint merchants insist that pure paint is sterilizing in its action. If this be correct a coat of paint on a tree wound after trimmmg not only waterproofs but disinfects. In any case, a simple paint made of lead and linseed oil makes a satisfactory coating for any but large wounds, and if renewed occa- sionally, is all, that is necessary. Coal tar is perhaps more permanent; graft- ing wax is sometimes used, though this is usually counted out on the score of expense. Boards or flat stones placed under melons will cause them to ripen more evenly. Occasional turning of the melons will also cause more even ripening. Watering the Gladiolus Mrs. Geo. A. Bonisteel, Belleville, Ont. AS the gladiolus is a hot weather flower it is usually necessary to provide water at some parts of the season to get best results. Water is most needed as the blooming period approaches, and if showers are not sufficient to satisfy the plant's needs, apply water, giving a thorough wetting. Cultivate a few hours later, to prevent a crust forming. If done in this manner, it is not necessary to water again for several days. ^ After bloomingT unless a severe drought occurs, Uttle water will be required. ^ ••*«*«•«•■ Timely Reminders Now is a good time to prune up cur- rants and_^gooseberries. Old canes of raspberries should be removed and burned now. Towards the end of August, pinch the growing ends off tomato plants, to force all the nourishment into the growing and ripening of the fruit, which has already formed. Keep the aphis in check on nasturtums, asters, etc., by spraying with tobacco preparations like black leaf 40, nicoticide, etc. Sweet pea flowers should be continu- ally picked. If seed pods form the plants will stop producing. Keep the vines well watered. Most of the plant* intended for winter growing will now need re- potting. Those in the garden should be gone over and prepared for lifting in a few weeks. In the fall a dressing of well decom- posed manure may be spread over the lawn to stimulate the next season's growth. A good substitute is com- mercial fertilizer, 300 pounds to the acre. If the lawn suffers from drought the former is recommended. Occasionally an application of nitrate of soda in spring is worth while, using 250 pounds to the acre in two sowings a few weeks apart. —A. H. TomUnson, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. 170 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition The Canadian Horticulturist Pobliiihrcl by Th« Horticultural Publishing CompAny, Limited. OIBcUl Organ of Canadian HorUcuIlural Council The Canadian Horticulturist is publishtd the first of eacli month in two editions, as follows: FLORAL EDITION Devotee! to the interests of amateur horticulture- landscape gardeninit, floriculture, fruit and vegetable ftardening— and to the work and progress of Horticultural Societies. Subscription Rates.— 60 cents a year; $1.00 for two """" FRUIT EOmON. Devoted entirely to the interests of commercial fruit and vegetable growers — official organ of OnUrio Fruit Growers' Association and of Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers* Association. Subscription Rates.- $1 .00 a year; $2.00 for three years POSTAGE-FOREIGN AND PETERBORO For foreign subscriptions to cither edition, add 50 cents a year extra for postage. For subscriptions to the United States and in the City of Peterboro add 25 cents a year. Advertising rates, circulation statements and sample copies tree on request Communications should be addressed THE CANADL^N HORTICULTinilST, Peterboro, Ontario. Hardy Phlox I Horticultural Societies >♦•••♦♦*♦>♦»■ ♦«♦•••»•»»••♦♦♦•••••••••••♦•••♦•••••••♦♦•• t Ontario Gladiolus Society THE first annual e.Khibition of the Ontario Gladiolus Society is being held at Alma College, St. Thomas, on August 23 and 24. This is a new venture but one which is worthy of the support of the gladiolus growers of Ontario. The first exhibition is being held under th^ auspices of the St. Thomas Horticultural Society, which is doing a great deal to put this new society on its feet. There are about 50 classes for exhibitors and nearly $600 being offered in prizes. Not only amateur growers but societies are asked to take an interest and co- operate in this exhibition. Prize lists may be secured from P. S. Dobson, Secretary, Alma College, St. Thomas. Welland Over 400 entries marked the inauguration of the first annual Rose Show of the Welland Horticultural Society. It was quite a success- ful event. The silver cup for the best single rose and the Rotary Club cup for the best display of roses were awarded to T. J. Dillon. The Cooper cup for the School Children Exhibit went to a country school. The marvellous and abundant display of roses was a substantial foundation for Welland's claim to the title of Rose City. St. Thomas THe local horticultural society will have as its guests on .\ugust 23 and 24 the Ontario Gladiolus Society and flower lovers gener- ally. Those who attended the A.G.S. exhibition in 1921, will have pleasant memories of the pro- fitable and pleasant time that they had. The Ontario show should be equally as good. The same beautiful parlors and class rooms at Alma college, will be used, thanks to the public spirited- ness of the board of directors. The St. Thomas Society gladiolus garden has been doubled in capacity and will contain in- numerable new varieties donated by growers, from Canada, the United States and Europe. The social aspect has not been overlooked and it is planned to have an even better time than in 1921, including a banquet at Port Stanley and a drive through the city under the auspices. of the Kiwanis Club. A hearty welcome is extended to every visitor. THESE great gorgeous panicles of flowers arc now appearing in almost every garden. Phlox has wond<:rfully improved within the past few years. Some real flowers are now available. The old time Hardy Phlox gave us more of the dark colors while the newer varieties run almost together to the lighter and softer shades of color. On account of the fact that Phlox have such glowing and vivid colors it is necessary to use great care in planting. The colors must be placed in such relation to each other that harmony will prevail in the color scheme. One would not use a scarlet and a pink in combination. The pink and white together with the mauve can all be worked out in beauti- ful combinations of color, which will make a de- lightful view to the eye and produce a beautiful and cooling landscape. In selection of Hardy Phlox one should pick out the varieties best suited to individual taste and to fit the particular place in the garden, where the plants are to be set. The proper time to plant Hardy Phlox is during September and early October. It is a very good idea to plant Phlox in the Fall because they will then produce good flowers the following summer. Dividing Perennials Many people will be splitting up old clumps for increase this time of the year, and the method usually recommended is to transfix the clump with two forks placed back to back and so wrench it in two without risk of cutting the roots. Some clamps can be broken up very easily in this way, but others prove very obstinate and for such I find it an excellent plan to split with a knife down the centre of one of the old flowering stems, extending the split right down as far as possible. In this way it is easy to divide the most obstinate clumps without harm- ing the roots. I was dividing some old clumps of Inula glandulosa the other day and found the two-fork plan almost useless. The new growths, being very brittle, were easily broken off by the forks, but by splitting down the old stems, division was easily effected. — Gardening Illus- trated. Control of Cucumber Beetle THERE have been so many remedies recom- mended for striped beetles that I hesitate about adding another one to the list, but as we got fine results last year, I will mention the mixture we used. The flea beetle is more or less of a nuisance with us and last year wc tried a mixture of lime, Bordeaux and arsenate of lead as a dust for this beetle. The mixture was made up of 65 pounds of hydrated lime, 20 pounds of powdered Bor- deaux and 15 pounds of arsenate of lead and applied with a dusting machine. The first application was put on just as the cucumbers ana cantaloupes broke through the ground and was foUoweu by two other applica- tions about ten days apart. This mixture not only handled the flea beetle but was equally as effective in handling the striped cucumber beetle. Several other growers tried the same mixture and reported that they were able to keep the striped beetle in check. As may be well known, the beetle will attack the young plants just as soon as they break through the ground and for that reason it is necessary that the first applica- tion be at this time. It is also a good scheme to firm the soil around the small plant with the foot or a hoe to assist in keeping the beetle from getting under the small leaves. We have tried other mixtures and other methods, but this mixture has been most satis- factory.— -Market Grower's Journal. The Japanese barberry, snowberry, and coral berry are good dwarf shrubs that do well in the shade. Bush honeysuckles, elderberries and nine bark are tall shrubs to be used in the shade. Kerosene for Lawn Ants To get rid of lawn ants entomologists of the United States Department ol Agriculture suggest drenching the nests with boiling water or pouring in a small quantity of kerosene oil. Similar ; treatment may be applied to nests lictwcen or beneath paving stones. Spraying the lawn with kerosene emulsion or with very strong soap wash is also recommended. For large ant nests bi- sulphid of carbon injected into the nest by means of an oil can or a small syringe is recommended to kill the ants. The fumc-s of bisulphid of carbon have a very disagreeable odor and are inflammable, but they are not injurious to higher animals in the open air. Kerosene emulsion made up of fourteen parts soap suds and one part kerosene is the best spray for green aphis. Black I^eaf 40. or any nicotine preparation will also usually kill them with one or two applications. • A strong application of arsenate of lead is better than Paris green for potato bugs, as it does not burn the leaves. o~ •♦ •♦•♦•••* •* • Correspondence ENCE I Editor, The Canadi.\n Horticulturist: — There is a species of poppy called Ryburgh Hybrid, a Ranunculus Shirley. I have had it in bloom from the first of June and those trans- planted are stiU at it. They were planted in early March coming up strong and thrifty. The flower Is the most delicately beautiful pink seen in poppies and no insects trouble them. It is a sorrow to me, however, to find honey bees swarming over them in the early forenoon. Where the green aphis is abusing every flower that benefits our bees, these poppies with no enemies are so damaging to these workers. What can we do about it. A. Kunderd Glory is growing beside a poppy with five open flowers and this morning a poor drunken bee was trj'ing to get a hand hold of the ruffle of " Miss Glad." It was pitiful. These poppies bloom so well and come between the iris, roses and other perennials and the asters, dahlias, cosmos and gladioli. It is up to us flower growers to find a way to grow them without injury to our friend bee, but if they are a danger they must go with the weeds. My future experiments, so far as I am con- cerned will be to prepare my onion bed this fall, planting three rows of onions and then one row of poppy as a neighbor told mp that onions are free from the onion root maggot, grown with poppies. Then probably the onion odor being too strong for the fine sensibility of the bee, she will shun " Miss Poppy ' ' as she ought. However this is only a surmise yet and must be worked out. The asters I planted with tobacco stems under their feet are looking great. That is where I would keep the tobacco: make it a servant of mankind instead of a slave master. My first "glad" was open Saturday, July 15. Four are open now and one is due to-morrow. — Mrs. Clara L. Taylor, Dutton, Ont. In sowing lawns, for ordinary purposes use the following in the proportions required. The quantities given are for the acre. Kentuckv Blue, grass, (Poa pratensis 50 lbs Red top,' (Agrostis alba) 20 lbs English rye,.(Lolium perenne) 10 lbs White clover, (Trifolium repens) 2 lbs The first two grasses are quite tenacious and persistent. These possess creeping rootstocks which produce runners and leafy growth. The rve is quicker in growth and makes a good sward readily, but dies usually in the second year. White clover aids in making a thick mat-like surface and crowds out weeds. For tennis courts it should not be sown, as it readily holds moisture after rains or dews and makes the courts wet and slippery. — A. H. Tonilinson, O.A.C., Guelpb, Ont. i \ugust, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 171 i Canadian I- Horticultural Council i ■«»••*•*** •* *••• *•*«*• ml !■ Current Activities ^^K F. Burrows, Secretary-Treasurer, Ottawa. ^^Hm^ refusing to consider the representations ^^B made, requesting the omission of tlie tax of ^^V S cents a gallon on pure fruit juices used in ilie manufacture of beverages, the minister of lance did not recognize the horticultural in- dustry as a factor in Canadian agricvilture. It was previously pointed out that pure fruit juice was the only agricultural product to be taxed. It appears therefore, that the Canadian Horti- cultural Council must become more_imprcssive before it can hope to obtain the recognition it deserves. Probable Barrel Shortage From the information received from the barrel manufacturers, it does not appear that the apple growers in tlic barrel sections have given suffi- cient consideration to the suggestion of a possible shortage of barrels for the coming crop. The prospects for the apple crop have not materially changed since the survey of the available barrel material was made and the possibility of a shortage still exists. Growers are therefore again urged to immediately place orders for at least a portion of their barrel requirements. Standards for Jams and Jellies After consiilerablc correspondence the secre- tary is still endeavoring to secure a definite state- ment from the department of health and from the department of agriculture as to their policies regarding the enforcement of the standards for jam, marmalade and jelly. It appears that the present standard cannot be enforced, but their non-enforcement, as long as they are upon the statutes, is working very considerable hardship, not only upon the manufacturers of these pro- ducts, but upon the Canadian fruit industry. The Council takes the stand that if definite standards were set and rigidly enforced the de- mand for fruit by the manufacturers would be very materially increased. Edmonton Potato Growers The following resolution was unanimously passed by the Edmonton District Potato Growers .Association, at its annual meeting in Edmonton, on July 8: "That we heartily endorse the recommenda- tion of our board regarding securing representa- tion on the Canadian Horticultural Council, and do nominate W. F. Broadstock as our repre- sentative." Mr. Broadstock writes that considerable in- terest is being manifested in his district in the work of the Council and that he is making every effort to place the objects and principles of the Council before associations in other districts. Potato Freight Rates The secretary feels that the reduction in the freight rates on potatoes, wliich comes into effect on Aug, 1, is a direct result of the repre- sentation made by the Council to the special committee of the House of Commons which in- vestigated freight rates. In the report of the committee is was announced that potatoes were to be considered as a basis commodity and would therefore benefit under the reduced freight rates for such commodities. The terms of the judg- ment in this connection handed down by the Board of Railway Commissioners are as follows: "On the articles, other than grain and flour, hereinbefore referred to as basic commodities, namely — forest products, building material, brick, cement, lime and plaster, potatoes, ferti- lizers (other than chemicals), ores, pig-iron, blooms, billets, wire rods, and scrap iron, a de- crease of 73^ per cent, from the increase given by General Order No. 308 and any other orders aflfecting the said commodities issued since that date, which will hereafter leave the increase granted by said General Order No. 308, in Western Canada, at 12>f per cent., and, in Eastern Canada, at 17^ per cent." PEONIES AND IRIS I have to move a large block of Iris in August, and Peonies in September and October. While digging I wiU fill orders at special low prices. 12 IRIS, my choice, all different, named, good assort- ment, by express. $1.00 or sent post paid for 30c extra. 3 PEONIES — Fine cut flower, perfumed varieties. Red, White and Pink, good strong divisions, post paid for $1.00 !0 NAMED PEONIES— A really choice assortment, would total $10.00 value elsewhere, by express, for ?5.00 Plant Iris in Au^st, and Peonies from September till freeze-up for best results. Fine stock of all climate tested Perennials, Grown in Canada, priced low. J. H. CALLANDER "The Flower Bargain Man" 575 WELLER STREET. PETERBORO» ONT. VAN GINHOVEN & CO. 32 Pearl Street New York. N.Y. Your address for Holland-grown Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Gladioli, Iris, Paeonies and all miscellaneous bulbs and roots. Please write for illustrated catalogue. Franklin Peonies Our own Mabel L. Franklin, W. F. Christman, June Day, Ball O'Cotton, A. M. Slocum, E. W. Becker, and Serene, all prize winners; also all the newest European and American introductions. Send for new price list or catalog if you do not have a copy. FRANKLIN NURSERY 200 W. 58th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. Tallman Rotary and Oscillating Sprinkler Lack of rain need not wither your lawn this summer if you have a Tallman Rotary and Oscillating Sprinkler. Its spray like natural rain keeps your lawn and shrubbery fresh in the driest weather. Tallman Rotary and Oscillating Sprinklers are adjustable, simple and durable. Sold by hardware dealers. Price $10.00. For Pipe Line Installation for Market Gardeners, Sprinklers are sold without base. Price $8.00. i-iA.fviii_.-ror>i , orsiT-. INDEPENDENCE ^^S'^yy'^sr^nfi^jW-g.,... ~,-r:^^ ''';-p-^'\ t:^ •" '■JV •■•"1 W- I w^ 1 The one thing thai ,. ..i,,,>,:i ,„ ( .iuinMii i iumul rcij upon with absolute confidence, i.s that Nature will distribute her gifts with lavish hand. How often is it true, that just when a crop needs rnin to bring it to maturity, or to save it from failure, the rnin re- fuses to come!' Why Not Be Independent of Nature ? Independence of Niiture on tlie port of Uie Grower or Gardener can only be provided by OVERHEAD IRRIGATION WMch Give, RAIN WHEN NEEDED A niethod which never faiN, luver di.sappoints, but wliich, coupled with pro|X!r planting and proper cultivation absolutely assures a bumper crop. Write for Calatogue CANADIAN IRRIGATION LIMITED BuMdern of Overhead Irrigation Equipment 146 JARVIS STREET. TORONTO 172 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition ONTARIO LADIES' COLLEGE WHITBY, ONT. COURSES! Acadtiinic. I'ul.lic S:;hool to second year t* niversity;Muiic — I'i.ino. StnginK. Violin; DomMtic Sctaoca. Commercial, Art, Elocution, Civics. KsUhliihrd n^KTiy nfl" jttat;iAp%l dty— country ■rhool. S8 raUsH from "toTonUi; 100 acre profNTtf ( grmaaaluin, ■wtmrnlng pool, ate; alt outdoor ■porta. A School cf Ideals and an Ideal School RE-OPKNS Sapt. 13, 1922 Golden Jublla* Year 1924 For ealenderend bookletapplyto. Rev. F. L. Farewell, B. A., Principal. RESIDENTIAL AND DAY SCHOOL OTTAWA LADIES COLLEGE Founded 1870 FOR GIRLS Matriculation Course, Music, Art, Household Science, Games.Gymnastics and Riding. For particulars apply to tha Principal, t.}etir pireprool Building MISS I. J. CALLAHER, OtUwa Ladlae Collate, Re-opens September 13th OTTAWA. PERRY'S SEEDS A!plne and perennials unique colfectjonat man^ new varieties unobtainable from any other source. Hardy and adapted -or Canadian climate HARDY PLANT FARM, ENFIELD. ENGLAND APPLE BASKETS Ship your early apples in baskets, avoid the l)arrel shortage. PORT HOPE BASKET FACTORY, Port Hope, Ontario. THE WESTERN FAIR LONDON, ONTARIO September 9th to 16th, 1922 Growers of FRUITS and FLOWERS Send for a Prize List Liberal prizes — good classification. Interior of Horticultural Building changed this year, giving more room for display. Send for prize lists, entry forms, etc., to the Sec'y- J, H. SAUNDERS, President A. M. HUNT, Secretary A-1 QUALITY Standard Apple Barrels We can make prompt shipment of properly manufactured, high grade apple barrels, delivered in car lots, freight prepaid your station. 340 Barrels Make a Car Load Place your order now and protect your requirements by writing, phoning or wiring. TRENTON COOPERAGE MILLS TRENTON, ONTARIO LIMITED Nursery Stock Shortage Al'"rivR a very careful invesliijation and as a result of information gathered from nurserymen in both Canada and the United States.the secretary of the Council advises that the supply of fruit trees, particularly apple, pear, plum and cherry, for planting this fall and next spring will be the lowest for a numljer oryears, and considerably less than for last fall and this spring, when there was not an adequate supply to meet the demand. In view of the time it takes to propagate fruit trees, nurserymen are still in the high priced period. The fruit trees that nurseries arc selling this year represent the higliest cost of any trees produced within the last .30 years. In the case of apple trees, the greatest shortage will be felt.in commercial varieties most used in Ontario and Nova Scotia, such as King, Stark, Wagener, Gravenstein, Golden Russet, Grimes Golden, Baldwin, R.I. Greening, and Red Astrachans. To Jam Manufacturers A CIRCULAR for the information of jam manufacturers was issued from Ottawa on July 4, over the signature of J. A. Amyot, Deputy Minister of Health. As the instructions therein contained indirectly concern the Welfare of the fruit industry of this country, the circular is here reprinted in full: 'In the amendments to the regulations under the Food and Drugs Act which have just been passed by Council, paragraph 10 of Standard IX. "Fruit and Fruit Products" (Page 18, regula- tions under Food and Drugs Act), is cancelled and the paragraph given below substituted: — "When jam, marmalade, fruit, butter or jelly contains other fruit or fruit juice than that which gives its special name to the article, the fact of the presence of such other fruit shall be stated upon the label, in lettering as large and as dis- tinct as that used in naming the fruit princi- pally present. The requirement does not apply to the use of 10% of other fruit juice, such fruit juice having a pectin content of not more than .75% (or the equivalent in pectin preparation or fruit juice of pectin content other than above) as may be determined by analysis. ' ' " This Regulation is now in force." Fruit Beverages IN the opinion of the Council the regulations of the Dominion Department of Health are not being enforced which require that, " when a beverage bears the name of a fruit, without limiting words, it is understood that the actual juice of such fruit has been used in its prepara- tion. If instead of the actual fruit juice, artificial flavor has been used, the beverage must be labeled as imitation or artificial, and the lettering must be plain, legible and conspicuous, and on the main panel of the main label. "If artificial color has been used, the word colored or dyed must similarly appear on the label. " The Council is of the opinion that such regula- tions as were given wide publicity by the depart- ment of health in a circular letter under date of March 14, 1921, should be rigidly enforced and the following resolution was therefore, passed at its meeting:— "Whereas many of the advertisements ap- pearing in the public press and in various other publications, also on billboards with re- spect to non-intoxicating beverages, are de- ceptive in character inasmuch as they convey to the prospective purchaser that said bever- ages are made of pure fruit juices, and "Whereas we have reason to believe that many of these do not contain any fruit juice whatsoever, and that the federal government have confirmed this belief by analyses, and " Whereas such practices are detrimental to the best interests of the consumer, the fruit industry and manufacturers of pure fruit beverages; "Be it resolved that we respectfully urge Aug-ust, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 173 to upon the federal government that the regula- tions with respect to pure foods as applied to beverages be rigidlv enforced, and if such re- gulations do not afford full protection to con- sumers, producers and manufacturers, that these be amended accordingly." The resolution was forwarded to the minister of health and considerable correspondence has since taken place in an endeavor to have that department definitely state that the regulations will be strictly enforced, or otherwise changed as requested in the resolution. The secretary has now been assured by the department that the Act and regulations will be enforced as far as it is possible. The Council believes that if the regulations are enforced and all beverages bearing fruit names contain fruit juices, the demand for fruits will be very materi- ally increased. t British Columbia Fault of B.C. Growers THE importation of American berries when B.C. growers can easily supply all needs of the market,especially when those importing such berries must take a loss, is a situation that calls for caustic comment. We feel it our duty to lay the blame for such a situation where it properly belongs. Careful analysis compels us to lay the blame primarily on the growers of B.C., who are shipping independently a large quantity of uncontrolled L.C.L.'s, not only to the jobbers, but to the retail trade as well. The trade could easily absorb more berries but these L.C.L.'s so affect the price, that the jobbers maintain they cannot pay the amount asked for pre-cooled car lots. The bringing in of American berries seems like an endeavor to force the price of B.C. pre-cooled to a point where the wholesaler can compete with these local shipments. This is how a prominent dealer here puts it: "As long as we cannot make a profit by handling B.C. berries, we claim the right to import from the United States." The danger of further importations, despite occasional loss, still remains. The effect upon B.C. berries must always be a tendency to glut the market, use up purchasing power, and last, but not least, to demoralize prices. Again we emphasize the fault lies with the independent shipper of the L.C.L.'s and we see no remedy in sight until all the B.C. "Growers" unite, stop indiscriminate shipments, ship in car lots and thus give the jobbers a chance to make a profit in handling our produce. — B.C. Markets Bulletin (Calgary). Grading of Apples THE new grades for ai)ples adopted at the Dominion Furit Conference held at Ottawa, iri February, which proposed to do away with the No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 grade names for box apples, substituting Extra Fancy, Fancy and "C" grade in their place, will not be enforced this year. We will publish the requirements of the new grades as soon as the information is available. This change will mean more uni- formity in pack and color. The change was long past due. Growers will adapt themselves to the change very quickly. It would be well to practice on this season's pack. Following are the Ameri- can grades which are similar to what the Cana- dian will be: Extra Fancy apples are defined as sound, ma- ture, clean, handpicked, well-formed apples only, free from all insect pests, diseases, blemishes, bruises and holes, spray burns, limb rub, visible watercore, skin punctures or skin broken at stem, but slight russetting within the basin of the stem shall be permitted. Fancy or second grade apples are defined as apples complying with the standard or Extra Fancy grade, except that slight leaf rubs, scrat- ches, or russeting shall be permitted up to a total of ten per cent, of the surface, and provided that PAEONIES Paeonies and Gladioli are our principal crops. Of these we grow about seven acres. In Paeonies we have a number of the newer varieties, Such as Lady Alexander DufT, Baroness Schroeder, Lord Kitchener, Al- sace Lorraine and others. List on Application CAMPBELL BROS. Simcoe, Ontario APPLE BARRELS New, standard -machine made, best quality. De- livered anywhere in Ontario and Quebec, Write for prices. Contracts made with Fruit Associations and others. SARNIA, JOHN HAYNE ONTARIO Buy Your Bulbs Direct From the Actual Grower. Hyacinths, Tulips, DaiTodils, Crocus and all other kinds of Bulbs and Roots. Descriptive List upon Application. Best Quality at Reasonable Prices PAPENDRECHT-VANDERVOET Bulfa and Plant Growers Dahlia Specialists Sassenheini> HoUand CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION TORONTO SATURDAY, AUGUST 26 TO SATURDAY, SEPT. 9 NEVER ON A BIGGER SCALE BOXED APPLES Bring Better Prices When packed in quality boxes In addition to large orders we are especially equipped to supply APPLE BOXES either made-up or in shooks, in small quantities to the individual grower. Let us quote you our attractive prices on your needs for this season. Barchard & Co. LIMITED 135 Duke St., Toronto, Ont. 174 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition Be sure TO 6eT Impenal Oil-- The Imperial Oil brand represents reliability and uniform high quality. No matter where Imperial Farm Lubricants are sold or who buys them, every gallon will give the greatest amount of good lubrica- tion which can be bought for its price. Binders, trucks, mowing machines, automobiles, tractors — all farm machines— will run better and work better, will need fewer repairs, will cost less to keep up and will last longer if the right Imperial Farm Lubricant is used for each of them LubricdTits rOR A.X.'L, FARM PUUOOSE^S IMPERIAL POLARINE OIL IMPERIAL POLARINE MEDIUM OIL IMPERIAL POLARINE HEAVY OIL For gasoIine-burningEeDgines— automobiles and trucks. IMPERIAL POLARINE SPECIAL HEAVY OIL For kerosene-burning stationary engines and tractors. IMPERIAL POLARINE EXTRA HEAVY OIL For motors requiring an unusually heavy oil. IMPERIAL PRAIRIE HARVESTER OIL IMPERIAL GRANITE HARVESTER OIL For open bearings of separators, binders, etc IMPERIAL CAPITOL CYLINDER OIL For steam cylinder lubrication— tractors and stationary engines IMPERIAL GAS ENGINE OIL For stationary or portable engines, kerosene or gasoline. IMPERIAL POLARINE CUP GREASE IMPERIAL THRESHER HARD OIL For grease cup lubrication — clean, solidified oils. The Imperial Charts of Recommendations show exactly what grade of Imperial Polarine Motor Oils will give the best results with your type of truck, tractor or automobile. Further information will be gladly supplied by the Imperial Oil man — an expert on lubrication. IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED Canadian Company Canadian Capital Canadian Workmen scab spots not larger tlian one-quarter inch in diameter in the aggregate shall be permitted in this grade. "C" or third grade is to include all other mer- chantaljle apples free from infection except apples with liruises in which the, skin is broken or bruised larger than one-inch in diameter. Healed stings to be allowed. Apples showing effects of freezing will not be admitted under this grade. Apples of this grade must not \vt marked "Choice."— B. C. Markets Bulletin, (Calgary). Practically all the apple wrapping paper used in Australia is imported from Norway and Sweden. A thin touiih wiiite tissue paper is used. The size is 20 by 20 inches, not to exceed 8^ pounds per ream, packed in bales containing 24 reams of 480 sheets. About 2,500 bales are required for a normal season. Since the announcement by the American Farm Bureau Federation that the Federated Fruit Growers had established a national sales agency which would be ready to handle the business of co-operatives next Jan. 1, Manager A. R. Rule, 608 S. Dearbourne St., Chicago, has been in receipt of a large number of telegrams from growers' representatives endorsing the contracts and assuring a profitable tonnage from the very beginning. r i Maritime Provinces United Fruit Companies THE tenth annual meeting of the United Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia was held at Kentville on June 27. There were about 300 in attendance. President F. W. Bishop was in the chair. The United Companies now num- ber forty-nine, there being an unusual increase in new companies during the year. Seven co- operative companies applied for and were granted stock, becoming members of the shareholding concern. President Bishop gave his annual report re- viewing the year's business, its successes and shortcomings. Where conditions were adverse he drew particular attention to the more satis- factory business conducted in Great Britain with the firm of J. and H. Goodwin, Manchester, and the placing through that port of over 25 per cent. of ail apples exported. He reminded the apple growers present that the Annapolis Valley was without ddubt the most desirable apple district in Canada and the acquiring of large orchard areas by foreign capital and speculators is an index to that fact and should increase the faith of all fruit growers in the future of the industry. N. A. Osborne, of Waterville. called attention to the pre-cooling of fruit as mentioned in the president's report, and he spoke of this ney? operation for use at Waterville when the fruit season opened in August. General Manager READERS If you have more Iris, Peonies or other perennials of good varieties than you need for your own use, why not advertise them for sale through The Canadian Horticulturist. Some other readers may want just what you have. A classified advertisement would not cost much — 5c per word, each word, initial letter or group of figures counting as one word. For classified advertisements, cash must accompany order. Try one for September. Let us hear from you by August 20. August, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 175 A. E. McMahon said the companies had no re- sponsibility financially for the pre-cooling station to be constructed. Two thirds of the cost was eing paid by the federal and the balancj by the Ifovincial government. [General Manager McMahon presented his nual report. He dealt with market conditions, ipments made, transportation, etc. As regards ^e latter, he stated that the Furness Withy orapany had during the last year provided the est transportation that the companies had ever Bjoyed during any season since incorporation, he companies exported the large quantity of 527,397 barrels, nearly half of the apples exported ONTARIO GLADIOLUS SOCIETY 1ST ANNUAL EXHIBITION ALMA COLLEGE, ST. THOMAS, ONTARIO "The Flower City" AUGUST 23 and 24, 1922 50 Classes for Growers, Dealers, Amateurs and Horti- caltaral Societies— Nearly $600.00 in Prizes. See the Trial ground (official A.G.S. Gladiolus Plot) of the St. Thomas Horticultural Society. 100,000 bloom in 500 varieties. Band concert, organ recital, Ktwanis fun, sight-seeiuK trip, banquet. Prize list and informa- tion upon appiicsition to Frank E. Bennett, Perry S. Dobson, Alma College, President. St. Thomas Sec-Treas. ^HtBESTMAlie FOSTER'S Standard POT We have a large stock of all sizes FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Ord*rs FUImI Promptly S«nd for Pricai THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. and over one quarter of all fruit grown. Better packing had been maintained and only six per cent, of all fruit exported was reported as slacks. The United Fruit Companies brand is now well established on the export market and is in good demand. '^Reports were presented by S. S. Self ridge, re- presentative sent out to the Western Provinces, Inspector Ramsey, Inspector Westcott, on potatoes, and R. N. Clark, representative who annually visits Havana looking after the potato shipments. Captain J. W. Salter was able to report a very good year in the business of the canning factory and cider plant. W. S. Blair, director, Experimental Farm, Kentville, was called upon to give his report on fruit conditions as he found them wnile in Eng- land attending the Imperial Fruit Show, and he most satisfactorily dealt with the subject. All the officers were re-elected as follows: Pres., F. W. Bishop, Lawrencetown ; vice- pres., E. H. Johnson, Wolfville; sec.-treas., K. L- Pineo, Kentville; auditors, Oxley and Johnson, Halifax. Berwick usually leads the rest of the An- napolis Valley in the early shipment of season- able fruit. This year this great apple producing section established a record in marketing the first apples of the 1922 crop on July 25. On that date, H. B. lUsley shipped to HaHfax, one barrel and 15 baskets of Astrachans. Can any other fruit section of the Valley beat this? — Berwick Register Apple Crop in N.B. THE apple orchards of New Brunswick give promise of an excellent general crop this this year, according to A. G. Turney, Provincial Horticulturist. Early apples such as the Duchess, Wealthy and Dudley, will be a good crop. Fameuse and Mcintosh, the dessert varieties which brought fame to New Brunswick at the Imperial Fruit Show at London, last year, will also bear well. The winter varieties will be half a crop. This, however, is not unusual, as on account of climate conditions such varieties as Bethel, Ben Davis and Bishop Pippin never yield heavily in New Brunswick. Unfortunately, scab has been caused by continued rainy weather, and the ap- pearance of the fruit will cause lower grading on the market. PLANT PEONIES THIS F Each. Pes ALL tPaid $0.80 0.75 1.00 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.80 0.75 0.75 0.75 St paid Avalanche, White This is the Peony that took First Prize for Best Bloom, at the Peony Show at London this Spring Dorchester, Hydrangea Pink Golden Harvest, Pink, Yellow and White Mme. Lebon, Cherry Pink Mar' Gerard, Hydrangea Pink Mme. Ducel, Silvery Pink STRONG 3 TO 5 EYE DIVISIONS 25 Single Early Tulips 25 Darwin Tulips 18 Mixed Iris 12 Hyacinths 15 Trumpet DatfodUs 15 Forcing Narcissus 4 Mixed Peonies Each Item $ 1 .00, Post-paid. Six for $5.00 Po Write for Catalogue Mornington Gladiolus Gardens STRATFORD, ONT VAN'T HOF & BLOKKER HEILOO, HOLLAND Dutch Bulbs, Paeonies, Roses, Gladiolus. Fall and Spring Importations. Write Canadian ofEce for lists. 430 BRXJNSWICK AVE- TORONTO, ONT. APPLE BARREL SHORTAGE Will not effect the grower who packs exclusively in GOOD WOOD BOXES APPLES IN BOXES Sell Readily Return Best Prices Return Sure Profits W« make them— mad* up or knocked down FIRSTBROOK BROS. LIMITED 283 KING STREET EAST, TORONTO, ONT. Three Good Qualities Every grower who sends us his shipments of fruit and vegetables can count on three things: — Care in handling his shipments ; Promptness in paying his accounts, and Lack of mistakes in making payments. This is the kind of service we consider a commission firm should give its customers. In addition to that, however, you can be sure that we will get you the best prices going, because we supply the best trade in Toronto. There is one good way to test us — by sending u."; a trial ship, ment. If we do not give you good service, naturally we cannot expect you to continue. But we're willing to risk that. For August send us P eaches cars lums Sen' toll. Currants and goose- berries have been a good crop. Raspberries were light, old patches being badly winter-killed. The prospect is good for a heavy crop of plums, unless brown rot prevails. Early apples, such as Duchess, are a good crop; Wealthy, medium; winter apples promise light. Packages for Export PjVCKAGES for export must be strapped or wired. In view of the fact that a number of shipments of tender fruits will un- doubtedly be made to England during this Season, shippers are reminded of the order of the steamship lines that packages must he strapped or wired or a guarantee given against damage caused by breakage, pilferage, etc. Last season the steamship lines, thought it better to be rather lenient in connection with the strapping of packages, but the Fruit Branch, Ottawa, is advised that these regulations will be enforced. It was found that where packages were strapped or wired that there was consider- able less damage from breakage or pilferage, and the shipments therefore arrived in a considcralby more satisfactory condition. There are various ways of strapping or wiring packages and the Fruit Branch recommends that a band of strap or wire be securely and firmly placed at each end of the package inside the deats. ......... .w t Graded and Culled : That the apple crop of the Oshawa district would be less than half that of last year, with quality as bad or worse, was stated by Elmer Lick at the apple growers' conference in Toronto last month. According to Dr. Webster, of Thombury, Ont., only about 10,000 barrels of marketable apples are now being produced in the Thombury - Clarksburg district, in comparison with some 75,000 barrels 15 or 20 years ago. Director P. W. Hodgetts, of the Ontario Fruit Branch, announces that plans for building apple packing houses are now available from the De- partment of Agriculture, Toronto. To take ad- vantage of government assistance financially for establishing such packing houses, associa- tions may either buy or build. Those contem- plating such establishments are advised by Mr. Hodgetts to apply as early as possible for the required assistance. A good crop of apples all around is expected in the Georgian Bay district, according to W. L. Hamilton, CoUingwood, excepting Baldwins, which will be light. Orchardists who purpose marketing have been giving their trees better attention than for some years, especially around Clarksburg, Thombury and Meaford. A prominent apple man of Trenton told The Canadian Horticulturist at the end of July that the apple crop from Belleville to Brighton would be less than last year, and that the apples would be quite "dirty" excepting in orchards that had been well looked after, "not only sprayed," he said, "but sprayed at the proper time and otherwise well cared for." Many orchards already had been sold at prices ranging from $1 to $2 on tree. Pears in that section would be heavv. Apple Barrels and Barrel Stock We have a large quantity of Barrek and Barrel Stock for sale, and invite encpiiries. Berwick Cooperage Company, Ltd. Berwick, Nova Scotia FOR SALE and WANT ADS Advertisements in this department inserted at the rate of 5 cents per word. Each word, initial or group of figures counts as one word. Minimum 50 cents cash, strictly in advance. REAL ESTATE $5000.00 DOWN BUYS BEAUTIFUL FRUTT FARM— Twentv -five acres planted; fine buildings; conveniences; Apply "to Calder & Hazlewood, Niagara Peninsula Farm Agents, Grimsby. Ont. ^_ ____ 18,000 ACRES CALIFORNIA FARM LANDS. Orange groves and vineyards in the heart of Sontbern California. Permanent irrigation Moderate prices. Easy terms. Write for descriptive booklet. Canadian Sales Depart- ment, Pontana Farms Co., Brockville. Ont SEEDS, BULBS, PLANTS TRIAL GROUNDS — Byron, I/>ndon, Ontario Perennial and Rock plants my specialty. Write for list and prices to Walter Smith. BDLBS AND PLANTS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, as Hyacinths, Tulips, single and double early, Mayflowering:, Darwin, Breeder, Rembrandt and Parrot, Narcissus, Crocus Valley Pips, Spiraea, etc. Write for prices to C. Keur & Sons, Hillegom, Holland. New York address: 562.5 Mosholu Ave. Catalogue on application. The trade is invited to inspect our gladioli now in bloom at OakvillCi Qnt., and Xew Yorlc farms. r Augrust, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 179 "DAISY" APPLE PACKING AIDS Save Time and Labor Time and labor are two very important factors in the production of fruit at minimum cost to-day. Every device which will enable more efficient work to be done in less time and at less cost should be favorably considered^ "Daisy Apple Box Press" The illustration shows the way " Daisy " Apple Box Press works. A simple pressure of the foot brings the arms up over the ends of the box, automatically draws them down and holds them in place while being nailed. The fastest and only automatic press on the market. If you pack apples in boxes, this machine will be a great convenience to you, and wiirsave you time and money. ~^ i "Daisy" folding apple-sorting table. .- , An article every packer should have^his season. Quick and easy "Daisy" Apple Barrel Press Used by all leading apple packers in Canada, United States and England. It is equipped with a new im- proved foot, which allows of catching the lapped hoops. All fruit growers' supplies carried. Ladders, felt pads, rackers, etc. Write for prices and complete infor- mation. Special quotations to associations. "Daisy" Folding Apple-Sorting Table This is one of the famous "Daisy" Apple Packers' Outfits. It is light, yet strongly built to meet rough usuage. It folds compactly and can be readily carried from place to place in the orchard. It is thor- oughly tested for strength and effi- ciency. The table frame is of oak, and all metal parts are of first-class malle- able, thus being interchangeable in case of breakage. The cover ,is of No. 10 canvas. J. J. ROBLIN & SON BRIGHTON ONTARIO Apple Barrel Stock STAVES— Soft Wood or Hardwood HOOPS— Coiled Elm, finest made HEADING — Basswood or Hardwood LINERS — Straight, or curved and bent Apple Barrels Bushel Barrels Having mills at various points, we are able to give our customers tlie benefit of shipment from nearest point, saving time and freight. The Sutherland -Innes Company Chatham, LIMITED Ontario THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition BEAUTIFY YOUR HOME AND GARDEN RENNIFS SUPERB BULBS HYACINTH— LADY DERBY To succeed with bulbs it is necessary to begin right, by getting sound bulbs of good size, and we would warn intending purchasers against buying cheap, under- sized bulbs and expect the fine results obtained from such as we offer. Our sources of supply are the best in this country and abroad, the leading growers of the world having for years supplied us with their choicest stock. To the lover of flowers there is no class of plants so much prized as those which are produced from bulbs. The reason is easily found, because within the bulbs are stored all the future glory of leaves and flowers, only requiring the simplest culture to develop them in their highest perfection. Success is, therefore, the rule. A FEW CULTURAL HINTS WHEN TO PLANT. — To the beginner we would emphasize the fact that Autumn and not Spri.vgtime is the time to plant ail kinds of spring-flowering bulbs. The larger part of the bulbs offered in our Catalogue are ready to ship by the second week in September, and the sooner they are planted after that the greater will be the measure of success, more particularly those for indoor culture; therefore ORDER EARLY, A few sorts, which are noted in the Catalogue, do not mature until October and November, and are forwarded as soon as ready. DUTCH HYACINTHS— Fancy Quality Add 3c. each, 25c. per dozen, for postage. THE HYACINTH is so well known and esteemed that any description of its many good qualities is needless. The list now offered includes nearly every shade of red, white, blue, yellow, etc. 20c. each, $1.95 per dozen, $13.00 per 100 Lady Derby, (Bright Rose Pink) ; Charles Dickens, (Pink) j La Victoire, (Deep Carmine, Rose); Gertrude, (Deep Rose); Gigantea, (Light Pink) Morena, (Pink); King of Belgians, (Deep Red) ; Robert Steiger, (Dark Red) ; Garibaldi, (Crimson Red) ; Albertine, (White) ; Madame Van Der Hoop, (Pure White i ; Grandeur a Merveille, (Blush) ; Arentine Arendsen, (Pure White) ; L'Innoccnce, (Pure White ) ; Grand Maitre. (Pale Blue) ; Queen of the Blues, (Pale Azure blue; King of Blues, (Dark Blue); Sir. Wm. Mansfield, (Mauve); Yellow Hammer. DARWIN TULIP— 1st Quality Add 10c. dozen, 50c. per 100, for postage. The most beautiful section of the Tulip family, increasing in popular favor every year, and deservedly so, not only on account of their length of stem, size of flower and lasting quality, but also from the fact that blooming as they do, in the latter part of Alay, they lengtlicn the season of bloom of the regular early flowering varieties and should be planted by everyone who wishes to get bulbl and plants that will fill in the season from the beginning of April until the later part of May wh^n other hardy perennials are starting to bloom. Doz. 100 Mixed Colors, (Superfine 1. 60 $3.75 Mixed Colors, (Fine .55 3.50 MINIATURE HYACINTHS ALSO CALLED "DUTCH ROMANS" These little Hyacinths are excellent for growing in pots, pans or bo.xes; they bloom very freely; offcn producing 3 or 4 spikes. They are equally desirable for culture out-doors; they should be planted closer together than the " Dutch Hyacinths." Culture is the same as recommended for the Roman Hyacinths, and they come into bloom after the Roman Hyacinths are exhausted. Per Doz. _70, Per 100, $4 25. (Postage extra) Grand Maitre, (Light Blue) ; Gigantea, (Light Pink) ; Gertrude, (Deep Pink); LTnnocence, (Pure White); Lady Derby, 'Delicate Pink); La Victoire, (Dark Pink'. Send your name for a copy of Rennie's Catalogue, which includes Poultry Suppliei, Planet Junior Implements, Sprayers, Insecticides, Fertilizers, etc. THE WILLIAM KING AND MARKET STREETS RENNIE COMPANY LIMITED TORONTO The Canadian Horticulturi^ Floral Edition FVol. XLV. PETERBORO, ONT., SEPTEMBER, 1922 No. 9 BEFORE plant breeding can be in- telligently performed, a knowl- edge of several essentials is neces- sary. These essentials are : (a) A knowl- edge of the natural orders. Plants can- not or can rarely be crossed with others outside of the natural order to which they belong, (b) A knowledge of the structure of the flowers and the func- tions of their parts. The breeder must know what constitutes the male and the female organs of reproduction, (c) The meaning of self-polination, cross-pollin- ation, and fertilization, (d) A knowl- edge of the cultural requirements of plants. This from a practical stand- point. Instruments. The instruments required are of a simple and inexpensive nature. Finely- pointed scissors, fine-pointed forceps, a small bottle of alcohol to sterilize in- struments, a number of small tags, to record data, and small envelopes to con- tain the seeds. Stnxcttire of the Flowers. j Flowers are sometimes composed of j the four parts, petals, sepals, stamens or I male organs, and the pistil or female i organ. The pistil is composed of style, ' stigma, and ovary ; examples are primu- la and geranium. Other flowers may have either the male or female organs, but not both. The begonia is an ex- I ample, though both male and female I flowers may be borne on one plant. Still ! another form may have the male flowers , on one plant and the female on another of the species; example is the Tree of 'Heaven. Pollination. There are two forms of pollination: f'-poUination, when the pollen nat- ■illy reaches the stigma. A flower may also be said to be self-pollinated when its pollen is artificially placed on its own stigma; cross-pollination, the act of placing the pollen of the flower of one plant upon the stigma of the flower of another plant of another species or variety. Fertilization. This is the act of impregnation of the le (female cell) within the ovary by "lale cell from the pollen grata. *ven before the Canndiiia PlorisU' and Plant Breeding* Henry J. Moore, Islington, Ont. Seedlings like the parent are pro- duced by self-pollinated plants. Hybrids are the result of cross-pollina- tion, when species are crossed with species, as for instance, geraniums, with geraniums. They are known as specie hybrids. "When, howeveir, plants of dif- ferent genera are crossed the progeny are known as generic hybrids. Selection. This is the practice of selecting seeds from the most desirable plant or plants of the hybrids with a view to improving them. Mendel's Law. Mendel crossed a tall and a dwarf variety of a culinary pea. The progeny of the first generation were all tall. He allowed these plants to produce seeds, and when sown they produced plants of two kinds, tall and dwarf in the propor- tion respectively of 75 and 25 per cent (three-fourths tall and one-fourth dwarf). In the third generation, the dwarfs produced 100 per cent pure dwarf. Of the tails, one part was found to breed pure in the third generation. The other two parts which were impure- ly tall, gave, as did the oripuial hybrid of the first generation, pure awarf , pure tall, and impure tall. Mendel called the factor for tallness, a dominant factor, and that for dwarf- ness a recessive factor. He also discov- ered that a dark color is dominant over a light color, and that in crossing, darks and lights will be produced in exactly the same proportion in the same genera- tions as the tails and dwarfs. Mendel 's Avork was looked upon with disfavor by the scientific societies of his day, and so he hid his manuscript. It is to Pro- fessor Balison of Cambridge University, that we largely owe the re-discovery of Mendel's Law and all that it means to civilization. Divme Guiding EUnd This law, scientific though it is said to be, but proves the existence of a divine hand in guiding and controlling the production of life. Marvellous, yet con- stant in its application, we are forced to ask ourselves, why we should ever doubt the existence of a divine and con- trolling hand. Darwin, great scientist as he was, was badly off the track in Th« Hand Wheel Hoe la an EflecUvc Labor-aaTini Davlcc. Prequeot culUvalion of the (ardcn destroys the weed.i aiul maintains the best growinu conditioiu in the aod. The wheel hoe allows for frequent applications at a minimum of labor. m THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Editic some respects, and in the light of the present revelations, some of liis state- ments will of necessity, be greatly dis- counted by thinking men. Experiments conducted by the writer with fibrous white begonias have borne out Mendel 's results. Begonia gigantea rosea crossed with B. gracilis alba gave all pinks in the first generation. One plant of these gave seedlings as fol- lows: seven dark pure pinks, fourteen light or impure pinks and seven whites, or three-quarters pink and one-quarter whlLe. In the second generition, the whites bred pure, as did the dark pure pinks, while the impure pinks bred in the same proportions of one part pure pink, two impure pink, and one white. Somettung New. One of the impure pink-flowered plants gave 72 seedlings : 18 dark pinks, 36 impure pinks, and 18 whites. It may be that in relation to the size of the flowers of these, a discovery of a factor previously unnoticed by scientists may have been made. The largest flowers of each of the plants were measured on three occasions. The eighteen dark pink flowers measured when placed end to end on August 1, 26 11-16 inches, on- August 21, 27 11-16 inches, and on Sep- tember 2, 29% inches. Of the impure pinks 36 measured 50 5-16 to 51 inches, and 56 inches. Of the whites 18 mea- sured 26s^, 27% and 28 inches. The flowers of the seedlings of the white re- cessives (the pure Avhites from the second generation), measured 21%, 19 15-16 and 22>^ inches. Upon com- parison, it will be observed that the flowers of the pinks and impure pinks, and of the v'hites of the third genera- tion bred from the impure pink of the second generation, while fairly constant in size, were on an average approxi- mately (in fact almost exactly), 25 per cent larger than those of the white re- cessives. Mendel's law teaches us that plants of the first generation should not be thrown .away because they may not be as good as their parents. Eather, seed- lings should be raised from them. These will probably have inherited desirable characteristics which may be put to good use in practical horticulture. Storing Gladiolus Corms Mrs. Geo. Bonisteel, Belleville, Ont. IMMEDIATELY after a gladiolus corm is planted and growth begins, a tiny new corm starts to form from the different eyes, these usually number from one to three, each absorbing nourishment through the old bulb, and each producing a stalk of bloom if conditions are favor- able. At blooming time these new corms are about one inch in diameter. It is from this stage on that the new bulb is matured for next year's planting. - If the flower stalks are not used for cut flower purposes, but left blooming for garden effect, remove them when" the last individual flower is gone. An old stalk going to seed means deterioration of the new conn, because it is robbed of its strength. After bloom is over the new corm fills out rapidly, but should have from four to six weeks to mature and ripen. Late blooming corms should be given as long as possible, but digging should be done by the last of October. For the writer, from the 15th to 20th of October is the time set for digging. After digging, cut tops off three quartei of an inch above the corm spread th corms in a dry, airy place for a few day after which they can be removed to cellar, and left to dry about three weel longer, when the old exhausted bulb ca be broken off and thrown away. When thoroughly dry put in shallo boxes or any receptacle not too deep an store in a dry cellar or closet away froi frost, heat or light. A temperature of forty degrees is rigl and they require a slightly drier pla< than dahUas. Planting for Winter Effect W. E. Groves, IN planting, sufficient attention is not always given to the autumn and winter effects that are possible with a little extra care. There is a beauty of form and color that is pleasing and rest- ful even during the dull winter days. Though it is not suggested that planting only for these effects be done, it is a real truth that a garden attracting attention for but a brief period in summer, beauti- ful though that may be, does not possess half the charm necessary to make it what a real garden is designed to be, a continuous source of surprise and beauty. The grace of the birches and the willows, the bold outhne of the elm, the distinct- ness of the maple and poplar, the ap- pearance of dignity and strength given by the oak, each have their special signi- ficance and stand out in detail against the sky, even though seen only through the house windows. In thinking of form, mention might be made of the large number of evergreens of fine pyramidal habit that in appearance give such a note of definiteness. Warm Gilors EfFective Of the trees already named, both the birches and willows are very attractive where there is sufficient room to plant, the warm colors of some of the willow varieties being quite effective. Planted- in small groups and pruned hard every spring a clean fresh growth is secured that usually puts on the highest color. Quite a number of shrubs are well worth planting in this connection and these will appeal more strongly to the city gardener than vrill trees. Cornus with red, yellow, grey or brilUant green bark are easily procurable and used with discrimination give fine results. Eleagnus with its silvery foUage has a reddish brown bark that makes it a fine winter plant. Kerria, though green, has such a shining appear- ance that it is well worth planting for this effect alone. Some of the native roses are also equally valuable on account of their red stems. Berry Producers In addition to the color of bark there are quite a number of varieties that are berry producers, these being of special interest to bird lovers. Varieties with Hamilton, Ont. red berries are berberis in two or thr« kinds, Cornus florida, eleagnus, euoni mus, Viburnum opulus, Symphoricarpi vulgaris. Those with berries blue < black in color, include Amelanchie Ligustrum, Rhamnus cathartica, Vibu num lantana and dentatum. Symphoi caroes racemosus bears quantities white berries well earning its betti known name of Snowberry. Some of tl Hawthorns retain their berries all winti as also does the mountain ash, the latt with its clusters of rich, orange colon berries being very attractive. Ro rugosa is also a valuable addition, tl orange scarlet fruit lasting a long whi after frost comes. There are a numb of other berry-bearing shrubs but as the are chiefly at their best during tl summer they do not come within tl scope of these notes. Vines with Attractive Fruits Vines with attractive fruits are amp lopsis in variety, Celastrus scanden Euonymus radicans and Lyciura chii ense. For purely winter decoration the are not so attractive as shrubs but the may be made to serve a useful purpo! in some locations. Many shrubs with no particular cole of bark or berries to recommend thei are not without value, even for winte and more especially might this be sai of plants made to serve as specimen In group planting if varieties retainin their foliage until late in the Autumn ai planted with kinds producing show berries and vivid bark a pleasing effe< can easily be secured for the winte And if it is possible to have some ev< green in association, the effect will I intensified. w^ Early celery is best bleached boards or paper. Earth may be used C late celery. Earth is likely to caui early celery to rust and decay. Buy bulbs now for planting this fa TuUps, hyacinths and daffodils mal good house plants. Tulips and crocus may be planted in the yard or garden i advantage. Get both Darwin and ear flowering sorts. p 'ptember, 1988 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 187 Retarding and Forcing Roses A. Forsyth, Hamilton, Ont. Hf: roses that it is impossible to success- fully force varieties such as General lacqueminot, J. Hopper, M. P. Wilder, iBruss Au Teplitz for Christmas bloom. HHiat has not been my experience. While some of the varieties are not quite amen- able to Christmas forcing, I have had General Jacqueminot to cut at that time for eleven consecutive years, while associ- ated with my father in business. Before my time, my father's boast was that for fifteen years previously he had never missed, and had never had a blijjd crop, which is easy to get with these varieties. I see no reason why any grower of roses should fail to get General Jacqueminot to a Christmas cut, and John Hopper, Marshal P. Wilder, John Laing, Mrs. Shannon Crawford, La France, Caroling Testout, Capt. Hayward, Ulrich Brunner, etc., etc., for January and February cut- ting, as it has been done for years in the greenhouses in England and is still being done where the conditions are not so favorable as here for successfully retard- ing them. While trying to retard them in England, the greatest difficulty is ex- perienced in trying to dry the plants off, owing to the rains for which that country is noted. Often after drying them for a week, another week of rain follows, which Starts all the buds growing again, so that it is rather a trying time to get them re- tarded without losing one's temper at the weather man. The following advice, if followed out, I think would give any grower a good cut of reds for Christmas, and for fragrance and color, Old General Jacqueminot has yet to be beaten, when properly grown. Of course, let it be understood that success depends on the care and atten- tion given. Also close attention to forcing heat is necessary as it is a simple matter to have 80 per cent of the cut come blind, if not properly attended to. For best results, I recommend that these should be grown in six or eight inch pots. Say for example, you receive plants in the spring. Pot these into eight inch pots and plunge outside till August, keeping them in water till the second week in August. Lift them and stand nearly pot thick outside and gradually dry them off. The first week, water three days, the next week two days and so on, diminish- ing the water each week without letting them die, till the leaves have mostly fallen off, or shrivelled up; time, about one month. Shake Out and Pot Back The second week in September they should be ready to shake out and pot back in the same sized pots in a compost that should be mixed at least three weeks previously of one-third heavy loam, one-third stable or cow manure, well rotted and one-third sand. A good dressing of bone meal and any good artificial manure, as dried blood, crushed hoofs and horns (we use sea-gull manure), or Peruvian guano. I would recommend dried blood for anybody not used to guano, as it is safer, not being so liable to burn. The plants should be /TV \ r m f ^i_i-^. t 1 I i , .,T % 1 l" '' ^ \ iti^ ^ ??*ci;»^^J potted firmly, given a g6od watering to ensure a thorough wetting of the soil and allowed to stand outside till the end of October. Then bring them into a cold house, keeping them from time of potting on the dry side. Prune back to three or four buds and space out through the house. Loosen up the top soil when pruning and weed them on November 5. Use a gentle night heat, increasing week by week, till 55° or 60° is obtained, but your glass should show 45° every morning till buds are formed. Plenty of Ventilation After getting well started 80° sun heat won't hurt them. Give plenty of ventila- tion to keep down mildew, taking care that wind does not blow directly on the plants. Water with can and keep the house fairly dry, as mildew is more to be feared at this time of the year than red spider. Water only the pots that require it, and see that they obtain it once a week. Give a liquid manure watering. A little soft coal soot now and then will work wonders if given as a liquid. In this way, you should obtain a good cut for Christmas and be finished cutting by the end of the second week in January. You can now place the plants fairly close and obtain half the house or thereabouts to run some other crop along, dropping your heat considerably to rest your roses, which should be brought on steadily for another crop or kept as dormant as pos- sible till you can put them in a cold house or outside. I used to, after Christ- mas forcing, drop the heat down and grow them along very slowly, nearly pot thick, till I could get them in a cold house or outside, flowering inside the third week in April, and outside in May. If at time of potting, in vSeptember you don't find them drying off just to your liking, you can still further ripen them by laying them on their sides for a few days in a wet season, but I personally don't like it unless forced to do so by weather results. Methods of Growing Bulbs la the House. Thn-e is no class of plsnts for house bloomini; that gives mon satisfaction, with so litUe siritt , tlun the various bulbs. They need occup j no space in the window until in liud or bloom, and are easily managed (set accompanylnK article on this pate) . Forcing Bulbs in Winter A FEW pots of tulips, hyacinths, or narcLssi in the living rooms, in winter and early spring, help to make them more cheerful and pleasant. By making a careful selection it is pos- sible to have a great variety of flowers in the window-garden all winter. Such things as hyacinths, tulips, narcissi, freesias, Chinese lilies, crocuses, snow- drops, scillas, etc., could be forced gently in the living room and would give a large variety of bloom all winter. Planting Tulips, narcissi, and Roman hyacinths could be planted three to five in a pot in good soil, or if for cutting, in boxes (C) ; small bulbs, such as snowdrops, crocuses, freesias, etc., several in a pot or pan (F), to look well, and the large hyacinths singly in four -inch pots. The bulbs are 188 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST FloraJ EditioH stored in a dark place free from frost, till a good root s^istem is formed, then taken into the living room to force. The most important thing in forcing bulbs is to see that there is a good root system before bringing into the heat. (A) and (B), show two bulbs with not enough roots to force well. To get best results the bulbs should have a good root-system as shown at (D), and (G). After taking inside all that is necessary to get a good supply of flowers is to water when necessary and keep the room free from frost. «•»••*••■■ ■■•■Q QUESTION BOX W. E. GROVES Transplanting Seedlings Are seedlings of annuals and perennials better transplanted when rather small? What size should they be and how soon after germinating should they be transplanted? I thought I left some seedlings in flats too long this season as they did not seem to make growth after certain age. — F. B. D., Branchton, Ont. A general rule for transplanting seed- lings is when they begin to make the third and fourth, or rough leaves. Seeds are often sown much too thickly with the result that if they are not handled promptly they become stunted. Thinner sowing would allow for the plants to re- main a little longer before transplanting, but it is well not to leave the seedlings longer than suggested above. Climbing Roses Is there any climbing rose not subject to dis- ease. We have Excelsa and Dorothy Perkins, both sujiposed to be mildew proof, but in spite of spraying ours are covered each year. — Mrs R. W. L., Wheatley, Ont. There are practically no roses that are positively disease resisting, but Ex- celsa and Paul's Scarlet Climber are more free from mildew than any other. Spray- ing with a soap and sulphur solution or Sulphide of Potassium should go far to keeping mildew away from the bushes. Are they planted right in the line of cutting winds? This will tend to develop mildew as quickly as anything. Peonies Will peonies not bloom if planted in the Spring?— Mrs. R. W. L., WheaUey. Ont. Whilst early fall is theoretically correct for peony planting, the work can be done in the spring with little or no effect on the blooming. It must not be forgotten that the peony divisions sent out by nurserymen do not always bloom the first year, and this applies to both fall and spring planting. Propagating Sweet Briar How can one propagate sweet briar, to have It growing in my garden. Digging up the roots >s arather difficult undertaking.— E. G., CoUing- Sweet Briar should not be difficult to propagate. Save some seed which should be sown as soon as ripe. The seeds should be washed out and under these conditions they germinate the first year. Hardwood cuttings in the fall could be tried or cuttings from nearly ripe wood during the summer. These latter should be put under glass and kept close. Root cuttings made of pieces of roots three inches long and planted two inches deep in the spring is still another method. Cutting Asparagtis Back Should garden asparagus tops be cut back in late summer or fall? When can old roots be moved?— F. B. D., Branchton, Ont. The correct time to clean off asparagus tops is in the fall when they have got quite brown. The usual method followed is to clean up the bed at this time, giving a dressing of manure for the winter, Roots may be transplanted either in the fall or spring. Care is nesecsary where the roots are old to save as much fibrous root as possible, and to avoid any drying out. Primulas What causes leaves of Chinese primulas and obconicas to curl and the blossoms to blight. Would turning plants to light cause the curl? — F. B. D., Branchton, Ont. White fly, a bad primula pest would be sufficient to cause the ciu-1 mentioned. If the plants are clean the only other reasons would be soil condition or starvation. Watch the watering carefully, and give a little fertilizer if the plants are at all potboimd. Grevilleas Are grevilleas and Cyperus altemifolius diffi- cult to raise from seed? How do they compare with Chinese and obconica primulas? Have been successful with them.— F. B. D., Branchton, Ont. Neither grevillea or cyperus are difficult to raise from seed. All that is required is a fairly decent soil with a little patience, especially in the case of grevillea which comes up irregularly. Cyperus may easily be increased from leaf cuttings if any old plants are available. If the leaf is taken off with about one inch of stem and in some sand or light soil so that the leaf rests on the soil, roots are readily formed and young plants started from the crown. Blackberry Plants Please describe how to secure new blackberry plants. — E. G., Collingwood. Blackberries are not usually difficult to propagate. Suckers are often produced in great numbers and these may be dug out and transplanted singly. Root cut- tings may be made from pieces of root three inches long. These may be planted in rows three inches deep, and grown in this way fm- one season when they are usually ready for planting in permanent positions. room and have no insects. I never spray while sun is on them.— P. B. D., Branchton, Ont. A good fibrous loam is best with a little leaf soil if loam is heavy. Error in water- ing may account for leaf curl. The plants should not be allowed to get dry, and water should be kept off the leaves. Chinese Primula What is the best variotv of Chinese primula of a compact growth?— F. B. D., Branchton, Ont. Compact primula is entirely a matter of seed selection. The aim of all hybrid- izers is to get plants with the flowers well set above the leaves, and if seed is pur- chased from any reliable seed house, it should produce this kind of plant. The section usually offered as giant-flowered is the best. Transplanting Black Currants I have some young black currant plants, well rooted from cuttings. Would you advise trans- planting these to their permanent position this fall or next spring?— E. G., Collingwood. The best time to plant black currants is in the autumn though if this is not convenient early spring is possible. The only danger of delaying the planting Ues in the fact that growth may have started in the spring before it is possible to do the work. If this occurs, growth the first season is sometimes checked. Gladiolus Comas Should the outside husks be left on gladiolus corms until time to plant? — F. B. D., Branchton, Ont. In cleaning gladioli when in storage, the old flower stem usually comes away easily. There is nothing left then but the old com which should be removed. The loose skin does no harm but might easily be rubbed off if wished. Gloxinias What soil is best for gloxinias? What causes leaves to curlunder at the edge, and brown spots on leaves? They are in the east window of sun- Bowling Green "We are planning a bowling green 80 by 90. How much seed would we require? Also what kind of seed? The cold in winter here goes to 14° and 16° below zero. What fertilizer should we use? — J. T., Sydney Mines, C.B. One to one and one half bushels is a good quantity to use. This may appear more than necessary, but for your pur- pose, a thick growth is the object, and nothing is gained by sparing the seed. In sowing it is wise to go over the area twice for the sake of more even distribu- , tion. To make this doubly sure it is worth while to divide up the space into say 10 lots, dividing up the seed in the same proportion. A good mixtm-e from any reUable seed firm is much the best to use. In ordering, state for what pur- pose the seed is to be used. Bone meal is perhaps the best fertihzer. A dressing of this could be harrowed in before sowing. It is safe to use on grass at any time. In the district named, basic slag should be easily procurable. This is a good grass food, but being slow in action, it is best to apply in the fall. If in the following spring a light dressing of nitrate of soda is given good results are secured. September, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 188 Home Storage of Garden Products C. B. Alden, Toronto THE main factors in the successful storage of garden products are temperature, ventilation and humi- dity. After devoting care and labor during the summer to the raising of vegetables, and other things that may be stored, it is only good business to give careful attention to these factors. Properly stored vegetables are almost as good as those gathered fresh from the garden. About 75 per cent of the vege- tables that are in the garden at the end of the season may be kept for at least a few weeks, and many of them all winter. The ideal temperature for vegetables tubers and roots is around 35 degrees F. It should never be allowed to fall below 32 degrees, and should be kept as uniform as possible. For best results, a thermo- meter should be kept in the storage room and the temperatm-e observed constantly. Good ventilation is essential because it prevents heating and excessive damp- ness, and therefore checks sprouting, decay and the growth of molds. Root crops should be kept away from the walls. Large piles may have wooden pipes placed upright in the centre for ventila- tion. These pipes can be made very simply by nailing three boards together so as to form a triangular tube. The humidity of the storage room need not be high, but absolute dryness is not desired, as this would lead to a serious shrinkage and deterioration in size and quality respectively. If there is a furnace in the cellar, the portion of the latter devoted to root storage should be parti- tioned off. Excessive dryness may also be prevented by covering the roots with slightly moist sand. It may be neces- sary to sprinkle this occasionally with water. On the other hand if there is too much dampness, it is a sign that the ventilation is deficient. More harm is done to vegetables by having the air too dry than too damp. Storing Potatoes and Roots When potatoes are stored in crates or in shallow piles they usually lose too much moisture and shrivel. They are best stored in covered barrels or small bins. They should not be piled or enclosed in quantities where any one potato will be more than four feet from the air. The best temperature is between 32 and 40 degrees F. Care should be taken to keep earth out of the pile, as much of it in any one place may prevent ventilation and cause heating and rotting. Potatoes should not be kept too dry however, or too well ventilated. The storage con- ditions should be moderate. Above all, see that the potatoes when stored are sound and not frozen, and that they are kept absolutely dark to prevent greening by hght. Turnips, kohlrabi, carrots, parsnips. salsify and winter radishes will keep right through the winter if given only ordinary care in storage. Evaporation must be prevented and the roots kept cool. If the storage room is dry, pack these things in clean, dry sand, either in a pile or in boxes or bins, and take out when wanted. Where conditions are exceptionally dry, it may be necessary to moisten the sand occasionally, but never do this if the storage place is warm as well as dry. Be sure also, that the roots are kept dark. In sections of the country where alternate freezing and thawing during the winter is not too pronounced, or freezing in itself too severe, most of the root crops may be stored in pits in the garden and covered with straw and earth. Parsnips and salsify may be kept in the ground where grown all winter and used before the tops have grown again two inches in the spring. Cabbages, Celery, Onions Cabbages keep the best when piled not too deeply on slated shelves, so as to permit airing. A temperature just above freezing point is the ideal. Late varieties, perfectly sound and not too ripe, are the only ones fit for storage. Small numbers may be kept by hanging them by the roots from the ceiling. As cabbages are not injured by moderate frost, they also may be stored in garden pits. Celery keeps best in a moderately dry, cool, well-ventilated place. The bunches should be rooted in earth in a cellar or cave or box. The tops should be kept dry and the soil moist; hence, there should be care in watering, so as not to wet the f oUage and make conditions favorable for the development of disease. Onions should be thoroughly cured when harvested. Dr)mess is a first requisite of storage and coolness comes next. Spread the onions not more than 10 inches deep on slated shelves, so as to permit of free air circulation. The best temperature is just about freezing. Miscellaneous Crops. Squashes and pumpkins should be well ripened and cured. They should be free from bruises and the stem or stalk end should be left on. They will stand a considerably warmer temperature than most other vegetables, preferably from 50 to 60 degrees; hence, a room in the house usually will be found better for storage than a cellar. They keep best on shelves in a dry place. , Endive and head lettuce may be had fresh for some time after frosts come, if stored like celery. Citrons will keep for a little while, if stored in the same manner as squash. Parsley and horse- radish may be kept in the ground where grown all winter. Parsley may also be transplanted, if desired, to boxes and grown in the house. Tomatoes may be kept for some weeks by bringing the well-matured green tomatoes or the vines with the tomatoes on, into the house or cellar before frosts come. Most of them will ripen and be very acceptable as soon as they color. The tomatoes may be placed on shelves or in boxes where it is fairly dry, and the vines may be suspended from the ceiling or on a wall. How to Keep Fruits. If fruits are to be kept in storage, only the proper varieties should be selected, and the specimens should be firm and free from bruises and disease or insect injury. The storage room should have a temperature at as near freezing as possible, but not below and it should be moderately moist. Apples and pears keep longer when wrapped in paper, placed in boxes and covered. They keep well also in barrels, if stored in a place that is fairly well ventilated. If conditions are right some of the hard-skinned late varieties of grapes may be kept for a considerable time with success. The bunches do best when wrapped in paper and packed in boxes or baskets that are shallow and covered. Flower Bulbs and Tubers. Tuberous rooted plants and various kinds of flower bulbs may be preserved quite easily if extremes of temperature and moisture are avoided. The bulbs or conns of gladioli may be stored on shelves or trays in any cool cellar or convenient place that is free from frost. Dahlia tubers will keep wherever potatoes will keep safely. The proper tempera- ture is about 50 degrees. Keep them dry and not too damp. Canna roots require more care than the gladiolus or dahlia. If kept at a lower temperature than 50 degrees, they are apt to rot, particularly if too damp; if kept too warm, they are apt to grow, although a little growth will not hurt them. Store in a warm corner of the cellar, out of draft, leaving the soil on the clumps, or store covered with sawdust in boxes a couple of feet from the ground, as the dampness and cool- ness of the soil is apt to rot them. Tuberous begonias should be placed in boxes and the soil and tubers allowed to dry together. About 50 degrees is the right temperature. For these and all other bulbs and tubers, the main secret of success is to keep free from frost. Lime should be used on sour or acid soils, either at the early stages of making the lawn, or in fall, applying 1000 pounds of ground lime to the acre. For extremely acid soils like muskeg, apply 1000 to 1500 pounds of hydrated lime or 1000 pounds of caustic or quick lime is best. These act more quickly than ground lime. Several years may elapse before results will be seen from the latter form. —A. H. Tomlinson, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. I'lO T HE U A :\ A D i A A il O R 1 i C I L 1{ i S J- The Canadian Horticulturist PufaUsbed br.Tb* Horticultural Publisbiag Cooipanyt Limited. Offidal Otzan of Canadian Horticultural Council The Canadian Horticulturist U publislitd the first of each month in two editioiit, as follows: FLORAL EDITION Devoted to the interests of amateur horticulture — landscape gardcninK, floriculture, fruit and vegetable zardenlng — and to the work and proxress of Horticultural Societiea. Subscription Rates.— 60 cents a year; $1.00 for two ^""' FRUrr EDITION. Devoted entirely to the interests of commercial fruit and vegetable growers — oflicial organ of Ontario Fruit Growers' Association and of Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' Association. Subscriptloo Rates.— $1 .00 a year; $2.00 for three years POSTAGE— FOREIGN AND PETERBORO For foreign subscriptions to cither edition, add 50 cents a year extra for postage. For subscriptions to the United States and in the City of Petcrboro add 25 cents a year. Advertising rates, circulation statements and sample copies free on request. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, Pcterboro, Ontario. W. B. Cariey, Ottawa, J. W. Crow, Guclph, J. E. Brown, KingsvLllc. Directors: William Hartry, Scaforth ; F. S. Wood, London ; Dr. A. C. Lester, Hamilton; V. V. Trull, St. Thomas; Professor H. L. Hutt, Georsftown, E. H. Caughell, St. Thomas; Mrs. E. Kcker, St. Thomas; J. H. Bennett, Barrie; Mrs. G. Symington, St. Thomas; John F. .Marr, Guelph; A. P. Conley, St. Thomas and Miss K. Lewis, St. Thomas. H. H. (iroff, Simcoe, Ont., tlie pioneer hybrid- izer of Canada was elected honorary president of the Society. It was decided to institute a vigorous member- ship campaign during the coming year with the view to increasing the membership by several hundred. It is now one hundred which is satis- ^ factory for a society that has been in existence ' for less than one year. • horticultural Societies ^o Ontario Gladiolus Show THE first Ontario Gladiolus Show which was held at Alma College, St. Thomas, August 23 and 24 was an outstanding success. As Dr. Bennett of St. Thomas remarked, " there never was a finer collection of gladioli. Not only were all the old favorites on display but dozens of new creations, that had never been exhibited before." This opinion was endorsed by the many prominent horticulturists and gladiolus hybridizers from all part, of the province and the United States. The wonder flower of the Show was "Dr. Bennett," Diener's new creation, the blooms of which are very large and of a unique flaming scarlet shade, with traces of heliotrope in the centre. Among the many exhibitors were M. F. Wright of Sturgis, Mich., creator of "Louise," who had a large collection of this flower; W. L. Hutt, Georgetown, Ont., with a collection of over one thousand blooms; John F. Marr, Guelph, Ont., one of the largest amateur gladiolus growers in Ontario; Rev. W. McKay, Weston, president of the O.H.A.; Peter Vos & Son, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Campbell Bros., Simcoe Ont. ; consisting of several thousand of Groff's hybrids in charge of Miss Annie Campbell. This was by far the largest exhibit in the show, the display occupy- ing the entire west section of the hall. S. A. Haist, Fenwick, Ont.; ThelMimico Horticul- tural Society, with 600 blooms of 100 varieties. These flowers were picked from the members' gardens in all parts of Miraico; James Ogilvie, Hamilton gaol; C. W. Ward, F. V. Smith and Lyman's Flower Shop, St. Thomas; Dick's Flower Shop. London. In addition to the large trial ground adjacent to the college, St. Thomas also had a large exhibit. Among the prominent visitors was V. R. Hinkle, St. Joseph, Mich., president of the American Gladiolus Society. Annual Meeting At the first annual meeting of the Ontario Gladiolus Society, which was held August 24, the city of Guelph was selected for the 1923 convention and show. Officers were elected as follows; President, Dr. P. E. Bennett, St. Thomas; First Vice- president, W. Brown, Elora; Second- Vice Pre- sident, T. Ward, St. Thomas; Secretary-Treasur- er, J. F. Marr, Guelph; Regional Vice-Presidents Niagara Falls The first annual flower show of the local horti- cultural society was held in Queen Victoria Park on August 12 and 13. Despite its being a first show the numl>er of entries and the attendance of visitors was splendid. Entries for the various clisses were not numer- ous, but competition was keen. Among the ex- hibitors were The Horticultural Society of St. "Thomas, with a large exhibit of gladioli ; Dobbies Florists, Niagara Falls, an exhibit of wedding bouquets and flower baskets and vases of cut flowers; G. Emery with a splendid display of cut annuals. Much interest was also taken in the Children's Section. The show was formally opened on Saturday afternoon accompanied by music by the Scotch Pipers and an orchestra was in attendance in the afternoon and evening. Canada^s Three Iris Shows Fred H. Byshe, Forestry Branch, Ottawa. IT does not seem fitting that the events in- dicated by the above caption should be allowed to pass without some comment in our leading Canadian horticultural magazine. So far as I am aware no iris exhibition has been held by a horticultural society in Canada previous to this year, though this statement is open to correction. The first of these three exhibitions was held by the Westboro Horticultural Society on June 2, last, at Woodroffe, a suburb of Ottawa. The second was held at Ottawa on June 3, by the Ottawa Horticultural Society, and the third on June 8 and 9, by the Toronto Horticultural Society. It would thus appear that Ontario has led the way and it is to be ioped that next year will find other provinces, as well as other Ontario societies, emulating and surpassing the efforts of the societies above named. In view of the extraordinary development of the tall bearded iris within the past five or six years, and the beautiful forms now available of this, one of the most exquisite of our hardy garden flowers, no progressive society can afford any longer to fail to provide for the iris in its ex- hibition programme. Now a word about each of these three shows. For the Westboro show the Woodroffe Club placed their club house at the disposal of the society. As there are but few amateurs in Ottawa or vicinity who have as yet large collec- tions of irises, the classes were arranged for the benefit of those with modest collections, and the result was competition in each of the twelve or thirteen classes provided. The committee had done its local advertising well, and there followed the most largely attended show in the history of the Westboro society. Many of these visitors saw specimens of the better sorts of irises for the first time, and were obviously im- pressed. Such persons are the stuff out of which iris "fans" are made, and the iris exhibition is one of the best means of developing such fans. The Ottawa show was held in the Normal School Hall the night following. Here, having a larger membership to draw upon, the exhibi- tion was larger and the competition keener. Many really excellent specimens were shown,' and both exhibitors and ofiicers of the society were aroused to enthusiasm by the obvious success of the experiment. When 1 say that iff both of these shows ribb ms were given prizes instead of cash, the success achieved, i« the more impressive. The show at Toronto in Jenkins' Art Galleries was of an entirely different order, and was con- ceived and executed on a much larger scale. The few days elapsing between the Ottawa and Toronto shows made available many othCT' flowers than irises. These were employed freely to create many fascinating floral effects. I shared the privilege with my friend, W. g. Saunders of judging this show, and I shall not soon forget the large floral exhibits staged iii the several recesses along the walls, with indirect illumination to heighten the general effect. The individual irises were the great attraction; to iris lovers, and here the amateur whose know- ledge of the new varieties may have teen con- fined to the catalogues had a rare feast. There were — Tristram, Marsh Marigold, Dimity, Dora Longdon, Knysna, Clematis, (Bliss' seedlings), ■Mme. Gaudiehau (Millet), .Alcazar, Medrano, Raffet, Moliere, Balterine, Ambassadeur, and Magnifica (Vilmorin) all in splendid form. A single specimen of the latter shown by Professor Milner justified its name, and was without doubt the most striking iris of the show. The wealth and variety of material shown by Miss Blacklock was a distinct contribution to the success of the exhibition, and one was impressed by the vast amount of work that can be accom- plished with a slight physique, when urged by an indomitable spirit. Another outstanding item was Dr. F. G. Bethour's new iris seedlings, four of which were selected by the judges for the American Iris Society's award of Honourable Mention. It will interest iris growers to know that these seedlings were produced without hand pollination. Dr. Bethour grows only the best irises, and allows natural agencies to pollinate his plants. Altogether, the exhibition was full of interest and made a beautiful picture to place in one's gallery of memories. If the picture is shadowed in so far as the two judges are concerned, it is by the untimely death of J. S. Wallace, one of the enthusiastic supporters of the exhibition, than whom I have met no more engaging person- ality in a decade. To have been his guest and to have enjoyed his friendship was a priyileg* and an inspiration. His friends will miss him. Funkias These are shade loving perennials, noted fot the beauty of their foliage as much, if not more, than their Lily-like blossoms. The winter, how- ever severe, affects them scarcely at all, and, as sure as April comes, they give evidence of new growth. Then is the time when they can be divided, and this is really necessary every two years or so, inasmuch as they grow rapidly. Soil is not of very great importance in the case of Funki«s, as they will grow in any moderately good material, but shade and moisture are im- portant if one desires to have them at their best April is a most suitable period to remove them, and they are not long before they become estab- lished. Some of them are noted for noble- looking foliage, and can be planted with good effect in conjunction with ferns. — Gardeninj Illustrated, If your soil is heavy, dig in plenty ot sifte< coal ashes. Use the same around the roots a perennials to keep out slugs. Lime is also goo<: to prevent loss from slugs. These pests caus« the mysterious disappearance of many seedlings They work during the night when the ground il cool and damp; then hide under stones, boards etc., during the daytime. In the evening thej can be hunted with a flash-light, hat pin and ok pan; and during the day by turning over th« objects under which they are concealed. Readers are requested to send for reproductio photographs of their orchards or gardens. September, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 191 m. Canadian i Horticultural Council! ! t Various Activities L. F. Burrows, Secretary-Treasarer AT the Dominion Fruit Conference held in Ottawa, Feb. 22 to 24, 1922, the Hon. W. R. Motherwell, Minister of Agri- culture, expressed the following opinion re- garding the formation of the Canadian Horti- cultural Council: " I have always been a great believer in organization, and that there is no feature in society that is so helpful to governments as that of each particular vocation organizing and ex- pressing its wants collectively. The govern- ment likes to see your horticultural interests in Canada organized so that when your executive speaks to the government it speaks for the en- tire industry. The government wants to know your needs and it is in the interest of every government not only to know, but to carry out your desires. If the members of any industry are a unit in regard to certain adjustments having to do with their interests, and are willing that these proposals shall become law, the hands of the minister are strengthened when he goes before parliament and presents his case. Therefore, we find these bodies very valuable in the making and administration of laws." Dr. J. H. Grisdale, Deputy Minister of Agri- culture, spoke at the Dominion Fruit Confer- ence with reference to the Canadian Horti- cultural Council as follows: " I hope you may find it possible to make some recommendations looking to the estab- lishment of a sort of horticultural parliament, or as you have it here, a Canadian Horticultural '."ouncil, which shall serve as a board of last resort, or of reference, and to which shall be Iferred the present and future problems of the dustry. It has been found in other branches agriculture in Canada that through such ■ganization as is here suggested, more prompt, rect and effective action is possible. Through ich an organization close and quick contact ith legislative bodies is possible and effective." A Publicity Scheme At the request of the Horticultural Society of uelph, Ont., the secretary arranged with the post-office department to have the words "Protect the Birds and Save the Crops" placed upon the cancelling machine at the Guelph post-office. .The above was therefore stamped ■n every letter going out of the Guelph post- ■iTice during the month of June. This appears o be a most satisfactory method of keeping •fore the public the objects of the horticulturists iri Canada. For Fall Planting 25 Single Early Tulips 25 Darwin Tulips 18 Mixed Iris J2 Hyacinths 15 Trumpet Daffodils J 5 Forcing Narcissus 4 Mixed Paeonies Each (tern, $1 00 postpaid; sot for $5.00 postpaid. Write for CaUlogue. MORNINGTON GLADIOLUS GARDENS Stratford, Ontario Plant Registration A satisfactory system of bringing plant regis- tration into effect in Canada is gradually being evolved. The co-operation of those interested in this matter in the United States and Great Britain has been secured and useful material is Ijeing collected. Arrangements have been made for a meeting of the plant registration committee of the Council in Toronto on Sept. 5, when it is expected that definite arrangements will be made for the furtherance of the objects of the Council to have plant registration brought into I, ffect at as early a date as possible. Florists Enthusiastic On Tuesday, Aug. 8, the secretary attended the annual meeting of the Canadian Florists' and Gardeners' Association in Montreal and placed before that body the objects of the Council and. told of the work at present being carried on. The ?ssociation unanimously en- dorsed the Council and desired to continue representation thereon. Nursery Stock Inspection E B. Luke, representative of the nurserymen of Canada on the Council, together with several of those interested in the importation of nursery stock from the Canadian Florists' and Gardeners' Association, interviewed L. S McLaine, Acting Dominion Rntomogolist, in Montreal, with re- gard to the proposed changes in regulations under the Destructive Insects and Pests Act. The nurserymen of Canada are desirous of securing the following two amendments to the proposed changes: ^^ " 1. All nursery stock originating in any foreign country other than the United States of America shall be imported only throuth the following ports:— Halifax, N.S., St. John, N.B., Montreal, Que., Ottawa, Out., (for scientific purposes only), Niagara Falls, Ont., Windsor, Ont., Vancouver, B.C. " 2. That consignees shall be allowed as under the regulations of March 21, 1922, to have examination of imports made on their premises." Mr. McLaine gave the assurance that the en- tomological board would give every considera- tion to the suggested amendments, but in the meantime arrangements are being made to carry the suggestions of the nurserymen direct to the entomological board, in order that no oppor- tunity may be missed of having the desired amendments made in the regulations. Incorporation of Council The application of the Council for incorpora- tion was favorably received and on Aug. 17 the charter was signed by the secretary of state. The Council is now, therefore, a fully incorpora- ated body under the constitution and by-laws, as printed in the July issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. The campaign is aided by the co-operation of county farm bureau managers, who are furnish- ing informati n where fruit can be secured in the different counties. Fruit Prices Very Low THK Canadian fruit crop is abundant, and current prices for preserving fruits are lower than they have been for a number of years, according to Secretary Burrows, who recently completed a survey of the fruit-market- ing conditions throughout Canada. Mr. Burrows states that fruit shippers in the United States, where the crop is also larger than usual, are consigning large quantities to the Canadian markets. The result is, says Mr. Burrow.s, that fruits are now being offered at prices considerably less in most cases than the actual cost. Saving Fruit Crop A statewide campaign to save this year's big New York state fruit crop, in danger of loss because of car shortage and early ripening, has been launched by the New York State Farm Bureau Federation. In co-operation with nc'wsi)apcrs of the state, motorists are being appealed to to buy their fruit at the farms during trips through the country. Publicity i s being sent to newspapers twice a week pointing out to city residents the economic importance of saving the year's peach, pear and plum crop. Just for the Asking You may have one of our "Clip Coupon ' ' gladiolus bulb offers. We are sending them out by the hundreds. Don't delay — send for your's to-day and save many dollars in buying gladiolus novelties. Bulbs are guaranteed. Get to know us. Our new catalogue will be ready in November. ^ ^ CHAS. B. RAFFAUF Independence, Iowa, U.S.A. Franklin Peonies Our own Mabel L. Franklin, W. F. Christman, June Day, Ball O'Cotton, A. M. Slocum, E. W. Becker, and Serene, all prize winners; also all the newest European and American introductions. Send for new price list or catalog if you do not have a copy. FRANKLIN NURSERY 200 W. 58th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. Plant Peonies Now! The Most Splendid Flower in Cultivation Our collection is one of the largest in the world. We guarantee our Peonies tnia to name. The following col* lections we recommend; Old Garden CoUection AI«xajid«r Domai, pink. , .$0.69 AvgviU LamonltT, red Ttt ChftrltiBAgiia, liUa TS Dncheti d« ll«n0W% white . .ft Fragrans, ri-d , . . . .75 Jenny Llnd, liKht pink .75 Qi»«n Vlctorisk, whit« .... . JO This entire tto Xyis collection for > «P^* * O Mother's Collection LiTlngitone. Illaoroso. Jl 60; The Brido. whlt«. II.SO: Madame Forel. deep pink. »1.00; Mario Lemolne, Ivory- white. $1.00; Rubra Superba, deep crlmaon, 11.00: Suifurea, yellow. »I,60.iTotal. »7.60. This enUreiCoI- lectlon (or fb.oo. America's Supreme Collection Aurora, while. S2.00; Carmen, pink, tl! 25; Madamo Ausustc Dessert, carmine. S.'KIU; Madame Fouid, wblte, »2I)0; President Taft, pink. $2 «); Kuiiene Blitot. red, »2.80.. Total. $13.76. TliLs entire toUccUou [or (10.00. World's Best Collection EHe ChCTaller.Tyrlan roae, »3.60; Ella Wheeler Wilcox, pink, $3.00; Clsmonde, pink, M.UO; Grover Cleveland, crlnwon. »3.00; Marie Crousio. pink, $4 00; Lord Kitchener, cherry-rod, »3.00. Total, $20.60. TiUaentlra coUecUou for $17.00. Hardy Climbing Roses One year old— o«ld irrown. AU will bloom next aetson. Bbould be planted thla fall before tmeziat weallier. American Plliar, apple-bU^iaom pink 10.78 American Beauty, red— everyboay'8 favorite 75 Silver Moon, pure white • 75 Avlatcur Illerlot, narTnui yellow ". 75 Christine Wrlfht, wlul-rosc pink 75 Kosaire, the darker pink Tauaeoahoen 75 Dr. W. Van Fleet, silver pink M DorothyPerklna— rod, 76c; white, 7Sc. pink 78 Any 6 at above Climbing Roaes (or $3.7.^. Paula Scarlet Cllmlwr, dazzllnn scarlet; a (treat Javo> Ite, Sl.OO. Dr. Huey, deep crlnuon; one ox the latest creations, $1.S0. Darwin Tulips— rm1c?n<, Ctara Butt. appIo-MoSBom pink; Fnrncomb Sandor*. brilliant red: LaTiiHpe Nolr. Jot bliick; rrldeof ilnar- Icoi. violet rose; Painted Ludy, crcnniy whiii-: Phllllppo DaCommlnes, purplhippinc •tamps. If you want to Icnow more about us, ask your tMrnker. White & G)., Limited Front and Church Streets, Toronto, Ont. IVhcUsatt Fruit ImforUrs and Commatum Merchants Stronach & Sons 33 Church Street TORONTO. ONTARIO All Shipments of Fn 1 1 1 Fmit and other Pro- jP 1 us receive our per- 1 rOuUCe, sonal attention. ■, Competent sales- cl n Q men in Fruit Mark- et at all times. Coinrilission Advice Card mailed each even- Merchants "|hiooin. stamos mailed on request. YOUR SHIPMENT SOLICITED Lone Distance Phone: Main 2877 -rrrr September, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 193 possible to pay the comparatively high prices they had been paying without question since the end of the war, the retailer found it impossible to sell boxed apples at attractive prices while re- taining the large profits he had been accustomed to, and there was consequently a slackening of demand for boxes, which, eventually re-acted against its original object, by creating such a run upon barrel apples, and, at the same time such a lowering of box apple prices during October, November and December, that the curious anamoly was seen of such barrel varieties for example, as Baldwin No. 1, selling at 45 to 49 shillings at the same time that Jonathans, a superior variety, and of course, still more superior in grade and selection, were selling at 13 shillings a box or the equivalent of 39 shillings a barrel. Various Price Levels During October, and the first half of Novem- ber, British Columbia apples had the box apple field practically to themselves, and yet made prices approaching the pre-war level. During the last half of November and the month of December, American boxed apple arrivals were heavy, but the greatly lessened supplies of English apples, and the briskening of demand due to the Christmas trade maintained values at a higher level than had been anticipated. After the turn of the year, however, prices im- proved greatly and were well maintained throughout February and March. vA curious anamoly, this season, has been the strong preference accorded during December, January and February to red varieties such as Jonathans, Spitzenbergs and Winesaps over Newtowns. For the first time in an experience of seven years, the Newtown, usually the high- est priced staple variety on the market (Cox's Orange which has actually returned the highest prices can hardly be considered a staple) sold at consistently lower prices than the red varieties only regaining its supremacy in March, when Winesaps began to show marked deterioration. British Columbia apples throughout the season maintained a satisfactory standard of quality. Condition, also, was generally satis- factory, and color particularly good. Box Apple Grades AT the fruit meetings addressed in July by J. Forsyth Smith, Canadian Fruit Trade Commissioner, Liverpool, the speaker made, in substance, the following remarks on the proposed change in grade names for boxed apples: "It is very satisfactory to note that the re- commendations that have been repeatedly made during the past four years have at last been ^iven effect in the decision of the Dominion Fruit Conference to adopt the American grades. No single step that could be taken by British PAEONIES Have a surplus of Due de Nemours, Fest Maxima, Marie Lemoine, Albatre, Mme. Ballot, Delachei, Mme. Calot, at 50c each and good varieties mixed, 6 for $1.00. C. F. WOOD Mail address — 307 Doflerin Ave., LONDON, ONTARIO. FINEST HOLLAND BULBS HYACINTHS Each Per 100 Per 100 MUed— 1st siie, 47-18cm 15 12.50 115.00 Mixed— 2nd size, 15-16cm 09 7.00 65.00 Mixed— 3rd size, 12-14cin.... 05 3.95 35.00 Per Doi Per 100 Per 1000 SINGLE EARLY TULIPS— Grand mixture 50 4.00 28.00 DOUBLE EARLY TULIPS— Superfine mixed 50 4.00 34.00 DARWIN TULIPS— Su[x:rfine mixed— 50 4.00 32.00 PARROT TULIPS -Superfine mixed 60 4.00 34.00 MAY FLOWERING TULIPS— Superfine mixed.- 70 5.00 40.00 SINGLE NARCISSUS— .Mixed, many varieties-. 50 3.75 32.00 DOUBLE NARCISSUS— Mixed, many varieties 65 4.50 36.00 CROCUS— Mixed, all colors 15 1.00 8.00 BEGONIA— Mixed, single 1.00 8,00 68.00 BEGONIA— Mixed, double.- 1.20 ' 9.50 80.00 DUTCH IRIS— Mixed 75 5.00 30.00 ENGLISH IRIS— Mixed. ..„ 65 4.50 25.00 SPANISH IRIS— Mixed- SO 3.00 20.00 GERMAN IRIS— Mixed— 75 5.00 30.00 IRIS KAEMPFERI— Mixed 1.35 12.50 90.00 PAEONIES— Mixed.- 3.75 30.00 ORDER EARLY AND GET THE BEST LIST ON REQUEST HOLLAND CANADIAN IMPORT CO. 449 RlTcr Road, NIAGARA FALLS, ONT. GROWERS and SHIPPERS Give Our Selling Service a Trial All Kinds of Fruits and Vege- tables Handled on Commission Shipping Stamps Supplied Prompt Advice and Returns Satisfactory Results Correspondence Invited W. J. McCART & CO., Ltd. 78-80 Colborne Street TORONTO Telephones: Main 784 and Main 715 Rt^tttnctx: Imperiml Bank, Mmrketx Branth A-1 QUALITY Standard Apple Barrels We ca6 make prompt shipment of properly manufactured, high grade apple barrels, delivered in car lots, freight prepaid your station. 340 BARRELS MAKE A CAR LOAD Place your order now and protect your require- ments by writing, phoning or wiring. Trenton Cooperage Mills TRENTON, ONTARIO LIMITED 1 IM THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition ONTARIO LADIES' COLLEGE WHITBY, ONT. COURSES: Academic. I*ul>lic Sv-'liool tu s'-cond year UniversiIy;Mu»ic — Pinno, SingiiiK, Violiu; Domestic Sci«nca. Commercial, Art, Elocution, CiTica. EaUbllihM iiwurlj flrtr 7ean;ld*ftl city— country •cbtJol. M iiillps from Turonto; 100 acrn proportj ^ K/miiftJilum, •wimmliig pool, ate; kii euMoor ■por**. A School of Ideals and an Idea) School RE-OPKNS 8«pt. 13, 1922 Gulden Jubilee Year 1924- For oalendarand booklet apply to, Rev. T. L. rarewell,B. A., Principal. SMALL FRUIT PLANTS Tlie Finest Ever— GOOSEBERRIES— Josstlyn, Downing, HoiiKlitoii- CURRANTS— Perfection, Fay, Ruby, Cherry, Boskoop Giant, Lee's Prolific, Champion, Victoria, Naples. RASPBERRIES- Herbert, Plum Farmer, Sliaffcr's Colossal, Colinnbia, Culhbert, Strawberry-Raspberry. ASPARAGUS and Rhubarb Roots. PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION WM. FLEMING, Nurseryman Owen Sound* Ontario. If You Ship Fruit to Toronto LET US HANDLE YOUR SHIPMENTS We are centrally located in the Fruit Market. Service unexcelled. Prompt returns and a satisfactory deal guaranteed to all. Write To-day for Shipping Stampi JOSEPH BAMFORD COMMISSION MERCHANT 72 Colborne St. Toronto, Ont. Phones : Main 6036 and Main 3085 R«fer«nc«i Canadian Bank of Commerce, Marlcet Branch SHIP YOUR APPLES TO SCOTLAND We solicit consignments of Canadian fruit this season, and promise shippers satisfactory service. ROBERT McCULLOCH 65 Main Street, Established 1888 Ayr, Scotland **Mr. Grower, — Remember, we are at your service. TR Y US. ' * Stamps and information mailed on request. Prompt returns' Weekly settlements. UNION FRUIT & PRODUCE CO. 82 FRONT STREET, EAST, TORONTO, ONTARIO Phone Main 1996 and 3498 Columbia will have such an important effect as this on the acceptability of B.C. apples on the British market. The news of the decision was received with much enthusiasm by the fruit trade, who will be, correspondingly, disappointed to learn that it has been found impossible to pass the necessary legislation to legalize the new grades before the comin,< season. "British Columbia apples in the p^i^ have been under a steady handicap as compared with their American competitors. While the grade names Fancy aiid Choice have been constantly suggestive of excellence and quality, No. 2 and No. 3 have just as constantly suggested identity with the inferior barrel grades. Boxes and barrels are essentially different products with different grade requirements corresponding to different demand conditions on the market. This is par- ticularly evident as regards size. Small-sized apples could not be sold at high prices as packed in barrels. Small-sized boxed apples are regularly so sold. The market does not prefer small .sizes as such, but the consumer cannot afford to pay the price required for apples for large sizes in boxes, and is therefore willing to forego large size, itself desirable, if he gets quality in its stead at a lower price per unit. He can afford to pay, and does pay a premium for large sizes in barrels. Size is, therefore, quite properly a main dis- tinguishing factor between barrel No. I and No. 2, while it has no logical place as marking the distinction between No. 1 and No. 2 boxes, and will not be given prominence in distinguishing the new grades ISxtra Fancy and Fancy. "The unanimous view of the British fruit trade is that the change of grades and grade nomenclature will very greatly strengthen British Columbia's position on the British market." Apple Color Requirements A CIRCULAR letter has been sent to apple- growing points in Canada showing the U.S. color requirements for extra fancy, fancy and C grade apples. It also shows the O.U G. color requirements for numbers 1, 2 and 3, and suggestions from eastern points as to color for the new grades they would recommend. We consider that any color requirement that Canada might adopt that fell short of the Wash- ington color requirements would make a change in grade names abortive. We have a standard pack and package in line with our competitors and any slackness in enforcing a color require- ment of our competition will place us at a great disadvantage at the selling end. Of course the difficulty is in trying to set a federal standard. This is not attempted in the U.S. Color and grade are state regulations not federal. We doubt if a federal requirement for color of apples can be made satisfactory in Canada. Anything short of the Washington color requirements will not be of any value to B.C. apple growers in the world markets. — -B.C. Markets Bulletin(Calgary) We SoUcit Your Consignment Good Prices Always For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, veget- ables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto Market, we have established branch Warehouses, with competent men in charge, at Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt and Timmins. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have'to sacrifice your interests. Send for Shipping Stamp Branch Warehouses: Sudbory, North Bay, Cobalt and Timmins. Peters, Duncan Limited 88 Front St. East, Toronto References: The Bank of Nova Scotia, King and Victoria Branch, and Corrmiercial Agen- September, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 195 j Maritime Provinces j N. S. Shippers' Association AT the annual meeting of the Nova Scotia Shippers' Association, held at Kentville, Aug. 7, President S. B. Chute, who was in the chair, reported in part as follows: "Th ocean freight rate on apples was fixed at $1.25 a barrel, and, on account of the excellent service given us by the various steamship lines it was decided not to bother much with charter- ing our own boats. Only a few charters were made, and, in some cases, these did not prove very profitable. An effort is being made, both in the States and Canada, to have the rate re- duced to SI. 00 a barrel this season. "The board of railway commissioners met in Kentville last September and several important matters were place 1 before them by the execu- tive. Up to the present no decisions have been handed down but we are assured that these will be filled before very long. The question of ware- house and siding rentals was ne of the matters dealt with and this is now being settled by George E. Graham. A. E. McMahon, on behalf of the association, has devoted a great deal of time and study to this important matter and we are glad to report' that a satisfactory settlement is in view. "The unloading charges at the Halifax ter- minals were fought over practically the whole season, and, at a hearing before the railroad board held in Halifax in January, the charge was reduced from \yi cents to I'/i cents per hundred pounds. In March the railway board sent their Mr. Spencer to Halifax to check up the cost of handling, but did not recommend that any further reduction should be made. It was seen, early in the season, that the method of un- loading the cars was proving very unsatisfactory. The work was all done by men employed by the Canadian National Railways, and as unemploy- ' ment was rife in Halifax during the winter, fresh gangs of men were taken on each day in order to give relief. This meant that our apples and potatoes were continually being handled by green help. The executive decided that this must be remedied before another season began and a meeting was held in Halifax in July. The steam- ship men were well represented and F. G. J. Comeau was there on behalf of the Dominion Atlantic Railway. As a result ■ f that meeting arrangements have been made to have the cars unloaded by the steamship stevedores as in the old days and the charge is being reduced to 1 14 , cents a barrel. The executive pressed for a rate I of 1 cent a lb. which we feel is quite enough, but the steamship men would not agree to this. However, they have agreed to make tests of the lictual cost during the first two months of the shipping season and have promised to reduce the charge if the tests warrant it. "Another effort was made by the Dominion Atlantic Railway to put into effect the switching charge of \]A per hundred pounds on cars handled at Deep water terminals. We brought the matter before the Railway Board at Halifax last January and were successful in h ving the tariff suspended." The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: Pres., Herl;ert Oyler; Vice-Pres., Harris H. Blight; Sec, Stanley Craze; Exec. C'.m., W. H. Chase, S. B. Chute, and A. E. McMahon. Apple trees in the Annapolis Valley seem to be striving for honors as ever-bloomers as well as ever-bearers, in season. During three weeks re- cently, the office of the Berwick Register was favored no less than 16 times with fragrant apple blossoms from different orchards. The Canadian Horticulturist will be plea.scd to receive for publication, items of interest irom Maritime province readers. mei^ ceriainlij makf MacBnerti last longer" No matter how many fann machines you own or what size or type they are, you can increase the work they will do for you and cut down the cost of 0[>erating every one of them if you will use the right grade of Imperial Lubricants for each. Proper lubrication with Imperial Farm Lubricants is not at all expensive. It reduces expenses. The very reasonable cost of Imperial Farm Lubricants is saved many times over every year in lessened repair and replacement costs. LubricdTtts FOR. /Vl^I^ FA.UM E>URJPOSE,S IMPERIAL POLARINE OIL IMPERIAL POLARINE MEDIUM OIL IMPERIAL POLARINE HEAVY OIL For gaftoline-burtiincdengifics—autoroobilefl and truclca. IMPERIAL POLARINE SPECIAL HEAVY OIL por keroacne-burning stationary engines and tractor*. IMPERIAL POLARINE EXTRA HEAVY OIL For motors requiring an unusually heavy oil. IMPERIAL PRAIRIE HARVESTER OIL IMPERIAL GRANITE HARVESTER OIL For open bearings of separators, binders, etc IMPERIAL CAPITOL CYLINDER OIL For ateam cylinder lubrication— tractors and stationary enginaa IMPERIAL GAS ENGINE OIL For atatioitary or portable engines, kerosene or gasoUiM. IMPERIAL POLARINE CUP GREASE IMPERIAL THRESHER HARD OIL For grease cup lubrication — clean, solidified oils. TTie Imperial Charts of Recommendations show exactly what grade of Imperial Polarine Motor Oils will give the best results with your type of truck, tractor or automobile. Further information will be gladly aupplied by the Imperial Oil man— an expert on lubrication. IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED Canadiao Compaojr Cansdiin Cspltil Caoadun Woriunan r 196 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Flora] Edition PEDLAR'S "PERFECT" TREE PROTECTORS Protect Your Young Fruit Trees from damage by mice in early spring Mice will "lirdle" any fruit tret up to sU incbei in diameter, in the early spring. Wben nie mow at the base of the treei melts the hungry rodents gnaw the tender bark close to the ground. Thousands of valuable young trees are injured in this way erery year ia- volnng an enormous loss to orcbardlsts But you can easily circumvent the mice by uring Pedlars -Perfect" Tree Protector^ I-Bey are made from strips of galvanized metal lath, with a mesh only three -tighthsof an inch —too Kiali for the smallest mouse to squeesc SutrUmllnbamdlmmalTS. Vtlta foe prfcaa. THE PEDUR PEOPLE LIMITED EaUbUahaa IMI EXECUTIVE OmCES, OSHAWA. ONT. FactoH«ai Oahawa. Oat,, and Montreal, Qo^ B,a«hM:-Monte«I Ottaw^T«««i.o, H.«II,on, Winnipeg, Calfarr. Vaneonver APPLE BARRELS liJl!!!* ""dard-machine made, best quality D^ Uve^ anywhere in Ontario and Quebe?. w'rit.^ Contracts made with Fruit Associations and others. SARRIA, JOHN HAYNE ONTARIO Perfect hearing is now btiag re. stored in every conditio!" of deaf. ! nes3 or defective hearing from causes Buch as Catarrhal Deaf- ness Relaxed or Sunken Drums, rhickened Drums, Roaring and (. Hissing Sounds, Perforated, Wholly or Partially Destroyol ^-' ^ Uniins,Discharge from Ears, etc. ../!., 2? Common-Sense Ear Dnuns J^i^r^K'^fH" ^'«?'» fo^ '*« ^"" require no nredicme but effectively replace what is lacking Sr SSit^l'J'* V^S "2*""' «=»"" drums. They Se smple fe^?i,r?"*'"'^ wearer easily fit. i^to thT??ra Wrff?<^^^'','°'"^'','f; ^''- safe and comfortable. Wnte today for our 168 page FREE bock on DEAF- Nt.SS, giving you full particulars and testimonials lie l5!?i^^f^*"J?J?"" CO., Incorporate! ' US Utei-SouthernBldg. LouiSYliiETKfc r Crops and Markets Shipping Apples in Bulk r> THi; EDITOR: -Please note enclosed copies of our letters of to-day, Aujj. 24, to ♦ « \^? Honorable Minister of Health, Ottawa, to l". W. HodKctts, Toronto, and to the Federal l-ruit Branch. This action was taken as to the result of onr observations of the condition of bulk apple shipments as marketed in Western Canada, nd their efTect on the demand for good applcs,--R. M, Winslow, B.C, TrafBc and Credit Association, Vernon, B.C. il jrj . V.^^tTI -ii To Min!ster of Health The Honorable Minister of Health, Ott wa — At a meetnjK of the fr'uit growers and shippers of iiritish Corambia, with representatives of the wholesale fruit trade of Western Canada here last week, all interests agreed that the shipment of apples m bulk in freight cars to be sold in the Iresh state to consumers was not only detri- mental to the apple industry in a commercial sense, but was sufficiently unsanitary to warrant bringing the matter strongly to your attention. 1 he resolution passed by tlie convention was as follows: — ''That this convention represent to the Minister of Health at Ottawa, the menace of bulk apple shipments to the health of the con- suming communi.y by reason of the unsanitary conditions inseparable from this traffic, and that we ask for the prohibition of this traffic on these grounds, and that until such prohibition becomes effective the minister shall provide for com- pulsory permits to ship, also for inspecUon on arrival. You will note that they ask for the prohibition of this traffic on the ground of its unsanitary character, and further requests that unUI such prohibition can be made effective, your ministry should require compulsory permits for such shipments, and for inspection on arrival at destination. We might add that experience has shown that the sale of apples shipped in this manner greatly decreases the consumption of apples, which we attribute largely to the fact that they usually reach the consumer in a dirty, bruised and often more or less decayed condition. This unfortun- ately creates with the purchasers a revulsion against all apples. Our interest lies in having the consumer re- ceive fruit in a sanitary, edible and appetizing thi"'rt"ter.^rc''T^.°^:;ra"r' '='-''-'«- - suraer which communications to the Minister is as per copy enclosed. We are also asking P. W. Hodgetts, secretary of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association to place this matter before the members of his association and the apple industry of the pro- cince with a view to their co-operation. A further resolution of our convention speci- fically requests the co-operation of the Federal Fruit Branch to end the movement of apples in bulk. We trust that you will be able to give some publicity to our views and afford us the weight of your influence with the Minister of Health to strengthen our request.— B.C.T. and C.A. Crops at End of August THE following fruit and vegetable crop estimates, prepared by the Fruit Branch Ottawa, cover commercial production To Ontario F. G. AssocUtion P. W Hodgetts, Secretary, Ontario Fruit Growers Association :-At a conference of British Columbia fruit growers and shippers with reorp ^ntatives of the wholesale fruit trade of Western Canada, held here last week, a strong resoluti^ was passed, asking the Federal Minister of Health to move agamst the shipment of apples in bulk in freight cars intended for the ultimate consumer, which communication to the Minister IS as per copy enclosed. ^mister A further resolution was passed asking the co-operation of the apple industi-y of OnLrio and we would ask that you, as tiie offic^rbcSv representmg this great industry, place this cZ municauon before the grower^' and their sZ- pmg representatives.— B.C.T. and C.A To Dominion Fruit Branch n.? ^- ^^<^Intosh, Acting Fruit Commissioner Ottawa :-At a conference of British Columbia fruit growers and shippers with representatives of the wholesale fruit trade of western Canada held here last week, a strong resolution wa^ passed, asking the Federal Minister of Health to move against the shipment of apples in bulk in freight cars intended for the ultimate c^ only MlOntario:— Apples-— Equal to last y^ar, or 885,065 barrels. Baldwins very light; Greening, Spies light. Considerable fungus. ' Peaches—^ Full crop, 60% heavier than 1921. Plums— Full crop, 200% heavier than last year. Pears 90% full crop; 20% heavier than last year. Potatoes— Good average crop, slighUy in excess of last year. Onions— Total crop 100% larger than 1921; quality excellent. British ColumbU :— Apples — 2,215,000 boxes, or 70% of last year. Delicious and Jonathan heavy, Wagener light. Peaches — 85% of 1921 1,122 tons. Plums and prunes— 85% of 1921' or 2,720 tons. Pears— 75% of 1921 or 1,575 tons! Potatoes— 75% of normal. Onions— Increased acreage but only slight increase in total crop of last year; considerable onion maggot and failure of onions to size. Alberta:— Potatoes — 85% of 1921. Saskatchewan!- Potatoes — 95% of average crop; approximately, 10,000,00 bushels. Manitoba:- Potatoes — Yield per acre lower than last year; quality fair. Quebec!— Apples— 75% in excess of 1921, or 61,600 barrels; early varieties heavy. Potatoes — ^Average yield, fair quality. New Brtmswicfct — Apples — 25% in excess of 1921, or 41,250 barrels. Potatoes— SlighUy less than last year; much damage by excessive rains. Prince Edward Island !— Potatoes— Normal yield; considerable certified. Nova Scotia:— Apples— 80% of 1921. or about 1,625,000 barrels. Potatoes — Good average crop, but affected by excessive rains. In the London District V. H. Monday, R.R. No 6, London, Ont. PLUMS thrive around here to perfection, espec- ially the Japanese varieties. London market just now (Aug. 15) is full of Burbanksofgood quality, although some have been shipped in from Forest that were half green and therefore slow sale. We find that people want well- ripened fruit. Take the Bradshaw, of which I have seen fine samples on well loaded trees right near London. They should be fairly well- ripened because when ripe they are sweet and attractive, and one sale creates a demand for more. Lombards, Reine Claude and Monarch are a ' good crop, but are rotting considerably. I have tried pulling off the rotted plums, but my con- clusion is that there is nothing like keeping them covered with either lime-sulphur or Bordeaux. Grapes are ba.ily affectel with rot in this d strict. This i- rather ds ouragin as the prospects for a big crop have been good. Greenhouse Insects IF greenhouse pests are not as numerous and as much in evidence as the outdoor insect vagrants, they are equally as insidious and destructive, if afforded the opportunity. For- tunately they are more easily controlled. The hfe history of each and every insect of the green- September, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 19T house is told in Bulletin 7 of the Dominion De- partment of Agriculture, entitled "Insects Affecting Greenhouse Plants," by Arthur Gibson and W. A. Ross. Methods for the ap- plication of insecticides and for fumigation by hydrocyanic-acid gas and tobacco are set forth. There are three kinds of greenhouse insects; namely leaf-eating, sucking, and boring or root destroying. There are in addition what are known as animal pests, such as various sorts of mites, bugs, slugs, and earthworms. There are also predacious enemies and internal parasites, which are nature's aid towards control. The bulletin is profusely illustrated, and the te.Kt and directions are in plain language. As showing the extent of greenhouse cultivation, it is stated that the estimated value of such crops in Canada is upwards of $3,000,000 and that these crops occupy 6,000,000 square feet of space imder glass. An Experiment Suggested THE problem of getting the Northern Spy to tlie British market in satisfactory con- dition remains still unsolved, and ship- ments continue to come forward which sell at from half to two-thirds of the value of sound fruit. As this variety is one of the most highly appreciated on the market, and as the loss per barrel, compared with possible returns for fruit in good condition, not infrequently runs from 15s. to 20. per barrel, it would appear that there is a strong case for systematic experiment to deter- mine a more desirable method of shipping. One possible solution, of course, is the bo.x pack, but not only is it scarcely feasible for packers shipping almost entirely in barrels to make special arrangements for box-packing Spys, but the Spy hardly lends itself to box-packing for this market, on account of its large size. It is suggested that an interesting com- mercial experiment for the next season would be to pack Spys, iMcIntosh Red, or any other high-class soft varieties, in barrels in a special way — i.e., with corrugated paper pads between each layer of apples, carefully packed in as when barrels are headed and tailed. This idea is suggested by the remarkable success of New Brunswick in packing the apples in this way for their Government exhibit in connection with the Imperial Fruit Show. Canadian representatives in this country were amazed when they received a cable announcing that apples for exhibition purposes were coming barrel-packed, and felt that a great mistake had been made by the senders. However, the ex- periment was fully justified bj' the result. The apples, which included a considerable proportion of the soft variety, Mcintosh Red, arrived i^ perfect condition, without a bruise mark, and when 'displayed on the stand were among the best shown. Extra labor and extra cost in packing would, of course, be involved, but such extra cost could not conceivably be as much as is now regularly lost on a large proportion of shipments, on account of condition on arrival, and if it is proved that apples so packed can be landed sound, in a commercial way, it is quite certain that the in- creased values received would much more than compensate for all extra trouble taken. Nova Scotia Gravensteins are another yariety in connection with which it would be interesting to try out such an experiment. Gravensteins, as generally sold on this market, are always lacking in color, as they cannot safely be allowed to color if they are to be conveyed in the ordinary pack. The high prices received for well-colored California Gravensteins in boxes are an indica- tion of possibilities in this connection. — J. Forsythe Smith, Fruit Trade Commissioner, Liverpool. Apples East of Toronto APPLE orchards along the Lake Ontario front and particularly in that section of the front I etween Brighton and Whitby, havj not yet recovered, as a whole, from the lack of attention and one or two exceptionally trying easons which occurred during the war, says Trenton Advertiser; and, while possibly a third are in better condition than ever before, the Iss^xed. by t;l\e DonalTvioirx Depa-ytimettt of ^^g^^cultiige | NOTE: This is the second of a series of monthly bulletins to give timely information of value to farmers Beware Corn Borers The European Com Borer has infested thousands of acres in Western Ontario. To control, cut com soon as ready close to the ground. Plough corn stubble deep in the fall and burn all dry fodder left over in the spring. Contagious Diseases of Animals Every owner of animals and every breeder of or dealer of animals, and every- one bringing animals into Canada shall, on perceiving the appearance of infectious or contagious disease among the animals give immediate notice to the Minister of Agriculture and to the near- est Veterinary Inspector of the Department of Agri- culture. Eat More Canadian Fruit Canada grows large crops of the finest fruits and Canadian fruits have always received the highest awards wherever exhibit- ed. Don't purchase foreign-grown fruit, when Canadian-grown fruit is far better. This year there is an abundance of Canadian fruit. Demand and accept only Cana- dian-grown Fruit. Winter Finishing of Steers Twenty-five years of experi- mental work on winter finishing of steers, carried on by The Do- minion Experimental B'arms, has derived information that will be of exceptional value to farmers. These experiments show that the selling of farm-grown feeds as finished beef gives a much greater return than if sold as cash crops. That with proper management the winter finishing of steers is highly profitable. Finished steers com- mand top prices. Valuable pamphlets on this sub- ject will be sent free if you write the Dominion Experimental Farm nearest you. Co-operative Shipping of Live Stock. Co-operative shipping always nets full marlfet value for each grade when marketed. Sale ac- cording to grade improves the breed and results in higher aver- age prices. In Grey County, On- tario, where improvement propa- ganda in sheep was . undertaken the first shipment of extra choice lambs brought $13.50 per hundred- weight. On the same day best lambs from other districts brought only $11.50 per hundredweight. Good breeding and finishing will bring the best prices. New Publications. The Control of the European Com Borer. Preservation of Fruits and Vege- tables. Care of Rams and Ewes in Breeding Season. Advantages of Dipping. Winter Finishing of Steers. List of Available Publications. The above publications are sent free on request to: — Publications Branch Dominion Department of Agriculture Ottawa 1118 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Flora] Edition general appearance is no as good as it was in the early part of the century. Recognized autlioritics place the crop this year at about equal to that of any one of the last three years or 60 per cent of a real good one, with Spys lightest in yield, Bens and Russets best and Kings good. Apple growers in Ontario and the united counties of Durh m and Northumberland are, The Fruit & Produce Market The CommlBsioa firms uodcmoted wish coa- ■Ignmcats of fruit and general produce. They will be pleased to have you write them for loformatlon* •hippjng sUmpc. ctc^ If 70U have fruit Of vcgetablca for sale. H. J. ASH **-46 Chorcb St. Toronto. Oat. CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES SOLICTTED Sbipp'og Stamps Furnished on Request. MANSER, WEBB CO. 53 Colborne Street Toronto Wholesale Frtilt and Produce Merchants ConsigBments Solicited on Commission. STRONACH & SONS 33 Church St., Toronto, Ont. All shipments of Pniit and other produce consigned to us receive our personal attention. Shippiug stamps furnished. Phone Main 2390. See advt. on page 192 DAWSON-ELLIOTT CO. 32 West Market SU, Toronto, Oat. Wholesale Fruit and Produce Cona^nments Solicited. PETERS, DUNCAN Limited 88 FRONT STREET, EAST, TORONTO, ONT. See Advertisement on Page 194 PERRY'S SEEDS A!plne and perennials unique collectioost many new Tarieties unobtainable from any other source. Hardy and adapted >or Canadian climate HARDY PLANT FARM, ENFIELD, ENGLAND '•^tBEST MAO^ FOSTER'3 STaNDAR!' PC ' We have a large stock of all size* FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans OnUrs FUl«i Promptly Send for PricM THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. howcvLT, in the happy position of having reason- able assurance as to wliat they arc going to get out of their product. I'raclically the entire crop has already liecn sold and at satisfactory figures. Barring disastrous wind or hail storms, producers are, therefore, justified in feeling as if their money is even now in the l)ank. The general range in prices has been from $2 to $2.75 per barrel for No. 1, 2, and 3. the seller to supply l)arrels and pick, but the buyer to grade and pack. One sale of 2,000 barrels is reported at S2.25, the buyer supplying the barrels but pro- ducer doing the picking. Grape Growers' Picnic ter-SouthernBldg. LOUISVILLE. Kit DARWIN TtJLIPS, mixed . .. ^^ DARWIN TULIPS, named. .!.. KSc SINGLE TULIPS, mixed . lie SINGLE Tin.IPS, named. . .l! 55c COTTAGE TULIPS, mixed IS COTTAGE TULIPS, named. '... 55- HYACINTHS. EXHIBITION, named'. 1 80 HYACINTHS, Pol "■■.■";;.::":":::;;( :5o MORNINGTON GLADIOLUS GARDENS GLADS - 6000 - GLADS Per doj. 60c PRINCE OF WALES Every bulb has been topped P'f 100 Per 1000 $4 00 S35.00 EVERYTHING PREPAID Per Doz. NARCISSUS, SINGLE, mixed 80c NARCISSUS, Sinjle, named 90c NARCISSUS, Double, mixed _ 80c NARCISSUS. Double .named 1 90c NARCISSUS. POLYANTHUS, mixed 90c NARCISSUS POLYANTHUS, named 95c CROCUS, named 25c CROCUS, mixed 90c per 100 STRATFORD, ONTARIO October, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 211 BRITISH COLUMBIA ♦♦♦»•••»♦»•»••» ••♦♦•♦♦♦♦♦**o U.S. Fruit on B.C. Market THERE is something wrong when we allow the American growers to control our market and compel the Eraser Valley ranchers to lose their crops," declared Hon. E. D. Barrow, minister of agriculture, when ad- dressing those present at the annual Agassiz Fair, Sept. 13. "In Chilliwack, Bartlett pears are a drug on the market, and many will no doubt be left on the trees to rot or else fed to hogs. Only last week Wenatchee growers shipped in to Vancouver no less than 26 cars of this variety of pears, five of which were sent back on account of the presence of the codling moth," continued Mr. Barrow. "As a result, the bottom fell out of the market." As a remedy, the member of the provincial cabinet advocated the establishment of a selling agency among the growers while attention should be paid to the canning industry. medium to small. The consumer cannot afford to buy sizes 96 to 138. British Columbia shippers are under two handicaps in shipping to this market: (1) Nor- way is the only point served by a direct boat from Montreal, and this service is only one boat per month, while New York offers a weekly service to principal Scandinavian ports; (2) American apples are not exported direct to Scandinavia from American producing points, but are shipped by middlemen in New York, who remove the fruit from near-at-hand storage and are thus enabled to fill cash orders for ship- ment by designated steamers. Shippers direct from British Columbia points would find it diffi- cult to guarantee delivery date, and this is fre- quently insisted upon by the buyers, and, often, indeed made an essential part of the contract. The Fruit Trade Commissioner is prepared to furnish some very interesting information to actual shippers as to the comparative standing of the various agents, methods of doing business, difficulties that must be overcome, financial ar- rangements, etc. m I Continental Markets IN the series of addresses given during the past three months, throughout Canada, by J. Forsyth Smith, Canadian Fruit Trade Com- missioner for the United Kingdom, reference was made to the conditions and the outlook in the markets of Continental Europe as well as to those of Great Britain, as reported last month. Some of the pointers given respecting the Con- tinent were as follows, with special reference to British Columbia's opportunities: The Market in France France is one of the few European countries that does not know the western boxed apple. It is a large producer and exporter of apples, and produces, normally, enough apples to supply all home requirements. Importations have, always, been the exception rather than the rule. French apples may be divided into two classes: (1) Apples which supply the main consumer demand, ungraded, unselected, inferior and sold in bulk by the kilogramme. These are offered in quantity and supply the main demand. (2) An extremely limited supply of "pommes de luxe," grown with extreme care, without spot or blemish, packed for shipment even for distances of less than 100 miles with each apple separated from its fellow by 2 inches of excelsior. These apples, as offered commercially attain the full exhibition standard, and sell to the consumer at 1.50 to 2.50 francs or 12 to 21 cents apiece. Between these two ex- tremes, however, it should be possible to find a certain market for Canadian apples, if their ex- cellences were made known to the trade. One British Columbia firm has already appointed an agent in Paris and expects to do some business next season. It is suggested that it would be a very good idea to trans-ship a part of the exhibit at the Imperial Fruit Show this year, to Paris, display it at the central Paris market, and de- monstrate its good points to the trade. The Scandinavian Market The market for apples in Norway, Denmark and Sweden, though small as compared with that of Great Britain, (capacity 200,000 to 250,000 boxes per annum) is one which should be ex- ploited by Canada. A gooi!i:lv for l:itr' varieties, that can be sold in Jinii It ., |i '.111 ry and March. Jonathans, vSpitzcnlicrns, Wiiicsaps and Ncwtowns are pre- ferred, and, of these the Winesap, as combining red color with a late season is the favorite. Sales are on a cash basis through local agents, and sales on shippers' account are practically never made except at the Copenhagen auction. The size preferences arc the same as in England, transferred to refrigerator cars of the same temperature. Precautions against changes of temperatures were provided even to the extent of providing a silk-bound passage-way from store- house to the car. By exercising such minute care the berries were laid down at destination at prairie points almost as fresh and firm as when gathered. It is this attention to the quality of fruit when B.C. Fruit on Prairies THE prairie provinces produce very little fruit. They consume large quantities of it. British Columbia grows large quantities of the finest fruits in the world. The flow of fruit from British Columbia to Alberta and Saskat- chewan is as inevitable as the flow of water down hill. Another example of the complementary character of the two areas — the one providing what the other lacks and needs. The gathering and shipping of fruits in British Columbia for the prairie market is all the time becoming a more exact and stabilized business. Take for example, raspberries. This delicious small fruit arrived here this season in a state as nearly perfect as scientific methods and good management can assure. The best B.C. raspberries were assembled in cold storage within two hours after picking. They were then GLADIOLI Exhibitor offers surplus bulbs to clear Mixed I'A in. up, $16.00 per 1000 Mixed K in. up, $10.00 per 1000 Prince of Wales, Halley, Mrs. King $2.25 per 100 M. Le Focti, $10.00 per 100 SANSBY, Grower, 7 Waverty Road, Toronto, Ont. VAN GINHOVEN & CO. 32 Peart Street New York* N.Y. BULBS — Your address for Holland-grown Hya- cinths, Tulips, Crocus, Gladioli. Iris. Paeonies and all miscellaneous bulbs and roots. Please write for illustrated catalogue. '•'EBEST MADt FOSTtPS STANDARD POT Ordan FilUd Promptly We have a large ■took of all sizes FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Sand for Prioa* THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. BE A "FIRST" EXHIBITOR at the msm WINTER FAIR in the new ROYAL CX)LISEUM, TORONTO NOVEMBER 22nd -29th, 1922 $70,000 IN PRIZES for Live Stock, Agricultural Products, Fruit, Flowers and Vegetables CANADA'S NATIONAL APPLE SHOW Premium List covers all varieties of apples and pears in Canada. Floral and Vegetable Exhibits a feature. British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia — which will have the premier apple display? ENTRIES CLOSE NOVEMBER 4th For Prize List and other information write — A. P. WESTERVELT, General Manager, York Building, Toronto, Ontario W. A. Dryden, President. E. M. Carroll, Vice-President. REDUCED FARES ON ALL RAILWAYS ai2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition delivered that is so rapidly building up the fruit traffic between Alberta and British Columbia. The people of the prairie provinces are benefiting by the closer cooperation of the B.C. grower, the railway companies, and the wholesale distributors at this end. — Calgary Herald. Crops and Markets Cantaloup Growers' Ass'n WK have a Cantaloup Growers' Association in Kelowna, and at many points south of Kelowna in the Okailagan Valley fine cants, are grown. We received a standard crate of cants from Kelowna well packed and graded. The contents were smaller in size than the average from the U.S. The flavor about equal, not as good, however, as the best that comes from B.C. Cantaloupes are being consigned here more than ever this year. The supply has Jjeen generous, mostly from Washington. Just as B.C. cants, arrived in volume, American cants, dumped here this week are retailing five for 20 cents. Comment is useless. — Frascr Valley Record. A careful canvas of the various producing sections in the three northwestern states indi- cates the following percentages of leading varieties grown during the past season; Wine- saps, 34%; Romes, 16%; Jonathans, 15%; Delicious, 14%; Newtowns, 5%; Spitzenburgs, 4 %; and miscellaneous varieties, 12%. Such a list is suggestive for British Columbia. Trade in Newfoundland ALL the dry fruits required in Newfound- land, except dried apples, are imported from the United States. Canadian firms appear unable to offer competition. Canned fruit comes from both Canada and the United States, but the exporters of the latter country receive (he preference for the following reasons: Better color of the fruit, more fruit to the can and less syrup, better cans, brighter and cleaner labels; and to the fact that the fruits from the United States are usually bought at more than one cent less per can than the Canadian. Bar- relled and boxed apples, however, practically all come from Canada. What has been said regarding canned fruit is applicable to canned vegetables. The canned branch of a well-known United States firm com- pete vigorously against sellers from that country. A Canadian concern is also supplying a large part of the market with a proauct cheaper in price than the American. The Canadian grading of vegetables is receiving considerable attention in Newfoundland, and importers appreciate the standardization that is being enforced through- out Canada. They prefer the standardization in selling because they know then exactly what type of goods is going to each customer, and whether that type is suitable to his needs. With an energetic selling campaign, satisfactory prices, and proper attention to packing and shipping, the Canadian manufacturers should \ie able to supply the whole requirements of the Newfoundland market. Canadian jams and preserves became estab- lished during the war and at the present time are cheaper than the English. The latter, how- ever, are quickly coming back into favor as they have qualitv as well as attractiveness. There is a duty of alx)ut 120 f)er cent on some grades of this class of goods; accordingly, no percentage af bad tins can be allowed. — Commerc ' " gence Journal, Ottawa. imercial IntelTi- Potato Certification To the division of botany of the Dominion Experimental Farms, is entrusted the study of weeds, poisonous plants, economic plants, shrubs and trees, and in general plant pathology in relation to diseases that attack vegetation. On this account, the annual report giving the story of the year's activities is of wide interest and importance. The di\'ision's report for the year ending March 31 last, has recently been issued and is to be had on application to Publications Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. One of the principal phases of the work under- taken, is the potato inspection and certification NOTE This is the third of a series of monthly bulletins to give timely information of value to farmers Feeds for Winter Steer Feeding Winter steer feeding is profit- able, but the profit depends upon the proper utilization of the cheapest and best farm-grown feeds. This is the proper time to de- termine the rotations to be fol- lowed next year, and the types of crops to be grown for the produc- tion of suitable winter feeds. From the results of many years of careful study of the growing and purchasing of feeds for win- ter steer feeding, the Experi- mental Farms have published their compiled results as special pamphlets on "Winter Feeds for Steer Feeding." Write to your nearest Experimental Farm for these valuable pamphlets. Ship Live Poultry by Carlots The co-operative shipping of live poultry has made rapid pro- gress. A single shipment in Que- bec returned farmers $1,000 to $1,500 more per car than would otherwise have been obtained. There is no loss through shrink age by this method; the birds are fed while in transit and are de- livered at shipping weight. In a number of instances the birds have actually increased in weight while in transit. Write the Dominion Live Stock Branch, Ottawa, for further particulars. Finish Your Lambs Before Marketing With an abundance of cheap grains it should be profitable to feed up unfinished lambs because the public are demanding fresh- killed lamb meat and are willing to pay higher prices for it. Send only the finished lambs to market and retain the others until fin- . ished. Storing Ice This Winter Plana and specifications for small cold Btorases suitable for farmers, dairymen. country storekeepers, summer camps and country homes will be sent free on appli- cation to the Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner. Ottawa. Instruction on the subject of storing ice for summer use will also be given. Eat More Canadian Fruit The Canadian fruit crop is unexcelled for quality, flavor and attractiveness, and a bumper crop is now being harvested. Give Canadian children Canadian fruit. Canadian potatoes and onions are now sold by weight only and accordins to specified grades. New Book on Insects An illustrated book on insects affecting greenhouse plants has just been issued by the Entomological Branch. This book will be of particular value to greenhouse men and florists, and will be sent free on application to the Publications Branch. New Publications Growing Feeds for the Winter Feeding of Beef Cattle. Feeds for Wintering and Winter Fat- tening of Beef Cattle in Eastern Canada. Crop Rotations. Preparing Poultry Produce for Market. Dressing and Cutting Lamb Carcasses. Finishing Lambs for the Block. Storage of Ice. Insects Affecting Greenhouse Planta. List of all publications available. Publications Branch Dominion Department of Agriculture Ottawa October, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 213 service carried on under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act. In eight of the provinces, British Columbia not being included, during the year. 2,646 fields covering 7,900 acres, were inspected, and 1,634 fields passed covering 4,290 acres. It is gratifying to know that the percentage of fields passed last year greatly exceeded that of the previous year, as it indicates a healthy im- provement of this most nationally important of all vegetables. The acreage inspected was larg- est in Quebec, but Ontario stands at the head of the fields passed with a percentage of 88.6, Manitoba coming next with a percentage of 84.8 and then Nova Scotia with 75.4, New Brunswick with 67.2, and Prince Edward Island with 56.2. The work was new to Alberta and Saskatchewan, but is being carried on more extensively in these provinces this year. New Brunswick, stands at the head of the provinces in yield per acre of certified seed, with 283.4 bushels, and in the yield per acre of the general crop with 216.25 bushels. Quebec stands next with 277.4 bu.shels'of certified seed per acre, and 162.5 bushels per acre of the general crop, followed by Prince Edward Island with 247.6 bushels of certified seed and 201.75 bushels of the general crop, Manitoba with 235.6 bushels and 166.5 bushels respectively and Ontario with 233.4 bushels and 163.5 bushels. Nova Scotia stands at the foot of the list in acreage yield, but it is explained that a large proportion of the inspection was confined to the Garnet Chili variety, which does not yield so prolifically as some of the white varieties grown in the other provinces. The general improve- ment is atrtibuted to the more general use of certified seed, especially in Ontario, Manitoba and Quebec. Much attention is given by the division to forest pathology, and in the report will be found details of investigations carried on as regards white pine blister rust in Eastern Canada and on leaves of black currants in British Columbia. It is recorded regarding nitro-culture work at the illustration stations that where the crops have been treated there has been improvement in growth and yield. It should be noted that bottles of the culture are sent out by the divi- sion for experimental trials only, but that legume cultures can be had of the larger seed dealers. ,.h i Garden Crop Fertilizing THE chief chemist in connection with the Dominion Experimental Farms voices his opposition to the promiscuous use of fer- tilizers for flowering plants, vegetables, small fruits and lawns by saying with emphasis in Ex- hibition Circular 104, which can be had free from the Publications Branch, Ottawa: " If rich garden loam, reinforced with well-rotted manure is used, there is no occasion to apply fertilizers." Otherwise for roses, peonies, perennials and annuals generally he advises, mixed thoroughly and well worked into the soil, four parts ground bone (bone meal) and one part muriate or sul- phate of potash, at about four pounds to a square rod. If the foliage is yellowish apply one ' ird to two thirds pound per square rod of jtrate of soda as a top dressing. To enrich soil for potting house plants, use from three quarters ;o a pound and a half of the mixture to 100 pounds of loam, commencing with the smaller quantity and increasing as found desirable. For the enrichment of the loam ujed in greenhouses and in fratncs incorporate two pounds of the mixture per 100 square feet. If not satisfactory follow with a mixture of one pound sulphate (or muriate) of potash and one pound of nitrate of soerial Lubricant for each purpose. See the list below. IlMllPIlI^E^Ib Lubricdiits rOK. AI^L FA.R.M PURPOSES IMPERIAL POLARINE OIL IMPERIAL POLARINE MEDIUM OIL IMPERIAL POLARINE HEAVY OIL For gasoline-burninclengines— automobiles cuid tnicka. IMPERIAL POLARINE SPECIAL HEAVY OIL For kerosene-burning stationary engines and tractors. IMPERIAL POLARINE EXTRA HEAVY OIL For motors requiring an unusually heavy oil. IMPERIAL PRAIRIE HARVE.STER OIL IMPERIAL GRANITE HARVESTER OIL For open bearings of separators, binders, etc IMPERIAL CAPITOL CYLINDER OIL For atcam cylinder lubrication— tractors and stationary engines IMPERIAL GAS ENGINE OIL For Btatioiuiry or portable engines, kerosene or gasoline. IMPERIAL POLARINE CUP GREASE IMPERIAL TilRE.SHER HARD OIL For grease cup lubrication — clean, solidified oils. The Imp)erial Charts of Recommendations show exactly what grade of Imperial Polarinc Motor Oils will give the best results with your type of truck, tractor or automobile. Further information will be gladly supplied by the Imperial Oil man— an expert on lubrication. IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED CanadiaD Company Canadian Capital Canadian Warlmen ai6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition APPLE BARRELS Get in your orders promptly for Apple Barrel Stock, or Apple Barrels. Can supply dry stock or Standard Barrels promptly from our nearest mills. THE Sutherland Innes Co. CHATHAM :-: LIMITED ONTARIO APPLE BARREL SHORTAGE Will not effect the grower who packs exclusively in GOOD WOOD BOXES APPLES IN BOXES Sell Readily Return Best Prices Return Sure Profits W« make them'— mad* up or knocked down FIRSTBROOK BROS. LIMITED 283 KING STREET EAST. TORONTO, ONT. WINNIPEG MANITOBA The busiest, biggest and best market in the West ; affords an unsurpassed outlet for your APPLES, PEARS AND OTHER FRUITS We have a large outlet through the best trade and stores which we cover fully by competent and aggressive salesmen. Let us handle your account on the market. Sterling Fruit Co. '•The House of Satisfaction" 433 ROSS AVE., WINNIPEG, MAN. Reference I Canadian Bank of Commerce I The Canadian Horticultiiri^ Floral Edition Vol. XLV. PETERBORO, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1922 No. 11 Protecting Plants Over Winter MANY varieties and species of plants that are supposed to be permanent in place and nature, require in this country protection over winter. The tender and half-hardy kinds of orna- mental plants seldom will thrive, even live, without special care during the cold months. As these kinds often are the best in quality or attractiveness, the subject of winter protection is one of great importance, and should not be neglected. The amount of protection differs somewhat in different districts and with the kinds of plants concerned. The following suggestions may be adapted to suit one's environment and material: Protecting Bolbs Out-of-door spring flowering bulbs, es- pecially the late planted ones or those that have not yet been planted, will benefit by having some protective ma- terial put over them some time before very severe weather sets in. Four -er five inches of strawy manure, straw, long grass or autumn leaves placed over them prevents, to a very great extent, the bulbs from being lifted or heaved from the ground by sharp frosts and helps them to ■^tart into root action during early winter. Some evergreen spruce or pine boughs may be put over the manure, not only to keep the covering in its place, but also to do away with the unsightly appear- ance the manure presents during the winter when not covered with snow. In exposed places it may be necessary to fasten the covering with wire or pegs to keep it in place. Bulbs that were planted at the proper time — the second or third week in Octol>er — may not need protecting as much as the late planted ones, but even these will benefit by some protection, especially in sections where the snowfall is partial and of uncertain duration. Dutch hyacinths and crown imperials should have some protection, as they are not quite as hardy as tulips, narcissi, crocus and most other spring flowering bulbs. Tulips and narcissi especially, can be planted as late as the weather will permit, but are better planted earlier. Where Japanese lilies, such as Lilium auratum, L. speciosum album and J.. speciosum rubrum are attempted to be grown out of doors, they should be covered with at least a foot in depth of strawy manure. These lilies, however, are seldom a permanent success as border C. B. Alden, Toronto plants, even in the warmest parts of Ontario. About the second or third week in November is usually about the best time to put winter covering on bulb beds or borders. Border Plants Tender border plants, such as holly- hocks, pansies, Shasta daisy, Chinese pinks or any other partially tender border plant that requires protection, must re- ceive very different treatment from that recommended for bulbs and tubers. Too often they are treated exactly the same. Better no protection at all than to treat them in the same way as for bulbs. A simple but very practical method of protection is to place over the plants first some small pieces of brushwood, old raspberry canes or coarse trimmings from the perennial border. A few leaves may be sprinkled over and among these, and a light covering of strawy manure, about two inches in thickness, over the top of all. This method of covering plants not only collects and conserves the snow around and over the plants, but what is of far more importance, where it is essential to preserve and keep alive the top growth of the plant, the brush or trimmings mentioned allow of a circula- tion of air — something absolutely neces- sary to plant life even when dormant in winter — and prevents the plants from being smothered and often rotted and killed as they usually are by a heavy covering of leaves or manure alone. When the latter alone is applied to grow- ing plants alone for protection, it becomes wet and soddened, then freezes solid, thus forming a solid mass of ice over the plant, effectually excluding the air and usually results in smothering and rotting the plant. In our often changeable weather in winter, and more especially during the vagaries of late winter and early spring weather, the light covering mentioned is of great benefit to tender plant life in borders. Whilst admitting sufficient light and air to sustain plant life, it effectually excludes the hot sun, thus to a great ex- tent preventing the alternate freezing and thawing so detrimental to plant life in late winter and early spring. Banking the snow over tender plants protects them materially during winter, but is of uncertain duration and benefit in early spring. There is no better protective material for plant life than dry light snow as long as it lasts. Bush Roses and Shrubs Budded or grafted plants of hybrid A well kept tMclcyird adds to tlic attracttvcnew of the hoaie. It w Pliny to tiiivc u tK>jiulirul biM-kyiird, A few HhnilM. nvergr»M*n« iiiifl Itiinly pIhiiIj*. riin Jm> laHLcfiilly urraiig(Hl ut little eip<^iiiMt anil will pr pages and is well illustrated. It is published bythe Macmillan Company of Canada, Toronto. i Vegetables by Weight THAT it was the intention of the Dominion Department of Agriculture to do away al- together with the gallon and other measures when the new Root Vegetalilcs Act came into force, h. F. Burrows, Assistant Fruit Commis- sioner, told the Retail Grocers' Association at a meeting in Ottawa, Oct. 27. The Act could not be successfully operated when the system of measures hitherto in force was forgotten and people got used to ordering vegetables by the pound, he said. In the answer to questions. Mr. Burrows de- clared that farmers, hucksters and peddlers could not be compelled to carry scales, but that the consumers could detnand that the goods they purchased be weighed. The department of agriculture was trying to educate the whole- salers to quote prices on all produce by weight. A motion was passed requesting the department of agriculture to issue cards which grocers could display in their stores which would inform customers th.n ' I'l * be sold by weight. Frost Injury to Tomatoes SINCE somewhat more than half of the United States tomato crop, exclusive of those grown for canning, is grown in the south and southwest and shipped to northern markets in the winter and spring months, a good part of the product in transit is in danger of freezing Because of the constant danger of loss from this cause, the United States DepartmeiU of Agriculture has conducted investigations con- cerning the freezing points of a number of com- mercial varieties, both green and ripe, under . various conditions. The results have just been published in Department Bulletin 1099, Frost Injury to Tomatoes," by R. B. Harvey and R. C Wright. Although tomatoes grown in Canada are not shipped during the freezing months, excepting late fall, the results of these investigations will interest growers m this country. . . , , , The tomato plant belongs to a class of annuals that show very little adaptation to low tem- pe-atures On exposure to low temperatures thev becom» somewhat more difficult to freeze, that is, the freezing point is lowered, but a;gests, great care must be taken to grow stronR stocky plants, and a great help to this end is to give plenty of space in flats or in hotbeds. In potato varieties. Green Mountain for general crop and Irish C<)l)blcr for early are, the records show, a very good planting combination which should rapidly be gaining popularity in central Quebec. A comp.irison of different kinds of potato seed pieces to use for planting showed that probably the most economical kind, year in and year out, is one of Kencrous size, on which are two good eyes. An experiment to determine the effect of land plaster on potato seed pieces resulted in the conclusion that it does not pay thus to treat the pieces when they are put in the ground soon after being prepared. j Maritime Provinces j New Industry for Valley BIG news for Berwick and the Annapolis Valley in general is the statement that, under new management, the chain of evaporators in the Annapolis V'alley, known as the Nova Scotia Evaporators, Ltd., are to be taken over and controlled by the Valley Pro- ducts, Limited, a syndicate to be incorporated under the provisions of the laws of Nova Scotia. This syndicate, which will have a capitalization of $400,000, has as its object the manufacture of the various finished products which will be featured as jellies, and dehydrated vegetables, utilizing all the apples and vegetables now going to waste in the Valley, and inducing the growers to make a much greater expansion in production. The company has established headquarters at Kentville, with P. Addison Demick, as general manager. After a complete survey of the Mari- time Provinces along industrial lines, he is firmly convinced that as soon as the apple and vegetable growers of this Province realize they have a domestic market for products now going to waste, at a good price at their very door, then and not until then, will the growers of the Maritime Provinces enlarge upon their present production in a very material manner. G. F. Humphrey, of London, England, who will have complete charge of all the plants and manu- facturing of its products, is an expert in all foods. Hitherto the evaporating plants of the Valley have been in operation for a period of only three or four months in the year. Under the new com- pany, is it anticipated that the plants will be run for a period of 10 or 11 months in the year, and employ in the vicinity of 200 hands. In addition to the Canadian markets, the company has established markets in England, continental Europe and Brazil, which will absorb all the pro- ducts that the company can manufacture. The modernizing of the dehydrating plants will enable the company with its new process of manufacturing dehydrated products to use all available vegetables and fruits grown in the Valley. This will be of great advantage to the growers, as the company will be able to absorb twice the quantity now produced. The plants and equipment will be of the most modern type and very advantageously situated in the following towns: Windsor, Kentville, Berwick, Cambridge, Waterville, Lakeville, Kingston, Middleton, Lawrencetown and Aima- polis. The new company will, it is understood, ac- quire control of the various plants on the 1st of January next, and will commeace at once the work of modernizing and reconstruction, at the same time giving attention to the provision of proper and up-to-date housing facilities for em- ployees.— Berwick Kegister. CACTI AND SUCCULENTS I will send by mail, postpaid, 10 nice little plants, assorted Cacti and Succulents, oamed, for $1.00. Most of these growt^quickly and stand neglect wdl, indeed thrive on it. J. H. CALLANDER 575 Weller Street, Peterboro, Ontario ROSES Finest stock, 70 viiriclies. 12 for $3.00; 50, $9.00; 100, 115.00. ^ GLADIOLI * la 40 varieties; top size. $1.00; 1st size, $3.00; 2nd size, $2.25; flowering size, $1.50 per 100. Delivery F.O.B. Montreal; cash with order. LUse. MIANGELO NURSERIES Holland CANADIAN iGROWN GLADIOLI Ot the better kinds We have a nice stock in all sizes of: — Peace, War, E. Kirtlandi G. Zang, Herada, Bertrex, Rose Wells, Red Emperor, Flora Norton Youell's Favorite, Scarlano, Lily White, Pride of Goshen, White Giant, Le M. Foch and many others. Get our prices before you buy. It will pay you. WM. BROWN, Elora Box 13 Ontario Franklin Peonies Our own Mabel L. Franklin, W. F. Christman, June Day, Ball O'Cotton, A. M. Slocum, E. W. Becker, and Serene, all prize winners; also all the newest European and American introductiops. Send for new price list or catalog if you do not have a copy. FRANKLIN NURSERY 200 W. 58th Street, Minneapolis, Minn. Nova Scotia's Crop THE weather conditions throughout Nova Scotia have been satisfactory during the past month and picking, packing and ex- porting is in full swing, says Berwick Register. The fruit is of large size, of good color and on the whole remarkably clean and free from scab and insect marks. In fact, the fruit appears to be of the best quality that Nova Scotia has pro- duced for some years. The percentage of No. 1 apples therefore will be considerably larger than that of last year and the percentage of No. 2 and No. ?> apples considerably less. The yield of the various varieties in comparison with that of last year will be approximately as follows: Gravenstein, \20%; Stark, 115%; Nonpariel, 100%; Golden Russett, Wagener, Ribston, Spy, Ben Davis, 90%; Blenheim, 40% and Baldwin 25%. The million dollar advertising campaign on apples from the Wenatchee district in Washing- ton is well imder way. One million dollars will be spent the first three years to tell the world to "Eat Wenatchee Apples," the slogan which has been adopted as the keynote of the movement. Only one-half of the apple crop in New Yctck. 1 this season can be classed as "commercial" in the sense that it will be shipped by rail or boat or be sold in the principal markets as fresh fruit, according to estimates of the agricultural statis- tician of that state. There is a rather small pro- portion of sound apples in the southern and southeastern counties. Xovember, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 229 Potatoes, Etc., by Weight FOR his own protection, every market gar- dener and farmer should acquaint himself with the provisions of the Act passed at the last session of the Dominion Parliament to re- gulate the sale and inspection of root vegetables. The Act provides, (except in certain cases) for the sale of potatoes, onions, artichokes, beets, carrots, parsnips and turnips by weight, for the grading of potatoes and onions, and for marking and packing, size of potato barrels, powers of inspectors, and the penalties incurred by the violation of the Act. "The Root Vegetables Act, 1922," may be obtained in pamphlet form by addressing the Publications Branch, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Ottawa. Apple Crop in Northwest THE extent to which codling-moth damage will decrease shipments of northwestern boxed apples this season is a question of important speculative interest to growers and shippers in that section at the present time, ac- cording to a report from the Spokane office of the bureau of agriculture economics of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. tjnusually favorable conditions of temperature and humidity during the growing season and the failure of many growers to spray at the proper control periods are the reasons given for the heavy toll taken by the codling moth this year. The development of the fruit early in the season was so unusually rapid for a time that adequate control of the insect could be obtained only through frequent and complete spraying, a con- dition which was not fully understood by many growers at the time. As a result, in some orchards the proportion of "C" grade and cull fruit will run almost 75%, and the general loss from worms and stings is conservatively estimated at i5%-25%. Michigan Standardizing THE Michigan Bureau of Foods and Stand- ards, Lansing, Mich., is devoting consider- able time to the grape growers of the state and is helping them to place a uniform standard product on the market. With the promulgation of state grades for grapes, an inspection service has been established. Seven inspectors, whose salaries and expenses are being defrayed by the growers themselves, have been placed at the principal shipping points in the state, and under the direction of a supervising inspector furnished by the Bureau of Foods and Standards, are en- forcing the new state grades. According to the director of the state bureau, the growers this season are very desirous of placing a pack on the 'Tiarkct that can be relied upon for quality. Federated Growers, Inc. PKRMANEN'T organization of the Federated Fruit and Vegetable Growers, Inc., was completed at a meeting of the directors in K«W York on Oct. 21. The following officers were elected to .serve until the first annual meeting: President, J. S. Edwards of California; first vice-president, E. P. Porcher of Florida; second vice-president, W. B. Armstrong of Washington; secretary, C. E. Durst of Illinois; trca.surer, Alexander M. White of New Jersey. lie following executive committee was elected: itnes Nicol, of Michigan, chairman; E. P. ircher, of Florida; N. R. Peet, of New York; E. Durst, of Illinois; H. W. JelTer.s, of New rsey; J. S. Edwards, of California, ex-officio. Arrangements for taking over the affairs of 11' North American Fruit Exchange were con- iudcd. This organization conveys its entire ..usincss to the Federated Fniit and Vegetable Iowers and agrees to discontinue as a sales and is now clear for the new grower-owned and grower-controlled national sales agency for per- ishables to begin sales service on Jan. 1, 1923. A. R. Rule, formerly general manager of the North American Fruit Exchange, is general manager of the Federated Fruit and Vegetable Growers, Inc. Headquarters will be in Chicago. U. S. Plant Quarantine SECRETARY of Agriculture Wallace has ap- proved an amendment to regulation 7 of the regulations under Quarantine 37, providing for the freeing of imported plants from sand, soil, or earth by "washing or other means." The requirement hitherto has been that such plants shall be thoroughly freed from earth by washing. The condition of freedom from sand, soil, or earth is, however, to be strictly maintained. The amended regulation is as follows: — Condition of Entry " The importation of nursery stock and other plants and seeds from countries which maiintain inspection will not be allowed unless the invoice is accompanied by an original certificate, and unless each container bears a copy of certificate issued by a duly authorized official of the country from which it is exported, stating that the nur- sery stock and other plants and seeds covered by the certificate have been thoroughly inspected by him or under his direction at the time of packing, and found, or believed to be, free from injurious plant diseases and insect pests. "All nursery stock and other plants and seeds offered for import must be free from sand, soil, or earth, and all plant roots, rhizomes, tubers, etc., must be freed by washing or other means from such sand, soil, or earth, and must be so certified by the duly authorized inspector of the country of origin: Provided that sand, soil or earth may be employed for the packing of bulbs and corms when such sand, soil, or earth has been sterilized or otherwise safeguarded in ac- cordance with the methods prescribed by the Federal Horticultural Board and is so certified by the duly authorized inspector of the country of origin. The use of such sand, soil, or earth as packing for plants other than bulbs and corras is not authorized. " All packing materials employed in connection with importations or nursery stock and other plants and seeds are subject to approval as to such use by the Federal Horticultural Board. Such packing material must not previously have been used as packing or otherwise in connection with living plants and except as provided in the preceding paragraph for bulbs and corms must be free from sand, soil, or earth, and must be certified as meeting these conditions by the duly authorized inspector of the country of origin. Nursery stock and other plants and seeds from countries which do not maintain inspection FLOWER POTS FERN AND BULB PANS AZALEA POTS A Large Stock of All Sizeft ready to Ship Promptly L«t US Quote You THE FOSTER POTTERY CO. Hamilton, Ont. BE A "FIRST" EXHIBITOR at the mcuIS WINTER FAIR in the new ROYAL COLISEUM, TORONTO NOVEMBER 22nd -29th, 1922 $70,000 IN PRIZES for Live Stock, Agricultural Products, Fruit, Flowers and Vegetables CANADA'S NATIONAL APPLE SHOW Premium List covers all varieties of apples and pears in Canada. Floral and Vegetable Exhibits a feature. British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia — which will have the premier apple display? ENTRIES CLOSE NOVEMBER 4th For Prize List and other information write A. P. WESTERVELT, General Manager, Yoric Building, Toronto, Ontario W. A. Dryden, President. E. M. Carroll, Vice-President. REDUCED FARES ON ALL RAILWAYS •230 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition shall not lie delivered to the importer or con- signe<- until they have been examined by an in- spector of the department of agriculture and found to be free from plant discas<-s and insect pests, or, if infested, capable in the judRment of FOR SALE and WANT ADS Advcrtiwmenta in this drpartmeot inserted »t the r«te of 5 cents per word. Each word, Initial or group of figures counts as one word. Minimum 50 cents cash, strictly in advance. REAL ESTATE $5000.00 DOWN BUYS BEAUTIFUL FRVTT FARM— Twtnlv -five acres plmnted: fine buildings; conveniences; Apply to CalJer * Hailewood, Niagara Peninsula Farm AgentH, Orim-thy, Ont. SEEDS, BULBS, PLANTS BULBS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS— Now at dispoMl at our NVw York warehouse, 110 Duane St. Also specially i Hyacinths and Narcissus for early forcing as well .. h hulbs. (,)ur prices will be interesting and . iven on npplication. — C. Keur & Sons, llillegom, liolUuid, New York mail address, 5625 Mosholu Ave. GLADIOLI—America. Itaron Hulot. C.lory of Holland, Princi-ps, Prince of Wales, Schwubcn, Lc Marecha! Foch, Lidy. I.^uis*', Miss iCdith Cuvell, Cathcrint-. Peace. Po.*«t card for prices. H. Attridgc, Gladiolus Specialist, Route 7, London. Ont, Winner of 15 first s.four seconds, Ontario Gladiolus Show, St. Thomas, 1922. FOR SALE— Cut hlu-rt bushes, larKc stock, get our price. Gordon Ilerries. Nurseryman, Port IJurwfU, Ont. PERRY'S SEEDS A!plnc and perennials unique collectlonai ouny new varictlcB unobtainable from any other source. Hardy and adapted tor Canadian climate HARDY PLANT FARM. ENFIELD, ENGLAND Perfect hearing is now beinK re- Btored in every condition of deaf* ness or defective ticaring from ' causes euch as Catarrhal Deaf- ness, Relaxed or Sunl^en Drums. Thiclcened Drums, KoarinK ana Hissing Sounds. Perforated, Wholly or Partially Destroyed k Dnuns,Discharge from Ears, etc Wilson Common-Sense Ear Drums "tittle Wireless Phtmes for the Ears" TC(i\iire no medicine but effectively replace what is laclcing or defective in the natural ear drums. They are simple devices, which the wearer easily fits into the ears where they are invisible. Soft, safe and comfortable. Write today for our 168 page FREE boolc on DEAF- NESS, Kiving you full particulars and testimonials. WILSON EAR DRUM CO., Incorporated SASlDtei-SoutbernBldg. LOUISVILLE. KX. Make Your Spare Time Earn Money \Vc would like to secure tin- services of a few men or women ill the fruit districts of Ontario, Qucljco and Nova Scotia, to take subscriptions for Tm; C.\NADiAN Horticulturist in their spare time, this fall and winter. Previous experience uii- necessar>-. Good commission given. Only those who can supply rcfcrent~es considered. Address, Circulation Manager. The Canadian Horticulturist PETERBORO ONTARIO tlic iMsju-i'ior ol lieuig ad<-(iu:itely safciiurirdcd iiv disinfection. All importations under this para- crapl'. must also comply with the disinfection re- rpiirement of Regulation 'K Nursery stock and other plants and seeds ins|)ected as provided herein which are found to be carrying any plant disease or insect pest, and which in the judgment of the inspector can not be cleaned by disinfec- tion or treatment, shall be refused entry. AH charges incident to inspection and disinfection, other than the services of the inspector, shall be paid by the importer. " If a package of nursery stock and other plants and .seeds offered for entry includes any pro- hibited article, or if any of the plants have not been freed from earth, the entire package may be refused entry. " Each case, box, or other container or covering of nursery stock and other plants and seeds offered for entry shall Ijc plainly and correctly marked to show th» nunilicr of the permit, the general nature and quantity of the contents, the district or locality and country where grown, the name and address of the exporter, and the name and address of the consignee." Approved fay Nurserymen This action was taken as a result of an in- formal conference of the Federal Horticultural Board, Oct. .1, with tin- advisory committee of the American Association of Nurserymen. It was represented by the conferees that the wash- ing of the roots, particularly of certain classes of plants, as performed abroad, was a source of injury to importations and of considerable losses. Many instances of such injury were presented. On the other hand, it was brought out that this injury was due not to the fact of washing, but more often to the method of washing and more particularly to the subsequent methods of pack- ing and shipping. It was shown that such wash- ing had been done in the case of certain countries without any injury whatever to classes of plants which were supposed to be most susceptible to such injury. Nevertluless, the importers were convinced that it would be more practicable to permit the refusal of earth by shaking or other means where such removal could be thus effec- tively accomplished. .As a result of a full dis- cussion of this subject, the board agreed to the modification of the regulations now authorized. This is a return substantially to the original requirement under Plant Quarantine ,17 with re- spect to imported plants. The specific require- ment of washing was a later one necessitated by the continuing increase of earth with plant im- portations and the difficulty of setting up a definite standard of cleanliness which would be perfectly clear to the foreign shipper and deter- minable by the inspector of the United States Department of Agriculture. Hereafter all importations into the United States must be hitherto as freed from sand, soil, or earth, by washing or other means. In other words, the condition of freedom from sand, soil, or earth is to be strictly maintained. Any im- portations not so cleaned will be refused entry. The advisory committee of the American Associ- tion of Nurserymen has given hearty agreement to this action. New Style Cooling Plant APRECOOLING plant for fruits and vege- tables, designed by experts of the United States Department of .-Vgriculture, that does not require the use of expensive refrigerat- ing , machinery, has been built by the grape growers at Dinuba, Calif. It is intended to meet the needs of localities where the shipping period extends over only a few weeks and where mechanical refrigeration would not find other ! profitable uses. In this plant, air is forced through hoppers containing a mixture of ice and salt into rooms holding thi fruit or vegetables. It has been possible to reduce the temperature of the cooling rooms from 12' to 15' below freezing. As the work done depends upon melting ice, the cost of the ice at the plant is the important factor in the cost of precooling by this process. Whili- in the insulated rooms the fruit and vej;el allies are ijro i,^!!! ci)wn trj tin- temperature at which they are to lie maintained in the car on the way to market. The cars are cooled with ice, and this precooling takes much of the load of temperature reduction on the ice in the car and leaves it for use in maintaining the low temperature. About Mice and Rabbits W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist WHILE the depredations from mice and rabbits in winter vary from one year to another. dei)ending on the scarcity or abundance of food, the number of mice which are in the vicinity and the character of the winter, the injury is always greatest when the orchard is in sod, and when there is rubbish lying about; hence, the latter should be removed before the winter sets in. In most cases it is not necessary nor advisable to have the orchard in sod. particularly when the trees are young, al- though it is highly important to have a cover crop, which also may sometimes become a harbor for mice. As mice may be expected in greater or less numbers every winter, young trees should be regularly protected against their ravages. Mice usually begin working on the ground under the snow, and when they come to a tree they will begin to gnaw it if it is not protected. A small mound of soil from 8 to 12 inches in height raised about the base of the tree will often prevent their injuring the tree, and even snow tramped about the tree has been quite effective, but the cheapest and surest practice is to wrap the tree with ordinary building paper, the price of which is merely nominal. Tar paper is also effectual, but trees have been injured by using it, and it is well to guard against this when building paper will do as well. After the paper is wrapped around the tree and tied.a little earth should be put about the lower end to prevent the mice from beginning to work there, as if they get a start the paper will not stand in their way. It may be stated, however, that among several thousand young trees which have been wrapped with building paper for years at the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, there have been practically no instances where the mice have gnawed through the paper to get at the tree. The use of a wire protector, or one made of tin or galvanized iron, is economical in the end, as they are durable. There are a number of washes and poisons re- commended for the protection of fruit trees and the destruction of the mice and rabbits, but none of these is very satisfactory, as if the mice or rabbits are numerous, the poison has not suffi- cient effect upon them to prevent injury alto- gether. The following method of poisoning has been found fairly successful for mice, but rabbits are very difficult to deal with. Make a mixture of one part by weight of arsenic with three parts of com meal. Nail two pieces of board each six feet long and six inches wide together so as to make a trough. Invert this near the trees to be protected and place about a tablespoonful of the poison on a shingle and put it near the middle of the run, renewing the poison as often as is necessary. Royal Winter Fair THE prospects for a big fruit show at the Royal .Agricultural Winter Fair, Toronto. Nov. 22 to 29, are excellent. All the fruit growing provinces are expected to \>e repre- sented. Included in the British Columbia dis- plays, will be 1095 boxes of apples from the British Columbia Growers. Ltd., and 1000 boxes from the Okanagan United Growers, Ltd. The New Brunswick Government has arranged for a , display of the fruits of that province, and entries ; from New Brunswick for competition also are ■ expected. Nova Scotia and Quebec also may be considered as likely to be on hand with displays and competitive entries. As regards Ontario, the outlook for a lari;e showing is good. The management received last i Xovember, 199B THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 331 li.uiiih the following letter from \V. F. \V. Fisher, Burlington, which may be taken as re- presentative of the attitude of Ontario growers toward the Royal : " Fruit sections promise to be a huge success. A number of growers here are preparing to enter iti the 100 and smaller box lots, as well as in plate exhibits of apples. Burlington, Bronte and Oakville orchardists all are much interested." It is expected, in fact, that the greatest numlwr of Ontario entries will come from the Hamilton to Toronto district. Exhibits from the Georgian Bay district, from Lambton County and from some other sections also have already tjeen entered. While no definite information as yet is at hand, it is hoped that the famous apple sections of eastern Ontario will join in helping to make the Ontario exhibits the largest and the best ever staged in Toronto, . The vegetable and flower ends of the show are expected to be very fine. The local growers ially are planning to make high class dis- . ~. It is planned to have the flower and fruit exhibits intermingled in such way that the general effect of the horticultural department will be most beautiful and striking. Growers and owners of horticultural products, in season, anywhere in tlie province, are earnestly re- quested to cooperate in making horticulture at the Royal Fair stand out as the banner agri- cultural industrv of the province. Jtidtrcs will Ik-: Fniit— Prof. T. G. Bunting, 11 College, Que.; Prof R. W. Rees, . N. Y, Vegetables — N. Henderson, i.imn.n, Ont. Flowers — W. T. Macoun, Ottawa. Canada at Imperial Show C.\\.\D.\ again "did lierself proud" at the Imperial Fruit Show. At the second event of the kind, held in the Crystal Palace. London. England, Oct. 27 to Nov. 4, Canada won three of the six prizes in the British Empire section, put up a number of striking special dis- plays and made the Overseas section more even than last year a credit to this country. In the dessert class of the British Empire section. H. L. Morse S: Sons. Berwick, X.S.. won first, with Cox's Orange, and the Quebec Pomological Society took second, (variety not reported at time of going to press). In the cooking class, Morse & Sons also captured first (variety not reported). Specials in this section for best ex- hibits from certain provinces were won by Nova Scotia, with Cox's Orange, by Ontario, with icing, and by British Columbia, with Cox. The Ontario exhibits were sent bv the O F.G.A. In the Overseas section, Ontario won 1 1 firsts, nine seconds and one third; British Columbia, three firsts and two thirds; Nova Scotia, three seconds and five thirds; Quebec, one third. Only when the entries in any one class totalled five or more »vere three i)lacings made; when three or four, only two placings, and when less than three only one^ In the following detailed list of awards, that explains why seconds and thirds are omitted in some cases. Wealthy — 1 and 2, Out.; ,'\ Que. Snow— I and 2, Out.; .1, B.C. Mcintosh— 1 and 2. Ont.; 3, N.S. King— 1 and 2. Out ; .^, N.S. Golden Russett — 1 and .. vui.. .-, N..S. Spy — 1 auest Nova Scotia entry was won with Gravenstein; for best Ontario, with King, and for best British Columbia, with Cox's Orange. In the class for pears. British Columbia took first. Conditions Differed ON Sept. 9, Miss Olive Candcr. who had been visiting Capt. and Mrs. S. H. Anderson for some time, set sail for England on the S.S. Antonia. Capt. Anderson sent with her an 1 1-quart basket of fine ripe Elberta peaches in perfect condition, each wrapped in paper. These were placed in cold storage on the boat. Three weeks from date Miss Cander left here, the last of the peaches were eaten. Not one had spoiled and all ar- rived in perfect condition. On the same boat the Niagara Peninsula Growers. Ltd., had shipped a large quantity of peaches, which had been picked green. When these peaches arrived they were badly spotted and had to be soldcd cheaply. Capt. Anderson maintains, therefore, that ripe, perfect peaches carefully packed, could be shipped and marketed successfullv in England. — •Beamsvillc Express. I Isswed. by tine Doininion Depairtmenit of A^ricixltxxve NOTE: This is the fourth of a series of monthly bulletins to timely information of value to farmers give Root Vegetable Grades ROOT VEGETABLES ACT The follnwinit shall be the grade for — POTATOES offered for sale in Canada — Canada A, Can- ada B, Canada C. ONIONS offered for sale in Canada — Fancy, Choice, Standard, Bnilens, Sample. ALT, I • ARTI- CHOK . PARS- NIPS . "Old by weiKhu Cow Testing Write to the Dairy and Cold Storajre Commissioner for blank record forms and full in- structions and literature on dairy herd improvement. There is no charge for forms. Imported Nursery Stock Importers should note that they are required to notify the Dominion Entomologist promp- tly of all orders placed for nursery stock subject to inspec- tion, according to regulations under Destructive Insect and Pest Act. Wintering Brood Mares and Coits Animals going into winter quarters in good condition are half wintered — particularly brood mares and colts. They should be stabled every night from now on. Protect the mare and keep the colt growing, iif results are wanted. Import Egg Regulations On Oct/iber 7th. n- riibitiiins bocome effective Rovcr ■ ■ ;it port of entry of 1 into Canadm in lot : more. Graded E^gs Coniumers mny l-' n'^'^ur**-! nf ecrs of prime (]unlity ■ ''■■•. ('anattian st.ii .: bntUKht to tli< I ! n throui^h newspnp'T .i ]■. t rli- inv,- Christmas Cattle Market Ilu II . flnlshcil stock ot j-.'od typ*- iii tirnt- class condition for the Christmas trade and return an increasetl profit per pound of Rmin. "Canada Approved" In buyin»r moat and moat food pro- ducta. look for the "Canada Approved'* Btamp. It is the conBumer's only safe- Buard. Also, purchase Canned Fruits and Vejretabjes accordintr to (rovern- ment quality marks: Fancy Quality. Choice Quality, Standard Quality, and Second Quality. Housing Poultry Careful attention to housi>nvr and feeding of poultry during the early winter months will determine the pro- fit frt)m the flock for the whole win- ter period when demand is keenest and prices hiKhest. Vahinble publications by the Ex- pcrimentjil Farms on pouItry-keepiniT in its different phases will be found in the foIIowinK list of publications: Seasonable Publications Principles of Poultry Iluunr Construc- tion. Prcparinx Poultry Produce for Mnr- ket. I try. rouUry-Krrpinir in Town and Coun- Poullry Feeds and Feedinff, The Farm Flock. Crate Ferdinff. The Root Vrirrtables Act. 1922, Krepinit Dairy Herd Kerurds. Home Breeding: and ReartnK of Colts. These publications are sent free. Send applications, postage free, to Publications Branch Dominion Department of Agriculture Ottawa 104 Announcing a Complote Lino of The Now Superior CHEVROLET FOR 19^5 9^^WobldsCreatest Motor Car Value r^HEVROLEThas answered ^^ the ever increasing de* mand for quality cars at rock bottom prices with the nouncement of the SUPERIOR Models. NEW SUPERIOR (2 PASS.) ROAD9TBa-$695 an- new NBW tUPBUOK O PAMJ imuTv oovpe--$910 Sensational values are represented by this new line, at the new reduced prices. Improved quality, artistic design, added equipment and increased economy combine to emphasize Chevrolet's admitted leadership as producer of the world's lowest priced quality auto* mobile* See the new SUPERIOR Chevrolet, Ride in it. Study the specifications. Price* F.O.B. Oshawa Govemiaent Taxes Extra CHEVROLET MOTOR CO^ OF CANADA. Limited OSHAWA Sutridimiy ^ NEW SUPERIOR 0 PASS.) TOURJNO COUPE-$1115 D«alen and Scrx'ice SuHona wanted in Territories not adcquMelv covered. Ask vour Chevrolel Dealer about our deferred pavmcnt platu Some DUtinciiw Features Sircatnlin« KxJv d«ugn witti high hiiodf vftcuum feed snd rear (■•olmr iaalii>aktImod«N, drum type hca^t Ump* wiib Irs't Utat%. Cort.m. op«n with Joor« of open tnotlcli Ciotcd oiodeN have plal* f;l»» T«rn>crdt i*go Uted .itideuv viior, Hindshirld wiper and d»>^ liRAt Towrine Coupe ri rquippril wiih auto trunk on All cl«tt< kodi«> »Tt bu b» F>*h«f. NEW SUPERIOR (S PASS.) TOUR1NC-$710 The Canadian Horticulturi^ Floral Edition Vol. XLV. PETERBORO, ONT., DECEMBER, 1922 No. 12 The Christmas Tree and Its Uses THE most Christmassy of all Christ- mas greens, or of anything else that has to do with Yuletide, is the Christmas tree. Even "hanging up your^ stocking on a Christmas night," filled as is it with sentiment then — and with other things later— does not seem to most folks, young or old, quite so Christ- massy as the good old tree. Holly and mistletoe and other kinds of greens the family must have, to be sure, if avail- able, as well as wreaths and garlands and lots of other things for decorating, but all these delights and all the feasting and all the merrymaking are not appreciated quite so much as when centred in a tree tlmt bears the gifts of Santa Claus and the home fofl'), galax leaves (colt's foot), and many other things in branches, sprays and sprigs, singly and in bunches, and in wreaths and ropes, to say nothing of trees large and small by the thousand, are in the stores for a month before Christmas waiting for customers. Some of this material is just as useful in country homes as in city homes, if one wants a wider range of decorative material than can be secured in our native woods. And there are many kinds of plants, mostly greenhouse, that may be pur- chased, if a still wider assortment is de- sired. Among the most useful at this season are Jerusalem cherry, poinsettias, azaleas, cyclamen, begonias, primulas and potted bulbs. Artificial poinsettias are almost as pretty as the natural, and just as serviceable. Holly and Mistletoe But of the Christmas greens not avail- able in the woods, the most important are holly and mistletoe. Holly is pre- eminently the time-honored indispensable evergreen for Christmas. In Canada, we have no true native holly, but a closely allied species is the winter berry, already mentioned. English holly is imported occasionally, but in such small quantities HApfff Hours for the Chrlldrcn A Wading Pool in the Driving Parle at Dundos. Ont. This is an example of thoughtfulnesa that might well be copied by many other municipalities. 236 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Editifl that one seldom sees it. The holly that is so much used at this season comes from the United States. It is found in dry and barren fields from Maine to Florida. It differs from English holly in many respects. It is less handsome; the leaves are more oval and not so waved and crinkled; the fruit is a dull, deep scarlet, and usually solitary, while in the English holly the berries are bright and shiny, and occur in clusters. Mistletoe likewise comes from the United States, being found there from New Jersey to Florida. From legends of the past, which associated the mistletoe with Freya, the goddess of love and beauty, arose the custom continued to the present time, of suspending sprigs of mistletoe in halls and other rooms with the invitation and the privilege that custom confers. So, every home simply cannot do without at least one sprig of mistletoe and a bunch of holly. Snow and Berry EfFects All these decorative accessories are briefly mentioned in this little considera- tion of the Christmas tree because their judicious use and arrangement will make the ttee all the more enjoyed. And there are still other things that one must secure from the Stores for embellishment. For producing snowy effects, one must have cotton batting and diamond dust, called also "winter snow" and "Christ- mas snow." For red berry effects, bright colored cranberries may be purchased, if other kinds of berries are not available; they are excellent for stringing. Popcorn also sometimes is used for stringing. Colored candles will be needed, and tinsel tissue paper, colored glass balls and ornaments of various kinds. Assuming that we have at least some of the evergreens mentioned and a few of the ornaments, let us return to the tree and see what we can do with it. But perhaps, for some reason or other, we have not been able to secure a tree. In that case, we will just have to make one. A pole the desired height should first be wrapped with dark brown crepe paper. Then bind on this pole with wire or green cord branches of the spruce or fir that were brought from the woods, placing and spacing them properly, with the largest branches at the bottom and the others graduated in size to the top. At the tip of the pole a sprig can be placed for suitable effect. In this manner one may make a tree of exactly the shape and dimensions required. Trees for Table Decorations Not only may one make a regular Christmas tree but also a number of tiny trees for table and other decoration, if desired and if not otherwise available — indeed, one should never gather tiny real trees for the purpose, as that would unnecessarily be robbing nature. The very tiniest of home-made trees may be produced by selecting tips of boughs that look like trees and bindiJag them together on central sprigs. Having a Christmas tree of some kind, and a number of smaller ones, if desired, one can begin to plan their decorations and uses. Nearly every person has helped to dress a Christmas tree at some time in life, if not often, and no two persons would do it just the same, which is a good thing. It is an old custom that seems ever new, and everyone finds keener enjo)Tnent with each indulgence. It would be out of place to give advice on a procedure so personal and so pos- sible of fancy. Some folks, however, may find a few suggestions helpful. Guard Against Open Candles Illuminations on a Christmas tree are always dangerous and, as a rule, un- necessary. Evergreens soon dry and burn rapidly. Chinese lanterns and open candles especially should be avoided. Little electric lights, some clear and some colored, are just as effective; or, where such are not available, bright candles or unlighted bright tapers may be used. Some folks consider the tree bright enough with only colored glass balls and tinsel ornaments. Especially should a tree never be illuminated with open flames when cotton batten is used to represent snow. But in spite of this ad- vice— which we said one should never give — some folks will continue to illumin- ate their trees in the dangerous manner mentioned. When it is done, a space ! should be roped around to prevent I children getting too close to it. And the i tree, which should be firmly placed in any case, should be made particularly , solid and steady when to be thus decor- ated. Trimming the Tree For trimming the tree in general, one may use tinsel, strings of red berries, and ornaments of all kinds of shapes andi sizes. Then will come the best fun of all — the placing of the presents. Very heavy articles should not be placed on the tree, but arranged around its base. Medium-heavy parcels should be thrusti in among the branches, close to the trunk. The lightest gifts should be left' for the top of the tree and the ends of the branches. Articles may be tied on with a string, but a better plan is to make a number of hoops with hooks oft picture wire, so that the parcels may be I suspended from these, and removed easily i without cutting. Keeping Cut Flowers THE two chief reasons for the short life of flowers are unsuitable re- ceptacles and lack of clean cool water. Whilst the shallow dishes so often used for dinner table decoration are in keeping with the occasion and whilst many of the flowers used will support themselves with 10 to 12 inches of stem out of the water and only two inches under water, it must not be ex- pected that a long life will result for the flowers used under these conditions. Even when vases of proper depth and width are adopted, it does not always follow that the flowers get all the water necessary. It should not be forgotten that when any flower is cut from the growing plant, it is taken away from its natural source of life, and to be kept alive something has to take the place of the parent plant. The only medium is water applied in quantity and with some little intelli- gence. The stems of flowers act as a syphon to convey the life giving and life preserving water to the bloom. It naturally follows that if blooms are pressed into a receptacle that only just holds them the water supply must be small. Again, if the stems are cut off squarely and they touch the bottom of the vase the little tubes are closed and the supply is cut off. There is no intention in this article to deal with the proper arrangement of flowers, excepting to suggest the best kind of vessel to use. Briefly put, this may be said to be the one that will provide the deepest water, consistent with decorative values. A fairly good rule to follow is to use a bowl or vase from one-third to one-half of the total height of the arrangement. Have water clean and cold; cut all stems with a sharp knife — not scissors — making all cuts at an angle rather than squarely. By this means water can easily find its way into the stem if it touches the bottom of the vase used. Flowers with woody stems such as ! roses and chrysanthemums should have " deeper vessels if possible, and care should be taken to see that the wood at Jj the bottom is not too hard for water to ijl be absorbed. It is sometimes necessary to shorten these stems on account of this hard wood. Soft stemmed flowers such as carnations, snapdragon, calen- dula and bulbous flowers more readily absorb water and on this account the bowls used, need not be so deep. It does not take long to change water every day or at least every second day, when all stems should be cut and fresh clean water supplied. The hot dry atmosphere of many homes makes the long keeping of flowers a little difficult. This condition might be balanced somewhat if at night the blooms could be put in a cool part of the house, where the temperature is not much over 40° to 45°. The re- cuperative value of this treatment is marked. If on occasion it is necessary for decorative purposes to use shallow receptacles it is wise to stand the flowers very deeply in water for at least- 24 hours previously. f I;ecCTr,ber, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 337 The Art of Grafting Trees THE art of grafting is very old, being mentioned by Pliny, 2000 years ago. By grafting, the nursery- nan perpetuates named varieties of nut-trees and ornamental shrubs which would not come true from seed. Grafting ilso changes the character of trees as in jroducing dwarf trees of apples, by grafting on paradise stock, and pears on quince. Grafting also changes the season of ripening in fniits, is the means of adapting trees to adverse soils and climate, makes them more fruitful, cor- rects poor habits, delays degeneration of variety, increases the size of fruit, changes color of foliage and flowers, and may influence the flavor of fruits, as in some varieties of pears, worked on quince stock. Sometimes it happens that a tree will not bear fruit because it is sterile. By grafting a scion of a fertile variety on to the branch on the windward side of the tree, it is made to bear heavy crops. When it is desired to change an old tree from one variety to another, the whole tree is grafted over. Grafting is generally practised in spring, just before the buds begin to open, the scion having been taken a few weeks before the operation, from the most fruitful and desirable tree (if fruit trees are being grafted), that it is possible to get. The scions are made from young year old wood taken from the top of bearing trees when pruning, and these are generally heeled in till needed. In all kinds of grafting the one point to watch is that the cambium layers in stock and scion lying between the bark and weed meet. Without this no union is possible. There are many curious ways in which trees and shrubs are grafted, each, the most suitable for the operation being performed. In the accompanying dia- gram are shown a few in general practice. Cleft-grafting is one of the most common forms in working over fruit trees and is shown at (D). The branch is cut off with a saw, then split open with the grafting knife, (B), the mallet (X), being used to drive the knife (A), into the cut. The scions are made from young wood (F). Then the cleft is opened with the point of the knife (D), and the scion slipped in and the knife withdrawn. When the scions are in position, they are tied in with strips of cloth and wax ap- plied over the exposed parts of the union. (P) and (C) shows how the scions are set in the cleft. Bark -grafting is shown at (R). The scions are forced down between bark and wood and then waxed over. In crown-grafting (H), a slot of bark is removed, and scions cut as shown at (H), to put into it, (I). These are waxed over, (J). In another form of crown-grafting, (K), a slot is cut with the inlaying tool (G) instead of removing a piece of bark. (O) shows root-grafting of young trees (U), with stock and scion in place. This is afterwards waxed over. Approach - grafting is shown at (M). In this stock and scion are two growing plants. Stock and scion are cut as shown at (Y), then tied together till united, when the tip of the stock is cut away. Bottle-grafting, (L), is a form of grafting used when stock and scion are a long time uniting. The ends of the scions are extended down into bottles of water, to help keep them alive till a union is formed. Bridge-grafting (S), is used in repairing trees damaged by Ice and gophers. Scions are made, (Z), and forced into the bark top and bottom to keep the tree alive till the bark grows again. Saddle-grafting is shown at (V). Her- baceous-grafting (T), in which both stock and scion are growing plants like geraniums or begonias can be grafted to- gether without wax under glass, by the side graft (W). Mctbo^ of Gfmftliig Trees i iiff .irp niitnfT(ni<; methods of grafting trees, a number of which are shown In this flhtstration. A short desmption is given in the accompanying article. How to Propagate Gladioli Mrs. G. A. Bonisteel, Bellcvifle, Ont. THE gladiolus may be propagated in three ways: by division of bulbs, bulblets, and seed. In the first two methods we secure a reproduction of what we started with, but in the third method we are likely to get something quite different from the parent. As practical hybridizing is a subject itself, we will not devote attention to it in this paper In purchasing corms a young one is always to be preferred; that is a bulb grown from a cormel and about two years old, it will probably range in size from an inch to one and a half inches. Different varieties produce different sized corms when fully matured. Some- times an ordinary variety produces a very large corm, and on the other hand some choice varieties do not grow large corms. Therefore do not expect all corms to be the same size unless speci- ai'y graded, particularly when buying a mixture. Young corms of the age spoken of dojnot multiply freely by division, but produce many cormels. Old corms will increase by division, but they do not produce cormels as well as young ones. If we want to increase a variety rapidly, the growing of cormels is the quickest way, although this requires patience To get the best results from cormels, theyfmay be stored in sand which may be slightly moistened toward spring. Do not allow a mould to form, although I doubt if this storing in sand is usually done. In the spring they are sown thickly in drills to a depth of one and a half inches and kept moist. Excessive moisture for cormels is the whole secret in germinating. Peeling the hard shell off the cormel also helps, but we can do this only with a small quantity. Soaking in warm water for a few hours is also a help in getting growth started . Another method is to cover the ground after planting with a piece of burlap until sprouts 238 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Editio] appear. This prevents the sun from drying the surface and consequently helps germination, although this would be impossible with a big planting. Some experts say that cormels may be planted three to four hundred to the square foot, although never having planted quite so thickly, I am of the opinion there is nothing lost by thick planting. Cormels should grow in one season into one half inch to three- quarter inch bulbs, and in many cases will produce bloom. Corms this size are called planting stock and produce bloom freely next year, after which they are considered a well-developed bulb. Pests on Crops Under Glass Henry J. Moore, Toronto, Ont. CROPS which are grown under glass, such as radishes, lettuce and toma- toes, are subject to insect pests. Sometimes mistakes are made by grow- ers in their attempts to eradicate them. They may spray or fumigate to get rid of the insects, but may kill the plants, if they do not understand the practice of spraying or of fumigation. Two Kinds of Insects. Greenhouse crops are attacked by two kinds of insects. One is the type called the biting insect and the other the sucking insect. Insects which bite the foliage and swallow it, may be killed by applying poison to the plants which they eat. Sucking insects will not be killed in that Avay, but killed by the odds are in favor of Jeaimot. contact poisons which when sprayed thereon will cover them. Biting insects, such as caterpillars, can be killed with arsenate of lead or paris green in water. The writer does not advise the use of paris green if arsenate of lead can be obtained. To five gallons of water add one-eighth pound of arsenate of lead in the powder form, or one-quarter pound in the paste form. The green and black fly are sucking insects and cannot be killed by arsenate of lead. For these, add two teaspoon- fuls of nicotine to a gallon of water. Three teaspoonfuls of Nicotine may be used if occasion demands. The liquor from tobacco stems or cigar wrappers diluted well with water is also good. It is sometimes advisable to add a little castile soap to the solution of nicotine in order to aid in adhering to the in- sects. Sometimes about half an ounce of pure soap to a gallon of w^ater wUl hel]) to hold poisonous mixture on the leaves which Avill kill biting as well as sucking insects, and will not harm the plants. Night is the best time to spray, as there is no danger of the sunlight scalding the leaves while the solution is on them. Fumigation. Fumigation is one of the quickest and best ways of ridding greenhouses of in- sects, and one of the best materials is Aphis Punk. Hang it from Avires, light it, then blow out the flame and allow it to smoulder. It is made from paper soaked in nicotine to which is added some substance to keep the paper from actually flaming, but which lets it smoulder. A case of 12 sheets costs about 75 or 80 cents, and should supply an ordinary sized structure where vegetables are being forced for one year. There are certain insects such as the white fly on which ordinary fumigating methods or spraying have little or no effect. Sometimes considerable num- bers can be killed, but it is impossible to entirely rid the greenhouse of this pest. It may be necessary to use cyanide of sodium or of potassium. The fumes of these are deadly to all breathing things, and may kill a man in thirty seconds. Fumigation should be done in the evening, and everything within the structure should be as dry as possible. The temperature should be about 60 degrees F. Place four ounces of water in saucers on the floor, and add two ounces of sulphuric acid to each saucer. Never use metal dishes as the acid will eat into them. Alwaj'S use porcelain. Wrap an ounce of cyanide in paper and tie it up, an oimce for each saucer. Do not touch the cyanide with the hands. Place the saucers away from any crops or overhanging foliage. Go to the saucer farthest from the door, drop the cyanide quickly into it and go to the next and then move qitickly out and shut and lock the door. As soon as the first ounce of cyanide is placed into the saucer, do not breath until you are out- side the structure. Then hang a sign on the door "Poison." You must take this precaution or you will be respons- ible for any accident that may occur. After two hours the doors may be opened, as well as any ventilators, but from the outside, and the fumes be al- lowed to pass out. It is well, however, to allow the structure to remain closed all night. No one should be allowed to enter the greenhouse for twelve hours, except perhaps the operator who is aware of the danger. Fumigation with cyanide will kill the white fly, but will not kill the eggs of the fly. It is, therefore, necessary to fumigate every four or six days in order to kill the young as they hatch. The white fly is about one-eighth inch in diameter with its wings spread, and about one- twenty-fifth with wings closed. Bear in mind that one ounce of cyanide is suffi' cient for one thousand cubic feet of air space. Hybrid Cactus Dahlias J. K. Alexander, East Bridgewater, Mass. THE Hybrid Cactus type of Dahlia is equal to the Decorative in its popularity, and surely is deserving of this favoritism. They are not only Dahlias of gigantic size, but produce their blossoms freely upon good long stems. Most every dahlia enthusiast, especially if theirs is an exclusive garden, has the giant scarlet- red Hybrid Cactus variety "Kalif," anl the magnificent blending of old ros( , salmon-pink and gold of "Georn: Walters." There are others of exceptional merit, both for the garden and for exhibition purposes. They blossom abundantly, and have long strong stems, making them very desirable, and worthy of a place in every garden. From Holland comes the variety "Blanca" an exquisite rose-lilac; and in my estimation the finest Cactus Dahlias for cut-flower purposes. With it, the ^ Dutch have given us "Yellow King" the j largest yellow and "Attraction" the largest lavender-pink. The latter has stems as stiff as cane, and bears its flowers well above the foliage. The Hybrid Cactus Dahlias from . California, are among the very best of this type. "Helen Dumbaugh," a blend- ing of pink and white has many friends; "Mrs. W. E. Estes" is considered the finest pure white; "Ruth G. Gleadell" on the amber and salmon shades is a beauty; "La Favorita" which is salmon with darker counter; "California En- chantress" on the deep rose-pinks is a very reliable variety always covered with flowers, and "Tom Limdy" one of the very largest dahlias grown is the best deep velvety red on the market. Other American creations are, "Louise Slocombe," a long stemmed variety of mauve pink with a silvery sheen, which adds greatly to its beauty. "Colossal Peace" is white with tips of pink, an early and continuous bloomer. "Mrs. Chas. H. Breck," is an exquisite blending of yellow and rose-pink, while "Mrs. Ferdinand Jeffries " is the nearest to black a verj' rich velvety maroon. Heralded from Germany, beside "Ka- lif" are a number of other exceptionally fine creations. " Nibulengenhort " is unquestionably the best of them, a^ blending of salmon-pink and old-rose I "Wolfgang von Goethe," is a giant salmon-red, by far the best of this color in Cactus Dahlias; "Hoffnung" a blend- ing of old-rose and apricot; "Beloit" the largest deep purple. The English give us "W. B. Child?" a very abundant flowering purple-crimson. Altho very scarce and diflBcult to secure "Mrs. Wamaar" is a Dutch creation, that was among one of the first of this type, and still the finest white tinted pale pink. iDecember, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 239 QUESTION BOX W. E. GROVES Dividing Dahlias Should dahlia clumps be divided before plant- ing in the spring? I have a number of clumps which I lifted this fall and they will be sufficient for my requirements without dividing. Will t)etter results be obtained by dividing? — J.G.H., Hamilton, Ont. Unless the roots are too large for con- venient handling it is not really necessary to divide. If, however, they have a number of stems it is perhaps best to re- duce a little, even if the roots not re- quired are thrown away. Dividing the roots generally induces flowers that are a little larger than would otherwise be the case. Seed of Chrysanthemum T wish to obtain seed of a hardy double peren- nial chrysanthemum which comes in various colors, yellow, bronze, etc. Can you advise me the name? — J.G.H., Hamilton, Ont. The chrysanthemums named belong to a race of small early flowering varieties, frequently used in the more sheltered parts of the garden. The most popular shades are yellow, bronze and white, though there are also one or two red varieties. A much better plan than raising from seed is to buy a few plants in the spring and these quickly increase. The objection to seed is that it is difficult to get the true varieties and quite a number are worthless for the hardy garden . Qub-root on Cabbage What I: •■;.e cause ol club-root on cabbage and allied vegetables? I have tried every Tj-j- ns o- oradicaiing his disease Irora my garden out have not succeeded — j. t., Sydney Mines, C. B. Club-root disease is a fungus one which lives in the soil for many years. I have found after twelve years with no cruciferous crop being grown that the f\ingus remains alive in the soil. The only thing to do is to give a heavy application of lime about every three years and grow no cauliflower, cabbage, radish or any of a similar family on the ground for about 15 years. This disease •in be carried from place to place, on fden tools, on which particles of soil adhere. These particles drop in a new place and the disease begins. Dahlia Buds Dropping What is the cause of dahlia buds dropping off before the flower develops and sometimes before the bud is scarcely formed? What is the remedy? !•;. J. C, Brockville, Ont. Insect attack, root trouble or the in- fluence of the atmosphere are three causes, each of which may cause the trouble. Are the buds being partially eaten off by earwigs, a troublesome dahlia pest? If so, trap them by placing a little moss, or something similar, in a small pot and either put the pot some- where amongst the foliage of the plant or inverted on the stake to which the plant is tied, if a stake is used. This will attract the little enemies and they may easily be removed and destroyed. A sudden spell of hot weather just about the time blooms are developing will some- times completely check their develop- ment and cause the buds to drop off. A wrong condition of soil may be brought about by too strong feeding with fer- tilizer or manure water. E. J. C. may probably be able to locate the trouble with these suggestions. Making Rubber Plant Branch " My rubber plant has grown tall and spindly. \ friend advised me to cut it off about half way and seal over with wax with a view to making it grow bushy. Is this the proper method and when would be the best time to cut it down?" Cutting back the rubber plant will certainly make it branch out. The ob- ject of the wax is just to keep the plant from bleeding. If you have a good top to the plant you could easil}' root it be- fore cutting right off. Cut the stem where you wish to root it about half way through making a diagonal cut rather than one straight across. Pack a small bunch of moss around the place tjnng it firmly on with string. Keep this damp and the stem will root out into the moss. When there are a few roots the top may be cut right off and potted. The plant could then b^ cut back as low as you wish when ydu will get the branching out as suggested above. Tulips What is the distinctive growth and character- istics of the various varieties of tulips, such as Darwin, Cottage, Breeder, Rembrandt and Parrot?"— D. J. Thornhill, Ontario. Tulips, their history and classification, is an interesting subject, and one about which all the authorities do not agree. Briefly it may be said that in 1702 one of the writers enumerated by name over forty varieties of Tulipa praecoces, or early flowering tulips, one hundred and forty varieties of Tulipa medias, or middle flowering tulips. To these were added a score of French Bizarre and Modes Tulips. Up to this time the late tulips were but few in number. At the present time the section known as early flowering, comprise those that bloom earlier than the May flowering or Darwin varieties. Belonging to no par- ticular section botanically they are marked with this characteristic and cover a number of both single and double varieties. In bulb catalogues they are always listed as early flowering. The May flowering or florists' tulips are sold as Bizarre and Bybloemen. The former have a yellow ground color striped with purple, crimson or white. The latter have a white ground striped or blotched with blue, violet, black or purple. These are also sub-divided into flamed or feathered. Tulipa gesseriana is by far the most popular of the May flowering section, covering a number of fine varieties suitable for the hardy border. Parrot tulips are curious and their origin not very clear. The petals are laciniated and the form before the flower opens something like the beak of a parrot. They are not certain as to flowering and are not used freely on this account. Darwin tulips form a distinct class of late flowering self colored tulips of great substance. They were raised by a Dutchman who sold the collection to a Mr. Krelage, who in turn after making a selection named them after Professor Danvin. There are a number of other species and varieties but this probably supplies the information sought. Grass for Golf Courses WITH the ancient game of golf be- coming more widely played and the number of courses increasing rapidly, the United States Department of Agriculture, in connection with its general work on grasses, is giving attention to the selection of special strains of grasses adapted to the requirements of the links. A great deal of effort has been wasted in the building up of golf courses because of a lack of understanding of the dif- ferent kinds of grasses and the methods of establishing a turf. Many men inter- ested in the game have been the victims of seed fakers and self-styled experts. As a result golfers have welcomed in- formation on the subject from the de- partment, and clubs in many parts of the country have called on the department for advice and information. The best results are obtained by .the department with pure strains of creeping bent, a grass of uniform color and texture and resistant to wear. These strains have been selected and increased on the department experiment farm at Arlington Va., and are now grown commercially by two or three companies. These strains of bent grass are grown by the vegeta- tive method instead of from seed — that is, the stolons, or runners, are cut up and spread upon the ground where a turf is desired. The grass is lirst grown in nursery rows to obtain the increase needed for planting the greens. If celery has begun to rot, the plants should be gone over and diseased parts of plants removed. When replanted see that the tops are kept dry as long as the plants last. If there is room have a small space between the top of each plant. To keep celery in good condi- tion during the winter, the tops should be dry but the roots in moist soil. Hence if watering is necessary great care should be taken not to wet the tops. 240 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Editi. The Canadian Horticulturist Published by Th« Horticultural Publlshioe Company. Lfmlted. Official Organ of Caaadlaa HorUcuItural OxmcU The Canadian Horticulturist is published the first of each month in two editions, as follows: FLORAL EDITION Devoted to the interests of amateur horticulture — landscape gardening, floriculture, fruit and vegetable gardening — and to the work and progress of Horticultural Societies. Subacriptloo Rates. — 60 cents a year, $1.00 for two years. FRUIT EDITION. Devoted entirely to the interests of commercial fruit and vegetable growers — official cn^n of Ontario Fruit Growers' Association and of Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers* Association. Sabscrlptlon Rates. — $1 .00 a year; $2.00 for three years POSTAGE— FOREIGN AND PETERBORO For foreign subscriptions to either edition, add 50 cents a year extra for postage. For subscriptions to the United States and in the City of Peterboro add 25 cents a year. Advertising rateo, circulation statements and sample copies free on request. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, Peterboro, Ontario. Horticulture at Royal Fair THERE was much to interest amateur horti- culturists at the Royal Winter Fair in Toronto, Nov. 22 to 29, but not much in the way of amateur competition. The entire horticultural section of the Fair was a wonder- place of beauty and production. Congregated there from four provinces^British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick — were fruits, flowers and vegetables that demonstrated the ideals that are striven for by professional and amateur alike. It was the largest horti- cultural exhibition ever held in Canada and the quality was equal to anything ever seen anywhere. The floricultural department was not quite so large as at some previous shows in Toronto, so far as number of entries for competition was concerned, but it was very fine at that. The parks department of the city and the Toronto Retail Florists' Club contributed non-competi- tive displays that made up in extent for' any- thing lacking in numbers of competitive ex- hibits. Besides lending individual plants for decorating the entire horticultural floor, the parks department put up two large special groups, mostly chrysanthemums and palms, that were beautiful shows in themselves. The Florists' Club Tiad a large booth artistically constructed and beautifully decorated with southern smilax, Boston ferns, cedar and palms, and containing roses, 'mums, carnations, cycla- men and other bloom that delighted and charm- ed. Plants and Flowers In the competitive classes, first for group of chrysanthemums and foliage plants arranged for effect went to W. J. Hoath, Toronto, on a group that was highly praised by the judges for its great variety, its choice blooms and its artistic arrangement. Second went to R. S. McLaughlin, Oshawa, on a group that contained a very fine lot of bloom but not quite so many in variety or number as the first. Third went to S. A. Frost, Toronto, on a display of exceptional originality in design, being after the Japanese rustic type, but too light in quantity of bloom for a display that called primarily for chrysan- themums. First for group of single and pompon chrys- anthemums arranged with foliage for effect also went to Hoath. This display was magnificent in bloom, variety and execution. Second went to Thos. Manton, Toronto, on another very fine group, nicely arranged, but not so profuse in bloom as the display that won first. By win- ning in this section, Hoath captured also the "H. R. Franklin Trophy," donated by the Toronto Agricultural Society. In display of orchids with foliage, there was only one entry — Manton — but that entry at- tracted as much attention as any other feature of the flower show. In arrangement, it was very artistic and original, and in orchid bloom exceedingly high-class. All the exhibitors in the cut bloom sections, including roses, carnations and 'mums, were commercial growers. Lack of space prevents giving awards. John H. Dunlop and Son, Ltd., Richmond Hill, Out., won the silver chal- lenge trophy donated Ijy the Rose Society of Ontario for the best vase of 50 roses. This trophy must be won three times before becoming the permanent property of any winner. S. A. Frost, Toronto, won the trophy donated by the Toronto Horticultural Society for the best 50 blooms of carnations. This trophy also must be won three times. A unique feature of the program in the Coli- seum one evening was the christening of a new rose, originated by John H. Dunlop and Sons, Ltd. After a brief announcement that the rose was being named the "Royal," in honor of the Royal Winter Fair, Mr. Dunlop presented to Mrs. W. A. Dryden, the wife of the president of the Fair, a bunch of 25 blooms of the new rose. The Royal, in color of bloom, is a very bright shade of rose pink, diffused with an orange base. It is very beautiful and was much admired by the thousands of visitors to the flower show. Awards in miscellaneous plants were: Three specimen palms, any size or tub — I, S. Tidy and Son, Toronto; 2, Manton; 3, W. Jay and Son, Toronto. Collection of Nephrolopsis firms, not less than 10 varieties — 1, Jay; 2, Argall and Basher, Todmorden; 3, Manton. Six specimen ferns, distinct varieties — 1, Manton; 2, Argall and Basher; 3, A. W. Brearley, Toronto. Single house fern, open to amateurs only — 1, Mrs. John W. Cripps, Toronto; only one entry. Six cyclamen in bloom — I, Wra. C. Hall, Montreal; 2, Tidy; 3, Jay; 4, McLaughlin. Six primulas in bloom— 1, Jay; 2, McLaughUn; 3, Brearley; 4, Manton. Six begonias, Lorraine type — 1, Tidy; 2, Hoath; 3, F. H. P. Hammett, Toronto; 4, McLaughlin. Six begonias in bloom, any other variety — 1, McLaughlin; 2, Jay; 3, John W. Cripps, "Toronto; 4, Manton. Six decorative table plants — 1, Manton; 2, Cripps; 3, Brear- ley; 4, Jay. Three specimen orchids, district varieties — 1, Manton; 2, Geo. Thompson, 'Tor- onto. Fruits and Vegetables The apple show was the largest and best ever held on this continent, with the exception per- haps of one or two of the monster shows held before the war at Spokane, Wash. British Columbia had the largest number of entries. Ontario also was strong in entries, and Quebec and New Brunswick had a few each. Nova Scotia was not represented. New Brunswick had a very attractive non-competitive display that admirably demonstrated the excellence of the apples grown in that province. British Columbia and Ontario were quite equally honored with awards. British Colum- bia captured the sweepstakes prize for the best box of apples at the show (Spitzenberg) and Ontario won the premier honor for best 100 boxes (Mcintosh). British Columbia trimmed Ontario in Wagener, a leading variety of the lat- ter province, and Ontario won from British Columbia in Jonathans, a leading variety of the Pacific province. Ontario won first, how- ever, in all other varieties commonly grown in the two provinces. New Brunswick had the best box of Golden Russet and won first, second and third in Scarlet Pippin, a variety grown extensively in that province. The vegetable show was the most complete ever staged in Toronto. All sections were well fiUed and the quality of the products was high class. Competition was very close in nearly aU sections, being especially so in potatoes and onions and in the big collections. Most of the entries came from the districts surrounding Toronto and were from commercial gardens. The hope was expressed by the management and exhibitors alike that entries from outsi< points would be much more numerous nexi year, and that amateur growers of vegetables would enter the competitions as many amateurs were known to be as expert in production as the commen-iril men. Moisture in Transplanting MOISTURE is taken up by plants through their small feeding roots or rootlets, and it is lost by evaporation through the surface of the foliage or leaves. In transplanting, if any of the fine rootlets are lost, the supply of moisture to the foliage is reduced accordingly and necessarily the plants wilt. To prevent this wilting and start growth as promptly as possible water is poured around the roots before the earth is entirely filled in, and sometimes the foliage or tops are partly cut back when the transplanted subject is of a nature to permit it. ' Other rtiethods are to shade the plants from sunshine, and protect from winds for a few days to reduce evaporation. Many gardeners, who think they are scientific, do not understand the underlying laws of the chemical and mechanical processes and actioas which take place in a growing plant. Water is important because all chemical elements entering a plant must be in solution to be assimilated, j — The Flower Grower i Of late a great many people are growing Strawflower. These flowers make beautiful winter bouquets, but in order to have the best kind of flowers in winter, it is necessary to cut and dry the flower at exactly the right time. The flowers should be cut just as they are com- pletely open or it will even be better to cut them when the buds are about three fourths open. Cut the flowers with stems as long as possible, pick off bottom leaves, tie in loose bunches and hang flower heads down in a dark cool place t drv. Manorial Loss in Burned Grass THE nitrogen content of mixed hay is, of course a variable quantity. We should not be far out of the way if we assume an average content of \J4 per cent, or 30 lbs. per ton. It will naturally follow that a quantity of hay equivalent to 1 J^ tons per acre would con- tain about 45 lbs. of nitrogen. The loss incurred by burning would involve the escape of the nitrogen into the air on account of the burning, as well as the destruction of the organic matter. In attempting to place a value on the nitrogen thus lost, it should be remembered that nitrogen in nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia can now be bought at about 1 5c per lb. when carload lots of these fertilizers are ordered. In mi.xed fertilizers, or in the higher grade ammoniates like tanlcigc or fish, the cost of nitrogen would be greater. Another point to be borne in mind is that the nitrogen in mixed hay is not as available as nitrogen in fprt-lizer salts or tankage. All told, a value of 10 to 15c per lb. may be assigned t.j the nitrogen lost. For the 45 lbs. the value would, therefore, be $4.50 to $6.75. Some additional value may be allowed for the organic matter destroyed. If the heat was not intense enough to injure the organic matter in the soil itself, the loss would probably not exceed $7 or S8 per acre. On the other hand, if the heat was intense enough to cause the burning out of a considerable portion of the soil organic matter, the loss would be greater.— (Rural New Yorker) . Slugs are said to be very fond of carrots and some gardeners "trap them" by laying pieces of carrot among the plants. Care must be taken to remove the "catch" frequently. Lime and ashes are not to their liking, so that a liberal use of either, will help to keep the nuisances away from your plants. December, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 241 Canadian Horticultural Council j Plant Registration L. F. Burrows, Secretary, C. H. Council THE plant registration committee, under the chairmanship of W. T. Macoun, at- tended a meeting of the directors of the Council held in Ottawa on Nov. 13, and pre- sented a report (published in full elsewhere on this page), recommending a procedure to be adopted in the establishment of a bureau of plant registration. In a preamble to the report it was stated that : Purpose of the Work "The committee have worked with a view that the purpose of plant registration is two- fold: " 1st. To make available the results of the work of the thousands of amateur plant breeders. " 2nd. To provide some means of recog- nition and protection to the plant breeder as an inducement to him to submit the results of his work. "Briefly, the committee have been endeavor- ing to find a means of placing the plant breeder on a plane with the inventor. At present any- thing new — outside the realm of living matter — may lie patented, and the inventor so protected as to enable him to reap the maximum benefits of his invention. The investigator in the field of living matter, however, has so nuch incentive before him, and although his inventions may be of considerable value to mankind, his own reward, if any, is insignificant. This is true not only in the case of the private individual, but with public individuals as well. We need only mention the case of Dr. Charles Saunders, late Dominion Cerealist, who, though undoubtedly one of the foremost in his profession in America, received a retiring pension of but $900 a year, though the work he did in the origination of new varieties meant millions of dollars to the people of Canada while he occupied his posi- tion, and will mean millions more in the years to come. "Since the formation of the committee, each member has expended a great deal of his time r in investigating the possibilities of bringing plant registration into effect in the Dominion of Canada. The opinions of a large number of interested persons in Canada, the United States and in European countries have been secured, all of whom are strongly convinced that the scheme is most practical and that if brought into effect untold benefit would accrue, not only to the horticulturists of Canada but, through the incentive given, to horticulturists throughout the world." Reasons for the Need In further support of the necessity and value of a plant registration bureau, it was stated that: " I. Most of the valuable cultivated plants upon which mankind is now dependent for food and clothing have been improved through the discoveries of men who have neither been paid for their work nor honored for their gigantic services. "2. There are to-day fewer plant breeders m America than there were 20 years ago. " .1. As a career plant breeding offers nothing but a starvation wage at the close of life. " 4. Not a tenth of one per cent of our good varieties of plants have been produced by gov- ernmeirt paid men. (Experiment stations and colleges, where government officials carry out plant breeding, have been in existence but ^ short time; whereas, varieties have l>cen origi- nating with private individuals ever since the first settlements in America and with indi- viduals in other countries for thousands of years.) "5. The very foundation of successful agri- culture lies in the use of varieties of plants which are adapted to each locality. "6. Plant breeding more than any other profession requires a continuous application over long years (apples 40 years) to accomplish anything and that it must be done in the country where collections of the plants which are to be bred can be kept. " 7. The keeping of these collections is a very expensive thing and the cost of maintaining them always falls on the individual plant breeder. "Notwithstanding all these facts, not one single thing has been done to encourage pioneers who because they love plants have sacrificed their fortunes and their lives to produce the luscious fruits, the lovely flowers and the de- licious vegetables which fill our gardens, and because the patent laws do not recognize dis- covery in the field of living matter, the plant breeder is poorer in proportion to the size of his collections and the length of time he has been breeding plants. "A bureau of plant registration is most urgently needed in order that plant hybrids may be protected and in this way the art of plant breeding be placed where it belongs amongst the highest of arts. It will undoubted- ly take plant breeding out of the class of hope- less unprofitable professions and put it where it belongs amongst those wliich render to society the most lasting and productive benefits^one upon which the future beauty of our flower gardens and the wealth of our orchards and fields depends." J ( Those to Whom is Due the Credit iThe report was signed by the plant registra- tion committee consisting of W. T. Macoun, Ottawa, chairman; H. J. Moore, Islington, Out.; Jas. E. Carter, Guelph, Ont.; S. F. Davidson, Fonthill, Ont., and F. E. Buck, Vancouver, B.C. ]After very careful consideration, the directors of the Council adopted the report and decided to meet the honorable the minister of agriculture and request assistance, financial and otherwise, in order that the plan may be gone on with. Those present were: The president, Lt.-Col. H. L. Roberts, Grimsby, Ont.; F. W. Bishop, Paradise, N.S. ; W. H. Stewart, Aylmer, Que.; W. E. Groves, Hamilton, Ont.; C. W. Baxter, Grimsby, Out., and L. F. Burrows, Ottawa. Plan Placed Before Minister Later a memorandum was presented to the minister, and several of the directors and members of the registration committee spoke in support of the project. The minister was much impressed with the necessity and value of a plant registration bureau, and expressed his sympathy and support of the request for as- sistance. He was unable to state, however, that the necessary assistance would be granted as it was a matter for the government to decide, but in so far as it was possible for him to do so, he gave the directors to understand that the necessary assistance in the administration in the future of such a worthy project would be forth- cotning. The directors instructed the plant registration committee to proceed with the establishment of a registration bureau as provided in the report previously adopted. Provincial Representatives At a meeting of the plant registration com- mittee, after the meeting of tlie directors, the following were named and are being requested to act as provincial representatives of the committee: British Columbia — Prof. F. E. Buck, University of B.C., Vancouver. Alberta — W. F. Broadstock, secretary, Edmonton Po- tato Growers' Association, Edmonton. Sask- atchewan— Dr. C. F. Patterson, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. Manitoba — Prof. F. W. Brodrick, Manitoba Agricultural C'i' Winnipeg. Ontario — 'H. J. Moore, Islin Quebec — Prof. T. G. Bunting, Macdonald Cvi. lege. Prince Edward Island — J. A. Clark. Supt., Dom. Experimental Farm, Charlotte- town. New Brunswick — A. G. Turney, Pro- vincial Horticulturist, Fredericton. Nova Sco- tia— W. S. Blair, Supt., Dom. Experimental Farm, Kentville. Yukon — ^James Farr, Swede Creek, Dawson. Steps are being taken to prepare an index' of the recognized names of all herbaceous horti- cultural plants, shrubs or trees, and it is ex- pected that the plant registration bureau will be in a position to accept applications for recording and registration at an early date. Note: — It is desirable that particular atten- tion be given to sections 2 and 4 of the report of the plant registration committee, wherein the difference between recording and registration is clearly defined. Plant Registration Bureau THE plant registration committee presented to the directors of the Council, on Nov. 13, the following plans and regulations for the establishment of a plant registration bureau: 1. The registration committee named by the Council will name a provincial representa- tive for and in each province. The committee will also name separate committees to advise regarding classes, such as gladioli, paeonies, roses, etc., for recording. Recording and Registering 2. By recording, the registration committee does not establish the particular value or general characteristics of new plants, but only settles the right of priority of the name of the new plant. The registration committee may con- duct further investigations and, if satisfied that the new plant is worthy of registration, such registration shall indicate that the new plant is considered to be of outstanding merit. 3. Only horticultural herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees will be accepted for recording. 4. Any variety which is not recognized as being in existence at time of application (that is, which is new) may be recorded, but a variety to be registered must first be tested and found to be of outstanding merit. Fees and Applications 5. A fee of $5 shall accompany each applica- tion from Canada and of $10 from points out- side Canada. If the variety is not recorded, the fee, less expenses incurred, will be remitted. ^6. Each application for recording will be forwarded first to the provincial representative, who will satisfy himself that the application covers a new variety. 7. The description given must not bring into comparison any other variety already known in the trade, in such a way as to discredit this other variety. Should the committee think that the descrip- tion given is likely to prejudice another variety, they will ask the raiser to alter the terms of the description. If the raiser refuses to do so, Ihe recording may be refused and the fees returned less the expenses incurred in returning the money and for correspondence. 8. The application will state: (a) The full name of the raiser of the plant, (b) The full name of the seller (if necessary). (c)jThe name of the new plant, (d) A brief description of the new plant, (e) Conditions under which the raiser wishes to sell or distribute the new plant. 9. The application with supplementary de- scription (and specimens, if possible) will be fonvarded by the provincial representative to the secretary of the Council. To Prevent Duplication 10. An index will be maintained in the olTice of the secretary on which is recorded the com- plete name and, where possible, the description of every known variety of horticultural herba- ceous plants, shrubs or trees. Each application as received will be checked with the index in order to assure that the name applied for is not ilready in use. 11. After checking, the application (and specimen, if possible) will be forwarded to the Dominion Horticulturist for a report as to whether, in his opinion, the variety is new and is pro|)crly described in the application. 12. The report of the Dominion Horticultur- ■M THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition ist with the application and all information n-Karding it, will be placed before the next mcetinK of the renistration committee which will decide whether the variety shall be recorded. 13 If the rcRistration Committee accepts 1 he application, all information concerning same liall be entered in numerical order in a special hook which will be so arranged as to provide or recording: (a^ The genus of the plant, (b) The indication of the variety, (c) Name given to the new variety, (d) Name of the raiser,' and, if necessary, of the sculler, (e) Address of the declarer (f) Description, (g) Such other in- formation as is deemed necessary 14 All entries will be posted from the recording book to other secondary books ac- cording to the great divisions in horticulture, and subdivided in categories so as to allow nroper classification; for instance, the register for arboriculture might be divided in categones as follows- Fruit trees, ornamental trees, forest trees rose trees, outdoor flowering trees, indoor nlants The division, fruit trees, may then, for example, be subdivided into: Apricot, apple, cherry, peach, plum, etc. Publication of Records 15 As soon as convenient, following the recording, the secretary of the Council will send to the horticultural papers for the first publica- tion information as outlined in section 8 (a), (b), (c) and (d). *u r „ • 16 If, in the course of six months following the first publication of a name, it becomes known to the registration committee that this name was employed previously for a variety of the same genus, and that this variety is still in ex- istence in cuUivation or in collections, the raiser xvill be invited to change the name, so as ^o avoid 17 An endeavor will be made to have horti- culturists who publish catalogues or lists that include new plants, to mention during at least the three years following the date on which the plant has been put on the market the name of the registrar of each new plant. Should a horticulturist publish lists of any new- plants without mentioning the names of the rais- ers the registration committee will advise him that such a practice does not meet the approv- al of the committee, If after due notice given as above, a horticulturist still refuses to mention the names of the raisers of new plants included in his list, the coininittee will have power to de- cline any further application from him. , 18. The raisers will have the right to include, in the conditions of sale of their new plants, the obligation of mentioning their names when the plants are included in catalogues — for a period other than indicated in clause 17 above, or even indefinitely. The raisers have the right to specify all the conditions which they think ncessary to safe- guard their interests, present and future, moral and material. 19. When a new plant is put on the market by a person other than the raiser, it is the name of the propagator which should be mentioned. Must Exhibit or Offer For Sale 20. All the persons who have obtained recording or registration of new plants will be required to exhibit or show these plants at a provincial exhibition, recognized by the Coun- cil, within a period of two years from the date of registration. Failing this the registration will be cancelled. The new plants need not be exhibited as mentioned above if they are offered for sale within two years of the date of registration. However, if the plants are not offered for sale within six years of the date of registration, this may be cancelled. The fees charged for registration which may eventually be cancelled are not returnable. The cancellation of a registration will only be compulsory if it has been demanded by one or several persons interested in the matter. 21. The Council will make the final decision in case of dispute between an applicant, appli- cants or other parties and the registration committee. 22. In order to avoid duplication of names and to give international effect to recording and registration, the committee will co-operate with every known horticultural society or agency. Province of Quebec •>>»»«>»*r New Assessment Plan L. F. Burrows, Secretary, C. H. Council AT a meeting in Ottawa last month, the directors gave consideration to the finan- cial assessment as at present outlined in article 4, section i, of the constitution, and passed a resolution stating that in view of the unforeseen development regarding the estab- lishment of a plant registration bureau and the favorable consideration of the Minister of Agriculture towards the providing of office accommodation and financial assistance, the above article be amended so as to provide for the following assessments: Nova Scotia Fruit Growers, $100; United Fruit Companies, $300 $400 New Brunswick Fruit Growers' Association 50 New Brunswick and P.E-I. Potato Growers, each 100 Quebec Pomological and Fruit Growing So- ciety 50 Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, $100; N.P.G.. Ltd., $400; Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association, S75 575 Prairie Vegetable Growers 75 B.C., Various Associations, $100; B.C.P.G. A., $100 200 Package Manufacturers 500 Florists and GaMeners 200 Nurserymen 200 Wholesale Dealers 500 Canners and Jam Manufacturers . 500 Horticultural Associations 200 It is estimated that such an assessment will meet the altered financial requirements of the Council, and is low enough to admit the mem- bership of the maximum number of horticultural interests. A further resolution to the Council dealt with the application of the Ontario Apple Shippers' Association for membership in the Council. It was recommended that the Ontario Apple Shippers he granted representation in the Council, and that the annual assessment be fixed at $200. ' Medal for Horticulture IN October, Jas. E. Carter, of Guelph, Ont., was generous enough to offer to donate the sum of $100 annually to be used for the pur- chase of a medal to be known as " The Cartel: Medal," to be given to the person, who. in the opinion of the Council, has done the most valuable work for the advancement of horti- culture in Canada, during the year ending Dec. 31, pre-vious. The directors were most pleased to accept Mr. Carter's generous donation, and a commit- tee will be appointed immediately to bring in a report at the next annual meeting of the council, recommending the person to whom the Carter Medal should be awarded for the year 1922. J. W. Crow, former professor of horticulture at the O.A.C., has changed his address from Guelph to Simcoe, Ont., where he plans to undertake plant breeding as a commercial venture. He did a lot of work during the past summer on gladioli, and expects to make that his leading line. He intends also to work with irises, as they are becoming deservedly popular and the new varieties are greatly superior to the old standards. He expects to undertake also the production of high class seed of certain vegetable crops, and of farm crops as well, especially grains. From his new address, Mr. Crow will still be available as a lecturer upon horticultural topics, as announced recent- ly, and as judge of fruits, flowers and vege- tables. He has a lecture prospectus which will be gladly furnished on request. Horticulture at La Ferme AT the Dominion Experimental Station at I,a Ferme in Northern Quebec, various fruit and vegetable projects have been conducted or are under way in accordance^ with the limitations of climate and the possi- bilities. The report of the superintendent, Pascal Fortier, for the year 1921. recently issued, states that the growth of apple trees in that year was the best since planting in 1917, because of no winter injury. In the words of the report, "protection with straw of the foot of the trees to delay premature circulation of sap in the spring, and pinching of buds in late summer to ripen the wood, probably explain why the growth of the previous year was not destroyed." Black, red and white currants had begun to bear, but not in sufficient quantity to warrant specific recording. Black currants were the -most resistant to cold. Gooseberries do not seem hardy at this station. Vegetable Experiments In the vegetable department, garden beans suffered somewhat from frost, but not enough to affect comparison, although yields were not very high. In the variety tests. Refugee led in yield per acre, with Extra Early Valentine second and Bountiful Green Bush third. Valen- tine was about 10 days longer in maturing than the other two. In a cultural test with beans to compare sowings of one variety at different dates with sowings of early, medium and late varieties on the same date, the results showed it preferable to sow different varieties, which gave a higher yield and pods of better quality. Variety tests of broad beans resulted in Long Pod Green, first, and Taylor's Windsor, .second, leading all other varieties tested in yield per acre by a large margin. Peas did not succeed in 1921, owing to an early June drought. Re- liance, Dandy, Stratagem and Pioneer stood at the top in yields in order given. In beets, Crosby Egyptian, Eclipse and Detroit Dark Red topped the list respectively. Beets thinned to two inches, to three inches and to four inches gave much the heaviest yield from those thinned to two inches. In carrots, Improved Nantes and Chantenay were the best yielders. Carrots thinned to one and a half inches, to two inches and to three inches gave heaviest yields from the two-inch thinning. Hollow Crown parsnips thinned to two inches, to three inches and to four inches gave best results from thinning to two inches. The only variety of salsify (vegetable oyster) tested was Long White and it yielded only fairly well. The best yielding radishes were Early Scarlet Turnip and Icicle. In seven varieties of lettuce. Improved Hanson and New York were the leaders. In parsley. Triple Curled gave nearly three times the yield of Moss Curled. Victoria spinach gave a much heavier yield than New Zealand spinach, but as these are not only different varieties but different types of spinach, and as they usually are grown at different seasons, the comparison is of little value. Among 13 varieties of cabbage tested, Fottler's Improved Brunswick and Flat Swedish stood at the top and gave about two and a half times the yield of such well known varieties as Jersey Wakefield and Copenhagen Market. In cauli- flowers. Early Snowball and Early Dwarf Erfurt gave fair yields. In Brussels sprouts, Dalkeith and Dwarf Gem were the leaders. Ordinary Sweet Com Too Late King of the Mammoth pumpkin gave a much heavier yield than Large Connecticut Field and Small Sugar. In squash. Green Hubbard gave twice the yield of Delicious and two and a half times the yield of Golden Hubbard. The leaders in cucumbers were Improved Long Green and Giant Pera. Out of 13 varieties of com, including different types, Klflochman gave the highest yield and proved one of the earliest. December, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 243 Pickaninny was the very earliest and, in the words of the report, "is of great value in the region." Evergreen and Golden Bantam are much too late. Celery was poor in seed germi- nation and no test was made. Onions were severely injured by white mag- gots. Eleven varieties were tested with Red Globe and Australian Brown heading the list for yields. Three different varieties were each thinned to one inch, to two inches and to three inches with the result that in each case the one- inch thinning gave two to three times the yield of both the other thinnings. Muskmelons, citrons, peppers, eggplants and tomatoes were not very successful, the season being too cold. Unless given artificial pro- tection and tended with care, these crops are difficult to grow in the region. Some of them become frosted each year before maturing. A few ripe tomatoes were picked but it was im- possible to give the yield because of certain varieties suffering more from the frost than others. British Columbia B.C. Trade on Prairies J. A. Grant, Markets Commissioner. THE season of 1922 has been very disap- pointing to almost all those engaged in agricultural pursuits. Many other lines of industry have had their own troubles, especially those directly connected with the agricultural industry. The signs of the times point to a considerable betterment for next year. There will be much more ready money circulating, especially amongst prairie farmers. We have, noted several things that can be done to make the lots of the farmer easier, especially the fruit farmer. Several matters connected with transportation need adjusting. Ask for Credentials SUBSCRIBERS to The Canadian Horticulturist are again warned against giving their subscriptions to any person claiming to be an agent for this publication who cannot produce a letter of authorization. Certain persons have recently fraudu- lently canvassed for subscriptions in various parts of Ontario, this having been discovered through complaints regarding non-receipt of copies. If any reader has recently renewed his sub- scription through such a person, and has not received his copy of The Canadian Horticulturist, he should write this office and forward receipt for verifica- tion. Every authorized agent for The Can- adian Horticulturist carries a credential letter for a limited period signed by this office. Ask to see it before sub- scribing. If date has expired, it is without value. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Peterfaoro Ontario Many things that can be absorbed by the prairie markets and easy to grow in B.C. will be dis- cussed during the winter campaign. We wel- come the new Greenhouse Men's Organization now formed in Victoria, and we will endeavor to form another organization with head quar- ters in Vancouver. Carlot shipments to prairie points of greenhouse vegetables will be rolling in 1923 season. We expect to lay plans for distribution, etc., before greenhouse men in the near future. Our ideal is to have all B.C. producers united in one selling organization. Apples are firming in price, and winters in storage should sell at a satisfactory price. Fig- ures in our hands from a reliable source indicate that the amount of apples in storage for winter supply is not more than can be consumed at prairie points. We consider that a proportion of these should be stored in distributing points in the prairies, so that in mild weather they can be sent to nearby points that are at present understocked. November Raspberries The beautiful Italian skies of the Eraser Val- ley are further advertised by the arrival of an- other crate of raspberries from Mr. Eagle, of Dewdney. These arrived in time for Thanks- giving Day and were purchased from the Vernon Fruit Co. by the C.P.R. Palliser Hotel, Calgary, at $10. Raspberries in November from B.C. speaks well of the mild climate there. Storage in Transit — A Correction In a recent Bulletin, we stated as follows: "If we read the storage in transit privilege accorded potato growers at points of origin in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, rightly, they have secured the additional privilege B.C. growers need, viz., to any desUnation without restriction plus four cents for terminal services." Upon consulting C.P.R. Tariff No. W4883, items 127 and 128, we find as follows: "Carload shipments of potatoes originating in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta may be shipped to Calgary, Edmonton, Moose Jaw, Regina, Saska- toon and Winnipeg, for storage when re-shipped within six months, to points east of Fort Will- iam, or Armstrong, Ont., or to U.S." We regret that we did not rightly read the storage in transit privilege. — B.C. Markets Bulletin (Calgary). Have you renewed your subscription ? QUALITY SPRAYS NIAGARA BRAND PRODUCTS The Prize Winners at the Royal Winter Fair Used Them m MACHINES Bean Power Sprayers — 1,2 and 3 cylinders ' Special light outfit this year. MATERIALS Everything for Spraying and Dusting. Soluble Sulphur, Lime Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead, Calcium Arsenate, Bordeaux, Raw Sulphur, Dusting Mixtures. Niagara Power Dusters — a new Hand Duster. WHEREVER FRUIT EXCELS NIAGARA SPRAY IS USED Get our quotations on Machines, Materials and Fertilizers. Our new Catalogues, Bulletins and Spray Calendars are Free. Niagara Brand Spray Company, Limited BURLINGTON, ONTARIO !■ 244 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition GLADIOLI We have many of the very best varieties, both of American ami Holland oriKin. All our offerings arc stronK, yoiinii bulbs, rtowh in Canada, which insures you the very best results the first year of plantifiK. We will be pleased to have your name for our price list. It is now ready. WM. BROWN Elora. Box 13, Ont. Kemp's Wonder Glads. PINK WONDER — WHITE WONDER — AL- BANIA — EARLY SNOWFLAKE, ETC. Priie Wlnfiers Wherever Exhibited in Competitfon. These urtat varieties are the premiers in the pink and white color sections. If you take pride in hav- ing the best: if you arc planning to exhibit at the various Canadian Gladiolus Shows, season of 1923, you should have these wonderful varieties, by all means. They will elevate the standard of you* collection, and thereby greatly enhance your chances of winning first prize in every class in which they arc entered in competition. Illustrated, desc iptive catalogue of over 75 va ieties, free for the asking. Special rates to Gladiolus Societies and Garden Clubs. J. A. KEMP, Gladiolus Specialist LITTLE SILVER. NJ. The Fruit & Produce Market The Commission firms underaoted wish con- signments of fruit and general produce. They will be pleased to have jois write them for inforaiation» shipping stampst etc.* if you bare fruit or vegetables for safe. H. J. ASH 44-46 Chorch St. Toronto. Ont. CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES SOLICITED SUppinf Stamp* Ftmiihcd on Request. MANSER, WEBB CO. ft3 Cofborne Street Toronto Wholesale Fruit and Produce Merchants Coastgaments Solicited on Commisaoa. STRONACH & SONS 33 Church St*r Toronto* Ont. All shipments of Fruit and other produce consigned to us receive our personal attention. Shipping stamps furnished. Phone Main 2390. DAWSON-ELLIOTT CO. 32 West Market St^ Toronto* Ont. Wholesale Fruit and Produce Consignments Solidted. PETERS, DUNCAN Limited 88 FRONT STREET, EAST, TORONTO, ONT. See Advertisement on page 218 u N I O N FRUIT & PRODUCE 82 Front Street East TORONTO. ONTARIO Conaignments of Apples solicitdd. as for prices Write C O M P Y Crops and Markets J Ontario and B.C. Apples THAT British Columbia apples have cap- tured a large part of the (Ontario market is not due either to their superiority or to the perversity of the ultimate buyer, but simply to the fact that they are displayed more con- spicuously and in a more attractive way. The best Ontario apples are of finer flavor than the best British Columbia fruit, but the Ontario apple is not pushed forward like its competitor, and the result is that the latter has the advan- tage, in spite of the drawback of cost of produc- tion for several thousand miles. It is not merely high color that attracts the buyer. He prefers to purcliase by the box rather than by the barrel. In buying smaller quantities by the peck or measure there is a risk that the apple may be wormy or otherwise de- fective. Probably our best and most carefully .selected fruit is exported, and the grower may be satisfied with the export market, and be comparatively little concerned aliout the market at home. But there is no use in blaming the ultimate consumer for not buying that which is so seldom offered. Any fruit dealer who chooses to make a specialty of the native product will speedily find plenty of customers. — Toronto Globe. excellent and the prices are reasonable, as the purchasers will admit. For local consumption local growers do not pack the fruit as for trans- portation, and so the high-colored, carefully- packed fruit from the Pacific coast does look more attractive. The knowing housewife buys, however, not for the wrapping and skin, but the fruit inside, and so the Ontario apple, local dealers declare, still holds premier place in the eyes of the local fruit-buying public. — Hamilton Spectator. In November issue, mention was made of sweet potatoes having been grown the past season at Stoney Creek by Sanford Carpenter. Sweet potatoes were grown last year also at Welland. George B. McClellan. manager of the Industrial Home there, tried the experiment and had considerable success. The Canadian Horticulturist would like to hear from others in the Niagara peninsula or elsewhere in Ontario or east who have tried sweet potatoes with or without success. Apples in Hamilton FRUIT growers, not only in the Niagara peninsula, but throughout the continent, have been financially handicapped from a depression of the market and crops which amounted to so much over the normal supply that there is a glut. British Columbia apples, of which much has been written of late, are being sold locally (Hamilton), but the prices the growers are getting arc very low, $1 and $1.25 per box being considered good for the best quality. Ontario apples are also being sold in large quantities in the local shops. The quality is Elmwood Terrace Gladioli Consistent pnze winners in the Am. Glad. Society and the new England Soc. Fine stock, trtic to name. Write for complete fist including latest novelties. A large surplus of the following at bargain prices, 1st size. Dor. Chicago White .35 Crira. Glow 1.75 Golden King 50 Gretchen Zang. .75 Halley 35 Herada 1.00 Ida Van 35 Mrs. W. E. Tty- er 60 Mrs. Dr. Nor- ton 2.00 Mrs. Watt 75 PinkPerf 1.00 Schwaben 60 Techla (Prim) .. .75 100 2.00 10.00 3.00 5.00 2.00 7.00 2.00 4.00 14.00 5.00 7.00 3.50 5.00 Wilbrink Mix. finest va- rieties Mixed Prims Kimderd's Mix- ed Prims Eunderd's Mar Foch Scarlet Princ- eps Alice Tiplady .. Albion 14nton My^ Topar .- Doz. 100 .60 4.00 .50 .35 3.50 2.50 .60 4.00 4.50 30.00 1.50 10.00 1.50 10.00 1.50 10.00 1.75 15.00 2.50 17.00 1.50 10.00 Get your stock for the big exhibit at Guelph next year and be a prize winner. MARGARET BREARD HAWKS BENNINGTON. VERMONT, U.S.A. g Paid For Itself Wffnmo&tl In No Time By Improving The Crops I isnt a SPRAMOTOR unless we- made il The farmer who has fruit — should have a Spramotor. Sprayed fruit brings real profit. The Spramotor carries the chemical to every crevice and over every leaif. Use the Spramotor for painting and whitewashing. Write for catalogue and guide to spraying. Spramotor Company 14 KING STREET LONDON ONTARIO December, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 245 Canada at Imperial Show LAST month in this magazine the Canadian winnings in the Overseas section of the Imperial Fruit Show, London, England. Oct. 27 to Nov. 4, were reported by provinces. Following are names of winners in detail. In the case of Ontario, the entries were made in the name of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa- tion, but grown and packed in the orchards of the growers here given : . Wealthy— I, W. L. Hamilton, CoUingwood; 2, Harry Ryrie, Oakville; 3, Quebec Pomological Society. Snow — i, Hamilton; 2, Fred Schuy- ler, Simcoe; 3, W. J. Littlejohn, Erickson. B.C. Mcintosh— I, Hamilton; 2, W. F. W. Fisher and Sons, Burlington; 3, J. Elliott Smith, Wolf- ville, N.S. King— I, H. C. Breckon, Bronte; 2, Breckon; 3, F. A. Parker, Berwick, N.S. Golden Russet— i, J. F. Osborne, Newcastle; 2, Hamilton; 3, Elliott Smith. Spy — i, Fisher and Sons; 2, P. W. Hodgetts, Clarkson; 3. Parker. Blenheim — i, Breckon; 2, Breckon; 3, no award. Jonathan — i, W. N. Langell, Point Pelee; 2 and 3, no award. Cox's Orange Pippin— I, Robert Stark, Creston, B.C.; 2, Ber- wick Fruit Co., Ltd.. Berwick, N.S.; 3, J. C. Smith, Burlington. Spitzenburg^i, Occidental Fruit Co., Ltd., Kelowna, B.C.; 2, Smith Bros., Bronte; 3. no award. Greening — i, Breckon; 2, Smitk Bros.; 3, Berwick Fruit Co. Newtown Pippin- 1, C. W. Challand, Simcoe; 2 and 3, no awards. Stark— i, W. H. Gibson, New- castle; 2, Parker; 3, no award. Any Other Variety— I, Stark; 2, Parker; 3, Littlejohn. Best Ontario Exhibit— Breckon (King). Best Nora Scotia Exhibit — Parker (Gravenstein). Best British Columbia Exhibit— Stark (Cox Orange). Northard Prize— Parker. Pears, any rariety, six half-boxes- 1. Stark; 2 and 3, no awards. ^ Cooperation in Essex SSEX County, which is the most southern part of Canada, has proved to the remain- ing part of the country that, by a proper system of cooperation, the various industries may be developed on a much larger scale, and also on a much more profitable basis, says the Mail and Empire (Toronto). About nine years ago the growers of garden produce de- pended on selling only on the local markets, whereas to-day onions and tomatoes from Essex are shipped to all parts of Canada and the United States through the Erie Co-operative Co. and sales agents are stationed at Halifax, Montreal, St. John, Toronto, Winnipeg, Regina, Calgary and Detroit. In forming the Erie Co-operative Co., each member was required to buy one SI 00 share, for which he pays $25 down. From the sales of the crop 1 0 per cent, of the gross sum is deducted, and this funrl supplies the necessary amount for current expenses, and at the close of the year if there is a balance it is paid to the members. A dividend of eight per cent, is paid on the stock lach year, and the balance is divided according to the business transacted through the company. This company has a membership of about 400 growers and handles 95 per cent, of the crop of Southern Essex. The district of Leamington has a world-wide reputation for early tomatoes and these are on the market from early July until late in the autumn. During the main part of the season about 12,000 baskets are shipped daily, and the Pelee district supplies the country annually with about 150,000 bags of onions. The various markets are studied daily and the good prices realized by the growers through the company are due to distribution to markets not glutted, and not to any holding-up method. One aim of the Erie Company is to maintain a high standard of quality, and in order to do this each member is required to mark each basket with his stamp. If any complaints are filed, the grower is the responsible party. competitors, and added to these trophies, several plate awards. Miss Chase whose home is at Greenwich, has proved by her recent achieve- ment, that well-taught theory is a fine step on the road to successful practice. — Berwick (N.S.) Register. Miss S. I. Chase, B.S.A., the first woman to graduate from the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, has been winning laurels for herself and her college, by carrying off the first prize at the Annapolis, Kings and Hants Co. annual exhibition. This champion woman fruit farmer did not win her honors lightly, as there were eight competitors in the field and the quality of the fruit shown was very high, special mention being made of the beauty of color in display. Miss Chase did not stop at one prize, for in the best five-plate collection contest she again captured first prize among a large number of Capitol View Gladioli Gardens FRED. W. BAUMGRAS, Prop. Gladioli Grower, Wholatale and Retail 423 Pearl St., Lansing, Mich., U.S.A. Mailing List on Request ROSES Finest stock. 70 varieties, 12 for $3.00; 50, $9.00; 100, »15.00. GLADIOLI In 40 varieties; top size, $4.00; 1st size, 13.00; 2Dd size, $2.25; flowering size, $1.50 per 100. Delivery F.O.B. Montreal; cash with order. LUae. HIANGELO NURSERIES HoIUnd VAN GINHOVEN & CO. 32 Pearl Street New York. N.Y. BULBS— Your address for Holland-grown Hya- cinths, Tulips, Crocus, Gladioli. Iris, Paeonies and all miscellaneous bulbs and roots. Please write for illustrated catalogue. USE Rex Lime Sulphur Solution AND GET RESULTS CANADIAN REX SPRAY COMPANY Limited BRIGHTON ONTARIO Rex la the larteat spray buatneaa In the world. We Solicit Your Consignment Send for Shipping Stamp Fruit and Vegetables Solicited WE GET BEST PRICES OUR facilities enalile us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vcget- alilcs or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto Market, we have established liranch warehouses, with competent men in charge, at Sudbury, North Bay, Col)alt and Timmins. In time of congestion on the Toronto market wc have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. Branch Warehouses t Sodbory, North Bay, G>balt and Timmins. Peters, Duncan Limited 88 Front St. East, Toronto Refcrcncest The Bank of Nova Scotia, King and Victoria Branch, and Commercial Agen- cies. 246 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Edition FOR SALE and WANT ADS AdvcrtiKmcnts In this department inserted at the rate of 5 cents per word. Each word, initial or group of figures counts as one word. Minimum 50 cents cash, strictly in advance. REAL ESTATE $5000.00 DOWN BUYS BEAUTIFXJL FRUIT FARM— Twenty-five acres planted; fine buildings; conveniences; Apply to Calder & Hazlewood, Niagara Peninsula Farm Agents, Grimsby, Ont. SEEDS, BULBS, PLANTS BULBS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS— Now at disposal at our New York warehouse, 1 10 Duane St. Also specially treated Hyacinths and Narcissus for early forcing as well as French bulbs. Our prices will Vc interesting and gladly given on application. — C. Keur & Sons, Hillcgom, Holland, New York mail address, 5625 Mosholu Ave. GLADIOLI— America, Baron Hulot, Glory of Holland, Princcps, Prince of Wales, Schwaben, Le Marcchal Foch, Udy, Louise, Miss Edith Cavell, Catherine, Peace. Post card for prices. H. Attridge, Gladiolus Specialist, Route 7, London, Ont. Winner of 15 firsts.four seconds, Ontario Gladiolus Show. St. Thomas, 1922. RARE ALPINE 1922 SEEDS- -From one of the largest collections m Britain. Lists free. Sample packet 1 2 vaiieties. 3/6. Rev. I. K. Anderson Glenn Hall. Leicester. England. Felan's Gladiolus Farm Oakville, Ontario FOR SALE Gladiolus Bulbs, Planting Stock, Bulb- lets. Write for Price List. GLADIOLI THE MASSASOrr GARDENS North Attleboroagh, Mass., U.S.A. Offers Choice Bulbs and Planting Stock of standard and new varieties, at most reasonable prices. Send for Price List. We are never undersold. PLAYTHINGS This is the term one of our customers applies to Gladiolus Bulblets. He writes: " I wish to buy several dozen playthings (bulblets) for my garden next year." It occurs to us that a few Canadian enthusiasts might like to play with a few bulblets of some of the newer varieties. Grow them for two years and you'll have Cowering sizes. Bulblets of Anna Eberius, 25c dox.; Byron L. SmHh« 25c doz.j Carmen Sylva, 25c doi.i E. J. Shaylor. 20c dM.i Fern Kyle. $3.00 each; Flora, 20c doz.; Golden Measare, $1.50 doz.t Louise, 40c doz.; Marie Kunderd, 50c each; Prince of India, 30c doz,; MarechalFoch (K), 50c doz.; Violet Glory, 40c doz.; Wm- Kent, $1.00 each. Send for otir New Catalogue. CHAS. B. RAFFAUF Independence, Iowa. FREE Dorothy HcKibbin My New 32-page Gladiolus Catalogue Illustrated in colors, giving descriptions of the choicest varieties and special offers on early orders. Don't fail to get this fine book before placing your order. Write today. JOHN H. McKIBBIN 1309 Division Street Goshen, Indiana Box Apple Awards at Royal WINNERS in hoxcd npolcs at the Royal Winter Fair were as follows. Crowded space demands ab- breviation as much as possible but full name and address is given for each winner the first time the name """single box: Baldwin— 1, C. R. Terry, Clarkson, Ont.; 2, H, C. Breckon, Mronte, Onf.; 3, P. A Fisher Burlmg- ton, Ont.; 4, R. R Sloan. BayBeld. Ont.; 5, W. L. Smith, Bronte, Ont. Delicious— 1. G. M. Stat^ey, Glaimore, B C; 2, R. Stewart, Kelowna, B.C.; i. li. Dart, E. Kelow- na, B.d.; 4, R. Smith, E. Kelowna, B C; 5, J. E. Young, E. Kelowna, B.C. Fameuse— I, Woodlands Orchards. Ud , Bronte, Out.; 2, W. L. Hamilton, Collmgwood. Ont.; 3, New Brunswick Fruit Growers' Association, Fredenc- ton; 4, E. Howell, St. George. Ont ; 5, Ureckon Golden Russct-1, N. B. F. G. A.; 2, M. Blackburn, Collmgwood, Ont.; 3, HamUton; 4, F. J. Watson, Port Credit, Ont ,5 Breckon. R. I. Grecning-1, W. L. Smith, ; 2, Br«kon, 3, Colin Smith, Bronte, Ont.; 4, HamUton; 5 Terry. Jonathan- 1 ,W.N. Langell, Point Pclec, Ont.; 2,Coldstream Ranch, Vernon, B.C.; 3, Okanagan United Growers, Ltd., Veinon, B. C, 4,Thos.Bulman, Kelowna.B.C. King — 1, Breckon; 2. Terry;3. M.W. Fisher, Freeman, Ont.; 4, W. L>. Hobson, Kelowna, B.C.; 5, Bulman. Mcintosh— l.WL. Smith; 2, M. W. Fisher; 3, Colin hmith 4, P. A. Fisher, 5, Hamilton. Newtown, Yellow— 1, O. UG.; 2 Dart, 3, Hobson; 4, R. Smith; 5, Bulman. Ribston—1 Hamil- ton; 2, W. L. Smith; 3, Colin Smith; 4, Blackburn; 5, Breckon. Scarlet Pippin— 1, W. B. Oilman, Frcdeticton, N B • 2 N B. F. G. A.; 3, Breckon. Spitzenburg- 1. K. Smith; 2, W. T. Barber, Rutland, B C ; 3. Hobson; 4. J. E. Reekie, Kelowna, B.C.; 5, Dart. Spy— 1, M.W Fish- er; 2, Woodlands Orchards; 3, P. A. Fisher; 4, P. W. Hodgetts, Clarkson. Ont.; 5, Hamilton. Tolman— 1. Watson; 2, Hamilton; 3, Colin Smith; 4, W. L. Smith; 5, Te,ry, Wagener— 1, W. C. Spencer, Kelowna, B.C.; 2, Hobson; 3. 6. U. G.; 4, Stewart; 5, Young Wealthy— 1. Hamilton; 2, Breckon; 3, Blackburn; 4, Howell; 5, Oil- man. Winesap— 1, O. U. G.; 2, Spencer; 3, SUoley; 4, R. Smith; 5, Dart, , , ,. t, i- • ... i Standard Wintei Vaiicties, 5 boxes each: Delicious— 1. Young; 2, R. Smith; 3, O. U. G; 4, Dart. Fameuse---1 Hamilton; 2, Blackburn; 3, Breckon; 4 M. W^ Fisher. Jonathan-l, Coldstream; 2, O. U. G.; 3. Mutual Fruit Co Vernon B C; 4, Barber. Mcintosh— 1, Colm Smith; 2 Hamilton; 3, Watson; 4, W. L. Smith. Rome Beauty— 1 , Coldstream; 2, Bulman; 3, Hobson; 4 O.U. G. Spitien- burg— 1, R. Smith; 2, Young; 3, T. L. Gillespie E. Ke- lowna, B.C.; 4, Mutual Fruit. Winesap— I, Dart; 2, Stewart; 3, Bulman; 4, Spencer. Newtown— 1, O. U. (->.; 2, Spencer; 3, Hobson; 4, R. Smith. „ , . • Standard Winter Varieties, 10 boxes each: Baldwin— 1, Breckon; 2, W. L. Smith; 3, M. W. Fishei ; 4, Colin Smith. Greening— 1, Colin Smith; 2, W. L. Smith; 3, Breckon; 4, M. W. Fisher. Jonathan— 1, Langell; 2, O. U G King— I, Breckon; 2, W. L. Smith; 3. Colin Smith Mcintosh— 1, W. L. Smith; 2, Colin Smith; 3, M. W. Fisher; 4, P. A. Fisher. Soitzenburg- 1 , Stanley; 2, Young; 3, Spencer; 4, R. Smith. Spy— 1, Woodlands Orchards; 2, Coldstream; 3. Hamilton; 4 Harry Scott. Thedford, Ont. Wagener— 1, A. E. I.atta, Kelowna^ B.C.; 2 Barber; 3, Hamilton; 4, Blackburn. Winter Banana — 1 Stanley; 2, Latta; 3, Stewart; 4 R, Smith. New- town—1, O. U. G.; 2, Spencer; 3, Young; 4, Barbel. Standard Winter Varieties. 20 boxes each: Baldwin— 1 P A Fisher- 2 W L. Smith: 3, Colin Smith; 4, M. W. Fisher. Delicious— 1, Spence.-; 2, Stewart; 3, Dart; 4, R. Smith. Greening— 1, W. L. Smith; 2, Colin Smith; 3, Watson. Grimes Golden— 1, Coldstream; 2, Hobson; 3 Latta; 4, Bulman. Jonathan— 1, Langell; 2 Mutual Fruit 3 O U. G. Mcintosh— I, Watson; 2, W. L. Smith; 3, Colin Smith; 4, M. W. Fisher. Spy— 1, P. A. Fisher; 2, Watson; 3, Colin Smith; 4, Latta. . 100 boxes, not more than two varieties — 1, Colin Smitn, with Mcintosh; 2, Hobson, with .Spitzenhurg and New- town- 3 W L. Smith, with Mcintosh. Sweepstakes for best single box of any variety— R. Smith, of B. C. Grow- ers. Ltd , with Spitzenbuig. „,„.,. -> Bushel Hampers: Mcintosh— 1, M. W. Fisher; Z, Watson; 3, Colin Smith; 4, W. L. .Smith; 5 P. A. Fishet. Wealthy— 1. Wat.son; 2. Colin Smith; 3, W. L. Smith, 4, J B. Guthrey, Port Credit, Ont.; 5, P. A. Fisher King— 1 P A Fisher 2 W. L. Smith; 3, Breckon; 4, Colin Smith. Spy— r, P. a' Fisher; 2, M. W. Fisher; 3, Watson; 4, Hodgetts; 5, Colin Smith. Apples on Plates — Awards AWARDS in apples on plates, including dessert varie- ties, cooking varieties, standard winter vaiieties and specimen apples, weie as follows: Dessert Varieties, plates of 5: Fameuse — I, Watson; 2, Hamilton; 3, M. W. Fisher; 4, Howell; 5, B.eckon. Golden Russet — 1, Owen Geiger, Hensall, Ont.; 2, Wat- son; 3, Colin .Smith; 4. W. L Smith; 5, Breckon. Graven- stein— 1 Howell; 2, P. A. Fisher; 3, Homing Bros., Water- down Ont.; 4, M. W. Fisher; 5, Watson. Mcintosh— 1, Watson; 2, O. U. G.; 3. N. B. F. G. A.; 4, R A. Fisher; S W. L. Smith. Scarlet Pippin— 1, N. B. F. G. A ; 2, Oilman- 3, R.D. Hubtard, Oromocto, N.B.; 4, Bieckon. Spy—!, Colin Smith; 2, Sloan; 3, M. W. Fisher; 4, St. Joiin Valley Nurseries, Oromocto, N.B. Wealthy — 1, Woodlands Olcha.ds; 2, Watson; 3, Hamilton; 4, M. W. Fishei ; 5, Howell. , xt « t? Cooking Varieties, plates of 5: Alexander— 1, N. B. f . G A ; 2, Oilman- 3, St. John Valley Nurseries; 4, Watson; :i Guthrey. Baldwin— 1, Sloan; 2, Breckon; 3, Watson; 4, Colin Smith: S, P. A. Fisher. Blenheim— 1, Watson; 2 H C Breckon; 3 Gordon Breckon, Bionte, Ont; 4. W. L. Smith; 5, Colin Smith. Cayuga— 1, Colin Smith; 2, W L Smith; 3, H. C. Breckon ; 4, Gordon Breckon; 5, Gulh.ev. Greening— 1, W. L. Smith; 2, Watson; 3, Colin Smith; 4, H. C. Breckon; 5, M. W. Fisher. King— 1 H. C. Breckon; 2, P. A. Fisher; 3, Watson: 4. Gordon Breckon; 5, Howell. Ribston—1. Colin Smith; 2, W. L. Smith; 3, P. A Fisher: 4, Watson, 5, Blackburn. .Spy— I Scott; 2, Watson; 3. Coldstream Ranch; 4, N. B. F. G. A. Standard Winter Vaiieties 10 plates of 5 specimens each: Baldwin— I, Breckon; 2, M. W. Fisher; 3, A. H. Davidson, BurUngton, Ont.; 4, W. L. Smith; 5, Watson. Ben Davis— 1, P A. Fisher; 2, M. W. Fishei; 3. Sloan; 4. Virgil Hopkins, Burlington, Ont.; 5, Davidson. Fameuse — 1, Watson; 2, P. A. Fisher; 3, M. W. Fishei ; 4, Howell; 5, H. C. Bieckon. Greening— 1, W. L, Smith; 2, Colin Smith; 3, Watson; 4, H. C. Breckon; 5, Gordon Breckon. King— 1, H. C. Breckon; 2, Watson; 3, Colin Smith. Mc- Intosh- 1, O. U. G.; 2, Watson; 3, N. B. F. G. A.; 4, P. A. Fisher; 5, M. W. Fisher. Ribston—1, Colin Smith; 2, P. A. Fisher; 3, Watson; 4, M. W. Fisher. Spy— I, Wat- son; 2, P. A. Fisher; 3, Colin Smith; 4, Sloan; 5, Hodgetts. Stark— 1, M. W. Fisher, 2, P. A. Fisher; 3, Colin Smith; 4 Davidson: 5, W. L. Smith. Wolf River— 1, N. B. F. G. A.; 2, St. John Valley Nuiseries; 3, Gilman; 4, W. L. Smith; 5, Guthrey. Single Specimen Apples; Baldwin— 1, Watson; 2, M. W. Fisher; 3, H. C. Breckon. Fameuse— I , Watson; 2, Indell Wadell, Hcmmingford, Que; 3, Howell. Greening — 1, Colin Smith; 2, W. L. Smith; 3, Hodgetts. King— 1 , Watson; 2, H. C. Breckon; 3, Colin Smith. .Spy— 1, M. W Fisher; 2, Hamilton; 3, Scott. Wealthy— 1, Wood- lands Oichaids; 2, Hamilton; 3, Watson. Mcintosh— 1, Coldstream Ranch; 2, Watson; 3, HamUton. Awards in Pears THE winners in pears, including plates and baskets, were as follows. With the exception of one from British Columbia, all the winners came from Ontario: Plates of 5: Anjou — !. Robt. F. Cameron, St. Cathar- ines; 2, H. C. Breckon; 3, Homing Bros. Bosc — 1, ^f*k- on- 2, P. A. Fisher; 3, Cameron. Clairgeau — 1, F. G. Stewart, St. Catharines; 2, Cameron; 3, Bieckon. Duchess — 1 Camefon; 2, Breckon; 3, Colin Smith. Kieffei — 1, Cameron; 2, P. A. Fisher; 3, M. W. Fisher. Lawrence— 1, Breckon; 2, M. W. Fisher; 3, P. A. Fisher. Winter Nehs — 1, M. W. Fisher; 2, Hopkins; 3, Davidson. Ten plates of 5 each; Anjou— 1 , O. U. G., Vemon. B C; 2 Bieckon; 3, Watson. Duchess— 1, Cameron; 2, Breck on Kieffer— 1, Cameron; 2, P. A. Fisher; 3, Colin Sdtitb. Lawrence— 1, Breckon; 2, P. A. Fisher; 3, Camel on. Eleven-quart baskets: Anjou— 1, Breckon: 2, Cameron; 3 Watiton. Duchess— 1, P. A. Fisher; 2, Cameron, KiefTcr- 1, M W. Fisher: 2, Cameron; 3, P. A. Fusher. Lawrence— 1, Breckon; 2, Homing Bros.; 3, P. A. Fisher. Dutch Roses and Glads. FOR SPRING IMPORTATION, 1923 Case lots of 425 Choice Roses, $120.00, carriage paid. Parcel lots at $15.00 and $10.00. Other choices. Case lots of 3,000 Glads., $100.00; 2,000 at $70.00; 1,000 at $40.00. Carriage paid. Parcel lots at $10.00 and $7.00. Other choices. Ask our Canadian ofiBce for Catalogue. VAN'T HOF & BLOKKER 430 Bruns-wick Ave., Toronto, Ontario. Here's Your Opportunity We want representatives to take sub- scriptions to The Canadian Horticulturist, on a good commission basis, in ONTARIO Fruit and Market Gardening Districts, especially in the Niagara Peninsula, Essex County, etc. Territory especially open for allotment; Toronto to Hamilton Hamilton to Stoney Creek Stoney Creek to Winona --, Winona to Beamsville Beamsville to Jordan Vicinity of St. Catharines Niagara-on-Lake to Niagara Falls QUEBEC AND NOVA SCOTIA Fruit Districts Especially Only those who can supply the best of references considered, -^pply today. Address Circulation Manager. The Canadian Horticulturist Peterboro, Ontario December, 1922 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 247 r Graded and Culled A POTATO weighing exactly a pound and a half was produced the past season in the back yard garden of Elmer Misener, Wel- land, Ont. It was a Rural New Yorker. Who in Ontario or east can beat that for weight of a potato of any variety? What is claimed to be a world's record in potato growing is reported from Ilkerton, Ont. In the presence of a large numljcr of people, a farmer named F. Peel, weighed potatoes totalling Sli pounds si.x ovmces, all of which was produced from one pound of seed. At a growers' meeting at Fonthill, early in November, Frank Lowrey, of St. David's, said that the Elberta peach, while good for long- distance shipping, was the poorest yellow- flcshed freestone peach grown, and the poorest for canning purposes. He recommended St. John, Lincoln, Fitzgerald and J. H. Hale. According to latest reports from the United States, the apple crop over there generally has moved slowly due to low prices. /'Commercial orchards nearly everywhere produced well with quality good. Some damage by freezing is re- ported from New England. In the middle west the agricultural crop is going mostly into cider or being wasted. A large portion of the commercial crop is going into storage. All available storage space is reported filled in the northwestern states. According to a press despatch from Three Rivers, Mich., dated Nov. 2i, $50,000 for a single strawberry plant was paid that day by Frank B. Beatty, president of the R. M. Kel- logg Co. The price is the highest ever paid for a strawberry plant, and the purchaser believes that the plant will revolutionize the strawberry industry. The variety is to be known as "Rockhill," in honor of its originator, Harlow Rockhill, of Conrad, Iowa. The plant bears in early summer and repeats again in late summer with continual bearing until frost comes. Besides peaches. South Africa ships pears and plums to England and lands them there in good' condition. About Christinas last year, early varieties of plums sold on the London market in trays up to ;C3 per bushel. A carload of Concord grapes was shipped to Vancouver, B.C., in October, by the Niagara District Grape Growers, Ltd., St. Catharines. It was said to be the first Ontario grape car to reach Vancouver in 12 years. The fruit was well iced in transit and arrived in excellent condition. A Vancouver paper reported that the grapes were far superior to Washington Concords that were arriving about the same time. There were from two to three pounds more grapes in each basket than in the Wash- ington package. The grapes sold mostly at 80 cents and the demand was keen. CENTRAL NURSERIES Before placing your order for anything in our line, get our free priced catalogue. We have no agents, but thousands of well satisfied customers. Write today. St. Catharines, A. G. HULL & SONS Ontario PERRY'S SEEDS A!piae and perennials unique collections t many new varieties unobtainable from any other source. Hardy and adapted lor Canadian climate HARDY PLANT FARM, ENFIELD, ENGLAND MORGANS SUPPLY HOUSE CATALOGUES POULTRV EXHIWnOM flU^njCS KMLT^V >HO STOCK ■tNO aUPFUES AMD CAM^ItlES j "™= .•-" RABOrT SUPfMJKS ^ SCEDS AND FEnnUZERS SPnina AND PALL BULB3 NURSERT STOCK THE LARCeST MOST COMPt^ETC E^ PPLY HOUSEl m TH« WORLO KELWAY LANGPORT ENGLAND Headquarters for DELPHINIUMS, PAEONIES, GLADIOLI. 'HtBESTMA"^ FOSTERS Standard POT ' We have a large stock of all sizes FLOWER POTS FERN OR BULB PANS Order* Filled Promptly AZALEA POTS and Rimless Pans Send for Prices THE FOSTER POTTERY CO., Ltd. HAMILTON, ONT. A SUGGESTION FOR CHRISTMAS Every Fruitgrower and Gardener (amateur or commercial) appreciates a magazine that will give him or her practical suggestions and in- formation on growing Fruits, Vegetables and Flowers. , Send your friends a year's subscription to THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Look over the following SPECIAL LOW-PRICED CHRISTMAS OFFERS FRUIT EDITION — For Commercial Fruit Growers and Market Gardeners — Two one-year subscriptions, new for only $1 .00. Regular price is $1 .00 per year each. FLORAL EDITION — For Amateur Gardeners — Three one-year subscriptions, new, for only $1.00. Regular price 60c per year each. Fill in attached coupon and forward. A Christmas card bearing your greetings will be sent telling them about your gift. THE HORTICULTURAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, Peterboro, Ontario Please send THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST to each of the following friends for one year, commencing with the Christmas Number. Herewith is $1.00 to pay for the same. Specify which edition. Full Name Address Name of Donor AddriKi. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, PETERBORO, ONT. 248 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Floral Editico Spraying Pays Every Year Hardie agents have been es- tablished in every fruit-growing section of Canada. These agents carry a full line of repairs and supplies and give a service no other company can offer you. WHETHER the fruit crop is big or little, it pays big profits only to the grow- ers who have taken care of their trees — who have sprayed systematically and assured themselves a crop commanding highest market prices. Growers like Mr. Jasper earn a profit every year because they protect their trees. A light-running, heavy-duty, high-pressure HARDIE SPRAYER keeps their trees in condition. Always effective, always low in operating and upkeep costs, it always works at a profit. HARDIE POWER SPRAYERS have the simplest, easiest-running pumps ever built. Every working part is easily accessible and the whole can be kept in working condition with very slight attention. The base of the pump, containing the valves and plunger cylinders, is cast separate from the bed and can be easDy replaced. This is the part containing the waterways and is the only part that could be broken by freezing if you should neglect to open the drain cocks. HARDIE PUMPS run so easily that they can be rotated by hand and will continue to run after the hand is removed. There is a HARDIE for every spraying need, plete Hne. Get our catalogue of the com- HARDIE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Manufacturers of Hand and Power Sprayers PETROLIA, ONTARIO