mM^mmmm^Mm^mMm \m^W^^: ^•i*\*1*\t^* : •i Mulcning for ituoi PiOLecLion. . . .w», 148 Preparing ijanu lor z3y, iit)9 Orchids oo Palms 109, i / o Park Making and jianagement 190 Peaches — A Terraced Orchard 238 (jrum on Trees lb, a3 In iNiagara Ton nsnip 2ito Un Plum lioots oo Transplanting 5( V arieiies of l-iU, May V\ inter Injury ly/ Perennials — Best Varieties . 266 Peonies 7, 124, 149, li i, iy-i, 2i6 Phlox 265 Pyrethrums 83 Transplanting bS Violets 240 Plant Breeding 121, i68 Trees Plants- Cellar Wintered 107 Medicinal 131 Tub b Plums — In Nova Scotia 146 Pollenizing Blossoms lyy Poultry Notes.. 71, 117, 139, 312, 259, 283 Primulas 59 Prince Edward Island — Apple Growing on 165, 175 Cabbages on 173 Varieties for 49 Provincial Notes — Alberta 157 180 British Columbia 48, 68, 91, 110,' 119, 136, 180, 204, 208, 229, 250, 282 Manitoba 92, 135, 156, 179, 230 Montreal 48, 69, 93, 119, 137, 208.231 New Brunswick.... 110, 156, 177, 206, 232 Nova Scotia.. 20, 47, 70, 93, 110, 138, 156, 178, 207, 232, 251, 253, 282 Prince Edward Island 233, 250 Quebec 156 179, 232 Saskatchewan 136, 137, 204, 230 Winnipeg 70. 205, 230 Quebec — Apple Growing in 215 Varieties for .49, 187, 211 Queen Victoria Park 17, 63, 86, 94, 194, 195 Raspberries 74, 166, 272 Roses — Culture of 104 In Northern Ontario 107 Protection of 241 Saskatchewan — Growing Squash in 221 Strawberries in 238 Trees and Shrubs for 54 V^arieties for 74 Shrubs — Best Hardy 56, 266 Daphne Cneorum 149 Lavender 197 Propagation of 149 Slugs and Millipedes 150 Small Fruits, Irrigation for 9, 36, 57 Smith, A. M., Presentation to 272 Spraying- Apple Orchard Notes on Strawberries . . . 39 87 26 Strawberries- Culture of 93, 97, 238, 239 Fertilizers for 28 For Canning 65, 166 In Orchards 37 Naming New 11, 28, 72, 84 Over-planting of 262 Spraying 26 Varieties of 273 Low-heading 27, 59 Planting 59, 269 Poplars 239 Proijagation 64 Pruning 39, 73, 99, 122 Root-killing 56 Young vs. Old 3 Tub Plants b Vegetables — Asparagus 59, 82, 106, 153, 195 Beans 106, 131 Cabbages 173, 268 Cauliflower 268 Celery 37, 59, 152 Cucumbers 105 Fertilizers for 105, 130 Insects on 10, 37, 152, 153, 196, 268 Irrigation for 9, 36, 57 Lettuce 37, 245 Melons 134 Mulching 173 Onions 105 Potatoes 35, 83, 196 Spinach 106 Peas 35 Squash 221 Tomatoes 35, 59, 106, 245, 268 Wild Flowers 102, 150 Window Boxes and Hanging Baskets. . 29, 52, 76 Window Gardens 169, 244 Winter Effect, Planting for.. 31, 53, 78, 216, 241 Winter Injiirv and Protection. .197, 213, 237, 238, 241 Wonderberry 148 Yucca 131 The Canadian Horticultun^ Vol. XXXII JANUARY, 1909 No. The Western Provinces as an Outlet for Ontario Fruit' J. W. Crow, Ontario Agricultural College, Guclph" ACCURATE or even approximate- ly correct figures on the quanti- ties of fruit shipped to the western provinces year by year are difficult to obtain. Transportation companies and shippers are in possession of the only sources of information on matters of this kind, and these are not often open to public inspection. I am indebted to Mr. Charles F. Roland, Development and Industrial Commissioner for the City of Winnipeg, for the following estimate of the total quantities of fruit received in that city from all points during 1907. Fruit from Ontario and from the central United States is usually distributed throughout the prairie provinces from Winnipeg, and is included in this estimate. These figures do not include, however, large quantities which enter these provinces from British Columbia,, Washington, Idaho, Oregon and California, and which are distributed from Regina, Brandon and other points west of Winnipeg. "Fruit received in Winnipeg in car lots from all points during 1907 : 48 cars of strawberries, 430 cars of tomatoes, 680 cars of peaches, pears and small fruits other than strawberries, over 60b cars of oranges, and upwards of 1,000 cars of apples. Large as these receipts may appear, one can judge that the re- ceipts will be even double in a very few years, as the population of Winnipeg has grown from 67,000 in 190410 118,- 250 in 1908. I am informed that over .seventy per cent, of these receipts was consumed locally." IMPORTS TO WINNIPEG The proportions of fruit received from different points and handled in Winni- peg, are estimated by the McNaughton Fruit and Produce Exchange as follows : California, Oregon and other north-west- ern states, fifty per cent. ; Ontario, thirty-five per cent. ; British Columbia, fifteen per cent. Mr. A. Mallinson, who has this season bought very largely in Ontario for west- ern firms, estimates the total quantities of fruit shipped to the west from On- tario this year as follows: "83,500 bar- •An address delivered at the convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association held last November. rels of apples, including a few boxes, es- timated at three boxes per barrel ; 220 car loads of grapes, estirnating 2,400 six- quart baskets as one car load ; 73 car loads of tomatoes, pears and canta- loupes. Included in the last item would, in some cases, be a few baskets of plums. -A few peaches went for%Yard also." SHIPMENTS HAVE INCREASED Mr. A. Gifford informs me that fully twenty per cent, can be added to the above estimate of total shipments. Mr. Mallinson states further that shipments of fruit from Ontario to Winnipeg have increased fifty per cent, during the last five years, and fully 100 per cent, in the last ten years. From a communication received from Mr. A. McNeill, Chief of the Fruit Divis- Thc Most Practical I am much pleased with The Canadian Horticulturist. I think that it is the most practical paper of the kind printed. Being a fruit- grower and also an inspector of orchards for the British Columbia Government, I take several fruit papers, but The Canadian Hor- ticulturist is the best of all. — J. A. Coatham, New Westminster Co., B. C. ion, Ottawa, I quote the following : "With reference to the apple trade of 1907, the North-west Transportation Co. handled 100,253 barrels ; the C. P. R. handled 18,720 barrels; other boats handled about 10,000 barrels; a total of 128,973 barrels; the G. T. R. and Amer- ican lines, not known, probably half the C. P. R." ONTARIO FRUIT IN WEST These figures show that a large and growing market for fruit exists in the prairie provinces. They show also that large quantities of fruit are annually be- ing marketed there. They fail to show, however, anything regarding the kind or quality of fruit most in demand in that market, and on this point a great many westerners have most decided opin- ions. The writer had the pleasure(?) of interviewing large numbers of people at Winnipeg Fair this year regarding On- tario fruit methods. The opinions ob- tained regarding the grading and brand- ing would have delighted the heart of a British Columbia or Oregon shipper, but they surely operated to humble an On- tarian's pride in the quality of our goods and in the honesty of certain of our citi- zens. A very large number of western people know from experience on the old homestead in Ontario, of the quality of fruit pro- duced here. They will tell you emphati- cally, however, that since residing in the west they have too often been unable to secure value for money invested in fruit from the home province. They will tell you that in order to get what they pay for, they are compelled to purchase the honestly marked and attractive pack- ages from British Columbia, Oregon and other western points. This condition of affairs, it must be admitted, is not uni- versal, but it is far too common. It is unfortunate that we have in Ontario careless, ignorant, or dishonest growers and shippers, as our hitherto enviable reputation has suffered severely at their hands. a western handicap One hears, too, of wilful unscrupulous- ness at the other end of the line and it must be said in fairness to Ontario men that not all of the fault lies at the latter's door. In some cases, if we can believe all one hears, western receivers have en- couraged misbranding of goods by such advice as this: "Send on your No. is if you have any; if you have none, send on your No. 2S, and either change the brand yourself or leave it to us to make No. I stock out of it." This is not in- tended as an arraignment of all fruit shippers and handlers and the honest men in the business (fortunately they are in the majority) will not take it as such. There can be no good reason, however, for trying to hide the real state of affairs and one learns with pleasure of a very radical change which has taken place this season in the methods of transacting business. (Continued on Page J&) Fungous Diseases of Ontario Orchards: Pear Blight M. B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge, Investigation of Diseases of Fruits, U. S. Department of Agriculture THE well known bacterial pear blight caused by a tiny bacillus is one of the most prominent orchard dis- eases in Ontario. It attacks particu- larly the pear and the apple, but also affects the quince, the Siberian crab apple, the wild crab apple, the haw- thorns, and practically all the fruits of the pome family. The germs producing the disease enter the tree in three differ- ent ways: First and most commonly, through the blossoms, being distributed from flower to flower and tree to tree very widely through bees and other flower visiting insects ; second, through tender tips of growing shoots, including the water sprouts at the bases of the trees ; and third, directly into the fleshy bark. Infections of this latter type are few in number but result in a very serious form of the blight. The amount of da- mage resulting from an infection may vary enormously. Thousands of infec- tions simply kill the blossom cluster or a few inches of the tip of a growing twig. On the other hand the blight may run down on to large branches or run clear to the ground, killing the whole tree, or it may spread from a lateral infection, doing more or less damage. The spread of the disease, the number of infections and the amount of extension of the blight on a tree after infection are dependent upon a number of different conditions. The factors controlling an outbreak of pear blight may be summed up as follows : First. — The presence of the germ and the amount of holdover blight available for reinfection. Second. — The amount of bloom on the trees. It is difficult for young orchards to catch pear blight until they blossom. Third. — The number of insect visitors available. This is largely, however, con- stant if the next is favorable. Fourth. — The weather during blossom- ing time. If the weather is favorable for insect activity and nectar secretion, the blight germs are generally carried about. On the other hand rainy weather or cold dry sunny weather discourages the spread of blossom blight. Fifth. — The variety and species of the tree. Each different horticultural variety and each species of pomaceous fruit has a different relative resistance to the disease. Sixth. — The age of the tree. Young trees are more susceptible than older ones. The most susceptible age comes at the time the trees are first in bearing, say the first four or five years they are in bearing. Seventh. — The vigor of growth. This is influenced by fertility of the soil, soil moisture conditions, favorable weather, artificial manuring, fertilizing and culti- vation. In general, those conditions most favorable to vigor of growth of the tree are most favorable to the blight, and conversely those influences which dwarf or check the growth of the tree tend to hinder the progress of the blight. Most of the blight dries out in the trees during the summer. On the other hand, occasionally at the bases of the blighted twigs or more commonly on the thick, fleshy bark on the large limbs and on the bodies of the trees, the blight keeps slowly progressing until the close of the season. The germs die out of the dead bark but keep alive on this advancing margin and the cool, moist weather of winter, though it checks their growth, tends to keep them alive until spring. This type of blight we' call "holdover blight" and is the source of the new infections each season when the trees spring into growth. COLLAR BLIGHT I wish to call particular attention to the forms of pear blight known as body blight and collar blight. Body blight occurs abundantly on young trees, more particularly on young Bartlett and other pear trees, but it may even kill young apple trees. Frequently the blight gets into the thick fleshy bark on the body of young trees either by running in through a fruit spur or water sprout or by means of the punctures of insects or mechani- cal injuries. Possibly the germs may enter directly into the fleshy bark through growth cracks. Once in the fleshy bark the germs rapidly spread in all directions. They extend vertically in the direction of the vessels and fibres more readily than they do laterally. Of- tentimes the infection is at the ground line or at the collar of the tree. Some- times even below the soil line. The blight then spreads on the moist soil in all directions. Below the soil it more readily spreads in a lateral direction around the collar and down the bark of the roots. Frequently large irregular areas are formed and quite often they girdle the trees, absolutely killing them. Sometimes a V-shaped area runs up from the point of infection on to the body. French stocks are often more sus- ceptible to blight than the grafted top even though the latter may be the sus- ceptible Bartlett. Trees affected with body blight usually take a year to die. This is unlike the branches, which are, of course, killed by the blight of the current season. Trees often live another year, and sometimes a second, even though completely girdled, and show the destructive effects the sea- son after the blight has done its work. Sometimes the blight germs have died entirely out of the bark and the dead bark has dried up and yet the tree dies the following year from girdling. In case of collar blight, where it does not completely girdle the tree, the tree often takes two or more years to die, but finally does so from the girdling. A small amount of blight at the collar or around the body does the maximum amount of injury. This type of blight may be regarded as the most injurious and more trees are killed by this form as a rule than from blight in the top. It is also the hardest for the orchardist or inspector to find. However, it produces one very striking symptom that often leads to its detection. The foliage on these girdled trees, or even on the particular side of the tree attacked, begins to take the reddish autumnal color from midsummer on. In walking through the orchard after the first of August these reddish trees or reddish parts of trees are usually dis- tinguishable from a distance. These pre- mature reddened or bronzed leaves often contrast very strongly with the normal dark green foliage. This is particularly true of well-kept orchards. The red- dening of the foliage is not always an in- fallible guide as sometimes branches color their leaves red from other diseases, root troubles, girdling by mice, and un- known causes. On examining these red- dened trees, however, the blighted area can usually be found. At least two types of frost injury also very closely resemble pear blight at the collar. In one of these the tree is injur- ed from the soil line upward, usually on the sunny side but not always so. Blight is easily distinguished from this winter sun scald when the latter occurs as an elliptical are on the main trunk of the tree from the soil or snow line nearly to the branches. On the other hand, an- other type of frost collar girdle reaches but a little above the soil line or only oc- casionally extends upward in a V-shaped area but spreads well under the ground, partially or wholly girdling the tree. Still another type is that of root winter killing. In this case the roots near the surface of the ground are frozen and killed, while the top of the tree may or may not be injured by frost. It is neces- sary to know these other collar injuries in order to distinguish them from true collar blight. (To he Continued in Next Issue) Photographs of pruning and spraying scenes are requested for publication in The Canadian Horticulturist. Young Trees vs. Old Trees* Prof. G. Reynaud, Oka Agricultural Institute, La Trappe, Quebec ONE of the most difficult problems that confronts the fruit grower of the province of Quebec, is that of labor at the time of picking, packing and shipping. What a torment to him when the trees are loaded with ripe fruit and there is no one to pick them? If, perchance, he discovers a few train- ed pickers and packers, then on account of their scarcity he is at their mercy in as much as salary and also celerity and per- fectness in work are concerned. Hence, in too many cases the sale of the crop en bloc. This means a loss to the grow- er who desperately throws himself di- rectly into the hands of the fruit dealer, as the latter appears to him as a being sent by Providence itself to save the situ- ation, but who too often saves the situa- tion at the expense of the grower and of the development and prosperity of the fruit growing industry. Encircled between extra high price of labor and the decidedly too low prices offered by the dealer, who buys the fruit en bloc, and picks it himself in the grower's orchard, the latter quite often chooses to neglect the orchard, and the fruit industry of the country is by no means pushed forward by such neglect- fulness. I know growers, who, for want of decent laborers at decent prices, are compelled to shake and throw down the fruit from the trees and sell it bruised aad harmed, as it is, for what they can get on the streets. Having eventually to deal with that scarcity and high price of labor, one must have recourse to some means or methods which will re- duce to a minimum the amount of labor required, especially in the fall. OLD OEOHAKDS EEQTTIEE MUCH LABOR If one compares the amount of labor an old orchard necessitates, with that re- quired by a younger plantation, he finds out that the comparison as to lighter work is in favor of the junior orchard. Forty-year-old trees have acquired such a height and width that taking the fruit from them is long and sometimes hard or unpleasant work. Some of the fruits are so much out of reach that the pick- ers are tempted, perhaps compelled, to fi, simply fling them on the ground by shak- ing the boughs. This fruit will neces- sarily be harmed, and will bring but a low price. Even if the fruit is not cast on the soil, it is liable to be damaged by the \fi fingers of the picker who is annoyed by the work he has to perform in the midst of long and numerous branches and boughs. The fruit is .seized nervously, .sometimes rudely, by the fingers. •A paper read at the convention of the Que- bec Pomologioal Society held at Macdonald Col- lege, last month. , squeezed too hard, and then goes to the poor stock and with it on the ground often go the fruit buds, which are the hope of the next crop. The fruit dealer's men care not for the future of the orchard, as the orchard is not theirs, and when they leave it void of fruit, you oftentimes can behold the soil strewn with fruit buds, broken branches and even boughs violently torn off the trees. Thus mutilated, bruised and weakened, how can the tree win the battle it has to fight every day and every season against insects, parasites, dis- eases, or the influences of the weather? It is important, therefore, that the grower should limit the acreage of the contemplated orchard to the sum of The younger orchard at La Trappe comprises two varieties of apples, — Wealthy and Ben Davis. In one day we picked and packed eighty-seven barrels of No. I Wealthy apples, and another day, eighty barrels of Ben Davis, not even using a table to grade the fruit ; whilst with the same staff in the old or- chard, it is a heavy task to get out thirty barrels a day. From this, and other facts, I conclude that in this province our aim must not be to secure gigantic trees but simply med- ium-sized trees, and to care for them so that they will give the maximum of their producing ability before they grow too old, too large, and too tall, and be- fore they give smaller fruits. When they Perdrigon Plum Trees at the Oka AgricoItDfal Institute Professor Reynaud, the President-Elect of the Quebec Pomological Society, stands in foreground competent labor he supposes he will be able to dispose of when the trees have grown tall. Young trees generally bear larger fruits. The Yellow Transparent apple trees illustrate this fact, at least in the orchard I have charge of. As they grow old, their fruit grows proportion- ately smaller, and is therefore less sale- able. So, I consider that it is not busi- ness-like to keep old Yellow Transparent trees. The same may be said of a few other varieties, and although proper fer- tilizers can remedy the evil, at lea.st to a certain extent, the tendency to give small fruit remains with the old tree. With youiig trees not only is the fruit larger, and, in consequence, more fit for the best market, but the picking is easier and costs far less. No long ladders and encumbrances are necessary and the work is swiftly, easily and pro- perly done. begin to do so, we can have their place taken in the orchard by a younger and stronger generation of fruit trees. Mr. Craig told us last year that he had seen in Missouri a 2,000-acre peach orchard, and he added that in the same district apple and peach trees lived very few years, thus compelling the proprietor to keep busy renewing the plantation. Sooner or later we shall have to do the same, on account of the scarcity of labor at the time of picking and packing. The same gentleman al.so told us that at Grimsby, peaches, plums and smaller fruits have now taken the place of ap- ples. It would be interesting to inves- tigate this in order to know whether the difficulty of picking apples from large trees has not had something to do with this change. USE ORDINARY SIZED VARIETIES How can one obtain an orchard of only fair-sized trees? There are two THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1909 ways. Firstly, if the trees to be plant- ed are grafted on seedling stock, the or- chardist must stick to ordinary sized varieties and plant closer together. A striking illustration of this plan can be seen at the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, where Mr. Macoun has plant- ed a very interesting orchard of Wealthy. Other varieties, such as Yellow Trans- parent, Duchess, Lowland Raspberry, Wealthy, Mcintosh Red, Wolf River, Ben Davis, Salome and Fenouillet Grk, will answer the same purpose. Their fruit is early, large and quickly picked. Those who can obtain more labor, can have Fameuse, Golden Russet and Can- ada Red. PLANT DWAEP TEEE8 Another way is to plant dwarf trees. I have seen such an orchard in Quebec. The small trees which composed it were hardy and their fruit within hand reach. It contained a young Perdrigon plum tree from our nurseries, and although it was only in September, and in Quebec climate, the little Perdrigon was heavily laden with nearly all ripe fruit. It may be objected that such an orchard or such orchards would require what we call intensive culture and also special know- ledge, but thanks to those two neighbor- institutions, the Macdonald College and the Oka Agricultural Institute, the coun- try will soon be supplied with competent young specialists in orcharding and fruit- growing, who besides having know- ledge that they can use for themselves will also be endowed with the necessary qualities and training to communicate their knowledge to their fellow-country- men. What Amateur Gardeners Can Do in January THERE is not much to do outdoors in January. During warm days, watch the trees and bushes for eggs and cocoons of insects. Destroy all that can be found and decrease the number of pests for next year. Some pruning may be done. Remove dead limbs and branches and cut out any limbs and branches that are directly crossing others and injuring them by rubbing when blown about by the wind. Indoors, give the house plants proper attention but do not over-do it. Most window plants delight in a moist atmos- phere. Keep a pan or two of water un- der the hot water or steam radiators to keep the air moist. It is desirable oc- casionally to sprinkle the foliage of plants with clear water on warm, sun- ny days. As a rule, fertilizers need be applied to house plants only when the pots have become too full of roots which have ex- hausted the soil. Use some prepared commercial plant food. In temperatures, avoid extremes of either heat or cold. For most window plants, a temperature of sixty-five to seventy degrees Fahrenheit is ample dur- ing the day, and from fifty to fifty-five degrees at night. The plants nearest the window can be protected from zero weather on cold nights by placing sheets of newspapers between them and the glass. Ventilate the room on fine, sunny days. To avoid direct draughts on the plants, admit the air by lowering the top sash of the window. Be on the look-out for aphids, red spider, scale and mealy bug. For the former, use a strong solution of tobacco water. Red spider may be kept in con- trol by sprinkling the foliage occasion- ally, especially on the lower side ; it does not like a moist atmosphere. To get rid of scale, wash the leaves with strong soapsuds and rinse afterwards with cold water. An old toothbrush dipped in soapy water also will remove scale eas- ily. Remove mealy bugs by brushing them off. Good culture is the best pre- ventive of disease in plants. Give your potted bfilbs proper care. Do not allow the soil in the pots to be- come dry. To prevent extremes of tem- them to be, and write the names of the vegetables and flowers that you intend to grow in them. Change the positions of the various kinds of vegetables from that of last year. Most of them do bet- ter when not grown in the same place annually. If vou intend to have a new lawn next A Field of Asters and Gladioli Grown by Mr. Jas. Gilchrist, Guelph. who stands in center of illustration pcrature, remove the pots from the win- dow at night. If you want home-grown plants for Easter, begin now. Try hortensias, greenhouse spiraea.s and freesias. Buy spiraea roots now and pot them. Spiraeas must be kept constantly moist. From year, make your plans and selections of shrubs now. Bear in mind the first prin- ciples of landscape gardening, which is that the lawn is the basis of the whole picture, and should not be treated as a nursery for planting all kinds of trees and shrubs promiscuously. Keep it open the time they start to grow, they will re- and plant the trees and shrubs around quire about twelve weeks to come into bloom. .\n occasional hour may be spent pro- fitably and pleasantly in making plans for next year's gardens. Draw a diagram of the vegetable garden and of the flow- er garden to scale. Draw lines to repre- sent the rows and the beds as you want the borders. Place the latter mostly in groups. Shrubs may be planted at the junctions of driveways and walks. The latter features should be as few as possible. If the grounds are large enough, plan to have the roads and walks curve gracefully from the point of entra,nce to the house. The Civic Improvement Movement in Ontario Prof. H. L. Hutt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph (Continued from last issue) IN some places, the local board of trade has taken the initiative in promot- ing civic improvement, because they realize the fact that beautiful surround- ings are a potent factor in attracting citizens and increasing trade. The Orillia Board of Trade a couple of years ago published a neat little booklet encour- aging the citizens to unite in making Orillia an attractive spot for summer visitors. From the Ottawa Citizen, we clip the following: "The people of Ottawa are taking an increasing pride in the appearance of the capital, which the Dominion Government has also done so much to beautify. Ten years ago there was only one park in Ottawa, and the most of the private residences were walled in by high fences ; now there are seven parks, nearly all the fences have been taken down, so that gardens and lawns are open to the street, and those having available grounds for the purpose are planting them with flowers and shrubs, and generally adding to the beauty not only of the premises but of the locality." And so the improvement is going on steadily in many parts of the country. VALUE OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES In some places the local horticultural societies have taken an active part in promoting civic and rural improvement, particularly along horticultural lines. In other places the work has been confined too much to a few special features of improvement, such as floriculture or window gardening. Such societies should be encouraged to reach out and take a broader view of their opportuni- ties. I would suggest the following as a few of the avenues through which the local societies might work to good advantage in promoting improvement in their respective communities: 1. By conducting an educative cam- paign in awakening public interest to an appreciation of the value of neatness, order, and beautiful surroundings. To this end it is well to make good use of the local press. 2. By enlisting the support of the rising generation by flower competitions, and also by making school as well as home surroundings as beautiful as pos- sible. Young people brought up amid beautiful surroundings may be counted on in later years to work for rural and civic improvement wherever they may be placed. I am looking forward to an early awakening of school boards to the importance of improving school grounds, and have prepared a bulletin on that subject for the Ontario Educational Department this year. 3. By seeking the co-operating of other influential local organizations, such as thi town council, board of trade, or school board, which may be willing to assist in making local improvements. In union there is strength. 4. By working for the appointment of progressive local park boards or com- missions and urging such boards to get possession of suitable lands for park ance of our country. Tourists from all over the world would come to see Beautiful Ontario. LEGISLATION DESIRED There ar^ a few things upon which it would be desirable to have some legis- lation in this country, and which this association might be instrumental in getting, if it were to join forces with other organizations which have been asking for the same : I. Legislation to control the bill- A Bed in Gore Park, Elmira, Ontario, Planted by Local Horticultural Society purposes while they are cheap. Plans can then be adopted for their gradual development and improvement. .The Ontario Parks Act provides that one-half mill on the assessment may be used by any park board so appointed for such purposes. And whenever such money is judiciously expended, the in- creased value of adjacent lands will soon pay a good share of the cost of such improvements in increased revenues from taxes. The park board in any town might also be asked to establish a small nursery, where trees, shrubs, and vines could be grown in quantity for civic improvement work, and could be supplied to the citizens- at cost for planting in their own grounds. 5. Every property holder should be encouraged by precept and example to contribute his share to the general im- provement of the place by making his own lot as attractive as possible. If every citizen did his share, what h change would take place in the appear- 6 board nuisance and advertising monstros- ities which disfigure architectural beauty as well as natural scenery. 2. To prohibit the butchery of street and roadside trees by telephone and telegraph companies, and to compel the placing of their wires underground where- ever they enter town or city limits. 3. To prevent dogs running at large within town or city limits. There may be room for diversity of opinion upon all of these questions, but there can be no two opinions about it, that dogs and bill boards and unsightly telegraph and telephone poles are at enmity with civic improvement. Some notes on new peonies, by Mr. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, will be published in an early issue. An illustrated article on "Window Boxes, Hanging Baskets and Rustic Stands," by Mr. William Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College, will appear in the next issue of The Canadian Horticul- turist. Best Half-hardy Tub Plants * Roderick Cameron, Assistant Superintendent of Parks, Toronto THE topic, "Tub or Half-hardy Plants, their Usefulness and the Care of Them during the Winter," is a large, varied and very difficult one. The plants that could be made to do duty in this respect are legion, but T intend to draw attention only to a few that I consider the best or most useful that. I have had to do with. The varieties of plants best suited for such purpose are as follows : Buxus or tree box, which can be got in about a dozen varieties, green, golden and silver-leaved, large and small-leaved, standard and pyramid- al forms. The Euonymus Japonicus as evergreen bushes can be got in many varieties, green, golden and silver- leaved, beautifully marked and of first quality. The Acuba Japonica, like the euony- mus, can also be got in several varie- ties and beautiful markings, and there is no plant- grown that will stand soot, gases and dust better. The acubas are the plants that are so much used in vases and so forth, in smoky cities in the old world where little else will grow but them .and the ivy. While on the ivy, let me say that if the different varieties were trained in pyramidal form on wire frames, especially the variegat- ed forms, there are few plants that can surpass them in beauty. The Laurus nobilis is probably used for this purpose in America more than any other plant, and these' sweet bays can be procured in standard and pyra- midal forms ; their dark green, prim form claim for them a place for all dec- orations in church, cemetery or hall. The Neritim Oleander can be used to good effect in the angles of buildings, along with them may be planted the ElcBagnus punf^ens ; they can be got in. different varieties of varigeation, green, silver and gold. Large plants of Caryopteris Masta- canthus can be used to good advantage in corners along the paths ; this plant and the chaste shrub Vitex Agnus- castus are two of the latest to bloom and both are much admired for their fragrance. Here and there among such plants, but separate from them on the lawn, may be placed Hydrangea hortensis in sev- eral varieties to give some bloom to the whole setting. Catalpa bignonioides var. nana (C. Bungei) is quite hardy, and, when good heads are formed, they look quite conspicuous when grafted as stan- dards. Ulmus parvifoUa is also hardy and will make excellent standard round- •Extracts from a paper read at the last eon- vention of the Ontario Horticultural Aesocia- tion. headed plants. Yucca gloriosa and Y. aloifolia should be used in such planting and would tend to give a more tropical effect. Abelia floribunda and A . grandiflora make excellent tub plants and bloom all summer if kept in cold storage all winter. Thuyopsis dolobrata and its variegated form should also be employed in such planting since they are evergreens of choicest quality. USB OP WIRE BASKETS I have been mentioning the above as tub plants, but tubs at their best look out of place, are expensive, and require constant care and watering. In place of tubs, I use baskets made of half inch mesh chicken netting. They can be made by any handy man. Line the same with moss or thin tough sods. Place the plants and fill up tightly with soil. Water well by dipping. They are then ready to be planted where wanted, as if planting a tree with a ball of soil at- tached to it. It will be seen that by adopt- ing this method the plants can be lifted in the fall without disturbing the roots. The plants will require no care with water from the time that they are plant- ed until they are taken up again in fall. STORAGE FOB WINTEE For storage for the winter, I build a cold storage pit — a hole dug in the ground twenty-five feet by fifty and ten feet deep. Against this soil, there was a wall built of concrete all around except a space for a door to let in or out the plants. This wall was built up to the surface of the ground and joists were thrown across every two feet. On top of this was built a green house roof — bars fastened to a ridge pole ; the bars were made to hold glass on both sides with air space between. At the ends of the house was left a space for a small door to act for an' entrance to the loft above, to give air and let out excess of moisture. In the bottom of this cellar was placed from two to three feet of good loamy soil, and' a month before planting the soil was saturated with water, or rather a month before the dan- ger of severe frost. When it became dangerous to leave the plants out any longer, they were col- lected and planted in the soil in the aforesaid cellar, baskets and all, Hhe same as they were outdoors. In this po- sition again, the plants get no water until they go out next spring, the mois- ture in the soil being sufficient. The joists overhead in this cellar are used to run rolls of tar paper along when the temperature reaches zero outdoors. When fifteen degrees below zero out- side, I had seventeen degrees of frost in the cellar. Here lies the secret to success : While the plants and soil is frozen keep them dark ; as soon as the frost is gone give them the light again. I have taken such plants out in zero weather in an open wagon to decorate without any apparent harm to them. THE BEST PLANTS The following is a full list of the plants that may be used for a change- able garden, and will do well in such a cellar as I have just described : Yucca gloriosa. Y. aloifolia, (variegat- ed), Nerium Oleander, Abelia floribun- da, A. grandiflora, Thuyopsis dolobrata. T. dolobranta var. variegata. Hydrangea hortensis, H. h. var. Thos. Hogg, H. h. var. variegata, Elceagnus pungens var. mac- ulata, E. p. var. variegata, E. macrophyl la, Caryopteris Mastacanthus, Vitex Ag- nus-castus, Buxus sempervirens, B. s. var. pendola, B. s. aurea, B. s. aureo- marginata. B. s. argenteo-marginata, B. microphylla, Euonymus Japonicus, E. J. aureus, E. ]. aureo-variegatus, E. }. mac- rophyllus, E. J. medio- pictus, E. ]. albo- marginatus, and E. J. argentiuo-variega- tus. An Uncommon Cactus J. H. Callander, Peterboro, Ont. Mamillaria nivea cristata is one of the rarest forms of the cactus family, seldom seen in cultivation, and highly prized by those fortunate enough to possess one. It is extremely odd in its style of growth, constantly becoming more twisted and contorted as it increases in. size. In its original form it is a simple, round specimen of the pin-cushion shape, the change in character being due to the coxcomb- like growth taking place, after which it never reverts to the parent form. It needs greenhouse or conservatory treatment, sometimes being grown under glass domes, and thriving in the limited air space thus provided. When Mamillaria Nivea Cristata well established it is of easy growth, and may be watered with impunity, but needs careful handling while being root- ed. Its most successful treatment, how- ever, is by grafting, when results are rapid and satisfactory. Growing Peonies and Gladioli from Seed I I ON ACCOUNT of the short period of reproduction in annijals, it is possible b> selection of the seed to fix color and other variations so that they come reasonably true from seed, but with perennials the case is entirely different. A person does not want, as a rule, very many specimens of any in- dividual species of this class and those desired can usually be obtained by split- ting the original plant and one may thus procure blooming plants in a much shorter time than if they were raised from seed. Sometimes this is objection- able, as, for instance, in the case of the peonies, which are very apt to sulk if divided, unless perhaps the plant is taken up and thoroughly divided into small fractions. PEONIES FROM SEED If one undertakes to raise peonies Irom seed he is appalled by the amount of time required before bloom is obtain- ed, but if one owns his garden and exr pects to remain long the very novelty of the procedure has a charm and the fact that few of the seedlings may be ex- pected to resemble the parent very close- ly, adds interest to the experiment. The young plants are easily cared for, and do not take up a great deal of room and, after they have once bloomed, they may be thrown- out or transplanted to per- manent quarters as preferred. This year I have flowered my first seedling peonies, one five years old and the other three. It chanced that . one plant bore a very pretty flower which I was quite glad to get, but the other one has earned its discharge. I am inclined to believe that one will not, as a rule, obtain good flowers from half of his seedling peonies; but one thing the grower is nearly sure to get, and that is a good variety of single-flowered plants which are very beautiful but which are, at present, in very few gardens. RAIblNG GLADIOLUS SEEDLINGS The most interesting perennial that I have raised from seed is the gladiolus. It is popularly supposed that these take a long time to bloom, namely from three to five years, but such is not the case. In spite of the fact that I have never yet treated my seedlings as well as I thought they should have been treated, I have had quite a number of flowers the sec- ond year. To begin at the beginning, my plan of operation is as follows : First, to carefully select the parent, using only a vigorous plant with a good flower. Al- most invariably I hybridize this by rub- bing a stamen of some other selected variety across the pistil of the one from which I wish to raise the seed. With- out this precaution the plants very often W. E. Saunders, London, Ontario fail to produce seed and, when one goes through the hybridizing process the chance of obtaining something desirable is good. When the seeds are nearly ripe, the stems may be picked and placed in a box with others where it will dry and the pods will open and shed their seed. The following spring these should be planted in a rather light, rich soil where there is no recently added manure whatever. seed, one has the opportunity of extend- ing his collection in the colors which he prefers. It happens that I want flesh and salmon tinted varieties, and these are exceedingly hard to buy, there being only two or three varieties that I know of whose colors please me, but I have raised one or two seedlings that are very handsome and I hope that I have more on the way. There seems to be little or no tendency towards depreciation in size Cbr; santhemums at Ontario Agricult as the gladiolus is well known to be in- tolerant of manure, even if well rotted. The seeds should be covered with one- half to one inch of earth and after that, weeding and possibly watering is all they require. They winter just as readily as the larger bulbs and under the same con- ditions. When one comes to plant them the fol- lowing spring there is a severe tendency to give them too little room. One hardly realizes that a bulb one-half inch in di- ameter is likely to flower, but even a three-eighth inch bulb will often flower if given the best conditions. It seems absurd to put these little things three inches apart. "One inch, surely, is far enough for a quarter inch bulb," says one's gardening mind, but this is not true. At this distance few of them will flower, but if planted with two or three inches between, the grower \\\\] be sur- prised to see how many wil' reward his efforts with bloom. The yearlings pro- duce a large number of bulblets. I do not know how soon this character is lost, but I am inclined to think that it persists for some time and, by planting them, one can readily multiply any de- sirable form which he may have pro- duced. Thus in growing these bulbs from 7 lural College, Guelph See next page but rather the reverse. I have seedlings which are five and one-half inches across, grown under the same conditions as Groff's "Peace," which does not reach four and one-half inches in my garden, my location being too dry and sandy to suit it very well. There are also other plants from which the gardener may obtain a great deal of pleasure during the process of growth from seed, but it is necessary that the plant should produce variety in order to give that interest to the operation which peonies and gladioli yield. It may interest the readers of The Canadian Horticulturist to know that in 1890 there was not a single flowering or other foreign shrub know or grown in the whole of the then three territories of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan and Alberta, while to-day we have no less than forty families, with 230 varieties, that are quite hardy or nearly so. The mountain ash, which does so well in the east, killed back to the ground for years, but to-day is one of our most beautiful flowering trees.— Angus MacKay, Indian Head. Take an interest in our question and answer department. It will help you. Three Essentials in Aster Growing C. M. Bezzo, Berlin, Ontario TO grow asters successfully, there are three things that are abso- lutely necessary: i, Good, rich, mellow soil ; 2, kept loose and mellow by constant cultivation ; and, 3, moist by Oajbreak Asters and Dahlias At " Flora Villa " tho home of Mr. C. M. Bezzo. Berlin, Ont, frequent waterings in dry weather. Of course we are assuming that the grower has good seed to start with. Aster seed may be bought for two cents a packet up to twenty-five cents a packet. In the majority of cases the higher priced seed is the cheapest. But, in order that this article may not be unduly long we will confine our attention as far as possible, to the above mentioned three essentials, and deal with them in their respective order. KIND OF SOIL Good rich soil — by this we do' not mean ground that has been heavily ma- nured regardless of method or quality. An aster bed, to be in best condition, should be well fertilized the year pre- vious. Soil that has been well enriched for dahlias should grow good asters the following year. But it would be ad- visable after the dahlias have been re- moved to dig in a good dressing of well rotted manure. If this is not obtainable, the bottom of the manure pile that has been accumulating since last spring will answer. Then, in the spring, as soon as the ground is dry enough to cultivate, and long before the plants are ready to plant out, it should be dug over again ; dig it with a fork, and dig it well, thor- oughly incorporating every particle of manure with the soil. When the time arrives for setting out the plants, dig the bed once more, this time, merely to loosen up the soil to a depth of eight or ten inches. The next two essentials are so inter- woven that they ought to be treated under the one head. As soon after each rain (or watering with the hose or water- ing-pot) as can be done without the soil sticking, the surface of the ground should be loosened with the hoe or small rake, to a depth of one and one half to two inches. Care should be taken, not to hoe too closely to the plant at this depth as the aster throws out roots very close to the surface of the soil. This constant loosening of the surface soil not only prevents the formation of a crust which would exclude the air and smother the roots, but by forming air spaces between the particles of earth enables them by capillary attraction to draw up, in dry weather, moisture from depths far below. It also enables the roots to strike down deeper, reducing the danger of uprooting by the wind, while cutworms, wireworms and other like enemies can find no abiding place in ground that is constantly stirred. PLENTY OF WATER REQUIRED Asters should never be allowed to suffer in the least from want of water. Water in the evening unless the nights are very cool, in which case, if the hose is used, the watering had better be done in the morning. But water any time, morning, noon or night, in any kind of weather, rather than have them suffer from thirst. The plants when watered, should never be merely sprinkled, but should always be thoroughly soaked. If the plants are massed and have be- moist and cool. Water is the enemy of the red spider and the aphis. Those who use the hose liberally on the foliage, sprinkling underneath and all around, will experience very little trouble from these pests. Chrysanthemums at Guelph The display of Chrysanthemums at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. this year, probably excelled those of any previous year. This was the general consensus of opinion expressed by the hundreds of visitors who saw the collec- tion this season. Not only was this true in regard to the quantity and quality of the blooms, but also from the fact that the collection was thoroughly typical in character, representing as it does every known type of this gorgeous autumn flower, from the smallest of the pompons to the largest of the popular incurve and loose style of Japanese blooms, in all the many sub-types and' colors to be found among these popular flowers. In this respect the educative value of the collection was a prominent feature, more particularly from the standpoint of the amateur flower-grower, the habit and type of plant as adapted for home culture in pots being a strong point considered. Quite a number of the new- er varieties were tested. The Canadian Horticulturist is promised a few notes on these for publication in a later issue. -See illustration on page 7. Mikado Asters at "Flora Villa" come so large as to render dangerous the operation of hoeing, a two inch mulch of straw, grass clippings or half rotted manure shaken up finely will be of great benefit in keeping the ground Interested in Lilies? Editor, The Canadian Horticultur- ist: I wish to know from you or any of the readers of your magazine whether the whole family of lilies is known to be hardy in the greater part of southern On- tario. Would it be safe to plant any or all of them in our autumns for spring flowering? If not, which ones are un- safe and what would be required to pro- tect them if so planted? How about the Japanese species, such as Lilium auratum, L. Broivnii, and so forth, and the whole species known as L. speciosum, including rubrum, Melpomene and others, and the species L. elegans? If it is necessary to take them up in the fall, how best can they be protected during the winter? — B. Gott, Strathroy, Ont. Note. — Readers of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist are requested to give their experiences in the culture and care of lilies for publication. The lilies are amongst the noblest of garden plants. A discussion of their behaviour in Cana- dian gardens will be of much interest.— Editor. Irrigation and Its Effect on Vegetables and Small Fruits* W. T. Macoun, Horticulturisti Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa THERE were few places in Canada during the growing season of 1908 where the weather was not very dry for a longer or shorter period. In some parts of the country, and particu- larly in eastern Ontario, the weather was too dry to obtain average returns from vegetables and small fruits from early in June until October 17th, when the drought was broken. At Ottawa the rainfall was about four inches be- low the average from April to October during that time. Not for many years has the need for a regular supply of moisture been so impressed upon vege- table and small fruit growers as this year, when thousands of dollars were lost to them through an insufficient sup- ply of moisture during the growing season. In eastern Ontario the potato crop was, in places, almost a failure owing to the continued dry weather. Cabbage and celery suffered badly, the latter where it can be used at all being very short. Onions were much affected, the crop being greatly reduced, and other vegetables suffered also. Straw- berries were scarcely more than half a crop, and raspberries the same. The time seems opportune, therefore, to find out whether in the province of Ontario it is likely to pay to supplement the rain- fall with artificial irrigation. The droughts in the province of On- tario are usually of short duration and in an average season rain will come be- fore the effect of the dry weather is ap- parent, although the growth may have been checked, but so gradually that it is not noticed. This probably accounts for the fact that irrigation has not re- ceived much attention in this province, but if we think of the marked improve- ment which rapidly takes place after a rain, is it not suggestive that moisture might be given artificially a few days sooner and thus ensure a continuously rapid growth of the crop? In arid regions, where practically no rain falls during the growing season ir- rigation is, of course, absolutely neces- sary to ensure a crop, but it is quite a different matter in Ontario, where the average rainfall is a fairly liberal one during the growing season and where the number of times during the sea.son when it is desirable to irrigate is lim:. ed, and where in some seasons it may not be necessary to irrigate at all. Such conditions would not apparently be con- ducive to the establishment of expensive irrigation plants which in some seasons might be altogether idle. The point to •A portion of a paper read at the last con- vention of t^e Ontario Vegetable Growers' Ab- Booiatlon. The construction of Irrigation plant* will be dealt with in the next issue consider, therefore, is how can the vege- table and small fruit growers maintain a sufficient supply of moisture, available to the growing plants, to ensure maxi- mum crops each year? The soil must, first of all, be in the best possible condition to retain what moisture falls as rain during the grow- ing season and to conserve the ground water. If the surface soil be shallow with a hard sub-soil, moisture which comes in the form of rain will not sink fast enough and it may be evaporated again in a short time. The ground water also will be evaporated quicker than if the subsoil were broken up, thus lowering the water table and also permitting the rain water to go down to a reasonable depth. Good tillage and good drainage also will ensure the quick disappearance of surface water. Thor- pumped either by a gasoline, electric or steam engine, by wind power, or by horse power. There are several methods of apply- ing water to the growing crop, and we cannot do better than quote from Bul- letin 87 of the Oflfice of Experiment Stations, Washington, D. C, on "Ir- rigation' in New Jersey," for descrip- tions of methods used there, where there has been some attention to irrigation : PUEEOW IRRIGATION "Irrigation by furrows consists sim- ply in allowing water to flow between rows when the plants are large enough to fill the ground with roots, or in mak- ing a furrow in which to run the water next the row on one or both sides of • small plants. Furrow irrigation has been most successful on potatoes where there was just enough slope to make the A Movable Sprinkler for Irrigating Vegetables ough cultivation is essential, both for the conservation of moisture and the aeration of the soil. But it is scarcely necessary to bring these facts before vegetable growers who practise such in- tense methods that they could not obtain the crops they do unless their soil were worked to a good depth and the sur- face soil kept loose. Notwithstanding the intensive cultivation practised by vegetable and small fruit growers, their soils do become too dry at certain times, some soils becoming drier than others. Vegetables and small fruits may be in- jured by too much moisture, the crop suffering both from the direct effect of the excess of moisture and from the in- crease of disease favored by moist condi- tions, some kinds of vegetables suffer- ing more than others, just as certain kinds suffer in dry weather more than others. In the province of Ontario' water may be obtained for irrigation purposes from streams, surface and artesian wells and from ponds and reservoirs constructed for holding the rainwater. Sometimes it may be possible to obtain water from the city or town supply. Water may be water flow slowly when a large volume is started down the row. With greater slopes irrigation washes the soil in pro- portion to the steepness of the slope. "When the ground has too little slope to make the water flow well, several lengths of tarred hose may be laid down the row, and when the water has flowed nearly the length of the first piece a connection is made and the water let out at the end of the first length, and so on. This plan should be followed when the row is so long that the upper end gets too wet before the lower gets wet enough. "Where the land slopes so much that a large volume of water washes the land, the difficulty can be partially over- come by dividing the water into small streams and running it' down several rows at once. This is done by making .small ditches or furrows with the hoe to carry the stream to the different rows, or it may be done with a distributor. A small hose is attached to the openings and carries the water to the row desired. With these pieces of small hose, about twenty-five feet long, there is no need to change the position of the distribu- lO THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1909 tor until a space fifty feet wide has been watered. The distributor is made of tin or sheet iron. "Where there is a long, gentle slope, the lower end of the land is often more moist than the upper end, although rows of potatoes 500 feet long have been suc- cessfully irrigated by starting the water at the upper end of the row and allowing it to flow the entire distance. "In connection with furrow irrigation, the question naturally arises, 'How far does the water soak laterally?' When potatoes are ridged and the water runs between the rows, there will be lateral soakage enough in sandy soil to make the soil under the potato row quite moist. FLOODING SMALL BEDS "Small beds of plants often need care- ful and thorough watering. It is quite commonly supposed that sprinkling is the only available method in this case. Two methods of flooding were tried on beds of cabbage plants. In one case, the bed was plowed so as to slope to- wards the dead furrow in the middle. Small furrows were then made along the two edges of the bed with a hand plow. Water was run down the two small furrows, apd made to overflow by damming with a board at short inter- vals. Water was also run down the centre furrow and allowed to overflow, but this was not very effective. "In another case the bed was plowed so as to leave the whole a slight ridge. A furrow was made with the hand plow down the centre of this ridge, and water ran down and was allowed to overflow on one side only (at a time). Both of these methods were found to be very satisfac- tory. When the plants were of consid- erable size, the ground was thoroughly wet without wetting the leaves. It worked better after the first irrigation, or after the freshly plowed ground had been rained on. One irrigation was per- formed on the freshly made bed, and al- though it was successful, considerable trouble was caused by the washing away of the bank of the small ditch. "Mr. John Repp, of Glassboro, N. J., irrigates three acres of field lettuce when small by means of movable sprinklers attached to rubber hose. When the let- tuce is large he floods the ground by let- ting the water flow out of the open ends of hose, moving the hose from place to place. He considers the method very satisfactory." Another method is to have overhead sprinklers. TIME TO APPLY WATER The time to apply water will of course depend on the weather, but the judg- ment of the grower is also an important factor. In the dry districts, the plan is to thoroughly soak the ground at fairly long intervals, then follow with good cultivation. In Ontario, where there is usually a fair supply of rain during the growing season, it will pro- bably be found better to irrigate oftener and not quite so thoroughly, as, if a heavy rain followed a soaking from ir- rigation, more harm than good might be done. The judgment of each individ- ual grower will have to be used also as to the amount of extra water it is desir- able to apply, the character of the soil and subsoil and the slope of the ground being important factors in determining the amount of water that the land re- quires to give the best results. Foes of Vegetable Crops* T. D. Jarvis, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph THE annual losses due to insect and fungus attacks on vegetable crops is estimated at thirty-three per cent. It is important, therefore, that the progressive vegetable grower be well equipped with a knowledge of in- sects and fungous diseases. "Insects Injurious to Vegetables," by F. H. Chittenden, Sc. D., United States De- partment of Agriculture; "Insect Life," by J. H. Comstock, of Cornell Univer- sity; and "Plant Diseases," by George Massee, are recommended for the vege- table grower. The more general observance of cer- tain farming methods, such as involve no extra outlay for machinery or insecti- cides but require modification of ordin- ary farm practices will greatly lessen the losses from this source. They are the most advisable methods of dealing with crops of low value, such as tur- nips, cabbage and other vegetables which would not justify greater expense. Clean culture includes the destruction of weeds, especially those of same nat- ural family with crop, for example, lamb's quarters, spinach and beets. DESTRUCTION OF RUBBISH Many insects hibernate under trash, boards, chips, and so forth. Cutworms, army worms, squash-bugs and other pests pass the winter in such places. Fence corners harbor many like insects and also grasshoppers in young stages. The cleaning out of such places, burn- ing trash, and so forth, during winter will aid. Even the whitewashing of board fences is an aid in sealing up the corners and cracks where flea-beetles, and some others, hide. DESTRUOTION OF REMNANTS Remnants should be destroyed, pre- ferably by burning, as soon as the crop is gathered. Many insects multiply or pass the winter on or in the remnants of crops, as worms and aphids on cab- bage and cauliflower remnants, cut- worms and flea-beetles on tobacco, stalk weevils on potato vines, squash borers in squash vines, and so forth. All these may be checked by promptly burning or putting in compost heaps all such rem- nants as soon as the crop is gathered. Rotations are good for the land, for •A paper read at the last convention of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association. It will be concluded In next issue. crops, and deter insects. Crops of same nature should not follow each other when attacked by insects or fungous diseases ; for instance, when crops like potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco, follow one another, flea-beetles, tomato worms, potato beetles and various blight dis- eases thrive, but if the land is rotated with corn, onions, and so on, alternat- ing with other crops, much injury will be averted. Plowing at certain times often checks insects, especially underground species, by exposing to cold and weather, or by starving through destruction of natural food. Wireworms, cutworms and white grubs may be checked in this way. Fall plowing is usually best for this purpose. Fertilizers stimulate the plant to re- sist insect and fungus attack. SPRAYING Vegetable growers should be provided with a complete outfit for spraying op- erations and should keep on hand or know where to obtain at short distance a good supply of necessary insecticides. Arsenate of lead is coming into use in place of Paris -green. It may be had in paste or powder form and used in water or Bordeaux mixture at from two to four pounds to fifty gallons. It adheres to leaves well and is not likely to burn. The mixture is said to remain in sus- ' pension fifteen times as long as Paris green. It may be purchased from the St. Catharines Cold Storage and For- warding Company, from the Spramotor Company, London, or the chemicals may be obtained from druggists and the preparation made at home. The chemical department at the On- tario Agricultural College, recommends for home use : Arsenate of soda, ten ounces ; acetate of lead, twenty-four ounces; water, 150 to 200 gallons. The arsenate of soda and the acetate of lead (sugar of lead) should be dissolved sep- arately and then poured into a tank containing the required amount of water. A white precipitate of lead arsenate is immediately formed and, when thor- oughly stirred, is ready for spraying. In a recent bulletin published by the experiment station at Cornell University, a formula is given for an adhesive fun- gicide which is not washed off by rains : Resin, two pounds; sal-soda crystals, January, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST II I one pound ; water, one gallon. Boil the mixture until you get a clean brown color which usually takes about an hour and a half. For onions, asparagus, cabbage and salsify, add forty gallons of Bordeaux to mixture, and for other plants eighty gallons of Bordeaux to the mixture. Insects with sucking mouth parts, such as aphids and leaf hoppers are killed by contact poisons. One of the simplest and most effective remedies consists of a mixture of soap and water. Shave soap in thin pieces in water and boil to dissolve. QUESTION AND ANSWER DEPARTMENT A Peculiar Effect I am sending an apple that is peculiarly marked. About one-sixth ot its skin is totally different in color to the normal and the marking is well defined fiom base to apex. How do you account for it? — R. IX, Middlesex Co., Ont. The apple shows the effect of what is known as "superfoetation," or the immediate effect of pollination. It is rather unusual to see apples marked in this way, but they are found occasional- ly. It is supposed to be caused by the influence of the male parent being made evident during the season of pollination, when as a rule the influence is not suf- ficiently marked to be seen until ' the seedlings fruit. Dracaena Indivisa Give proper winter treatment of Draccena indivisa that was used in a hanging pot last summer and fall.— S. R., Huron Co., Ont. The proper treatment for Draccena in- divisa would be to put it into good soil — one part sand, one part leaf soil, six or eight parts of a rich loamy soil — and plenty of drainage. Keep the plant in a temperature of sixty to sev- enty degrees, and in not too sunny a position in the window. Sponge or sprinkle the leaves with clear water about once a week. Echcverias 1. What varieties of Echeveria are the most suitable for carpet bedding? 2. What is the proper time to sow seed of Echeveria for bedding purposes in June, 1909? — P. M., Wentworth Co., Ont. 1. The varieties of Echeveria (Coty- ledon) best suited for carpet bedding are E. metallica, E. secunda, E. atro- purpurea and E. secunda var. glauca. These are tender plants and must be kept in a rather cool temperature in win- ter, forty-five to fifty degrees. The house leeks (Senipervivum spp.), similar plants to the Echeverias, many varie- ties of which are quite hardy, are also suitable for carpet bedding, but are not quite so showy in appearance. 2. To secure good large effective plants of Echeveria from seed for bed- ding out in igog, the seed should have been sown during the pa.st summer. By sowing in January or February, small plants can be obtained, but the time is too short to secure large plants. These plants are usually propagated from the terminal growth or from the young growth on the old stems, or from the leaves. They are seldom grown from seed. The Echeverias named like a rather sandy soil and should be kept moderately dry, not over watered, es- pecially in winter. — Wm. Hunt, Ontario .Agricultural College. Propagating Alternanthera How are alternantheras propagated, and when is the best time.' — B. T., Lanark Co., Ont. Alternantheras are propagated from cuttings or divisions of roots. Cuttings can be stuck in sand in March or April in a hotbed or greenhouse, temperature seventy to eighty degrees, or old plants can be cut back and the roots divided into small sections at the same time as cuttings, potted in small pots in sandy soil and grown in a hotbed. When quite small they should be shaded from very hot sun. Maidenhair Ferns How can maidenhair ferns best be propa- agated?— C. A., Haldimand Co., Ont. Maidenhair ferns can be propagated from spores or by dividing the roots. Florists usually propagate from spores or seed. But without the aid of a greenhouse, it would Tdc better to divide the roots. Ferns like a light soil, plen- ty of drainage and partial shade at all times. — Wm. Hunt, Ontario Agricul- tural College. Wintering Geraniums Would you tell me the best way to save old geraniums after taken up. Some say to hang them up and others say to put in earth.— O. L. B., Lincoln Co., Ont. The surest method of wintering old geranium plants is to cut the tops back well and pot the plants in sand or sandy soil, or if you have many of them, the roots could be put rather thickly in a shallow box about four inches deep with small holes through the bottom for drainage. The pots or boxes could then be stood in the window or placed in a basement or a cellar at a tempera- ture of forty-five or fifty degrees, and the sand or sandy soil kept moderately moist.- They could be potted later into better soil if started in the window. If kept in the cellar they should be brought up in March or April and when started pot into small pots. Hanging the plants up in the cellar is a very uncer- tain method of saving them. — Wm. Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College. Dutchman's Pipe Would Aristolochia si-pho thrive and flourish planted along a porch on the north side of a residence? — C. A., Haldimand Co., Ont. The Dutchman's Pipe (Aristolochia sipho) would compare as well on the north side of a building as in any other aspect, providing soil and other condi- tions are favorable. This plant is quite hardy in the neighborhood of Hamilton. I have sometimes found it advisable in very exposed positions to take it down from the trellis and lay it close to the ground during winter. — Wm. Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College. Treatment of Cannas After the first slight frost I lifted my cannas and planted them under a bench in my greenhouse and cut ofi the frosted leaves. In a short time, a fungus, similar to the damping-off fungus, grew on the cut surfaces. I sprinkled sulphur over these growths and it stopped them, but I am at a loss as to hc^w to keep them through the winter. Will it be all right to lift them and store them when dried in a frost-proof cellar??— C. R. R., Peel Co., Ont. The canna roots should have been dried in a room free from frost before putting them under the greenhouse bench. They should not have been planted at all. Dig the plants up and place them in shallow boxes and dry the roots as stated. Keep them in a temperature from forty-five to fifty de- grees, not lower than forty degrees at least. A lower temperature is danger- ous. If kept in a dry place, a little sand may be sprinkled over the roots. Two or three questions and communi- cations, unsigned, have been received recently by The Canadian Horticultur- ist. Always give name and address. The Canadian Horticulturist would like to hear from peach growers who have been trying new varieties. Tell what they have done and their probable value for planting. 12 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1909 The Canadian Horticulturisl Published by The Horticultural Publishins Company, Limited PETBRBORO AND TORONTO EDITORIAL The Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion Officiai, Groan of British Columbia, Ontario, Qdj BBC, New Bbonrwict and Princb Edward Isi^nd Fruit Growers' Associations H. Bronson Cowan, Managing Editor and Business Manager A. B. Cuttino, B.S.A., Horticultural Editor W. G. Rook. Advertising Manager 1. The Canadian Horticnlturist is published on the Z5th day of the month preceding date of issue. 2. Subscription price in Canada and Great Brit- ain 60 cents a year, two years $1.00. For United States and local subscriptions in Peterboro, (not called for at Post Offlce) 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Offlce or Money Express Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted tor amounts less than $1.00. 4. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 5. Advertising Rates quoted on application. Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad- vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad- vertising Manager, 72 Queen street west, Tor- onto. 6. Articles and Illnstrationg for publication win be thankfally received by the editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT Since the subscription price of The Canadian Horticulturist was reduced from $1.00 to 60 cents a year, the circulation has grown rapidly. The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with Dec. 1907. The fignres giv- en are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies, and of papers sent to advertisers. Some months. Including the sample copies, from 10,000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be Interested in the grow- ing of fruit, flowers or vegetables. Circulation Statement January, 1907 4,947 February. iy07 5.520 March. 1907 6,380 April, 1907 6.4fiO May, 1907 6.620 June. 1907 6.780 July. 1907 6.920 August. 1907 6.8^0 September, 1907 7,080 October. 1907 7.210 November, 1907 7,257 December, 1907 7.500 January. 1908 7,650 February, 1908 7,824 March, 1908 8,056 April. 1908 8,250 May, 19(J8 8,.')73 June, 1908 8.840 July, 1908 9.015 August, 1908 9 070 September, 1908 9,121 October. 1908 9,215 November, 1908 9,323 December, 1908 9,400 Total for the year, 79,525 Total for the year, 104,a37 Average each iuue in 1907, 6.627 Average each issue in 1908, 8,695 (Increased circulation in one year over 2.000) Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. Our Protective Policy We want the readers of The Canadian Horti- cnlturist to feel that they can deal with our advertisers with our assurance of the advertisers' reliability. We try to admit to our cotumng only the most reliable advertisers. Should any subscriber, therefore, have good canse to be dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from any of our advertisers, we will look into the matter and investigate the circumstances fully. Should we find reason, even In the slightest degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub- lication of their advertisements in The Horti- culturist. Should the circumstances warrant, we will expose them through the columns of the paper. Thus, we will not only protect our readers, but our reputable advertisers as well. All that is necessary to entitle you to the bene- fits of this Protective Policy is that you include in all your letters to advertisers the words, "I saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticultur- ist." Complaints should be made to us as soon as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has been found. Communications should be addressed: THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, Toronto Office: PETERBOEO. ONTARIO. 72 Queen street wegt. NAME ACCORDING TO SEX New creations in fruit varieties should Tae named in accordance with sex. Many varieties of fruits produce blossoms that are more or less distinct in sexual character- istics. This is particularly true of straw- berries. It has been the custom to name new varieties of these before the sex of the blossoms is determined. In many cases, this has resulted in somewhat ludicrous appellations and, to the un-informed, in confusion. Varieties that are bi-sexual in flower should be given masculine names and those that are pistillate, feminine names. In strawberry plants, there are two types of blossoms, bi-sexual and pistillate. Bi- sexual varieties bear flowers that contain both stamens (male) and pistils (female). These varieties are also called herma- phrodite, perfect, staminate or male. The term staminate or male is not quite correct as the flowers contain both male and female elements. Some of these varieties differ widely in the number and strength of their male organs, the stamens. All of them, however, will bear fruit when planted alone. Pistillate varieties bear flowers that contain pistils only. They are referred to sometimes as imperfect or female. Occasionally pis- tillate varieties are found to hear a few stamens, but not enough to make it safe to plant the variety alone. The blossoms of all pistillate varieties must be fertilized with pollen from bi-sexual varieties. In our remarks, we shall deal with the two types broadly as bi-sexual and pistillate. When strawberry plants bloom it is an easy matter to determine this difference in sex. It should be just as easy to determine the sex of known varieties by their names. Of the hundreds of varieties that have been originated or discovered and cultivated in our gardens, many have been given names that are directly opposed to sex and some have names that are neutral. We have bi-sexual or male varieties that have names such as Lady Thompson, Lady Garrison, Annie Lawrie, Empress, Malinda, Margaret and Ella, and pistillate or female varieties named Minute Man, Oom Paul, President and Longfellow. One of the most glaring examples of this point is found in the cases of Mark Hanna, which is pistillate, and Mrs. Mark Hanna, which is bi-sexual. Among the "neuter" names might be mentioned Clyde and Excelsior, bi-sexual, and Cres- cent and Kansas, pistillate. Scores of similar discrepancies in strawberries could be mentioned. They are to be found, also, in grapes and in all classes of fruits that have sexual differences in their blossoms. On the other hand, many instances of proper naming in this respect can be cited, such as, in bi-sexuals, August Luther, Sen- ator Dunlop, Wm. Belt, Van Deman and Williams, and, in pistillates, Margaret, Mary, Carrie. Nellie Hubach and Kittie Eice. While it would not be practicable to alter the names of existing varieties, it would seem reasonable to suggest that the names of all new varieties be left in abey- ance until the sex of their blossoms is determined and then, if they are worthy of propagation, apply names that in them- selves will tell definitely the sex. This is a decade of plant breeding effort and the start only has been made. Varieties are increasing rapidly. We would suggest that new creations in varieties with bi-sexual flowers be given male names and pistillate ones, female names. As the tendency of strawberry growers appears to favor the planting of bi-sexual varieties and as in consequence, these will predominate, even "neuter" names could be given to this class — provided that pistillate sorts are given names that are distinctly female. It would, mean much to the plant breeders and growers of the future. QUEEN VICTORIA PARK The incompetence of the present man- agement of Queen Victoria Park at Niagara Falls, Ont., has already been noted. Not one of the men who now hold important positions at the park were appointed with due regard being given to their qualifica- tions as gardeners and horticulturists. Not one of them can be considered an authority on horticulture. Furthermore, there are too many "bosses" there. There is reason to believe that some positions have been creat- ed to furnish situations for party-heelers. There is little or no need for an assistant- superintendent. The present holder of this ofiice was a farmer and later a wine mer- chant, who ran for the local legislature and was defeated. The chief gardener scarcely knows the first principles of plant life. A number of other examples could be cited. There is need for an improvement in the personnel of the park officials and ''bosses." The rapid deterioration that has taken place in the appearance and character of the park in general and of many plants, trees and shrubs in particular, proves the necessity. Unless a change occurs, the park will soon become commonplace. Now that its attention has tieen called to the matter, the horticulturists of the province will ex- pect the Government of Ontario to see that the management of the park is placed in competent hands. A BIOLOGICAL DIVISION NEEDED There should be a re-adjustment of the work in biological science at Ottawa. The regrettable death of Dr. James Fletcher, who labored faithfully for the agriculturists and horticulturists of the Dominion, makes a change possible. For years the work in economic entomology and botany has been conducted, for the most part, on a propagan- da basis. The propagation and dissemination of principals and knowledge regarding insects and plants is a primary necessity. It was ably performed by Dr. Fletcher and his associates at the Central Experimental Farm. Not only should this work be con- tinued, but the time has come for an advance. The needs of the country demand more work in original investigation. The fruit and seed divisions of the Dom- inion Department of Agriculture need the assistance of a botanist and entomologist. While these divisions and others always have worked in harmony with the Central Experimental Farm, they have no legal right to call upon the farm for assistance. There should be an expert toiologist in the department. With a staff of assistants, he could lend the necessary aid to other divis- ions. The present known information about insects, plant diseases and plants could be spread as formerly. In addition, the biol- ogical problems of the countiy could be investigated by studying the life histories and characteristics of obscure and new forms of animal and plant life and by discovering new methods of controlling' those that have to do with the agricultural interests of the Dominion. In the United States Department of Agriculture, there are scores of experts who devote all their attention to investigation in these branches of science. They have saved millions of dollars to the agricultur- i January, 1909 THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST >3 I ists of that country. The time is opportune for undertaking similar work in the Domin- ion Department of Agriculture. At the start it would be necessary to establish only one division, to include botany, plant pathology and entomology. It could be called the "Biological Division." Its establishment would necessitate a re-distribution of the work. In addition to his other duties. Dr. Fletcher spent much time on weeds and weed seeds. We would suggest that this phase of the work be transferred to the seed division for a while. For some years, Mr. W. T. Macoun, the horticulturist at the Central Experimental Farm, looked after the work in plant pathology. As the strictly horticultural interests of the country are sufficient for one man's endeavor, the in- vestigation work in fungi, at least, should be incorporated in the work of the suggested biological division. There are other sub- divisions that could be made in the interests of agricultural and horticultural progress. It would seem that the extension and in- crease of the work in biology at Ottawa would warrant the establishment of a general division of biology in connection with the Department of Agriculture and that this line of work should be transferred from the Central Experimental Farm to the proposed division. GRANT SHOULD BE INCREASED The president of the American Civic Im- provement Association, Mr. J. Horace Mc- Farlane, who is one of the best known horti- cultural authorities on the continent, and who is in close touch with the work that is being done in the various states of the American Union, is authority for the state- ment that Ontario has the best law relating to horticulture that exists on the continent. Under this law, the membership of the horticultural societies of Ontario, during 1908, increased by about fifty per cent. There are now live horticultural societies in important centres all over the province. These societies are doing a vast work for the improvement of home and public grounds and buildings, and are interesting thousands of people in the growing of fruit, flowers and vegetables. These societies have reached the stage where, unless their grant is to be materially increased, their work and growth will be seriously retarded. The great increase that has taken place in their membership, is the best indication of the value of the work that they are doing. The societies have decided to ask Hon. Mr. Duff, the Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, for an increase in their grant of from $8,000 to $10,000 a year. Hon. Mr. Duff has had an oppor- tunity of acquainting himself with the work being done by the societies and. for that reason, the officers of tne horticultural societies throughout the province, are con- fidently expecting that their request will be granted. Horticulturists should take advantage of the short courses in horticulture that are offered each year by the agricultural col- leges at Guolph, Ont., Ste. Anne de Bello- vue. Que., and Truro, N. 8. These courses are held for two weeks in January, and are exceedingly practical. There is no expense other than railway fares and board. It will be worth your while to attend the one that is nearest your locality. Quebec Potnological Meeting We congratulate The Farmer s Advocate on the excellence of its Christmas number for 1908. It is an achievement worthy of the publishers. Handsomely illustrated, pleasing in variety of topics and typograph- ically complete, it is a credit to Canadian agricultural journalism. Preaident R. Brodie. 1908 AN enthusiastic convention of the Pomological and Fruit Growing Society of the Province of Quebec was held on Dec. 2 and 3 at Mac- donald College. Delegates and friends were present from all parts of the province and some from Ontario. Some valuable papers were read and discussed. The president, Mr. R. Brodie, of West- mount occupied the chair. His opening ad- dress will be published separately. The elec- tion of officers for 1909 resulted as follows : President, Prof.G. Rey- naud. La Trappe; vice- president. Prof. W. S. Blair, Macdonald Col- lege; secretary-treasur- er, Peter Reid, Chat- eauguay Basin; district directors, 1, G. B. Ed- wards, Covey Hill; 2, E. Buzzel, Abbotsford; 3, G. P. Hitchcock, Massawippi; 4, A. D. Verreault, Village des Aulnaies; 5, Auguste Dupuis, Village des Aulnaies; 6, C. P. New- man, Lachine Locks; 7, Dr. W. Grignon, Ste. Adele; 8, H. W. Thompson, Hudson; 9, N. E. Jack, Chateauguay Basin. An expression of condolence in regard to the passing-away of Dr. Jas. Fletcher was unanimously passed. A resolution was passed thanking Dr. Jas. W. Robertson, of Macdonald College, and his staff for their hearty co-operation in making the meeting a success. It was moved also and passed that, "Whereas this society appreciates the good work that was done at the Dominion Fruit Conference held in March. 1906, and realizes the rapid development that is tak- ing place in the fruit industry of all Can- ada, and feels that there are yet many problems that require national considera- tion and discussion to bring about their solutions, be it resolved that this society ask the Dominion Department of Agricul- ture to hold another conference during the coming winter and that a copy of this reso- lution be awarded to the Hon. Sydney Fisher, Minister of Agriculture." THE FRUIT EXHIBIT The fruit display was the best that has ever been held by the society. With a few exceptions, the quality of the apples was excellent and showed that the province of Quebec can produce- some varieties that are equal to and probably surpass similar ones grown in any other part of the Dominion. The competition in the class that called for best collections of fruits, brought out a fine lot of apples. The first prize was won by A. A. Johnston, Cow- ansville; second, R. W. Shepherd, Montreal ; third, A. Lalonde, Isle Perrot. About 25 seed- ling varieties of apples were shown in compe- tition. Many of these were fairly good, two in particular being very promising. For the best winter seedling, Peter Reid secured first prize; A. S.cretary Peter Reid ^ Johnston, S.COnd, and C. p. Newman, third. For the best 12 commercial varieties and for six best ex- port varieties, A. A. Johnston won first, Mr. R. W. Shepherd, winning second in the stated his theory latter class. Mr. R. Brodie, Westmount, won first for the best barrel of apples. For the best box, first went to Chas. Fisk, Abbotsford, second to R. Brodie and third to A. Lalonde. The successful exhibitors in the plate sections were, A. A. Johnston, R. Jack & Son, P. Reid, Chas. Fisk, R. W. Shepherd, A. Lalonde, C. P. Newman, W. L. Davidson and T. A. Bishop. Mr. W. T. Macoun and J. M. Fisk acted as judges. Mr. Macoun also exhibited a large num- ber of fruits originated in Canada and grown in the orchards of the Central Ex- perimental Farm. CULTIVATION OF ORCHARD.S "The cultivation of orchards in Quebec and Eastern Ontario," was the subject of a practical address by Mr. Harold Jones of Maitland, Ont. The speaker stated that in most sections of the country cultivated orchards are the most profitable. That is the verdict of fruit buyers. Orchards in sod do not bear as much fruit as those under cultivation but they suffer less from injury from cold and freezing. Mr. Jones referred to the methods adopted in his own orchards. He cultivates in spring and early summer and sows a cover crop of red clover or oats about the first of June. During the summer months, these crops do not take as much moisture from the soil as the sun and wind would were the ground left bare. When oats are sown, they are kept cut constantly so as to keep the growth green all the season. In respect to the causes of root-killing, Mr. Jones to be that the cam- bium layer of the wood or the growing tissue is squeezed by the ac- tion of frost in the ground. He believed that injury is not caused directly by freezing. If this squeez- ing is caused three times by alternate thawing and freezing, the roots become killed. "There are not enough young orchards set out," remarked Mr. Jones. "More of them should be found on our farms. The difficulty is that most men think that it takes too long to wait for a crop. Prepare the ground the fall before as for potatoes and have it well manured. The following spring, set out the trees and plant potatoes between them. Dig the potatoes in October. This will prevent danger of staiting late growth, which happens sometimes when the inter-crop is disturbed late in season. In place of growing a cover crop, apply man- ure at the rate of one load to eight or ten trees." The following year Mr. Jones plows his orchard in spring, levels and plants a low-growing variety of corn. He culti- vates to the first of July and then sows between the corn rows 10 or 12 pounds of red clover seed an acre. The third year, the clover is cut early and the after-growtli is allowed to stand. The fourth year, the sod is plowed down and the soil cultivated. The rotation is then repeated. An interesting discussion followed Mr. Jones' paper, during which, Mr. W. T. Macoun, horticulturist of the Central Ex- perimental Farm, Ottawa, said that the most important thing in respect to winter- killing is to have the wood of the trees perfectly ripened in autumn. When this is done, they usually come through all right. "On account of the dry summer of 1908," said Mr. Macoun, "there is not enough Vice-Pre.. W. S. BUir 14 THE CANADIAN H O R T I C U L T U E I S T January, 1909 moisture in the trees and there may be some loss this winter. Trees must not go into winter too dry. Root-killing occurs most often in dry soils and is due also to low temperatures." Mr. N. E. Jack, of Chateauguay Basin pointed out that air drainage has something to do with root- killing. Trees in valleys and low places will kill first. Respecting sod vs. clean culti- vation, Mr. C. P. Newman of Lachine Locks, said that the color of Fameuse, Mcintosh, Wealthy and Alexander is much injured by cultivation. As these varieties are sold largely on the value of their color, it is better to grow them in sod, or at least some compromising system of culture. SOME NEWER PRACTICES An interesting discussion on "Some of the Newer Practices in Pomology" was introduced by Mr. N. E. Jack. He advised growers to keep up-to-date in all orchard operations. Mr. Harold Jones touched on co-operation. He said that this system of growing and handling fruits attracts buyers tiecause they can get what they want. It widens the market. It brings higher prices because -complete cars can be filled at one time with the stock that buyers want. It economizes in the 'buying of material for spraying, marketing and so forth. Most important is its influence in improving the pack. Growers that pack co-operatively can pack more uniformly. "Boxes vs. Barrels," was discussed by Mr. E. H. Wartman, Dominion Fruit In- spector, Montreal, who said that ten per cent, of the export fruit in barrels that left Montreal and Quebec was slack. As 60,000 barrels went forward, this means, estimating a loss of $1 a barrel, $6,000. Barrels are heavy to handle. Tney are too ')ig for stevedors to carry carefully. As a .esult, they receive ill-usuage. Boxes are more easily handled. They are the best for the highest grades. GRAFTING In a short talk on grafting, Mr. Macoun said that the scion and stock when grafted constitute merely a mechanical union, not an organic one. Sometimes the top will outgrow the stock because not enough sap is supplied. The peculiarity of the stock always remains. There is individuality in trees as there is in animals. Each bud on the tree is really an individual. Top- grafting increases fruitfulness. It may not increase the total amount but it will make the scions earlier in fruiting. An illustration of individuality in trees was given by Mr. Macoun, who referred to two trees of Mcintosh growing in the same orchard. A record for ten years showed that one of them gave in that time 485 gallons of fruit and the other 197% gallons, making a difference of 287% gallons. One tree was therefore, two and a half times better than the other. In ten years, the difference amounted to 12 barrels, which, at $2 a barrel, means $24 or a difference of $2.40 in one year. Estimating 40 trees to the acre, this would mean a difference of $96 a year per acre. Many similar cases were cited. The crab was recommended as a stock on account of its hardiness. Prof. W. S. Blair of Macdonald College said that crab stock varies; the Martha is a strong grower and makes a good stock. Prof. G. Reynaud of La Trappe said that he has had good success in grafting Spy on Transcendent crab. Mr. J. M. Fisk of Afebotsford stated' that he has abandoned the crab as a stock on account of its propensity to suckering. Mr. Clark of Massiwippi, cited cases of Spy and Newtown Pippin on Duchess stock which came through a hard winter all right, while those grafted on Longfield killed back. Mr. Macoun pointed out that there is no influence exerted by the stock on the hardiness of the scion. Spys have killed down to the union, PLANT BREEDING A valuable paper on "The Principles of Plant Breeding," was contributed by Prof. Wm. Lochhead of Macdonald College. This will be published in full in a latter issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. Mr. W. T. Macoun, contributed a paper on "Some Results in Plant Breeding," in which he doubted if our friuts in the wild state have made any improvement from an economic standpoint during the last 4,000 or 5,000 years; they might have made some. But when we consider the tremendous de- velopment that has taken place in the strawberry since we got the Wilson seedling as a cultivated variety, about 40 or 50 years ago, the improvement is something wonderful. This shows that once a plant is brought under cultivation the advance is very rapid. The art of cross-breeding was known in the 18th century, but it is only within the last half century that much progress has and as they were able to produce flowers in shorter time than shrubs and fruits, they went to work and obtained improvement in orchids, gladioli, cannas, begonias, phlox, roses, deutzias. lilacs, and so forth. Mr. Macoun referred to some of the Cana- dians and others who have been prominent in plant breeding— Dr. Wm. Saunders, who began working in 1868 on the gooseberry, red and white currant, raspberry, black- berry, grape and apple, as well as several species of flowers; Charles Arnold, Paris, Ont.; P. C. Dempsey, Cobourg, Ont.; W. H. Mills, Hamilton, Ont.; Wm. Hoskins, Ham- ilton, Ont. ; James Dougall, Windsor, Ont. ; E. S. Rogers. Roxbury, Mass.; T. O. Mun- .son, Denison, Texas, and Ephraim W. Bull, Concord, Mass. He touched, also, on some of the men who had been prominent in flower breeding — Lemoine, Eckford, Crozy, Groff, Dickson, and Ward. We have heard much, he said, of Mr. Burbank's work, but he did not think that it compared in value with the work of those he had mentioned. BuAank's results have been largely con- fined to the western parts of America. Prac- tically none of his introductions have had a large reputation, so that, although we A Part of tbe Quebec Pomological Society's Fruit Exhibit tieen made in breeding fruits by this method. Most of the tree fruits in com- merce have originated as chance seedlings, or as seedlings with only one parent known. This was not the fault of the method of artificial cross-Jsreeding, but because until recently few men could or would devote the time and the land necessary for the work. With bush fruits and vines it has been dif- ferent, as less time is needed to bring them to fruition; and with ornamental shrubs, annuals and herbaceous perennials the ad- vances from cross-breeding had been very marked. The increase in population in cities de- manding more food and the increase in competition resulting therefrom, made the desire for better fruit imperative. After a time the government took up the work, and in the last 50 or 60 years it has undertaken to provide the means for carrying on the work, and within that time some of the greatest results have been obtained, some of them by private individuals. More has been done, however, in the production of new varieties of flowers than of fruit. Florists have appreciated the great impor- tance of getting new varieties for commerce, have heard a great deal about him, we should always remember that there are other men who had done more for plant breeding from an economic standpoint than Burbank has up to the present. Mr. Macoun called attention to the work which had been done at the Central Experi- mental Farm, under the direction of Dr. Saunders, and concluded by saying that he was a great believer in plant breeding. He was of the opinion that they would in time get apples which would cover the sea- son in this part of Canada and in others, apples of the finest quality and of the high- est color. That is what they are working for at the farm. In a discussion that followed Mr. Macoun's paper, Mr. A. B. Cutting of The Canadian Horticulturist suggested that new varieties of fruits that are more or less distinct in sexual characteristics be given names that coincide with sex. He pointed out that many varieties of strawberries in particular have been wrongly named in this respect and that it would be better to give bi-sexual or male varieties, male names, and pistillate or female varieties, female names. This point is referred to at greater f' January, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 15 length in the editorial columns of this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. A BUSY man's garden A talk on "A Busy Man's Garden," was given by Mr. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, who re- marked that a garden was a part of the home and, therefore, should be so arranged in summer that the owner could live for a large part of the time out-of-doors. Conse- quently, a certain amount of privacy was needed. It should not be open to the public. It should be a place where a person could grow that in which he was most interested. Some grow vegetables, others fruit and others flowers. To be complete, more or less of the three should tie included. How can a garden be made to fill these conditions? In the first place, a point very much overlooked was that of having wide, roomy paths, which must be soft to the feet and dry, clean, and easily kept clean. Secondly, there must be pleasant resting places here and there. It is important to have summer-houses in suitable and proper places, where a person could sit down and read, or pass the time in any way he wish- ed. Thirdly, time being limited, it is im- portant to have labor-saving tools and to always have them sharp and ready for use. The things worth growing in such a garden are the best of vegetables and fruits, but it does not pay to grow turnips or potatoes. The great interest of the garden is the flower department. Grow such flowers as will give a continuity of bloom all summer and up to the time of frost. They should be grown in masses, as this gives an idea of the mass of color and beauty. They should be grown for quantity, garden dec- oration and cutting. For best results spring and summer bulbs are required, also bed- ding plants', annuals, perennials and climTj- ers. For early flowers. Dutch bulbs are necessary. In May the first perennials come into bloom, and June, which is the great flower month, is the month for the iris, rose and peony; in this month, too, the first annuals come. "One of the great problems in a garden," remarked Mr. Whyte, "is to have no waste ground; things should be coming up all the time." He spoke of the pleasure he exper- ienced when in England last spring in vis- iting some peony gardens and seeing the wonderful improvement that had taken place in the last two or three years in the size and color of peonies. He said that 25 years from now everybody would be grow- ing peonies. miscellaneous A "valuable paper on "Young Trees vs. Old Trees," was read by Prof. G. Reynaud. It is published in full on page 3 of this issue. An address on "The Antiquity of Certain of Our Cultivated Fruits," was given by Prof. F. C. Harrison, of Macdonald College. "Insectivorous Birds," was dealt with by Dr. John Britrtain, of Macdonald College. "From the Garden of Eden to the Gardens of St. Anne's," was the subject of a pleasing address by Dr. J. W. Robertson. These will be referred to at greater length in subsequent issues. Those present at the convention expressed themselves highly pleased with the success of the meetings and with the reception afforded them by the staff of the college. An index to Volume XXXI of The Cana- dian HORTICULTURI.ST has been prepared. [Copies will be sent to all readeis that re- Iquest them. There is money for you in securing new Isubscriptions for The Canadian Horticui.- ITURIST. Write for our terms to agents. Western Market for Fruit (Continued from page 1) Representatives of western firms have this year bought very largely in Ontario on the f.o.b. plan, subject to inspection by the buyer at shipping point. This method has g-iven entire satisfaction both to buyer and seller. As evidence of the fact that the western consumer desires fruit of first qual- ity and that a suitable article can be pro- cured in Ontario, we may say that the Nor- folk County and Forest Co-operative Asso- ciations have sold 14,000 and 5,000 barrels respectively, in this way this season. Prices secured were very satisfactory. In this con- nection, the fact is worthy of note that the westerner is a free buyer and is more will- ing to pay a g-ood price for an article which suits him than is any other class of cus- tomers within our reach. MUST PACK HONESTLY As further evidence of the wisdom of care- ful grading and honest branding, the fol- lowing is quoted from a communication dated November 3rd, 1908, received from a Winnipeg firm : "We had three cars from the Georgetown Fruit Growers' Associa- tion. The first car made them very little money ; the second improved quite a lit- tle, the buyers getting next to the brand, and the third car sold to good advantage. It was fifty per cent. No. 2, and is going to net them back $2.35. We are using this to show what it means to the shipper to have stuff properly graded, packed and branded. We have other shippers who have marked their stuff No. 1, and whose apples will average them only from $1.00 to $1.50 a barrel. This is my best explanation re- garding packing, grading and branding." TRANSPORTATION AND RATES Other problems whjch relate themselves to this subject are those connected with transportation rates, express and freight service and the customs tariff. In point of time Ontario is nearer Winnipeg than are California, Washington, Oregon and British Columbia. The new route of the C.P.R. places Winnipeg within thirty-six hours of Toronto by express. British Columbia shipments reach the same market in three days. The same rate of charges is paid in either case, .$2.00 per 100 pounds in carload lots, and $2.40 in part car lots By freight, the average time from Ontario points to Winnipeg is five and three-quar- ter days, while from Oregon and British Columbia the time required is from six to eight days. The freight rate from points in Ontario to Winnipeg on fresh fruit in boxes, baskets or barrels and also on vegetables when shipped as part carload of fresh fruit is 66 cents a cwt. To Brandon the rate is 86 cents, and to Regina 126 cents. On straight car loads of apples in either boxes or barrels, the following rates apply from Ontario points to the west : To Winnipeg, 55 cents ; Brandon, 68 cents ; and I\egina, 83 cents. The foregoing tariffs are for all- rail shipments. By lake and rail, the following rates ap- ply : To Winnipeg, 48 cents, and to Bran- don, 61 cents. From points in British Columbia to Regina, Brandon and Winni- peg, I am informed that a flat rate of 100 cents a cwt. applies. From points in Wash- ington and Oregon along the O. R. & N. the rate to Regina is 124 cents. From these points to Winnipeg there is a competitive rate of 118 cents. I Our western competitors for the markets of the prairie provinces enjoy no advantages ^i^in the way of transportation facilities. The R. ventilated' or "blower" express cars are in common use here as well as there, and are very satisfactory. It is felt, however, that the rates charged on Ontario shipments are rather out of proportion to those asked of British Columbia shippers. For shipment by freight of summer and early fall fruits, including early apples, refrigerator cars are used. Excellent results have been secured by re-cooling this class of goods. For long distance shipments in warm weather this operation is coming to be regarded as es- sential. Mr. Robert Thompson, manager of the St. Catharines Cold Storage and For- warding Co., states that peaches handled in this way can be laid down in Winni- peg in good condition, and at a mod- erate cost. Large quantities of fruit go for- ward during favorable weather in the fall in ordinary box cars. After Nov. 1st, how- ever, there is danger of frost, and refriger- ator cars are again resorted to. A suffici- ent supply of these is not available at this season, however, and as a consequence heavy losses often occur. From a circular issued by the C. P. R. to shippers and con- signees, I quote the following regarding the handling of green apples, via lake and rail from eastern Canada to Manitoba, Sas- katchewan and Alberta : "The Canadian classification provides for the carriage of green apples at owner's risk of freezing and prepayment of charges between Nov. 1st and April 30th. "Notice is hereby given to connecting steamer lines, shippers and consignees that the railway companies will not assume re- sponsibility for damage to green apples by frost, delivered to them at the above ports (Duluth, Fort William, Port Arthur, and West Superior) at the head of the lakes, on and after Nov. 1st, nor will the railways guarantee to furnish refrigerator equipment for all such traffic, it being impossible to do this owing to the practice of confining the shipment to a short period late in the season. Railways will, however, as far as possible, supply refrigerator cars and per- mit the owners of such apples to equip these cars with their own means of heating. When box cars are used, the owners will also be permitted to line and place stoves or other means of heating in them, provid- ing that in so equipping the cars with heat- ing apparatus, damage will not be caused to cars. The railway company will also furnish free transportation for attendants accompanying cars for the purpose of look- ing after the heating and will return such attendants to the starting point free of charge." As a matter of fact, a shortage of cars usually exists by the all-rail route as well. It is, of course, practically impossible to equip a box car with heating equipment sufficiently to render shipment in cold weather reasonably safe. Refrigerator cars themselves are not safe in severe weather, and it will be one of the problems of the future to devise methods of avoiding frost injury to late fruit intended for distant markets. Mr. A. C. Macpherson points out that at the present time the export trade is receiv- ing favors in the way of relief in icing and cold storage charges from the Dominion (Government, and that inter-provincial trade would also seem to merit similar encourage- ment. THE TARIFF Following is a statement of the customs tariff at present in force on fresh fruits en- tering Canada from the United States: Bananas, plaintain, pineapple, etc., free; oranges, lemons and limes, free; blackber- ries, gooseberries, cherries, strawberries, and currants, the weight of the package to THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1909 be included in the weight for duty, 2 cents per pound ; cranberries, plums and quinces, 25 per cent. ; peaches, weight of package included, 1 cent per pound ; grapes, 2 cents per pound; pears, apricots and nectarines, 50 cents per 100; apples, per barrel, three boxes estimated as one barrel, 40 cents each. MR. E. D. smith's OPINION From a letter recently received from Mr. E. D. Smith. Winona, Ont., I quote the following: "The west is an outlet which enables us to very largely increase, our acreage in manv lines of fruit. Our chief difficulties are the high express rates and the low duties. If we had high duties or low express rates we could capture nearly the entire western trade for peaches and plums which would amount to hundreds of thousands of dollars annually, but betwixt the low duties and the excessively high ex- press rates we are seldom able to compete with California peaches and plurrts laid down there by freight under a low duty. In grapes we have a high duty amounting to practically 200 per cent. What is the con- sequence? The consumers are able to buy grapes as low as 1J4 cents a pound, so they are not hurt Very badly bv the prohibitory tariff. The consequence is; however, that we are able to grow a sufficiently broad acr'eage to supply the entire wants of the Canadian public from ocean to ocean. That is the way it should be in peaches and plums. On articles such as grapes, pears and apples, which we can lay down by freight in the north-west, we have no diffi- culty in competing except in the early part of the season. Even in these fruits with higher duties we would secure a greater share of the market, which would mean our ability to plant increased acres and not hurt the consumer one iota if our fruits are in the market." ESSENTIALLY FOR ONTARIO A careful summary of western market conditions, competition and transportation problems, cannot but lead one to the con- clusion that the western market logically belongs, in great measure at least, to On- tario. It only remains for Ontario men to come to an appreciation of the opportunities which are opening to them in that vast new country and to make united and intelligent effort in order to secure their proper share of that important trade. Gum on Peach Trees The alarming increase in the numTier of gum exudations on peach trees in the Nia- gara district during the past season brought about an investigation into its causes by Mr. L. Ceasar, O. A. C, Guelph. It was found that brown rot of the peach and plum is the chief cause. The following ways of preventing the trouble are therefore sug- gested : 1. Be sure to remove as soon as possible all mummied fruit, not only from peach trees but also from plum trees near by. These should be collected and burned and not left on the ground. Such fruit should be destroyed each season as soon as possi- ble after picking has been completed. 2. In the spring of the year prune off all diseased twigs and open up the trees to the ■ sunlight and air. 3. Spray with lime-sulphur before the buds open. Cover every part of the tree thoroughly. 4. Thin the fruit. Where peachts touch each other the rot gets a "better chance *o thrive. Many American peach growers claim to have done much to keep off the rot by sum- mer spraying with the commer<.ial lime- sulphur or with the self-boiled lime-sulphur of half the ordinary strength Where trees have been badiy attacked this year it will pay to spray them this fall with Bordeaux mixture to destroy the spores in crevices and in thp old diseased parts. AMBEROL RECORDS^r <^y^ EDISON PHONOGRAM One touch of melody makes the whole world kin" Mr. Edison has produced in the Amberol Record a Phonograph Record that plays twice as long as the regular Edison Record This has not been done by making the Record larger or longer, but by engraving more than twice as many lines to the inch as on the regular Record. Thus Amberol Records can be used in the standard sizes of Edison Phonographs by the addition of a simple attachment or gear. Edison Amberol Records not only play longer than any other Record now made, but they play better, their tone quality being richer, clearer and more delicate than has been possible in the past. To Play Amberol Records on Your Present Phonograph requires an attachment comprising a change gear and a new reproducer. Your dealer has this attachment, will put one on your Phonograph at a moderate cost, and will explain it to you. We will be elad to send to anyone, however, « booklet describitic ' the new attachment, describing the Amberol Records, giving a list of the music now available on these Records and giving all the other information necessary to make it possible for you to get more than twice as much enjoyment out of your Edison Phonograph as you are now getting. We Desire Good, Lire Dealers to ael] Edison Phonograph* in every town where we are not now well represented. Dealers having /^ n Pi . established stores should write at once to c.'rfii«wi» \x uaim.. National Phonograph Company, 121 Lakeiide Avanua, Orange, N. J., U.S. A. It is desirable to mention the name of this publication when writing to advertiseru January, 1909 THE CANADIAN H O R T I C U L T U R I S 1 17 About Queen Victoria Park Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist: —Surely the Ontario Government is not going to allow politics in any way to in- fluence the appointment of a Parks Com- missioner or Superintendent for Queen Vic- toria Park! That would be a calamity. There should be a general superintendent, who would have charge of the work and oversight of things in general, and also one of the Taest landscape architects that can be procured. Should the latter's time not be fully occupied in Queen Victoria Park, there are other public grounds owned by the government that need the attention of such a man. The government should have an Al landscape architect in its employ- ment, who would lay out and make plans and specifications of any grounds for any city or town who might want such services. The possibilities of this Queen Victoria Park are very great. Few realize its impor- tance and possibilities. The situation is unique. The park is visited by tens of thousands of tourists every year from all parts of the world. It should be made a model, not so much in fine derail, as in general lay-out and planting of trees and shrubs for landscape effect. While the shrubbery is very fine (what there is of it), there are not the varieties there that there should be, neither are there many varieties of trees. Both trees and shrubs should be the leading features of this park. Highland Park, Rochester, N. Y., has some 1,400 varieties of shrubs in it. Why should not Queen Victoria Park have quite as many? Every tree, native and for- eign, that will stand the climate should be there. When such cities as Chicago, New York and Detroit, can spend 50 to 60 cents per head of population per annum on their parks, park- ways and boulevards, surely the wealthy province of Ontario should spend a few hundred thousand dollars on a national park. Queen Victoria Park should be made one of the most attractive features for visitors to Niagara Falls. — John S. Pearce, London. Ont. Re Queen Victoria Park Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist: — Your editorials in recent issues are right to the point. Owing to the favoraWe cli- matic conditions, Victoria, on Vancouver Island, and Niagara Falls, Ontario, seem to be the best spots in the country for botanic gardens or, at least, for horticultural gar- dens— the one for the Pacific half of Can- ada and the other for the Atlantic half. The writer has never visited Victoria, but believes that there is something of the sort already there. It would be interesting if one of the correspondents of The Canadian Horticulturist would give some descrip- tion of these gardens and also something about the management of them. Mr. Roderick Cameron, before leaving Queen Victoria Park, at Niagara Falls, for Toronto, did good work on these lines, and had col- lected there a most interesting collection of herbaceous plants, trees and shrubs, prob- ably the best, if not the largest, collection in the country. From current reports it is to be feared that this collection has sadly deteriorated during this year, an effect of the sinister workings of politics, the introduction of which into these matters must be deeply lamented by all interested in horticulture. The politicians possibly are unaware of the mischief done, but if so no time should he lost by the horticulturists of the country in acquainting them with the facts of the case. The best man in the country should have charge of this magnificent park (Queen Victoria). The "best man" will have no time and most likely no inclination either Northern Grown Trees Apple, Pear. Plum, Cherry, Ptach, Grapes, Small Fruits, lleciduous and Evergreen Ornamentals,Roses, Flowering Shrubs, C'imbers. etc. Specialties: Mam- moth Dewberry and Wismer's Dessert Apple. Cat- alogue Free: it tells the \vhole story. J. H. Wismer, Narseryman - Port Elgin, Ont. Youp Name and Address OUR 1909 EDITION latliemost practical text book on Mrawberry Kfowin^ ever written. It's worth ItsweiKiit lu gold betause It teaches the Kellogg method of growing the world's record crops of big red berries. Kvery detail of the work is illustrated by photo-engravings. You read it by pictures. They show you just how to do everything from beginning to end. Strawberry growers wlio follow the Kellogg way are getting more fancy berries from one acre than the other fellow gets from two. The boolc maltesyou acquainted with some of these top-notch growers; shows pictures of tlielrstrawberry llelds and gives their yields- Thl» Book fftryour address. We'll trade even. R. M. KELLOGG COMPANY, bOi570. Three Rivers, HIciL Select Ornamental Trees and Shrubs ^ The most ceureful and complete systems of transplantation, combined with the situation of our nurseries, enable us to dig thoroughly hardy, healthy, well-rooted specimens of fruit, ornamental and other trees, plants and vines including " specimens " for street, avenue and park plantings. ^ Our prices, taking into consideration superior qualities, will be found most moderate and our personal attention is given to all enquiries relating to prices and advice on planting. E. D. SMITH, HELDERLEIGH NURSERIES: Winona, Ont (ESTABLISHED OVER QUARTER OF A CENTURY. NURSERIES ETC. OVER 800 ACRES). i8 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1909 Imperial Bank OF CANADA Capital Authorized, $1 0,000.000.00 Capital Paid-up. . $5,000,000.00 Rest, . . $5,000,000.00 Drafts, Money Orders and Letters of Credit issued, available in any part of the world Special attention given to collections SAVINGS DEPARTMENT Interest allowed on deposits at current rate from date of deposit to dabble in politics or anything else out- side of his own profession. The possibilities of the place, its beauty and grandeur should so fill his mind and fire his imagination that he would give his life to the Bringing forth of his conceptions, and the exercise of his knowledge. Niagara Falls is the Mecca of all tourists to this continent from other lands as well as to those of the continent. Is it not, therefore, up to the government, which owns the border of the river from lake to lake to keep up and improve the national attractions of the place to the highest pos- sible degree? — Veritas vincit. winners is published elsewhere in this issue. In a letter received by The Cana- dian Horticulturist from Mr. Barrett, the following point is well taken: FLOWER POTS flWe have a large stock of all sizes and varieties for spring trade. flUse our pots for growing early tomato plants, etc. flWrite for Price List and Red Pots Catalogue. The FOSTER POTTERY CO., Limited Main St. West, Hamilton, Ont. Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writings. M BEST MADt FOSTER'S J STANDARD POT On account of the drought last season, strawberry plants made poor growth and the strawtierry next summer probably will be a scarce article. Growers will plant largely, therefore, for the following year. They will be able to sell all that they can produce for the two succeeding years. Plant only the best varieties from stock of the best strains. Only the best is grown by the R. M. Kellogg Co., of Three Rivers, Mich. Read their advertisement on an- other page. Nova Scotia Fruit The Nova Scotia Department of Agricul- ture sent a large display of fruit to the Royal Horticultural Show in London, Eng- land. Besides the fruit in packages, an ex- cellent exhibit of small fruits bottled in antiseptic solutions went forward. About 200 jars were put up mostly by growers in the counties of Hants and Kings. Mr. Peter Barrett, of Truro, N. S., 'bottled a large col- lection of gooseberries and currants of many varieties grown by himself from bushes of imported sorts and many that he has orig- inated. A portion of the lot is illustrated on this page. A list of the Nova Scotia prize » ,. . « ! - * ^ ^1 ''ilf:v-'9' ai^r ^.■, - '^'M Small Fruits Bottled in Preserving Solutions "At our provincial and local exhibitions there is very little encouragement for this class of fruits. It is to be regretted. The Fruit Lands in the Glorious Kootenay Valley eBRITISH COLUMBIA^ If You Arc Looking For: A perfect climate. An ideal home. Magnificent Surroundings. A good income upon a moderate capital. Splendid hunting and fishing. A healthy and enjoyable life. ROBSON Is the Place for You It is a charming up-to-date fruit growing settlement near the beautiful city of Nelson, and has special advantages over any other district. Conclusive testimony from actual settlers and high authorities. Wide-awake settlers, after investigating all other fruit-growing districts in B. C. finally located at ROBSON. For further particulars and full information write for our free illustrated booklet No. 7. McDERMlD & McHARDY 210 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Man. and Nelson, B.C. January, 1909 THE CANADIAN H 0 R T I C U L T U B I S T 19 prize money offered will not pay for the cost of fruits preserved in this way, which in- cludes cost of jar, solution, fruit, labor and so forth. The small fruit industry is worthy of more encouragement." Toronto Vegetable Growers ^A meeting of the Toronto branch of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association was held on Dec. 15, the president, Thos. Del- worth, occupying the chair. A large num- ber of the members were present. The an- nual report was presented by Secretary Frank F. Eeeves, showing a membership of 136, and balance on hand of $210. It was decided to hold a monthly "exhibition of some vegetable to be selected for the occa- sion; only members can compete. Prizes for Yellow Globe Danver onions exhibited at this meeting were won by: 1st, J. G. Brown; 2nd, Frank F. Keeves; 3rd, James Dandridge, all of Humber Bay. The election of officers for 1909 resulted as follows: President, Thos. Del worth; Wes- ton; vice-president, James Dandridge, Hum- ber Bay; secretary -treasurer, Frank F. "Reeves, Humber Bay; provincial directors, J. W. Rush, John McKay, Jas. Dandridge, Frank F. Keeves, H. J. Sharpley, and Thos. Delworth; executive committee, H. G. Car- ter, J. W. Eush, H J. Sharpley John McKay, James Stevens, Frank E. Keeves, and Thos. Delworth; representative on Can- adian National Exhibition Board, Thos. Delworth. Dipping Nursery Stock Dipping nursery stock in lime-sulphur wash or other insecticides has recently been much advocated as a substitute for fumi- gation with hydrocyanic acid gaa The Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, N.Y., finds, however, that this treatment, if used at all, must be handled with care to secure scale destruction without injuring the trees. With the sulphur wash, exposure of the trees for too long a time or at too high temperature resulted in injury; while with any of the materials used, exposure of the roots to the mixture resulted in serious injury to the stock. For nurserymen, the station still recom- mends fumigation as most effective and least liable to injuty; and would advise orchardists to use the lime-sulphur as a spray after the trees are set, rather than as a dip when they are received. did Christmas gift, elsewhere. See the advertisement Don't ThiaWiVAwi USE COLIETTE'S PATENT PATCHES mend all leake in all utensils— tin. brass, copper, eraniteware, hot water bags, etc. No solfler. cement or rivet. Anvone can use them; lit any surface, 8end for sample pkg. loe. Complete pke, assorted sizes, 2&c. poatpaid, A-Honfi .^autea. Collette Mfg. Co., Dept. 3S COLLINGWOOD, OST. I have been a subscriber to The Canadian Horticulturist since its second year. It has more than kept pace with the general advancement in horticulture, and is un- questionably the loest paper in its line that reaches me. — Watson C. Orr, Wentworth Co., Ont. Large orders for Nursery Stock. — As an illustration of the expanding business of Mr. M. J. Henry, the foremost nursery- man of western Canada, it might be men- tioned that recently shipments were made from his head nursery, 3010 Westminster Koad, Vancouver, to St. George, Bermuda, to China, and to Bellray Castle, the home of Sir Arthur Middleton. Mr. Henry recently supplied also the full order for ornamental trees, shrubs and vines for the Empress Hotel, Victoria. This order was secured in open competition with many outside points. The total weight of the shipment was over four tons, probably the largest shipment ever sent to a single purchaser on Vancouver Island. This is only another instance of the phenomenal development of this great industry. Did you ever read "The Hoosier School Master?" This book would make a splen- HENRY'S NURSERIES PACIFIC COAST GROWN SEEDS for the farm, garden, lawn or conservatory. Reliable approved varieties at reasonable prices. Each variety tested as to vitality before sending out. Finest collec- tion of Japanese Lilies and Dahlias in Canada for spring planting. Thousands of Fruit & Ornamental Trees, English Hollies, Greenhouse Plants. Home Grown. No Borers. No Scale. No Fumigation to damage stock. No windy agents to annoy you. Buy direct and get trees that grow. Bee Supplies, Spray Pumps and Spraying Material, Cut Flowers, etc. Oldest established Nursery on the main- land of British Columbia. Catalogue Free. M. J. HENRY 3010 Westminster Road. Vancouver, B.C WHITE STAR-DOMINION LINE ROYAL MAIL STEAMSHIPS S.S. Laurentic," 1 4,000 tons (building) S.S. " Megantic," 1 4,000 tons (buUding) PORTLAND TO LIVERPOOL S.S. Haverford, Jan. 2nd S.S. Merion, Jan. 16th S.S. Roman, Jan, 9th S.S. Welshman, Jan. 23rd S.S. Ottoman, Jan. 30th (S.S. Haverford and S.S. Merion carry passengers.) .Favorite steamers for all kinds of perishable. cargo, having fan ventilation, cold storage and cool air chambers. PORTLAND TO BRISTOL S.S. Turcoman, Jan. 7th S.S. Manxman, Jan. 21st S.S. Englishman, Feb. 4th WHITE STAR-DOMINION LINE MA. OVEREND \ J. W. WILKINSON i Travelling Freight Agents MONTREAL OFFICE, 17 St. Sacrament St. PORTLAND OFFICE, - - - 1 India St. Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writing. GEORGE W. TORRANCE. Freight Agent. 28 Wellington St. E., TORONTO 20 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1909 $65 GOES LIKE SIXTY SELLS LIKE SIXTV^ BELLS rOR OILSON IGASOLENC :NG!NE r Pumping, Crearc orators. Chums, Wash Ma- unes, etc. FSEE TSIAL Aikior calaloaall size ' QIL80N MFQ. Co. 104 York St. QUELPH, ONT STENCIL "" BRANDS NOTES FROM THE PROVINCES l>y/77 i;/i «r[ Mil All IIRDS FOI All PURPOSfS 124 YONGE ST. TORONTO. TWO BOORS THE PRUNING BOOK By L. H. BAILEY It treats of the reason for pruning fruit-bearing trees and piants (especially grapes), and of the practical results obtained; tells you ho^vto dis- tinguish the blossom bud from the leaf bud, and how to treat wounds. Every part of the subject is made so clear and plain that it can be readily understood by even the merest beginner Illustrated, 530 Pages, Cloth ■ ■ $1.50 THE FORCING BOOK By L. H. BAILEY Full instructions are given for the construction of the forcing house and its management, with a list of vegetables suitable for forcing, their temperature and light requirements, suitable soils, etc. The book will prove especially valu- able to commercial growers of winter vegetables lUuitrated. 266 Pages, Cloth - ■ $1.25 IVrile/or our Catalogue of Horticultttral Books Book Department The Canadian Horticulturist PETERBORO, ONT. Nova Scotia Eunice Watts Nova Scotia has again been carrying oft medals for apple exhibits at the Colonial Fruit Exhibition in London. The govern- ment collection was awarded a gold medal while private exhibitors having more than 15 boxes were awarded as follows: Silver and gilt Hogg medal, F. A. Parker, Ber- wick; silver and gilt Knightian medaLs — W. H. Woodworth, Berwick, and H. A. Blanch- ard. Upper Dyke; silver Hogg medal, J. Howe Cox, Cambridge; silver Knightian medals — H. D'Almaine, Wolfville; R. J. Messenger, Tupperville; J. A. Kinsman, Lakeville, and F. H. Johnston, Bridgetown; silver Banksian medals— A. L. Morse, Ber- wick; E. T. Neilly, Middleton, and F. Fos- ter, Kingston; bronze Banksian medals — Berwick Fruit Company, Berwick; William Sangster, Falmouth, and Ralph S. Eaton, Kentville. Those persons exhibiting less than 15 boxes were not awarded prizes, trat their exhibits were to be sold with the rest. Very favorable comments with regard to tha Nova Scotian exhibits appeared in the Eng- lish papers. The apple shipments from Nova Scotia to the end of November were as follows: Ship- ments to Newfoundland, U. S. A. and local ports, about 78,000 barrels; to the British Isles— London, 161,190 barrels; Liverpool, 64,662 barrels; Glasgow, 21,590 barrels; a total of 227,442 barrels, as against 199,435 sent in the same period last year to the Old Country. The last returns for apples showed a drop of about two shillings in the English markets. Western Annapolis Valley R. J. Messenger Apples are looking up. As high as $2.50 a barrel has been paid for Baldwins, which variety seems to be regaining popularity after being in disfavor for some five years. One buyer told me that he wuniu pay more for Baldwins this year than Nonpareils. This last named variety has generally been conceded one of the highest selling varie- ties. Not such a general purchase of all varieties is noted this year as last, hxA buyers are buying only as each variety be- comes seasonable for shipping. They are much more cautious than usual. The bud moth scare secm5l6-P GRENLbCH.N. J. At the convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, very favorable opin- ions were expressed as to the splendid re- sults received from the use of "Niagara Brand Lime and Sulphur." The Niagara Sprayer Co., who make this material have an advertisement on another page that is worth reading. They have a staff of ex- perts on spraying that are always willing to furnish free information to those desir- ing it. Fruit growers in Canada will be pleased to learn that one of the largest manufac- turers of Spray Pumps in the United States has opened a Canadian branch. This move has become necessary owing to the great increase in the demand for "Gould Pumps" in Canada. The reputation of this company in the United States as makers of high- grade pumps, is unquestioned and doubtless their name will soon be a household word among Canadian fruit growers, as it now is among the leading United States growers. Their Canadian address is Goulds Pump Co., Coristine Bldg., Montreal. See their advt. on another page. Here is a photographic reproduc- tion of the POWER SPRAMOTOR. The same spraying machine that has been used with such good results by the Department of Agriculture. This machine is sold under strong- est kind of guarantee. Has a capa- city of 16 Nozzles working together at 150 lbs. pressure. Fills its own tank. Two speeds. Operated by gasoline or any engine. Can be fitted on top, at 'side or end of tank. We will supply you with wagon, plat- form, tank, engine, derrick, all com- plete or in part, as desired. SPRAMOTOR Catalogue and full particulars are your's for the asking. 1065 KING STREET LONDON, ONT. It Yo\x Have a Big "Wash To Do tell your husband he must get you a " Puritan" Reacting Washing Machine It takes all the work out of wash day. Improved Roller Gear makes washing quick and easy. The *' Puritan " is the latest and most im- proved. If your dealer does not handle thf 'Puritan," write us for literature aud illustra- tions. OAVIO MAXWELL & SONS, St. Mtry>t, Ont. ^ Peerless Junior Poultry Fence The Peerless Junior Poultry and Garden Fence is in a class by itself, being unlike anything else on the market. It is woven close enough to turn small chickens, rabbits, dogs, etc.. and is strong enough to turn large animals. It requires no top or bottom boards, and less than half the posts required by the ordinary Poultry Fencing. Top and bottom wires are No. 9 hard steel. As a general-purpose fence there is nothing obtainable that will 'fill the bill so well, and its lasting quality, because of its extra strength, makes it The Most Durable Poultry Fence You Can Buy Peerless Junior Fence hasdouble the strenfifth that would ever be required of it. It has a breakine strain of at least 8000 lbs. Don't you think it is just the fence you want? For prices and furtner particulars, drop us a card. THE BANWELL-HOXIE WIRE FENCE CO., (ltd.) Oept. R . Hamilton, Ont. Winnipeg, Manitoba 24 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1909 SAMPLE COPY FREE Would you like to have a eaniplo copy of The Farmer*' Advocate and Home Magazine. On the American Continent. No progressive farm- er can afford to be without it. Published weclily. Only »1.B0 per year. Drop post-card for free sample copy. AGENTS WANTED. Address— " The Farmers' Advocate " Mention this paper. LONDON, ONT. 1261 Apterite. — In reference to Apterite, I feel sure that it is destined to become a useful and necessary article in the production of all plant life. I have tried it on several plants and the results are good. Begonia Gloire de Lorraine potted into five and six- inch pots in soil in which Apterite was used, gave very fine results and seem to hold their flowers much longer than usual. A few young crotons were tried with Apter- ite and give promise of fine growths, with no signs of insect life. I have no hesitation in saying that I feel sure that Apterite will be much used in the production of all horti- cultural produce with good results in the near future.— (Signed) E. F. Collins, Secy., Toronto Gardeners' and Florists' Associa- tion. At the Colonial Fruit Exhibition in Lon- don, England, in November, British Colum- 9» WO "Friends PRICE, $1.00 EACH (NO DUTY) Positively our own idea. Any others like them are infringements. " Friend " Regular The original larg^e spray Nozzles doing away with the cluster. The only ones with the maker's name and the word "Patented " stamped "Friend" Angle upon them. They have no horns, hooks, nothing to catch, drip or clog. Makes the finest mist-like spray. Drives the .spray farther into the trees than the cluster. The "Angle" sprays up under the leaves and down into the CALYX. The "Regular " is for ordinary work. State which is wanted. Satisfaction guar- anteed or money refunded. OUR PRETTY NEW CATALOG IS READY It illustrates our line of Hand and Power Sprayers for 1909. Sales on which are now doubling any previous season. Deliveries are being made. "FRIEND" MANUFACTURING CO. GASPORT, NIAGARA COUNTY, N. Y. Manufacturers of the first complete Gasoline Power Sprayer TREE SPRAYING This shows the H. P. SPRAMOTOH at work spraying trees. Horse does all the work but holding the pole. Four Nozzles at 125 lbs. pressure practically smoke the tree with spray. All automatic. By horse or hand operated and controlled. Number of nozzles can be ar- ranged to suit size of trees. The largest tree may be sprayed ; for one or two horses same price. Also arranged for vineyards, row crops, strawberries, grain crops. Nozzles will not clog. This ad. will not appear again, therefore DO IT NOW. C. H. HEARD, 1 07 1 King St., London, Ont. bia won many prizes. Among the winners of medals were: Thomas G. Earl, Lytton; Kamloops District; Kaslo District Agricul- tural Association; Summerland District; Mrs. J. A. Smith, Spence's Bridge; Salmon Arm Farmers' Exchange; Victoria District; Salt Springs Island; Jas. Johnstone, Nel- son; Jas. Gartrell, Summerland; and Chilliwack District. The New Brunswick Fruit Growers' Association will hold its annual convention at Fredericton, on Jan. 14, and 15. An interesting and valuable meeting is being looked forward to. Among the speakers will be Mr. W. T. Macoun, horticulturist at the Central Experimental. Farm, Ottawa, and Mr. G. H. Vroom, Dominion Fruit In- spector, Middleton, N. S. The New Bruns- wick Cold Storage Co. will be represented and a number of small fruit growers are preparing papers. All persons in the pro- vince shoud plan to be at this meeting. For further particulars write the secretary Mr. S. B. Hatheway, Fredericton, N. B. The big apple show held at Spokane, Wash, was a great success. It was the largest show of its kind ever held in the world. British Columbia, to her credit, secured about l-7th of the $35,000 offered as premiums. About $5,000 of this was won by Mr. F. K. E. DeHart of the Kelowna district. Lack of space prevents the publica- tion of a full account of this big show. It will appear in the February issue. The Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Associa- tion held its annual convention last month at Middleton. Many important papers were read wliich will be referred to in later issues. A resolution was passed asking for a better tariff arrangement with Germany. The officers for the ensuing year were elected as follows: Pres., Miles Chipman; senior vice-pres., E. E. Archibald; sec, S. C. Parker; asst.-sec, J. H. Cox; treas., George W. Munro. The county vice-presi- dents remain practically the same. The FARMERS' GARDEN A Heed Drill and Wheel Hoe Is in- di.spensaltle— not only in a village guriic'n but on liirgest farms. FJifiners sliould pi'Ow all manner of vegetables and "live on the fat of MIC land." Should provide succu- lent roots for Cat tie. Swine, Poultry, and save liltrh priced feed stuff. Great labor-sav- ing tools of special value for the home as well as the market grar- den. Send Inr free book. BUTEMAN MFG. CO. BOX fi IRQ GREHLOCH. H. J. Taxidermy Book FREE Mount Birds an 128 A sportsman! Fishprnionl Himterst TJaturali.-ts and others seeking to bettor theiiiselveB by learning a great irofession. Tho wonderful art of T«X* ermy. so lung kept secret, can now easily bo learned riphtin your own h..me (iring your (ipare hours. No need to j;iv» p yniir business. ^ We Teach By Mail how to niount irils, aniiiiaN. pamelieads, tan Bkin«. mako 9 and mount all trophioB. A delightful en- trancing: and money -making profession for men -i-id women. Easilv and quickly learned. Success luaranUcd or no tuition. En- liirsed by thousands of delighted grad- uates all able to eecuro tig inconn s. Great Book FRECI Our beautiful, il- -atodbook, "How to Learn to Mount Binla and mals." and our handsome Taxidermy Mat:a- ,e Bont absolutely fie« to alt who write. Stop a professional m.-ti or woman. Writf todi'' Omaha. Nab. Canadian Horticulturi^ V-ol. XXXII FEBRUARY, 1909 No. 2 The Horticultural Possibilities of Manitoba James Murray, Superintendent, Experimental Farm, Brandon it DF the prairie provinces, all of which have been lavishly supplied with edible wild fruits, Manitoba re- reived probably the most abundant ;hare. Wild strawberries, raspberries, warrants, saskatoons, cherries and plums jrow abundantly, and have long been a source of fruit supply and, although good in quality and frequently abundant yielders, they have not been permitted to occupy the field alone. Improved varieties have been grown since the early settlement of the province, and the suit- able sorts have survived the trials of many years. The progress that has been made in thirty years in fruit, flower, and vegetable growing is notable, and may be taken as an index of what may be accomplished. SMALL FRUITS One of the most successful lines of horticulture is the growing of the small fruits — currants, raspberries, and goose- berries. These grow profusely in a wild state and under cultivation have been a striking success from their earliest intro- duction. Strawberry growing has not met with the same success, but in some districts splendid crops of a high class of fruit are harvested. The difficulties in the way seem to be the late spring frosts, the high winds and the lack of sufficient moisture. Where these factors can be counteracted or controlled, straw- berry culture should be at least fairly successful. Blackcaps and blackberries have not been so successfully grown as red raspberries, but on this farm have met with fair success. APPLE GROWING OUTLOOK Apple growing in Manitoba has not yet reached the stage where it may be classed among our industries, but is making such progress that its exponents are no longer regarded as visionaries, ^fost of the early attempts to grow jjples were unsuccessful on account of Ithe stocks not being sufficiently hardy, !but the introduction of hardy Russian varieties, and the use of Pyrus baccata as a stock is rapidly changing this. It jis now no uncommon sight to see a few bearing trees of such crabs as Transcen- dent and Hyslop, and of apples like Hibernal and Duchess in farmers' grounds in many parts of Manitoba, par- ticularly in the southeast. On the Experimental Farm consider- able progress has been made largely through the use of Pyrus baccata as a hardy stock and, to a certain extent, as one of the parents used in cross breed- ing. Among the varieties fruiting here are Hibernal, Duchess, Repko, Kislaga, Transcendent and Hyslop. Besides these there are a great many cross-breds and seedlings, some of which are of fair size and quality. By far the best known apple grower in Manitoba is Mr. A. P. Stevenson of Nel- son, who has been experimenting for over twenty years with apples, and who for several years has been reaping the Kind Words from Manitoba Editor, The Canadian Horticul- turist : — I must compliment you on the improvement that has been made in The Canadian Horticulturist during the past three years. I find it very interesting from month to month, and think that you should have a large number of subscribers in this province. — James Murray, Superintendent, Experimental Farm, Brandon, Manitoba. fruits of his labors. Mr. Stevenson has had as much as sixty barrels of standard apples in one season, and has fruited over thirty varieties. Of these he recom- mends only a few, such as, Anisim, An- tonofka, Simbrisk, Blushed Calville, Wealthy and Hibernal. In justice to other fruit growers, it should be men- tioned that the location and altitude of Mr. Stevenson's farm are unusually well adapted to fruit growing. His success could no doubt be repeated at many points in Manitoba, now that northern- grown stock can be secured. PLUMS Plums are plentiful in a wild state in some parts and, as many of them are of good quality, they have been introduced into cultivation very successfully. At- tempts to grow European or Japanese plums have not been successful. cherries Cherry growing cannot be said to be of any irnportance. The pin cherry 23 (Prunus pennsylvanica) and choke cherry {Prunus virginiana) are everywhere com- mon, but are a poor substitute for the genuine article. A variety introduced by the Experimental Farm — the Japanese cherry (Prunus tomentosa) — has fruited at Brandon and seems to be hardy. It will probably prove useful. vegetables grow to perfection Vegetables- are such a conspicuous success in Manitoba that a word is called for. Nowhere in Canada can vegetables of finer quality or greater yields be grown. Our very long days and bright sun force the growth and give a product unsurpassed in flavor. Tomatoes grown in the open can frequently be used for six weeks, and sweet corn grows to per- fection and occasionally ripens. All the vegetables commonly grown in other parts of Canada are at home in Mani- toba, and give crops as heavy and of as fine quality as produced anywhere. GARDEN FLOWERS The climate of Manitoba seems to be particularly well adapted to the growth of perennial flowers and hence they arc largely depended upon by many of our gardeners. Paeonies, iris, campanula, larkspur, columbine, phlox and numerous others make splendid displays of bloom, and all the annuals that succeed well in Ontario make a better display here. Our long days of bright sunshine give colors much more striking than where the days are shorter. Success with annuals docs not depend upon starting the plants under glass as we have fully fifty var- ieties of annuals in full bloom each year from seed sown in the open. J HORTICULTURE IS ADVANCING / Interest in horticultural matters^ is being encouraged and stimulated by a number of horticultural societies scatter- ed throughout the province, especially by the Western Horticultural Society. By periodical shows, competitions ana meet- ings, these societies encourage the plant- ing of trees, shrubs and flowers,/and-the beautification of grounds and streets. Our landscape lacks the variety and beau- ty of the eastern provinces and such so- cieties have a wide field for their work. They have accomplished a great deal already in many towns and cities and they deserve every possible help and en- couragement. Treatment for Pear Blight* M. B. Waite, Pathologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture ' AMONG the factors that influence pear blight the presence of the germ is of primary importance. If the pear blight is not present in the orchard or in the immediate do, when followed by late treatment. On rapidly growing twigs and branches it is usually necessary to cut a foot or more below the lowest discoloration of the bark. In fall and winter pear blight blight is to cut all blight from the trees, and save all the healthy parts that can be saved. Blight completely kills the| bark of that portion of the tree which reaches but leaves the rest of the tre^ wholly uninjured. The only exception to this is where the girdling effect is produced by the blight at the collar or on thei^ branches. Very few or-i; chardists t h o r o u ghlyj know and understand pear blight. It has been with them so long that they regard it as one of the inevitable troubles of the year and, in fact, the apple as well. Still les.s generally known are the modern methods of con- trolling this disease by eradication. Scenes Like This are Common in Canada Daring the Spraying Season The illustration shows Mr. A. N. Brown of Wyoming, Del., well known in Ontario, and assistants spraying with a Niagara Gas Sprayer. vicinity there can be no blight. When spring opens up and new growth begins, if the germs are present or conveniently near by, and the conditions favorable, blight has a great opportunity to spread and accomplish its work of destruction. If, on the other hand, the germs do not occur, no matter how favorable condi- tions may be, there can be no blight. The main method of controlling pear blight is to cut out the holdover blight. This is usually best done in late summer and autumn but it may be done at any time through the winter or early spring before the blossoms appear. When blight occurs on the main limbs or on the collars of the trees, one of the principal things in combatting the disease is to find all the cases, especially where the blight occurs under the rough bark. It requires close examination to find and remove all the blight in the tops of the trees but this can best be done in the summer or early in the autumn while the foliage is still on, the blackened dead leaves enabling one to easily locate the blighted branches. Summer cutting out of pear blight must be regarded, how- ever, as of secondary importance in the treatment, though still a good thing to •This is a continuation of Mr. Waite'« address before Ontarla Fruit Growers' Assoolation. His remarks on Peach Yellows will appear in next issue. cutting, it is usually possible to cut pret- ty close to the blight, say four to six inches, or, where it has thoroughly died out, an inch may do. On the other hand, when the blight blends off imper- ceptibly from the dead bark into the live bark, as it often does in summer, from one to two feet below the lowest point may be considered necessary. In all work of cutting out pear blight a disinfectant should be carried to sterilize the tools and cut surfaces. For this pur- pose, one of the most convenient germi- cides is a i-iooo solution of corrosive sublimate. A bottle of this can be car- ried in the pocket and a sponge, tied to a string, kept saturated with this solution. After trimming out the blight or remov- ing the blighted bark from a diseased area, the cut surface as well as the in- struments should be sterilized before turning to another infection. It is possi- ble with proper tools such as a gouge, draw shave or box scraper, or, better, a specially made scraper, to remove the bark from a blighted area, disinfect the surface and thus save a large limb or the trunk of a tree instead of removing the same. All small limbs which can be easily spared shpuld be cut out in remov- ing the blight. The object of the treatment of pear as Spraying Straw- berries L. A. Hamilton, Lome Park, Ont] The plants on the two- acre plot of strawberries set out on my farm in 1907 looked so promis- ing in the spring of 1908 that I determined to give them every possible chance to fight down insect and fungous pests. Adopting the formula given by the Norfolk Fruit Growers' Association as a basis, I sprayed heavily on the 2 1 St of May with the following solution : Five pounds of blue vitriol, twelve pounds of lime, four ounces of Paris green to fifty gallons of water. Owing to the high percentage of lime the patch after spraying looked as if it had had a good dusting of snow. It would be unwise to lay too much stress on a single experiment of this kind ; but I can only say that we never had such a splendid patch of berries be^ fore on this farm. The plants continued to be strong and vigorous, and absolutely free from injurious insects, rusty and spotted leaves. The leaves held their dark green lustre until the crop was ripened. We gathered 13,000 boxes off the two acres. A finer lot of strawberries I have not seen before in this locality, much superior in size and quality to any thing we had grown before. This does not prove that these results were due to spraying. Several other fac tors might have exerted a potent in fluence, such as the plant stock, condi- tion of soil, location, wintering and fruit ing season. But the sprayed plants gavi so much better results than the unspray February, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 27 I ed that there is sufficient to warrant a continuance of the practice, and to make one lay down the principles that, as far as Glenleven Farm is concerned, spray- ing will have its proper place in the uture. Commercial Lime-Sulphur Solution H. A. Surface, Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa. T' Low- Heading of Trees Editor, The Canadian Horticultur- ist:— In a recent issue, you invited the opinions of growers on the low-heading of trees. In my opinion low-heading is the only proper method. An orchard of trees with branchless trunks, six or seven feet high, is unsightly to begin with. The low-down heads usually grow more symmetrical, the fruit is easier to s,'ather, spraying can be done better, the wind does not affect the tree so much, there is less breaking at the crutches, pruning is more easily done, there is less sun-scald of the trunks, and less useless wood to be supported by the tree. The sole advantage of high headed trees — convenience in cultivating among them — is becoming of little importance, owing to the introduction of machinery specially adapted to the purpose. — W, J. Kerr, Ottawa. Many excellent varieties of apples can be grown in the home orchard that the rommercial apple man would not think of growing. As the currant is one of our hardiest and most productive of fruits, it is often neglected. If you want to make the best of the bushes, treat them accord- ingly. 'HIS year marks an epoch in the San Jose scale warfare by the appear- ance of a reliable commercial in- secticide which can be used at any strength with absolute safety on any kind of tree or bush and with the knowledge that it will destroy the pests if applied thoroughly and strong enough. This material is nothing 1 ore nor less than lime-sulphur wash, made on a commer- cial basis, in a concentrated form, and prepared ready to ship in barrels or other vessels to the consumers as ordered. To a person who wishes to use but a comparatively small quantity and not go to the trouble of building a fire under a kettle to make his own boiling mixtures, the prepared or commercial lime-sulphur wash will be most satisfactory and a boon. It has come as a response to the demands of our fruit growers, rather than being forced upon them by agents and manufacturers. It will destroy not only the San Jose scale, but other insects with which it comes in contact, such as the eggs of the tent-caterpillar and the canker worm, the larvae of the codling moth in their winter retreats, the bud moth, plant lice eggs, and other pests that are to be found upon the trees dur- ing the winter time. It is also a fungi- cide, as is the home-made lime-sulphur wash, and one thorough spraying of peach trees with it during the dormant season is enough to prevent the destruc- tive effects of peach leaf curl in that or- chard during the entire next summer. •Extracts from a bulletin of the division 'of zoology of Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. Two Power Ootfits Used for Spraying for San Jote Scale This cut and the one on page 26 were Iclndly loaned by the Niagara Sprayer Co. of Mlddleport, N.Y. While it is not quite as cheap, in re- gard to the cost of material, as the home- made wash, yet it is much less expensive than the other commercial insecticides on the market, particularly the various brands of soluble oils. Of course, it is easy for any fruit grower to learn just what his raw material costs him and compute the value of his time, fuel and apparatus in making the home-made lime-sulphur wash and compare this with the cost of the commercial lime-sulphur wash, plus the freight delivered at his station. In general, a fifty-gallon batch of the home boiled lime-sulphur wash ready for use costs about one cent per gallon for ingredients alone, and the commercial lime-sulphur wash when dilute costs about two and a half times this much, or two and one-half cents per gallon. We have used it satisfactorily at a strength of one to eight, or one part of the com- mercial material diluted with eight parts of hot water, and we believe that it might give good results when used one to ten, but would not recommend it weaker than that without first giving it careful trial to be sure that the weaker degree of dilution would not impair its quality in the destruction of the scale. Like the home boiled lime-sulphur wash, the commercial material can be used upon any kind of tree, shrub or bush, and in any quantity or percentage, without injury to the tree. The only question is to use it strong enough to kill the scale and to use it so thoroughly as to do thorough work. It does not crys- tallize in the barrels, contains almost no sedi- ment, does not need to be strained, and will keep for any length of time, even for months, and not be in- jured by changes of temperature. We regard the advent of the commercial lime- sulphur wash as the greatest justification and verification that has been given to the faithful ndherents to the home boiled lime - sul p h u r wash as the standard insect- icide for scale insects. While our prediction 28 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1909 will bring about no weight in the future, neither for nor against any mater- ial, we venture to predict at this time that within a very few years this will be about the only commercial insecticide for the San Jose scale in Pennsylvania, and we agree with orchardists who have written to us stating that they regard it as a solution to the problem as to what to do for this serious pest. Naming New Strawberries The editorial in the January issue of The Canadian Horticulturist, sug- gesting that riew varieties of strawber- ries with bi-sexual flowers be given male names and pistallate ones, female names, has been the subject of favorable com- ment. A number of letters in reference to it have been received from prominent plant breeders and horticulturists. Among them are the following (others will be published later) : "Your suggestion seems very practi- cal."— W. M. Hays, secretary, .Ameri- can Breeders' Association, Washington, D. C. "The idea of naming new varieties of strawberries in such a way . that the names indicate the sex is new to me, but I like it."— L. H. Bailey, Director, Col- lege of Agriculture, Cornell University. Fertilizers on Strawberries It has been said that land cannot be too rich for strawberries. When con- sidered within the bounds of reason, the statement is correct. Many growers starve their plants rather than feed them. To grow big berries and lots of them,' plenty of manure and fertilizers are re- quired. While barnyard manure in large quantities gives good results, it is not necessary. Commercial fertilizers also give excellent returns when applied pro- perly and intelligently. The experience of many growers in all parts of Canada shows that the application of chemical fertilizers to strawberry land will pro- duce the kind and quantity of berries that mean money. The following letter was received from Mr. E. Copley Thompson, Vernon, B. C. : "I wish to report the result of some experiments made by myself last summer with artificial fertilizers, supplied by the Victoria Chemical Co., Victoria, B. C. I tried three plots on a dark, leaf-loam soil planted with celery. No. i had no fertilizer ; No. 2 had complete fertilizer ; No. 3 had incomplete fertilizer. No. 2 showed a marked superiority over the others both in growth and color. "The most marked effect, however, was seen where I tried the fertilizers on strawberries, hoeing them in around the roots. The effect of the complete fertilizer on Plot 2 was so marked that it ought to have been seen to be believed or even to realize the difference. I had three plots marked with pegs, but by bearing time there was no need for them ; one could tell at a glance that the plants in one corner were much stronger than the others, the foliage several degrees darker and the fruit much larger. The berries were much admired and customer^ who once tried them would have no other. "It is impossible to give the yields on the various plots of berries as it is more than human nature can stand to have an order to fill and see nice berries across .1 certain line and not pick them. But I can say that Mr. Norris, the Government agent here came up with Mr. Dobie to see the results of my experiments this summer and the difference was so mark- ed between those plants that had the complete fertilizer, incomplete and none, that he (Mr. Norris) said after a glance at them 'Oh, you have not given the others any water.' That theory could Spraying Apple Trees J. C. Harris, Ingerioll, Ont. Should there be no scale in your dis- trict, it will not be necessary to spray until the blossoms are beginning to fall. This spraying is the pivot of success for the destruction of the codling moth and apple scab. Do not wait until the blossoms are all fallen. Do the work thoroughly. Put on lots of material (drenching a little won't hurt). Spray four sides of each tree with this spray if possible. Any part of the tree missed when going north and south can be easily .seen when going east and west, the tree thus may be completely covered. .'\pply two later sprays, one about ten days later, the other two or three weeks later. I use six pounds of bluestone, eight pounds of lime and six or seven ounces of Paris green to forty gallons of water prepared the usual way. I in- tend this season to use ar.'ienate of-^ead A Small' Part of the Big Apple Show Held at Spokane, Washington Exhibit of ~0.f«l) Winesaps by Mr. H. M. Gilbert of North Yaliiiiia, VVasli., who wa.-* awarded the second prixe of toOO ill the carload competition. The illustration was kindly furnished by Mr. August Wolf, Spokane, Wash. At this show, British Columbia won nearly |o,000 in prizes -See page 41. not Stand, of course, as I watered them equally to get as much fruit as possible from the patch. The difference was so marked in size of berries, in size of plants and also in color, that it had to be seen to be appreciated. My best cus- tomers all wanted their berries before breakfast because they tasted so fresh. "The secret of this was not water, which will bring size without much flavor, but cultivation and the complete fertilizer, which brought them first into the market, giving them the size and flavor. I made $97.15 from 1,000 plants put in in spring of 1907. This was from an $8 investment in Magoon straw- berry plants and a bag or so of complete fertilizer, without which I shall never try to raise strawberries." instead of Paris green as it is more cer- tain. A few of the important points to be remembered in spraying are : 1. Have a good outfit with a high der- rick so that you can see well what you are doing. 2. Keep the liquid well stirred or your efforts will be fruitless. 3.- Start in time. Do not wait for the weather. Spray with the wind, if possible. 4. Be sure that your lime is fresh and put in plenty. 5. Remember that the June spraying, as the blossoms are falling, is the most important. Do it thoroughly. This one spraying with no more will give excellent results in most seasons, but spi-ay once or twice if you can. The New York Apple Tree Canker ' ROM many sections of the country come alarming reports of the effects of canlcer on apple trees. Vn examination of some of the orchards Reveals the presence of the New York fApple Tree Canker. The cause of the Fcanker is the "Black Rot" fungus which fis commonly found on apples. Professor fPaddock of the New York Experiment IStation, Geneva, demonstrated satisfac- Itorily by inoculation experiments that |the Black Rot fungus is the cause of cankers so common on the branches of the trees. The first effect of the can- ker, after the infection occurs in the spring, is a discolored area of outer bark. These ;ireas soon enlarge, and sometimes encircle the branches. The jinner bark is killed, and there is notice- able a definite boundary to the diseased areas. After the disease has made con- siderable headway, the bark loosens and peels off, exposing the bare wood. Of course when apple girdling occurs, the portion of the branch beyond the canker dies. Professor Paddock believes that he fungus effects an ertranoe through vounds or cracks. It is very probable Jso that inoculation occurs very fre- ouently through the agency of sucking Tisects, as I have frequently observed infection to begin from punctures Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College in the bark, which are probably made by sucking insects. Professors Parrott and Stewart, of Geneva, have very cleverly shown that the Snowy Tree- Cricket {Oecanthus niveus) may be the unconscious agent of inoculation of trees by canker. New York Apple Tree Canker is found more frequently on the larger limbs of well-grown trees than on the smaller and younger limbs of young trees. Moreover thrifty trees are more resistant than weak and neglected ones. On the bark killed by this canker spore bodies termed py- cnidia are frequently observed in autumn and winter. The mycelium of germinat- ing spores from these pycnidia cannot effect an entrance to the cambium through the living tissue, but can find an entrance through wounds. Paddock believes that in some cases the mycelium may live over winter in the bark, for he cannot otherwise account for the for- mation of the largest cankers. Paddock recommends, in the line of prevention of canker, that trees should not be crowded, and that they be pruned so as to admit sunshine and air. To sun-scald and sun-burn were pre- viously ascribed such injuries to twigs. It is very likely, however, that the injuries due to sun-scald have been exaggerated, although it is undoubtedly true that trees suffer from this cause to some extent. The sun-scald areas are usually quite characteristic. They run longitudinally and are usually found on the south and south-west sides of the limbs. The treatment which has been recom- mended for the control of this canker is : (i). To collect and destroy diseased fruit, which usually accumulates on the trees in orchards. These, however, often contain the spores of the Black Rot fun- gus, by means of which the cankers are inoculation in the spring. The destruc- tion of such diseased fruits will greatly diminish the liability of infection of the limbs. (2). To scrape the cankered areas on the limbs and to paint these areas with to coat it with tar or paint, disinfectant, such as copper sulphate, and (3). To cut off the smalhr cankered branches wherever possible, and to burn them. (4). To spray with Bordeaux mixture. Observations in New York have shown fairly conclusively that cankers are most abundant in those orchards that are not sprayed with Bordeaux. Applications of Bordeaux made year after year appear to have a cumulative effect in keeping down all kinds of fungous diseases. Window Boxes, Hanging Baskets and Rustic Stands Wm. Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph AVVINDOW box does not necessar- ily require to be of an elaborate or expensive nature, so long as it is strong enough to stand the pressure of the weight of soil used and to resist the efforts of gales and winds to dislodge ^it from its position. A plain wooden box An Undecorated Window nade of one inch dressed pine of the fol- bwing dimensions will be found very useful, inexpensive and effective : Length of box (over all) should be •Paper read at the last convention of the On- tario Fruit Growers' Association in Toronto. t I'art of an addreas delivered at tlie convention of the Ontario Horticultural Association, held in Toronto last November. It will be concluded in next issue. about the width of the window itself, not including the window frames. The two or three inches in width of frames on each side of the window will allow for covering the box with cork bark, or other material, if required, of which more will be said later. The di- mensions given here can of course be changed to some extent so as to suit the style of window, but care must be taken not to have the box too large, so as to be heavy and unwieldy : Width of box at top (inside measurement), nine to ten inches ; width of box at bottom (inside measurement), eight to nine inches ; depth of box (inside measurement), about seven inches. The difference in the width of the top and bottom of the box will allow the front to stand at an angle or slope outwards from the bottom up, thus avoiding the common box-like appearance which a perfectly upright front board would leave. This method also allows the drooping varieties of plants to hang clear of the box, thus adding to the ef- fect, as well as being beneficial to the plants. The box should have three or 29 four thin cleats of wood one inch in width and half an inch in thickness nailed to the outside of bottom to allow of free drainage, and to prevent the rotting of wooden sills. Some half inch holes should be bored about six inches apart in the bottom for drainage purposes. Plain Painted Box two inches down from top on inside. A dark, dull, olive-green color is best for The box should be painted outside, and this purpose. A small iron staple or screw-eye should be placed on each end near the front top corner to support the box when placed in position. A piece of strong wire, or an iron hook, fastened 30 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1909 to the screw-eye or staples placed in the windows should be used for this pur- pose. The box should have at least three inches bearing on whole length of win- dow sill. A piece of galvanized sheet iron may be placed on the sill to prevent the sill from rotting. The following dia- grams will perhaps be of service in the construction of the box : A box constructed as stated will with ordinary care last for nine or ten years if given an occasional coat of paint. A more elaborately constructed box can be had by having the bottom pro- ject about an inch on the front and ends, the soil from drying out too rapidly. These are some of the methods by which window boxes can be made more artis- tic and less crude looking than we often see them, and also give the pjants the best possible conditions for successfnl growth. SOIL FOB WINDOW BOXiSa A good, rich, loamy compost, about two parts loamy potting soil and one part of well-rotted barnyard manure with a little bone meal, makes a good soil for window box plants generally. It is of no use expecting good results in window boxes if poor soil is used. I have found Ironl' 0 o o o o 0 o o o o Back" End Section of Box. Bottom of Box, showing Cleats and Holes for Drainage. and the edges nicely rounded. Beading can also be used effectively for appear- ance sake. All of these are of little use, however, and only serve to help rot the box. It is much better for the success- ful growth of the plants to have a plain box as described covered with virgin bark, or even the bark or some of our native trees. The bark should be nailed on firmly. Flat pieces of bark are best for covering window boxes. It may be necessary to run a saw cut partially through the corn bark lengthwise on the inside, to make it more pliable and to make it set closer. The bark of the hard maple, ash, and walnut are particularly well suited for this purpose, especially if taken from a recently felled tree, when the bark is pliable and easily placed in position. The covering of the bark — or bark and moss — as seen in the photos, not only gives the box an artistic and rustic-looking appearance, but also helps Box Corered With Cork Bark to prevent the soil from drying out as quickly as it does in a plain wooden box, a point worthy of consideration, espec- ially if the box is to be placed in an ex- posed sunny situation. Covering the out- side with small pieces of split cedar nailed on has a good effect from an ar- tistic point of view, as well as preventing it a good plan to put a sprinkling of bone meal or a thin one-inch layer of well-rotted barnyard manure spread over the soil about an inch from the bottom of the boxes. This serves as a reserve fertilizer when the balance of the soil has become exhausted. WHEN TO FILL Window boxes should not be filled until it is about time to place them in posi- tion. In fact I prefer filling them after they are placed in position, if possible. Window boxes filled a few weeks before they are placed in position may look bet- ter at the time, but long before the sea- son is over they begin to look shabby from the soil having become exhausted and filled with roots, a condition it is dif- ficult to remedy even with the application of fertilizers, or with copious applications of water. Well-grown and well-hard- ened plants of a good size and appear- ance, and the box filled at the time of placing in position, will give far more satisfactory results for the season than a box filled earlier that soon gets past its best, even if the changed conditions from indoors to outdoors does not at once have a damaging effect, as it often does on the plants, unless shaded for a few days or placed in a well sheltered position from the sun and wind. Good, rich soil, large, well grown and harden- ed plants are essentially necessary to have a successful window box. About the first week in June is a good time to place window boxes in position. HOW TO FILL AND AERANQE No Other drainage is necessary beyond the holes in the bottom of the box. Fill in soil sufficient to fill box about one- third full. Stand the plants, after they have been knocked out of the pots they are in, in the position they are to occu- py, and make sure that you have them in their proper positions before filling in any more soil. Place the tall plants at the back, and place the drooping and trailing plants in front and ends of box. Then fill in any open or bare looking spots between with medium height plants. In placing the plants in position, due consideration must be given to height and habits of plants as well as color effect, and to have the plants arranged so that height, den- sity and color may be properly balanced and harmonized, without their present- ing a stiff formal appearance. The sur- face soil of the ball of earth on the plants when placed in the box should b. about an inch or more below the toi. edge of the box. When you are satisfied the plants are properly set and arranged, fill in the soil and pack it moderately firm around the roots of the plants, filling in soil to with- in an inch of top of box. Give water at once suflficient to moisten all the soil. Afterwards avoid over-watering at the roots for a few days until the plants are established in their new quarters. A sprinkle of water overhead and the plants shaded for a day or two will be bene- ficial when first planted. When growth has well commenced, water should be given freely every day unless in very wet weather. Give water so that it runs out through the holes in the bottom of box every time the plants are watered. Towards the end of the season some liquid fertilizer may be given the plants. Art application of fertilizer as used for pot plants once a week from middle of July until the end of the season will be beneficial, or a top dressing of rich soil may be applied about the end of July to advantage. In the autumn many of the plants can be taken out, potted and placed in the window for winter. It is seldom that the box is of any use for indoor decorative purposes without being refilled. Window Box Covered.with Native Bark, Lichens and Fungi boxes filled with ferns, bulbs or plants in the fall, look very nice, however, in a window in winter. An article on the construction and management of hotbeds for starting vegetable and flower seeds will appear in next issue. Planting for Winter Effect in the North^ George Edward McClure, Buffalo WHEN we contemplate planting for winter effect, the mind turns first to the evergreens, then l3 berry plants, and to the bright colored branches of the dogwoods and osiers, and so The Berries of Eoonymas Bungeanut forth, but seldom do we think of the beautiful effect of the winter woods, the persistent foliage of some of the beeches and oaks, which although brown and dry, yet is cheerful in its effect. Little is thought of the beautiful shades of brown, grey and white, in the trunk an 1 branch, or of the variety of the frame work of the various trees, which gives an element of strength to the winter landscape, or to the variety in trees and shr-ls, in the delicate tracery of their smaller twigs, as evidenced by some of the birches and al- ders, and so forth, in the trees, and in the shrubs, by such as Stephanandra flexuosa, the coral berry (Symphoricar- pus vulgaris) and some of the spireas. DECIDUOUS TREES Among the deciduous trees which are attractive during winter might be men- tioned the American plane or sycamore * liiXtracta from a paper read before the Society of American Florists and Ornamental HorticnlluriKts, at ilH annual convention at Niaifara I'all«. N.Y. The in- formation ouplioH lo the rcKion of the Great hakoH and locations of similar climate. Many of the spccien recommended for planting. b>it not all, may bo used in " !' 'Its of Canada where luvrdy plants will grow. (PLatanus uccidentalis) which, with its pendent balls of fruit borne high against the sky, seem to take away the barren- ness of the deciduous trees, and is sug- gestive of the Christmas decoraitions so admired by the young folks, on Christ- mas trees. While this tree is beautiful in winter, it has also much to recommend it as a fast-growing tree for summer ef- fect. Its beautiful bark, with the irregu- lar patches of green and grey, are also •nteresting in the winter season. la much the same manner the liquid amber (Liquidambar styraciflua) is interesting with its fruit in pendent spiked balls. Its' symmetrical form of growth and ex- tremely corky branches are noticeable to those who are only casual observers. The little shell-bark hickory (Hickoria ovata) while suggestive of st-ength, is also especially interesting on account of its peculiar bark formation, which is un- like any other common species of tree. If planted near the shell-bark hickory and other trees with rough bark the American beech (Fagus ferruginea) shows to advantage, as its grey bark is the smothest of any of our hardy Ameri- can trees and never fails to attract at- tention from those who see^ the beau- ties of winter as found in our woods. It is also especially attractive in winter as the young trees often hold their dry leaves as do some of the oaks well into the winter. Among other trees which might be mentioned as being attractive in winter, from the standpoint of their bark color- ation, are the yellow branched linden (Tilia platyphyllos var. aurea), the Baby- lonian or weeping willow(S'aZtA: Babylonica) and the white willow (Salix alba) with its brownish yellow branches, the white pop- lar [Populus alba) and its fastigiate var- iety, Bolleana, with their grey-green bark, Acer Pennsylvanicun with its white striped bark and greenish twigs, the red birch {Betula nigra) with its brown bark, and the canoe birch (Betula papyrifera.) The white birch (Betula populifolia ) and the Eu(!Dpean white birch (Betula alba) are the most beau- tiful white barked trees. Their graceful outlines are one of the delights of winter landscapes, but unfortunately they are afflicted with the birch borer, which, in some localities is so destructive that the culture of the trees has been abandoned. When it is possible for them to thrive, they are charming if planted along with some of the pines, such as the white pine (Pinus strobus) and the pitch pine (Pinus rigida.) The birches also thrive in sandy soil, which is favorable to the pines themselves. The effect of the white, bark against the perpetual green back ground of the pines is to many, more delightful in winter than when the birches are covered with their summer foliage. THE MIXED FOREST Excellent winter effects are glso ob- tained by what the forester t rms the "mixed forest," which is a mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees. This forest growth is often to be found along the Great Lakes belt, and the effect is often very beautiful. It would be* well if we would learn from nature and repro- duce these effects in our parks and large estates. While it is out of the realm of this paper to mention fall coloration ef- fects, this "mixed forest" effect is un- paralleled whea we behold the tints of the maples mixed with the dark green pines, and the impression produced is one that lingers in the memory of the most casual observer. USE OF EVERGREENS While we can secure much pleasure from the observation of trees in their- bark, twig and fruit formation, yet the most impressive winter effects are large- ly produced by using the hardy conifer- ous evergreen with a lavish hand. In this connection it may be said that an in- finite variety of evergreens is not neces- sary to produce fine effects, and while the list of the iron-clad evergreens, suit- able for northern climate, is wofully Euonymui Radicant, var. Vegata 32 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1909 short, yet we have no reason to be dis- turbed. On larger places the liberal planting of pines and heml-cks for screening unsightly buildings, and checking the force of the winter winds, will have much to do with the successful treatment of the place, for one can better appreciate the subtle beauties of a winter landscape if protected from the force of" the icy wind by an effective, screen of tall and stately evergreen trees. The most useful large growing pines for northern planting are the white pine {Pinus strobus), the Austrian pine (Pinus Austriaca), and the Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris.) The soft effect of tlie delicate needles of the white pine when young and its stately appearance when old, places it preeminently in the lead, while the larger needles of the Austrian and Scotch pines contrast well and give variety. The only objection to the use of the American hemlock is that it cannot hi employed near large cities on account of the smoke and sulphur gases which are always present in manufacturing dis- tricts. In both large and small p'aces, the Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga Doug- lasii), with its dark green foliage, and the Colorado blue spruce (Picea pun- gens), and its varieties glauca and Kos- toriana, give variety to the winter land- scape. For immediate effect, and for filling in between the more permanent pines and spruces, the Norway spruce (Picea excelsa) is useful, but as it very often outlives its usefulness at an early age, it is only useful for the purpose of temporary effects. The mountain pine (Pinus montana) is the most useful of the low-growing evergreens for our northern climate and is not out of place on the smallest lawn. When massed at the foot of larger ever- greens it is extremely effective. Some of the junipers can safely be employed in the north. By far the most effective of all is (Juniperus Virginiana glauca), the glaucous form of the common red cedar. It is much more hardy than the type, and it will thrive in the smoky at- mosphere of the city as will no other cedar. Its whitish effect, lik"- that of the Colorado blue spruce, is particularly striking. Juniperus Chinensis stricta is also an evergreen of the first rank for the north. For low planting the savin juniper (Juniperus Sabina) is excellent, while Juniperus communis var. nana, which is still lower in growth, gives us an oppor- tunity to produce an evergreen carpet when it is desired. As a useful, hardy evergreen we cannot overlook the Jap- anese yew (Taxus cuspidata). It is a welcome addition to the list of really hardy evergreens. The American arbor vitae (Thuya occidentalis) in its numer- ous varieties, is also useful as a northern evergreen, but prefers the shelter given by wind breaks. Its golden variety, aurea, is extremely useful as it is really golden, and adds a touch of bright color which harmonizes well with the prevail- ing deep green of the majority of ever- greens. WhJe the evergreens enumerated, do not include all of the Coniferae that are hardy along the region of the Great Lakes, yet it does include the very hard- iest species. These are sufficient to pro- duce a winter picture, which as far as conifers a e concerned, will be effective and leave little to be desired. BROAD LEAVED EVERGREENS What is tru^ of the scarcity of the really hardy coniferous evergreens in the Great Lake or northern regions, is still more true of the broad leaved ever- greens. One of the very few which is hardy under all conditions is the yucca (Yucca filamentosa). When planted in large masses it is a cheering sight in winter, to say nothing of its profusion of bloom in summer. It is doubly wel- come, but its value as a winter plant is its chief asset. Even a solitary speci- men on the lawn is an evidence of life in the snow. The best evergreen ground cover is un-' doubtedly the periwinkle (Vinca minor). Its ability to thrive under adverse con- ditions of light, render it useful for oth- er things besides winter effect. It is an excell'^nt ground cover between ever- greens, its cheerful green is not only beautiful to the eye but the plant acts as a protection from deep freezing of the soil. When it is planted in mass in the open, or on the edge of shrub border, in company with Rosa blanda, it makes an unique combination, as the brilliant large fruits of the rose borne near the ground and just over the ground work of green vinca, the effect is suggestive of the Christmas season. Another broad-leaved evergreen which is useful in the northern latitudes, is Euonymus radicans, which as a low climber, takes the place of the English ivy. As a creeper it is seen at its best. The sun of February and March often burns some of the upper leaves, but whenever it produces its red berries it is a thing to be desired. The Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera Halliana), while not considered an ever- green, yet retains its green leaves until long after Christmas in sheltered situa- tions, when used as a trailer, but not when used as a climber, as the leaves are more exposed to frost and wind and are not as persistent. As this plant is used for covering banks in open ravines, and around rocks and boulders, it has a cheery effect on a winter day. (To be cmitinued in next issuej Tuberous - Rooted Begonias John Paine, London, Ontario WHEN tuberous rooted begonias are wanted for outside planting, start the tubers early in March, in shallow boxes filled with sand, as they require plenty of heat to start them grow- ing. A furnace cellar is one of the best places for this purpose. Water sparingly at first. After they have made about half an inch of growth, put them in good strong potting soil, in five-inch pots and place them in windows facing the south if possible. Water now when the plants require it. By the last week in May, you should have strong plants, just coming into bloom for your out-of-doors bed. A sandy foam made as rich as you possibly can make it, is the best soil for these begonias. Have the bed if possi- ble, so situated that it will be shaded from the mid-day sun. Make the bed slightly oval. Plant about fifteen inches apart with the top of the tuber a little below the surface of the ground. For support, use strips of shingles about one- third of an inch wide. Take about six of the strips and push them into the ground about half their length around the plant four inches from the stem. The plants will grow upright and remain so through wind and storm. The growth of the foliage will soon hide the support. Cover the ground of the bed with air- slacked lime, just keeping clear of the begonia stems. When the lime becomes caked, scrape it off and apply more. Do this at least three times during the early part of the season. During the warm weather begonias require plenty of water. Apply it in the evening. To keep the tubers for another season, cut the stems off about three inches from the tuber and dig them up after the fir.st hard frost in Sepember, leaving a good sized ball of earth around them. Place in a furnace cellar until the earth about them becomes thoroughly dry. Then remove the tubers and store them in sand in a dry but not too warm a place for the winter. In this way, your loss of them will be less than two per cent. Most of my begonias are of the new frilled var- ieties, principally singles as I like them best of all. Photograph your lawn and shrub- beries in winter, and send prints for re- production in The Canadian Horticul- turist. Send photographs of your window gar- dens to The Canadian Horticulturist for publication and tell how you care for the plants. What Amateur Gardeners Can Do in February IF you want to grow the best kind of vegetables and flowers in your garden next year, secure catalogues from the firms that advertise in The Canadian Horticulturist. Read them carefully and make your selections. They are in- teresting not only for the lists of varieties that they contain, but also for the many etc., earlier in the spring, if you sow the seeds inside about the last of the month or early in March. When large enough, the plants may be transplanted to a cold frame. If this is not available, trans- plant to other boxes in the house. Keep a close watch on the window plants for insect pests. Syringe or ChildrcD's Exhibit of Alters at Flower Show Held Uft Sninmer by Woodstock Horticultural Society This society is one of the most useful in Ontario. Its worlc among the school children has been particularly valuable. Last year, BOO packages of aster seed were distributed to them. The president of the society.is Mr J. \V^. Armstrong and the secretary, Mr. W. 11. Vroman. excellent cultural directions that they give. It is wise to order early. The earliest annuals of the garden may be secured by sowing the seed in Feb- ruary. Seeds of verbenas, lobelias, cockscombs, double petunias, sweet sul- tan and others may be sown in pots or boxes in the window towards the end of the month, for use in window boxes or hanging baskets. For bedding-out pur- poses, sow seed early in March. Towards the end of the month, sow a few seeds of sweet peas in pots or boxes for plant- ing outside in spring, as soon as the weather and soil will permit. You will have beets, lettuce, beans, A Bed of Cannas and Caladiams sprinkle the foliage two or three times a week with luke-warm water. A weak solution of tobacco applied once a week will be beneficial. Do not have the plants too close to the window at night. Should they become frozen, avoid bringing them into a high temperature. Keep them where it is only a few degrees above freezing. Cover them and keep in the dark for twenty-four hours, or until the frost is out of them; If they were not frozen too severely, they may be saved in this way but keep them away from bright sun-light for a week or two after- wards. About the end of the month, fuchsias that have been resting, mav be started into growth. For further information on how to do this, send enquiries to the "Question and Answer Department" of Tiii; Canadian' Hortici'Lturist. If you want to keep your freesia bulbs after flowering, withhold water until the foliage turns yellow, and then srive no more. Place the pots in a cellar until next fall, when the bulbs may be taken from the soil and repotted. SOME WORK OUT-DOORS If you have not yet pruned your cur- rant and gooseberry bushes, the work may be done any time during the dor- mant period. These fruits are quite hardy and will stand more abuse than others. If your fruit trees have become infest- ed with insects and fungous pests, plan to have them sprayed this spring. It will be too early this month, but you had better plan ahead. If the orchard is small, purchase a knapsack spray pump, but better results would be obtained by the use of a barrel sprayer. To make the expense easier, it would be well to club in its purchase with a number of your neighbors. Consult the spraying advertisements in this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. Write for catalogues and choose the sprayer that you like best. You will never regret it. In other colurhns of this issue may be found further information on spraying. This will be supplemented with some ex- cellent articles next month. A First Prize Garden In the amateur competition for best lawn and flower garden conducted last summer by the Peterboro Horticultural Society, the first prize was awarded to Mr. Wm. J. Kennedy, of Peterboro. A glance at the illustration will show at the left a border of geraniums and foliage plants. The flower bed at the right hand lower corner comprised geraniums bor- dered with Madam Saleroi ; the one in back ground, cannas bordered also by silver-leaved geraniums. At the right, not distinctly shown, is a border of asters, petunias, stocks and phlox. These were started in the house in early spring from seed and planted outside in June. Three specimens of cacti adorn one side of the walk. Near the back of the lot is a wire fence with two rows of geraniums in front and a vegetable garden on the other side. The A Prize Garden in Peterboro entire garden and lawn was well cared for and presented a pleasing appearance throughout the season. When spring-time comes, take a pho- tograph of your backyard or garden be- fore any improvement is made. Then give the plot as much attention as you can and, when it appears at its best, take another photograph. Send both (o Tni Canadian Horticulturist for publica- tion. "■ 34 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1909 A Garden Effect in Toronto T. McVittic, Toronto THE illustration on this page shows a part of the pleasure ground in front of Sir H. M. Pellatt's con- servatories, Toronto. The border to the right is planted with a mixed collection of annuals having for a background can- nas and Nicotiana sylvestris. The an- nuals used are stocks, Semple's tall- branching asters, zinnias, verbenas, an- tirrhinums, petunias, French and African marigolds, and so forth, and bordered with tagetes. The annuals are sown about the begin- ning of March, in flats in the green- houses. When large enough, they are pricked out on old hotbeds which have first been covered with a couple inches of rich light soil. After being watered, the sashes are placed over them and kept grown from cuttings or seeds, but best results will be obtained from seeds sown about the beginning of February, in flats or pans filled with a mixture of leaf mould and sand and covered lightly with the latter and afterwards placed in a warm greenhouse or hotbed. As soon as they are out of the seed leaf, they should be transplanted into shallow flats in a light mixture of loam leaf mould and sand. When large enough pot them into small pots. If properly looked after they will make nice bedding plants by the middle of May. About Lilies Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist : — As you wish correspondence from your readers "re. experience in the growth and Some Flower Bedi and Borden on Grounds of Sir Henry M. Pellatt, Toronto, last Summer closed and shaded from the sun until the seedlings get well established, gradually hardening them off by raising the sashes during the day and after a time removing the sashes altogether. The flower beds to the left are two five-pointed stars, one at each end, plant- ed with verbenas. The centre bed is a maltese cross planted with geranium, Mad. Barney, on a ground work of alys- sum. In the distance can be seen beds of begonias of the semperflorens variety ; viz., Erfordi, Vernon and Graceless. These are fine bedding varieties and con- tinue a mass of bloom from June until killed by the frost. They are easily care of lilies, I desire to say that, having had considerable experience in their growth, the auratums may be successfully grown. My bulbs are planted about 15 inches deep in a partially shaded position and well drained soil. Last season, I had bloom 1 1 inches across from bulbs that had been blooming for a number of years. They had not been covered the previous winter, although I would recommend a light covering, say, of leaves but placed so that ice would not be formed upon the surface. I have grown Liliutn auratum macranthum and L. a. vittatum, would perhaps prefer the former as a little stronger grower. My experience with the speciosums is that they may be grown in Ontario. I have had 25 flowers from a single bulb. Fresh manure should not be used. The soil should be very rich with well-rotted manure and if sandy loam so much the better. Liliiim candidum has given me great satisfaction. Can you fancy anything more beautiful than, say, 100 flowers all open at once, shedding a fragrance that cannot be described but which can be known only as a matter of experience. This lily should be planted in August, as in September and October they com- mence both a root and leaf growth. If bulbs are planted or disturbed in spring or late fall it will militate against their bloom for the following season. It is true, Mr. Editor, as you remark, that the lily is amongst the noblest of garden plants. When we consider the great variety of those that are perfectly hardy, there appears to be no excuse for not having them in abundance. — A. Bar- ber, Bowmanville, Ont. Hints to Amateurs W. J. Stevenson, Oshawa, Ont. A fault of amateur gardeners is impa- tience. Efficiency, beauty and pleasure are often sacrificed for instantaneous re- sults. One who buys a house standing in an arid waste of bricks and mortar, water holes, and so forth, naturally wishes to see it transformed at once. It is this sudden polishing up of a new garden, that ends in its ruin. It needs both time and thought to carry out the work properly. The attractiveness of a garden lies in its prospective growth of charms, the place being made to develop a constantly recurring succession of fea- tures. Economical gardening is remark- able for its simplicity. Some gardens look as well on an expenditure of a small sum per annum as others on which a much larger amount has been squander- ed. In one case, the strictest economy has been practised ; in the other, there may be no end of rarities mixed so indis- criminately as to represent sublime con- fusion ; and curiously enough in some gardens, where expense seems of little object, there is a great absence of order. Age of Bushes What constitutes a one-year-old and a two-year-old gooseberry bush from cuttings.' If I plant cuttings this spring and take them up the following spring, are they one year old or two years old? Some persons contend that the cuttings are one year old before they are set out. — D. B., Norfolk Co., Ont. In nursery practice, the age of the bushes is calculated from the time that the cuttings are planted. Bushes from cuttings planted this spring will be one year old the following spring. Readers are asked to tell their ex- periences with freesias in the window gardens. Growing Early Vegetables in the Home Garden A. V. Main, IT is a great privilege to have a garden and in return we should make the most of it. Whether it be a working man's garden, a private garden or a market garden, earliness in vegetables is appreciated. In this article, we shall discuss the early crops outdoors and not the vegetables produced under glass. PEAS For early peas, commence the work the last week of March. Select an early variety, such as American Wonder or Steele, Briggs' Best Early Extra. Fill two or three dozen four-inch pots half full with light soil, placing first some • rough leaves in the bottom of the pot. Sow eight or ten seeds in each pot and cover with soil within half an inch of the rim of the pot. Place a label in one of the pots stating the variety and when sown. Give a good watering with a watering-can having a fine rose sprink- ler. If a hotbed is not available, place the pots in a warm sunny window. When the plants sprout and commence to grow, keep the soil moist and give them plenty of light and air on favorable days. Keep the little plants stocky and strong. If the weather is good towards the end of April, remove the pots to a sheltered nook outdoors. Several degrees of frost will do no harm. When the frost is out of the ground and the soil is dry enough, select a sunny sheltered aspect of the garden for plant- ing. Plant each potful by itself and place them fifteen inches apart in the row. Procure some small branches, preferably dead spruce, and insert them on either side of the peas both for protection and support. With a small quantity of peas, it is a great assistance to support them with branches, or wire netting. Even the small market grower can practise supporting the vines with profit; the peas ripen earlier, they are easier to pick, are much cleaner and yield a bigger ^rop ; it does not involve much labor. Instead of using pots for sowing, ^her substitutes can be employed, such sowing on sods or starting the seeds strawberry boxes or in V-shaped 3xes. The latter method is excellent. Jse two long four-inch boards and tie fiem together here and there with binder ifine and drive a nail (only half way) in very three feet of the box. We have sed this method with boxes nine feet 'fong. When planting, the boards will asily sever partnership on the removal of the twine and nails and the roots will be left intact. By following this method of culture, I was able to have good filled peas on the loth of June last year. POTATOES To have early potatoes, choose a relia- ble early sort that does well in your Gardener to B. Rosamond, Esq., Almonte, locality. About the end of March, look up your seed tubers, for if you want a dish of potatoes on the 15th of June, you must have them moving. First of all, procure shallow boxes. These can be easily made. No amateur gardener should be without several of these boxes, in accordance to his requirements, to raise seeds, tomato plants, asters and all his many other garden favorites. It is a great assistance to forward a host of subjects under cover in spring, to achieve earliness and to get the worth of a gar- den. For instance, we might dig pota- toes while the man in no hurry would only be planting. The boxes in question can be four inches deep, two feet long and fifteen inches wide, a convenient size for gardening purposes. The bottom of the box should have the seams be- tween the boards half an inch in size to allow an outlet for water. Fill these boxes with decayed manure or leaves half an inch in depth. Medium- sized potatoes are best without any cut- ting. Pack these into the box, keeping the end with the eyes or buds uppermost. Keep the leaves moist and set the box in a warm room, near the light. Strong heat is not conducive to sturdiness ; a little above freezing point is excellent. As the growths push up, we thin them to two strong shoots on each potato. En- deavor to have short stubby growth by exposing to a cooler position. When the conditions outside are allow- able, plant in your warmest corner of the garden. Draw out furrows in rows, about six inches deep and two feet apart. Take out your seed potatoes carefully, with all the leaves and roots attached. Put one tuber only every twelve inches and cover with finely broken soil. A dressing of wood ashes over the tubers is beneficial if at hand. Spruce branches are a splendid protection from frost at night or an inverted flower pot or empty box. When the stems are sufficiently high, draw up the earth to them on either side, not necessarily into hills. In what- ever locality you may be, the adoption of this method will bring potatoes a fort- night or three weeks earlier. Frost may scare you, but one must risk a little to gain anything. TOMATOES The best early tomato is Earliana. Sow the seed from March loth to 20th in finely sifted soil in small boxes. A hot- bed or a well heated greenhouse is better, but not always available. When trans- fering the seedlings to a larger box for more space, use care in handling them. A maxim in Tomato culture worth rem- embering is "Keep the foliage dry and the roots moist." Prepare a compost of loam, decayed manure and sand, thor- S5 Ontario oughly mixed. By May ist the plants should be strong and ready for re-potting into four-inch pots. Pot fairly firmly and shade the plants for three or four days. Good supplies of water will be required by each pot, whether placed under glass or in the window. Do not put the plants outdoors too soon, allow the pots to get full of roots first. I like also to see the first truss of bloom out; May 25th is generally safe. It is now that the use of pots gives us a start in the race for early tomatoes. The roots are not broken. We can plant on a sunny day and the plants get no check. Those grown in boxes come out injured and the sun is their torment for some days. My method is to plant, two and a half feet apart each way, on light soil, not manured. Procure stout stakes five feet long and drive them in on the north side of each plant and secure the plant to this with soft twine. Only allow the main leader to grow up. Almost every week rub out the shoots that spring from the base of each leaf and when the fruit is swelling, it will do no harm to shorten the leaves with a knife. The air and sun must be admitted in unlimited quan- tities. At this stage, a good mulching of manure is spread all around the plants. Every shower will wash in this surface feeding. Supply the plants with plenty of water. By judicious disbudding, tying up the plants, hoeing and surface manuring, one can easily obtain fine fruits by the end of July. The secret lies in growing the plants in pots, firstly, and in training the vines to a single stem. While directing attention to the grow- er of a small garden, the application of the methods suggested in the foregoing notes would be profitable also to market growers on a large scale. In subsequent issues of The Canadian Horticulturist other vegetables will be dealt with. Mushrooms Can a man who is located 200 miles from market make money out of mushrooms in winter.'— N. C, Temiscouata Co., Que. If all other conditions are favorable, I do not think that a distance of 200 miles from market should trouble a mushroom grower very much. In order to be profitable, the crop should whole- sale in winter for at least 50 cents a pound ; at this price, the express rates would not be proportionately heavy. A more serious problem would be an easily available supply of suitable manure for making the beds. If that is 200 miles away the chances of financial success are small. — Thos. Delworth, Weston, Ont. The Constructioiv of Irrigation Plants WHAT seems to be a good system of irrigation and one which is favorably reported upon by some of the correspondents from whom letters have been received, is the Skinner Sys- tem (The Skinner Irrigation Co., Troy, Ohio). This system provides for both green-house and outside irrigation. It is really a method of overhead sprink- ling. For outside use galvanized iron pipes are used to convey the water. These are supported on upright posts high enough to permit of cultivating underneath, or about six feet above ground. In the galvanized iron water pipes are set nozzles about four feet apart or more, depending on the kind of nozzle used, the company supplying nozzles and machine for drilling the pipe to insert the nozzles. The lines of pipes with nozzles are from forty to sixty feet apart, depending on local conditions. The water is applied in the form of a spray through the nozzles and is said to be distributed very uniformly, if the plant is well in- stalled. The company claims that "The initial cost is less than that of any other system of irrigation for an equal area ; the power required for pumping is a minimum ; no water is wasted, and the entire irrigation is accomplished with a very slight amount of labor." The com- pany informs me, that the average cost of installation is $125 an acre. Bulletin 87 of the Office of Experiment Stations, Washington, D. C, on "Irri- gation in New Jersey" gives more in- formation in regard to the irrigation of vegetables and small fruits in eastern .America than we have been able to get from any other source. The following description of a plant used in New Jersey in 1900 should prove interesting. The cost of engines and other items of ex- pense will have changed some since that time, but the difference should not be very material. "The irrigation practised in the east so far has been on a small scale. Plants capable of irrigating six to eight acres are the rule. In the following paragraphs a small plant recently installed is des- cribed in detail as to construction and cost, in order that those interested may determine from the data given whether under their conditions the installation of plants will prove profitable investments. A PLANT AT VINELAND, N. J. "The irrigation works of Mr. George A. Mitchell, Vineland, N. J., (Mr. Mitchell's plant is not in operation now. — W. T. M.) consisted originally of 2.5 horsepower gasoline engine, a single-act- ing force pump and delivery pipe, con- 'A portion of a paper read at the last convention of the Ontario Vegetable Urovvcrs' Association. The first instalment appeared in the January issue. The experi- ences of other Krowers in the eastern states and Canada will be published in later issues. W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa sisting of a 2.5 inch wrought-iron pipe, and condemned fire hose, and home-made distributing hose of tarred duck cloth. The engine and pump were enclosed in a building near the bank of a creek, a ditch leading the water to a pump. The water was then pumped 693 feet to the highest point on the farm, whence it was carried to different locations in the same manner as is now done. From forty to sixty gallons per minute were pumped. "The slope from the twenty-foot eleva- tion to the creek and south to Elmer road are comparatively regular, being steep- The Skinner System of Irrigation est for about 150 feet each side of the highest point. In the spring of 1899, the engine and engine-house were moved farther away from the creek, a ditch fifteen rods long by two and one-half feet was dug to bring the water to the pump. The water in the creek is raised six to twelve inches by a dam. A No. 2 centri- fugal pump was secured with a ten-inch pulley, and set ten feet center to center of pulleys from engine. The three-inch leather belting runs from two and one- half foot fly wheel of engine to pulley on pump. The engine makes 320 revolutions per minute. THE CONSTRUCTION "An eighteen-foot length of three-inch pipe is fastened to the pump outlet by means of reducers and is held in a perpen- dicular position by four guy wires. Ah elbow with a two-foot length of pipe is fastened to the top of the upright and standpipe. The hose is fastened to this by binding with wire. The hose is the home-made kind hereafter described, and is seven and one-half inches in diameter. The different lengths are connected by inserting a short length of stove pipe 38 into the two ends and binding the hose to the pipe with wire. The large hose is used as the main, and extends 425 feet from the standpipe to the highest point on the farm. The hose is supported by a trestlework, which slopes four feet from the standpipe to the end. This slope is sufficient to cause the water to flow through the hose without any forcing from the engine, and consequently there is almost no pressure tending to burst the hose. For 150 feet from the end of the pipe the hose rests on foot-wide wire netting (chicken wire netting) supported on cedar poles. For the rest of the dis- tance the hose is supported in a trough made from cedar slabs. When the hose was ten to twenty feet above the ground it would have been very difficult to build the trough. Where the hose .strikes the ground at the top of the hill it connects wih a distributer of galvanized sheet iron. The large opening of this distri- buter is about seven inches in diameter and the smaller openings are three inches in diameter. Small hose is attached to the small outlets and the water is taken to the land to be irrigated through this. All the water from the pump, about 150 gallons per minute, can be forced through two openings when so desired. Some condemned firehose that had been used during two years was used as dis- tributing mains. This was laid in such a way as to interfere as little as possible with cultivation, being left in place dur- ing the summer and stored in the barn in the fall. TARRED DUCK HOSE "The tarred duck hose was made from twelve-ounce duck torn into strips of the desired width and sewed into hose in n sewing machine. A mixture of four parts of coal tar to one part of boiled linseed oil was then brought to a boil and the hose drawn first through the hot tar and next through a clothes wringer. Care should be taken not to allow the hose to touch the side of the vessel when it is hot, as it is liable to_ scorch the hose. Some of the hot mixture should be pour- ed into the hose, before starting it through the wringer, to cover the inside with tar. The hose should dry two or three days, or better a week or more, before being used." COST OF PLANT A statement of the cost of this plant follows : Two and one-half actual horse- power Webster gasoline engine, set up on brick foundation, $160; pump set up, $40; belt and adjustments, $8; 400 feet 2J^-inch wrought iron pipe, tees, laying and painting, $45 ; condemned firehose, 900 feet, with connections, price not constant (approximately), $36; building for engine, trench for leading water to February, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST pump, various arrangements for distri- buting water etc., (approximately), $40; total, $329. SOME RESULTS A report was published in 1900 by Pro- fessor Voorhees, Director of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, ^on the results of irrigation for several ; kinds of vegetables made by Mr. Mitchell. These are herewith summar- ized. Early Jersey Wakefield cabbage was irrigated three times in 1899. "The net income from the irrigated quarter of an acre was $20.20 or $80.80 an acre; from the unirrigated, $15.39, or $61.56 an acre. The cost of irrigating one acre of cabbage three times was ap- proximately $2.50. The capacity of the plant was sufficient to irrigate 20 to 30 acres of cabbage; thus the profit from irrigation on 25 acres of early cabbage at this rate would have paid for the plant. The yield was small • owing to the character of the soil. The gain was 31.3 per cent. A gain due to irrigation of over 30 per cent, when applied to soil of good character would show much greater profits than in this case." Foes of Vegetable Crops T. D. Jarvis, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph GARDEN insects may be classified as follows: I. Plant lice (aphids), leaf hoppers, plant-bugs, and re- lated insects; 2, cutworms and related ; insects ; 3, miscellaneous caterpillars; 4, [leaf-beettles ; 5, flea-beettles ; 6, white [grubs ; 7, wireworms ; 8, grasshopers fand related insects ; 9, mites ; 10, slugs. Plant-lice (aphids), leaf-hoppers, plant [bugs, thrips and related insects all ob- tain their food by suction. Plant-lice 'and leaf-hoppers were excessively abun- tdant in 1908, the dry season having ,'been favorable for their multiplication. . iThe best remedies are soap-suds, kero- Isene emulsion and tobacco extracts ; [clean culture is al.so recommended. CUTWORMS AND RELATED INSECTS There are many species of cut-worms [and it is impossible to give a descrip- [tion to fit all, but the most injurious tspecies are .soft-bodied, smooth, cylin- |dncal caterpillars, varying in color from jray to nearly black, many of them be- ting plainly striped or spotted. Cut- fcworms feed only at night, remain in t.concealment during the day, hiding in tthe ground or under any rubbish they can find. Poisoned baits are the best remedies against cutworms. Bran mash ['treated with any arsenical poison such is Paris green or arsenic, two or three junces to a gallon of water, and about lone pound of bran per gallon. MISOELLANEOTTS CATEEPIIiLARS Naked and hairy caterpillars which are in the main diurnal — the zebra and the corn-ear-worm are smooth and the Syellow-bear and the soft marsh are re- ppresentative of the hairy type. A spray of Paris green or lead arsenate will give good satisfaction for these pests. LEAP BEETLES For leaf beetles such as the asparagus beetles, cucumber beetles, potato beetles and bli-ster beetles, Paris green, lead arsenate and clean culture are recom- mended. Flea-beetles are mostly small insects of a dark color. They have strongly developed hind thighs, which enable them to leap well. The turnip flea-beetle and the melon flea-beetle are familiar examples. Arsenicals, Bordeaux mixture and clean culture are recom^ mended for the control of these in- sects. WHITB GETJBS The parents of white grubs are known as May beetles or "June bugs." The Scallion Onions the Kind Not to Grow This is not a disease, but a misfortune adults attack the foliage of many trees. Fall plowing is the best means of keep- ing these insects under control. This exposes the grubs to the cold and to the weather agencies. Rotation of crops and clean culture are also recom- mended. The habits of the wireworms are very .similar to the white grub. They both live under the ground and their natural food consists chiefly of corn, cereals and grasses, but in the absence of these they attack many other kinds of plants. The adults of wireworms are click- beetles. Selection of land for planting, rotation of crops and fall plowing are the most important defensive methods. OBAS8HOPPEB8 Grasshoppers and related species are general feeders and are sometimes very destructive in a season favorable to their multiplication. Breaking up their breed- ing places by plowing up old, dry pas- ture and stubble fields where they have laid their eggs is recommended. MITE8-(BED SPIDERS) Nearly all vegetables are attacked by mites. They are very minute animals, usually not much larger than a pin- head. On dry seasons, such as the past, they become excessively numerous and do considerable damage. Flowers of sulphur mixed with water at the ratio of one ounce to the gallon sprayed over the plants is the best remedy. SLUGS Slugs are soft bodied arthropods, us- ually found in moist places. Salt and lime dusted over the affected plants is recommended. Celery and Lettuce 1. What kind of lettuce is the best for forcmg.? 2. Is it too late to sow celery at the end of February for fall use? 3. What variety is the best for winter crop? 4. What IS the name of the long variety thpy grow at Kalamazoo, Mich.?— N. C, Temiscouata Co., Que. I. For a head lettuce, Boston Market is the most popular; for a loose or leafy lettuce. Grand Rapids is best. 2. No, and even a little later will do. 3. Accord- ing to Mr. Thos. Delworth, of Weston, Ont., there is more celery of the Paris Golden variety grown in Ontario than all the other varieties put together, although some gardeners who grow for winter storage prefer Evan's Triumph or some of the other giant green var- ieties. Mr. Charles A. Smith, of Lachine, Que., also recommends Paris Golden for general crop. 4. The celery imported from Kalamazoo to Toronto, usually is of the White Plume varietv. Strawberry Culture Kindly give some information on straw- berry culture. I have an orchard of pear trees planted 20 by 16 feft apart. Will strawberries do well between the trees?— J. P. M., Haldimand Co., Ont. An article on this subject appeared in December issue of The Canadian Horti- culturist. If your pear orchard is young, there is no reason why you cannot grow strawberries there. Of course the best soil for pears is not always the best for stmwberries ; still .several varieties of the latter do well on heavy land. Better re- siilts are secured from old orchards by giving the trees the sole use of the ground. If you have no other land avail- able, however, strawberries could be grown in the old orchard. This would be done at the risk of appropriating plant food and moisture in the soil that otherwise should go towards the growth and production of fruit on the pear trees. Our question and answer department was crowded out this issue. Important questions on hand will be answered by mail. 38 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1909 The Canadian Horticulturist Publuhed br The Horticultural Publimhins Company, Limited PBTBRBORO AND TORONTO The Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion Officiai, Oroan op Britisb Columbia, Ontario, Qdb- BBC, Nbw Brunswick and Frincb Edward IslahO Fruit Growers' Associations EDITORIAL H. Bronson Cowan, Manasrinc Editor and Business Manaeer A. B. CuTTiNO, B.S.A., Horticultural Editor W, G. Rook, Advertisine Manager 1. The Canadian HortlcnlturlBt is published on the 2Sth day of the month preceding date of issue. 2. Subscription price in Canada and Great Brit- ain 60 cents a year, two years $1.00. For United States and local subscriptions in Peterboro, (not called for at Post Office) 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Money Express Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for amounts less than $1.00. 4. Change of Address — When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and tl\B new ad- dresses must be given. 5. Advertising Rates quoted on application. Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad- vertising correspondence and copy to onr Ad- vertising Manager, 72 Queen street west, Tor- onto. ''■ 6. Articles and Illustratlona for pnblicatlon will be thankfully received by the editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT Since the subscription price of The Canadian Horticulturist was reduced from $1.00 to 60 cents a year, the circulation has grown rapidly. The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with Dec, 1907. The figures giv- en are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies, and of papers sent to advertisers. Some months, including the sample copies, from 10,000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people Itnown to be interested In the grow- ing of fruit, flowers or vegetables. Circulation Statement January, 1908 7,650 January, 1809 9,456 February, 1908 7,824 March, 1908 8,056 April, 1908 .8,250 May, 1908 8,.')73 June, 1908 8,840 July. 1908 9,015 August, 1908 9,070 September, 1908 9,121 October. 1908 9,216 November, 1908 9,323 December, 1908 9,400 Total for the year, 104,337 Average eacli iuue in 1907, 6.627 Average each issue in 1908, 8,695 (Increased circulation in one year over 2,000) Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. Our Protective Policy We want the readers of The Canadian Horti- culturist to feel that they can deal with our advertisers with our assurance of the advertisers' reliability. We try to admit to our colnmni only the most reliable advertisers. Should any subscriber, therefore, have good cause to bs dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from any of our advertisers, we will lool? into the matter and investigate the circumstances fully. Should we flna reason, even in the slightest degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub- lication of their advertisements in The Horti- culturist. Should the circumstances warrant, we will expose them through the columns of the paper. Thus, we will not only protect our readers, but our reputable advertisers as well. AH that is necessary to entitle you to the bene- fits of this Protective Policy is that you include m all your letters to advertisers the words, "I saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticultur- ist." Complaints should be made to us as soon as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has been found. Communications should be addressed: THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST. Toronto OflHoe: PBTBRBOEO, ONTARIO. 72 Qaeen street we«t. REGULATING NURSERIES At the last convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, suggestions were passed relating to controlling the sale and distribution of nursery stock. The proposed bill is published on page 39 of this issue. The purpose of this bill is good, but its wording may lead to confusion and probably to trouble. If the fines that may be imposed depend upon whether or not the grower can show a fraudulent intent upon the part of the nurseryman (see Clause 6), then the Act will be almost useless. It would be clearly impossible, in nine cases out of ten, to prove a fraudulent in- tent; and it should not be necessary to do so if the fact appears that stocij has been sold which is not true to name or that has other defects contrary to the Act. This fact should secure a conviction irrespective of whether the nurseryman intended to do it or not. The loss to the fruit grower is just the same, whether fraud was intended or not. It would seem therefore, that the Act will be more effective if the words in Clause 6, "where fraud can be shown in the substitu- tion of varieties or the sale of stock untrue to name," be changed to read, "where the substitution of varieties or the sale of stock untrue to name can be shown." We would suggest that the Ontario Fruit ©rowers' Association have this matter rectified before the bill is brought before the Legislature. The public should realize, however, that if this legislation is passed there is a possibil- ity that the nurserymen will have to charge more for their stock. The benefit of having assurance that the stock purchased is relia- ble would compensate for any reasonable advance in charges by the nurserymen. ASSISTANCE FOR SCHOOLS Among the many ways in which the On- tario Agricultural College has benefited the rural communities of Ontario is by tiie as- sistance given farmers, orchardists and gar- deners in overcoming drainage problems. By sending qualified men to survey farms for drainage systems, the department of physics has done, and promises yet to do, work that is of great value. Equally im- portant work could be done by the depart- ment of landscape gardening in the matter of making plans for and laying off rural school grounds. The excellent bulletin re- cently issued by the Ontario Department of Education, and prepared by H. L. Hutt, B. S. A., Professor of Landscape Gardening at Guelph, which is reviewed in another column, states that the professor will be glad to give school boards and inspectors assistance in any way possible. He is pre- pared to visit personally any rural schools that may desire his services. It is hoped that many schools will take advantage of this opportunity. The country would be made more beautiful and the ideals of the school children elevated. The work of visiting applicants, survey- ing and drawing plans for grounds need not be burdensome on the department of land- scape gardening. If the professor has not the time to visit all the schools that apply for assistance, there are always student- specialists in horticulture who would be available. Instead of being a burden the work would be welcomed. It would afford an opportunity for practice in landscape architecture for the student and it would bring that particular department of the col- lege in closer touch with the people. Instead of requiring school boards to pay a part of the cost of travelling, and so forth, as is done with the farmers, who want their farms surveyed for draining, these services will be given free. Improved school grounds are a public asset. They may make a last- ing impression upon the homes of the peo- ple of the country. The assistance offered by the college will be the means of rapidly improving scores of school premises that now are a disgrace to the province. QUEEN VICTORIA PARK On account of climate conditions, there are more possibilities for horticultural achievement in Queen Victoria Park at Niagara Falls than can be found in any other part of Canada, excepting probably the southern part of the Island of Vancou- ver. Its situation, its natural advantages and the care given it previous to the present management, made it one of the greatest at- tractions of our country. Unless competent men are appointed, Canada will soon lose one of her most beautiful features. Care- lessness and mismanagement can do more harm in a short time than years of proper care and attention can restore. The effect of mismanagement already is noticed in a marked degree. It should be terminated at once. Before growth commences in spring (which is early at Niagara Falls), capable gardeners should be placed in charge. There are scores of experienced men in the coun- try whose services could be secured. Practi- cal men are needed at this park, not wine merchants, ex-postmasters, ex-engineers and railroad men. The right kind of men can and will make the park the best on the continent; the wrong kind cannot if they will. The future of the park depends upon quick action on the part of the Ontario Government. Something should be done to prevent un- necessary destruction of trees on the streets and roads of our cities, towns and country. Beautiful trees that have been growing for ten, twenty or fifty years are destroyed recklessly by telephone and traction com- panies and by others who do not know what they are doing and do not care. Mr. J. S. Pearce, Superintendent of Parks for London, Ont., refers to this matter in an- other column of this issue. The government of Ontario and our municipalities should. see that this wanton destruction of trees is prevented in future. Unless the Canadian exhibits at the Royal Horticultural Society's Show get good write-ups in the London papers, there is very little advertising to be got out of the exhibition, as the attendance is not very good. It has been suggested that it would be better for representatives of the provinces to put up a show of their own in some hall in London, during the Smithfield Cattle Show, or other favorable opportunity. Can- ada would then be free to develop every op- portunity that such shows afford for adver- tising her great horticultural possibilities and resources. Some change is necessary in order to make it worth while to continue sending exhibits to Great Britain. The illustration on the front cover of this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist was kindly furnished by The Goulds' Manu- facturing Co., of Seneca Falls, N. Y. It shows one of the Gould sprayers in opera- tion. I am always looking forward for the next issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. I think it should be in the hands of everyone interested in fruit growing. — J. W. Hepburn, Kelowna, B. 0. February, 1909 THE CANADIAN H 0 E T I C U L T U E I S T 39 Commercial Spraying The subject of "Commercial Spraying of Apple Orchards" provoked a lively discus- ion and was ably dealt with by a number of xperienced orchardists at the last conven- tion of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa- tion. "As an apple buyer," said Mr. Maclt Smith, of Burlington, "I always get the best fruit out of sprayed orchards. Most farmers are lax in the matter of spraying. This is due largely to the fact that they sell their prospective output to buyers early in the season. One acre of apples properly looked after will produce as much as 10 acres un- cared for. The worst pest of our apple or- chards is the codling moth. To control it in my ow^n orchard, I spray and use bondages. "In an orchard that I have had for about four years, I conducted experiments in spraying and recorded the results. In 1906, the fruit graded 44 per cent. No. 1, 35 per cent. No. 2, and 19 per cent, culls. In 1907 the result was 29 per cent. No. 1, 24 per cent. No. 2, 37 per cent. No. 3, and 10 per cent, culls. During these two years, the spraying was left to hired help and the results were not satisfactory. I decided, therefore, to do the spraying this year in person and the results were as follows: 80 per cent. No. 1, 20 per cent. No. 2, and prac- tically no culls. The main variety in the orchard was Ribston. For an insecticide in the Bordeaux mixture, I use arsenate of lead instead of Paris green ibelieving it to be more effective." Mr. D. Johnson, of Forest, said that thor- oughness in spraying is essential to suc- cess. Slipshod methods are of no use. He uses Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. For the codling moth, the chief spraying is jiorformed just after the blossoms fall. Mr. I ihnson sprays four times during the sea- ui and always sprays with the wind. He stops his outfit three times at each side of the tree so as to apply the material effect- ively at all angles. Mr. Johnson stated that he has not much faith in the much- lauded "mist spray." He uses a nozzle that will deliver plenty of material. "Our co- , operative fruit growers' association has pur- chased a gasolene power sprayer, which is used in all our orchards. It is equipped ith two hose, one to be operated by a lan on a ladder and the other by a man on the ground. Ten years ago, my orchard of 25 acre.s yielded only about 400 barrels of fruit. Since receiving careful spraying and attention the yield has gradually in- creased until last year 2,800 barrels were harvested." "We must study the pests that we are to coinbat and how to control them," said Mr. Jas. E. Johnson of Simcoe, "if we de- sire to be successful. Wo must spray thor- oughly and at the right time, the' latter point being the more important of the two. In handling the codling moth, one day's delay may ruin the whole crop of fruit, liarge orchards should have more than one spraying outfit. A hand sprayer will handle from 10 to 12 acres, while a power sprayer is good for only three or four acres more. Spray four times: Fir.st. early in spring for fungi; second, when buds are opening '••r the bud moth; third, when the blossoms U for the codling moth; and fourth, three "1- four weeks later for tussock moth." Mr. Johnson's method of spraying and the solu- tions that he uses were described in the !;irch issue of The Canadian Horticui,- IRIST. Mr. J. C. Harris, of Incersoll, said th:it he does not spray until the Wossnms an- about half fallen. To cover his orchard, it takes about 10 days. He then repeats the operation. He uses Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. Mr. J. C. Caston, Craighurst, referred to the great damage that is being done in some sections by the oyster-shell scale. Mr. J. E. Johnson said that the use of an excess of lime in the Bordeaux mix- ture will kill it. Tree Pruning on Streets Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist: —As I go about the country attending farm- er's institute meetings and other business, I see many very sad and deplorable sights along the streets and roadways through the country. The ignorance and want of good judgment displayed by those who undertake to prune the trees on the streets and roadways is deplorable. There is probably no other class of work where so much mischief can be done in so short a time and when done is beyond repair. It would seem as though the Government should take some steps to stop such wanton destruction of the trees on our streets. Those who do this work and those who employ them seem to be oblivious to the fact that when a tree is once butchered and practi- callv ruined, no money can replace it; only replantine and waiting for another to grow again will replace the mischief done. Time only will set up a tree on or in front of your property. My father often told his sons and many other young men. "Boys, if vou want a tree you must plant it and wait for it to grow. You can build a house, a warehouse or a barn in a few months." How true this is and yet how few realize the truth and importance of this fact ! The most serious mischief I have seen done is in the towns ; where the trees *re too thick, they have cut off the tops or pruned them up so high as to completely spoil them. These should have been thin- ned out and allowed the otheio to spread out. Heretofore, trees have been planted both on the streets and roadways in the country much too thickly. Thirty to 40 feet is quite close enough for a city or town and for the country 35 feet. I have seen miles and miles of roadway with the trees planted in each fence comer. This is twice too close and any who have such I would strongly advise to take out every other tree. Much of the mischief in tree pruning has been done both in the towns and country by the telephone and traction companies' men cutting ways for their wires over and through the trees. In some cases, I have seen the whole side of a beautiful tree cut away; others I have seen with a space cut right through the centre of a tree top. These men should not be allowed to touch a tree on the streets or roadway unless under the direction and supervision of a competent man. These men know nothing and care less about how to cut or prune a tree. The fact is that competent men to do this work are few and far between. There arc only two men that I know of in this city that I can depend on to do this kind of work. Every city, town and township should have a com- petent man appointed by by-law with full power and authority to do this work or supervise it. There is an Ontario Statute giving the municipalities the power to ap- point such a person by by-law. This is an important matter and I hope the cities and towns will avail themselves of this Act. — J. S. Pearce, Superintendent of Parks, London, Ont. absolutely dishonest. To place the two latter classes within control, a committee ap- pointed by the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association presented, at the convention last November, a report on the question in the form of a draft bill, which reads as follows and which was approved by the association : 1. This Act may be cited as "The Nursery dbntrol Act." 2. In this Act the words "nursery stock" shall mean any fruit tree, vine, shrub or plant or any part of any fruit tree, vine, shrub or plant. 3. No person, firm or corporation shall engage or continue in the business of grow- ing and selling nursery stock or act as sell- ing agent, solicitor or otherwise within the province or shall import nursery stocK into the province for sale without first having obtained a license to carry on such business in the province (Washington, Sec. 29) as in the Act provided. 4. All nursery stock sold within the pro- vince shall be labelled with the true name of the varieties and if importea. with also the name of the place where grown. 5. No person, firm or corporation or agent of such person, firm or corporation engaged in the sale of nursery stock shall substitute other varieties for those ordered without first having obtained the written consent of the purchaser. 6. Any nurseryman or agent of any nurs- eryman shall be liable for damages in the common courts of the province within 12 months after the trees come into bearing, where fraud can be shown in the substitu- tion of varieties or the sale of stock untrue to name. 7. No contract shall be made by any nurs- eryman or agent of any nurseryman con- taining provisions contrary to any section of this Act. 8. The Department of Agriculture for Ontario shall publish yearly a complete list of the persons, firms and corporations en- gaged in any way in the nursery business, such list to state clearly whether the parties are bona fide growers of stock or agents only. 9. Licenses shall be issued from the Department of Agriculture for Ontario on application and shall be good for one year from date of issue. Such licenses may 'be suspended or cancelled by the Department of Agriculture upon evidence satisfactory to the department that the holder of the license has sold nursery stock contrary to any sections of this Act. 10. Any person neglecting to carry out the provisions of this Act shall upon summary conviction, be liable to a fine of not less than $ and not more than $ , together with costs, and in default of pay- ment thereof, shall be subject to imprison- ment in the common gaol for a period of not less than days and not more than days. Control of Nursery Stock The sale of nursery stock by nurserymen has not always been satisfactory to fruit growers. The most annoyance has been occasioned through the substitution of var- ieties. Reliable nurserymen endeavor to give every satisfaction but there are some who are indifferent and careless. A few are We learn with regret of the retirement of Mr. James Arthur Richardson from the firm of Woodall & Co., Fruit Brokers, Liverpool, England. Mr. Richardson can claim the honor of being one of the princi- pal pioneers in the apple trade from thia continent. He commenced coming out here in 1879 ,and in those days, when good roads were scarce, locating apples and getting growers and dealers to' ship was no easy matter. Finally, however, they "caught on," after years of effort, and his firm were by far the large.st receivers of American apples in Liverpool. To-day Mr. Richard- son has many friends among the old ship- pers that are now living as well as among the younger ones. His genial disposition always makes him a favorite with those with whom he comes in coulacl. 40 THECANADI AN HORTICULTURIST February, 1909 Fim DOLLARS SPENT FOR MY SHINGLES ADDS $500 TO THE VALUE OF ANY HOUSE OR BARN ANY building good enough to be roofed right is too good by_ far to be roofed with wooden shingles. No building worth carrying fire insur- ance on deserves any roof less good than ''Oshawa" Galvanized Steel Shingles. Simply because — "Oshawa" Shingles, of 28-gauge semi- hardened sheet steel, make the only roof that absolutely and actually will be a good roof for a hundred years. If any "Oshawa"-shingled roof shows the least sign of leaking in twenty-five years, this company will replace that roof with a new Toof, free. That's the kind of a written guarantee you get when you buy "Oshawa" Shingles— and there's $250,000 back of the guarantee. Thousands of "Oshawa"-shingled roofs cover farm buildings, residences, public edifices, churches, all over Canada. They make a roof handsome enough for any building whatever — and it is the most practical of roofs — for the simple reason that an "Oshawa"-shingled roof can NOT leak. It can't leak because, to start with, it is . made of extra-heavy, extra-tough steel, special galvanized. The galvanizing makes these shingles wholly proof against rust — and rust is the only enemy steel has when it's used for roof- ing. That Pedlar-process galvanizing makes it needless to paint an "Oshawa"- shingled roof. Long years of weather- wear won't show on these shingles. That one item of paint saved — of the need for painting entirely done away with — saves you the cost of an ''Oshawa"-8hingled roof in the first few years it's on any of your buildings. And just remember — it will be a good roof for a hundred years. Such a roof is not only rain-proof. snow-proof, and fire-proof, but it is wind- proof. It makes any building it covers warmer in winter and cooler in summei — because — The Pedlar four-way-lock — every shin- gle locked to adjoining shingles under- TT/^^i^:^ neath, on all four sides — ^makes an "Osh- awa"-shingled roof practically one solid sheet of steel, without a crevice or a crack. That keeps out the slightest suspicion of moisture — it keeps out the winter a OSHAWA" GALVANIZED STEEL SHINGLES A new roof for nothing if they leak by 1934 winds and keeps in the warmth — and ini summer it wards off the sun's rays—' won't let them get through. And "Oshawa"-shingled roofs are fire- proof— as a matter of course. How could you set fire to a roof of solid sheet steel? Tlie fire-insurance people will make lower rates on a building protected by "Oshawa" Galvanized Steel Shingles. That saving alone will pay for the roof within ten years. Some think a corrugated iron roof is fire-proof and about as good as an "Osh- awa"-shingled roof. That isn't so. We make corrugated iron roofing — and it's all right for its kind. Nobody makes any better. But corrugated iron isn't the roof for a farm building — nor for any building that is meant to stand a long while. It is a good enough roof for struc- tures that are meant to last only a few years— but only "Oshawa" Shingles are sure to last a hundred years and are good for a century. Another thing about these shingles :- They make a bnildinp lightning-proof- insulate it far better than any lightning- rod system ever could. Last year light- ning destroyed over half a million dol- lars' worth of farm property. Not a cent of that loss could have happened if the buildings that were struck had been roof- ed right, which means roofed with "Osh- awa" Galvanized Steel Shingles. Maybe you think the first cost of these shingles is so high as to outweigh all the savings they make and all the merit? they have? Would it surprise you to know that you can ''Oshawa"-shinglp any roof for $4.50 a square. (A "square" means 100 square feet — an area 10 by 10 feet), just about the price of Al cedar or cypress shingles — and they'll be rotted to dust before even the first ten years of the Pedlar guarantee have passed. An "Oshawa"-shingled roof will outlast ten wood-shingled roofs — and be a better roof every minute of the time, in every way a roof ought to be good. Anybody can put on these shingles — a hammer and a tinner's shears are all the tools necessary. It is impossible to get them on wrong — you'll see why when you send for a sample shinele and a book nbont "Roofing Risht." Suppose you send for the book and the sample to-day — now. It will pay you to get at the real facts about the right roof. Pedlar products include every kind of sheet metal building materials— ton many items to even mention here. You can have a catalog — estimate— prices- advice — just for the asking. We'd like especially to interest you in our Art Steel Ceilings and Side Walls — they are a revelation to many people. More than 2,000 designs. May we send you booklet and pictures of some of them? THE PEDLAR PEOPLE of Oshawa ESTABLISHED 1861 ADDRESS OUR NEAREST WAREHOUSE : MONTR i^L OTTAWA TORONTO LONDON CHATHAM WINNIPEG QUEBEC ST. JOHN, N.B. HALIFA> 3il-3CiMii?Si W. l.'iSimaicSt. U Colbo;ne St. RiiKinstSt 200 Kiiii? W. 7B Lombard St. 7-U Notre Dame Sq. 42-16 Prince William St. IB Prince St m-WE WANT AGENTS IN SOME SEOTION^. WRITE FOR DETAILS. MENTION THIS PAPER. February, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 41 Spokane Apple Show Edgar W. Dyne>, Nclr "^/Te EDISON PHONOGRAPH The greatest improvement in sound-reproducing instruments was made when Mr. Edison invented Amberol Records for the Edison Phonograph No one thing has added so much to the pleasure of the Edison Phonograph as a Record which plays more than four minutes, and reproduces the melody or voice so clearly and perfectly that the illusion almost defies detection. Edison Amberol Records are the same size as the ordi- nary Edison Records. They can be played upon any Edison Phonograph by the addition of an attachment which any dealer can supply and any dealer can afHx. Longer selections are now available for the Edison Phonograph than have ever been available before for any sound-reproducing machine, and these selections arc better given. No Edison Phonograph outfit is complete without the attachment to play Edison Amberol Records. You can hear these new Records at any dealer's. Learn about the attachment and equip your Phonograph with it today. If you haven't an Edison Phonograph, you can now buy one which plays both styles of Records — the two-minute and four-minute. We will b« clad toicnd to anyone, however, a booklet describing Se new attachment, describins the Amberol Records, eivine a list the music now available on these Records and sivine ail the other Information necessary to make it possible for you to get more thaa twic* as much enjoyment out oi your Edison Phonograph aa you ax* ■ow getting. We Desire Oood, Lire Dealera to aell Edison Phonograplia la •▼cry town where we are not now well repreaented. Dealers havint catablished storea should write at once to Warioifl Phonograph Company, 121 Lakodda Avanna, Oranga, N. J, U. S. Ai Improving School Grounds An excellent work entitled "Improvement of School Grounds" has been issued by the Ontario Department of Education. Its, author is Prof. H. L. Hutt. of the Ontarifti Agricultural College, Guelph. The bulletin? is attractive and neat in appearance. It is well-printed on paper of good quality. A number of interesting illustrations show the value of school ground improvement by' contrast and comparison and a dozen dia- grammatic plans of grounds properly arrang- ed teach the possibilities of this much necr! ed line of effort in rural communities ai in towns and cities. The bulletin is a ci dit to the author and to the department. In subject matter, it is concise and r. plete with valuable pointers on the need f and, the methods of doing the work that advocates. In the space given, a wealth information is imparted, including the Id tion and planning of the grounds, gradi; and levelling, how to make a lawn and en for it, laying out and caring for walks an i drives, planting trees, shrubs, vines, flowurs and so forth. The bulletin should be in tli hands of all persons who are interested making our country more beautiful. Re Pall Bulb Planting Editor. The Canadian Horticulturist: — The best results in bulb-planiin;^ are ob- tained from ^buying new HoUand bulbi every year as there is much less "bother But some people like to "bother" abo, their garden. In that case, it is better ■ take the bedding tulips up after they ha , bloomed, leaving them in the beds as loiig as possible to ripen before planting thu- summer bedding plants. The beds can thi ^ be well dug and fertilized which is vu necessary. I take the tulips up by son being careful not to break the tops off and stand them upright in a clump (each color in a separate clump) under the shade of some hemlock and spruce trees, slightly banking up each clump with soil. In the summer, I spread them out in an airy place under some trees for a few days, then clean them oft and sort them into sizes and put them into flat 'boxes, being care- ful to put a label into each box. The bo.x are then piled, leaving a space betwe. each box (a stick at each end will do thi in a cool, dry, airy cellar until the f: when it is time to plant them again. Tl. is not so much "bother" as it looks to ! on paper, but can be easily done at oi spare times. The later kinds of tulips, such as tho, Darwins, Gesneriana, Bybloem, BizarreT Parrot, and so forth, are better planted in the permanent border where they cai stand for two, three or four years withoul being touched, after which they can bf treated as above. — A. H. Ewing, Woodstoci Ont. Making a Hotbed.— The amateur garden! er, as a rule, obtains better satisfaction iB growing his plants from seed in a hotbed than when he buys the plants already grown. The latest ideas on making a hot bed are published in the 1909 seed catal logue of Dupuy & Ferguson, of Montrealn This catalogue will be sent free on requesi to The Canadian Horticulturist readersi A splendid silver cup, valued at $25. anq $15. in cash prizes are offered by this firiB for competition among the members of Thf; Montreal Horticultural Society. Full pari ticulars will be furnished upon application! February, 1909 THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST 43 Prepared Lime-sulphur A recent circular issued by the Georgia State Board of Entomology deals with various materials used for the control of San Jose scale. Among them is mentioned a prepared lime-sulphur solution that was used in experiments with good results. Orohardists and others in Canada who have tested this or a similar preparation are requested to tell their experiences with same, through the columns of The Cana- dian Horticulturist. The following val- uahle contribution is from the pen of Prof. Wm. Lochhead, of Macdonald Col- lege, the pioneer investigator in matters that pertain to the San Jose scale and its control in Canada : "Regarding the value of the prepared lime-sulphur solution mentioned in circular 8 of the Georgia State Board of Entomology by Messrs. Worsham and Chase, I cannot say much one way or the other, as no ex- periments, testing this preparation, have been made in Canada, so far as I am aware. I may say candidly at first blush that I am disposed to vote against it, or rather to go very slowly in the matter after all our ex- periences in the preparation of the lime- sulphur mixture in the early fight against the San Jose scale in Ontario, but my dis- position does not affect the Georgia results. "I remember quite well a discussion at the 1902 meetings of the Entomological Society of Ontario when this question of a prepared lime-sulphur solution was treated quite fully by Mr. W. E. Saunders, Dr. Fletcher, Prof. C. C. James, Mr. Geo. E. Fisher and myself. (See Report Ent. Soc. 1902 pp. 20-21). We were convinced in those days that the lime-sulphur mixture (which is largely a mixture of different sul- phides of calcium) was only effective when it was first prepared, and while it was still hot. When the solution cools, crystals separate out; but we cannot stir it up 'nor can we restore it to life by cooking, nor will it stick when it is put on the trees.' (Fisher). "Mr. W. E. Saunders remarked at that meeting that a sulphide of calcium prepara- tion has been in use in the drug business for a long time as a remedy for skin dis- eases, and that at the strength it is made no crystals separate out in cooling. We were then under the impression that we knew very little about the properties of the various lime-sulphur compounds, and the chemists since that time have not added materially to our knowledge. "It is quite possible then that the Georgia preparation is a good one, but it has not been proven to 'be effective at all times, on all trees, and in all localities. It was tried in February, 1908, and gave excellent results as a spring treatment. More confirmative evidence is needed before it should be given to the public as a safe, cheap and effective remedy for the San Jose scale." There Is scarcely any limit to the "'possible improvement in seeds, but it takes time and money. "We have been improving flower and vegetable seeds for over 50 years. More than 2000 people are working to make Ferry's Seeds suit you. Buy the best— Ferry's. For sale everywhere. FERRY'S 1909 SEED aiVimHL FREE ON REQUEST. D. M. FERRY & CO., Windsor, Ont. SEEDS Use Arsenate of Lead. — Many experienced fruit growers are now using arsenate of lead as an insecticide instead of Paris green. They have learned that it is more certain in its results and that it will not burn foliage. The active principle of arsenate of lead is arsenic. Many brands are on the market. The one that contains the largest percent- age of arsenic is that manufactured by the Vreeland Chemical Co., Little Falls, N. J. Read what Dr. J. B. Smith, state entomolo- gist of New Jersey, says about it in the fol- lowing letter to the firm: "Now as to your material in comparison with others brands on the market; it is in- finitely the most effective, because it con- tains more arsenic than any other brand on the market. In our own analysis your ma- terial runs 20.12 per cent, as against 15.34 NOZZLE This illustrates the Spra- motor Nozzle, Fig. 56. designed to apply limo sulphur mixture. It is made in brass with brass or steel removable discs, or with aluminum cap and body, and brass or steel discs. The particular merit of this type of nozzle is in the large liquid ways that prevent clogging and the double ways being at an angle that gives the most perfect form of spray. We believe, for the purpose of spraying with lime-sulphur, or any coarse materials under heavy pressure, it will be found unexcelled. Price, by mail, ?1.00. Free catalogue for post card. HEARD SPRAMOTOR CO. 1066 KING Street LONDON, Ont Fruit Lands in the Glorious Kootenay Valley ;^— ^^=^BR1T1SH COLUMBIA^ = If You Are Looking For: A perfect climate. An ideal home. Magnificent Surroundings. A good income upon a moderate capital. Splendid hunting and fishing. A healthy and enjoyable life. ROBSON Is the Place for You It is a charming up-to-date fruit growing settlement situated on the Columbia River, near the beautiful city of Nelson, and has special advantages over any other district. Conclusive testimony from actual settlers and high authorities. Wide- awake settlers, after investigating all other fruit-growing districts in B. C. have finally located at ROBSON. For further particulars and full information write for our free illustrated booklet No. 7. McDERMlD & McHARDY 210 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Man. and Nelson, B.C. 44 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1909 Every year each one of us consumes 15 lbs. of salt — Sdence says. — More than a pound a- month. Just as well to have it pure. Your grocer will tell you there's nothing per cent, which represents the best of the other brands. Twelve and 13 per cent, is not unusual in other brands, and it means practically that three pounds of your ma- terial will do the work of four pounds of any other brand that is on the market at the present time If, therefore, you can pro- duce your arsenate at the same price as the other brands already on the 'market, it will be cheaper by 25 per cent, than any other." Read the advertisement of the Vreeland Chemical Go. that appears on another page of this issue. We NT WORTH Pott e ry john cranston ' &' Son iWENTWORTH Pottery The Home of Reliable Pols Tomato Pots Flower Pots HanffinK Baskets Fern Pans Flower Jars Prompt Shipments Quality Unequalled and Prices Right Send as ao eittmate of the Pots yoo will need tbis season and we will quote Lowest Prices JOHN CRANSTON & SON, HAMILTON, ONT Enlightened Self- Interest. — People buy and sell with one fundamental object — the hope of gain. It is a matter of self-interest pure and simple and doubtless will remain so to the end of the chapter. In the United States one of the most conspicuous exam- ples of self-interest wisely consulted is the seed business of D. M. Ferry & Co. We do not know how it would be possible bet- ter to serve the purchasing public than by their method of supplying annually every local dealer in the country with seeds fresh- ly put up and then at the end of the sea- son removing from the retailer all stocks left on hand, thus preventing the possibili- ty of unfit seeds being carried over for an- other spring. By regarding primarily the interests of the purchaser, D. M. Ferry & Co. have grown to be the largest seed-house in the world. Learn more about reliable seeds by writing to D. M. Ferry & Co., Windsor, Ont., for their 1909 Seed Annual which is sent free on request. Form a Potato Club. — How to grow a larger and better crop of potatoes without increasing the acreage is an important sub- ject for potato growers to consider. The farmer who has been growing 200 bushels an acre should strive for 225 bushels in 1909, and even more. Do some thinking on the subject and then invite a half dozen of your neighbors to come to your home some evening and talk it over. Form a "Potato Club." Wonderful results will be sure to follow. Do not set a date for the meeting, however, until you have sent for the 1909 "Iron Age" book, which should be used as a text book at your first meeting. This book, also a aopy for each member in- vited to join the club, if name and address of each party is given, may be had free by addressing Bateman Mfg. Co., Box 516P, Grenloch, N. J. The ladies should be in- vited, for if they do not take part in the "potato discussion" they can surely spend the evening pleasantly and profitably. At the meeting of the Quebec Pomologi- cal Society, at St. Anne de Bellevue, an editorial representative of The Canadian Horticulturist had the pleasure of meet- ing Mr. K. B. Scripture, Manager of Thf Canadian Nur.sery Co., Montreal. Mr Scripture has had a wide experience in the fruit business, being junior partner of Messrs. H. J. Scripture & Son, Brighton, Ont., fruit growers and exporters, and hav- ing been connected with the well-known firms of Geo. Vipond & Co. and Hart & Tuckwell, Montreal. The Canadian Nursery Co. is advancing rapidly and is now looked on as one of the foremost in its line in Can- ada. We congratulate them on their good fortune in securing a man of Mr. Scrip- ture's experience as their manager and we bespeak success for them and the hardy northern-grown stock. I have been a subscriber t(5 The Cana- dian Horticulturist only since last spring, and have found each number both « interesting and helpful.— W. D. Lang, Qu'Appelle Co., Sask. Cut This Out - - Then Fill It In MAY we ask a slight favor of you? There are no doubt several persons of your acquaintance who are interested^ in Horticulture, and who would like to see a copy of XKc CanadiatlV Horticulturist.^ |,Will you fill in, on the form given below, the names and addresses of Xcn such persons, cut it outj and send to us. We will agree to send these people free of charge, a copy of the next issue of The Canadian Horticulturist, and to extend your own sub- scription Tliree Months Free of Ciiarge. In addition to this, if you are willing to see these people and try to induce them to subscribe, we will allow you a generous commission on all subscriptions we may receive through your efforts. Name Address Name Address ■ Name Address ■ Name Address ■ Name Address- Name Address- Name Address- Name Address- Name Address ■ Name Address ■ Your Own Name Your Own Address Will you be willing to see these people and to try to induce them to subscribe for The Canadian Horticulturist? . February, 1909 THE CANADIAN H O E T I C U L T U E I S T 45 RENNIE'S XXX VEGETABLE SEEDS For thirty-eight years we have tested every knowrn variety of Vegetable Seeds on our extensive trial grounds; and a careful etnalysis of these tests has proved conclusively that the varieties now offered as RENNIE'S XXX VEGETABLE SEEDS are positively the finest possible to procure. Don't waste money experimenting, plant Rennie's XXX and be SURE of profitable results. RENNIE'S XXX MELTING MARROW PEAS Closely follows the extra early sorts, filling in the gap be- tween these and the midsummer varieties. Massive pods; robust plants, half dwarf, practically self-supporting. Superb, rich, buttery navor. RENNIE'S XXX SOLID HEAD LETTUCE Immense solid heads, 15 to 16 inches across. Crisp and tender. Perfectly blanched heart. A robust growing, deep rooting, heat resisting and sure heading type. Outer color, pleasing apple green. RENNIE'S XXX SCARLET ROUND WHITE TIPPED RADISH The best for outdoor cultivation. Mild, crisp, white flesh; excellent flavor, never strong or rank. Attractive appear- ance ; bright scarlet with distinct white tip which makes a vivid contrast. BKNNIE'S XXX MELT- - ING MARROW PEAS Rennie's XXX Bush Green Pod Bean First in Spring, last in Fall. Always j^- solid, meaty and tender ; entirely stringless Plants thrifty, hardy, early and prolific: bears continuously for several weeks. Pods thick, broad, ex- tra long and quite uniform in shape. Rennie's XXX Bush Butter Bean The finest cylinder podded dwarf wax bean. Fine healthy plants, bushy and robust, free from rust or mildew and extremely prolific. Pods, six inches long: solid, meaty and tender, snap- ping brittle and unsurpassed for flavor. PRICE LIST OF RENNIE'S XXX VEGETABLE SEEDS Benai»'s XXX Bush Green Pod Beans, pkt. lOc, lb. sue, po-itpaid; neck, $2.50, 5 lbs. ll.OO, lb. 2oc., by express, at buyer's expense. Rennie's XXX Bush Butter Bean, pkt. lOc, lb. 40o., postpaid; peck $3.75, 51b.s. $1.50, lb. 35c., by express, at buyer's expense. Rennie's XXX Ulobe Beet, pkt. 10c., oz. 20c., i lb. 35c., 1 lb. $1.00. Renule's XXX Karly Summer Cabbage, pkt. 10c, oz. .■iOc. i lb. 90c, lb. $3.00. Rennie's XXX Autumn Winter Drum- head Cabbage, pkt. 10c., oz. 30c., i lb. 90c., lb. $2.75. Renule's XXX Golden Self Blanching Celery, pkt. 10c. oz. 70c, J lb. $2.00, lb. $6.50. Rennie's XXX Table Carrot, pkt. 10c. Rennie's XXX Snowball Cauliflower, pkt. 25c, J oz. $1.10, 1 oz. $2. oz. $3.:")0, J lb. $12. Rennie's XXX Table Cucumber, pkt. 10c, oz. 25c, i lb. 60c, lb. $1.90. Renule's XXX Early Sweet Table Corn, pkt. 10c, lb. 40t^ postpaid ; 10 lbs. $2.50, 5 lbs. $1.50, lb. 35c, by express, at buyer's expense. Rennie's XXX Solid Head Lettuce, pkt. 10c, oz. 25c, i lb. 60c. lb. $2.00. Kennie's XXX Golden Green Flesh Musk Melon, nkt. 10c, oz. 35c. J lb. 90c, lb. $3. Rennie's XXX Connecticut Yellow Globe Onion, pkt. 10c., oz. 2oc., J lb. 70c , lb. $2 50 Rennie's XXX Connecticut Large Red Onion, pkt. lOi*, oz. 25c. i lb. 70c, lb. $2.50. Rennie's XXX Earliest Sweet Table Water Melon, pkt. 10c, oz. 20c, J lb. 60c, lb. ?i.yo. Rennie's XXX Evergreen Curled Table Parsley, pkt. 10c, oz. 20c, J lb. 50c, lb. $1.50. Rennie's XXX Melting Marrow Peas, pkt. 10c, lb. iOc, postpaid ; lb. 35, 5 lbs $1.50, peck $3.75, by express at buyer's expense. Renikie's XXX Guernsey Parsnip, pkt. 10c, oz. 20c. i lb. 40c, Ih. $1.00. Rennie's XXX Earliest Table Marrow Peas, pkt. 10c, lb. 40c, postpaid, lb. .35c, 6 lbs. $1.50, pk. $3.75, by express at buyer's expense. Rennie's XXX Hcarlet Bound White Tipped Radish, pkt. 10c, oz. 20c, J lb. 50o, lb. 81.50. Rennie's XXX Autumn -Winter Green Hubbard Squash, pkt. 10c, oz. 20c, J lb. 50c, lb. SL.iO. Rennie's XXX Scarlet Oval Radish, pkt. 10c, oz. 20c, J lb. 50c, lb. $1.50. Rennie's XXX Pink Skin Tomato, pkt. 15c, i oz. 35c. oz. 60c. 1 lb. $2.00. Rennie's XXX Earliest Round Scarlet Skin Tomato, pkt. 15c, J oz. 35c, oz. 60c, 1 lb. V2.00. RENNIE'S XXX SOLID HEAD LETTUCE FREE to Readers <»f the CANADIAN HORTICULTIIBIST One Packet Enchantress Pink Aster (.50 Seeds), price 2.ic., and One Packet of either the Now Spencer Sweet Peas Mixed, price lOcorthe Golden Ban- tam Sweet Corn, price lOc— Provided the Coupon printed in bottom right- hand corner of this advertisement is sent with your order. Address all orders to WM, RENNIE CO., Limited, XXX Seed Dcpt., TORONTO, ONT. To Canadian Horticulturist Readers One packet Enchantress Pink Aster(30 Seeds), price 25c., and one packet of either the New Spencer Sweet Peas, mixed. price lOc.orthe Golden Bantam Sweet Corn, price IOc— Provid- ing this Coupon is cut out an^ sent to US with your ord^r. Mention the Oanadian Horticiiltnrjgt wh«n writing 46 THE CANADI AN HO RTICULTURIST February, 1909 ANOTHER YEAR HAS PROVEN THAT NIAGARA BRAND LIME SULPHUR SOLUTION Stands without a peer among commercial spray materials for convenience, effectiveness, and the economical control of SAN JOSE SCALE and kindred sucking insects ; Apple Scab, Peach Curl, and other Fungus diseases. It has been so extensively used the past season throughout the U.S. and Canada that its effici- ency is no longer doubted— it Is fully endorsed by State and National experts. It is THE GREAT all around cleaning up spraying mat«rial for everybody having to spray. It contains a larger amount of Soluble Sulphur than any similar product. Send for full description and prices, and your nearest selling agent. We are also manufacturers of a very high grade Arsenate of Lead— F0LLY guaranteed— at prices that will surprise you if order can be placed at once. OUR TREE BORER AINT absolutely controls one of the worst pests with which orchardtsts have to contend; non-injurious to trees ; is convenient and economical. Our Orchard, Park, Nursery and Green House Spraj'ers still stand in a cl**ss by themselves and are leaders in their line. Descriptive Catalog, etc. Free for the asking. THE NIAGARA SPRAYER COMPANY, MIDDLEPOHT, N. Y. SUCCESSFUL SPRAYING DEPENDS LARGELY ON THE PUMP USED The Durability, Capacity, Ease of Operation and the Efficiency of the Agitator are Important Features. Goulds Hand and Power Sprayers Have these essential points — they comprise the largest and most complete line on the market. Fruit growers wiil find it to their interest to send for catalog and to carefully consider the excellent points of superiority of the "Admiral," "Monarch," "Pomona," "Savdot," " Standard " and Knapsack Sprayers NOZZLES AND FITTINGS THE GOULDS MFG. CO., 91 Fail St., Scncca Falls, New York New York, Boston, Philadelphia. Chicago, Pittsburg, St. Louis, San Francisco, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Minneapolis, Montreal WALLACE AUTOMATIC POWER SPRAYERS HAVE PROVEN THEIR SUPERIOR WORTH for all kinds of work — on the Farm, in the Orchard and Garden, and among all kinds of fruit. Built for every known use where a Sprayer is required. POWER COSTS NOTHING. Built of BRASS working parts, piping, and connections. High pressure carried easily, and continuously, and yet permits of stopping at each tree to thoroughly spray it. Hundreds in use in Canada, U.S.A., New Zealand and other countries, and NO FAILURES. Write for information, and state what fruits you have ; or if it is wanted for use on Potatoes, Strawberries, &c., or for killing Wild Mustard. I also supply Gasoline Engine Sprayers, and Hand Outfits, as well as all kinds of accessories ; and " Target Brand " Insecticides & Fungicides, Weed' Killer and Asphal'tum Oils (for laying dust.) W. H. BRAND, Jordan Station, Ontario February, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 47 NOTES FROM THE PROVINCES districts, expert supervision should be ex- tended for a larger period. Nova Scotia R. J. Mettenfer Some new and important ideas were ad- vanced at the annual meeting of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association that seem worthy of notice even at this late date. Mr. F. C. Whitman, of Annapolis, in deal- ing with transportation of fruit, made the stat-ment that apples could stand frost al- most down to zero, provided they were kept in motion. He had teams bringing apples a distance of 20 miles in very cold weather witliout freezing. He had demonstrated that apples would keep much better in hot cars or steamer holds if they were well wet with cold water. He had washed carloads down with a hose and had cooled oft the air very materially. A discussion on thinning of fruit in sum- mer resulted in the appointment of several of tlie best fruit growers to give thinning a trial in their orchards and to report re- sults at next annual meeting. Mr. W. T. Macoun's excellent address on "How to Increase the Yield of Our Or- chards" brought out the following points: That cultivation should not be prolonged too late in the season since checking the wood growth while the fruit buds for the following year were forming, had a tendency to give more vitality to the fruit buds. It was a well known principle that wood growth was generally made at the expense of fruitage. Anything that checked the downward flow of sap in a limb or tree would result in in- creased fruit; e.g., grafting, since the place of union checked the flow of sap and so in- creased the yield of the graft. Partly gird- ling a limb, as a part fracture or barking of a limb, also had the same result. A lively discussion took place on the ad- dress of Mr. R. J. Graham, of Belleville, Ont., who went to some trouble to prove that on our export of 600,000 barrels. Nova Scotia was losing $140,000 by using the small barrel. We had to us more barrels and pay more cooperage, freight, and so forth, while they brought less per barrel in the English market, since the buyers went by the number of pounds in the package. The arguments seemed plausible, but they were argued from the shipper's and buyer's standpoint and not from that of the pro- ducer. About eight years ago the Nova Scotia Government began setting out so-called model orchards in different parts of the pro- , vince. The man on whose farm the orchard was planted agreed to care for it according to directions given by the Government for 10 years, when it became his property. It was considered at this meeting that the government, according to this agreement, was releasing its supervision just when the most important period of the tree's life was beginning; that if these were to be an object lesson or a test as to whether orcharding could be successfully carried on in these Annapolis Valley, N.S. Eunice Watti The recent cable advices from England report the apple market firm with prices ranging from 22 shillings for Baldwins to 26 for the finer varieties. The past season, has also been a good FOR SALE AND WANT ADVERTISEMENTS Adveptisements under this heading in- serted at pate of two cents a word for each Insertion, each flgupe, sign op single lettep to count as one wopd, minimun cost, 25 cents, strictly cash in advance. GARDENEK-Seeks eituation, age 26. Ten years' experience with Vegetables, Fruit and Flower.s in first-class English gardens; good references.— Ernest Fane, west Essa, Ontario. STRAWBERRY PLANTS FOB SALE— Twelve standard varieties. First class, well rooted plants. $2.50 per 1,000 ; 40 cents per 100, post paid. Send for list. Ontario Nurseries, Wellington, Ont. STRAWBERRY AND RASPBERRY PLANTS, Seed Potatoes. Send for list. Mention this paper.— K. C. Crysler, St. George, Ont. Northern GroAvn Trees Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Peach, Grapes. Small Fruits. T')eciduousand Evergreen Ornainentals, Roses. Flowering- Shrubs, Climbers, etc. Specialties: Mam- moth Dewberry and Wismer's Dessert Apple. Cat- alogue Free: it tells the whole story. J. H. Wismer, Narteryman - Port Elgin, Ont. VREELANDS ELECTRO ARSENATE OF LEAD HAS NO EQUAL Spray your Orchard and Field Crops with the Strongestjand Safest Arsenical Insecticide 25 % STRONGER Than the Best Other Makes. \. It won't burn. The average per cent, of Arsenic and Water is printed on the Label— 20 % AsjOj - 40 % Water RECOMMENDED BY THE BEST AUTHORITIES Kills Potato Bugs, Codling Moth, Tussock Moth, Canker Worm, Elm Leaf Beetle, Tobacco Worm, and all other Leaf Eating Insects The Vrcclaind Chemical Co. LITTLE FALLS - NEW JERSEY NATIONAL DRUG AND CHEM. CO. CANADIAN AGENTS, TORONTO Spray for Gain BY USING GRASSELLI'S ARSENATE =OF LEAD= DESTROYS ALL LEAF -EATING INSECTS ^ To destroy SAN JOSE SCALE and all scale insects, use GRASSELLI'S LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION. q To control FUNGOUS DISEASES use GRASSELLI'S BORDEAUX MIXTURE. q If interested in an insecticide and fungicide combined in one article, use GRASSELLI'S BORDEAUX-LEAD ARSENATE MIXTURE. ^ Prices and information gladly furnished. Write any of our offices for nearest CANADIAN DISTRIBUTOR. THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO. MAIN OFFICE NEW YORK, N.Y. CLEVELAND, O. BOSTON, MASS. 60 Wall Street 90 Commercial Wharf DETROIT. MICH. CHICAGO, ILL. ST. LOUIS, MO. 1 17 MicHg in Street II 2 Ferry Street AND IN OTHER PRINCIPAL CITIES PROTECT YOUR CROPS BY SPRAY/ NO 48 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURISTS February, 1909 one for cranberry growers. In western King's county, more bog land is being cleared and broken up for the purpose of making new cranberry beds. Since the advent of the gathering scoop, pickers have had to come down in their prices, which makes it possible for growers to extend their areas. Several cranberry specialists are abandoning the practice of flooding their bogs in winter which they claim to be un- necessary. At the close of each season, it is almost impossible to buy cranberries in the locality where they are grown as they, are shipped as soon as possible. Very little is going on in the horticultural line this month. In some places rhubarb is being forced in dark cellars for shipment to town and, as so little is grown in this way, it is fairly profitable. Lettuce is also grown under glass. The season for root grafting has arrived, Apple tree seedlings which have been packed in bundles in sawdust in the cellar are now brought up and each root is cut in two and fitted with scions, thus making two trees. Usually one person grafts and a second binds with strips of waxed cloth which are kept pliable with a warm brick on the stove. As soon as possible the grafts are re-packed in the sawdust, where they remain until the ground is workable, when they are planted close together in nursery rows. Montreal E. H. Wartman, Dominion Fruit Inspector In my recent tour of inspection between Montreal and Kingston, I was pleased to note that very few boxes and barrels were dishonestly packed. One instance showed No. 1 Spys not keeping. Adjoining this decayed lot was another brand or pack of the same variety and practically from the same district which was firm from top to bottom. In the latter case, the fruit had been handled carefully and no fallen apples had been put in; therefore, the buyer was well satisfied as $1 a barrel profit could be easily made. In the other case, there would FOR EVERYONE IN THE HOME ^ Rarely can you make a wiser investment for the home than an investment in a GERHJIRD HEinTzm/in Self Playing Piano Any one can play it Without music your home can never be com- plete. To know music — good music — is to-day as generally expected as to know good books. For one investment — made now — you enlist this, the greatest of all teachers, for all the household at once. By actually playing they learn to appre- ciate— to distinguish the fine work of the great composers. Let us tell you for what a reasonable investment you can secure this perfect instrument which plays the whole eighty- eight notes of the keyboard. Your present instrument taken as part payment. Gerhard Hcintzman ^ Co.. Limited 97 Yongc Street, Toronto ) Hamilton Salesroom*: 127 King Street East be $1 a barrel loss. The lots packed by co-operative as.sociations were very satis- factory. One firm in Montreal had pur- chased several cars since the close of navi- gation and could send them out to their customers with great assurance. I have met many farmers having small orchards who tell the same story that apples were a poor crop. One said that he usually has from 25 to 30 barrels of Spys for sale, but this year had only three. However, as good apples arc selling from 40 to 50 cents a peck, small stocks will fill the demand. The man who predicted 25 years ago that apples would be so cheap in 1908 that they would not be worth gathering made a mis- calculation. The other man who planted 25 acres of Spys, G. Russet, Blenhim. Bald- win and similar varieties on the north shore of Lake Ontario, between Kingston and To- ronto, and cared for them is a lucky fellow. There is room yet for new orchards, but be careful in the selection of varieties and be prepared to look after the wants of the trees. British Columbia M. J. Henry New settlers are coming in by the thous- and from every section of the world, buying and clearins up land to prepare it for spring planting. They are paying $150 to $2.50 an acre in the bush which costs from $200 to $300 an acre to clear it suitable for planting. This means that a man must have a capi- tal of $5,000 to $10,000 to start any kind of a fruit ranch near anv of the cities. He has to live on his capital until he on get an income from his land which, in the case of fruit trees, means several years, but by growing vegetables and small fruits between his fruit trees he will begin to realize some money from it in two or three years. The old settlers who took up the land from the povernment years aeo are the ones who are "living in clover" these days. PERFECT POTATO PLANTING I 3AVE Erery farmer knows the Importance % HIRED of proper potato planting. Here's a ^^ |_._. ^ machine that does it perfectly. Has *-^^- MtLh', none of the faults common with com- mon planters- Opens the furrow perfectly, drops the seed correctly, covers 1 D unl formly.andbestorall ^^ ^' f Iron Ak« never bruises or ^N^k^ '(im proved Roowoi) punctures the - ■ WV Potato Planter seed. Send a .— « ^ » postal for our free book. No Misses No Doubles ^ No Troubles BXTEMHN MFG. CO., Boi ^'S-V. E8ENL0CH. N. J. '^'^^^IT^Jf Mount FREE AKm Birds and Animal* ^^^^^^ Sportsman! FiBhermenI HunterBl ^atu^alists and otlit-ra Beeking to better theuisclvei byl*>arniriit » great profession. Tlio wonderful art of Tax- idermy, so Ion? kept secret, can now easily he learned right in your own homo uri \\% yonr spare hours. No neoJ to giv« up your business. C^ We Teach By Mail how to mount „.r'l». animnU, paniehoads, tiiii ckins. mako jrs and mount all trophies. A ileliKbtf ul en- trancing and money -making profession for nioQ "nd women. Easily nnd quickly learned. Success guaranteed or no tuition. En- dorsed by thousands of delighted grad- uates all able to (secure big incomes. Great Book FREEI Our beautiful, il- lustrated book. ■ 'How to Learn to Mount Birds »nd Animals," and cnir handsome Taxidermy Maga- zine Bont absolutjly free to all who writ*. Stop depending on a joo Be a professio"!; m^-. or woman Write today. N. w. School of Taxidermy. Box 128 A ^OmahaJUb^ I Writ* today depending on a iffective winter planting. When planted in masses in richly pre- pared borders, they produce riotous masses of fruit. The European buck- thorn (Rhamnus cathartica), so often used for a windbreak, has attractive black fruits, as has also Rhodotypos l.errio\des. The stag horn sumach (Rhus typhina) produces a marked ef- fect in a winter landscape with its antler- like dense clusters of berries. The smooth sumach (R. glabra) is also use- ful as a winter fruited plant. The European mountain ash (Sorbus Aucuparia), with its bright red berries in large clusters, is especially useful for winter effect, and the yellow berried form is also useful for variety. With an evergreen background they are es- pecially attractive. Among the vines for S3 winter effect nothing can surpass the bit- ter-sweet (Celastrus scandens), with its winter array of orange berries, when the Elaeagnus Umbellata vine is allowed to grow as a shrub, form- ing an uneven mass of twining stems, covered with attractive fruits it is par- ticularly fine. C. orbiculatus is also a splendid berried vine similar to the bitter- sweet. Vitis Heterophylla, whose grape- like clusters of whitish-blue berries offer a variety in berry color, is also interest- ing from the standpoint of winter effect. Simplicity and dignity should be the key-note of all landscape gardening. Take a series of photographs of your garden from planting time until fall and send them for publication in The Canadian Horticulturist. Wooden labels may be preserved by soaking them in a strong solution of cop- peras (sulphate of iron) and laying them, after they are dry, in lime water. By this process, a very insoluble salt, sul- phate of lime, is formed in the wood. Trees and Shrubs for Saskatchewan' Angus MacKay, Superintendent, Experimental Farm, Indian Head IN the .early years of the Indian Head Experimental Farm, very few trees or shrubs except the native varieties were found hardy enough to stand the climate, while at the present time there are a great many, with proper cultiva- tion, will succeed in any part of the pro- vince. In addition to the quite hardy sorts, there are many nearly hardy ones that kill back very little, and will in time be numbered among the successful varie- ties. For eight or ten years the American mountain ash killed back to the ground. Now, every year they blossom and fruit, and the trees are among the most beau- tiful on the Farm. A list of the hardy trees and shrubs suitable for the province may be found at the conclusion of this paper. This does A Winter Scene in Saskatchewan not include the half-hardy, which num- ber nearly as many. [Note. — This list will be published in a later issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. — Editor.'] TREES Among the trees that are being most extensively grown throughout the pro- vince are, box elder (native maple), ash, elm and cottonwood. Box elder is grown chiefly on account of its being easily propagated, and not from any good quality in appearance or usefulness ex- cept for windbreaks. Ash is also easily propagated from seed, but has the ad' vantage over the maple in giving little trouble after planting, and in making a useful tree in time. Elm is more difficult to grow than maple or ash, from the fact of the seed being smaller and more subject to in- jury from various causes. It is one of •Part of a paper read at the convention of the Western Horticultural Society, held at Win- nipeg, in February. the best trees, however, and the one that will in time win the most favor. Cottonwood, which is chiefly obtained from river bottoms in the Dakotas, but which can be propagated from seed or cuttings, is found better adapted to the dry climate than many of the other varie- ties of poplar, and as a quick grower is unsurpassed. The Siberian poplar is one of the best of the Russian varieties. Like the cot- tonwood, it is a quick grower. Willows are not sought after except for hedges or windbreaks, for which they are well adapted. So far little has been done in growing the birch tree. The native variety is easily grown and is a beautiful tree when a few years old. Among all the trees on the Farm, none can compare in beau- ty with the cut-leaved birch which has stood for years in the arbore- tum. The mountain ash is grown from seed, of which it produces large quantities, and as al- ready stated, is one of the most beautiful on the Farm ; in fact, in this respect, it is only surpassed by the cut- leaved birch. In the conifers, all those mentioned have done exceedingly well, but are not being grown throughout the province on account of the difficulty of propa- gation and the slow growth for several years, as well as the great loss in transplanting. Among the most successful are balsam fir, Scotch pine, white, Norway and Rocky Mountain spruce, and the larch or tamarac. The cedars are exceedingly slow growers. SHRUBS Among the hardy shrubs, caragana, honeysuckle and lilac are having the largest distribution. In the three famil- ies, a good many varieties are found, especially in the lilacs. Caragana drborescens is the most use- ful sort in the caragana list on account of being better suited for hedge pur- poses, and flowering equally with the others when planted singly. The Tartarian honeysuckle when in bloom is one of the most beautiful shrubs imaginable and, as it fruits abundantly and is quickly and easily grown from seed, it should be on every homestead in the province. 51 While caragana and honeysuckle should be in every garden, the place is not complete without the lilacs, of which there are varieties almost without num- ber. In addition to being a beautiful shrub, the lilac makes a hedge unsur- passed by any other plant for the length of time it is in leaf during the year, it ] being out the ear4iest in the spring and the last in the fall to lose its leaves. Cornus or dogwood, cotoneaster, flower- ing currant, spiraea, and high-bush cran berry (native) are well worthy a place alongside the caragana, honeysuckle and lilac. Sowing Seeds of Annuals Roderick Cameron, Toronto If it is desired to sow seeds of annual flowers in a hot-bed to get the plants early, prepare the manure at once ; it should be turned over twice before mak- ing the bed. Do not make the bed high. A foot of manure is plenty, and it should.be ready by the first of April, then place in it from four to six inches, of good friable soil. Put on the sash, but give plenty of air until April tentiV,'' when the weed seeds will be all started. Stir the soil now so as to kill the weeds. Open shallow drills six inches apart, north and south across the bed, by press- ing a lath on the soil. Here sow the seeds desired and cover in proportion to the size of the seeds. The very fine ones may be sown on the surface, and after- wards pressed down with the flat side of a board. There may be strips of brown papci stretched over the rows inside the franu until the seeds show above ground, whei' they must be taken away for the lignt to reach the plants. If the sun is bright at this stage, shade the glass during thf hottest part of the day and give air night and day unless very cold. The plants may be thinned out and replanted some other place when large enough to handle By the first of June these plants should be ready for the open ground. At this time, place your fingers on each side of the row, press them down through th^ soil, lift one, two or three plants, and as much soil as will stick to the roots, and press hard in the hands into hard balls about the roots ; this operation is simple if the soil contains the proper amount of moisture. When each variety is thus finished, place all these balls, containing the roots back into the soil, and shade p little. In a few days the balls will be matted together with roots, and they can be handled the same as if they were grown in pots, and will make better plants, and there will be no wilting. March, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 55 What Amateurs Can^Do in March MAKE preparation for next season's work. A good start means a good finish. Order seeds and have them ready when sowing-tiijie comes. Prune late flowering shrubs but leave the early flowering ones until they have bloomed. Hardy roses may be pruned towards the end of the month. If not protected now, cover the border plants and bulbs. The greatest danger is from alternate thawing and freezing in spring. If the ground is still frozen, cover with some strawy manure held in place by branches of trees. Remove the covering as soon as danger of severe frosts is past. FLOWERS INDOORS If you are growing your own bedding plants, their propagation and potting will \^^'JjBa/K^^AjS^^^^^^^Ki m^^ '^^^ ig. Ik m i I m BfcK**:-,,. -ds^. .^^B A Daj-Blooming Cereus At residence of Mr. J. T Rose. Brantford, Out, now be occupying your time. Strike in sand, cuts of fuchsias, geraniums, ver- benas and so forth. Sow seeds of nasturtiums for window boxes. A few pots or boxes of petunias, verbenas, cosmos, salvia and lobelia may also be sown. Towards the end of the month sow antirrhinum, scabiosa and aster. Six to eight weeks before it is time to start plants in the open is about the right time to sow most seeds inside. Divide your cannas and pot them or place on benches to start them into growth. They will be fairly well ad- vanced for planting out-doors about the first of June. Bring hydrangeas, oleanders and sim- ilar plants to the light. Re-pot geran- iums, cyperus, ferns and other plants required for summer decoration. Give the flowering bulbs plenty of water. The soil must not .be allowed to dry out. THE KITCHEN GARDEN It is time to start the hot-bed. If your sashes and frames are not in good order make repairs at once. Read the article on page 58 of this issue. You may have rhubarb earlier than usual by placing a barrel or box, from which the top and bottom have been re- moved, over a clump of rhubarb in the garden. WITH THE FRUITS This is the best time of the year to graft fruit trees. Make the trees that are now yielding poor fruit, produce the variety that you most desire. Prune fruit bushes. Thin out all kinds of fruit trees and head back the peach, plum and pear. Prune and train the grape vines. If you are not certain of the best thing to do in regard to any garden operation, take advantage of the question and an- swer department of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist. Enquiries are welcomed. Root Killing W. T. Macoon, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa Root killing is caused by the exposure of roots to severe frost and by the alter- nate thawing and freezing of the roots. It is most prevalent in winters when there is little or no snow. It is of very uncommon occurrence in Manitoba and the north-west provinces and in the states of Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota and Dakota. Roots are in many cases t;n- derer than the tops and are killed when the tops remain uninjured. As the soil in the province of Quebec is usually moist in the autumn and further drying out is usually prevented by a covering of snow, root-killing does not often occur, there having only been three times during the past twelve years when there was such injury. This infrequency of root-killing is, however, liable to make fruit growers careless, and a time comes when an orchard is just in its prime when the trees are swept out by root- killing to the owner's great disappoint- ment and discouragement. What, then are the preventives of root-killing? At the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, many trees were root-killed in the winter of 1895-6, a winter when there was little snow. At that time cover crops were not used to any extent and the soil at the farm was bare. Since that time great care has been taken to have a cover crop in the orchard before winter sets in. This cover crop in itself protects the roots of the trees from dry- ing-out and helps to hold the snow for further protection. While the roots of trees, in sod are protected by this sod and may not be killed when those under cultivation are, it may happen that in same cases the soil is so dry under the sod that if there is no snow the roots may yet be killed. The mulching of the ground about trees with straw or manure will also protect the roots from injury. Another reason why we have not been troubled with root-killing during the past twelve years at Ottawa is that prac- tically all our trees have been since that time grafted on crab apple roots, not on Pyrus baccata, although some are on this stock, but on the seedlings of Martha, Transcendent, and other culti- vated varieties. The apple seedlings used by nurserymen for stock vary much in hardiness. Every tree probably differs more or less and some are undoubtedly quite tender. The result is. that varieties otherwise hardy, when grafted on these roots fail. Seedlings of the crab apples are much more likely to be hardy. If some nurseryman would make a spec- ialty of growing the apples suitable for the province of Quebec on crab apple stocks, he would in time sell a large number of these trees. The advantage of crab apple roots has been very marked in the north-western states where trees on ordinary apple stocks have been killed out, while those in crab roots were uninjured. The Culture o5 Orchids For the private gardener, the use of baskets for orchids would give better re- sults than earthen pots or pans. The baskets allow the air to circulate freely about the roots and prevents an over- abundance of moisture. The most essen- tial quality in orchid culture is an abun- dance of fresh air. If the private greenhouse has ample top ventilation, the ventilators should be kept open at most all times in the sum- mer months. Side ventilation may be used, but top ventilation is preferable. The former seems more apt to absorb the moisture in the house which is a de- cided requisite to the orchid. Orchids should receive an abundance of light, but the strong rays directly upon the plants might prove injurious. For shade, some growers use shade roll- ers on the outside of the glass or cheese- cloth beneath the glass. If the outer side of the glass is whitened with a com- bination of white lead and kerosene oil, the strong light will be prevented from striking the plants and at the same time they will receive sufficient good light. Orchids should be watered with care. They require an abundance of water dur- ing the growing period, but too much should not be applied at one time as it would tend to rot the roots. Readers of The Canadian Horticulturist are asked to tell their experiences in the cul- ure of this beautiful flower. Make a water garden this spring. The Twelve Best Hardy Shrubs IF I were confined to the choice of but one shrub to plant, I should select Hydrangea paniculata, as it blooms at the season of the year when all the othe- shrubs are out of bloom and then it is so hardy, so easily grown, and gives such a wealth of lustrous cherry white plumes of flowers from August to No- vember. Were my choice extended to two, the other would be Spircea Van Houttei, so lovely and abundant is its snow white mantle that hardly a leaf can be seen through the flowers, and its habit is so graceful. My third shrub would be the Japanese golden bell (Forsythia suspensa), which is one of the earliest J. McPherson Ross, Toronto garden. The eighth choice is Cydonia Japonica, whose vivid blossoms have given it the name of the burning bush. This shrub stands clipping well and is useful to make a hedge. Its foliage is glossy green and its scarlet blossoms in May always make it a garden favorite. The ninth choice is the beautiful deutzia, either D. scabra or D. arenata. These are lovely shrubs and no collec- tion is complete without some of them. For small places or cemetery plots, Deutzia gracilis is a charming free flow- ering small shrub. My tenth shrub is the purple berberry which is most ef- fective in the bloom of its foliage with ^^^^HK%~k' ■..„. ^ -^J^ ■ i ¥^: A Variety of Shrubt that Grace the Gronndt of an Estate near Nia(ara Falls shrubs to flower, the blossoms appearing before the foliage. The proper situation for it is by the gate or entrance path, although it is a beautiful object wher- ever planted. My fourth shrub would be Wiegelia rosea, an old favorite, neat and graceful in habit and a profuse bloomer of rosy pink bell-like blossoms. My fifth choice is the althea or rose of Sharon and, although it is sometimes killed in winter, yet by planting it in rather poor soil so that it ripens its wood well before frost, it usually blooms suf- ficiently to give satisfaction. It blooms in August. My next shrub is the Persian lilac. My seventh is the garland syrin- ga, a well-known hardy favorite whose fragrant showy white blossoms with their strong orange perfume scents the charming panicles of yellow small blos- soms in spring followed by dark crim- son clusters of berries. My eleventh choice is the purple fringe or smoke tree. This is quite an unique shrub in many ways. The foliage is glossy and rather singular in shape while the bloom is in panicles of cream bronze tint of feathery or misty character, sometimes called Jacob's beard. When in full bloom it ;s very attractive. To complete the dozen, and for the sake of its fragrance and yellow bloom, I select the flowering cur- rant [Rihes aurea), an old-time hardy favorite that will flourish in any situation or out-of-the-way corner. The foregoing twelve hardy shrubs might not be the choice of every one but taking the flowering season into 56 consideration, this selection will cover it pretty well with a sufficient divergence of growth, foliage and flower to make them of value in any collection. A further selection will be mentioned in a later is- sue of The Canadian Horticulturist. The Mock Cypress T. McYittie, Toronto. The illustration on the front cover of this issue of The Canadian Horticul- turist, is a view of the centre walk in Sir H. M. Pellatt's vegetable garden, Toronto, with the stables, coach-house, automobile shed, and so forth, in the background, built after the old Norman style of architecture, and when com- pleted will be one of the finest on the" American continent. On each side of the walk is planted a row of mock cypress (Kochia scoparia./ This pretty, half-hardy annual was trans- planted from self-sown seed. Many of the plants were over three feet in height and five feet in circumference, forming compact bushes which make a very eff'ective and ornamental hedge. The small feathery light green foliage changes as the summer advances to a deep green and to a crimson hue in the fall. The beauty of the kochia is very often destroyed by overcrowding when planting. To grow for pot culture, the seed may be sown in March, giving the sanir treatment as for balsam or other similar annuals. They should be given good drainage, if intended for pots, as they are sometimes very slow in germinating. For outdoor culture, the seed may be sown in April, and the seedlings planted out about three feet apart by the end of May, taking care to keep well watered until established in the ground wher" they are to remain for the summer. To have a good lawn, the ground must be rich and well-prepared. Division of the root is the only way tol perpetuate any particular variety of col- umbine with certainty. Do not attempt to manage a garden i that is beyond your time and means. Better a small garden and a good one J than a larger one, half-kept. A corm differs from a bulb in that it is solid throughout while the latter may be composed of narrow and mostly loose scales, as in the lily, or of more or less continuous or close-fitting layers or plates, as in the onion. The gladiolus and crocus are familiar examples of corms. Hoiv an Amateur Grows Asters 'HE aster is one of the grandest flow- ers and one that is largely grown. In its culture, one great fault with amateur gardeners is that, as soon as the Srst warm days of spring arrive, they get he gardening fever and begin to sow eeds in pots or boxes in the house. There Ss nothing gained by this, except perhaps la few days earlier bloom. In the majority ttf cases, the result is poor, weakling plants with only a few mediocre flowers. )ur aim should be to strive for the best. About the last week in April or the Srst week in May, choose some spot Jose to a south wall, and fine the soil rell. Obtain a box, say, eight inches ligh, and knock out both the top and jttom leaving the sides. Sink this in the soil, one inch at the back and three iches in front to form a slope. Cover be top with factory cotton to protect 'from winds and sun. Sow your seed thinly in this and when up an inch high thin the plants out to stand three inches W. Norman, Elmira, Ontario apart every way. You will then have strong sturdy plants that will be a de- light to handle. To transplant, make a hole with a pointed stick, fill the hole with water and when this has soaked in, put in your plant, bed it in firmly and then cover with dry soil around the stem leaving no sign of moisture. Do not water again. It is one of the amateur's great- est mistakes to use too much water. Leave the result to nature. Keep the surface soil loose and again do not water. When your plants are about three parts grown, it is well to mulch around and between the plants with some well-rotted manure. Trim off a few of the side shoots and your bed will be a delight to v'ou and will show what the aster is cap- able of doing if properly handled. If you desire to show for exhibition, leave only three or four of the finest buds on each plant. If a plant seems sickly and you have no other to replace it, take it up care- fully, shake the soil off the roots, and you will probably find the latter covered with a small white maggot. Get some boiling water and dip the roots in and out as quickly as possible, fill the hole with boiling water and when cool replace your plant. Step it in firmly, shade for a day or two and it will probably be all right again. If you desire to own the best asters m your neighborhood, save your own seed. Select the very best bloom, then strip off the plant all other blooms and buds, thus sending all the strength of the plant into the flower selected. You will have noticed that from a package of seed with the same soil and treatment you get good, bad and indifferent plants. The reason is that commercial growers grow aster seed like flax, and so forth, by the acre, conseouently what can you expect ? Pick off all flowers as they fade. This will prolong the flowering life of the branches. Irrigation for Vegetables and Small Fruits IN almost any season there are periods when if water could be applied to growing crops of vegetables or small fruits it would improve them. Whether or not it will pay to irrigate in Ontario and eastern Canada, depends largely upon the availability of the water supply, the kinds of crops being grown, and the nature of the soil and of the season. In recent issues of The Canadian Horti- culturist were published extracts from Mr. W. T. Macoun's excellent address on this subject given at the last conven- tion of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association. In the course of the ad- dress, Mr. Macoun said: "I leave the question of whether it is practicable to irrigate or not with our vegetable grow- ers, who are intelligent enough to know when and where it will pay them." The following interesting letters sent to Mr. Macoun may aid in answering the ques- tion: AT LEAMINGTON From Mr. J. L. Hilborn, Leamington, Ont., Nov. 3, igo8: "There has never been any irrigation practised here. 1 am the only person who has used water to any extent outside, and I have done it only in a small way. For about ten years I have had a 200-barreI tank ele- vated about twenty-five feet ; have pipes laid through greenhouses and two lead- ing out twenty rods or so where I grow chiefly cucumbers, but we pour the water on through an inch hose, using about twenty barrels an hour for three or four hours, say, three times a week, and m that way getting once over them each week. We have to do it in this way to get best results as we do not like to be- gin until about five o'clock p.m. I use a windmill chiefly ; when necessary, I at- tach a gasoline engine. "One of my neighbors uses a gasoline engine to raise water from the lake, for use chiefly in greenhouse and cold frames. We have both tried applying it with the hose on strawberries, which is very satisfactory in a small way." GUELPH AND BURLINGTON Mr. A. McMeans, O. A. C, Guelph, Oct. 31, 1908: "No one in this locality practises irrigation. We have given some thought to the subject and are planning to install one-quarter to one half an acre next year with the Skinner system. "When in Ohio this summer, I visited Storr- Warner Co., at Lodi, where they grow 100 acres of celery on muck land, tile drained into a creek that runs along one side of the celery field. If the weather is dry they dam the creek and the water backs up the tiles, thus using the tiles for sub-irrigation in dry weather and for drainage in wet weather; it is giving excellent results. "Mr. H. R. Rowsome, of Burling ton, Ont., this year irrigated two acres of celery, with a two-horse power gaso- line engine, drawing water from the lake, a distance of 400 feet, with a lift of twenty-one feet, applying 30,000 gal- 47 Ions in fifteen hours in one application. Mr. Rowsome says he has two acres of extra good celery; whereas, if he had not irrigated, his crop would have been practically worthless. He figures that he has paid for his pumping plant in the results that he has secured this season. ' MONTKEAL ISLAND Mr. R. Brodie, Westmount, Que., Nov. 2, 1908: "I had a talk with an Italian (my neighbor) on Saturday and gained the following information : He has about $100 invested in rubber hose that is used for his plants in hotbeds, as well as for his melons and cucumbers. He paid fifteen cents per 1000 gallons for water; altogether $38. I allow $8 for plants, and $30 for melons, about two acres of melons ; one man ten weeks steady watering at $10 a week ; that would be: Labor, $100; water, $30; wear and tear on hose, with interest, $10'; total, $140, for two acres." NEAE TORONTO Mr. Thomas Delworth, Weston, Ont., Nov. 7, 1908: "Very little has been at- tempted around Toronto. Mr. John MacNamara, of Bracondale, north of Toronto, adjoining the city limits, tried it some years ago. An artificial hike had to be made by a land company to boom villa sites just north of his pro- perty on higher ground. He got iiis supply from the lake by a pipe let into the dam. He told me at the time that it was successful with strawberries. I 58 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1909 understand 'that he has since discontin- ued it. I do not know why. I have been delaying this letter hoping to see him about the matter, but press of busi- ness has prevented me so far. "A neighbor of my own some years ago irrigated several acres of onions and potatoes by damming a trout brook that crossed his property and flooding the patch. He got a large crop of very fine . onions, but it did not seem to agree with the potatoes. We supposed it was because the water was too cold. He continued it for several years with prac- tically the same results. Subsequent tenants of the property have not used it. These are the only cases that I know of where it has been attempted systemati- cally. "The general impression seems to be that it is 'no good.' My own opinion is that very much depends on the nature of the soil, particularly the sub-soil. If that be open and porous and an abun- dant supply of water easily obtainable at small cost, all right. A small quantity carelessly applied will, I think, do more harm than good, and a large quantity 'ditto,' unless you have proper means of removing the surplus." The Preparation and Care of Hotbeds OF whatever dimensions a garden may be, whether the extensive one of a market grower or the humble back-yard of a horticultural enthusiast in the town, the use of a hotbed is a neces- sity. Its uses are a hundredfold — to raise BnOd a Hotbed Like This various sorts of flower and vegetable seeds and the propagation of many plants with all the modern equipages of glass-houses and artificial heating, the common old-fashioned hotbed is yet con- sidered the best mode of seed raising, the steady and moist temperature of sev- eral weeks' duration, acting as the first success to a high percentage of seed germination. To the novice in garden- ing, the making of a hotbed looks impos- sible. Limited quarters, time, expense and necessary knowledge mean with many amateur gardeners "no hotbed." The finst days of March is generally early enough to commence preparing a hotbed to be ready for seeds by March 15th. It is early enough for tomato, cab- bage, cauliflower, onion, and flower seeds or whatever you purpose to grow. The following simple directions are offered for the benefit of beginners and for those who have been unsuccessful. THE MATERIAL Hotbed material consists of good, clean stable manure ; that is, straw and horse droppings two or three months old. It does not matter how new the material, but old or wet and heavy material is almost useless and wood clippings and other rubbish which often is found in manure is of similar value. The real worth of a hotbed is the length of time that it will give off warmth and that should be six to eight weeks. Beds are built too often of no depth and A. V. Main, Pinehurst, Almonte, Ontario with the manure improperly mixed, re- sulting in a sharp heat for a week, con- sequently the seedlings damp off. The failure does not end here for the seeds- man is finally accused of selling worth- less seeds. It is a good idea to have a lot of leaves stored in the fall, to incorporate with the manure, to give a more lasting heat. Two good loads of manure will make a fine, useful and handy bed, nine feet square, adapted for a garden frame with two lights or sashes. Always make the bed twelve inches larger all around the frame, whatever size it may be. The glass repaired in old storm windows make a substitute in hard times. MIXING THE MANURE Mix the manure well and often. Have it under cover in an open shed if possi- ble, but it is not necessary. With a fork turn over the manure into a cone-shaped heap. Every forkful must be well shaken out and thrown on to the top of the heap, where it will spread out when in a cone- shape. When nearing the finish, clean all the strawy material around the heap and place in the centre with the small manure over it. Turn the manure three times, every alternate day, such as Tues- day, Thursday, and Saturday. Insert a stake into the heap ; by withdrawing it occasionally, you can ascertain how it is heating. Generally at the third turning, it will commence to heat and throw off^ a rank steam. Another turning will be nec- essary on, say, Monday, purposely to re- lieve this noxious steam, which is so detrimental to tender seedlings. At the eighth or ninth day, we can build our beds. Select a sunny aspect sheltered from the north and open to the south to catch all the sun that is going at this date. Two feet six inches is good depth and convenient for working the frame, although three feet gives longer satis- faction if the manure is available. The bed should be marked off with a stake at each corner. Build the manure up in thin layers and tramp it well with the feet, finishing the job neatly, firmly and level. Lift the frame on and put on the lights, partially tilted up with a block of wood to allow superfluous moisture to escape for a couple of days. A very reliable guide when this moisture is not harmful and the bed ready for seed sow- ing, is when the drops of moisture are quite clear and transparent. I have made no reference to sprinkling the manure at the outset with water. At this time of the year, if the manure is obtained from a reliable place, it is suffi- ciently moist, and experience teaches that by adding water to dry, fusty manure, results are not satisfactory. Sand or finely sifted soil makes a fine level covering inside the frame. I am not in favor of sowing seed in patches or in lines on the top of a hotbed, unless for lettuce or early vegetables that will remain there until exhausted. All flower seeds, tomatoes, melons, and so forth, are best sown in pots or boxes, and are thus convenient to transplant or move as their growth demands. A secondary frame comes in useful, where boxes of seedlings can be put, to become hardy and to procure light, space and air in more abundance, once they have germinated in the proper hotbed. In the middle of fav- orable days, a little air is advisable for two or three hours. As the sun strength ens, some shading material is best put on the sashes and at night a covering is also essentia! for warmth and frost pro- tection. Canvas or sacking or old car- pets would do. Makr one to fit each sash and nine inches longer than the sash at each end. Take a piece of wood and tack it on at each end. This facilitates the work of rolling it up when required. The piece hanging over breaks the current of air when applying ventilation. This material then can be employed for mid-day sun, also at night and there is no fear of wind blowing it off. Judgment with ventila- tion, using tepid water for the seedlings, and applying it early in the day are prominent factors of success. A Handy Device A simple venti- lating block for hotbeds may be made by cutting a piece of inch board in this shape. By its use air may be admitted in any quantity desired. QUESTION AND ANSWER DEPARTMENT t Transplanting Peach Trees I wish to transplant about sixty young leach trees which have been in the ground for two or three years, but which have not ade much growth owing to being planted unsuitable land and to lack of cultiva- [tion and moisture. I desire to transfer them a gravelly soil and would like to know this is advisable and practicable and also ilhe best manner of going about it, so as not [io destroy too many roots. Are the trees [too old to move successfully? — W. G., kanagan Valley, B. C. While you cannot expect the same suc- ;ess in transplanting trees that have een established for two or three years as with young trees from the nursery, the operation can be done satisfactorily. The loss of a few roots will do little or no permanent damage. Prune back par- tially both roots and top. Transplant in early spring. A gravelly soil will grow leaches, if sandy, deep and well drained. Best Spraying Machine There are so many spraying machines on the market, I do not know which to pur- chase. Kindly state which is best. — R. N., Yarmouth Co., N. 8. We have no preference. Consult the advertising columns of this issue. Only reliable firms are permitted to advertise in The Canadian Horticulturist. Judging at Royal Show Can you explain the judging of the colon- ial fruit exhibits at the Royal Horticultural Society's Exhibition, London, England? If by points I should like to know the scale. Are fruits sampled and points given for flavor and firmness? — A. W. W., Yale- Cariboo, B. C. This question is answered fairly fully in a letter by Mr. T. B. Revett that ap- pears on another page of this issue. The secretary of the society has been asked for further particulars. Trouble with Begonia I am sending a begonia leaf. Kindly tell me what is wrong with it. The leaves appoar to be healthy but when they reach the size of the one sent, drop ofl. How can I treat the plant to avoid this?— Mrs. A. E. C., Huron Co., Ont. I am of opinion that the trouble is caused by lack of drainage at the roots of the plant or poor soil. Gas fumes will also cause the leaves of this plant to drop. Give the plant a season of partial rest for a few weeks by giving it suffic- ent water only to keep the soil moist, and keep it in a temperature of about fifty degrees. In about eight or ten weeks the plant should be repotted. In doing this remove a portion of the old soil, repot the plant into soil, one part sand, one of leaf -or black mould and about four parts of good potting soil, with plenty of drainage at the roots, using the same sized pot. Avoid over- watering the plant. Begonias are not good house plants, especially where the atmosphere is very dry or gas fumes pre- vail.— Wm. Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College. Primulas, Begonias, Carnations What should be done with primulas, flow- ering begonias and carnations after bloom- ing in winter?— A. 8., Thunder Bay Dis- trict, Ont. The Chinese primrose {Primula sinen- sis) is scarcely worth keeping over the second season. It is best to raise young plants from seed. Seeds should be sown in March or April in light, well drained soil. The seedling plants should be kept well shaded. Old plants of Primula ob- conica can be kept over and divided for "the next season's flowering. Even these are better raised from seed every year. Flowering begonias that have flowered all winter should be kept moderately dry and in a cool temperature of about fifty degrees until about the end of June, when they can be stood out-of-doors in partial shade, if temperature does not go below fifty degrees. They should be repotted about the end of August and brought indoors before chilly or cold weather commences. Carnation plants are scarcely worth keeping over for the second season. Young plants rooted from cuttings in January or February, planted out in the open garden in June and potted in Au- gust before the severe frosts, give the best results for the following winter sea- son. Old plants can be kept by keeping them in a cool place and planting them out in the ground as recommended for the young plants. The top growth of carnations should be kept pinched out or shortened until about the middle of July for winter flowering. — Wm. Hunt, On- tario Agricultural College. Celery on Sod Land Would it be advisable to plant celery on an old sod that was plowed last fall? Would there be danger from wireworms? — A. W. N., Wentwerth Co., Ont. There would be little or no danger from wire worms on celery. There may be trouble, however, in working the sod for celery, if it has not been properly rotted, and in getting the plants to take root. Mr. George Syme, Jr., of West Toronto, one of the best celery growers of the province, said that he has seen 59 some good crops of celery grown in the way that you suggest but that the crop is likely to be "patchy." Separating Tomato Seed What is the best way to separate the seed from the pulp of tomatoes.?— A. C, York Co. Ont. For small quantities, mix inner pulp of the tomatoes with sand, rubbing them together until most of the moisture is absorbed. It is not necessary to separ ate the seed from the sand. Sow both when the time comes. For large quan- tities, remove the skin and break up the pulp. Wash with water. The sep- aration may be performed immediately but, if the pulp adheres to the seed, al- low the mass to stand until fermentation liberates the seeds. Most of the pulp will then rise, leaving the seeds at the bottom. To liberate the seeds more quickly, place a stick of caustic potash in each pail of water. In the course of an hour or so, the seeds can be rubbed out easily. Asparagus Beetles Give treatment for asparagus beetles. — W. A. C, Wentworth Co., Ont. There are various ways of handling these pests: i. If practicable, allow poul- try to run over the beds. 2. During cutting season leave scattered shoots to grow as traps. Apply insecticides or cut down and burn. 3. After cutting season apply Paris green or arsenate ot lead ; repeat whenever larvae appear. Dusting with fresh, dry-slacked lime when dew is on, is also practised. 4. If plants are shaken during hottest weather many larvae will die on the ground. 5. Against twelve-spotted beetle, pick ofl^ the young berries and burn. Low-Heading of Trees Editor, The Canadian Horticultur- ist:— As a student of horticulture since 1846, I heartily agree with Mr. W. J. Kerr, of Ottawa, whose letter appeared in the February issue, that the low-head- ing of fruit trees is best. His reasons are clearly given, are ample and most prac- ticable. I would buy buds one year old and thus form the head to suit myself. When trees • ire two years from the bud many limbs have been cut off for budding other stock so that one cannot head his trees as per- fcrtly as he can if he plants early in the fall or early in the spring one-year-old iMids. -^Frances Wayland Glen, Brook- lyn, N. Y. 6o THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1909 The Canadian Horliculturisl Publuhed by The Horticultural Publishing Company, Limited PETBRBORO AND TORONTO EDITORIAL The Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion Official Oroan of British Columbia, Ontario, Qus- BBC, Nbw Brunswick and Princb Edward Isi^no Fruit Growers' Association* H. Bronson Cowan, Manasins Editor and Business Manager A. B. Cdttino, B.S.A., Horticultural Editor W. O. Rook. Advertising Manager 1. The Canadian Horticalturist is published on the 2Sth day of the month precadinK date of issue. 2. Subscription price In Canada and Great Brit- ain 60 cents a year, two years $1.00. For United States and local subscriptions in Peterboro, (not called for at Post Office) 26 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Money Express Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for amounts less than $1.00. 4. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 5. Advertising Kates quoted on application. Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad- vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad- vertising Manager, 72 Queen street west. Tor- onto. 6. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be thankfully received by the editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT Since the subscription price of The Canadian Horticulturist was reduced from SI. 00 to 60 cents a year, the circulation has grown rapidly. The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with Dec, 1907. The figures giv- en are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies, and of papers sent to advertisers. Some months, including the sample copies, from 10.000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be Interested In the grow- ing of fruit, flowers or vegetables. Circulation Statement January, 11*09. . February, 1909 . .9,4S6 .9,310 January ,-1908 7,650 February, 1908 7,824 March, 1908 8,056 April, 1908 8,250 May,1908 8,573 June, 1908 8,840 July,1908 9,015 August, 1908 9.070 September, 1908 9,121 October. 1908 9,215 November, 1908 9,323 December, 1908 9,400 Total for the year, 104,337 Average each iHue in 1907, 6,627 Average each issue in 1908. 8,695 (Increased circulation in one year over 2,000) Sworn datalled statements will b* mailed upon application. Our Protective Policy We want the readers of The Canadian Horti- culturist to feel that they can deal with oor advertisers with our assurance of the advertisers' reliability. We try to admit to our column* only the most reliable advertisers. Should any subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from any of our advertisers, we will look Into the matter and investigate the circumstances fully. Should we &na reason, even In the slightest degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub- lication of their advertisements in The Horti- culturist. Should the circumstances warrant, we will expose them through the columns of the paper. Thus, we will not only protect onr readers, but our reputable advertisers as well. All that is necessary to entitle you to the bene- fits of this Protective Policy is that you include In all your letters to advertisers the words, "I saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticultur- ist." Complaints should be made to us as soon as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has been found. Communications should be addressed: TUB CANADIAN HOETI0ULTUEI8T, Toronto Office: PETEEBOEO, ONTAEIO. 72 Queen street weal BIOLOGICAL DIVISION NEEDED Under the heading, "Should Not Separate Work," on another page of this issue, ap- pears a letter from Prof. John Craig, of Cor- nell University, that criticizes our editorial remarks on the work in biology at Ottawa. The professor agrees with the changes that we proposed, with the exception of the one that would place the new division under the direct control of the Minister of Agri- culture, instead of the Director of the Ex- perimental Farm. Even if a separation were made the laboratories could be located at the farm, where facilities for the investiga- tion of insects and fungous diseases of the greenhouse, orchard and farm are all that can be desired. The main advantage in separation lies in the directness of approach to the minister. As it is now, the head of an investigation department confers with the director, and the director with the min- ister. As a result, the head has two persons to convince as to the necessity or wisdom of any given line of procedure, and the natural outcome is that delays are frequent, vexa- tious and tedious. Furthermore, there would be a great ad- vantage in having a biological division that would, in virtue of its greater initiative free- dom, better serve the divisions of Dairy and Fruit and Seed. It is conceded by many persons that the officers of these divisions, who have travelled extensively over the Dominion, are even more conversant with the needs of the people reached through their respective divisions than the director himself. As these divisions are at present constituted, they are more than purely ad- ministrative departments. Their work is partly of an investigational nature (some- times overlapping and siipplementing that of the Farm), relating to problems that arise for solution in carrying out the meas- ures of the Government. This system of organisation of the expert forces of the Depirtment of Agriculture has worked well at Washington, and no country in the world is doing so much val- uable work in agriculture as the United States. A separation of the biological divi- sion from the Central Experimental Farm would be in the interests of the agricultural progress of Canada. QUEEN VICTORIA PARK Elsewhere in this issue appears a letter, signed "A Citizen," that refers to editorials about the management of Queen Victoria Park, Niagara Falls, Ont., that have ap- peared in recent issues of The Canadian Horticulturist. Our correspondent im- plies that our editorials have b^en inspired by an ex-employee of the park and that we are not personally acquainted with condi- tions at the park. Last summer an editorial representative of The Can.adian Horticul- turist visited Queen Victoria Park. He was furnished information about the manage- ment of the park by one of the foremost citizens of the United States, a man who has visited the park every summer for years, who is in no way interested in its management and who knows the situation there as few do. Further investigation by our representative on the spot convinced us that it was necessary that the attention of the government and of the public should be drawn to the matter in order that im- provement might be effected. Since our editorials have appeared, one of the employees, whose appointment we felt had not been neecssary, has been dis- charged, thus eflecting a measure of im- provement. One of the more important positions was created on Mr. Wilson's re- commendation but Mr. Wilson, although he was the superintendent, was not consult- ed in regard to who should be appointed to fill that position, although it is one of the most important positions in the park. The man appointed to the position lacks the training and ability that the position requires. The fact that the park last summer did not reveal to the casual observer the result of the incompetence of the management was because the main work of preparation had been accomplished by the former park officials. The present year will show a mark- ed impairment of the appearance and value of the park unless the work of improvement that has been started since the publication of our first editorial is pressed vigorously. THE CONTROL OF NURSERIES Last month, we directed attention to a defect in the bill respecting the control of nursery stock that the Ontario Fruit Grow- ers' Association desires to have made law by the Ontario Legislature. As stated on page 39, the association had in view, when drawing up the bill, the control of nursery- men who are careless or dishonest or both. Not only is it against this class that some protection is needed, but also against irres- ponsible dealers and agents, against whom fruit growers have the greatest grievance. These are not covered by the proposed bill to an effective extent. According to the wording of the proposed bill any men of this class could apply foi a license and take up their stand for one year in one place and, after getting in their fine work, clear out and start business in some other part of the country under some other name. How much bsttor off will the fruit grower be, who places his order with this class of dealer because his prices are a few cents cheaper than those of the bona- fide nurserymen, than he is at the present time? Dealers of this kind are allowed by the bill as it now stands to take out a li- cense and no bond or guarantee is required to say that they are responsible for damages should any arise. The bill shovild b; changsd so as to in- clude this class of men. As it stands, it is going to be a great injustice to the bona- fide and reliable nursery concerns. Neither will it protect the fruit grower against that class of men against whom he has the most complaint. Irresponsible dealers and agents harm both the reliable nurserymen and the fruit growers. They should be stamped out. It was also stated in our editorial last month that the nurserymen will have to charge more for their stock when this bill becomes law. Prices must inevitably be higher as the bill will necessitate each of the larger and reliable firms providing fox unavoidable losses due to errors made by employees. These losses will have to be met by setting by an insurance fund. OUR EXHIBITS AT ROYAL SHOW There has been a misunderstanding in the minds of most of our fruit growers in respect to the manner of judging fruit at the Royal Horticultural Society's Shows in London, England. During the past two years, Bri- tish Columbia was widely advertized for her good fortune in winning gold medals for general collections of fruit and she deserved the credit. The impression, however, that British Columbia won her gold medals by defeating the other provinces and colonies was unfair to them. As is pointed out in an article elsewhere in this issue, there is no competition be-, tween provinces or colonies. Each one March, 1909 THE CANADIAN H 0 E T I C U L T U E I S T 61 stands alone and on its own merits and re- ceives awards accordingly. Because British Columbia won gold medals does not mean Riat that province won them over the Ihers, nor does it say that Ontario and ova Scotia won gold medals last November ir better displays than that of British olumbia, or of any other colonial exhibi- l. tor. It means that these exhibits were ij^^ach worthy of the honors conferred and ;j ftiat they received equal recognition because I equally worthy. Let it be remembered that our provincial exhibits at London are sent not for inter-provincial competition but foi- advertizing to the world the great fruit growing possibilities of our Dominion. Judging Fruit at Royal Horticultural Show Can some of our subscribers forward to this office copies of the February, 1908. or October, 1908, issues of The Canadian Hor- TICULTURI.ST. We desire to secure the same f"r our files, and would much appreciate the receipt of one or both of these issues. Should Not Separate Work Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist: —I am interested in your editorial in the January issue of The Canadian Horticul- turist under the caption, "A Biological Division Needed." It seems to me that this is an excellent suggestion. Your proposed method of organization, however, does not appeal to me. You say very truly that all biological work related to the farmer and the farm has been carried on at the central station of the Dominion farm system during the past twenty years. This work has been conducted by the departments interested, ■^'ou now propose to separate this vital in- vestigational work from the institution which has been specifically established for the purpose of dealing with just such prob- lems, and give it to another and entirely distinct division of this department of pub- lic service. The experimental farms of Canada were organized expressly for the purpose of deal- ing with biological life problems. The in- side service was organized, as I understand it, for administrative work. Would it not be just as logical to recommend the affilia- tion of a legislative service with the Ottawa farm, as a biological division with the ad- ministrative branch? Each has its own facilities for carrying out its own type of work. The disarrangement of these would mean at any rate the unnecessary duplica- tioij of equipment and facilities. It seems to me that it would be both illogical and unwise. These remarks are prompted not by a mere desire to take part in a discussion, but by virtue of the interest which arises out of former association with the Domin- ion Experimental Farm system, and a somewhat extended knowledge of organiza- tion methods in relation to public service for agriculture in the United States.— John Craig, Professor of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. The Canadian Horticulturist stands lor everything that will tend to develop the great horticultural resources of this great Dominion. ' I have taken The Canadian Horticul- turist for 20 years, and have gained a great deal of useful information from it. I could \\ not get along without it. — James Wittup, '• Yale-Cariboo, B. C. Another big apple show will be held in Spokane, Wash., this year. Orchardists in all parts of the world will be invited to com- pete and it is expected that the prize list ,will represent more than $50,000, in addi- "|pn to trophies, cups and special awards. AMONG most Canadian fruit growers, there has been a misconception in respect to the manner in which fruit is judged at the Royal Horticultural So- ciety's Shows in London, England. Letters asking for information on this point have been received from various sources by The Canadian Horticulturist. These requests were submitted to two gentlemen who had charge of Canadian exhibits at the Royal show last November. Mr. R. M. Palmer, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for British Columbia, replied as follows : "I regret that I am unable to furnish the information requested. Permit me to sug- gest that you could, no doubt, obtain the information desired on application to the secretary of the Royal Horticultural So- ciety, Vincent Square, London. I may, per- haps, state that at the Royal Horticultural Society's colonial fruit shows, exhibits of British Columbia fruit have been awarded medals for merit. These medals are of various grades, from the gold medal of the Royal Horticultural Society, which I under- stand, is the highest award given, to silver gilt, silver and bronze medals." The secre- tary of the Royal Horticultural Society has been asked by The Canadian Horticul- turist to furnish the desired information. their awards accordingly. It is my opinion that in doing this they saddled themselves with the exceedingly hard problem of satis- fying all exhibitors and governments. "For instance, at the last exhibition held in November, they had at the exhibition all the different islands of the British West Indies and Canada was represented by On- tario, Nova Scotia, and British Columbia. The exhibits from the other provinces were made up of private exhibits from the differ- ent growers, while those from Ontario were shown by the Department of Agriculture for the province. We entered in seven dif- ferent classes and in an interview with the assistant-secretary of the society, who by the way, has practically complete control, I was told that the exhibits were not competi- tive and given to understand that it was unnecessary to divide our exhibit into its component parts. However, we divided it as nearly as possible showing a table ol dessert varieties, a table of vegetables, one of preserves and one of canned goods. "After the awards of the prizes were made Ontario was given a gold medal. British Columbia and Nova Scotia also received one, together with the additional medals awarded to the individual exhibits; i.e., these two provinces' exhibits consisted, of exhibits sent by growers all of whom re- Part of Ontario'i Exhibit Which Won a Gold Medal at Royal Horticultural Society's Show'Latt November i His reply will be published in the issue fol- lowing its arrival. Mr. T. B. Revett of the Ontario Depart- ment of Agriculture gives some valuable information in the following letter: "The Royal Horticultural Society inaugur- ated three colonial exhibitions and their chief object was to bring before the British public the horticultural products of the dif- ferent colonies. They were confronted with two great problems : First, to get the colon- ial growers and governments interested; and second, to attract the attention of the British public. Owing to these obstacles they have had to abandon two of these ex- hibitions and will continue the show in November another year in order to give it another opportunity to prove itself of value. "It will be easily understood that the primary consideration of the society was to obtain the exhibits and co-operation of the growers and governments of the colonies, and they naturally gave any obstacle which would tend to cause any bad feeling amongst the different exhibitors a very wide berth and, acting under this influence, they decided that the wisest plan was to make the -exhibits non-competitive and to judge them by a standard of excellence, giving ceived a medal, then a gold medal was awarded to the government for these exhi- bits as a whole or virtually for the assist- ance given in sending over and looking after the exhibits. "If Ontario had entered her exhibits under different names she would have re- ceived the same treatment, but according to the constitution or minute book of the society, an exhibitor, having received the maximum reward in the shape of a gold medal for one of his exhibits could not receive another award, except he had en- tered the exhibits under another name. You will see by this that there was practically no judging, no separation oi classes and awards were apparently given to all exhibi- tors. There were not a few varieties impro- perly named and in one instance the fruit was not even first-class fruit. "The Royal Horticultural Society is a very strong and highly respected organiza- tion in England and, as previously explain- ed, their object is to bring the products of the colonies before the British public, and those receiving the highest award from them establishes a reputation among the English horticulturists. ''The show itself was an excellent one. 62 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, igog British Columbia had an excellent position and displayed to advantage two varieties of apples,— -Grimes' Golden and Jonathan, both were very extremely colored and af- forded contrast with the other varieties shown. Nova Scotia had a very fine show, exhibiting a splendid collection of varieties. Ontario showed about 70 varieties of apples. 15 varieties of pears, eight of grapes, a few peaches and Reine Claude plums, a full col- lection of the best varieties of vegetables, and also a splendid collection of preserved and canned fruits and also canned vegetables." To Control the Blister Mite Experiments designed to control the leaf blister mite in apple orchards have been conducted by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y. The results are mentioned by Professor Lochhead on page 50 of this issue. Bulletin No. 306, recently received gives the following conclusions m regard to the work with lime-sulphur sprays : "In the experiments with the sulphur sprays, comparative tests were made of the common lime-sulphur wash, a home-made concentrated mixture, and two commercial concentrated preparations of the lime-sul- phur wash. Very satisfactory results were obtained in every orchard in which they were employed, and there was apparently no appreciable difference in the effectiveness of the various preparations on the mite when they were used under similar condi- tions. The measure of protection actually obtained showed, as would naturally be ex- pected, some slight variations in the various orchards, which were probably due, largely, to differences in the standards of spraying of the fruit growers. "In every test all trees that were thor- oughly treated with a sulphur spray showed, in comparison with the checks, a marked diminution in the numbers of the mites, which in several instances resulted in almost complete destruction. The results show very plainly that one application dur- ing the dormant season, or as buds are bursting, affords eflBcient protection to the trees, and that the mite is not ever likely to be of importance in orchards that are an- nually sprayed with the lime-sulphur wash, a practice now common in many localities where the scale threatens." Judging Plate Fruit* W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa An Attractive Offer. — Messrs. Dupuy & Ferguson, seedsmen, of Montreal, are mak- ing an attractive premium offer to those who purchase their spring supply of bulbs and garden seeds from them. By taking advantage of this offer, customers of the above firm are enabled to secure free sub- scriptions to The Canadian Horticultur- ist as a premium on orders given. The sfyring issues of The Canadian Horticul- turist will tell you how and when to plant, and will ^ive many useful suggestions on making your garden. If you are not already taking The Canadian Horticulturist, write to the above mentioned firm, asking for particulars regarding their special prem- ium offer of free subscriptions to The Cana- dian Horticulturist. Mention this offer to your friends who intend having a flower garden next summer. Change of Address.— Owing to the large increase in their business, Messrs. Wm. Cooper & Nephews have found it necessary to take a warehouse, and wish to notify the public and their customers that their new address will be Peterkin Building, 152 Bay Street, Toronto, where all communications should be addressed. THERE should be some agreement as to just how fruit should be judged in the maritime provinces. You have quite a number of judges coming to your exhibitions and to meetings of this kind and each one semes to have a different idea of how fruit should be judged. One judge has one idea, and another, another idea. You never know how to put up fruit to be judged at an exhibition. It seems to me that at Truro, at the Agricultural College, an agreement could be made with the other provinces, on some methods of judging fruit on plates and also in boxes. A circular could be printed and published telling of the agreement as to how fruit should be judged at these exhibitions. I am simply giving you my idea and I hope we may have others who will give theirs also. It seems to me that a plate of fruit should be judged largely from that stand- point and for that reason. I think that uni- formity is one of the chief requisites, also freedom from blemishes, high color and thorough maturity. Large size is not so im- portant as these. freedom from blemish When we sit down to dinner or break- fast, if we see some dirt on the tablecloth or some specks here or there we do not relish our dinner quite the same. The same thing suggests itself to me, when I look at a plate of fruit. We want an apple with no spots or holes in it and the stems should be left on every specimen, if it is possible to leave them on. uniformity The next thing is uniformity. If we have a plate of fruit with every specimen a differ- ent shape, it is not nearly as impressive nor as pleasant to look upon as a plate of fruit where the apples are all about the same size. Professor Ross. — Why is so much import- ance attached to having the stems on the apples? Ans.— I do not consider that of so very great importance; yet, in order to have the plate of fruit free from blemish, they should be left on. . Professor Ross.— Why not have a piece of the branch as well as the stem? Ans.— That is rather a difficult question. I consider an apple looks better and keeps better with the stem on. D. J. Stewart.— It is not one of the points of identification? Ans.— Yes; it helps to identify apples. Some have short stems and others have long, slender stems. Mr. Annear.— The stems might be all right for exhibition purposes but for ordinary use it would not be of any consequence. COLOR Mr. Macoun. — Now, the question of color is one of the important requisites in a plate of fruit and it is just a point for the judge to decide whether a rather poorly colored plate of fruit which is perfectly uniform would be better than a highly colored plate of fruit which were not uniform. These are points which the judge has to use his own discretion in deciding on. SIZE With regard to the size, it would only count about half as much as color, uniform- ity and freedom from blemishes. There is a limit to size. For instance, here is a plate of highly colored fruit but it is too small for the variety, therefore, a plate of this size (of good size for the variety), not quite so highly colored takes the second prize, when this (illu.strates with a plate of small specimens) does not take a prize at all. This is a point the judge has to decid' A good size for the variety (illustrates) ; that, to my mind, is a perfect plate of Kings. The color and form are good, and it is perfectly uniform. It takes first prize. We had considerable difficulty in judging the Kings, and the reason that these Kint"^ got second prize is that they were not quit so highly colored and not quite so uniform as these apples. MATURITY Then, there is the question of finish or maturity (illustrates). Here is a plate thp- does not look matured, as if the apple ha been picked a little too soon, or too green (illustrates). There is a plate of apples which got first prize where the skin has a slight yellowish tinge; at the same time that is an apple which will keep and is » highly colored fruit, uniform and quite larg enough for the variety. POLISHING Rubbing brightens the color but the judg ■ should not take that into consideration br- cause, if necessary, the judge can polisli them himself and make both plates the same as regards the polish. You can tell whether they are polished or not. The judge would prefer not having the fruit polished because he is inclined to think that the man who polishes his fruit is trying to make it better than it really is. •From an address given by Mr. Maconn, at the last annual meeting of the P. E. I. Kruit Growers' Association. A discuBsion on tliis subject is invited. Send expressions of opinion to The Canadian Hor- ticulturist. A Burning Success for 20 Years.- In our churches, schools and residences, the special and patented construction of "Kelsey Warm Air Generators" makes it possible to have economical warming with proper ven- tilation. "The Kelsey System" means the supplying of large volumes of pure, fresh, warm air; not scorched, burnt, and vitiated air from which every vestige of moisture has been removed. The Kelsey fire pot and combustion chamber, being formed of long, hollow, corrugated sections, gives three times as great an area of heating surface and three times as much air circulation r that of the ordinary furnace with the sam grate surface. All Kelsey users say that it is absolutely gas and dust proof, and that there is no radiation of heat in the cellar. The James Smart Mfg. Co., of Brockville, are the exclusive makers for Canada and employ heating engineers who furnish plans and estimates for the warming and ventilat- ing of any kind of building. We draw your attention to their adv. in this issue. Any one having an apparatus that is not givin: good satisfaction or who is contemplatin the purchase of a heater cannot afford t decide without first investigating this n markable system. Show this copy of The Canadian Horti- culturist to a friend and secure his sub- scription. We will extend your own suh scription for six months for securing on new subscription, or for a year for securint two new subscriptions. At the annual meeting of the Niagara Townsliip Fruit Growers' Association, the election of officers resulted as follows ; Pres., Wm. Armstrong; 1st vice-prcs., H. C. Brad- ley; secy., W. O. Burgess; treas., Melvin Minthorn. On Feb. 5th this association held a reunion and oyster supper. March, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 63 1 He Queen Victoria Park Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist: T notice in your January number in the editorial columns a severe criticism on the anagement of the Queen Victoria Niagara alls Park, which I think deserves some itention, not wishing to cast any reflections the management of the above park while nder ex-superintendent Wilson, which I believe was satisfactory to those best ac- quainted with the facts. It seems to me it would have been better on your part to have enquired more carefully into the pre- sent management of the park and its re- quirements, before publishing such an ar- ticle as above referred to, apparently on the ifse dixit of an ex-employee of the park. I notice the following, "some positions have been created to furnish situations foi; party heelers." Allow me to state for the benefit of your readers that there is not a position in the park to-day that was not created and filled by the old board and after the written report of ex-superintend- ent Wilson, recomrni-ndine such position to be filled. Mr. Wilson fully realized the in- creased area of the park extending as it does from lake to lake causing greatly in- creased responsibilities and work for the nfflce staff; consequently he recommended over three years since, the appointment of nn assistant, which appointment was made by the board, and T nm pleased to notice that you are the first person so far heard from questioning the wisdom of his (Mr. Wilson's) recommendation and pronounc- ing it unnecessary. Your reflection on the present holder of the position of assistant-superintendent as only a "farmer" does not do credit to the publisher of a horticultural publication, and as for him having been a defeated can- didate for the legislature only goes to show the respect and confidence in his ability entertained by a large portion of the resi- dents of the county of Welland who placed him in the position. Your judgment pro- nounced upon the qualifications of the chief gardener is quite as uncalled-for and un- worthy, as the contents of the green- houses and flower beds in season amply prove. Another, "there is need for improvement in the personnel of the officials." I will lar." I am quite safe in saying that you cannot find a disinterested person on either side of Niagara River who is or has been a frequenter at the park who will agree with you in that remark. On the contrary, scores of compliments have been showered on the staff for the excellent and in many places improved appearance of the park during the past season and that by men competent to judge. — A Citizen. Better Results Every Year Editor, The Canadian Horticul- turist:—I consider The Canadian Horticulturist the very best adver- tising medium for anyone who has anything to sell to those interested in purely horticultural pursuits. Other mediums may secure business from a few local customers, but The Canadian Horticulturist has brought me orders from prominent fruit growers in all parts of Canada, from Cape Breton. N. S., to the Okan- agan Valley, B. C. I have used your advertising pages for years, each suc- ceeding year with greater and more gratifying results. — W. H. Vander- burg, grower of choice strawberry plants. Poplar Hill, Ont. venture to say you have not the slightest acquaintance with a single park official, their qualifications or duties, except per- haps that heard from the aforesaid ex-em ployee who apparently is not noted for veracity. Still another, "the rapid deterioration that has taken place in the appearance and character of the park in general, and of many plants, trees and shrubs in particu- Queen Victoria Park Again Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist: — Let me add a few words of appreciation to the stand you have taken aoout Messrs. Cameron and Wilson. I knew the latter but slightly, but paid Mr. Cameron several memorable visits at the park. From the first time he showed me over the park I realized that Canada had a beauty spot there and also a horticultural paradise, for Mr. Cameron was growing shrubs and trees there, hardy no where else in Canada (but the Pacific coast), and not reliably hardy south of Niagara for the breadth of a cou- ple of states — a place to be developed to its utmost — for the education and enjoyment of Canadians. Mr. Cameron had all that at heart, and was full of enthusiasm for the possibilities of his park. He filled his position duti- fully and with competence. Whatever be the reasons for his dismissal, stand for it that his successor is in no way a lesser light.— B. C. This magazine costs only 60 cents a year. Subscribe now. If there is anything about this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist that you do not like, tell us about it. Suggestions are welcomed. Fruit Lands in the Glorious Kootenay Valley ^BRITISH COLUMBlA= If You Arc Looking For: A perfect climate. An ideal home. Magnificent Surroundings. A good income upon a moderate capital. Splendid hunting and fishing. A healthy and enjoyable life. ROBSON Is the Place for You It is a charming up-to-date fruit growing settlement situated on the Columbia River, near the beautiful city of Nelson, and has special advantages over any other district. Conclusive testimony from actual settlers and high authorities. Wide- awake settlers, after investigating all other fruit-growing districts in B. C. have finally located at ROBSON. For further particulars and full information write for our free illustrated booklet No. 7. McDERMID & McHARDY 210 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Man. and Nelson, B.C. 64 THE CANADIAN H 0 E T I C U L T U R I S T March, 1909 New Horticultural Societies Through the efforts ol Mr J H. Hare, the district representative of the Ontario De- partment of Agriculture at Whitby, new horticultural societies have h. en organized at Oshawa and Whitby. At the organiza- tion of the Oshawa society, Mr. A. Barber, of Bowmanville, introduced horticultural society work to the members and at the Whitby organization, Mr. J. Lockie Wilson, Superintendent of Horticultural Societies, Toronto, pointed out the good that such a society might do its members, and also to the community in which it is located. Officers for the Oshawa society were elected as follows: Pres., Mr. W. H. Ton- kin; 1st vice-pres., Mr. R. J. Cowan; 2nd '^/Te EDIS ON PHONOGRAM WE want everyone who has not yet experienced the delight of owning and listening to an Edison Phonograph to go to some dealer today and hear the Edison Phonograph play. There is only one way to know how good the Edison Phonograph is and that is to hear it. Nothing can describe it. The Edison Phonograph reproduces all sounds, and espe- cially the sounds of the human voice and the music of in- struments, so marvelously that you would be amazed at it as a scientific invention if you had not become so used to its wonderful work. The Edison Phonograph makes all music available in your home. The cost is trifling. You can buy it at once for a low price or on the instalment plan, pasnngr a little at a time, and begin to enjoy it at once. The point is to get it today. There is an Edison dealer near you who will be glad to show you how it works and let you hear some of the many varied selections which have been prepared for it. Edison Amberol Records These are the new Records which have just been made to play on the Edison Phonograph. They play more than twice as long as the old ones and glay far better. This is the last great discovery of Mr. Edison for the bene- t of his favorite invention, the Edison Phonograph, and for your benefit if you are wise enough to get an Edison Phonograph with the Amberol attach- ment at once. Aji Edison Phonograph with the Amberol attachment plays both Records, the old two-minnte Records and the new four-minute Records. There are thousands of selections already made up in the old Records which you can enjoy, ana there will be many new ones every month in both the old Records and the Amberol Records. FREE. Go to your dealer or write to us today and cet these books, Thi Catalocoi of Edison Pbonogkaphs as well as Coupliti Record Catalogue. Supplemental Catalogue and the Phomocsam, which tell about aJI the Records, old and new. We Desire Good Lire Dealers to sell Edison Phono. vraphs in every town where we are not now well represented. ^^ ^ Dealers bavins established stores should write at once to CVmmai O fmtm . National Phonograph Campanjr,121 Lakeside Are., Orange,NJ.,U.SJL vice-pres., Mrs. L. C. Smith; and a board of nine directors. The Whitby oflBcers are as follows: Pres.. Mr. E. Edmund Starr; 1st vice-pres.. Dr. A. Adams; 2nd vice-pres., Mr. G. H. Hogarth; sec.-treas., Mr. W. A. Wil- cox; auditors, Messrs. Jos. White and Geo. Robb; and a board of eight directors. Short Course At Guelph A. J. Logsdail, Ontario Agricaltoral Collefe The short course in fruit growing given af the Ontario Agricultural College, Jan. 26 to Feb. 5, was replete with valuable informa- tion. Those in attendance were greatly pleased with the manner in which it was carried out, credit for which was due largely to Mr. J. W. Crow, of the college. In an address on "Locations, Sites and Soils for Fruit Orchards," Mr Harold Jones, of Maitland, brought out valuable points. Climatic conditions are modulated by the proximity of large bodies of water, deep water having a greater effect than shallow water. This modulating effect might extend from one to five miles inland, or to a height of some 200 feet above water level. Orchards should not be set on low ground where thf cold air from surrounding areas would col- lect and settle at night, such places being always more susceptible to late spring frosts than higher ground. For apple trees a clayey or sandy loam, naturally drained, is the most suitable, but if the soil should indicate that it is in the least bit incapable of self drainage, artificial methods should be made use of, preferably before planting the trees. The old idea of planting on a N. or N.W. slope to avoid sunscald, is now being disregarded, because the lower headed trees are less susceptible to this form of injury. By a S. or S.W. slope a greater amount of direct sunlight is obtained and the effect of cold north winds is guarded against. Light soils freeze deeper than heavy soils; there- fore, the roots of trees on such soils should be protected by either cover crops or a sup- ply of humus in the form of some kind of litter. Mr. W. H. Day, of the physics department of the college, gave an interesting lecture upon drainage and another upon the conser- vation of moisture in soils. In concluding he referred to several practical examples where farms in Ontario had greatly in- creased their annual output; in one in- stance, the resulting increase in crop paying for the drainage operations the same season Mr. W. T. Macoun, of the C. E. F., Ot tawa, gave an interesting address upon th propagation of fruit trees and plants. Hu considered the newer method of low-headed trees to be a distinct improvement on the older system of high-heading, low-headed trees being more easily sprayed and pruned, the crop more easily and economically gath- ered, and the trunks and main branches of such trees being less likely to suffer from sunscald or splitting in stormy weather. He also stated that nurserymen would grow a number of trees in any particular way de- sired for their customers, if the orders were placed sufficiently early (say two years or even three) before the trees were required. Mr. Macoun emphasized the fact that many fruit men might, with but little trouble, raise their own stock, by which method they would know their young trees were true to name and taken from parent stock of good quality. A short lecture upon the "Selection of Nursery Stock," was given by Mr. J. W. Crow. He emphasized the necessity for growers to know just what they were buy- ing, and that to be led away by substituted stock, which was "just as good," often meant failure to the grower. Only a few varieties are suitable for any one locality March, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 65 and to grow other than the varieties of the locality is a risky speculation. An interesting talk on "Growing Straw- rries for the Canning Factory," was given y Mr. 8. H. Eittenhouse, of Jordan Har- )r. He stated that about 90 per cent, of e strawberries sent to canning factories his district were of the Williams variety. !ts advantage to the grower is that it is a uit of good size, fair quality, good color except for its characteristic green tip ; it is a heavy cropper and a good shipper; the can- ning man likes it because of its color and because the fruit will preserve without breaking up. Mr. Rittenhouse estimated the cost of growing an acre of strawberries to amount to about $50, which includes rent of land, manure, cultivation, and so on. From each strawberry patch he takes two crops. He follows a system of selection when choosing plants for new ground, the new ground hav- ing been thoroughly prepared some time previously. Mr. Rittenhouse considers that the secret of success in growing crops for the canning factory is to grow what they ask for, and only try to grow the bast, then they will offer top prices. Combination among several growers to grow the same crop is also a sure way of attracting the best buyers to a locality. An address upon the subject of "Judging Fruit," was given by Mr. Macoun. He de- plored the lack of a general system of judg- ing fruit in Ontario. The adoption of such a system would do away with much of the general dissatisfaction now met with in many small shows and exhibitions through- out the province. Such a system is now being arranged in the maritime provinces. Ontario fruit growers should write and ap- point a committee of reliable men to draw up a system of judging, a score card, or some such guide as similar as possible to that in the maritime provinces for con- science sake, and have it circulated widely throughout the province, so that all growers would know what was required of them at exhiibtions. He also contended that apples from widely separated localities should not be entered in one class, even if of the same variety, the differences often being so great as to handicap exhibitors from certain sec- tions. He contended each section ought to exhibit only those varieties most suited to it. Mr. Macoun considered that only one judge should be called upon to judge any class of exhibits. All responsibility would then fall on him and him alone. If he were a capable and competent man. he would be able to explain the reason of any action he might have taken. Through- out this lecture many valuable hints were thrown out, which caused an interesting discussion. Mr. H. S. Peart, of the Jordan Experi- ment Station, gave a most interesting and comprehensive talk upon the best methods of cultivation and general attention for young orchards. He gave much useful in- formation about the methods adopted by growers in sections that he had visited. A part of the proceedings is reported here- with. The other features will be mentioned in the next issue. Peach Trees on Plum Roots A. M. Smith, St. Catharines, Ont. The destruction of peach orchards for several years in the Essex pe.iinsula by root freezing aroused the attention of plant- ers to the necessity of providing some remedy or prevention for this loss. Cover crops and mulching were tried with some measure of success, but on account of the FOSTER POTS '«t BEST MAOt MILLIONS Now in Use fOSTtR'S STANDARD , POT Red PoU By the leading Vegetable and Flower Growers in all parts of Canada. Use our Pots for growing Tomato Plants this spring, they are giving satisfaction wherever they are used. No Rough Edges Well and Properly Baked Carefully Selected and Packed Made in all Sizes and Shapes Our Large Stock permits prompt shipping of ail orders Send for Price List and Catalotoe The FOSTER POTTERY CO., Limited Main St. West, Hamilton, Out. Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writing. WHITE STAR-DOMINION LINE ROYAL MAIL STEAMSHIPS S.S. Laurentic," 1 5,340 tons (launched) S.S. " Megantic," 1 5,000 cons (launched) PORTLAND TO LIVERPOOL S.S. Ottoman, March 6th S.S. Cornishman, March 20th S.S. Dominion. March 13th S.S. Canada, March 27th S.S. Welshman, April 3rd (S.S. Dominion and S.S. Canada carry paMengttn.) Favorite steamers for all kinds of perishable cargo, having fan ventilation, cold storage and cool air chambers. PORTLAND TO BRISTOL S.S. Manxman, March 4th S.S. Englishman, March 18th S.S. Turcoman, April 1st WHITE STAR-DOMINION UNE ma. overend ^ J.W.Wilkinson/ TraTclUnc Fraickt Acania MONTREAL OFFICE. 17 St. Sacrament St PORTl^ND OFFICE, ... I India St. Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writing. GEORGE W. TORRANCE. Fraidit Anal. 28 Welluistan St. E.. TORONTO 66 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1909 light sandy soil, it was difficult to produce a good cover crop and mulching was expen- sive. The board of control of the experi- mental fruit stations was consulted. They suggested growing the trees on something hardier than their own roots as a remedy. They tried to purchase some trees budded on plum, but could find none, either at TH E whole theory of heat gen- eration and heat diffusion is simple when intelligently present- ed. The practical application of the theory to modern requirements is illustrated in the KELSEY Warm Air Generator A continuous current of properly and evenly heated fresh air is dis- tributed to all parts, or any one part if desired, of the building. This is done with an amount of fuel which would be wholly inad- equate with any other heater. P'or the satisfaction and comfort it will bring you it is well worth your while learning all about the Kelsey. Write for Booklet. THE JAMES SMART MFG. CO., Limited, BROCKVILLE, ONT. the nurseries in Canada or the United States; so, I volunteered to grow them some if they would furnish the stocks. Accor- dingly they sent me in the spring of 1907, 500 each of Americana and St. Julian plum stocks which were carefully planted. They made a fair growth and were budded in August. The buds took fairly well and made a good start last spring, but about mid- summer, those on the St. Julian stock stopped growing and had quite a sickly appearance, (something like the yellows). I got only ten trees out of the entire lot big enough to plant this fall. Those on the Americana stock made a vigorous growth, quite equal to some alongside of them on peach roots. I got over 300 first-class trees out of the 500 budded. The St. Julian will •have to be grown another year and it is not likely that it will ever be good trees. If you want to grow peach trees on plum stock get the Americana. It remains to be seen yet how they wih bear. The experi- mental stations will plant them next spring and test them. Fruit notes are wanted for publication. The use of Cooper's VI and V2 Spraying Fluids last season against San Jose scale could only be regarded as an experiment. It must be conceded that in placing an altogether new remedy for so formidable a pest as San Jose, a considerable amount of experimental work was necessary, and it was for this reason the manufacturers re- frained from pushing, to any great extent, the sale of these articles. From the expei- ience of 1908, the manufacturers hav. learned so much that the use of their fluid in the coming season against San Jo- scale will be no experiment, but will mean the application of a successful remedy. HprsjuraiES Pacific Coast seeds from the best growers in the world. NURSERY STOCK of FRUIT and ORNA- MENTAL TREES, grown in B.C.. the only section of the American continent not infested with San Jose scale. Am not obliged to fumigate our stock before shipping (and con- sequent damage to vitality). Bee Supplies, Fertilizers, Spray Pumps and Spraying Material, Greenhouse Plants, Cut Flowers. Catalogues Free M. J. HENRY 3010 Westminster Road, Vancouver, B.C. STRAWBERRY PLANTS I handle stravirberry plants exclusively and in my Tenth Annual Catalog you will find all the best varie- ties listed at the fmost - ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^r moderate prices. I gro-w my o-wn stock and the plants are all healthy, strong and vigorous. jflpVP SOME OF THE OLD STANDARDS ■ Bederwood Haverland ample Senator Dunlop Wm. Belt William* Glen Mary, etc. H A FEW OF THE GOOD NEW ONES Three W's Good Luck Arnout Hundred Dollcu' Commonwealth Chesapeake Virginia Pride of Michigan, etc. Send at once "for 1909 3 W'S Catalog W. H. VANDERBURG POPLAR HILL, ONT. March, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 67 Tariff Matters— Fumigation M. G. Bruner, Olinda, Ont. At a meeting of the South Essex (Ont.) -uit Growers' Association, the following .solution was passed: "Kesolved that in \ie opinion of this Association it would be the interest of the fruit growers the pro- ^ ice over to have the Dominion Govern- ttent remove the present duty that is im- Dsed on the commercially prepared lime ad sulphur solution, and on the arsenate lead paste, which are now being prepared By different chemical companies in the 7nited States, but as yet are not manufac- ared in Canada. And also resolved that ie fumigation stations are no longer of ny benefit, but rather an injury to trees ,eing imported from the neighboring states, by the rough or careless handling the trees ^ceive while passing through some of these stations; therefore, we ask the Government to remove the same, as there is a law in each and every state which compels every nurseryman to fumigate their trees before they leave the nursery." These same re- solutions were passed by the Leamington Fruit Growers' Association at their last regular meeting. I have had trees killed by the handling they received at the Windsor station in the spring of 1907. The trees had been undone to be fumigated and not properly re-packed. When they reached me the roots were as dry as straw. The Essex county council appropriates $25 each year to our association for the purpose of getting new fruits for the members to test as to the adaptability of our county to the growing of such new fruit trees or plants. As president of the association for the present year, I called for a report on the trees and plants at a meeting in January, and found that on an average about three- fourths of the trees died. The cause was in almost every case laid to the fumigation; hence the above resolution. Vegetable Growers Dine The members of the Toronto branch of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association held a well attended and successful banquet in Toronto, February 9th. The principal speak- ers were Hon. J. S. Duff, Minister of Agri- culture; Mr. J. Lockie Wilson, Secretary of the Ontario Association; Mr. Thos. Dei- worth, of Weston; H. B. Cowan of The Canadian Horticulturist; Mr. Jos. Rush, Humber Bay; Mr. R. J. Bushel, of Kings- ton, and Mr. A. McMeans, of the Ontario Agricultural College. The president of the provincial associa- tion, Mr. Thomas Delworth, of Weston, an- nounced that the Ontario association, this year, purposes conducting experiments in the growing of onion seed, to find which seed gives the best results in Ontario. Seed from France and California will be tested as well as Ontario grown seed. Mr. J. Rush announced that the vege- table growers around Toronto during the past year, have erected greenhouses and effected other improvements in their grounds and buildings amounting to about $500,000. He assured the young vegetable growers present that if they would devote their attention to growing the best possible vegetables without thinking ot the money return, they would find that the money would come of itself. As a result of a trip he had had to six of the leading vegetable growing states in the American union, Mr. A. McMeans, of Guelph, announced that more is being done in Ontario for the advancement of the vege- table interests than in any other state oi province on the continent. Windsor Table Salt — sparkling in its whiteness— looks as pure as it tastes. Fine and pure. The Windsor savour is peculiarly delicate and lasting. Ask your grocer for it. Nobody can know every- thing. To becomo expert means to spociallze. AVo arc spe- cialists In produclnff the best flower and voffetable seeds. In 52 years we have becomo experts. Sow Ferry's Seeds and re.ip the results of our care. For sale everywhere. Read our 1909 catalofnie and profit by our experience. Sent free on request. Address D. M. FERRY & CO., WINDSOR. ONT. Allan LINE Steamship Co. Eatablished 1654 UMITED. Turbine Steamera. '* VictorUn*' and *Vinrinian.' WEEKLY SERVICES St. John and Halifax to Liverpool, London < nd Havre Boston and Portland to Glasgow Liverpool S.S. VICTORIAN " VIRGINIAN " CORSICAN " TUNISIAN " HESPERIAN " GRAMPIAN 12,000 Ton* 12,000 " 11.000 '• 10.576 " 10.000 ■• 10,000 '• Gl asgow S.S. IONIAN - " PRETORIAN - " CORINTHIAN - " SICILIAN " NUMIDIAN - " LAURENTIAN 9.000 Tons 7,417 6,226 6,284 4,838 4.522 London and Havre S.S. PARISIAN - " SARDINIAN •• POMERANIAN " HIBERNIAN •• HUNGARIAN " ONTARIAN 5.395 Ton. 4.349 4.258 5.000 5.000 4.309 For Freight Purposes these steamers are equipped with all modem devices for stowage, handling, etc. For the Passenger Trade nothing has been left undone for the comfort of the travelling public For full information write for folders or apply to THE ALLAN LINE, 77 Yonge Street, TORONTO It is desirable to mention the name of this pnblioation when writinc to adTertisers 1 68 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1909 F R E E ^"^jB^gr*^ F R E E NOTES FROM THE PROVINCES O o K ,rMit> HOW TO i 0 o K Your Name and Address That's All OUR 1909 EDITION Is the most practical text book on Strawberry growiiif* ever written. It's worth ItB weight In gold because It teaches the Kellogg method of growing the world's record crops of big red berries. Every detail of the work Is lUastrated by photo-engravings. You read It by pictures. They show you just how to do everything from beginning to end. Strawberry growers who follow the Kellogg way are srettlng more fancy berries from one acre than the other feUow gets from two. The book makes you acquainted with some of these top-notch growers; shown pictures of their strawberry fields and gives their yields- This Book for your address. We'll trade even. R. M. xaLOGO CCUPANY, B0157O1 Three Rivers, HIch. Northern Okanagan, B. C. The Northern Okanagan Valley is that section of the country lying to the north of Vernon and south of the C. P. E. It will average four miles in width by about 35 miles long and is an exceptionally produc- tive strip of country. Tlifc soil generally may be described as loam; that is, we have a clay sub-soil, covered by a vegetable loam, varying from a few inches to a foot or more in depth. Generally speaking, as we get into the foothills, the soil gets to be of a much lighter character. While fruit raising has not received as much attention as it has in the balance of the Okanagan, it is rapidly coming to the front and promises in tlie near future to be the leading industry of the whole valley. Every year, thousands of young trees are being planted, the varieties being confined to a few of the best standard kinds. It is from end to end, a first-ciass fruit district. Apples, plums and pears do remarkably well. As a matter of fact, over-loading is one of our greatest troubles and as this is a general or mixed farming section, the or- chards were looked upon as a side issue, proper attention in the shape of spraying, thinning fruit, and so forth, not being given them. This is a condition which, however, is rapidly changing and we may expect, in the future, to see well-kept orchards the rule instead of the exception. And why not, when we hear of comparatively young or- chards yielding from $2.00 to $3.00 to .-i- high as $25.00 to $30.00 to the tree? Thi promise for the future of the fruit grower is surely encouraging. Small fruits also do well. The writer knows of one case where $300 worth of strawberries was sold off one- third of an acre of land. WIN Don't Waste Time Wishing for good crops, because miracles don't happen these days. If you want good results you've got to start right, and that means GOOD S£l^D. Don't let your natural inclination to save a few dollars lead you to taking a chance on the quality of the seeds you sow. Ewina's "Quality" SEEDS are sown throughout Canada by those who want to get the best out of their land. They are the best that human intelligence and most careful selection can produce. FREE- OUR NEW CATALOGUE Full of useful information— is yours for a post card Wm. Ewing & Co., Si'S Montreal March, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 69 The fruit crop this year is good, but, on account of local conditions, the values ob- tained are lower than usual. Apples sell I for 90 cents a box; pears, $1.25 a box, and blums 50 cents per orate of 20 pounds. — ['Farmer." I Kootenay Valley, B. C. [ Edgar W. Dynet Maxwell Smith, Dominion Fruit Inspec- tor, Vancouver, B. C, delivered an address at Nelson, some time ago and, after com- plimenting the growers on the high reputa- tion that the district had attained for its fruit, reminded them that a reputation is an awkward thing in that it has to be kept up and urged all present to work towards that end.' The subject of his address was "The Commercial Aspect of the Fruit Indus- try." He maintained that in selling and marketing the greatest diflBculties would be encountered and outlined the methods of successful organizations with which he had come in contact and urged their adoption by the local association. Mr. W. J. Brandrith, of Ladner, also de- livered addresses throughout the district under the auspices of the farmer's insti- tutes. A new branch of the institute was formed at Nakusp and it already has a large membership. Local nurserymen report a large demand for their stock and that they are already sold out of a number of the leading varie- ties. New settlers are coming in constantly and the prospects are that 1909 will see a material increase in the orchard acreage of the Kootenay. Montreal E. H. Wartman, Dominion Frnit Inspector The fruit seasons of 1907 and 1908 will long be remembered by fruit growers and fruit buyers. A year ago apples were in large quantities on our fruit auction and selling from 90 cents to $1.50 a barrel. To- day the same varieties and packing are sell- ing under the hammer from $2.50 to $4.50 a barrel. Can one imagine two greater ex- tremes in 12 months? To-day Nova Scotia apples are in our mar- ket and giving very good satisfaction as to quality and grading. Of course, they are short 10 to 12 pounds of Ontario barrels and look inferior in build to the Ontario eight-hoop barrel ; yet, no one denies their strength to endure hardships on long jour- EATON'S CATALOGUE Lai^er Profits From \bur Farm Better Qoods Grezder Values Lower Price s When YOUBUYl From EATON'S Catalogue Do You Want to Receive the Worth of Your Money? Every time you save a cent on a purchase, and every hour of extra wear an article gives, means you have received a higher price for your butter. T[ Goods bought from EATON'S Spring Catalogue give satisfactory wear at a low price. This is what customers tell us r WRITE FOR: BOOK CATALOGUE I *^*T. EATON C°. TORONTO LIMITED CANADA FOR INSTANCE December 12, 1908 MsssM. T. EATON Co. Limited Toronto, Canada Dear Sirs : — Goods to hand this mail and perfectly satiefactory in every way. It is a pleasure to shop with you and I hope in the nfar future to send a moch larger order. Yours truly. 70 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1909 neys. I put my rule on some heading I removed for inspection and found it 1}^ HEATING FOR HOT HOUSES Without paying anything more for it you buy absolute reliability in the "SOVEREIGN" Hot Water Boiler, or the " WESTERN JR." Low Pres- sure Steam Boiler. Besides reliability, this apparatus saves in coal consump- tion. They are also easily installed and, in case of accidental breakage, the part or section injured is readily re- placed without disorganizing the heat- ing system. WRITE FOR OUR BOOKLET THE TAYLOR-FORBES COMPANY, LIMITED HEAD OFFICE: GUELPH WORKS & FOUNDRIES BRANCH OFFICES AND AGENTS: TORONTO MONTREAL WINNIPEG VANCOUVER ST. JOHN QUEBEC GALCARY inches thick, undressed. The varieties were Ben Davis and Spy. After so many years of planting apple trees by the tens of thousands annually it seems most incredible that we have to pay 50 cents a dozen for choice Spys here to-day. I can remember 20 years ago when I pur- chased a 260-barrel lot of Prince Edward County, Ont., apples at 50 cents a barrel all picked and indoors, costing $1.00 f.o.b. boat. The varieties were largely Golden Russets and Spy and fine quality at that. Also, 20 years ago in Kingston, Ont., in February. I bought bananas at 50 cpnts a dozen. To-day I can buy as good for 15 cents a dozen. Pine apples to-day are as cheap as they are some years in June. We have had Florida strawberries since January ; of course, only the rich can taste these at 75 cents a box. A vigilance committee has been appointed to endeavor to see that every citizen keeps his back yard clean and to see that the weeds are cut and so forth. The oflBcers are as follows: Pres., Henry Powells; sec, A. J. Richards; treas., H. E. Penny; execu- tive committee, W. Gee, J. Day, R. Holland, J. Baker, H. Haroop and T. Hanford. In August last this association held an exhibi- tion of vegetables, plants and cut flowers which was most successful. ' Further reports of the doings of these associations will ap- pear in later issues. Winnipeg Besides the Western Horticultural Soc- iety, whose influence and scope of Work cov- ers all the western provinces and which has its head-quarters at Winnipeg, there are two local societies in this city that promise to do excellent work. One of these is the Home Gardening Association which was or- ganized recently. Its president is Controller Waugh, and its secretary Mr. J. F. Black- wood. Its purpose is to promote the inter- ests of horticulture and to aid in making the city of Winnipeg more beautiful. The other society is known as the Weston Cottage Gardening Association, which is de- signed to accomplish for that suburb of Winnipeg what the other society is planning to do for the whole city. It has been form- ed only a little over a year, but already has done much towards encouraging gardening. Nova Scotia Eunice Watts The English market has been well sup- plied with apples, with the result that prices are considerably lower than when last ro- ported. There are still several thousands of barrels in the warehouses, chiefly Bfii Davis, Nonpareil, Golden Russet, Stark and Salome. Although as yet Nova Scotia is not troub- led with the San Jose scale, many leading growers believe that it would be beneficial to spray our orchards with the lime-sulphur wash which would cleanse the trees frniri canker worm eggs, scale insects and thi like. The pruning sef^son has again arrivfil, and the sap is beginning to run, (Feb. 12). There has been very little snow on the whole. As soon as the sledding got good it has been washed away by violent rains, indeed some soft days in January and Feb- ruary have enticed the bees to fly out in great numbers. Such rains have been suc- ceeded by hard frosts and much ice. The annual Seed Fair took place at Ber- wick on February 24th. Public meetings were also arranged under the auspices of WALKERVI LC liHliWPAGE WHITE FENCES Get the Best. Styles for Lawns, Farms and Ranches. Made of liigli carbon wire, Ralvanized and then painted white. Toufther and strnneer wire than goes into any other fence. Get 1909 price? and illustrated booklet. THE PAGE WIRE FENCE CO., LIMITED r^argest fence and j?ate manufacturers in Canada MONTREAL ST. JOHN VANCOUVER VICTORIA aaa ■***• tE -5 rv^ SUCCESSFUL SPRAYING DEPENDS LARGELY ON THE PUMP USED The Durability, Capacity, ELase of Operation and the Efficiency of the Agitator are Important Features. Goulds Hand and Power Sprayers Have these essential points — they comprise the largest and most complete line on the market. Fruit growers wiil find it to their interest to send for catalog and to carefully consider the excellent points of superiority of the "Admiral," "Monarch," "Pomona," "Savclot," "Standard" and Knapsack Sprayers NOZZLES AND FITTINGS THE GOULDS MFG. CO., 91 Fail St., Scncca Falls, New York Now York, Boiton, Philadelphia, Chicago, Pituburg, St. Louis, San Franciico, Lo» Angelei, New Orleani, MinneapoUi, Montreal March, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 71 the Kings County Farmers' Association. Mr. W. H. Woodworth, an expert on spray- ing lectured at Avonport, Grand Pre, Gasp- ereau. Port Williams, Waterville and Morris- town. The shipments of apples from Berwick station during the month of January amounted to 6212 barrels. A vinegar factory has recently been erected in Berwick, thus making another opening for inferior apples. Handy Garden Tools. — Important factors in successful gardening are the Planet Jr. Farm and Garden Implements. They have revolutionized the slow, laborious old gardening and farming methods and have put them in the class of 20th century achievements. As an instance No. 4 Planet Jr. which is a com- bination hill and drill seeder, wheel hoe, cul- tivator, furrower and plow, is the most complete tool a farmer or gardener can have on his place. S. L. Allen & Company, Box 1106G, Philadelphia, Pa., who make these implements, have iss- ued a handsome 56-page illustrated cata- logue for 1909, which they are sending out to anyone interested in better farming methods and labor-saving devices. Enclosed please find $1.00 for renewal of our subscription to The Canadian Horti- culturist for two years. We consider it well worth twice the price of subscription and would not care to iDe without it, as we likp to be alive to our own interests. — J. Bebbington & Son, Fredericton, N. B. POULTRY DEPT. Conducted by S. Short, Ottawa This month, which is, for the average breeder, the first of the hatching season, it may be pertinent to speak of the import- ance of observing a few general rules which relate to how, when and where to hatch suc- cessfully. When it is considered that from the eggs which we set or incubate now de- pends wholly on whether in the following season we are to win prizes at the next fall and winter shows or if we are to raise healthy vigorous stock of good laying procli- vities, it will be readily understood that some method should guide or direct our action. The first matter to decide is, what are our wishes or aims for the coming year? Do we want prize winners or laying stock? Will we try pure-bred fowls or keep on the mon- grels ? Many writers, more or less experienced, contend that exhibition stock is not profit- able for utility purposes, that the constitu- tion, shape and laying qualities are sacri- ficed for exhibition plumage, that in-breed ing is practised to secure perfection in color or marking of the feathers. To some extent this is true, but not always. The writer has personally looked into the laying qualities of many notable winners and their progeny and in the majority of cases it has been found that the winning females have been remarkable layers. It is the custom nowadays for some breeders to advertise only exhibition stock and eggs from such stock, and if this particular stock has an exhibi- tion record $5.00 per dozen eggs is the usual FOR SALE AND WANT ADVERTISEMENTS Advertisements under this heading in- serted at rate of two cents a word for each insertion, each figure, sign or single letter to count as one word, minimun cost, 25 cents, strictly cash in advance. GARDENER— Seeks situation, age 26. Ten years' experience witii Vegetables, Fruit and Flowers in first-class English gardens: good references.— Ernest Fank, West Essa, Ontario. STRAWBERRY PLANTS FOB SALE — Twelve standard varieties. First class, well rooted plants $2.50 per 1,000 ; 40 cents per 100, post paid. Send fo list' Ontario Nurseries, Wellington, Ont. STRAWBBRRY AND RASPBERRY PLANTS, Seed Potatoes. Send for list. Mention this paper.— H. C. Crysler, St. George, Ont. GINSENG ROOTS AND SEEDS, best quality. For prices address R. McGregor & Co., 99 Gladstone ave., Toronto. WANTED — Experienced market gardener. State wages. House, milk, vegetables found. Banks, Salmon Arm, B. C. PLANT AND STRAWBERRY BOXES.— We have a large quantity, and will sell them at "way down" prices. Order quiclt as they won't last long at the prices we ask. Wm. Rennie Co., Limited, Toronto. YOUNG MARRIED ENGLISHMAN, abstainer, seeks situation; used to market gardening. A. Waller, Ontario Gardens, Port Hope, Ont. THE NEW CANADIAN Black Cap, Gibraltar, Early King, Cuthbert, Eldorado and other popular bush fruits; also strawberries. Send for list. N. E. Mallory, Blenheim, Ont. GARDENER SEEKS SITUATION. Age 40. mar- ried, one child. Life experience in garden- ing in all its branches. Eighteen months from England. Good references. Apply, "Gardener," care of Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto. .c: ¥^^ IT. will turn laree animals as well as small poultry. The top and bottom wires are No. 9 hard steel wire— heavily ealvanized-to prevent rusting. No top or bottom boards necessary because the heavy wires take the place. PEERLESS JUNIOR Poultry Fence almost pays for itself in the saving made on fence posts alone. Only half the posts are required, as compared with most other makes of poultry feacine. Peerless Junior PoultryFence is Close enough for Poultry Strong enough for Stock - )the appear- Free Fence LTHE BANWELL HOXIE WIRE FENCE CO. Ltd., Box 18 naniilton, Ont. or Winnipeg. Man ^^^ »ss s^£ ^ 72 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1909 Imperial Bank OF CANADA HEAD OFFICE -TORONTO Capital Authorized, $10,000,000.00 Capital Paid-up. . 5,000,000.00 Rest. . . 5,000.000.00 D. R. WIL.KIE, President HON. K. JAFFKAT, Vice-President Branches and Agencies throug^hout the Dominion of Canada Drafu, Money Order* and Letten of Credit issued, available in any part of the world Special attention siven to collections Elk Lake, Montreal River District— A Branch of the Bank has been opened at Elk_ Lake, under the management of Mr. A. H. Seg^uin. formerly Ac- countant at Cobalt Branch. Savings Department — Interest allowed on de- posits at current rate from date of deposit. YOU CAN MAKE MONEY Canvassing for subscriptions to The Canadian Horticulturist. Write for sample copies and our terms to agents. Address- Circulation Department THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST PETERBORO, ONT. Graphic Demonstration of Experiment by tne ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.GUEtPH.ON[ RAISED FROM *^^°«S'^^^. *^^' V(AP0RT£0 s^eos INCREASE IN YIELD PER ACRE ABOUT Xa OBTAINED BY SOWING CANADIAN GROWN SEEDS. SUPPORT HOME INDUSTRY. fee. Others advertise egg layers and utility fowl of the same breeds at $1.50 to $2.00 per 13. You can therefore "pay your money and take your choice." By asking for in- formation from neighbors who have had ex- perience with thoroughbreds and breeders who advertise extensively, knowledge of re- liable breeders and the best breeds for the required purpose may easily be obtained. The writer recommends White Wyandottes as a thoroughly reliable utility breed and one very easy to introduce as they are gen- erally bred in this province. The question of "thoroughbred versus mongrel" has been so often enlarged upon that space will not now be taken up to prove what has so often been proved that, if fowls are worth keeping at all, thoroughbreds should be kept. If the poultry-keeper has already laying pens of fowls and he intends setting eggs from his own fowls, observations through January and February will have shown him some of the best layers which should be mar- ked by leg bands of some sort and these put in a pen by themselves until sufficient eggs have been procured for setting. The simplest way to hatch is by incuba- tor in a basement or room of even tempera- ture. If hens are used, a dark room is best free from interference by other fowl. Late March and April are the best months for hatching for next winter's laying pullets. Crop-Binding in Fowl Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist: I have read Mr. Short's remarks in the November issue in respect to crop-binding Q We don't ask you to take our unsupported word as to the superiority of Home Grown Seeds. We give you FACTS, as demonstrated by experts of the Ontario Agricultural College. To make you acquainted with "RRRS" Reliable Red Ribbon Seeds We will send you, FREE, a package of Can- adian Grown White Icicle Radish and our ne-w catalogue if you ask for same ; also kindly send us names of friends who are buying seeds this Spring. ONTARIO SEED COMPANY 38 King St. - Waterloo, Ont. Pioneer Canadian Seed Growers in fowls. In my experience with this trou- ble, I employ no surgical operation. Try my way. Put the fowl's legs between your knees, hold firmly, keep the mouth up and open with left hand. Put the forefinger in the mouth and pour luke-warm water from a dipper into the crop until full. Then knead the crop until soft and stand up, holding the fowl, head down, in the right hand. With the left hand squeeze the crop. If the bird does not give up its load readily choke it somewhat and you will soon sec the wheat, corn, oat.s and water scatter. Fill the crop again with water and empty the same way. If any grain still remain.'! in the crop, repeat the operation a third time and then put a third of a tea spoonful of Rochelle's salts in a couple of taMe- spoonfuls of warm water and pour that down the throat. Put the bird in a coop by itself and in a few hours it will bp the hungriest one in the flock. Feed soft food at first. In filling the crop with water, don't pour for too long a period at a time. While treating a rooster in thia way, he tried to breathe with the result that some water got into his lungs. There was a gasp and a gurgle, a kick and a struggle and there was nothing left for me to do but to plant him near a grape vine. — A. W. Graham, Elgin Co., Ont. Naming New Strawberries Editor, The Canadian Horticultur- ist : — I read your editorial in the January issue entitled "Name according to Sex." I think your idea is an excellent one. The only wonder to me is that somebody has not thought of it before. It certainly would be a means by which we could know the sex of strawberries without making special in- quiry in the case of varieties that we were judcing for the first time. The idea is certainly worth being pushed horticulturally. As some of our other fruits also are proving to be self-sterile, the same idea might in the future, perhaps, be car- ried out in other self-sterile groups. — -T. C. Whitten, Professor of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Columbia, Mo. Express your opinions on hoi ticultural matters through the columns of The Cana- dian Horticulturist. $65 GOES LIKE SIXTY SELLS LIKESIXTV^ 'l SELLS FOR i^"'" "^ GILSOIV IGASOLENE :NG!NE For Pumping. CrealT . aralors. Chums, Wash Ma- ^nes, etc. FEEE T2IA1 Ask for calalo(T nil si/.'r OILSON MFa CO..104 York St. QUELPH, ONT ANOTHER YEAR HAS PROVEN THAT NIAGARA BRAND LIME SULPHUR SOLUTION Stands without a peer among commercial spray materials for convenience, effectiveness, and the economical control of SAN JOSE SCALE and kindred sucking insects; Apple Scab, Peach Curl, and other Fungus diseases. It has been so extensively used the past season throughout the U.S. and Canada that its effici- ency is no longer doubted— it Is fully endorsed by State and National experts. It Is THE GREAT all around cleaning up spraying material for everybody having to spray. It contains a larger amount of Soluble Sulphur than any similar product. Sendjor full description and prices, and your nearest selling; agent. We are also manufacturers of a very high grade Arsenate of Lead— FDLT.Y guaranteed— at prices that will surprise you if order can be placed at once. OUR TREE BORER PAINT absolutely controls one of the wortt pests with which orchardists have to contend; non-injurious to trees ; is convenient and economical. Our Orchard, Park, Nursery and Green House Sprayers still stand in a cluss by themselves and are leaders in their line. Descriptive Catalog, etc. Free for the asking. THE NIAGARA SPRAYER COMPANY, MIDDLEPORT, N. Y. iThe Canadian Horticulturi^ ''ol. XXXII APRIL, 1909 No. 4 Why Wc Prune* Prof. J. C. Whitten, College of Agriculture, Columbia, Missouri 'N the management of fruit trees perhaps ho other factor is of greater interest or more significant than that each section of country has a shape or Ideal of its own to which each kind of jfree is made to conform. We are struck by the differences between the low-grow- Hng fruit trees of the central-west and the lofty ones on the Atlantic coast ; we contrast the dense heads, or branching system, of the west, and the more open, or spreading heads of the east. Still more striking are the espaliered trees of Europe, whose limbs are often trained like the ribs of a fan, in flattened form, upon a trellis or against the sunny side of a wall. Each of these different systems of pruning or shaping is a means of adapting the tree to its environment. ADAPTING TREE TO ENVIRONMENT In the foggy climate of western Europe it is desirable to admit all possi- ble sunlight to the parts of the tree. The thin, open head exposes the fruit buds, flowers and ripening fruits to the favor- able influence of the sun, thereby fur- thering what is secured in part by plant- ing the tree on a south slope or on the sunny side of a wall. In the dry. sunny, continental climate of the central-west of our country, a sys- tem of pruning quite oposed to that of western Europe is employed. Through- out the prairie section especially one is .struck by the low, dense heads of the fruit trees. The trunks of the trees are usually from one foot to three feet hip-h, thus securing low heads or branchine systems. These low heads help to insure the trees against injury from prairie winds. They lessen the number of wind- falls among the fruit. They shade the ground under the trees and prevent undue loss of moisture from the soil. Their shade keeps the soil from becoming too hot during inten.se sunlight in summer and opposes sunscald, which sometimes injures the exposed trunks and main limbs of high headed, open branched trees. Low heads also, in some degree, retard the blos.soming period, rendering the flowers less liable to injury from spring frosts, which here so frequently follow the first warm, sunny days of early^ .spring. The den.ser branching • An adrtrcBs delivered at the last convention of iiri Illinoix .State Horticultural Society. Its principlOR , may be applied in the orchards of Canada. system aids in accomplishing the same purposes which are sought through the adoption of the low head. In the various sections of the world where fruit growing is carried on, some intermediate form between the two above extremes is adopted to adapt the height and density of the head of the tree to climatic influences. Near the Atlantic coast, where there is brighter sunlight, more wind and less moisture than in western Europe and yet less sunlight, less wind and more moisture than in the continental climate of the west, the mid- dle ground is adopted with respect to height and density of the head of the tree. In extreme continental climates, the low. dense head is in keeping with the Ten Years in Advance I am glad that The Canadian Horticulturist devotes more space than formerly to the grow- ing of flowers, in which I am much interested. I am sending $5.00 for my subscription up to the end of igi8. — Mrs. P. E. Harvey, Toronto. selection of a north or east slope for the orchard. This is an interesting contrast to the south slope, or sunny location pre- ferred in western Europe. FUNGOUS diseases AND PRUNING In recent years attention is being given to shaping the tree so as to oppose fungous diseases. Leaf rust, fruit scab, many of the rots and many other mala- dies which affect fruit trees are now known to be due to parasitic fungi that attack the parts of the tree or its fruits. Many of these parasites thrive better in cool, damp, shady places than they do in sunlight, just as molds develop in cellars or damp places. In a foggy, humid cli- mate the high, open head admits sun- light and air and opposes the develop- ment of these diseases. In a dry, sunny, or windy location it may not be neces- sary to maintain an open head to secure enough sunlight and aeration. wood growth and fruitfulness In connection with pruning it should be borne in mind that other factors than 73 merely shaping the tree to adapt it to climatic conditions must be taken into consideration. Fruit trees may be said to expend their energies in two ways— by producing wood growth and by pro- ducing fruit. It is a well known fact that a fruit tree may sometimes grow with exceeding luxuriance and fail to produce fruit. In fact, too much wood growth and leaf growth is opposed to fruitfulness. The orchardist often says of a vigorous tree that it is "running to wood growth" instead of to fruit. Any- thing which tends to check this exces- sive vegetative activity usually throws the tree into bearing, or favors reproduc- tive activity. On the other hand, the production of a heavy crop of fruit opposes excessive wood growth. A proper balance between vegetative and reproductive activity (or wood growth and fruit production) may in part be maintained by proper pruning. If a tree is pruned by cutting back or by re- moving some of its branches in winter, its wood growth will be accelerated dur- ing the following growing season. If a part of the buds which normally would have been pushed into growth in spring are removed, there will be correspond- ingly greater growth from the fewer buds which remain. If this length growth is excessive, and if it continues too late in the season, few or no fruit buds may be formed for the next year's crop. As a rule, length growth of limbs is continued at the expense of diameter growth and storage of plant food in the twigs and buds. Fruit buds usually begin to form in early summer, for the coming spring, about the time rapid growth ceases. The maxim, "prune in winter for wood but in summer for fruit" is an old one. Cutting out or shortening limbs in summer, when the leaves are elaborating plant food, usually checks wood growth and thereby often favors the formation of fruit buds. Whether to prune more in win- ter or in summer depends much upon the vigor of the tree. If vegetative activity is weak and the energies of the tree too low for the maturity of a good fruit crop, winter pruning tends to increase its growing energy. If the tree is making too luxuriant wood growth, summer pruning (checking this growth) may re- sult in the formation of fruit buds. 74 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1909 It should be borne in mind that differ- ent kinds of fruit trees endure different degrees of pruning and that they respond somewhat differently to the treatment. The cherry requires very little pruning. Its most active buds are the extremities of its twigs. If it is severely cut back, the inactive buds that remain may not start steadily into growth. The tree may even weaken and die from severe prun- Tree Sprayed with Lime-Salphnr Wash Showing White Appearance ing. The cherry requires the least prun- ing of any of our orchard fruits. On the other hand, the peach profits by severe pruning. It should be severely cut back in winter. It readily puts out new growth even from the bases of old limbs after cutting back. It has no "dor- mant" buds which may not be called into activity if occasion requires. Again, it should be particularly noted that the peach produces abundant fruit buds on the long whips of new growth at the periphery of the tree. This is opposed to the habit of the apple and of most other fruit trees, which produce buds only on short spurs in the body of the tree. If a peach tree is cut back in winter so as to produce rank wood growth, it will still produce fruit buds along this new growth. If an apple tree were pruned back so as to secure equally luxuriant growth, this new growth would possess no fruit buds of its own, and by seizing the sap of the tree, these new whips would divert growth from the fruit spurs below and would also overshadow the latter by producing too much shade above. t To be continveti} Fruits for Manitoba The best varieties of fruits for plant- ing in Manitoba are recommended by Mr. D. W. Buchanan, of St. Charles, Man. , to be as follows : Apples — Blushed Calville, Antisette, Duchess, Hibernal ; hybrids — Transcend- ent, Virginian, Hyslop ; plums — Atkin, Cheney, Mankato, selected native varie- ties ; cherries — improved sand cherries ; strawberries Dunlop, Splen red raspberries White Grape ; Raby Castle, Cross, North Lee's Prolific; Downing'. Bederwood, Wm. Belt, did. Crescent, Warfield ; Older ; White currant — red currants — -Red Dutch, Stewart, Pomona, Red Star ; black currants — gooseberries — Houghton , laterals back to about three inches. Cut out the old wood as soon as fruiting is over, thinning to four or five of the strongest canes to the hill. Red raspberries should receive almost the same culture as black-caps. Plant one foot closer each way and five inches deep. Trim only in early spring, cutting the fruiting canes back to three feet. Raspberry Culture N. E. Matlory, Blenheim, Onl. A fertile, porous soil, with water with- in five or six feet of the surface, might be termed an ideal place for black-caps ; yet, any good fertile soil that is well drained and contains a good amount of humus, properly prepared and cultivated, can be depended upon to produce abun- dantly. The black-caps are largely surface feeders. The roots, therefore, should be trained out of the reach of the cultiva- tor. This can to a large extent be ac- complished by proper preparation and culture. Spread evenly from ten to twen- ty tons of stable manure per acre, pre- ferably on a clover sod. Plow about six inches deep and prepare as for an ordin- ary crop. Plant as early in spring as conditions will permit, setting in rows eight feet apart and four feet in the row, or five or six feet apart each way. The crown of the plant should not be set more than two inches deep with the roots spreading outward and downward. Pack the soil firmly against the roots but not directly over the buds. Give frequent cultivation until about the tenth of August, when three bushels of oats per acre should be sown for winter protection. By the fall of the second year the roots in their search for plant food will Fruits for Saskatchewan For Saskatchewan, fruits that have done well in some parts of the province and that reasonably may be expected to give satisfaction in most districts where fruit growing has been conducted, are recommended by Mr. Angus MacKay, Superintendent, Experimental Farm, In- dian Head, as follows : Crabapples — Wild Siberian {Pyrus baccata), Silvia, Golden, Cavan, Aurora, Northern Queen, Novelty, Pioneer, Prince, Charles, Tony, plums — Aitken, Weaver, De Soto, Mani- toba wild plum, Cheney, Carterson ; cherries — Sand, Compass, Pin and Choke cherries. The varieties of small fruits that may be planted, according to Mr. MacKay, are the following : Strawberries — Dun- lop, South Dakota No. i ; South Dakota No. 2, Bisel, Daisy, Daniel Boone, John- son's Early, St. Antoine, St. Joseph and Jean d'Arc ; red raspberries — Dr. Reider, Marlboro, Cuthbert, Herbert, Miller, Turner, Mary, Garfield, Columbia, Pal- mer; yellow raspberries — Golden Queen, Caroline; black raspberries — Hilborn, Older; red currants — -Red Dutch, Vic- toria, Raby Castle, Fay ; white currants — White Cherry, White Imperial, White Grape, White Dutch ; black currants — Lee's Prolific, Magnus, Climax, Black Naples; gooseberries — Houghton, Picking Raspberries on Farm of Mr. N. E. Mallorj, Blenheim, Ont. be largely below the reach of the cultiva- tor yet close to the surface. After this, manure can be applied with good results. The first season, nip the tops off the new canes when eighteen inches high — the following year, when two and one- Smith's Improved, Pale Red, Red Jacket, Carrie, Saunders, Downing, Ed- na, Companion, Industry. half feet high ; in early spring cut the tage. On small home grounds, knapsack spray pumps may be used with advan- Peach Yellows, Little Peach and Peach Rosette M. B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge, Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, U.S. Department of Agriculture * THE "little peach" disease is import- ant inasmuch is it occurs quite ser- iously in Michigan, New York and Ontario. This disease resembles yellows in many respects, particularly in its foliage symptoms, yet it is very distinct, in fact the opposite in other respects, namely, its fruit symptoms. The fruit on trees affect- ed by "little peach" is undersized, belated in ripening but similar in color and ap- pearance to the normal fruit, especially to imperfectly developed specimens. It is rather flat and insipid but not so dis- tinctly off-flavor as in the case of the yel- lows. It may be only slightly reduced in size in mild cases or in extreme cases may be reduced to tiny peaches less than three-quarters of an inch in diameter. Trees affected by the little peach rarely produce the wiry, bushy growth. When forced to throw water sprouts by heavy cutting back or winter killing, they do to some extent make twig growth resemb- ling yellows. Trees with the little peach usually roll their leaves upward and droop the fo- liage as yellows occasionally does. The leaves begin to discolor on the inside of the tree, especially on the main limbs and the yellowing proceeds outwardly as the season advances. "Little peach" is quicker than yellows, killing the tree or- dinarily in three years instead of four or five years. The twigs die back from the top in the same way. It apparently spreads more rapidly in the orchards and since it has not the premature red spotted fruit its symptoms are more obscure and more difficult to recognize. This makes it rather harder to handle than the yel- lows. The "little peach" occurs mainly in Michigan, Western New York, and to some extent in Ohio, Permsylvania and New Jersey. PEACH ROSETTE The rosette which occurs in Georgia and the neighboring state of South Caro- lina and also to some extent in Missouri and Arkansas, is still another disease of the same type. It is only interesting to Ontario growers for comparison. The affected trees produce small, very short, bushy growth like extreme cases of the yellows, but they are so dense as to form small rosettes or bunches of leaves on the trees. The affected trees usually throw their fruit while it is still small and the trees, in fact, are usually dead by the time the fruit should ripen. Occa- sionally trees partially affected produce small green, shrivelled and imperfectly developed fruit, but it is not premature. J On the healthy side of half diseased trees, which only rarely occur, the fruit is nor- „*The flftli instAlmenf of Mr. Waite's aildresK on FiingouR DiHnaHCR of Ontario Orcliardf ." given at, the ieonvention of I he Ontario KniifOrowors' Assotualion. mal. The trees mostly die, root and branch, before the season is over. This rapid death of trees affected by rosette is a distinct advantage to the orchardist as the disease mostly eradicates itself. HOST PLANTS OF TELLOWS GROUP Peach yellows occurs mainly on the peach but it also occurs on the Japanese group of plums sufficiently to be of im- portance as a plum disease. So far as we know, other plums are not affected by it. It also occurs on the nectarine (the smooth form of the peach), and on the almond and apricot, these latter being, of course, only occasionally grown within the range of this disease. but further investigation, particularly in Japan, would be necessary to determine this. TELLOWS ON NURSERY STOCK Unquestionably yellows can be budded into nursery stock. This has been done experimentally, notably by Smith. I have done it myself in a number of cases. Naturally well-marked specimens are se- lected for this purpose. Nurserymen or- dinarily would not bud from pronounced cases of the yellows. On the other hand, incompetent help may secure bud sticks from diseased trees, but what is more likely, buds may come out from incipient of incubating cases which do not show Sprajing by Hand Power in the Esiez Penin ^ 1^ -'"<., jii Ih^ il HI How I Grow Frccsias Editor, The Canadian Horticultur- ist,— In your February issue you ask readers to tell their experience with freesias in the window garden. We have grown freesias successfully in winter for over twenty years. The treatment we give is as follows : Fill each pot with bulbs close- ly planted, as they are small, and neither the narrow knife - like leaves, nor the slender stalks take up much space. Use rather shallow pots, with mod- A Pot of Freetiai erately rich soil, preferably decayed leaf mould (woods earth), leave in a sheltered place for about two weeks, and then place in a sunny window. Water moderately. Freesias come to us from the Cape of Good Hope under burning skies ; there- fore, they like the heat of the sun. If they do not get lots of sunshine the grass-like foliage will grow tall and limp, fall over and no bloom will appear. If planted about the beginning of Septem- ber, they will bloom in February and fill the house with sweet incense all their own. The perfume alone of the freesia would make it a favorite, but added to this charm is its perfect beauty. When done blooming, set the pots in the cellar or dark place, safe from mice or squirrels. In the fall take them from their grave and you will find the bulbs just as good for forcing as ever, with many others added. — Mrs. W. J. Arnott, Churchill, Ont. Grass can stand more cutting than weeds. While the snapdragon is increased us- ually by seeds sown in the open, it may be propagated, also by cuttings taken in late summer and early fall, when they will readily root in a cold frame or in the house by the window. The best tying material for tying up plants in the greenhouse, .window gar- den or outdoors, and for budding, is ratlia. It comes from the eastern trop- ics, and is the product of a palm. It may be purchased from seedsmen. ONE of the best opportunities for brightening up the winter landscape is offered to us with a lavish hand in the bright colored branches or twigs in shrubs and trees. Who of us has not been charmed, after the leaves have fall- en, with a large mass of the red osier dog wood (Cornus stolonifera), as seen from the window of a train? The effect is lasting. A number of the cornus are useful in planting for winter effect. The best are C. alba Sibirica and C. stoloni- fera for red stems, and C. stolotiifera var. flaviraniea for the yellow effect of its branches. When planted in large masses beside the brilliant green branch- es of Kerria ]aponica, the effect is really wonderful. There are numerous species of cornus, among which might be men- tioned C. Amomutn and C. circinata, with bright colored bark, which gives us shades of color which are useful for winter effect, and as their berries are quite persistent and usually of a bluish- white shade, the contrast between stems and fruit is good. The red stems of 71*0X0 lucida are also used to advantage, In large shrub borders, along margins of ponds and edges of creeks, the brilliant osiers form an important part of the winter landscape. About the best are the golden-branched willow {Salix vitel- lina var. aurea), and the variety, Britzen- sis, with reddish branches. The basket willow (Salix viminalis) has also bright yellow stems and is especially valuable. The purple osier {Salix purpurea) gives us a chance to introduce a purple hue into the winter landscap-^, which in the distance is particularly enchanting. Salix pahncefolia has also purple branches and is very useful. As a purple branched shrub the purple-leaved barberry (Berheris vulgaris purpurea) is often used in small plantations. For grey effects in stem and twig col- oration, we can resort to the sea buck- thorn (HippophcB rhatnnoides), and to one of the oleasters, (Elceagnus argen- tea). Effects in grey are sometimes very desirable in the winter landscape picture. For effects in green branches, we ha'e the grass green stems of Kerria Japonic /, the green stemmed variety of the red c^ogwood (Cornus sanguinea viridissim.i), and the golden bell (For- sythia vindissima). We look to the coral berry (Symphor- icarpus vulgaris) for a magenta shade. For soft brown shades we have ample opportunity to select from a long list, such as Stephanandra flexuosa, Spircsa callosa, the golden bell (Forsythia sus- pensa), the tree of heaven (Ailanthus glandulosa), CratcBgus crenata and many others. 'The conclusion of Mr. McClure's article wliich ap- peared first in the February issue Many fail to notice the beautiful soft effects that can be obtained by mass planting of the brown-stemmed shrubs and trees, but it is particularly agreeable during the months of January and Feb- ruary to see a mass of brown stems as a relief from the blinding glare of the sun on the snow. It is then that we value the brown-stemmed shrubs along with the osiers and dog-woods. In order to secure exceedingly good effects in stem coloration, it is well to remember that the highest color is pro- duced in the growth of the current year, and in order to secure this growth we must not be afraid to prune heavily in the spring, so as not to destroy the ef- fect in winter. This is particularly true of the willows, dogwoods and kerrias. STUDY THE WINTER EFFECT All planting should be done to a defi- nite purpose. If it is for a place that is to be occupied throughout the entire year, we should not fail to make ample provision for the effect which we can produce in the winter. If successfully planned, such a planting would be a work of art, which would not only appeal to every artistic eye, but would at the same time serve as an education to the people. The efforts of many landscape garden- ers in the past have been to plan for summer effects only, and we are often sated with the profusion of summer bloom. It is in the winter that we more fully appreciate what we get by way of color and tone. Too often we see the home grounds ar- rayed with bundles of straw, burlap, and barnyard refuse, and graceful shrubs which are absolutely hardy and need no protection, tied up in an unspeakable manner, suggestive of the hair dressing of an African chief. The effective arrangement of plants for winter effect can never be taught, as it is more difficult than the more or less stereotyped summer effects can possibly be, yet it is worthy of careful study and will repay every effort. Winter travel and constant observation will enable i to add to our storehouse of knowledge The growing desire for out-of-doors ex- ercise, especially in winter when indoor ventilation is so often neglected, cannot be too much emphasized, and if it can be stimulated by the creation of better win- ter gardens and by rendering more beau- tiful the great out-of-doors, in the winter season, the art of the landscape profes- sion will have taken a long stride for- ward. The best nursery stock should be free from insects, disease and blemish. It should be well grown, clean and straight. .-*** %o r *> "HJUS?) Mt ^ % liSirl ^^^/^ ^^ 7|r v* ^x Plant of " Snowdrop" A Pompon ChrysanUiemum Spray of " Baby " Smallest Flo wered Mum Grown Spray of * ' Jnlia Lagravere" A Pompon Spray of " Klondike" A Yellow Pompon Chrysanthetnutns for the Home Wm. Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph THESE popular autumn and early winter flowering^ plants cannot, on account o,f their rather short period of effectiveness as decorative plants, b^ considered as ideal window plants. A plant or two, however, when in full bloom will help to brighten up the win- dow during the dull days of November and early winter, better perhaps than any other window plant grown. STARTING PLANTS FROM CUTTINGS To secure a good flowering plant by fall the cuttings should be started dur- ing February or March, although cut- tings rooted in April will often make nice plants. The cuttings are taken from the young growth that is produced around near the base of the flowering stems of old plants that have been kept over from last season, or from tops of young plants. Root the cuttings in clean, sharp, gritty sand, not too coarse. The cuttings will root in a temperature of from fifty-five to sixty degrees. When rooted, which generally takes from five to six weeks or longer, pot the cuttings singly into small two and a half or three-inch pots, or several cuttings in larger pot or box. The pots or boxes iiist h:\\f holes in the holtom to secure good drainage. Some broken pieces of flower pot or some coal cinders, coarse gravel or pieces of lump charcoal, should be placed in the bottom of the pots or boxes, also, for drainage purposes. Good potting soil with about one part of sand to four or five parts of potting soil should be used for the first potting. When the plants are well rooted in these, re-pot them singly into larger pots. In re-potting the plants, give them a strong- er or richer potting soil than before, using only one part of sand to seven or eight parts of rich soil. In potting these plants the soil should be packed quite firmly around the roots ; packing the soil firmly is very necessary when re-potting them. The plants can be stood out of doors on fine, warm days towards the end of May to harden them. About the first week in June the plants can be removed carefully from the pots and planted out in the open garden in rich, loamy soil. The tips of the young shoots should be kept pinched or cut off from all the ground made, when the young shoots have attained about seven or eight inches in length. This should be done at intervals, from the time the cutting first rcnrlips the height given, until about the second week in July. After this time the shoots should be allowed to grow without being cut off or stopped. Check- ing the joung growth in this way pro- duces a nice bushy plant and a larger quantity of bloom, than if the plant were allowed to grow unchecked. Young plants of chrysanthemums can also be purchased in spring and grown as directed. PLANTS FROM DIVISIONS OF ROOT Instead of starting the plants from cut- tings the old plant may be taken out of the pot and divided into small sections or divisions in March or April. Each division or section should have from one to four or five young shoots of growth attached to it, with a fair portion of roots attached to each division. Pot these divisions into suitable small sized pots first — according to the size of the division or clump of roots — into the same kind of soil, and so forth, as mentioned for rooted cuttings. Re-pot them when well rooted in the small pots into larger ones as required, and plant out in the ground early in June. The tips of the growth of these should also be kept pinched or cut off until early in July. The plants require to be kept well Rooted Cutting Ready to Pot Rooted Cutting in a Three-inch Fot Pinched Back to Induce Buihy Growth 8o THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1909 moist at the roots ; water should be given them freely in hot dry weather. AFTER-CARE OF PLANTS The plants should be kept sprayed or sprinkled overhead with water every day during hot dry weather. The under- side of the leaves especially should also be sprinkled to prevent the attacks of the red spider. The latter is a very small minute pest that attacks the underside of the leaves of these plants and is very in- jurious to the plants if not checked. The black aphis or black fly (small black in- sect) are also troublesome to these plants. A good hard spraying with cold water or a spraying with a strong solu- tion of tobacco water will keep down the black fly. Start early in the application of these remedies ; indeed, they are both more effective as preventives rather than remedies. Another insect pest that is very injuri- ous to these- plants is a small brownish fly-like bug called the "Tarnished Plant Bug" {Lygus pretensis). This insect at- tacks the extreme tips of the shoots and prevents the development of the young buds, leaving what is known as "blind growth" that produces no flowers. By examining the tips of the growth carefully early in the morning during July and August, this pest can be caught at its work of destruction, but the plant lover must be quick in his movements to catch these quick moving pests as, on the first alarm, they either drop down among the foliage or fly away so quickly that it is difficult to catch them, especially in the middle of the day when the sun is shining. Spraying the plants at night with cold water and dusting the foliage, especially the tips of the shoots when damp, with tobacco dust, pyrethrum powder, soft coal soot, wood ashes, or even road dust will help to keep away this destructive pest. This plant bug is also very injurious to aster and dahlia plants, attacking the tips of the young growth and buds when the latter are very small, in the same way as it does the chrysanthemums. About the end of August the plants should be dug up carefully and potted into larger pots or tubs in rich soil. Water the plants well and stand them in the shade for a few days or a week after potting, when they can be stood out in a sunnier position. Sprinkle the foliage every day when the weather is hot and dry. Keep the plants out-of-doors as long as the weather is nice. Take them into the window before frost. Place them in a sunny place, away from fire heat. A cool temperature of about fifty- five degrees suits these plants, as they are almost hardy in their nature. Some liquid manure may be given the plants at any time during growth when required, until the flowers start to color, not after coloring commences. When the flower buds are about the size of peas, which will be about the end of August until end of September, what is known as the "disbudding" process can take place, if only a few large flowers are desired. The thinning or disbudding is done by removing carefully with the thumb and finger some of the smaller buds on each shoot. This practice is not very commonly used by amateur flower growers, as it requires skill and experi- ence to be successfully carried out. A few of the smaller later buds can, how- ever, often be removed to advantage. GROWING PLANTS IN POTS Instead of planting the plants out in June as before mentioned, the plants can be potted out into large pots and the pots plunged or sunk to the rim in the ground. This plan does away with the trouble" of digging and potting the plants at about the end of August, as the pot, plant and all, can be lifted when ready to take indoors. This plan also prevents the check to the plant consequent on the lifting and potting process. I do not ad- vise growing the plants in pots in this way, however, as unless they are well cared for in the summer they do not make as good plants as when planted out in the ground. Some liquid fertilizer is beneficial to the plants if required during the summer, but not after the flower buds commence to show color. ■ CARE OF OLD PLANTS When the plants are through flower- ; ing, cut the flower stems down close to the ground. Stand the plants away in a cool window, or in a basement or ": cellar, in a temperature of about forty- ' five degrees, for the winter. Give them . sufficient water to keep the soil moist. In the spring, start the plants into growth and treat them as before recommended. VARIETIES FOR HOME CULTTRK The following list gives a few good varieties for pot culture for the window : Glory of the Pacific, pale pink ; Dr. En- guehard, rose pink; Miss Minnie Bailey, pink; George S. Kalb, white; Ivory, white; Pink Ivory; Major Bonaffon, yel- low ; Robert Halliday, yellow ; Nellie Pocket, creamy white; Intensity, dark crimson. Pompons. — Snowdrop, white; Diana, white; Dupont, yellow; Klondike, yel- low; Alena, pale pink; Ladysmith, pale pink; Mizpah, rose red; Julia Lagraverc, deep red. The pompons are specially suited for pot culture, being of a bushy habit and very free flowering. Lawn and Garden Hints for Amateurs MANY gardens are the same every year. Why not have a greater variety? Try some new things this spring. In the vegetable garden, grow bush lima beans. Swiss chard is much better than ordinary beet leaves for "greens," and it produces much more top. Plant some Brussels sprouts. Try some cos lettuce. Kohl-rabi is excellent if used before it gets too old. Dande- lions may be grown in the garden from seed. Among other vegetable and salad crops not commonly grown are endive, Chinese mustard and cress. If your asparagus bed was covered last fall with manure, remove the cover- ing and fork the soil lightly. Do this as soon as the frost is out of the ground. An asparagus bed is not difficult to start. It may be grown from seed or young plants. As soon as the soil can be worked, sow seeds of onions, leeks, peas, spinach, let- tuce, parsnips and parsley. As parsnips and parsley seeds often take from four to five weeks to germinate, it is a good plan to sow a few seeds of lettuce with them to mark the rows. Sow early rad- ish as soon as possible. Later in the month, sow beans, beets, carrots, salsify. It is strange that more salsify is not grown in our kitchen gardens. Cabbage grown from seed in the hotbed last month may be transplanted by the first of May. WITH THE FRUITS Remove the mulch from the strawberry bed. Currants and gooseberry bushes may be planted as soon as ground is fit. Finish pruning the small fruit bushes and trees. Remove any dried plums and peaches that may still be hanging on the trees. Spray all fruit trees and bushes with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. THE FLOWER GARDEN If you have not yet made a hotbed, do it now. Petunias, phlox, asters and other annuals may be started in it. If you have not the facilities for making a hotbed, these seeds may be started in shallow boxes in a sunny window of the house. Sow small seeds very shallow, merely pressing the finest of them into the soil with a piece of board or glass. Large seeds may be planted more deep- ly. A general rule is to plant these seeds three or four times the diameter of the seed. Annuals that are started inside should be transplanted when the second pair of seed leaves are in course of de- velopment. As soon as the soil is dry enough out- doors, sow seeds of mignonette, wall- flowers, snapdragon, sweet peas and so forth. Do not sow nasturtium seeds un- til next month. In boxes of sand in the hotbed or house, strike cuttings of coleus, agera- tum, geranium and lobelia. As soon as rooted, put them in small pots, water them and shade for a few days until they start growth again. Divide the roots of cannas and dahlias. Plant or transplant perennials such as April, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 81 paeonies, dielytras and German iris. Un- cover the bulb beds about the middle of ^^he month. Prune hardy roses. Plants ^Hhat are injured by winter frosts should ^B> headed back. ^B.When all frost is out of the ground PA and the weather is fairly dry, the lawn should be rolled. Give it an application of some complete chemical fertilizer. Trim the grass edges evenly. Rake and clean up the garden, lawn, walks and drives generally. French Market Gardens and Gardeners John S. Pearce, Superintendent of Parks, London, Ontario MONG the exhibits by the French market gardeners at the Anglo- French exhibition recently held in London, England, the display of vegeta- bles, especially salad vegetables, at- tracted a great deal of attention. These market gardens are situated in the vicini- ly of Paris, and the methods of culture and arrangement are far in advance and ahead of any other country. The vege- tables are grown there so extensively ind with such perfection that not only is the city better supplied than any other, but also very large quantities are shipped to England, Austria, and as far as St. ■Petersburg in Russia. ^H It is claimed that the metropolitan l^^^rench gardeners have so developed ^^Bieir methods that families live comforta- rB^ly on the out-put of plantings as small ' as one and two acres. To such an ex- ' . . . tent IS this work earned on that there are 1200 of these metropolitan truck gar- dens within a radius of six miles from the fortifications of Paris. Very few of these gardens are greater in area than two acres, and the average sales from each are not far from $1600 every year. According to the last census in the United States, the average returns from an acre of vegetables in similar gardens is $42, and the average value of vege- table crops in Queen's county. Long Ls- land, one of the best garden districts in New York, is only $140 an acre, not one- tenth of the results obtained by the French gardens. We have no records for this country. The secret of this success is largely due to the French methods of soil treat- ment. One important feature of this treatment consists in continually working the top soil and mixing it with composted manures. Close planting, judicious rota- tion and faithful hand labor are largely instrumental in insuring this success. Some idea of the value of this land may be gathered when we say, that suita- ble land, close to or near Paris — a .two- acre truck garden with house — is valued at $10,000 to $12,000, with a rental value of at least $500. Another feature due to the success of these gardens is irrigation plants. It is true that labor in France is much cheaper than with us. Workmen re- ceive about sixty cents a day with board. Without board, the wages range from $1 to $1.20 a day. It is stated that the average income of these intensive workers, after deducting living and gar- den expenses and interest on investment, averages $500. A close crop rotation is maintained throughout the entire year, but the actual profits are gained largely in winter and the early spring. The most important and profitable vegetable grown is lettuce, of which it is estimated that 100,000,000 of heads are yearly raised about Paris, the surplus of which is shipped away, after being care- fully wrapped in paper and crated. Be- sides lettuce a great variety of salads and greens, as well as carrots, radishes and cauliflower are constantly grown. This would give our readers some idea of the intensive methods carried on by French market gardeners. It would be well if the market gardeners in this country paid more attention to culture, good seeds, good management and thor- ough care in the handling and shipping and selling of their products. The pro- fits of market gardening, as in all other industries, consists in what you can pro- duce o\er and above cost. Starting a Cannery I propose installing a small cannery on my ranch. Is the Modern Canner of St. Jacobs, Ont. of any repute? I would ask also if this kind of a venture is known to ba a paying one.— W. A. S., Winnipeg. We used the Modern Canner last year with very good success canning toma- toes, beets, cauliflower, apples, pears and any little odds and ends. For any can- ning which does not require a heat higher than 212 degrees F., I found this very useful and prefer it to any other one that I have seen so far. As to the venture being a paying one, it depends upon the business management of the operator. We found that it paid us very well last year. For one who wishes to can for home use or a local trade, I have no hesi- tancy in recommending the Modern Can- ner.— H. S. Peart, Director, Horticultur- al Experiment Station, Jordan Harbor, Ont. A question was re-eived from "Sub- scriber," Orillia, regarding greenhouse heating. Kindly send name, and a reply will be sent bv mail. ■ Tonutoc* Grown at Victoria, Britiih Columbia -Sii Specimen! Weighed Five Poundt PholOKiapli kindly furniHhed by Mr. H. Uucklc, Victoria. Read our Special Seed Offer. Economizing Space in the Kitchen Garden C G. Cooper, Oakville, Ontario GENERALLY speaking, the kitchen garden is a small area of land that the owner is desirous of filling as full as possible with vegetables which, when grown, will be close at hand. In the first place, make a path through the centre of the garden leading from the kitchen and also paths leading from the main one in opposite directions. Along the borders of these paths can be planted small fruits, such as black, red and white currants, gooseberries and rhu- barb, at a distance of four feet apart. At the farther end of either half of the plot a piece of ground can be kept for an asparagus bed. Next to this bed, sow the different kinds of early vege- tables, digging the ground with a spade or a digging fork. With the latter tool, the weeds will all be thrown out and not cut, as with the spade. Do not dig all the plot before sowing as by this method you injure the soil by tramping on it when sowing. Early vegetables, such as early lettuce, radishes, spring carrots, beets, early peas and onions (both Shal- lot and Dutch, the former for green use and the latter for boiling purposes) can be sown in double rows, ten inches apart, with two feet between each double row. Parsley, cress, endives and herbs, such as savory, sage, thyme and mar- joram, can be sown between the bushes. In the centre of the space between each double row, can be planted, in rows one foot apart, early kinds of potatoes that have been sprouted in the house. These can all be dug during the month of July. As soon as dug, fertilize and plant the second time to Winningstadt and Savoy cabbages. A few red cab- bages also can be put in. ' Early cauli- flowers can be placed in one or two spaces. As soon as the early vegetables have been used, dig very deeply (one foot, if possible) the space which has been oc- cupied and thoroughly enrich it with rotted manure. Plant in double rows through the centre, three kinds of celery, White Plume, Paris Golden Yellow and Giant Pascal. The two former kinds can be planted on the level ; the latter in a shallow trench, using boards or soil for bleaching purposes. The plants in each row should alternate with those in the next ones. Plant six inches apart in the row. Each space can be filled with this vegetable. Start the plants in a cold frame or hotbed and as soon as large enough, transplant to a space or two be- tween the bushes, where they will grow stocky. About the second week in July, they will be ready for the main rows. This plan ensures four crops of vege- tables that can be taken off the same Jjiece of ground. After everything has been harvested in fall, manure heavily and dig the soil coarsely so that the frosl in winter may pulverize it. If there are any clay spots in the garden, apply to them some sifted coal ashes. On the other side of the main path can be sown double rows of beans, using two kinds, a yellow pod or a wax bean and a green pod variety. About the end of April or the first of May some more lettuce, radish, spinach, late beets, car- rots, parsnips, later varieties of peas, black seed onions and pickling onions can be sown. There should be two and one-half feet between each double row instead of two feet as on the other side, which can be planted to early corn (re- serving two or three spaces) in rows through the centre, three or four kernels in each hill, two feet apart in the row. Half way between each of these hills can be sown vegetable marrow in one row, Hubbard squash, both green and yellow, next, summer squash, next, all at one end of this half of the plot. At the other end, the spaces can be planted in the same way to citrons, water melons and muskmelons. These plants can be raised in a hotbed. Sow the seed in strawberry boxes, three or four in each. These boxes serve the purpose splendidly as, when planted in the ground, the thin wood will decay and allow the roots to expand and grow. The spaces that have been reserved as previously mentioned can be sown to early cucumbers for the table and pickling cucumbers for winter use. When sowing the second crop of early vegetables on the last half of the plot re- serve a space one foot wide in the double rows every three feet. In every space, plant one tomato plant, say about the first of June. These can be raised in a hotbed like the others. They should be transplanted six inches apart into cold frames. Keep them cultivated and in readiness for planting. Strawberry boxes can also be used for these. Have three kinds of tomatoes, — pink, early red and late red. On the late ones there will be enough left green for use as green pickles. If there is a shed or stable near the garden, pumpkins can be sown close to it and trained up the side and over the roof. If there is a fence, scarlet runner beans can be sown and trained on them. A picket fence is preferable for this pur- pose. The system mentioned will give a large quantity of vegetables on a small piece of ground. The amount of manure to be used depends upon the kind of soil. If the surface soil is sandy and resting upon a sandy sub-soil, apply manure at the rate of sixty tons to the acre. If the surface is a black loam, with a clay sub- soil, apply forty tons to the acre. If it is clay, on a clay sub-soil, use coarse man- ure at the rate of seventy-five tons to the acre. For the latter type of soil, a lit- tle lime or ashes also would be beneficial. Plow or dig the soil in the fall and place the manure in each furrow. Throw the- soil up loosely so that the frost can pul- verize it. On the last named soil men- tioned, one dressing of manure will last for two seasons. Where poultry is kept, the droppings should be saved. Mix it with sandy soil in equal parts and use as a fertilizer for currant and gooseberry bushes. Asparagus Beetles Tennyson D. Jarvi>, Ontario Agricultural College There are two beetles that feed upon the asparagus plant, both immigrants from Europe. One is known as the com- mon asparagus beetle, the other as the twelve-spotted beetle. They both feed upon this plant alone, the former being found in greater numbers. The eggs are dark colored, somewhat spindle-shaped and may be readily ob- served by one end along the shoots. The larvae are of a dirty slate color and ex- ude a large drop of blackish fluid from the mouth on being touched. They ma- : ture in about two weeks, when they go down into the ground, spin parchment- like cocoons, in which they change, and come up as perfect beetles in another fortnight or three weeks. The common asparagus beetle is about a quarter of an inch long, blue-black or greenish ; the body behind the head being red with two black spots. The wing covers are yellow with a dark line down the centre of the back. Shortly after emerging the beetles lay their eggs and the insect, in all stages, may be found from about the middle of June till the end of September. The twelve-spotted as- paragus beetle, which differs from the other in being red, with twelve spots on the wing covers, is not so common. REMEDIES I. Ducks and chickens are very fond of them. 2. During the cutting season, leave scattered shoots to grow as traps. Spray with insecticides or cut down and burn. 3. After the cutting season, or on young plants, dust fresh air-slacked lime, or arsenites, or both, on the plants while the dew is on. Repeat whenever larvae reappear. ft is exceedingly important to have vegetables for sale at the earliest possi- ble date in order to catch the highest prices. QUESTION AND ANSWER DEPARTMENT II Gum on Peach Trees Kindly give some information respecting lie cause of gum on peach trees and the lemedies. — A. W., Lincoln Co., Ont. There are two great causes of gum Exudations on peach trees : First, the liny black beetle known as the shot-hole l)orer or pin borer (Scolytus rugulosus) ; Bcond, the fungous disease known as brown rot (Sclerotinia fructigena). Other fungi may cause a certain amount of the fum ; for instance, the disease known as ?'die back" (Valasa leucostoma) causes certain amount of gumming, but brown tot is almost without doubt the chief fun- jus in producing this effect. If the gum is produced by the shot- ^oie borer, it will be possible, on remov- ing the gum to see the hole made by the in.sect. If the bark is cut with a knife it will help in making clear whether an insect has been at work. If, however, on removing the gum and using, if necessary, the knife, there is no sign of the work of an insect, the gum may in most cases be attributed to the brown rot. The brown rot spores may enter through any kind of wound, or through frost or winter cracks. It can also in long contin- ued moist weather enter directly through a lenticel, as I have proved by actual experiment. The very wet spring of last year was largely responsible for the unusual viru- lence of the brown rot fungus on peach trees. It is seldom that there is one- twentieth part of the gum masses pro- duced by this disease that were to be seen last year. The chief cause of infection is clearly the numerous diseased and mummy peaches and plums that are left on the trees over winter and scatter spores in the spring for a considerable time. The following treatment is recom- mended : 1. Carefully prune the trees to allow plenty of air, circulation and light 2. Remove and, if possible, burn all old mummy peaches and plums in. the orch- ard. If they cannot be burned, see that they are plowed down as they will other- wise produce spores. 3. Spray with full strength home-made lime-sulphur just before buds open ; or good strong Bordeaux mixture (5-5-40) may be used instead at this date. 4. Spray again as soon as blossoms have fallen, using home-made lime-sul- phur and repeating the spraying every ten or twelve days as long as it is safe to do so without danger of spoiling the fruit through the mixture remaining on the pubescence. The home-made lime-sulphur should be of the strength of five pounds of fresh stone lime, five pounds of sulphur and forty gallons of water. To make it, put the five pounds of lime into a barrel, make a thick paste of the sulphur with a little water, pour it over* the lime and add just as much water as is necessary for rapid and thor- ough slaking of the lime. As soon as boiling ceases, dilute to forty gallons with cold water and apply at once. 5. Thinning the fruit helps to prevent rot. Moreover, it stands to reason that the sooner one can pick and burn rotten fruit each year, the less danger there will be of infection. — L. Caesar, Ontario Agricultural College. Colors of Pyrethrums What colors of pyrethrums are obtainable in Ontario?— A. M. T., Hastings Co., Ont. Almost all of our Ontario seed firms advertise seed of Pyrethrum hybridum, the tall flowering variety. I have pur- chased seed at different times from differ- ent seedsmen in Ontario and have se- cured quite a variety of colors in these flowers. To be quite sure of the colors, however, it would be better to purchase plants of the colors required, as the plants from seed are sometimes unreliable as to quality and color. Most of our seedsmen quote plants of pyrethrum in their catalogues. The colors are found in various shades from pure white to pale pink and crimson chiefly. The fol- lowing seed firms among others advertise Pyrethrum hyhridum seeds : John A.' Bruce & Co. , Hamilton ; W. Rennie & Co., J. A. Simmers and Steele, Briggs 8i Co., Toronto; Dupuy and Fergu.son, and W. Ewing ^ Co., Montreal. — Wm. Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College. Fuchsias and Begonias How should fuchsias be treated after they have been in the cellar all winter? What should bo done with begonias? Should they be repotted?— Mrs. H. B. Ottawa, Ont. Fuchsias will be benefitted by being in a cool cellar for part of the winter, being a deciduous plant, but not all winter. They should not be allowed to get dust dry, nor wet, but between the two, to get the best results. If the plants are put into the cellar in the fall, they will be wanting to start growth about Christmas time. When growth has begun, they should be trimmed in the way desired by the owner. The half of the soil should be removed from the roots, the roots partly trimmed bark, when the plants may be repotted into smaller pots than the ones from which they were taken and removed to larger pots as soon as the 83 present ones are full of roots, each time two sizes of a pot larger than the one before. The soil to use should be de- cayed fibrous turf or sods, one-half ; the other half may be composed of leaf mould, sharp lake sand, a sprinkle of bone meal and a sprinkle of wood ashes. Mix together thoroughly. Most plants will grow in such a soil. I cannot give a correct answer to the begonia question as there is no mention made as to what kind or variety or type of begonia is meant. If tuberous, they will now be making a move after resting all winter in a dry warm place in a box of dry sand. They must be potted in a soil similar to that recommended for fuch- sias. The flowering and rex begonias may be repotted the same way as di- rected for fuchsias, the only difference being to add a little more leaf mould to the compost. I would advise in the case of the flowering and rex be- gonias, that they be not disturbed until the warm weather comes, except by par- ties owning greenhouses, and then they should be plunged in heat at the roots to give them a good start. — Roderick Cam- eron, Toronto. Moving Perennials Would it be all right to lift perennials with the clay around them frozen or half frozen, pack them in boxes and ship them to other places? As I am moving, I would like to take my best perennials with me. — R. P. Dunnville, Ont. All perennials are very easily moved while in a dormant or resting state. It is not necessary to leave the soil on the roots. Shake the soil from them and make the clumps as light as possible, then wrap them up in damp moss, straw or other such material. Over all wrap a piece of old sacking or cloth of any kind to hold the material about the roots. They may then be shipped any place. — Roderick Cameron, Toronto. Formalin for Potato Scab What are the proper proportions of for- maldehyde and water for curing scab on potatoes?— J. W., St. John, N. B. Formalin is the commercial article that is used as a fungicide. It is a forty per cent, solution of formaldehyde. The fol- lowing are the proportions that are used for potato scab: (a) Formalin, one-half pint ; water, twenty-one gallons ; im- merse for twenty minutes ; or (b) For- malin, one half pint; water five gal- lons ; sprinkle and stir until thoroughly moistened. In landscape architecture, the lawn is next in importance to the house. 84 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1909 The Canadian Horticulturist PublUhed by The Horticullural Publishing Company, Limited PBTBRBORO AND TORONTO The Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion Official Organ op Bkitish Columbia, Ontario Quebec, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island Fruit Growers' Associations EDITORIAL H. Bronson Cowan Mana^ng Editor and Business Manager A. B. Cutting, B.S.A., Horticultural Editor W. G. Rook, Advertising Manager 1. The Canadian Horticulturist is published on the 25th day of the month preceding date of issue. 2. Subscription price in Canada and Great Bri- tain, 60 cents a year ; two years, $1.00. For United States and local subscriptions in Peterboro, (not called for at the Post Office) 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for amounts less than $1.00. 4. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 5. Advertising Rates quoted on application. Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad- vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad- vertising Manager, 72 Queen street west, Tor- onto. 6. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be thankfully received by the editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT. Since the subscription price of The Canadian Horticulturist was reduced from $1.00 to 60 cents a year, the circulation has grown rapidly. The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with Dec, 1908. The figures giv- en are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies, and of papers sent to advertisers. Some months, including the sample copies, from 10,000 to 12.000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested in the grow- ing of fruit, flowers or vegetables. January, 1908 7,650 February. 1908 7,824 March. 1908 8,056 January, 1909... February, 1909.. March, 1909 . .9,456 . .9,310 . .9,405 April, 1908 S.av) May, 1908 8,573 June. 1908 8.840 July, 1908 9,01.') August, 190« 9.070 September, 1908 9,121 October, 1908 9,215 November, 1908 9.323 December. 1908 9,400 Total for the year .. 104,337 Average each issue in 1907, 6,627 Average each issue in 1908, 8,695 (Increased circulation in one year 2,068) Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. Our ProtectiTe Policy We want the readers of The Canadian Horti- culturist to feel that they can deal with our advertisers with our assurance of the advertisers' reliability. We try to admit to our columns only the most reliable advertisers. Should any subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from any of our advertisers, we will look into the matter and investigate the circumstances fully. Should we find reason, even in the slightest degree, we will discontiue immediately the pub lication of their advertisements in The Horti- culturist. Should the circumstances warrant, we will expose them through the columns of the paper. Thus, we will not only protect our readers, but our reputable advertisers as well. All that is necessary to entitle you to the bene- fits of this Protective Policy is that you include in all your letters to advertisers the words, "T saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticultur- ist." Complaints should be made to us as soon as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has been found. Communications should be addressed: THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST. Toronto Office: PETERBORO, ONTARIO. 72 Queen street west . MORE INSPECTORS NEEDED There is need for more Dominion fruit in- spectors in the western provinces and Bri- tish Columbia. This is pointed out in ar- ticles that appear on pages 91 and 92 of this issue. The need is felt not only for the inspection of fruit designed for export, but particularly for the examination of fruit that is imported from the United States. Merchants are instructed by the Domin- ion Department of Agriculture to mark all imported fruit with their own name and address and with its grade, and they must become responsible for it. While there have been comparatively few violations of these regulations, they can be prevented only by an adequate force of inspectors. At pre- sent, there are only two inspectors in the western and Pacific provinces. These men have done excellent work, but they cannot cover all this territory nor do all the work required. The force should be doubled, at least. It is hoped that the Dominion Min- ister of Agriculture will make additional appointments before the opening of the next fruit season. BRANDING ONTARIO APPLES Ontario packers persist in branding their apples "Canadian," whereas packers in Nova Scotia and British Columbia have been branding their apples "Nova Scotia" and "British Columbia" respectively The result is that if one picks up a price list in England of apples offered for sale by Eng- lish commission firms he finds the word "On- tario" missing from most of them. They are listed there as "Canadian," "Nova Scotia" or British Columbia." It would seem that Ontario packets have been too generous in this matter and their patriotism has exceeded that of the sister provinces. The apple growers of Ontario should think this matter over and discon- tinue the present svstem of marking and brand all their apples "Ontario, Canada" instead of simply "Canada." ONTARIO vs. BRITISH COLUMBIA The friendly rivalry that exists between the fruit grower.'! of Ontario and British Columbia should be encouraged rather than disparaged. It stimulates effort and dis- courages carelps'iness. Its influence is more apparent, however, at the coast than in the province by the lakes. Our represent- ative, who visited British Columbia, some time ago, noted that in that province., and particularly in the Oknnagan Valley, there is a feeling of conternpt for eastern fruit. There is a general impression that Ontario is a land of old infested orchards and cull fruit. The idea is born of the fact that Ontario has been slower than British Col- umbia in adopting the most advanced meth- ods of grading and packing fruits and even of orchard management. Ontario has not been keeping herself before the world. The states of California, Washington and Oregon have and the people of British Columbia take them as their ideals. There is some cause for this attitude of British Columbia. The growers of that provinc" are hustlers. They have been ready to tfke advice from California and other Pacific States that have raised the standard of fruit growing to perfection. British Columbia has learned in short time the art of fruit packing and, in this respect, can teach a few things to Ontario. Further- more, British Columbia has the advantage of new lands and new orchards which means for a while comparative freedom from in- sects and disease. These will come later; some are coming now. Ontario can grow just as good fruit as British Columbia. She excels in firmness and flavor. No British Columbian will cre- dit this, (unless he was raised in Ontario), but impartial judges know it. The Pacific province excels in size and usually in color and she leads in methods of packing and, greatest of all from the business viewpoint, in advertizing her country, its resources and products. These differences excite rivalry which is a good thing if not carried to the extreme of bitterness. There is no need that this shall occur. Both provinces are superior in one or more particulars. It is up to the growers and government of Ontario to make her particular points of excellence more widely known as British Columbia does hers. It pays to advertize. A CHANGE NOT NEEDED To change the name of the Ontario Veg- etable Growers' Association to the "Ontario Vegetable and Small Fruit Growers' Associ- ation," as has been proposed, would be un- wise. Becatise some of its members grow fruits as well as vegetables is not sufficient reason for adopting such a cumbersome ap- pellation. Furthermore, the proposed name overlaps and enters the field of other organ- izations. The vegetable growers' and the fruit growers' associations should be kept distinct in purpose and in name. Many of the members of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association grow vegetables but 1 they would not feel justified in chang- ing the name of their organization to the "Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers' As- sociation." To avoid confusion in names and in interests, it woidd be well to leave the name of the Ontario Vegetable Grow- ers' Association intact. Naming New Stsawbcrrics Editor, The Canadian HoRTicfLTtiiisT : — I noted the editorial on "Naming According to Sex" in the January issue of The Cana- dian HoRTicuLTi'RiST. If the plan which you suggest were universally followed it would be something of a guide to prospec- tive planters with regard to the character of the blossoms of the varieties from which they were making selections for planting, but for several years, there would undoubt- edly remain the confusion of sex names which now exists, and this would continue until our present varieties became obsolete. Theoretically the plan is good but practical- ly I think it would be very difficult to secure its uniform operation. — S. A. Beach, Hort- iculturist, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. The Home Market For Apples Alex, McNeill, Chief, Fmit DivisioD, Ottawa It is a recognized principle in political economy that the best paying market is the home market, up to the limit of its capacity. Unfortunately, this market, can be overdone in some particulars. In order to determine whether the home market was properly supplied with apples this winter I made inquiries from the merchants in the prin- cipal smaller towns and cities of Ontario. In almost every case it appeared that there was a shortage of good fruit and an excel- lent demand for all the winter varieties. Prices ranged high, from if7 a barrel in Montreal for choice Spys to $4.50 and $5 in the smaller towns. There is not the slightest doubt but what thousands of barrels would have been con- sumed in the neighborhood of where the apples were grown if they had been properly April, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 85 stored and offered for sale. Windsor, St. Thomas, Chatham, London and Brantford were all practically bare of first-class winter apples, and had only the lower grades to offer, and those at high prices. On the whole the prices have been good for winter apples in the Old Country mar- kets, but at no time have they been better than in the home markets ; at jiresent, the home market prices are higher than the British market prices. Nevertheless, there is a constant stream going to the Old Coun- try, while our own people arc eating only the inferior grades or no apples at all. This is not an extraordinary year in that respect. Four years out of five at least there is a shortage in the home markets, and the grow- ers cannot do better than to organize in such a way that the home markets at least will be supplied. Of course, there is a danger of overdoing the local markets. The remedy for that is co-operation and publicity. If those who propose to store apples will let the fact be known early in the season, and not attempt to store by stealth, there is little danger of .storing too many. The storage, too, ought to bo done as, much as possible at local points to save freight; but, far better pay freight to and from a cold storge warehouse than attempt to hold apples where the temperature can- not be kept at less than 50 degrees. The ordinary farmer's cellar may do for storing a few barrels, but is altogether too warm [,a place to risk any large quantity in. I note Ithis point, because, though I recommend the ^toring of apples sufficient for home use, I rould also add the caution that in irder to nake the enterprise an assured success, here must be proper storehouse facilities. Your Garden for 1909 The special offer made by The Canadian foRTicrLTURiST, that appears in another Siart of this issue tells how to secure a col- ction of 14 different varieties of flower and regetable seeds, a collection of five dahlias, Fand a three year old Crim.son Rambler rose tbush, free of cost. It only means a few minutes' work among your friends. Turn to this offer and read it carefully. It will interest you. Then set out to secure one or all of the above mentioned premiums. It will not take you long. Get three of your friends to subscribe for The Canadian Hor- ticulturist and all three premiums will be sent to you. If you are unable to secure throe subscriptions, secure two or one, and tell us which premium you wish sent you. Tell your friends how The Canadian Horti- ci'LTURiST has helped you in planting and caring for your flower garden in the past. You may denend on it that it will be better than ever this year. Help boom "The Canadian Horticultur- ist. Show it to your friends and secure their subscriptions. Tell them that it is the only Canadian paper that deals with amateur flower growing and garden making. Tell them that our Question and Answer Department is open to all of our subscrib- ers. Tell them that each month an article api)ears giving suggestions for amateur flower growers and gardeners for that par- ticular month, besides numbers of other articles dealing with timely and interesting subjects. Send us the names of some of your friends -who are interested in flower rowing and gardening, but who do not take Inn C\NADiAN Horticulturist. 'W'e will -end them free sample copies. Perhajys cars of apples, pears, fresh fruits and veg- ' etables froni 30,000 to 24,000 pounds for ' large cars and to 20,000 pounds for small cars, brought information from J. H. Lani- !gan, of the C.P.R., to the effect that the PERFECT POTATO PLANTING Every farmer knows the importance of proper potato planting. Here's a macliine that does it perfectly. Hag none of the faults common with com- mon planters. Opens the furrow perfectly, drops the seed correctly, covers it uni rornily. and hestol ~" never bruises or punctures the seed. Send a postal for our free book. f Iron Ase ( tm p r V r e il Ro bT) na) Potato Planter t No Misses No Doubles 1, No Troubles -•t-zs^^i^::^' BtnUHN MFG. CO . Bo» 516-P. grenlOCH. N. J. request in respect to large cars would be granted, but he could not consent to a reduced minimum on the smaller cars. When it was pointed out that small cars make frequent appearances in British Columbia, the C.P.R. officials assured the meeting that efforts would be made to rem- edy this. The resolution passed, minus the reference to small cars. A resolution was passed dealing with freight rates. ' The fruit growers want the same rates into Winnipeg as is enjoyed by Ontario, in order to be able to compete on an equality. In the discussion on this reso- lution, Mr. Lanigan said that the real com- petition in Winnipeg was the Washington, not the Ontario fruit, and that the former was driving the others out of the market. This was not because the foreign fruit was better, but because the Washington grow- ers were dumping their second grade fruit into Winnipeg at prices which were too tempting for the dealers. He said also that the Canadian grower is handicapped by the law. He is obliged to pack and grade his fruit in accordance with the requirements of the Fruit Marks Act and that this Act, which was originally adopted to protect the Ontario growers, who do not suffer from American competition, did not apply to Bri- tish Columbia fruit, arriving in Winnipeg in closed packages. Mr. Lanigan read a lawyer's opinion in support of this view of the law. Mr. Maxwell Smith, Dominion Fruit In- spector, took exception to Mr. Lanigan's view of the law. Whatever might be the case in the northwest, he had successfully conducted several prosecutions of dealers offering American fruit for sale which had not been properly graded. Mr. Smith ad- mitted, however, that there were only two inspectors in the northwest, a wholly insuf- ficient number to inspect the fruit ship- ments properly. In the course of an interesting address, Mr. A. J. Alcock, of Penticton, pointed out that the growers' greatest problem is in the matter of distributing and marketing the fruit; last year, the growers sold fruit for three cents a pound and the freight rate to the northwest markets was about three- For every mea ■ every d: Windsor Table Salt is needed. Fine — pure—full savoured. 172 Feed Your Land WITH GOOD MANURE AND GET GOOD RETURNS MARCHMENT'S SURE GROWTH COMPOST IS THE BEST Supplied to the Largest Nurserymen and Fruit Growers in Ontario S. W. MARCHMENT 133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO Telephones : Main 2841 Residence Park 95 1 Mention The Canailian Horticulturist when writing BASKETS We are Headquarters for all kinds of Splint Baskets Veoeei- lupplied for the protection of tree* from mice during; winter FRUIT PACKAGES A SPEOALITY SEND FOR OUR PRICES The Oakville Basket Co., Oakville, Ont Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writing 92 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1909 fc^MMMMMMVWVWMMVN^^^^^^^^^^'^'^^J Fertilize Your Lands : DO YOU KNOW 1 THAT WORN-OUT LANDS MAY BE MADE PRODUCTIVE AND PROFITABLE BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF THE RIGHT KIND OF FERTILIZER ? 1 nIow if you have A PIE.CE OF LAND THAT WONT GROW ANYTHING BUT WEE 05, TALK WITH US ABOUT IT AND LET US SUGGEST THE RIGHT FERTILIZER WE FEEL VERY SURE THAT WE CAN SHOW YOU HOW TO , USE FERTILIZERS WITHOUT GREAT EXPENSE SO YOUR LAND WILL PAY Consult us free;ly it is ' OUR BUSINESS TO KNOW ENQUIRIES FREELY ANSWERED AGENTS WAIMTED FOB TERRITORY NOT TAKEN UP T»^W.A. FREEMAN co- limited HAMILTON ONTARIO r^kAMMA^^^^^^A^^^^^Vk^^^^AA^^^^M^^ quarters of a cent a pound, where the same fruit retailed for from 15 to 20 cents a pound. Who is getting the difference ? The s^peaker claimed that the retailers on the prairie were making from 75 to 300 per cent, profit on the fruit that they handle. Arrangements should be made so that the grower could deal directly with the consum- er, and the speaker suggested a plan where- by the consumer could deposit the money in a bank and then send his receipt and order direct to the grower. Such a scheme, it was pointed out, would open up an un- limited market. It would benefit not only the grower but also the consumer, who is now compelled to pay too much for fruit. It was anounced by Mr. W. F. Stout, of the Dominion Express Co., that this season his company would make the experiment of handling soft fruits. The statement was re- ceived with applause. An interesting dis- cussion took place on the benefits of co-op- eration. The formation of district unions was urged, which later could be merged into a central organization. The question of cold storage was gone over and the desir- ability of fruit being properly cooled before shipment was brought out. A resolution was passed asking the C P. R. to un- dertake the construction of cold storage plants at Vancouver and at the principal transfer points. A resolution was passed, asking the Dominion government to raise the duty on fresh fruit. Okanagan Valley, B.C. The following resolution was passed re- cently by the associated boards of trade of the Okanagan Valley, and sent to the De- partment of Agriculture at Ottawa : "Whereas the grading and marking of fruit in the United States differ from the grading and marking required by the In- spection and Sale Act, which difference operates to the prejudice of Canadian ship- pers, "And whereas the said Act appears to have been very loosely enforced in 1908 on fruit imported from the United States to points in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Mani- toba, "And whereas this appears to have been the result of the lack of a sufficient number of competent inspectors familiar with Canadian and particularly British Col- umbia and Pacifio Coast fruit ; "Be it resolved that all the fruit thus imported into Canada should be made to conform with all the requirements of tin said Act as to grading and marking and to insure such conformity all imported fruit should be rigidly inspected ; and for that purpose an adequate staff of competent inspectors should be employed." Manitoba J. Cocbrane Smith At the annual convention of the Western Horticultural Society, that was reported briefly in the last issue of The Can.adi.\n Horticulturist, Mr. D. W. Buchanan, of St. Charles, Man., gave an interesting ad- dress on "Oranmental Gardening For Win- ter Effect." The speaker pointed out that the short season of the western provinces affords no excuse for lack of gardening as there are many hardy perennial flowers and blooming plants that will withstand for a long time the early frosts and rigors of the western climate and which will amjily repay for care and cultivation. The best varie- ties to plant both for summer and winter effect were mentioned. This address will be reported at greater length in a later issue. "The Planning and Planting of Grounds and Lawns in Prairie Districts," was the Rennie's Special "Horticulturist" Collection OF FLOWER AND GARDEN SEEDS I pkt. Asters, Mixed I pkt. Mignonette, Sweet I pkt. Nasturtium, Dwarf I pkt. Petunia, Mixed I pkt. Phy, in view of the fact that there were ranchers and neighbors, who had demonstrated ' the feas- ibility of this indu.'itry by successfully rais- ing apple.'*, plums, cherries and every var- iety of small fruits. The Wilmer and Windermere district of British Columbia is at an elevation of 2.569 feet above sea level, with the wooded sides. bald peaks of many varying colors of the Rocky Mountains on the one side and the magnificent Selkirk Range of mountains on the other. The valley ranges from three to seven and, in some places, as wide as eight miles in width and near the center of the valley runs the picturesque Columbia River. The clear and invigorating mountain air makes the valley an enjoyable place for either summer or winter tourists. The tem- perature seldom drops to more than 15 de- grees below zero and the snow rarely ex- ceeds from five to six inches in depth. Ranching has been carried on most suc- cessfully for more than 20 years and the oc- casions of real necessity of putting up hay for cattle during that time have been few and far between. Cattle as well as horses safely range the whole of the winter months and come through looking healthy and fit. The autumn season is long enough to allow for a thorough ripening of the wood in fruit trees and the mild winters permit of grafts being left in the ground all winter so that they may be dug in the spring and transplanted in a fresh and healthy condi- tion. The land of this district is of a rolling na- ture and of pnrk-liko appearance, for the most part clear of underbrush but scattered over with flr trees ranging from three to seven and eight inches at the butt. These trees, however, are very easily taken oft the land and have been found to be more of an assistance than a disadvantage to the new settler. As yet the fashionable prices are not ob- tained here as in West Kootenay but are within reach of all and the country is much more suitable for fruit growing than many districts more extensively advertised. This difference in price is entirely due to the lack of good transportation facilitie.s. It is 80 miles from the nearest railway station. This disadvantage has been the main reason for this district being so slow in com- ing to the front and becoming a popular fruit growing locality as no good markets for profitably disposing of the fruit were available to the grower. However, of late years so many have planted trees for their own use (in small numbers) and the ven- tures have proven so successful, that it has created an interest and desire for orchards that never before existed. The interest has become general and there are now a number of fairly large orchards bearing a firm and hardy fruit. Hundreds of trees are now being planted every year and it is only a question of a very few years before the Wil- mer and Windermere district will be one of the very best apple, plum, cherry and small fruit growing districts in the province. Realizing the future of this valley and the advantage of opening up a district so rich in mineral and agricultural as well as horti- cultural possibilities, the Kootenay Central Railway Company have obtained a charter for the construction of a railway from Gold- en, B. C, south to Cranbrook, B. C, and this road is now under course of construc- tion. This line will open up the prairie and eastern markets to th"e rancher and fruit grower and thereby eliminate the greatest difficulty in the valley's endeavor to become one of the best fruit growing dis- tricts of British Columbia. Advice To Fruit Exporters J.S. Lark, Canadian Trade Commiitioner, Australia A representative of an English Fruit firm has visited Australia and in speaking of the export of fruit he says : "I would advise packers to place their fruit in cold stores for at least four days before it goes into the hold of a ship, in order that the fruit may give off the carbonic acid gas which is generated in it. Then, when the fruit is placed in the cold storage chamber on the boat, it does not generate anything like the gas of the first few days in the cold store on land. If the fruit is put straight in to the ship's hold, the carbonic acid gas eats into it, and when it arrives at its des- tination it is 'spent' and lifeless. Last year, Australian pears and apples did not come to hand in good order, chiefly owing to the intensely hot weather at the time the fruit was packed, and because the greater portion of it was not placed in cold storage for a few davs before being ship ped.'; This advice is not new and is not un- known in Canada, and it is possible that the Canadian Department of Agriculture has tested it. If not, it might be well for ship- pers of fruit from British Columbia to .Australia to follow it, as the fruit from Bri- tish Columbia is shipped in fairly warm weather, warmer than when the fruit is shipped from the eastern provinces to Groat Britain, and has to meet much severer weather conditions than the eastern fruit experiences. Anything that would tend to preserve the flavor of the fruit would certainly be financially advantageous to the shippers. no THE CANADIAN H O E T I C U L T U R I S T May, 1 909 NOTES FROM THE PROVINCES British Columbia W. J. Brandrith The regular quarterly meeting of the Bri- tish Columbia Fruit Growers' Association was held in Chilliwack on April 3. The at- tendance was large and a good deal of in- terest was manifested in the proceedings. After routine, Mr. W. J. Brandrith was unanimously elected delegate to the Ame- rican Pomological Society's annual meeting. A resolution, calling for local inspection of fruit and orchards by the provincial board of horticulture, was also passed. The first secretary of the association, Mr. A. H. B. Magowan, was voted a life membership in view of his services at the inception of the association 20 years ago. Mr. Tom Wilson read a paper on "Pol- lenization." President Puckle gave a short address on "Co-operation." Mr. J. C. Metcalfe, one of the old war horses of the association, gave an excellent address on "The Cultivation of Small Fruits." Mr. Maxwell Smith, Dominion Fruit Inspector, gave a rousing address on "The Commer- cial Aspect of Fruit Growing." The next quarterly meeting place was fixed for Kel- owna and the October quarterly for Creston. British Columbia Legislation Edgar W. Dynes The session of the British Columbia Leg- islature which closed a few weeks ago has been very fruitful of legislation benefitting the horticultural and agricultural inter- ests of the province. Two very important measures were put through, — one known as the Fruit Depots Act, and the other, some very important amendments to the Water Clauses Act. In respect of the latter the government sought to eliminate some of the existing abuses in the matter of water rights. It was found that many individuals had stak- ed large quantities of water for speculative purposes and which they could not use. This had the effect of retarding the progress of districts where irrigation is absolutely necessary. To ilhistrate, in a certain dis- trict there might be 3,000 acres of land, arid or semi-arid, and wholly de- pendent on water from a certain creek. But. supposing that some enternrising in- dividual, who owned not more than 1,000 acres of land, had located all the water in the creek. The other owners would eith- er have to do without water or be at his mercy. Under the new law, all this water be- comes the common oroperty of the land owners in the immediate vicinity who need this water. A man can no loncer hold wa- ter for speculative purposes. The province has been divided into six districts for the purpose of the Act and in each district a commissioner will be appointed with full power to act in the matter of the adjust- ment of the water riprhts. It is a states- man-like piece of legislation and will be of immediate and untold benefit to the sec- tions in the province where irrigation is necessary. The Fruit Depots Act provides for aid to depots or stations to be established for the sorting, cooling and packing of fruit, and the government to assist the building of such in much the same manner as aid is granted to creameries and cheese factor- ies. The Act gives power to the provincial board of horticulture to license depots or warehouses for the purpose named upon conditions wehreby the licensee is eligible to apply for a loan of not exceeding three- fifths of the value of the plant and not more than $3,000 in any one instance. The second clause of the Act provides that such license may be granted to anybody, corpor- ation or association legally instituted to establish, maintain and operate a fruit depot, equipped with appliances for the sorting and colling of fruits and packing them for shipment. The application for license must be accompanied by proper plans and specifications including information as to the number of orchards tributary to the proposed depot. The fourth clause of the Act provides that such license shall be subject to the condi- tions that the facilities of the depot shall be without discrimination and at uniform rates and charges to be onen to the use of From All Over Canada Editor, The Canadian Horticul- turist:— We take pleasure iii again complimenting you on the general ex- celjence of The Canadian Horticul- turist, and more parficnlarly on its merits as an advertising medium. From almost every part of this wide Domin- ion, between the Atlantic and Pacific, we receive enquiries as a result of our advertisement in The Canadian Hor- ticulturist, to which most of the correspondents refer. Every succeed- ing year brings noticeably greater re- sults, which proves that your paper is progressive in every sense of the word. We think a statement of these facts is due to you, believing that the success of your advertisers is eaually encour- aging to yourselves. — The Dominion Offices of the Potash Syndicate, B. Leslie Emslie, Manager, Toronto. all members of any corporation or asso- ciation so licensed and that all rates and charges made, taken and collected by the licensee, in, about and in connection with the depot, shall at all times be subject to the control and regulations of the provin- cial board of horticulture. The license is liable to cancellation for any breach of the Act, in which case all money loaned becomes immediately due and payable. The loan is secured by a first mortgage on the depot and lands connected therewith and inter- est is payable at the rate of five per cent. The immediate plans of the government are understood to include the erection of sev- eral of these depots at some of the more important fruit shipping points in the pro- vince. Some concessions have been obtained from the railroad and express companies in the matter of shipping regulations. The minimum weight for carload shipments of fruit has been lowered from 30,000 to 24,000 pounds. It was represented by the grow- ers at a meeting at Victoria that they could not compete with Ontario unless they were given the same rates to Winnipeg as the Ontario growers enjoyed but this was turned down. Mr. Lanigan, of the C. P. R., made the statement that be had per- sonally canvassed all prominent fruit deal ers in Winnipeg and said that he found tli' main reason why more British Columbia fruit was not marketed on the prairie was that so much second grade fruit was duni]. ed in from Washington and Oregon 11 tempting prices. This being tlie case, ! concluded that the reduction asked for ii this instance would not bo of any assistance. New Brunswick A. E. McGinler. The government of New Brunswick is preparing to devote special attention to advertising the advantages of this province in the way of general agriculture and small fruit culture with a view to repopulating the vacant farms and untenanted orchards of the province which, unhappily, are far too numerous. For this purpose, a special of- ficial will be appointed to the staff in the person of Mr. A. Duff-Miller, and it will be his duty to circulate literature and otherwise inform the members of Great Britain's farming community what advant- ages this province offers. Already there is a government agent in St. John who has a list of all farms for sale in the province and has done good work on a small scale. With the appointment of another oflBcial in England, who will work in conjuction with the St. John agent, the scope of the work will be very largely increased and good results are expected. This season has been a particularly good one for the export of Canadian apples to Europe, via the port of St. John. The season will close about May 10, but al- ready the returns show that 38,276 bar- rels and 3,730 boxes of apples have been sent forward. Most of these have come from Ontario points as the Ontario apole is more popular in the European market than the New Brunswick product. Nova Scotia apples which are also very popular in the Old Country, are principally shin- ned from Halifax. Facilities at St. John hive been vastly improved by the erectioil here of a large cold storage plant which is expected to prove a great factor in the development of the trade. Annapolis Valley West, N. S. R. J. Messenger The active part of marketing is about over for this year. A few apples are going to our local markets, f700(J apples on the St. John or Halifax markets bringing as high as $4 and $.5 a barrel. Everybody seems to be happy, the speculator because he has made in most cases enough on this year's operations to more than compensate for his losses last year and the producer is happy because he got his money without being asked for rebates. This reminds me of a case where a pious speculator last year asked for and obtained a rebate of $600 from a farmer. This year he bought the same farmer's apples when they were low, and after many strong hints generously ( ?) allowed the farmer a gift of $200, when he probablv made enough to more than re- place the $600. Orchard work has fairly begun again. Pruning is about all done, except where some have left the work to be done in June. It is unfortunate that we see all kinds of mal-practice in this operation. Ever.v farmer has his own ideas as to how, when and whore to cut, and surely there mnot be some one system that approximates th<- best. Early spring spraying is being practised May, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST III HA! HA! HA! "Well, I'm blest! So this is one of those so-called metal roofing guarantees I've read about," laughs the Wise Man of Metal Town. "It certainly is a good joke, for it doesn't really guarantee anything to anybody, and isn't legally binding. Ask your own lawyer and you'll find I'm right." "Stripped of all its exceptions and provisions I don't see how anyone could be serious about it." "I go by what I know has been done, not by what is promised. For instance, I know that 'Eastlake' Metallic shingles have been in use for twenty-five years right here in Toronto, where they're made, and that those same shingles are in perfect condition now." "Just listen here a minute. I'm getting serious now. The Metallic Roofing Company began to make metallic shingles years before anyone else in Canada. They were made right when they were first made. The Metal- lic Roofing Company have been continually making new designs for ceilings and walls, fronts and cornices, but as for shingles they have never seen an improvement on the 'East- lake' steel shingles which have been made, laid and proven for twenty-five years." "I've noticed that most metal shingle manu- facturers change their pattern so frequently that I'm led to believe they, themselves, haven't much confidence in their own goods. Yes, they even change the name to cover up some weakness in a previous product." "TWO OTHER PERSONS' The Metallic Roofing Co., Limited, Toronto. Simcoe. Ont.. April 9th, 1908. Dear Sirs,— "We have handled your 'Eaetlake' Shingles for nearly a quarter of a century. They have been on the Court House. Free Library and other public buildings in this town for 18 years. We have used very large quan- tities during the past 25 years and they have always given first class satisfac- tion, and have never required any re- pairs." (Signed) MADDEN BROS.. Tinsmiths and Hardware Merchants. SAY-SO'S ' Limited, 'I'm prejudiced, you say? prejudiced, but it's a prejudice founded on years of active use of the metallic goods made by The Metallic Roofing Company. It's an old man's prejudice based on a long experience." "Write for booklet which tells more about 'Eastlake' Metallic Shingles. They are sure proof against fire, lightning, rust or weather in all climates. They are the easiest and quickest to put in place and the most durable when laid. If you send the measurement of any roof an accurate estimate of cost will be sent free." —The Philosopher of Metal Town The Metallic Roofing Co., Toronto. Looknow. Ont., April 9th. 1908. Dear Sirs:— "I take great pleasure in testifying to the good qualities of your 'Eastlake' Shingles. We put your painted shingles on our town h.Tll here in 1885, 23 years ago. and although they have only been painted twice since that time they are in good condition yet. I consider the lock on the 'East- lake' the very best, and believe that a roof covered with the galvanized 'East- lake' will last for ever." (.Signed. TJIOS. LAWRENCE. Hardware Merchant The Metallic Roofing Co. LIMITED Toronto and Winnipeg Agents Wanted In Some Sections. Write for detnjls. mentioning this paper. r r2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, igoq more this year than ever before. Some are using lime-sulphur and others pro- prietary preparations. The worst evil of the latter is that they cost much more and are generally not as effective. The weather was very cold up to April 13. Since then the buds have been swelling and grass becoming green. We have had very little rain thia spring. Annapolis Valley East, N. S. Eunice Watti There is a very great demand for nurs- ery stock, of which there are not sufficient trees to supply the call. An interest is be- ing taken in dwarf apple trees, and a few plantations of this f;0rm are being set out; these small trees are also being used as fill- ers, the advantages ' being that they come into bearing earliei- than standard forms, are easier to spray, prune and gather, and more trees can, be grown on the acre. ■Much interest has been taken in lectures given by Mr. F. W. Chute who has just returnd from England where he inspected the apple markets of London and Liverpool. Mr. Chute described the methods of the auctioneers in the various salesrooms, where only ticket holders were allowed to enter ; he also compared the English and Nova Scotian fruit growers, and came to the con- clusion that people in the Old Country had many lessons to learn from us in spraying, especially if they wished to grow clean apples. The orchardists of the Annapolis valley ape very keen on starting co-operative fruit packing companies. They claim that if the farmers will work together, that there will be a saving of about 30 cents a barrel ; the fruit will be packed uniformly, and English apple buyers might give a special commission. Send notices of exhibitions and conven- tions for publication. The Best Annuals In commenting on the list of annuals recommended by Mr. Armandale at the meeting referred to on iiage 102, Mr. R. Cameron, park superintendent, Toronto, ad- vised growing antirrhinum.s from cuttings as the blooms are then larger and better. Eschscholtzias must be grown from seed in the open, as they cannot be transplanted. He recommended the carnation poppy, sown at intervals the first year ; once sown, they reproduce themselves. He questioned the inclusion of verbenas, dianthus and sweet alyssum in a list of annuals, the first and last being perennials and the dianthus, a biennial. Mr. Cameron also gave the meeting a list of 24 of his own selection as follows : 1, As- ters. 2, Sweet peas. 3, TAnum (jroMdi- floTum rubrum, a grand blooming plant, which grows one foot high, with red and scarlet flowers. It is not good for cutting. Sow it twice successively and in bunches. 4, Mignonette "Machet." 5, Ckrysanthe- num modorum, new, a pure white and blooms all season. Seed must be sown in a hot bed. 6, Gaillardia Lorenziana (double flowers. 7, Ten-week stocks. 8, Torenia Fournieri, (6 to 12 inches high). Good for pots, hanging baskets and windows. 9, Cc- loria plumosa. Sow indoors in tiny pots, and put in large box with sand between pots, which will hold moisture. Should be sown in March. Most delicate plants of these generally give the best bloom. 10, Sweet Scabiosa. 11, Antirrinum, yellow, crimson and pure white. Best blooms and earliest are from cuttings. 12, Nasturiums tall or dwarf. 13, Lobelia tenuior, (12 tq 15 inches high). 14, Phlox Drummondii. 15, Candytuft, in colors. 16, Annual Lark- spur, in colors, sown in open. 17, Coreop- sis sown in open. 18 Statice Suworoivi (lilac color), hardy. 19,Zinnias. 20, Salpiglos- sis (in colors), giant strain. In conjunction with this, sow seeds of Asi)erul..i azurea- setosa in the fall as a border plant for edg- ing and plant in the same row, a foot The- Jas. Smart Mfg. Co. Limited Brockville, - Ontario Write for Illustrated Booklets, etc. The KELSEY WARM AIR GENERATOR is THE LAST WORD in the methods of heating. It is an easy matter to make a fire and create heat, but to create the greatest amount of heat, to use the least amount of fuel, to send the heat to its proper place in pro- per quantities is the problem that has been solved most effectively by The KELSEY Churches, Schools, Halls, Dwellings, etc. can be heated by the Kelsey System with a supply of coal which with any other system would be wholly inadequate. apart, Torenia Fournieri, the seeds of thi.,„j to be sown early indoors. The asperula will be the first to bloom in the spring to be suc- ceeded by the torenia. 21, Esohscholtzia (California Poppy). Cannot be transplant- ed. 22 Centaurea cyanus. 23, Linaria bi- partita, violet purple, 12 to 15 inches high. There is also a beautiful white variety. 24, Verbena, which should not be really called an annual. The following were recommended as climb- ers : Tall nasturiums, Humulus Japonicus variegatus, gourds, hyacinth bean, morning glory and ipomaeas. — G. A Reader for Many Years Among the readers of The Canadian Horticulturist who have been subscribers for many years is Mr. Charles James Fox, of South London, Ont. In a letter received from him recently, he states, 'I became a subscrihei; to The Canadian Hor- ticulturist in Mr. Bea- dles' time. As an ama- teur, I have always tak- en a great interest in the growing of vegetables and flowers. My love for flowers dates back to the year 1838. I cainei to Canada in 1856 and settled in Delaware, Mr. Chas. Ja». Fox Ont." For many years Mr. Fox was the secretary and treasurer of the Delaware Township Agricultural So- ciety. During that time ho introduce^ among the farmers many new varieties ol early and late potatoes. "it is very pleasing to me," he writes "to see the great improvement that has been made in The Canadian Horticultlr- 1ST. I trust that in another year or two the. list of subscribers will be more than double what it is now. I wish the publi cation every success. 1 PI i' M w-^ ;.'iBl^HI Itt ^■H About Dahlias. — For years, the show of H. P. Van Wagner's dahlias has been one of the features of local exhibitions. In order that lovers of this flower, who have not attended these exhibitions, might have an accurate ■ description of the best and newer varieties, Mr. Van Wagner has made an arrangement with the largest commer- cial grower of dahlias in the United States, by which he is enabled to give their descrip- tion and illustrations of the dahlias found best after being tested over a wide range of territory. In his catalogue will be found choice dahlias priced from 16 for $1 to the sensational "Jack Rose" at 75 cents a plant. A dahlia root should last a life-time, mak- ing it the most inexpensive of flowers. * * * * FROM BEST SEED $ Queen of the Market,— white, early * Queen of the Market,- -pink, early ^ 1 5 cents per dozen, 40 cents per hundred, postpaid * ^ Elarly Wonder,--white and pink f: Lavender Gem,— early Royal Purple.— medium early Vick's Branching,— white, medium esu-ly Vick's Branching,— white and pink, late 1 5 cents per dozen. 50 cents per hundred, postpaid Packed to so anywhere by mail. May be planted with Rood results until 1 5th"June. Not less than 25 of one variety at 100 rates Orders received now will be filled in latter part of May and in ecrly June. Please send postal note with order. China Aster Plants f I John Cavers, Oakville, Ont. ****************************** May, rgcg THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST "3 DIliJyCT J^ojn ^AJCTOVa: ^» KITOHI^K SAVINS «^//MIDDI/IyME.N3 X>1M>T^IT3 the "Dominion Pride" Range 818 or 918 ELEVATED TANK FOR COAL AND WOOD Made of the beat Blue Polished Steel and Malleable Iron PRICE tide in a well-known agricultural paper Western Ontario that referred very dispa agingly to our Lake Erie apples. For tin reason I write to defend Jlilgin countv apples. To refute the article referred to whi coincides also with Chief McNeill's settk idea. I would like to give a history of my apple crop of 1908. Last September 1 packed 200 boxes, wrapped and tiered, of fall apples and shipped them with a car of barrelled apples to Liverpool. These went in refrigerator car and refrigerator chambers - in boat all the way from St. Thomas. My apples are packed in the orchar' into orchard boxes, which were before • ening piled in my store house where t}i' remained for a day or so before I ecu get them sorted, wrapped in tissue a; tiered in the shipping boxes. They wi hauled by me 12 miles to St. Thomas on hot a day as we had last September, 011 broad, low-platform spring waggon, (si 7 ft X 14 ft.), three boxes deep, piled - their sides, the load covered with a sin of heavy canvas. At St. Thomas, they wt put at once into the refrigerator car, ti icing charges being paid by our govoi ment. The barrelled apples in the sai car, about 200 barrels, were put up by a other shipper in the usual way. I was t' afterwards by this shipper that my 200 bu: es netted as much as his 200 barrels, boti. lots being sold by the same broker at tht Does Twice the Work of a Hoe -10 Days Trial "Buco"HandCuUivatordoe» ' twice the work of Hoe in less time, less laoor, trouble ; more thoroughness. Bigs deeply, extracting weeds by roots. Adjusted to any -width for working around vegetables, etc. 45^ft. hard-woodhandle; ^^J thoroughly tempered best steel Teeth. Simple, durable; lasts a lifetime ; saves its own price many times first season. Sold by Hardware and Seed Stores. If dealer cannot sup- ply yon, send regular price, |l.50, and '•Buco*' will be promptly sent you, ex- press prepaid. Money refunaed after 10 days trial if it is not satisfactory. 3uco" //and LV^^ Bailejr-Underwooil Company, Ltd. New GlaiKow, N.S., Canada. May, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 115 same time in Liverpool. You will remem- ber that last September most of the apples picked and shipped landed in England in poor, wasty condition. These barrelled apples were no better than the usual ship- ments while my boxes landed in good con- dition and brought — King, 8s. 3d. ; Ribston, 7s. 9d. ; Fallawater, 7s. 6d. ; Stark, 68. 6d. (These Starks were too green.) This proves that papered apples in boxes will carry better than barrelled apples. Now as to winter apples, — Baldwins, Greenings and Ben. Davis. These were packed and piled in my storehouse in box- es in the same way and sorted, wrapped and tiered in boxes several days afterwards and shipped in ordinary cars to St. John, N.B., and placed there in cold storage on dates Oct. 22, Nov. 5 and Nov. 9, '08. I went to St. John in the beginning of December and saw that cold storage filled with bar- relled apples from cellar to roof, several floors, with about 40,000 barrels and a few boxes besides mine. The temperature was kept at about freezing point. I then went to Liverpool on the Empress of Ireland. With the exception of a few boxes sold in London I sold my whole crop in Liver- pool at auction by a well-known firm. They received as high as 8s. 6d for Bald- wins, 7s. 3d. for R. I. Greenings and 7s. for Ben Davis a box. These apples were shipped from St. John in small lots on Jan. 14 and 28 and Feb. 19 and 26. The last of them were sold in Liverpool on March 24, all Baldwins, at 8s. 6d. a box. These apples tonped the market for same variety and opened up as good as those from anywhere else. My boxes contained 40 pounds of apples as against 140 to 150 pounds in Canadian barrels. The only other apples selling at a higher price were the Oregon Newtowns. Most of the California and Oregon boxes were bet- ter packed than mine. I hope they will not be so next year for I shall endeavor to equal their packing. The point I want to make here is that my Elgin apples reached that market in as good condition as any apples offered there for sale and brought as high a price as anything of the same variety sold there in March. They were sold in their origin- al wrapping and package, as packed at my orchard and not repacked in the cold stor- age as is usual with barrelled apples. This does not bear out Chief McNeill's contentions in regard to the inferiority of Lake Erie apples. I can emphatically back J. E. Johnson, of Simcoe, in his claim that there are no better apples raised anywhere in the world than right here on Lake Erie. We have high colored apples and the Bri- tish prefer high color. We have as good flavor as anywhere and cold storage will keep our apples as good as those from any- where else. I must therefore take exception to the article that appeared in that Wes- tern Ontario paper. The Oregon Newtowns sold at 12s. a box and upwards for their larger sizes. We grow apples here fully equal to that apple but we have not delivered them to that mar- ket with the same care that the Oregon people do. It is up to our Ontario grow- ers to pack and deliver their fruit to the British markets in as good condition as the Hood River growers do. It will not do to pack equally as well and send there on consignment to be sold to the highest bidder. I have discovered a better plan than that. In that case, you have to accept what they choose to give but can not control the price. The better plan is to be there and set your price. In the next issue of The Canadian Horticultubist I shall refer to this plan at further length. — J. A. Webster, Sparta, Ont. Pear and Apple Blight We have positively Demonstrated that WE CAN CURE THIS DISEASE Write us for particulars Pear Blight Remedy Co. Vacaville - California Feed Your Land WITH GOOD MANURE AND GET GOOD RETURNS MARCHMENT'S SURE GROWTH COMPOST IS THE BEST^ Supplied to the Largest Nurserymen and Fruit Growers in Ontario S. W. MARCHMENT 133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO Telephones: Main 2841 Residence Park 951 Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writing BASKETS We are Headquarters for all kinds of Splint Baskets Veneer supplied for the protection of trees from mice during winter FRUIT PACKAGES A SPECIALITY SEND FOR OUR PRICES The Oakville Basket Co., Oakville, Ont. Mention The Canadian Hortloulti»riBt when writinit Ii6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1909 TO GROW A GOOD GARDEN good cnltlTfctioD is ttbnolutelynoces- Barv, but It can't be done with poor tools. HtTc'a au I ron Age Tool ob. pociallv inarto for pardon work. It not only lioea good work, but it is easy to'operatn. Tbo boys and girls can do tbo gardening and produce big crops If you'll equip tbem with Iron Age Tools. Send to day our Free catalog BATEMAN MFG. CO . Box 616 Q SREMLOCH, N. J A Comparison H. W. Power, Katlo, B.C. Last September, I had the privilege of examining some of the fruit ranches around North Yakima, in the neighboring stdie of Washington. This is considered one cf the banner fruit growing sections of the northwestern states, and proved interesting, for purposes of comparison. Like every- thing else ■western, the fruit industry is not very old here, but is considerably advanced alongside that of most of British Columbia. Twenty years ago. North Yakima, which is a town with a population of about 15,000, was the centre of a few square miles of hop yards. These have now given place to or- chards, peach, apple and pear principally. The big red apple has become a standard of wealth and in certain favored localities horticulturists are refusing $3,000 an acre Our tap-adjuater will adapt it to fit any tap The "T-S" COUPLING is instantaneous. No fumbling with •worn or broken threads. The washer is in a recessed seat ; you can't lose it. HOSE JOINTS DON'T LEAK The New "T-S" Niagara Spray Nozzle gives a 15-foot spray. WRITE US NOW the: TIME-SAVING COUPLER CO. Limited 166 Bay Street, TORONTO for their land. This may sound like an e.^ aggeration but it is not. Every foot 0: land that is brought under cultivation re- quires irrigation. Thirty years ago the whole country was a desert but where water is applied, horticultural results are wonder- ful. In peaches, watermelons and many citrus fruits. North Yakima can surpass any portion of British Columbia. In apples, pears, plums and cherries many sections of the Canadian province are superior, this being more noticeable in the case of the non-irrigated districts. Around North Yakima the grading and packing of fruit has been made a science, the result of 10 or 12 years of hard earned experience. Hundreds of growers are now reaping the reward of years of patient work. The farmers are the aristocracy and the merchants and bankers take to the back- ground. What has been accomplished in North Yakima within the past 20 years will be duplicated in many parts of British Col- umbia before another 20 goes by. Four Canadian farm and home publica- tions for $2.00. Read our "Big Four," offer on another page of this issue. Send us two new subscriptions to Tin Canadian Horticulturist and secure a 14 kt. Gold Fountain Pen, guaranteed, as a premium. We want more subscribers. New sub- scriptions for The Canadian Horticultur- ist are coming in as fast as we can attend to them, but we want them to come faster still. We will work faster. We want to make The Canadian Horticulturist the best horticultural journal in America. The more subscribers we have, the better paper we will be able to publish. Our friends can help us. Spray for Gain BY USING GRASSELU'S ARSENATE =OF LEAD= DESTROYS ALL LEAF -EATING INSECTS fl To destroy SAN JOSE SCALE and all scale insects, use GRASSELLI'S LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION. q To control FUNGOUS DISEASES use GRASSELLI'S BORDEAUX MIXTURE. fl If interested in an insecticide and fungicide combined in one article, use GRASSELLrS BORDEAUX-LEAD ARSENATE MIXTURE. *| Prices and information gladly furnished. Send orders to Robert Thompson, President St. Catharines Cold Storage Company, St. Catharines, Ont., who will make prompt shipment. THE GRASSELLI MAIN OFFICE - NEW YORK, N.Y. 60 Wall Street DETROIT, CHICAGO, ILL. I 17 MtchiRan Street CHEMICAL CLEVELAND, O. BOSTON. MASS. 90 Commercial Wharf MICH. ST. LOUIS. MO. 1 1 2 Feny Street AND IN OTHER PRINCIPAL CITIES CO. PROTECT YOUR CROPS BY SPRAYING VREELAND'S ELECTRO ARSENATE OF LEAD HAS NO EQUAL Spray your Orchard and Field Crops with the Strongest and Safest Arsenical Insecticide 25 % STRONGER Than the .Best Other Makes. It won't burn. The average per cent, of Arsenic and Water is printed on the Label— 20 % AS2O5 40 % Water RECOMMENDED BY THE BEST AUTHORITIES Kills Potato Bugs, Codling Moth, Tussock Moth, Canker Worm, Elm Leaf Beetle. Tobacco Worm, and all other Leaf Eating Insects The Vrcdand Chemical Co. LITTLE FALLS - NEW JERSEY NATIONAL DRUG AND CHEMICAL CO. CANADIAN AGENTS, TORONTO May, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 117 POULTRY DEPT. The season is now sufficiently advanced to be able definitely to decide to what ex- tent hatching operations shall take place. Nothing will be gained by postponing the decision. Good hatches should be obtained without difficulty ; in fact, the best results should be obtained now with the least trouble. Conditions are perfect for every- thing that makes for a high percentage of fertility. The breeding stock are on the grass runs, getting the necessary exercise for laying eggs containing healthy, strong germs which develop into vigorous chick- ens. The most enthusiastic, but strictly amateur beginner is the suburbanite who has just moved into his summer home. He usu- ally has the chicken fever and has it bad. It may be worth while to offer a few sug- gestions as to the easiest way to begin the foundation for a flock of poultry that will not only be useful but ornamental. Of course, the initial cost has to be consider- ed. At the beginning, we will discard any idea of keeping mongrels. No sensible per- son will go to the expense of building a beautiful summer home properly designed, painted and with neat grounds and then, for the difference of a few dollars, introduce or install mongrel fowls in his poultry quarters. So, we will discuss pure bred fowls and how to obtain them. In the first place, there is the question of breed and then which variety or color of that breed. Every one has a preference or leaning towards a certain breed, and if so, by all means get it. Don't let any one dissuade you from getting whichever you want unless the arguments advanced show that you had through inexperience decided to do something foolish, such as, to intend to buy Black Spanish instead of Black Minorca or something equally unwise. A beginning may be made, a simple one it is true, by buying one setting of eggs and a clucking hen. This may be done at a nominal cost and a very good start made for say $3 ; that is, $2 for the eggs and $1 for the broody hen. The hen should be procured, if possible, in the evening about dusk. Make the nest in a box about nine inches deep and about two feet square. Fill the box with hay or straw nearly full and round out the centre in nest shape and give the hen one or two dummy eggs until sure that she will sit in her new quarters. It is better and necessary to shut the hen in a closed pen or else next morning she will likely have disappeared. If she is sitting all right next day lift her off the nest and give her food and water as close to the nest box as convenient so that when she is through feeding she can see the eggs. If she goes back of her own accord she may safely be given the eggs she is required to hatch. If more than one hen is set in the same room, treat each hen the same way. Give the same number of eggs to each, judging by the number the smallest hen will cover, usually either eleven or thirteen ; then, it doesn't matter if the hens exchange nests at any time for good hatches have been ob- tained from eggs that three different hens had assisted to incubate. After the chicks are hatched the first requisite is that they shall have, before food, access to fine grit or coarse sand, us- ually given by scattering on the floor of the coop, or near to where the chicks are having their first run. After the first dav feed a variety of food, such as oatmeal, hard-boiled eggs, bread and milk and the prepared chick foods. Alawys feed as great a variety as possible, but best of all let the hen have full range in fine weather and no difficulty will be experienced in raising healthy fowl. It must not be forgotten that the hen re- Vbgbimlb'Gi^ve^s WH» ARC rou IMPORTING PHOSPHATE AND AMMONIA WHICH IS A BY-PRODUCT OFF TOOR FARMS or WHICH TOO ARC CXPORTINC MANY THOUSAND TONS ANNUALLY, 'BONCSi AND WHICH CONTAIN LARCC OUANTITICS Or PHOSPHORIC ACIO AND AMMONIA KINDLY ANSWCR THC ABOVE PURE BONE MEAL IS THE CHEAPEST EERTILIZER THIS PLANT rOOO IS ALL FROM OUR CANADIAN SOILS AND SHOULD ALL 60 BACK. SEND rOR PRICES. CTC. ilAMiLTOH Canada. -?Ji. — -^ .C '*M' ¥^^ i5^ will turn large animals as well as small poultry. The top and bottom wires are No. 9 hard steel wire— heavily galvanized- to prevent rusting. No top or bottom boards necessary because the heavy wires take the place. PEERLESS JUNIOR Poultry Fence almost pays for itself in the saving made on fence posts alone. Only half the posts are required, as compared with most other makes of poultry fencine. Peerless Junior PoultryFence is Close enough for Poultry Strong enough for Stock ?ve"r'the ^arde'i?'''Th^^^,^,J, JT"" ^""^ ^^^^ "I"" P?"""*' yo*"" h«85 to tramp JUNToRPoi,ftrvF2n^3oL^£?f ^""^"^^ ^^''X^'^ both purposes. I%ERLES§ juiNiuK t-ouitry J^ence can be used as an all around General Purnose Fenre be sippe'd'' PETRl'^FSsTimmSV''",/'''"^"^ ^'^^§RI^KSSWock f^^^^^^^ uesiippea. fisIiKlviiSb JUNIOR Poultry Fence adds greatlv to the annpar L ance and value of the property it encloses. Write toda? for Frel ^ence Book which tells all about Fences-and how to choose fencfngT kTHE BANWELL HOXIE WIRE FENCE CO. Ltd.. n . ^ Bo. 18 HamUlon. Ont. or Winnipeg. Man. all M52 mW^ ^ ii8 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1909 quires to be dusted with insect powder at least twice during the hatching period. It is safest to dust the chickens also three or four days after they are hatched and again at intervals during the development. In- spection of the chicks will indicate when necessary. In the March issue, an error occurred in the poultry department that changed the meaning of an important point. The word "exporters" should have read "exports." See third line from bottom of second col- umn on page XVII. Be Sure and Workthe Horse HE CAN WORK EVERY DAV If yon nse Bickmore'aOall Coreyourteama can work right alang and do cured of Saddle and Harness Galls, Cnales, Rope Burns, Cuts, Bcratcfies, Grease Heel, etc. while in har- ness. The more work tne Quicker the cure. BICKMORE'S GALL CURE is the standard Reniody for all these and similar troubles. Is excellent forManpeand Sore Teats in cows. Above trade marl; is on every box. For sale by dealers. Money re- funded if it fails. Sample and Horse Book everv farmer should read 60, WIKOATE CHEMICAL CO. LTD., Canadian Dist'brs, 545 NOTBE DAME ST., W. MONTRtAl. CAHADA __ Electricity of Fruit T/ie Canadian Grocer. Some experiments were made in vicinity of Bristol, England, to decide whether or not electricity has any influence in forcing the growth of fruits, wheat and vegetables. In order that the effect might be correctly es- timated, two crops were grown under similar conditions, one with and the other without the help of electricity. Surprising results have been obtained. In the case of straw- berries, on the first pickings 40 per cent, more fruit was gathered in the electrified than in the unelectrified area, which proved also on analysis to contain nearly twice as much sugar. With regard to tomatoes grown out of doors, the early ripening was remarkable, and the yield was 30 per cent, better on the electrified than on the check plot. Wheat in an electrified area of 7,675 agcres yielded 32.5 bushels per acre, as compared with 26.15 bushels per acre in the area not so treated. Some experiments have been carried out in greenhouses also, chiefly devoted to cucumbers, with which the first t<- sults of electrifying was earlier bearing, tli' first month's picking having been found t' yield double the quantity obtained from th( check plot. This great acceleration, howev er, did not seem to exhau.st the plants, which not only began earlier, but also con- tinued to bear much later than thDse grown under normal conditions. It will be seen that if growers can, by means of electricity, place their goods on the market early before a possible glut takes place, much better prices will be obtained than in the ordinary way. It may be asked whether or not the increa.sed outlay on tli. apparatus is justified by the returns, bin at Evesham, where extensive experiments have been carried on during two or three seasons, the growers are more than satisfied. Notes and articles of interest to vegetable growers are requested for publication. We likeTHE C\n.\dian Horticultcrist very much. The only fault we have to find with it is that it does not come oftener. The month seems so long bet'voen its visits. — Mrs. L. Cavena, .Simcoe Co., Ont. . RUBBER „ ^ - & STEEL 1VIFG.CL. STAMPS 93 CHURCH ST. STENCILS TORONTO. SEALS &c PAGE WHITE FENCES Get the Best Ptyles for Lawn.", Farms and Handles. Made of high carbon wire, isalvanized and then painted white. Tougher and strongerwire than goes info any other fence. Get 1909 prices and illustrated hooltlet. The Page wire fence Co., LtMITEO Largest fenceaniiBatemnnufacturcrs in Canada. WALKERVILLE TORONTO MONTREAL ST. JOHN VANCOUVER VICTORIA 233 $65 acts LIKE SIXTY SELLS LIKE sixty; SELLS ran aiLSON OASOLENC NGINE For Pumpino. Crean: ^Separators. Chums, Wash Ma- nes, etc. FBES TSUlI , As^forcalalos allsizef QIL80N MFO. Co. 104- York St. QUELPH, ONT NO-MONEY-IN-ADVANCE. PAY AFTER IT HAS PAID FOR ITSELF. LET US SEND YOU ANY OF THESE SPRAYERS-to try for 10 days, then If you buy, you can pay us cash or we'll wait till you sell your crop, then you can pay us out of the "extra profit." We pay freight. Wholesale dealers' prices. Man-Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer, Sprays *'anythiiig"— potatoesor truck. 4 rows at a time. Also llrst-clasa tree sprayer. Vapor spray preventa blight, bugs, scab and rot from cutting your crop in half. High pressure from big wheel. Pushes cany. Spray arms adjust to any width or height of row. Cheap In price, light, strong and dur- able. GCAKANTEED lOIt 6 i'ULL YEARS, Needn't-send-a-cent to get it "on trial." You can get one free if you are first in your locality. Write now. m^p -Get a sprayer FREE,— After you have tried the sprayer and ■i Ifk k are satiwUed that it is just as we recommend it, send us a list of I llfcb ''P^ names of your Neighbors and we will write them and quote , ™. *i*??'-P"*^® ^^" have them call and see your machine work, and for every Fitz-ALL Sprayer we sell from your list we will credit you with»2.00 or send you check it you have paid cash. ^ ..F^r every Man-Power Potato A Orchard Sprayer we sell we will credit you with $3.50 or send check. ^ ^^.*^^^^^ Horse-Power Potato & Orchard Sprayer we sell will credit you $8.50 or send check. *- -ou.u We do all lorreaponding and seJUng. AU you need do is show Vte. sprayer. Many have paid for their x}n-a]iers in this way. This offer is good fcr onlv the first order fn eacMoriliTv. Don't delay. S^nd The ooi"> >i n- .-ost ran* NOW, Ontario Seed Company, Ltd., 138 King S% Waterlooi Ont. Horse- I*ower Potato & Orchard Sprayer. For big growers. Most powerful machine made. 60 to 100 gallon tank for one or two horses. Steel axle. One-piece-heavy-angle-iron frame, cypress wood tank with adjustable round iron hoops. Metal wheels. "Adjustable" spray arms and nozzles. Brass ball-valves, plunger, strainer, etc. Big pump gives vapor spray. Warranted for 5 years. Try this machine at our expense vnth **i/our money in your pocket.'* See free offer below. Write today. Fitz-All Barrel Sprayer, Fits any barrel or tank. High pres- sure, perfect agitation, easy to operate. Urass ball-valves, plung- er, strainer, etc. Automatic strainer. Ao "■cup leathei-a or rub- ber" about any of our sprayers. Furnished plain, mount i on bar- rel, or on wheels as shown. ' y*' r,n,pon win ONTARIO SEED:C0.. Ltd., 138 Kl^rSt-.-'Waterlw, q^;^"'"''^""'" «»"•»"" Send me your Catalog, Si»raying Guide, and "special offer" on the sprayer nuirkcii w ith an X below. TViHo.i'oirPT- I'otato & Orchard Sprayer* ^^— _Hnrse-Power I*<»tato & Orchard Sprayer* Fitz-All Barrel Sprayer. Naub Apdrbss.. May, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 119 Similkameen Valley, B. C. J. D. Harknett The Keremeos irrigation canal, which has been under construction for two years, is now completed, and water was let in for the first time about the middle of April. The canal, which is more than eight miles long, is an interesting piece of engineering. The water of the Ashnola river is led from its bed and flows by it own gravity across the Similkameen river through a 40 inch pipt which is carried on a brige 400 feet long Its course down the north side of the val- ley is partly through open ditch and partly through continuous stave piping, built up on the spot. Of the piping, many thous- ands of feet were required (diam. 40, 38 and 36 in.) not only as inverted siphons for crossing deep gullies, but along the steep mountain sides where ditching would be dif- ficult and where an open cutting would b( liable to interruption from land slides. The total fall to the Keremeos bench is about 26 feet, and it is estimated that the water will take about six hours to travel the whole distance when carrying the designed capacity. This slow flow will temper the water from its cold state in the Ashonola and bring it to the ochards at a suitable temperature for irrigation. The canal carries 1000 miner's inches and will servt at present, 2,000 acres, but will probably be extended later. The lands served by the canal — all rich level bench land, clear except for a little sage bush — are being rapidly taken up by settlers, mostly in 10-acre plots. That seems to be generally considered the pro- per size for a fruit farm, and people more often undertake less than more. The set- tlers are mostly from Alberta, Saskatche- wan and Manitoba — many of them grain farmers who seek a milder climate and less strenuous employment. Next to apples, peaches — which reach great size and perfec- tion here — are most planted; the early time of ripening — fully as early as in the fruit districts of Washington state — making them a valuable crop. A good deal of dissatisfaction is felt with the provincial governments inspection ser- vice for imported nursery stock. At pre- sent every lot imported has to pass through the ofiice at Victoria, often causing seriods less through delay and injury in transit, as well as extra expense. Even then it ia claimed that the volume of business at the oflice is so large that its work of inspection and fumigation is not always done thor- oughly. Sub-offices at convenient points are urgently needed . Montreal E. H. Wartman, Dominion Frnit Inspector This is the earliest opening of naviga- tion to the ocean in my eight years' stay in Montreal. Soon we shall see our ocean liners plowing their way to our port. One of the first to arrive as usual will be from the Mediterranean with a full cargo of or- anges and lemons. When we see 75,000 cas- es of fruit piled 10 to 12 tiers high in our sheds, we will be led to say that the vol- canoes haven't swallow-ed them all. Grape fruit is selling lower than for years and is gaining its ground in common family use. A friend of mine said he used 20 cases of this fruit in his family last winter. This fruit is very nutritious and it should be generally used, for health's sake, before meals. As apples are very high, trade is slow, bananas and oranges taking their place. Maple syrup at this time of the year fill? a place in family diet. It is made in very large quantities on the Island of Montreal CANADIAN GROWN SEEDS FOR FARMERS & MARKET GARDENERS Dcvitt's Early Sugar Corn Originated by Ben. Devitt. Esq., of Waterloo, about 30 years ago and steadily im- proved by him. It is the table com par excellence^ just what you gardeners want for your select trade, the sweetest of all, very early— white kernels and good size ears. We are the only seed men in Canada growing on their own fields, vegetable, flower and Field Seeds. It is of vital interest to you. Free Package Write for complete cata- logue and free package of Devttt's Early Sugar Com. also give names of your neighbors. ONIARIO SEED CO. PIONEER CANADIAN SEED GROWERS 38 King St., Waterloo, Ont. Typewriters At this season we have a clearance sale of rebuilt and slightly used type- writers. ^ We have a number of Remingtons, Smith Premiers, Monarchs, L. C. Smiths and others at very low prices for quick disposal. Write for particulars and prices. United Typewriter Co., Ltd. Adelaide Street East TORONTO TAKE YOUR CHOICE Secure one of these splendid premiums in return for sending us only One New Subscrip- tion to The Canadian Horticulturist at 60c a year FIVE BEAUTIFUL DAHLIAS Retail value, 70c. (For One New Subscription). These Dahlia Bulbs are all of the best named varieties (no two alike). They will add greatly to the beauty of your flower garden. Or ONE CRIMSON RAMBLER ROSE BUSH Retail value, 50c. (For One New Subscription). These are extra heavy bushes. Three Years Old. This variety is hardy and vigorous and has a wonderful profusion of bright crimson bloom. Send us only One New Subscription to The Canadian Horticulturist at 60c a year and we will send you, Free of Cost, your choice of the above. Both will be sent you for Tw^o New- Subscriptions. It is easy to get your friends to subscribe. Try it. The time of planting will soon be past, so Do It To- Day. Address: — The Horticultural Publishing Co., Ltd. PETEHBORO - - ONT. no THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1909 and in the eastern townships. The law governing this product, making it either pure, or compound, is a good one if strict- ly carried out. Our large steel sheds to accommodate the YOU CAN MAKE MONEY Canvassing for subscriptions to The Canadian Horticulturist. Write for sample copies and our terms to agents. Address- Circulation Department THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST PETERBORO, ONT. freight of our ocean steamers, now com- pleted, at a cost of millions of dollars, may well be put on the sight seeing list of Montreal, and, it is here that the visitor can form a conception of our commercial wealth by the watching of hundreds of cars unloading into the massive sheds the products of our country, and also thous- and of tons of incoming freights to meet our wants. One of the most complete reports on ag- riculture that has been received at this of- fice is the annual report for 1908 of Prof. M. Gumming, Secretary for Agriculture for Nova Scotia and Principal of the Nova =^ WHEN the weather is beginning to turn mild, and there remains just enough chill and uncertainty in the air to demand extra care in the management of a hot house, then is the time the "SOVEREIGN HOT WATER OR LOW PRESSURE STEAM BOILER may be relied upon to keep the plants in a uniformly healthful temperature at a small expense of coal. Write for Booklet TAYLOR-FORBESTrXGuelph Agents and depots in all the principal towns and cities of Canada. ^ Scotia Agricultural College. It contains a wealth of valuable information for the ag- riculturist and stockman. The sub-report of Prof. P. J. Shaw, of the Agricultural College, Truro, deals with the progress of horticulture in that province. Reference is made to the canker worm and the hard knot disease of pears, two orchard troubles that caused considerable loss last year. The work of the model orchards is mentioned and a list of them is given. The report indicates that the future for horticulture in Nova Scotia is bright. There are evidences of a very large movement of manufactured goods this year, especially in lines purchased by farmers. The Page Wire Fence Company, Limited, report March sales as showing an increase of over 40 per cent, more than in same month of last year. Mr. J. H. Wismer of the Port Elgin Nurseries, writes us that he has still a good stock of fruit and ornamental trees, flower- ing shrubs, Norway spruce, Austrian and Scotch pines, etc., etc. His ad. is in this issue, and he is anxious to send you his catalogue if you are interested and will apply. A copy of the seed, bulb, plant and fruit catalogue of L. L. May & Co., St. Paul, Minn., has been received. In it are listed all the leadingvarieties of these horticultural products that are grown in the temperate zone as well as many, novelties. The cat- alogue is replete with descriptive matter and cultural directions. A copy may be had on application to the firm. Some changes have been made in the On- tario Horticultural Society's Act. The limit of the grant to new societies in fu- ture will be $75 instead of $100. After January, 1910, no society shall be entitled to receive an annual grant of more than $800. The request of the provincial asso- ciation that the total grant to the societies of the province be increased from $8,000 to $10,000 was not granted. Get one of our three-year old Crimson Rambler rose bushes free of cost. See our premium offer on another page of this is- sue. BRUCE'S FLOWERING BULBS GLADIOLUS Choice Mixed, 10 for 30c; 25 for 6oc; $2.00 per 100, post paid. GrofPs Hybrid Seedlings, mixed, 10 for 40c ; 25 for 75c; $2.50 per 100, post paid. Bruce's White and Light Shades, 10 for 40c; 25 for 85c; S3. 00 per 100, post paid. Childsi, mixed, 10 for 60c; 25 for $1.25; $4.00 per 100, post paid. Bruce's Superb, mixed, made up by ourselves from all varieties, the best, 10 for 65c; 25 for $1.25; $4.50 per 100, post paid. Groff's World's Fair Collection. Novelties in all colors, grand, 15c each, 10 for $1.20; 25 for $2.50, post paid. New Grand Named Varieties, almost any color, 14 sorts, 20c each; 14 for $2.50, post paid. DAHLIAS Splendid Named Sorts, all colors, Show, Cactus, and Pompon Varieties, 22c each; $2.20 per doz., post paid. Ordinary varieties, mixed, I2c each; $1.20 per doz., post paid. TUBEROSE The Pearl, double white flowers, each 5c; per doz. 40c; per 100 $2.50, post paid. Single Orange Scented, beautiful orange-like blossoms, each 5c; doz. 50c; 100 $3.50, post paid. LILIES Auratum, Lancif. Album and Rubrum, Elegans, Pardalinum, Tigrinum, Umbellatum, Tenuif olium and Wallacei, each 20c; per doz. $1.80, post paid. Write for oar handtomelf illnttrated 100 page Catalogae of Vegetable, Farm and Flower Seeds, Bulbs, Plants, Poaltry Supplies, Garden Implements, etc. FREE. JOHN A. BRUCE & CO., Seed Merchants, Established 1850 Hamilton, Ont. -T^ The Canadian Horticulturi^ 'ol. XXXII JUNE, 1909 No. 6 The Principles of Plant Breeding' Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College THIS is a large subject nowadays. The last seven years have been "fat" years for the student of plant and animal breeding, and it is almost im- possible to keep up with the tremendous strides that are being taken by hundreds of scientific investigators both in America and Europe. Every morning we enquire what new discovery was made the day before, lest we overlook some important advance and fall behind in the onward march of the times, fc On account of the recent discovery K of some of the fundamental principles of fcheredity the plant breeder is now able IPto work with some degree of certainty in the production of new forms of plants. The haphazard guess-work of former days is to some extent replaced by defin- m iteness, and "the breeder may proceed to H build up synthetically, character by char- B acter, the plant which he requires. His ^ chief limitations will be those imposed by Nature upon the variations of living forms." — (Punnett.) It is my purpose to discuss the newer aspects of plant breeding, not from the standpoint of a practical plant breeder, but rather from the standpoint of the biologist who is interested primarily in the principles that underlie scientific plant breeding. In the time at my disposal it is impossible to deal at all fully even with the principles of plant breeding, inas- much as each of the main methods of plant improvement is now regulated by certain principles of its own. The ideas of "elementary species" and "muta- tions" belong distinctly to the twentieth century ; hence they are not yet out of their infancy stage, and no one is bold enough to state how far-reaching the in- fluences of the new ideas may be. Al- ready in many quarters Darwin's ex- planation of the process of evolution is being superseded by that offered by De Vries in his theory of mutations. It is be- coming more and more evident that the principles underlying plant breeding are closely connected with the question of the origin of species and of evolution. Plant breeding may be defined as "the intentional production and perpetuation Part of an address delivered before last conven- tion of the Quebec Pomological Society. The next instalment will deal with the separation of mutations that have desirable qualities. The third instalment will discuss the question of hybridization. of desirable varieties of cultivated plants." The three main methods now in use for the improvement of plants are: i. Continued selection of superior individual plants ; 2. Separation from mixtures of such individuals as show de- sirable qualities, and at the same time breed true to type ; 3. Combination of the desirable qualities of tvvo strains or varie- ties by hybridization. It is plain that all three methods cannot be employed in every case of plant improvement. For example, some plants are propagated by buds ; the crossing of two varieties or strains to form desirable hybrids is a process too difficult and too involved for any person but the trained plant breeder; and, lastly, the separation of new and desir- able elementary species requires such Best in America I sincerely appreciate the able editorial management of our magazine — The Canadian Horti- culturist— the best in America. — H. J. Snelgrove, President, On- tario Horticultural Association. ■ careful observation of a refined order that the average man untrained along this particular line will seldom meet with suc- cess. SELECTION The improvement of plants by the con- tinued selection of superior individual plants has been in vogue since Roman times. Virgil, for example, in his "Georgics," wrote: "The chosen seed improved through years and labor was seen to run back, unless man selected by hand yearly the largest and fullest ears." It is probable, therefore, that our chief cereals have been kept up to a high standard of excellence through all the centuries, by a strict process of selection. The origin of most of our horticultural fruit-pi-oducing plants is extremely un- certain, being lost in the mists of an- tiquity. The importance and value of selection lies in the fact that plants as a rule are highly variable. It is a common matter of observation that plants produced from seed obtained from the same parent may vary more or less widely in size, shape 121 and other characters. Some of the plants will be inferior from an economic stand- point, others will be superior, but the majority will be about the normal. Ex- perience tells us also that if the seeds from a superior plant be sown, the majority of the new individuals that arise from the seeds will show themselves to be superior. In some cases, therefore, the desirable variations are transmitted to the progeny, and by continued selection of the best seeds from the best plants the plant grower can obtain a higher yielding strain of superior quality. How- ever, in order to keep the strain up to this high standard it is necessary to con- tinue the selection year after year, for unless this is done the plants gradually revert to the normal or average of the strain before selection began. It is by adoption of this plan of selec- tion that the Canadian Seed Growers' As- sociation hopes to increase the crop yield of Canada. Although there seems to be a limit to the improvement effected by selection of this kind, (i. e., that improve- ment cannot continue indefinitely, but has a maximum limit) yet the general adoption of this principle of selection of the best seed from the best plants will greatly increase the value of the crops of the country. Sometimes it is possible to force varia- tion in plants which are but slightly vari- able by changing the conditions sur- rounding the plants. For example, it has been observed that high cultivation and manuring will often cause plants to vary considerably, so that the plant breeder is in a better position to make his selec- tions. Budding, grafting and vegetative propagation also tend to bring about variations from which the breeder may begin his selection. There are two methods of growing plants for selection, which Webber calls the "Nursery Method" and the "Field Method." By the nursery method "each plant is grown under the most favorable conditions for its best development." By the field method "the selections are made from plants grown under normal field conditions." Both methods are in general . use by plant breeders, but the nursery method requires more care and attention than the ordinary breeder would care to give to the work. 122 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1909 Dwarf Apple Trees W. T. Macoun, Central Eiperimental Fann, Ottawa There has been a revived interest in dwarf apple trees in Canada and the United States during recent years owing principally, no doubt, to the fact that spraying is now considered necessary to the best success with apple trees, and that dwarf trees can be sprayed much more easily than standards. The success with dwarf trees in America has not, however, been so generally successful as was hoped, although in some cases good results have been obtained. The difference in results is due to the differ- ence in climate, soil, varieties, and so forth, but also largely to methods of pruning, dwarf trees requiring much more care in pruning than standards. Dwarf trees under favorable conditions come into bearing much earlier than standards, fruit being sometimes ob- tained the second year after planting of varieties that usually take six or seven years to come into bearing. As dwarf trees are much smaller than standards the crop is smaller on dwarf trees in pro- portion. Dwarf trees may be set about ten or twelve feet apart each way or even less. Two of the commonest kinds of dwarf stock for apples are the "Para- dise" and the "Doucin," the former dwarfing the tree more than the latter. The "Doucin" stock will probably give better results on the whole in this coun- try than the "Paradise." The Cherry Orchard Wm. Platts, Jr., Pelham Comera, Ont. We prefer a clover sod for starting a cherry orchard. After you have cut your first crop of clover, plow the sod under A- p % 1 ^ i Among the Blossoms Orchard of Wm. Platts, Jr., Pelham Corners, Ont. thoroughly, cultivating it until the mid- dle of October, then mark the ground out eighteen by twenty feet apart. We plant in the fall so that the ground will get thoroughly settled around the roots by spring, so that they get a good start before dry weather sets in. We think that a good one year old tree is the best to set out, because it makes a better start and is more sure to grow. We plant some vegetables or small fruits that take lots of cultivation be- tween thf rows so as to make a good growth each year, until the trees com- mence to bear well. We start pruning about the middle of March, keeping the trees headed low, and plow away from them just before they come in bloom. From this on keep the ground thoroughly cultivated, using the disc-harrow and the cultivator, un- til the crop is harvested. We generally have some good girls and boys to pick them and pay them fif- teen cents a quart basket, using small step ladders, or standing on the ground, for being headed low, there is not much climbing to do. We sell the fruit to our nearest canning factory, which is located near Welland, Ont., two and one-half miles from our orchard. After harvest- ing the fruit we spread manure, and then plow up to the trees for the coming winter. Arsenate of Lead M. C. Smith, Burlington, Ont. Arsenate of lead has many advantages over 'Paris green as a poison to control codling moth or any leaf eating insect. It mixes readily with water and stays mixed with a minimum of agitation. It is much lighter than Paris green ; con- sequently, much more easily held in sus- pension. There is nothing in it to clog nozzles. It sticks on the foliage and can- not be washed off by rains ; in fact, arse- nate of lead will last on the foliage throughout the entire season. It is the safest form of poison that can be used. It positively will not burn foliage of any description, fruit or vegetable. It should be used in the proportion of two pounds to a forty gallon barrel. At this strength it will control codling moth. If canker AVorm or potato bugs were allowed to get very bad, an addi- tional pound could be added with abso- lutely no danger to the foliage. It is advisable when buying arsenate of lead to get a brand that has a guaran- teed analysis of arsenic oxide of at least sixteen per cent., such as the "Niagara Brand." This brand has been used very largely in Ontario and the United States and has given excellent results. It costs from twelve to fifteen cents a pound, ac- cording to the size of package. I would not have any brand of arsenate of lead at any price that had not been fully ex- perimented with on foliage, nor would I buy one that did not have a guaranteed analysis of at least sixteen per cent, of poison. Of late years, Paris green has varied so in strength that a grower is never sure of results ; an overdose at any time is dangerous to foliage. The first cost of arsenate of lead would be slightly higher than Paris green but the difference in the results will more than make up the difference in cost, and it is the best re- sults that growers should look for. Arsenate of lead can be applied by itself, with lime and sulphur or with Bordeaux ' mixture. The codling moth is the most destructive pest that the orchards of Ontario are subject to. It causes more loss than any other, and it is the easiest controlled. A thorough application of arsenate of lead when the blossoms are falling will almost entirely control it. Thoroughness in spraying is the most es- sential feature. Fill in the calyx end of every blossom with poison. Do not try to spare your spraying material. In sea- sons like last year, when the codling moth is very active, a later spraying in about three weeks or a month is neces- sary. What growers in Ontario need to learn is thoroughness. This and arsenate of lead used at the proper time will con- trol codling moth. Forming Apple Trees Editor, The Canadian Horticultur- ist : I read with special interest, the ar- ticle on "Forming and Pruning Apple Trees," in your issue of May, 1908, and I advise the re-reading of that article by lovers of tree culture. The writer of it says truly, "The main stem is the tree, keep that intact," and then contrasts it with the tree that has its "centre cut out" — causes lots of trouble — loss. Ten years ago, about sixty trees of this "sec- ond class" style, was sent me to set out. The Duchess has borne some fruit every year. Some branches split off, and many more would have done so had I not fas- tened the branches together with screws, and wire and small bolts. On reading the article referred to, I began to consider and examine the trees, to find that they had been beheaded, and I had worked along the same lines in caring for them — so-called. It is time that more care be given and more know- ledge be brought to bear on this point. — Peter Barrett, Truro, N.S. To spray effectively, be on time and be thorough. If you want to save labor and expense in caring for the new orchard, start the trees with low heads. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island Horticulturists are requested to contribute articles and photographs for publication in the July issue of The Canadian Horticulturist, which will be devoted in a large meas- ure to topics of interest to our friends m the maritime provinces. June, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 123 Peach YcIIow^s* M. B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge, Investigation ol Diseases of Fruits, U.S. Departn\ent of Agriculture WE have always considered that three annual inspections, when properly made at the right time, were sufficient for finding trees affected with yellows. It need hardly be men- tioned that the important thing about this work, when it is really undertaken, is to find the diseased trees. Their prompt removal, after being found, is a secondary matter, which is to be taken for granted. Ordinarily three inspec- tions are sufficient. In Ontario, the first one should be made in July or perhaps about August 1st; the second one should be made the latter part of August or about September 1st, and the third late in September or even running over into October. If a previous eradication has never been car- ried out, all plainly diseased trees should be removed as soon as they can be noted in the spring. It is always a good thing to inspect a block or row of peaches when they are ripening or about to ripen their fruit. Then the symptoms of pre- mature fruits can be utilized. It is al- ways a good plan to have the pickers in- structed to call attention to every tree with suspiciously large or premature red-spotted fruit. Orchards should be inspected tree by tree, row by row, thor- oughly, regardless as to whether they are supposed to have the disease or not. In 1^ this way, unsuspected cases will often be found. It seems to me that where a severe outbreak occurs, doubling the number of inspections may well be advised. That would mean pretty nearly an inspection about every two weeks from the first of August. It certainly is advisable to make a very late inspection in October so as to prevent, if possible, the disease carrying over another year. The orchardist or inspector is often puzzled over a doubtful case. He dis- likes to condemn a tree for removal un- less certain that it is diseased. To my mind, however, the real doubtful cases which are not plainly caused by some other disease or injury should invariably be removed. One is certainly taking chances of leaving infection behind when he leaves these uncertain cases. It should always be borne in . mind that the re- moval is done for the benefit of the healthy trees left behind. INSPECTION LAWS The best results are to be secured in districts where every orchardist will be his own inspector. No outside man can more quickly and accurately detect this disease than a peach grower in his own orchard. He knows the appearance of the trees on every different piece of land, soif, tjpe and exposure, and keenly re- •Seventh and concluding instalment of a paper read at the conTention of the Ontario Fruit urowera' Assooiation held in Toronto last Norem- ber. cognizes and watches any change of" symptoms which could be attributed to the yellows. On the other hand, it is absolutely necessary, to secure good work in a com- munity, to have official inspectors. The reason for this is that many growers, al- though constantly in the presence of this disease do not learn to recognize it in its early stages, especially when the trees are not in fruit. Furthermore, there are a good many trees in gardens or by the roadsides or otherwise out of commercial peach orchards, that would receive no attention. To secure proper uniformity, therefore, some sort of an official inspec- tor, no matter by whom paid, should be employed. The smaller the unit, the bet- ter. The less territory an official inspec- tor must cover, the more thoroughly he can be expected to accomplish his work. As a matter of fact, only a few or- chardists in my experience have ever done strictly first-class work in eradi- cating the yellows. Many orchards oth- erwise well cared for by progressive and enterprising growers are still somewhat neglected in this regard, and it is a ques- are found, with our present lack of knowledge about the disease, we feel that the only safe way is to dig the tree up or pull it up with horses and destroy it by burning. Perhaps the very safest way of all is to bring dry wood into the orchard and burn the tree on the spot or in the centre of the colony, if there are several trees, without dragging it out. •As a matter of fact, however, there has been so little unsatisfactory experience as to make this seem an extra precaution. Possibly it might be advisable to pull the trees up and let them wilt or dry out before removing from the orchard. At any rate, there seems to be abundant evidence that a dead peach tree, though it may have had the yellows, is not dan- gerous in transmitting the disease. Never cut the tops off yellows trees and leave them standing. Such trees may still sprout out new growth and from the yellows standpoint are still in action. Kill the tree, root and branch, at any rate. Many orchardists wish to use their yellows peach trees for fuel, and, while this is not supposed to be ab- solutely safe, I have seen good results in many cases where this was done. Summing up, therefore, I should say that if you wish to be extra careful con- cerning infection, burn the tree at once. An Orchard That is Kept Well Coltivited and in Good Condition Orchard of Mr. A. K. Sherrington, Walkcrton, Ontario, who may be seen in the illustration mind whether tion in my mmd whether the recent severe outbreak in southern New York and Connecticut cannot be to some extent attributed to carelessness on the part of the growers. I have been through these states every summer for the last four years and have been surprised to see the yellows left so commonly scattered about. DISPOSAL OF DISEASED TREES A word in conclusion as to what to do with the yellows trees after they are found. The main thing, of course, is to find the diseased trees, but when they but if the tree is promptly pulled out and allowed to dry you have probably done all that is possible in killing the disease. Above all, the best advice I can give you is to pull out and destroy every peach tree in the province which shows the slightest symptom of the yellows. If this is carried out, especially if repeated for two or three seasons in succession, all the previous history and experience connect- ed with this trouble points to success in bringing this malady under control. New orchards can then be rapidly planted out 124 THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST June, 1909 and the 'peach industry renewed under more favorable conditions than ever. It is ordinarily necessary to take fair- ly good care of the orchard, at least to give it fair cultivation and fertilization, in order to tell diseased trees. If trees are weak and sick from nitrogen starva- tion, growing in uncultivated and neg- lected weedy orchards, it is oftentimes 'imposible to properly inspect them. On the other hand trees over-stimulated with fertilizers, especially nitrogenous man- ures, m a fyiatosohlw fgtmetwafthmm ures may fail to show the yellowing or leaf symptoms promptly. Notes on Some New Paeonies* WHEN in England last June, I vie- ited all the exhibitions and nurser- ies available, where paeonies were shown and made careful note of those that I considered the most desirable var- ieties— ones that were new to me. Among the many hundreds of good sorts in cul- tivation there are doubtless many as good, and possibly better, than those noted, but any grower wishing to add to his collection can rely on the desir- ableness of any of the varieties in the annexed list. At the Royal Botanical Society's show at Regent's Park, on June 17, the first one at which paeonies were staged in any quantity, the large exhibitors were Kelway & Son, Barr & Son, T. S. Ware and Paul & Son, all of whom had very large collection. On June 19, I visited Barr & Son at Surbiton and carefully examined their extensive collection. Paeonies were one of the main features of the Royal Horticultural Society's show on June 23, and at the Franco- British flower show on June 24th. At both these shows the large exhibitors were Kelway & Son, Barr & Sons, R. H. Bath, Limited, George Bunyard & Co., and J. Veitch & Son. On June 27, I visited the Royal Horti- cultural Society's gardens at Wisley and found a few varieties in their large col- lection in fine condition at that late date. In the following list those that I con- sidered the very finest in color, shape and size, I have marked with XX. Those marked with X, while they appear- ed to me not quite up to the standard of the XX, are still very fine sorts and well worthy of a place in any collection. In the light of my increased experi- ence the list of twelve best sorts given last year in my talk on "Paeonies and How to Grow Them," might be revised and improved by the substitution of four of the best of the varieties in the an- nexed list : Baroness Schroeder, Miss Salway, Ella Christine Kelway, Bunch of Perfume taking the place of Marie Lemoine, Queen Victoria, Lady Lenora Bramwell and Duke of Wellington. AT BOTANICAL GARDENS The paeonies exhibited at the Royal Botanical Society's show, Regent's Park, were as follows: Kelway, — XX, Bunch of Perfume, rich deep pink, large, very •A paper read at the convention of the Ontario Horticultural Asaooiation beld in NoTsmber. H. B, Whytc, Ottawa double, P; Dorchester, blush, very fine; Duchess of Teck, creamy white to pink, guard petals large, very fine ; Ella Christine Kelway, extra fine pink, very large, flat, large petals, P ; Miss Salway, white primrose guard, large, extra fine centres, P ; Lady Ester Smith, white guard, cream centre, a few large petals in centre; Mr. Manning, dark crimson, very large, fine form. Barr & Sons — Lady Ardilaun, white- slightly-tipped carmine, very large and very double; Bonaparte, dark crimson, very large, fluffy petals ; Humei Carnea, pink guards, . white centre, large, very fine, P. ; Delicatissima, (Floral Treas- ure), blush, very large and double, P. ; Mad. Calot, creamy blush, deep shape, very fine, P. ; La Tulipe, white, faintly tipped carmine, very fine shape, P. ; Al- bert Crousse, clear pink, very large, very double. Kelway— X, Sainfoin, rich, deep pink, semi-double; Hailam, crimson, large and very double ; Limosel, deep pink, very double, good size, P ; Baroness Schroeder, pale pink to cream, large guards, medium size, P ; Portia, as fes- tiva maxima with a shade of blush ; Sir M. Singe, deep crimson — ball shape — very fine. Barr & Sons — Countess of Clancarty, very fine, pure white, P ; Gloire de Patrie, very large, deep pink, P ; Lord Roseber- ry, fine shade of pink ; Leonie, pale pink, medium size, fine shape and color, P ; Triomphe de Paris, creamy, with a shade of pink, large guards, Alba Su- perba, white cream centre, good size. barr's nurseries Marshall McMahon, light crimson, large; Eugene Verdier, pale pink, semi- double, shaded salmon ; Washington, silery pink; Snowball, white — large guards ; Silenus, silvery pink ; Gen. Cav- aignac, rosy silvery pink, shaded clear pink, P ; Charles Verdier, dark rosy ; Duchess of Nemours, white to faint primrose, P; Mistress Parkinson, laven- der pink, fine form ; Duchess of Suther- land, pink, good color and shape, med- ium size, P. KEW GARDENS L'EIegance, rosy pink, good, P; Lady Carrington, blush to white, P ; Mons Dupont, very like La Rosiere, very fine. ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Kelway — XX, Sir George White,. very large, rosy pink ; Rev. W. Wilks, very large, pink; Lady Romilly, as Md. D'Hour, rather deeper pink ; Marie d' Hour, rosy pink, very fine ; Mons. Roussilon, very large, dark blush, P ; X, Lottie Collins, very large, light crim- son, semi-double, yellow anthers ; Lord Cromer, large, rosy pink ; Duke of Dev- onshire, light crimson, yellow centre. FRANCO-BRITISH EXHIBITION R. H. Bath— XX, Mons. C. Leveque, extra fine blush, P; Enchantress, very pale blush; Claude Loraine, extra large pink, good form ; Edmond About, extra fine pink, streaked Carmine ; X. Marie, very pale blush ; Gismonda, pink, very large; Mad. Hutin, very double pink, centre nearly white, ball shape. R. H. S. GARDENS AT WISLEV XX, Viscount de Fonceville, very large pink, fine form ; Mde. D. Galhau, very large pink,' extra fine; X, De Can- dolle, rosy pink, fine shade ; Felix Crousse, dark, rosy red, ball shaped. REVISED LIST OF BEST TWELVE PAEONIES Md. D'Hour — Very large, free bloom- er, flesh color, tipped carmine. M. Jules Elie — Silvery pink, very large. La Rosiere — White, yellow centre, semi double, remarkably free bloomer, very sweet. Festiva Maxima — Very fine, white- ' tipped carmine. Floral Treasure — Soft rose, fragrant, free bloomer. Asa Gray — Salmon pink, very large, free bloomer. Claire Dubois — Light rose, very large, free bloomer. Ella Christine Kelway — Extra fine pink, very large, flat, large petals, sweet. Baroness Schroeder — Pale pink to cream, large guards, perfumed. Miss Salway — White, primrose guards, 3arge, very fine centre, perfumed. Bunch of Perfume — Rich, deep pink, large, very double, perfumed. Rubra Superba — Purplish crimson, very free bloomer. Try something new in the garden. The July issue of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist will contain a number of articles that deal with fruit growing in the maritime provinces. Send articles and photographs for publication in that Ji umber. June, 1909 THE CANADIAN H 0 E T I C U L T U E I S T 125 Cyclamen for the Amateur's Greenhouse A. Alexander, Hamilton. CYCLAMEN Persicum giganteum has been brought to such perfec- tion in coloring and size of bloom, of late years, that it is one of the and I am fonder of them than ever. I will relate my experience of last year with 100 seeds for which I paid one dollar. It was said to have been saved Cyclamen Plants One Year from Seed Conservatory of Mr. A. Alexander, Hamilton most desirable flowering plants for winter and spring use in the ama- teur's greenhouse. I have grown the cyclamen from seed for many years, from a very fine collection, and the re- sult proved the claim. In the first week of February, 1908, I sowed the one hundred seeds in a seed A Partial View of the Miller Greenhonte Disaiter in Toronto The accompanying illustration gives a slight idea of the wreck caused by the boiler explosion at Miller & Sons, large commercial growers of flowers and plants, Toronto, recently. The pile of bricks in the centre of the picture are from the wrecked chimney. The ends of two of the boilers can be easily seen. The boiler that exploded was connected to the pipe that protrudes from the ground in the lower right hand corner of the picture. The head of the boiler, weighing one ton, was blown 1,000 feet away. The centre course of the boiler was blown 300 feet away. Another part of the boiler was blown into the greenhouses, 60 feet away, and dropped on a spot where one of the employees was standing only a minute previously. That no lives were lost is con- sidered one of the extraordinary features of the accident. The illustration shown was loaned by The Canadian Oasualty and Boiler Insurance Co., Toronto. pan, in soil from an ordinary compost heap, where weeds and tree leaves and the decayed stems of herbaceous per- ennials and general garden rakings had been accumulating for about two years. With this soil, I mixed about one-third of sharp sand. The seed was covered very lightly, and the pan was plunged in the sand of the propagating bed. At the end of May, they were potted into two and a half and three-inch pots. They stood on a shaded shelf of the greenhouse until the middle of June, when they were plunged in front of a bed of tuberous-rooted begonias, shaded by the over-hanging branches of an apple tree, until the end of August, when they were re-potted into four, five and six- inch pots, according to their size and vigor. They stood in a partially shaded place out of doors until the middle of September, when they were placed in the greenhouse, where they began to bloom about the middle of December. I should say that they were potted in the "com- post heap" soil with the addition of near- Cyclamen Two Years from Seed— 73 Blooms ly one-half of sifted old hotbed manure, with careful drainage. Each of the fifty plants that I kept had from six to fifteen blooms, and some of them are still in bloom. The photo of the young plants was taken in April of this year." To give some idea of the size of the blooms, I measured the lobes of the corolla and found them to be two and three-quarters Inches in length. Sometimes I keep two or three in a growing condition for another year. One of these is shown on this page. It had seventy-three pure white blooms at the end of March when it was photographed, being then about twenty-eight months from the time of sowing. I would recommend sowing the seed two months earlier than I did last year ; then, larger plants and more bloom would be secured. I had every tint, from the purest white to the deepest crimson. I think that every seed must have ger- minated. 'A weed is a plant out of place. " 126 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1909 MY roof garden is planted in boxes of various sizes, ranging from one foot deep and wide by about eight feet long for the tops of the walls and from three feet deep and wide to eight feet square and one and a half deep, placed to the best advantage according to the topography of the roof. The fern boxes are constructed with net wire semi-circle fronts, moss being placed in the netting before the boxes are filled with earth, the green moss effect showing in front adding much to the beauty of the receptacles. Wire netting about four feet high runs completely around the tops of the walls, attached to uprights from the boxes, making an enclosure about eighty feet long by twenty-two feet wide. Slat wooden walks are laid on the gravel roof, a verandah erected at a suitable location, and the boxes inter- spersed here and there, makes the whole when in bloom an ideal picture, wanting only green grass to compete with a lawn garden. More attention has to be paid to water- ing a roof garden than for an ordinary garden, as the roof is situated just where, part of the day, the sun has full play; consequently, the boxes will quickly dry unless daily watering is adhered to. Summer cypress plays an important part in the arrangement and grouping, while castor oil plants add much to the charm- ing effect. Scarlet runners, hyacinth beans, sweet peas, and climbing nastur- tium planted in the outer boxes form an enclosure or floral fence to the garden, while begonia, white alyssum, blue lo- belia, geraniums and other plants, are distributed in boxes variously placed. On one side is a high stone wall of an ad- joining building ; this, by attaching wire A Roof Garden C. D. Blachford, Hamilton netting about eight feet high, has been utilized to form a wall of green by-plant- ing a quick growing climbing vine and when in bloom it is beautiful. Water Lilies A. H. Ewing, Woodstock, Ontario AS far as I have gone into aquatics, no hardy nymphaea seems to be so satisfactory as Nymphcea odor- ata, "VV. B. Shaw," herewith illustrat- ed. It is the most free flowering of any of them, its leaves spread over a large area, it increases and multiplies to an almost alarming extent, is the first to get into flower and is with the last when the frost comes, blossoming the whole season through. The color of the flow- ers is a beautiful clean, rose pink with yellow stamens. Dreer describes it in his catalogue as "one of the best hardy water lilies under cultivation," a de- scription which I can truthfully endorse. From a tuber with one lead, obtained Njrmpliaea odorata, " W. B. Shaw" Grown In lily pond, "Altadore," Woodstock, Ont. three years ago, I had a stock of at least seventy-five heads this spring, the large majority of which I was reluctantly ob- liged to throw on the dump for want of room or customers to give them away to. This sort is, however, essentially a pond lily; it is altogether too rampant for tub cultivation. N. tuberosa rosea is another very pret- ty pink variety, and not quite so strong growing or so floriferous as the forego- ing. N. tuberosa Richardsonii and "Wm. Doogue" are the best whites with me ; the latter is described in Dreer's catalogue as "of a pleasing shell pink color," but it comes white here. N. Marliacea chromatella is certainly the best yellow, is a free and continuous bloomer and a vigorous grower, although it does not mdke a very large spread. For a distinct crimson, "James Brydon" "takes the cake"; it is a free bloomer and would be just as desirable in a tub as in the pond. There are many other varieties but the capacity of one's space and pocket is limited. The pond under my care has a capacity of twenty-four nymphaeas, and there are twelve varieties. It is very pleasant to note the increas- ing interest that is being taken in aquat- ics. As their cultivation is very simple, and their preservation through the win- ter very easy, it may be safely predicted that many present frog ponds will soon be "things of beauty and a joy for- June, 1909 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 127 Aster Seeds for the Saving Max Moineau, Toronto HAVING noticed the difference of opinion existing between Mr. W. Norman, of Elmira, Ont. , and Mr. Charles J. Fox, of South London, regarding the saving of aster seeds, I should like to give my own experience, from the amateur point of view. I in- variably save my own seeds, but only from flowers that particularly please me. I select a few of my very best blooms, strip the plants of all but three or four buds, and these I cover with cheese cloth to prevent cross fertiliza- tion by insects. The flower attains full development before the pollen is ripe, and I can easily pass judgment upon it before there is danger of accidental cross fertilization. I'f I wish to cross a variety, I cover the two varieties which I have selected for the purpose, and when the anthers burst and shed their pollen, I use a camel's hair brush, filling it with the pollen of one flower and dusting it over the stigma of the other ; the one I have crossed I keep covered with cheese cloth. My flowers always come true, and I have originated several new varieties, which I consider as fine as any that I have seen. This year I have in my hotbed some beautiful plants, the greater number of which were started from my own see'ds. I have others, however, which I bought. I always buy the newest varieties with which to experiment, but at present the best looking plants I have are from my own seed. I quite agree with Mr. Fox that, if flowers are not protected, the bees will cross them ; but, by covering them as I do, I get them true to type. Besides, after gathering the seeds, I make a careful selection, keeping those only that are the best developed. Among the many that I have bought, I have never seen as uniform a collection as I get from my own gathering and selec- tion. I maintain that if one is careful enough, he can have finer seeds, and better flowers from his own collection cent, of good plants and well developed flowers. What the aster really needs, for the proper development of seeds, is the best of attention with the cultivator and plenr ty of fertilizer. Hardwood ashes, admin- istered about the end of July, makes a wonderful improvement. * I have practiced saving my own seed for several years and, whenever I cover the flower in time, I have not been dis- appointed. This covering must be done before the pollen ripens, or it will be of than can be secured from many of those that he buys. I have bought seeds which, from a whole package, have pro- duced only six or seven plants, and per- haps only one of them true to type. My own seeds have produced ninety-five per M..wm.- sm\ ff\^\ '.V ' ftMM • n.i A Pond of Natural Origin That Hat Been Beantified by Artificial Means On grounds of Mrs. Donnelly, Cobourg, Ontario no avail. I do not know what method the commercial grower adopts, but I should think that where large fields of asters, of many varieties, are grown in the open, the danger of cross fertiliza- tion would be greater than where an ama- teur protects his seed by covering. Mr. Fox states that "Each color is grown separately. Every plant showing the slightest signs of a wrong color is de- stroyed." This method may be neces- sary among commercial growers, but if the amateur, after making his selection of a seed flower, uses the covering meth- od, he can have true seeds, and better seeds, at a smaller cost, with less dis- couragment, and without the ruthless destruction of other varieties. For amateurs, I am an advocate of saving seed from the best of their fav- orites, but I would not confine them to this method alone. Look the catalogues over for the latest novelties, secure only the best from the most reliable grow- ers, and study the improvement, by cross- fertilization, of old favorites. Herein lies the greatest fascination. Old Englith Landscape Art Applied to the Adornment of a Home in Canada " Hamilton House," Cobourg, Ont,, the summer residence of Mrs. C. B. Tr&cy, New York City, and formerly of Hon. Sidney Smith, a postmaster general of Canada in pro-confederation days. Here, King Edward VII (then the Prince of Wales) lived during his threc'days stay in Cobourg in 18B'>. The gardens are laid out In formal stylo with terraces, sunken flower bods, hedges, arbors, closely trimmed evergreens, and so forth. As a general rule, it is best for ama- teur gardeners to steer clear of fancy flower beds. Unless given great care and attention, they will not be satisfactory. 128 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1909 Some Notes on The Dahlia J. Cavers, Oakville, Ontario THE culture of dahlias is almost as simple as the growing of pota- toes. Existing varieties are pro- pagated by division of the tubers, by cuttings and, to a limited extent, by grafting. New varieties are obtained from seed. The buds, or eyes, are in the neck of the tuber, not in the body of it, as in the potato. The tuber may be . divided into as many pieces as there are eyes, care being taken to have a good sized piece of tuber for each eye, for the first nourishment of the young plant. Cuttings made from the growing wood are readily rooted in sand with bottom heat. Do not plant a dahlia tuber — or any tuber or bulb — in contact with manure. The following are conditions from which good results may be expected, — open sunlight, a free circulation of air, a plentif il supply of moisture, and a good loamy soil, well pulverized and not too rich in nitrogenous plant food. Give each plant about ten square feet of sur- face. The tubers start to bud before it is desirable to plant. If these be placed in a strong light, — not in direct sunlight, — and protected from frost, the buds will develop slowly and make strong plants for setting out. Training of the growing plant is desir- able, and the most approved method is known as "the single stem branching sys- tem." The chief feature of this system is to prevent the plant from making a main trunk, and the method is simple. When the young shoots appear, remove all but the strongest one. Allow this one to grow until two pairs of leaves have been developed, then pinch back the main stem, or leader, to the upper pair of leaves. This will give a short single stem with four long branches close to the ground. A similar pinching back of the leading stem of each of these four branches may be made. The effect of this system of training is to give low- set, symmetrical and widely-branched plants that will withstand high winds without being tied to stakes. Another desirable result is that the first imper- fect, short-stemmed flowers that are formed on many varieties under the or- dinary system are avoided and, under the syslem recommended, finer flowers are produced on long stems, well sup- lied with foliage. The dahlia is a late blooming plant. It will not give satisfactory results from forcing or from too early planting. The finest blooms, and these are the chief consideration with amateurs, are devel- oped in September, the season of long, cool, dewy nights. Planting from the I St to isth June in Ontario will proba- bly give in an average season better re- sults than earlier planting. Two or three days after the first kill- ing frost, the stems should be cut off, the tubers carefully lifted, and allowed to dry in the sunshine, after whch they may be stored in sand in a cool, but frost- proof cellar, care being taken that the moisture does not collect and remain in the crowns of the tubers. Such moisture will almost invariably produce rot. Dandelions in Lawns Dandelions, narrow-leaved plaintains, docks and weeds of that class can scarce- ly be gotten rid of except by spudding, and unless this operation is performed killing young dandelion plants. A twen- ty per cent, solution of sulohate of iron is used. Dissolve two pounds of sul- phate of iron in a gallon of water, stir- ring with a stick to hasten solution. Ap- ply with a hand sprayer. Use one gal- tion of this solution to one square rod of greensward. A second application may be necessary. The grass will be blackened and appear killed but in a week or so it will recover and grow with increased vigor. Old dandelion plants cannot be killed by spraying. On these apply dry sulphate of iron to the heart of the old plant. If this is repeated once or twice, it will kill the old plants. Where the lawn is large and the dande- lions plentiful, either of the foreeoing operations may require too much time .:.^- ''■-■'■: ^^ ^. '' ■ ^'i^ ■Hi *^^ - ' ;>'] '^ .-■ ^mm. mi^^ ^m ^^^&*^ y.,- ^ ,...4fev.^ r.s.'-.A-^0 ^ . ■'^^t 4^^ ' . /^ • Pr^- '\^-\-:^ f^r ^ •" .' \M^- 'F?sS w- ■•^■.v^ ■ -r-. vfi S Wi ^ ' ". \:;....- '^~ ilHHK^'^'. ' ;9I^I •■»>•», ^ 4/, ■ : A Well Planted Perennial Border is Beaotiful from Beginning to End of Seaion. The one illustrated was taken at "Dunain," the residence of Mr. Barlow Cumberland, Port Hope, Out. when the weeds are young, it may not be satisfactory, especially in the case of old dandelions. A spud may be pur- chased at a hardware store or from seedsmen. Run the instrument (which resembles a wide screw driver or chisel) downward alongside of the root to loosen the soil so that it may be pulled out whole. Except in the case of young dandelion roots, do not be content with simply cutting off the plant below the surface of the soil. After using the spud, immediately use a pounder to fill up the holes that otherwise would af- ford lodgement for seeds that are blow- ing about freely. These spots may also be sown with grass seed to advantage. Dandelions may be treated with chemicals but where they are very preva- lent the process is slow. A few drops of sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol) poured on the crown of each plant usually will kill them. Spraying is also advocated for and expense. In such cases the only thing to do, is to dig or plow up the turf, and make the lawn over again. Weeds are more plentiful on thin lawns than on those that are thick and velvety. By improving the turf, by means of fertilizing and additional seed- ing to thicken it most weeds will disap- pear. Keep the mower going, as it will do much towards keeping down most weeds. From England comes a suggestion for the conversion of the home greenhouse into a swimming tank when flowers will not grow. During the summer months the greenhouse often is idle. Use lime and cement for floor and sides and turn it into a pleasure place. The water. may be warmed, if necessary, by the pipes that are used in winter for greenhouse purposes. La^vn and Garden Hints for June THE lateness of the season this year has kept garden crops backward. Seeds that were put in the ground a month and more ago are in many in- stances barely showing through the ground. The wet weather last month may have rotted some kinds of seeds and, therefore, may necessitate reseeding. Plants started too early, that have been injured, may need replacing. Warm weather this month will bring things on rapidly. Watch the weeds and cultivate the garden frequently. Stirring the surface soil, even if it is ap- parently clean, will destroy many young weeds that have started to grow in the soil. Sometimes young vegetable plants find it difficult to break their way through the surface of the dry soil and are either delayed in appearing or killed. To pre- vent this condition, it is well to soften the soil by means of watering. Apply water also when needed by growing plants. Do not allow anything to suffer from drought. Plant sweet corn, cabbage and cauli- flower. For a small garden, buy plants of the two latter rather than attempt to grow them from seed. Be sure and have a variety of crops for salads and garnishes. The best of these is lettuce. It is easy to grow ex- cept during the heat of summer, and even then, it will prove successful, if shaded and watered and grown care- fully. Other crops of these classes, some of which should be in every amateur's garden, are parsley, endive, cress, chic- ory, mustard and corn salad. When danger of frost is past, sow seeds of such tender plants as melons, cucumbers and squash. Sow plenty of seed and do not thin out the seedlings until the insects have a chance to do their work. Keep young plants covered with some good insecticide. The use of lime or road dust also is useful for this purpose. Thin out the onions, beets, carrots, parsnips and others that require it. The more space that is given to these crops, the larger they will grow, but better quality is had by allowing the plants to stand fairly closely together and thereby keeping them on the small side. WITH THE FRUITS Cultivate the newly-set strawberry plants and nip off all blossoms that ap- pear. Replace any plants that have died. Some radish or lettuce may be grown this month between the straw- berry rows. They will be off long be- fore the strawberries need the space. Pick the berries from the fruiting patch every day or two so that they will always be fresh and none of them will go to waste. To have clean fruit 09 fruit trees they must be sprayed. By this time, the op- eration should have been performed at least once, and better twice. Spray again immediately after the blossoms fall, particularly for the codling moth of the apple. Few amateur gardeners possess a spray pump of any kind other than pro- bably a little one for bucket attachment. Most home gardens are too small to warrant the purchasing of a large spray pump. The results of one season's spraying, however, would amply prove that it will pay three or four neigh- bors to get together and purchase a barrel pump jointly. To have large fruit of the best quality A Home-GrowB Lemon The tree on which this fruit grew is owned by Mrs. Geo. Kerslako, Luniley. Ont. The fruit weiglied 1} pounds and n»easured 8| inches from base to apex and X.'> inches around horizontally. The photoghaph was taken by Mr. Jos. Senior, Exeter, Ont. on our trees, it is necessary to thin the fruit when young on the branches. Re- move enough fruits so as to leave those on the branches about six inches apart. Do this work after what is commonly called the "June drop." Have you any home-made devices that make gardening easier? If so, seYid a brief description of them for publication in The Canadian Horticulturist, and thereby help others. A drawing or photograph also would be appreciated. the flower' garden Plant gladiolus bulbs in full exposure to the sun. Plant two to four inches deep according to the size of the corms and two to four inches apart in double rows which may be made as close 3S twelve inches in beds or borders, 129 Have a good variety of anr Among the best of them are salpiglf eschscholtzia, scabiosa, schizan mignonette, calliopsis, balsam, zi poppy and many others. Among th( plants for use on the edges of be and flower plants are sweet aly: candytuft and lobelia. During hot weather, water the bed twice a day — at noon and at i The pansy is one of the plants tl not injured by watering under th sun. Give them water when they it most, and that is at mid-day. If your sweet peas were sow trenches, commence filling in. To large flowers, disbud and allow t few of the buds to grow to ma Water sweet peas often. Plant dahlias and cannas. Re; article on dahlias that appears c other page. Get the window boxes ready ai them in position as soon as dan; frost is past. Hanging basket; rustic stands also should be looked^ Keep the perennial border well vated and clean. Pick off all 1 when they commence to die. Keep the walks and drives Keep the mower going on the Watch lawn weeds and use th< frequently. Read the article about in lawns on another page. Mushrooms When and how is the proper tii way to plant mushroom spawn? Thi way I planted it. I dug a trend eight inches deep and in this trer good heated horse manure and dug trench and put the clay from that tr the manure and kept on that way had about eight square feet and the the spawn in (which I broke in pieci the size of a hickory nut or larger a day or so I watered the bed wi- warm water but they did not grow. M., Telfer, Ont. I have had no experience in c ing mushrooms in the open air. of the difficulty of maintaining a temperature and a uniformly pre gree of moisture in open air bed.' climate, I think that any succ tained would be more the result o' or luck, than of skill or mana I would advise the amateur, whf to take up mushroom growing, cure some standard work on t ject, and study and follow carel directions given. Falconer's rooms, and How to Grow Ther standard work. It may be secui The Canadian Horticulturist f postpaid. Mushroom growing is fishing. There is enough um about it to make it fascinating, always profitable. — Thos. T. Weston, Ont., President of the Vegetable Growers' Association THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1909 The Proper Fertilizers um at a loss to know what kind of ferti- is required for different varieties of rs and vegetables. My soil is a light and for three years I have been put- cow manure on it, as much as I could in, so that it is perhaps rich enough that fertilizer. But I do not know plants require lime or ashes or bone- and so forth, and therefore cannot he best results. Kindly give me the f vegetables for a small family garden ;ho kinds of nutriment each requires, you please tell me the kind of fertiliz- lich will best produce flowers. — C. E. ondon, Ont. many cases it is quite impossible 1 what a soil is deficient in without imenting, that is, applying certain zers and noting the results obtained. ;getables and flowers require three fertilizing materials, — nitrogen, horic acid and potash. A fourth be added, namely, lime, but this tuent is generally present in ordin- oil in sufficient quantity, although instances are known in which lime ;en proven to be deficient. Where s lacking, the effect of an applica- may be most readily observed ^h the use of a small quantity on a plot. garden crops, such as cab- cauliflowers, celery, tomatoes, onions, carrots and potatoes, fer- ; ! applied at the following rates (in ' s per acre) have given good re- ; bage, cauliflower, celery : — Nitro- ; n the form of nitrate of soda, 200- ihosphoric acid in the form of sup- phate 400-600; potash, in the form ■iate of potash, 150-250. :s and carrots : — Nitrate of soda, superphosphate, 400 ; muriate of , 140. atoes : — Nitrate of soda, 120; sup- phate, 400; muriate of potash, I ins : — Nitrate of soda, 100; super- ate, 500; muriate of potash, 160. toes : — Nitrate of soda, 100 ; super- ate, 400; sulphate of potash, 200. ill notice that in the case of pota- he sulphate of potash is used in- if the muriate form, iree of the essential plant food in- its must be applied to the soil in the proportions indicated in or- get the best results, but it must jmbered that no hard and fast rule given as to the quantities of fer- to apply,- as these depend upon number of factors over which the jisr has no control. r ordinary conditions fertilizers [ibe applied sometime before seed- ept'in the case of nitrate of soda. fertilizer is very soluble, and, e, liable to be washed out of the ■ore the crop is able to make use le larger part of the application be made after the plants are out. The fertilizers should be sown broadcast either by hand or by a fertilizer distributor, and wherever possi- ble harrowed in lightly. A further com- ment I would add here is that careful ob.servation of the tests on his own gar- den will enable the producer to follow such a system of fertilizing as will give him the most satisfactory results. For flowers or pot plants, it has been advised to apply the fertilizer in liquid form, as the plants have such a small soil space. In some cases good results have been obtained by simply applying the fertilizers and watering frequently. The following quantities per rod have, in some cases, given very satisfactory re- sults : Three pounds of superphosphate, two pounds of sulphate of potash and two pounds of nitrate of soda. For pot plants the following quanti- ties may be tried : One part of nitrate of soda, two parts of acid phosphate, and one part of sulphate of potash. These should be applied once every fortnight or so at the rate of one-half to three- qijarters of an ounce to the gallon of water. In conpection with these last quanti- ties (namely, for flowers) I may say that the experimental work that has been done along this line has not sufficiently demonstrated the exact quantities of the materials to be used and I mention these amounts simply as an indication of what might be tried by way of experiment. — Prof. W. P. Gamble, Ontario Agricul- tural College. The Time to Plant Ginseng Ginseng growers recommend that gin- seng be planted in the fall and not in spring. A number of enquiries about this point have been received by The Canadian Horticulturist. In reply to the question, Mr. J. E. Janelle, Caugh- nawaga. Que., writes as follows: "The spring season in Canada is not the pro- per time for ginseng planting. I would not recommend that seeds or plants be purchased in spring, particularly by be- ginners. Send your orders at any time, but they will be filled only in the fall." The following letter was received from Mr. A. Twiner, Saugatuck, Mich : "Stratified ginseng seed planted in the fall will come up the following spring. When the plants first come up they re- semble newly-sprouted beans, on ac- count of having one little leaf stem and two leaves. During the first year, the plant attains a height of two or three inches. The work of the plant the first year, seems to be to develop the root and the bud at the top of the root, which produces the next season's stem and leaves. In the spring of the second year this bud produces a single straig|it stem which has two or three leaves on it and three leaves to a stem. During the sec- ond year, the plant grows four or five inches high. During the third year, the main stem has three leaf stems with gen- erally five leaves to a stem, and the plant grows from six to nine inches in height. After the third year, some plants will have more leaf stems and leaves and they will grow higher. Last fall the writer dug a plant that was four feet one inch from the tip of the root to the top of the main stem." Location for Ginseng Would it be advisable to plant ginseng in the bush or woods? It is Nature's method. — H. R., Perth, Ont. By planting ginseng in the bush it would ha' e the natural shade, but let us see how it would work out in practice. Let us suppose that a farmer planted 1000 one-year-old roots in his wood-lot and, say, 1000 seeds. Now, nature has the birds and small animals, such as squirrels, to feed. These would be apt to take the larger share of the seed each year, and in the course of four or five years, there would be quite a number of young trees growing in that ginseng garden. We will imagine that farmer arriving in the bush some morning in September armed with a spade or fork to dig his ginseng. I think he would require an axe and pick to aid him to extract the ginseng out of a network of forest roots and bush. The orchard would be objectionable for similar rea- sons. The seeds would be exposed to the same enemies and the fruit falling on the beds would break the plants and the pickers would trample the beds more or less. Plant your ginseng at least fif- teen feet away from trees. Tree roots rob the soil of moisture and plant food. Ginseng thrives better, grows larger and firmer and shrinks less in drying than wild roots. We can regulate artific- ial shade to suit existing conditions. — Wm. Gilgore, Peterboro, Ont. Articles on the cost of growing an acre of tomatoes for the canning factory with profits are requested for publica- tion. The matter of drainage is very im- portant in the market garden, for no soil, unless well drained, will yield satis- factory garden crops. Gardeners in Canada, who have test- ed mulching with straw or other material between the rows of vegetables instead of cultivation, are requested to tell then- opinions of the operation in a letter for publication in The Canadian Horticul- turist. Market gardeners in Quebec and the maritime provinces are requested to con- tribute articles for publication. Tell your experiences with the crop that you grow most extensively. State the condition of the market in your province, and the outlook. Send some photographs of your garden, if you can. mi QUESTION AND ANSWER DEPARTMENT Lowland Raspbcrry~Rcd Canada 1. In a recent issue, I saw the apple, Lowland Raspberry, recommended by an Ontario reader. In British Cplumbia, this variety is known as Liveland Raspberry, sometimes as Lievland Raspberry. Which is correct ? 2. The variety known here as Canada Red seems to be known elsewhere as Steele's Red Winter, Pomme de Fer, Roseau, etc. I would like to know by whom the latter name was given. — Pommier, Okanagan Val- ley, B.C. 1. The Lowland Raspberry is the name for this variety that is recognized by the American Pomological Society, whose decision is taken as authoritative. It is accepted also by Beach in the "Ap- ples of New York." Woolverton's work, the "Fruits of Ontario," gives preference to the name, "Livland Rasp- berry." Like most varieties of apples, this one has a number of syonymous names. 2. According to Plumb in The Cana- dian Horticulturist, for 1895, and to Beach in the "Apples of New York," the Canada Red of Ontario is distinct from the Red Canada of western New York and some other fruit districts of the United States. The latter is known also as Steele's Red Winter. Plumb calls the Canada Red of Ontario, "Baltimore," and Beach, "Roseau." Beach describes Roseau as "A variety, known in por- tions of Ontario under the name of Red Canada or Canada Red, which is said to be quite different from the Red Canada of western New York. Waugh identi- fies this variety as the Roseau of Down- ing, and remarks that it is really an important apple. He states that it is known in some parts of Vermont as the Winesap and that it is the Pomme de Fer of Quebec. Plumb gives Flushing Spitzenburg as its correct name and calls it identical with the variety described by. Downing under the name Baltimore. We have not had an opportunity of verifying the conclusions of either Waugh or Plumb with regard to this matter." The following notes have been received from Mr. W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa : "We have adopted the name Lowland Raspberry, following the nomenclature of the American Pomological Society. It is one of the best summer apples, if not the best, we have grown, and being very hardy, is especially desirable in the colder districts. Following are descriptions of Lowland Raspberry and Canada Red ap- ples made by the writer: " 'Lowland Raspberry (Livland Rasp- berry).— This variety is a native of Rus- sia, and has been grown at the Central Experimental Farm since 1888. The tree is very hardy, and is a strong, moderate- ly upright grower and a medium to good bearer. Fruit medium to large ; round- ish to oblate conic, angular; cavity med- ium depth, narrow; stem medium length to short, moderately stout ; basin shal- low, narrow, slightly wrinkled ; calyx closed or partly open ; pale yellow, waxy, more or less blotched, splashed and washed with bright red ; dots few, pale yellow, indistinct ; skin moderately thick, tender; flesh, white tinged with red, crisp, tender, juicy ; core, medium to large, open ; subacid, pleasant, good flav- or ; quality very good ; season mid to late August. One of the best summer apples, especially for home use, but drops badly and ripens unevenly. Preferable to Red Astrachan in colder districts. " 'Roseau (Canada Red, Pomme de Fer). — Origin unknown. Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conical ; skin yellow, well splashed and washed with deep, rather dull red ; dots fairly numer- ous, large, yellow, prominent ; cavity deep, narrow ; stem short, slender ; basin narrow, shallow, slightly wrinkled ; calyx small, partly open ; fle.sh yellowish, ten- der, moderately juicy, mildly subacid with a pleasant but not high flavor; core of medium size; quality good; season midwinter to late winter. Tree a strong grower and has proved productive in some places, while a shy bearer in others.' " Medicinal Plants I wish to secure some information about medicinal plants t'nat may be grown success- fuly in Ontario. Can Belladonna or Hyos- cyamus be grown here? They are grown in Great Britain and Germany. How about Rosmarinus, Sassafras, Hamanlelis, Lactuca, Mentha viridis, Artemisia, Valeriana, Con- ium and Sambucus?— J.E.K., Lanark Co.. Ont. Atropa Belladonna grows in Europe and in Asia as far as India. It can be grown in Ontario. Hyoscyamus niger grows wild in Europe, Western Asia and the Himalayas. It has been natural- ized in America and may be grown from seeds. The rosemary (Rosmarinus of- ficinalis) is a shrub indigenous to the Mediterranean region and will grow in Ontario in well drained soil if protected. The tree. Sassafras officinalis, grows from Ontario to Florida and may be pro- pagated by seed, suckers or root cut- tings. Witch Hazel {Hamamelis Vir- giniana) also grows from Canada to Florida. It prefers a moist sandy or peaty soil and is propagated by seeds which germinate the second year or by layers. Spearmint (Mentha spicata), m formerly known as M. viridis), is native to Europe and Asia. It will grow in Canada and is propagated by perennial root stalks. The question does not speci- fy the species of Lactuca. The one that gives the sedative, lactucarium, is Lac- tuca virosa, native to Europe. Some wild American species also are gathered for medicinal purposes. The common garden lettuce belongs to this genus. The shrubby herb, wormwood (Arte- misia Absinthium) is native to Europe. It is found here in old gardens and is propagated mostly by division. The medicinal Valeriana is extracted from the roots of the Valeriana officinalis. It is native to Europe and northern Asia but it will grow anywhere. Conium maculatum is a European herb that has run wild in eastern North America. The European elder (Sambucus nigra) is a small tree and may be grown successfully in this province. Yucca Pilamentosa Kindly give some information about the the care of the yucca. — W.M., Oshawa, Ont. We presume that the yucca referred to is the Yucca filamentosa, which appears to be one of the hardiest species. The plants at the Central Experimental Farm bloom almost every year and it is rather surprising that the one in question has not bloomed. Yuccas require a rather warm soil, well drained. A sandy loam soil should be suitable if there is good drainage. It is a good practice to throw a few evergreen boughs over the yuccas in autumn to protect them from changes of temperature in winter. A box turn- ed over them is also a good thing as it will often save many of the leaves and the plants will be stronger and more likely to bloom. We notice that some of the plants of the yucca do not bloom as freely as others, and it is possible that a new plant would bloom in a reasonable time. — W. T. Macoun. Broad Beans Why are my broad beans always a fail- ure? They grow to be large plants, blossom, and then the leaves blight and become black. The pods never form.^R. T. W., Thorndale, Ont. The broad bean or horse bean is af- fected with a blight disease in some parts of Canada. It is more injurious in the drier parts of Canada than in the maritime provinces where the air is moister. In some parts of the country the horse bean is not at all reliable on account of this disease. So far as I know, no remedies have been tried for controlling it. — W. T. Macoun, Central Experimentaf Farm, Ottawa. 132 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1909 The Canadian Horticulturist Published hy The Horticultural Publishinir Company, Limited PBTBRBORO AND TORONTO ;rurei The Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion Official Organ of British Columbia, Oktario QuBBKC, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island Fkuit Growers' Associations H. Bbonson Cowan, Managing Director A. B. Cutting, B.S.A., Editor 1. The Canadian Horticnltnrist Is published on the ZSth day of the month preceding date of issue. 2. Subscription price in Canada and Great Bri- tain, 60 cents a year : two years, $1.00. For United States and local subscriptions in Peterboro, (not called for at the Post OfBce) 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for amounts less than $1.00. 4. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 5. Advertising Rates Quoted on application. Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad- vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad- vertising Manager, 72 Queen street west, Tor- onto. / 6. Articles and Tllnstrntions for publication will be thankfully received by the editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT. Since the subscription price of The Canadian Horticulturist was reduced from $1.00 to 60 cents a year, the circulation has grown rapidly. The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with Dec, 1908. The figures giv- en are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies, and of papers sent to advertisers. Some months, including the sample copies, from 10,000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested in the grow- ing of fruit, flowers or vegetables. January, 1909 9,456 February, 1909. 9,310 March, liK)9 9,403 April, 1909 9,482 May, 1909 9,172 January, 1908 7,650 February, 1908 7,824 March, 1908 8,056 April, 1908 8,250 May, 1908 8,573 June. 1908 8,840 July, 1908 9,015 August, 1908 9,070 September. 1908 9,121 October, 1908 9,215 November, 1908 9,323 December. 1908 9,400 Total for the year .104,337 Average each iMue in 1907, 6,627 Average each issue in 1908, 8,695 (Increased circulation in one year 2.068) Sworn detailed statements, will be mailed upon application. Our Protective PoKcy We want the readers of The Canadian Horti- culturist to feel that they can deal with our advertisers with our assuraui," of the advertisers' reliability. We try to admit to ou..- columns only the most reliable advertisers. Should any subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be dissatisfled with the treatment he receives from any of our advertisers, we will look into the matter and investigate the circumstances fully. Should we find reason, even in the slightest degree, we will discontiue immediately the pub lioation of their advertisements in The Horti- culturist. Should the circumstances warrant, we will expose them through the columns of the paper. Thus, we will not only protect our readers, but our reputable advertisers as well. All that is necessary to entitle you to the bene- fits of this Protective Policy is that you include in all your letters to advertisers the words "I saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticultur- ist." Complaints should be made to us as soon as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has been found. Communications should be addressed: THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, Toronto Office: PETERBORO, ONTARIO. 72 Queen street west . EDITORIAL DISAPPOINTING CONDITIONS The Session of tbe Ontario Legislature which closed recently was not a very satis- factory one as far as those who are interest- ed in the work of the horticultural societies of Ontario are concerned. The Legislature failed to increase the grant to Horticultural Societies from $8,000 to $10,000 as it had been requested to do by the societies through the Ontario Horticultural Association. Thus, although the mefloibersnip of the horti- cultural societies this year will be almost double what it was a couple of years ago, the societies are forced to carry on their work with the old grant which is now so small as to seriously handicap the work of the societies. In addition, the Legislatvire failed to pass a small grant of $100, that was given to the Ontario Horticultural Association by Hon. Mr. Monteith, to assist in carrying on its work. It was understood that this grant was to be continued from year to year. It is true that the grant is a small one, but nevertheless, it is needed by the Association which has to depend on the Government to a considerable extent for its financial support. Furthermore, the legislature amended the Horticultural Societies' Act so as to li'mit the grant any society shall receive hereafter, to not over $800. This amendment will ser- iously restrict the work of the Ottawa and St. Catharines Horticultural Societies. These are the only two societies that so far have been entitled to such a grant. While $800 may seem a large grant, the principle in- volved in this legislation is a bad one. If the Government says that the larger cities shall not receive over $800, it should be consistent and say that the smaller cities shall not draw over, say, $600, the towns $400 and villages $200. After a society secures a certain member- ship it is a very diflBcult matter for it to obtain additional members. Why then should a society be discouraged from obtain- ing additional members by the restricting o fits grant? A feature of this last amend- ment, which is most unsatisfactory, is, that it was passed without any intimation being given to the officers of the Ontario Horti- cultural Association. They should have been given an oportunity to make their views known to the Department. The officers of the Horticultural Societies of Ontario represent the best classes of citizens in the cities, towns, and villages of the Province. They are public spirited to an unusual degree as they give their services in the cause of horti- culture free of cost and often at great inconvenience and under discouraging cir- cumstances. It is unfortunate, therefore, that the Legislature instead of granting the reasonable assistance required to still further encourage the work of the societies has taken action that will tend to discourage and hamper them. JOURNALISM AT GUELPH About ninety per cent, of the students that graduate after taking the full four years' course at the Ontario Agricultur- al College secure positions that demand ability and experience in public speak- ing or in writing and, in many cases, in both. The natare of the positions that are offered by agricultural colleges and high schools, experiment stations, departments of agriculture, agricultural publications and by other employers of these experts, requires men not only well informed in their respec- tive branches of the profession, but also able to impart information in a compet- [mi IS iwd olin!» lick »ffl )biecl oa Haii fcl to nioJ leo. * rains »' ipment «' By oi tilt enpsiia!] jie sen OTOAPOLIS CO., N.S. [—Trees came through the wint- There is promise of an abun- [md a good crop of fruit this few brown tail moth nests ind in this section. — R.E.C. Lloyal. — Fruit trees and bushes [d the weather conditions at Worable.— G.E.C. [UMBERLAND CO., N.S. 'niit trees are not as far ad- this time last year, but show \i of fruit especially the early a. MORELAND CO., N.B. |mit trees and bushes have The prospect for bloom is oitkete' S is, k"- -to**, (anif*'-, lo frost- ,11) to 11'!*^ KINGS CO., N.B. ?niit trees and small fruits, ahes wintered in good condi- rts are good for blossoming ?e crop. — D.A.P. IBBNVILLE CO., ONT. •"ruit trees of all kinds are ondition at pros(>nt. Apples m. Trees that horo a medium are giving a full bloom in [ndications point to a full (lis year. — H.J. 8TINO8 CO., ONT. uit trees have wintered well for blossoms are good, '•apberrios, blackberries and good condition. — A.B.A. TARIO CO., ONT. > dry weather last fall seems to have induced a very abundant formation of fruit buds, and we are expecting to see plenty of bloom. — J.H.H. WBNTWORTH CO., ONT. Fruitland. — There was never a better show of bloom on nearly all kinds of fruit trees. Even peaches, that were reported nearly all killed, have plenty of bloom in many localities; in fact, nearly all. Plums could not be much fuller in bloom. Pear bloom is not all out yet but will be good and the same will apply to apples. — C.C.P. Winona. — Peaches, pears, plums and cher- ries show signs of a heavy crop. Strawber- ries came through the winter well. — H.S. LINCOLN CO., ONT. St. Catharines. — Fruit trees are full of bloom, especially plum and cherry. Pears are not fully opened. Marlboro raspberry canes were badly killed back. Strawberries are good. — G.B.M. Homer. — All fruit trees look well. Peaches are blooming fairly well, also European plums. Japanese plums will be very light, also pears. Apples promise a good bloom. Cherries are also good. — W.H.S. Grimsby. — The prosepects for small fruits are good and also for nearly all tree fruits with the exception of some varieties of peaches in some localities. The cherry blos- soms are very large and same may be said as to pears. — C.W.V.-D. OXFORD CO., ONT. Ingersoll. — Fruit trees and bushes are in fine shape ; practically no injury from wint- er. Prospects are for an abundance of bloom especiallv on winter apple trees of all variet- ies.—J.C.H. H ALTON CO., ONT. Burlington. — The prospect is good for all tree fruits except peaches ; also for currants, gooseberries and raspberries. Strawberries wintered well and are full of promise, al- through the early bloom was blighted by cold. Duchess pears are very full and apple trees that bore heavily last year are blooming again.— W.V.H. WELLAND CO., ONT. Pelham Corners. — Raspberries and straw- berries have wintered well and point toward a full crop. Same applies to all small fruits. In pears, Idaho is good ; others, medium. Plums, Europeans, good in nearly all variet- ies ; Japans, especially good. Peaches prom- ise a fair crop. Cherries are exceptionally promising. — J.E.M. KENT CO., ONT. Chatham. — Plums and pears have lots of bloom as have the hardy peaches. Crosbys will give a small crop ; Crawfords, Elbertas and others of their class, are a failure. Apple trees that bore a fair crop last year have no bloom while those that did not promise well. Strawberries came through the wintsr well. Gooseberries and currants are blooming full. — M.B. BIMOOE CO., ONT. Orillia. — The season so far has been very cold and backward. There is promise of good bloom on all fruit trees. Baspberries and small bush fruits promise very full crops, having come well through the winter. Strawberries do not look well ; exceeding dryness of latter part of last season left them in poor condition, and a few heavy frosts since the snow went off were rather hard on them. — C.L.S. LAMBTON CO., ONT. Forest. — All fruits have wintered well and everything points to the crop being the same as two years ago. — A.L. MACDONALD CO., MAN. St. Charles. — -Trees came through the winter in good condition. Damage and freezing back was less than usual, as far as we had time to observe. Truck gardening is very backward. — D.W.B. KOOTENAY DISTRICT, B.C. Crawford Bay. — The season is very late, Prospects for a good crop are very good.— H.S.G. TALE-CARIBOO, B.C. Lillooet. — The prospect for fruit trees and bushes are not as good as usual. There will be a fair crop of small fruits; cher- ries, about half a crop ; peaches, nil ; apples and pears, about half a crop. — j.S.B. NEW WESTMINISTER CO., B.O. Hammond. — Strawberries promise 50 per cent, of a crop ; blackberries and raspberries, 80 per cent. ; currants and gooseberries, full crop. Plums and apples promise well. There are practically no peaches this season. — ■ C.P.M. VICTORIA CO., B.O. Victoria. — Cherries have suffered where ex- posed to recent cold winds. Bushes on the whole show good prospects. Strawberries, in some places, were injured by winds and frost but in more sheltered districts a good crop is looked for. — A.H.T. Manitoba George Batho The spring has been very backward, but still a very satisfactory one from a horti- cultural standpoint. Three years ago we had an April of warm days with hard frosts at night, which damaged a great many tender — and some quite hardy — things. This year we had the April frosts at night, but the days did not warm up enough to cause even the most precocious plant to bud out, and so no growth whatever occurred until well into May. Even on May 19 the buds of such trees as the elm have scarcely begun to swell, although with the present warm weather they will be pushed out into leaf in a very few days. There does not seem to have been very much damage by winter killing. It is impossible as yet to say any- thing worth while in regard to the prosijects for the fruit crop. Arrangements are under way for another provincial horticultural exhibition in Win- nipeg next fall. Prof. Brodrick, of the Manitoba Agricultural College, has been ask- ed to assume the management, and a com- mittee to work in conjunction with him has been selected. For some time there has been talk of or- ganizing throughout the civy ot Winnipeg a number of cottage gardeners' a.ssooiations, each association to be restricted in its mem- bership to a limited area in the city. Not a great deal has been actually accomplished in the way of organization, but no doubt the starting of such a movement would meet with a ready response as a keener interest in grounds adornment seems to be taking hold of the citizens of Winnipeg year by year. Readers in Annapolis Valley, N.S., are requested to send contributions and photos. 136 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Jun NOTES FROM THE PROVINCES Okanagatv Valley, B.C. Wm. Buttic The peach crop will be very poor owing to the severe winter and particularly to the late spring frosts. In one orchard which I pruned in the first week of April I never saw a better show for fruit buds ; to-day, there is not one to be found. Some of the orchards at the present have from 15 per cent, to 25 per cent, of the peach trees winter killed. Apricots in general will be poor. Plums and cherries will have an average crop. I have looked over one of the oldest apple orchards in Summerland, that of Mr. Jas. Gartrell. I find every prospect for a heavy crop. At the time of writing I am pruning one of the largest peach orchards here. I can safely state that there will not be 20 per cent, of bearing trees having fruit on them. Also I find where irrigation has been kept up late in the fall, the trees, not having a chance to ripen up early enough, have suffer- ed more so than others. nurseries is steadily increasing, they were unable to supply the unprecedented demand. A good deal of interest centres in the strawberry crop. Reports from other dis- tricts indicate that the frost has done con- siderable damage, while in Hood River and Washington it is not expected that more than half a crop will be taken off. Such being the case, the prospects are that the growers in this section should receive a very good return for their strawberries, much better than in the two previous seasons. All trees came through the winter well and only in rare instances do even peaches appear to have been killed. The heavy snow- fall protects the trees and strawberries to a very large degree. Some experimenting has been done with walniits by a few of the growers but so far without success. They appear to be much too tender for this latitude. Kootenay Valley, B.C. Edgar W. Dynes It has been extremely difficult for those contemplating the planting of orchards to get enough nursery stock to supply their needs. Very much less stock was imported from Washington and Oregon than in former years, and although the output of the home Similkameen Valley, B.C. J. D. Harknui Early in the growing season there were many reports of damage to trees in the Sim- ilkameen and adjoining valleys from the un- precedentedly severe winter. As the season advanced, it became evident that there were a good many such cases, but it was also seen that in many instances mistaken diagnosis had been made owing to lateness of spring growth and to over-apprehension of the- effects of winter. It may be said that, gen- erally speaking, trees that h; eriy treated in every way cam sound and vigorous, and whore 1 to do so, it has been possible i finger definitely on the cause, monly it is attributed to keciv>~ tion too late in the fall, 1 young growth so late that ; to endure frost. That the wint ceptional was shown by the fact of alfalfa that have flourished series of years, were killed out a re-seeded ; and as only one crop from them this year, instead four crops yielded in ordinary will be some local shortage of fo was considerable damage to Present prospects, however, at for a good yield of peaches, ap plums and cherries except in a The fruit grower is, or ought anxious over the knotty problem ing than over those of cultivat product he knows is his if he « requisite skill and care. A good knows — the prairie market — ishv output. The really hard problem for solution is how to gather h« distribute there, without incu loss through delay in hauling, lack of cooling, excessive charge men, and uneven distribution the needs of localities. It cai| to advantage by individuals, out properly will require an as complete and a degree of e;| ity as high as is to be found est of industrial undertakings! Saskatche wa j A. H. Hamoii It is a little early to tell just] trees and other shrubs have pass! WHITE STAR-DOMINION ll ROYAL MAIL STEAMSHIR1 S.S. "Laurentic," 15,340 tons S.S. "Megantic" 15,000 tons MONTREAL TO LIVERPOOL§\ S.S. Canada, ]une 12th S.S. Dominion, J I S.S. Laurentic, June 19th S.S. Megantic, J«| S.S. Ottawa, July 1 0th Favorite'steamers for all kinds of perishable cargo, having fan ventilation, cold storage and cool air chambers. (All above steamcrB carry paaaengen.) MONTREAL TO BRISTOL S.S. Manxman, June 1 2th S.S. EngHshman, June 26th S.S. Turcoman, }'■ pr S.S. Cornishman, ^ * WHITE STAR-DOMINION LINE M. A. OVEREND J. W. WILKIN; ND \ ISONJ TraTcUinc Freiaht AmubU MONTREAL OFFICE. 17 St. Sacrament St. PORTLAND OFFICE, ... I India St. Mentioa The Canadian Horticulturist when writing^. GEORGE W. TORRANCE. Fn 28 WaOington St. E.,1 .1 I June, 1909 THE CANADIAN H 0 RTI C UL TUEIST 137 a ill it 11 leiJ m\m ioiitl iccmT Smri ;eof e to itffl winter, but judging from careful examina- tion of the few that we had planted last year, they all appear to be in a very healthy condition. The buds are showing on all of the raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries and currant bushes. The strawberry plants appear to have done very well, and there is no sign of their being winter killed. While we have many favorable conditions in this new country to warrant us in saying that in time a great many varieties of small fruits will be raised here in profusion, at the same time, it takes considerable educa- tion in order to bring more favorable results. The location of the Saskatchewan University and Agricultural College here will no doxibt ^ a great factor in educating people along rticultural lines. each filled this measure well heaped ; two boxes weighed two pounds, four ounces. The man well accustomed to the trade would understand these were heavy weights. Geo. Vipond & Co. has been the only firm in this city up to the present date. May 19th, who has received a full car ; in fact, this firm was the first to bring a car to Canada this season. The trade is a venturesome one, many losses are made by fruit landing in poor condition. So far condition has been very good. Prices have been from 13 cents to 23 cents a box. My personal observation in Jacques Car- tier County of fruit trees show that the winter was not severe on the apple, cherry or plum, although they are late putting forth buds ; will likely do well as we are past the date for frost or will when the bloom appears. The tomatoes under glass at Macdonald College have been ripe since May 10th. The crop is an abundant one, and the quality far surpasses those from the south coming in car lots. Although apples in store are getting scarce, still money could buy 1,000 barrels yet out of cold storage, largely of Spy var- iety. I saw a barrel, originally packed seven months from tree, opened on May 11, that really looked very inviting — solid, well color- ed, crisp ; price asked was $8, or by the car $7, which is quite a good profit to a man who bought at $2.50. It is wonderful how long Saskatchewan G. T. Barley The prospects for all kinds of small fruits Ure good. The weather has been backward but heavy falls of snow this spring put the land in good conditon. The bed of horticultural products, con- sisting of climbing roses, tea roses, spireas. jyringa, carnations and grai^e vines, (a cut of which appeared in your paper last spring), has wintered all right and I ex- pect a fine display this season. This shows Ite me that we can have these things if we wish to take the trouble, and the expense of wintering would not be very much greater than it would be in any part of Eastern ( f«M Canada. irtskii raltir ;i!bt Agi 6t-ii pTokl jtliei Hit in iiglinS re elm ■itatio •idmls lire chew itfiijii Montreal E. H. Wartman, Dominion Fruit Inspector The first car of strawberries came to oui auction room on April 28th. I emptied iveral boxes stamped "Imp. qt." and found Use This Tool-The "Buco" Hand Cultivator "The best garden tool I ever handled."— W. H. C. Nicolson in May Canadian Horticulturist. GET ONE FREE Send us Three New Subscriptions to The Canadian Horiculturist at 60c. each, and one of these cultivators will be sent you. Once use it and you will wonder how you did without it before. Remember, only THREE New Subscriptions. Why not save money? THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, Pcterboro, Ont. , The Proper Roofing For Your Barns You congratulate yourself when threshingf time comes around — your crops are harvested, ready to be threshed and stored for the winter. Are you ready for them? Your barns and granaries are your banks where you deposit the result of your summer's toil. Is your bank in safe condition? A spark from the threshing engine, alighting on the roof, or a bolt of lightning, may wipe out everything. EASTLAKE" METALLIC SHINGLES Will protect you against this. They are absolutely lightning, fire and weather proof— lightning, rain, snow or wind are powerless against a roof covered with "Eastlake" Shingles. They can be cheaply and quickly laid by yourself, and will last a life time— roofs covered with "Eastlake" Steel Shingles 25 years ago are in perfect condition today— "THAT IS OUR GUARANTEE— A 25 YEAR ACTUAL TEST." "Eastlake" Metallic Shingles and our Galvanized Corrugated Sidings will make your barn absolutely fire-proof— much safer than fire insurance. Send UH menfiuromentB of your bani or Kraimry for our eKtimates. Our low prircH will surprise you. " Do you know that wooden roofs and liglit- ning rods cost more than Metallic roofs, with which you don't need llf^htning rods. 'Eastlake' Metallic ShinKles will save you money as well as protect your huildinjfs. Don't de- lay. liOok after your barn.s at once." The PhUoxopher of Metal Tmcii. 1647 ^!igi]Kiiaii&Qai =^ '38 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 19c' our apples will keep if properly handled. The late Geo. Wright of vvanpoos, Ont., brought some apples to market once in Jul}'. Does Twice the Work of a Hoe -10 Days Trial •'Buco"Hand Cultivator docB ' twice the work, of Hoe in less time, less laoor, trouble ; more thoroughness. Digs deeply, extracting weeds by roots. Adjusted to any width for working around vegetables, etc. 4% ft. hard-wood handle* thoroughly tempered best steel Teeth. Simple, durable; lasts a lifetime ; saves its own price many times first season. Sold by Hardware and Seed Stores. If dealer cannot sup- ply you, send regular price, 91.50, and '*Buco" will promptly sent you. Money refunded after 10 days *.Hal if it is not tatisfactory. /-^J be ^uco" Cultivator "Why,'" said buyers, "we have new apples in; yours cannot be any good." He said, "taste them," and they did and acknow- ledged that they were first-class. Now this gentleman had only a good cellar ; temper- atures were obtained by the opening or shut- ting of a window. The other fellow's apples did not keep sowell, because probably he tied his picking basket to a limb and when he got up the tree, 10 feet above his basket, he forgot and said, "well, iney won't hurt to drop in the basket." This fellow's apples rotted in December and he wonders how his neighbors can keep apples the year around. Bailajr-Undarwood Company, Ltd. N«w GUscow. N.S., Canada, Nova Scotia Eunice Watts The prospects for a good fruit crop are excellent. Apples, pears, plums, cherries and currants are loaded with blossom buds. Such an unusually heavy display of blossoms does not always indicate a heavy crop ; the young fruits are more liable to drop unless there is an abundance of nourishment to carry them than when there are fewer flow- ers, and as yet we have to reckon with the June frosts if there are any to come. Spraying is in full swing, and many more orchardists are being converted to the ex- THE KELSEY & has three times as great area and heat- ing surfaces, and more than twice as much warm air cir- culat'ng capacity as any other warming device with the same diameter of firepot and fuel capacity. THE KELSEY System provides for the constant re- moval of all exhaled air, replacing it with large volumes of fresh, pure, properly warmed air, ensur- ing an equable, healthy atmosphere neither super-heated nor chilly. The above are two of the great outstanding facts in connection with the KELSEY WARM AIR GENERATOR The combined result is that Dwellings, Churches, Halls, etc. can be properly heated with an amount of fuel which with any other system would be w^holly inadequate. Qet our Booklet and learn all the facts. The James Smart Mfg. Co., Ltd. - BrocKvillc, Ont. tent that they are buying spray pumps. The past and present conditions have been con- ducive to a good fruit crop. The summer was fairly dry and was succeeded by a mild winter and here we are with a backward spring. Early peas are fit to cultivate. Asparagus, rhubarb, chives, mustard and cress are now very welcome after the long winter, but dur- ing the cold weather lettuce have been grown in greenhouses for which there seems to be an enormous demand ; now, they are being fOl- Do You Get Them All Do you receive a copy of each issue of The Canadun Horticulturist? If you miss a single copy, write us at once. This is the only way that we have of knowing when copies go as- tray in the mail. If you are a sub- scriber, a copy is mailed to you every month. Let us know if you do not get get it. lowed by indoor cucumbers. Farmers make a great mistake by not having an asparagus bed ; once planted, it is good for a lifetime and yields a luscious green vegetable befor* the trees are in leaf. The brown-tail moth has again appeared in Nova Scotia. More than 200 nests havt been taken in Bridgetown. The rush for young fruit trees still con- tinues, and nursery men cannot suppli half the demand. Ornamental trees are alsc receiving their share of attention ; every where there seems to be an increased tend- encyto beautify the homegrounds. When on' man makes his surroundings pretty, the neighbors often try to copy ; this competi tion makes it much better for the neigh borhood. Fruit and Ornamental Trees Small Fruits, English Holly FOR FALL PLANTING Grown in the only part of the Am- erican continent not infested with the San Jose scale. Our trees do not have to be fumigated and consequently dam- aged. Full line of Garden, Field and Flower Seeds in stock grown by the best and most reliable Pacific Coast and foreign growers. Fertilizers, Bee Supplies, Spray Pumps, Spraying Machines. Cut Flow- ers, Etc. 157-pago Catalogue free M. J. HENRY Greenhouses, Seedhouses and Nurseries 3010 Westminster Road, Vancouver, B.C. Branch Nursery, South Vancouver. GET ONE OF OUR HANDY WAGONS! You have an up-to-date harrow, seeder and binder, so why not an up-to-date wagon? You use a wagon fifty times as often as you do either of those machines. And one of our Handy Wagons will save half your loading-labor and time. Strong, substantial frames placed on Low, Wide-tire Wheels. A wagon with low wheels is twice as easily and quickly loaded and unloaded as a high-wheel one. WIDE- TIRE Wheels enable the wagon to make light work of soft soil, as they do not sink in. Our catalogue shows our line of Handy Wagons. Write for it, and see which style you like best. Catalogue also gives full information about our Low, Wide-tire Steel Wheels, which fit any size axle. Lighter, stronger, more durable than wood. DOMINION WROUGHT IRON WHEEL CO., Limited, ORILLIA, ONTARIO ■' June, 1909 THE CANADIAN H O E T I C U L T U R I S T 139 POULTRY DEPT. Conducted bjr S. Short, Ottawa mi Besides careful feeding, growing chickens require attention to see that they do not become affected with vermin at this season of the year. With the warm weather and plenty of good food, chickens make rapid development and nothing should be allowed to interfere with their progress towards maturity. The two main evils are lice and over-crowding. Lice may be cheeked and destroyed by the use of powdered sulphur or any of the insecticides recommended by the poultry supply house. Sulphur is cheap and effective. Dust each chick once a week until they are two months old and after til at if the birds have access to dry earth or mud they will dust themselves often enough to keep down the lice. Putting sul- phur in the dust bath is a convenient way to help keep the birds clean. Over-crowding will be evidenced by some of the chicks not having down or plumage, all being rubbed off in the scramble for the warmest corner. An inspection of the sleeping quarters occasionally is a wise precaution. If the birds are all spread out side by side, though close together, they are doing all right, but if they are climbing one on top of the other, they are cold and trying to get into the inside place usually in a corner. If this happens the strongest or weakest should be removed and put in another pen. In flocks of 25 or 30 over-crowding seldom hap- pens but with half-grown orooder chicks in larger flocks great care must be taken. The leaving open of a winaow or a door a little late in the evening will sometimes do a lot a harm. I remember seeing 14 Leg- horn chicKs smothered to death by over- crowding in a flock of about 20 owing to a door being left open an hour late on a June evening last year and more would have been smothered had the omission not been discovered in time. From experience, supported by the opin- ions of others who have given the subject some consideration, the writer recommends to those who hatch by incubator exclusively, that they hatch the chickens intended for next year's breeding stock by hens. This is a practice that is being followed by most of the careful breeders. It has been found that incubator-hatched and brooder-raised fowl are more given to barrenness or their eggs are more often infertile than the eggs from fowl hatched in the natural way. This is late in the year to make the suggestion, but it is worth remembering for future occasions. Arscnitc of Lime F. T. Sbutt, Chemiit, Dominion Experimental Farms From the number of letters that we have received during the past few weeks from orchardists, more especially in New Bruns- wick and Nova Scotia, it is evident that there is much confusion respecting the pre- paration of arsenite of lime. As a misun- derstanding in this matter might lead to a very considerable loss through injury to the foliage, it is well that one or two of the es- sential points in the process should be ex- plained and emphasized. The first step in the process is the prepar- "That telephone puts my iso- lated farm in the heart of things. I am next door to everybody I want to talk to." That telephone has been a revelation to me. I never thought anything I could put on my farm would mean so much to me in time, worry and money saving. It would have to cost me many times what it does, before I would part with that telephone, now I knowwhat it means to me." Have you ever considered all that a telephone would mean to you on your farm? Have you thought of the many times it would save you a trip to town ? Just think over the number of times you have wanted a doctor or a veterin- ary surgeon in a hurry? Think what a telephone would mean to you on those occasions? If you realize that your time is worth money to you then you will know that MONTREAL Car. Notre Dame and Gar Street* TORONTO 60 Front Street Weat you cannot afford to run your farm without a telephone. Just think it over and you will realize that a telephone is a greater necessity on the farm than it is in the city. But it must be the right telephone. The wrong telephone will be nothing but a source of annoyance— out of order just when you want it. The telephone you should have — the one that gives perfect service day-in and day-out— -that receives and delivers BiMiesMraauie ea UHiru Manufacturers and suppliers of all apparatus and equipment used in the construction, operation and maintenance of Telephone and Power Plants. your messages clearly at all times — that is the Northern Electric Telephone. We manufacture ninety-five per cent, of the telephone equipment in use in Canada. We are not experimenting, we know what is needed. When you install Northern Electric Telephone equipment, you get what has been tried and tested for years and proven right. Let us give you full particulars of how easily and cheaply you can have this perfect telephone service. Write to- day for Bulletin No. 22 16 WINNIPEG SS9 Henry Avenno VANCOUVER f^ 424 Sermenr Stroet 140 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1909 CANADIAN GROWN SEEDS FOR FARMERS & MARKET GARDENERS Dcvitf s Early Sugar Corn Originated by Ben. D«vitt. Esq.. of Waterloo, about 30 years ago and steadily im- proved by him. It is the table com par excellence;— just what you gardeners want for your select trade, the sweetest of all, very early— white kernels and good size ears. We are the only seed men in Canada grow^ing on their own fields, vegetable, flower and Field Seeds. It is of vital interest to you. Free Package Write for complete cata- logue and free package of Devitt's Early Sugar Corn, also give names of your neighbors. OlililRIO SEED CO. PIONEER CANADIAN SEED GROWERS 38 King St. , Waterloo, Ont. ation of arsenite of soda by the boiling to- gether of white arsenic and washing soda (carbonate of soda, in crystals). The pro- portions generally recommended are, white arsenic, one pound ; washing soda, four pounds; water, one gallon. A few minutes' boiling usually suffices to dissolve the ar- senic and soda, and the result is a solution of arsenic of soda. This cannot he used as a spray, as it is strongly corrosive and would very quickly strip the trees of their foliage. It must be converted into arsenic of lime. The conversion of the arsenite of soda into arsenite of lime constitutes the second and very essential part of the process. It may be accomplished in one of two ways, as fol- lows : 1. Thoroughly slake two pounds of good, fresh quick lime and stir into 40 gallons of water; then pour in, with constant stirring of the lime water, one pint of the arsenite of soda solution. The spray is ready for use immediately, as the formation of ar- senite of lime takes place at once. This spray contains as much arsenic as one made by adding four ounces of Paris green to 40 gallons. The above proportions allow for a fair excess of lime, which serves the double purpose of preventing injury to foliage and of making visible the degree of thorough- ness with which the spray has been applied. WITH BORDEAUX MIXTTTRE. 2. This is the more common method as it allows the employment of a fungicide and insecticide in the one spray. Bordeaux mxture made according to the formula used so successfully for so many years (viz, 4 :4 :40) contains a sufficient excess of lime to allow the addition of one pint of arsenite of soda solution to a barrel of 40 gallons. All that is necessary is to simply pour the requisite quantity of arsenite of soda (one 4 FARM AND DAIRY Published Every Thursday (6 Ji ■*■> 09 a 0. THE BIG 4 4 An Entire FARM, QARDEN, POULTRY and HOME LIBRARY of U PAPERS For Only U.OO THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST— It is the only paper in Canada devoted to Fruit, Flower and Vegetable Growing. It 18 issued monthly, is profusely illustrated, and numbers among its contributors the leading Horticultural Authorities in Canada. Its fruit crop reports are a special feature. Subscription price, one year - -.....- .60 FARM AND DAIRY— A paper for farmers and dairymen. It is published every week in the year and is an all round strong agricultural and dairy paper. It has departments for all lines of farm work, including the cultivation of the soil, live stock, and a strong household department. Its market reports and letters from farmei-s are two of its best features. Subscription price, one year ....... Si.OO THK CANADIAN POULTRY REVIEW is the acknow- ledged peer of all American and Canadian Poultry Journals. It is published punctually on the first of each month. Containsfrom 48 to 72 pages choke full of live poultry lore. Full reports of all shows, engravings from life photos, etc. Practical, newsy, down- to-datc. 32nd year of publication, one year 50 THE HOME JOURNAL— A Canadian illustrated paper full of practical, useful suggestions, stories, household, hints, etc., clean, patriotic and equal in appearance to the best foreign magazines. Recently greatly enlarged and improved, one year Sl-00 Total - - - J»?-io Our Special Combination Rate for all four papers, one year, only »ie.0O Why not save money? Send us $2.00 and get these Four Leading Magazines, one full year each, 88 papers in all — litUemore than2cts. each and postage paid. Tell Your Neighbors Address — THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST PETERBORO, ONTARIO 4 H 2,(_ r THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST PETERBORO, ONTARIO Published the 1st of Each Month 4 pint) into the barrel of Bordeaux, stirring meanwhile. We have now Bordeaux mix- ture containing as much arsenic as the "poisoned Bordeaux mixture," in which four ounces of Paris green per barrel has been used. In conclusion, may I further emphasize, the necessity of clearly distinguishing be- tween arsenite of soda and arsenate of soda ; it is the former that is used in the prr- paration of arsenite of lime (just descrih ed), and the latter which is necessary Im making the arsenate of lead spray. Failure to recognize that there are these two clas- ses of compounds — arsenites and arsenates — each with its own characteristics, has fre- quently resulted in loss and disappoint- ment. Secure our collection of five dahlia bulbs by securing one new subscription to The Canadian Horticulturist. Circulars and pamphlets have been receiv- ed from Benjamin Hammond, Fishkill-on- Hudson, N.Y. They tell about Slug-shot and other preparations for greenhouse, garden and orchard use. Write for copies. At the annual meeting of the Fruit Grow- ers' Association of Clarkson's and Lome Park. Ont., the following officers were elect- ed: Pres., L. A. Hamilton; 1st vice-pres., J. P. Stephens ; 2nd vice-pres., John Man- ley ; sec, W. G. Home; treas., W. Clem- ents ; directors., R. Lush, C. Sproule, J. Lightfoot, R. Speck, Geo. Manley, G. Adam- son and J. Pengelly. The various reports submitted showed the association to be in a highly prosperous condition and to be ac- complishing an excellent work in furthering the interests of the fruit growers of that locality. FOUNTAIN PEN FREE. — For securing two new subscriptions to The Canadian Hor- ticulturist at sixty cents each, we will send you, free of cost, a fourteen-kt. Cold Foun- tain Pen, guaranteed to give satisfaction, Show your copy of The Canadian Horticul- turist to your friends and secure their sub- scriptions. FOSTER POTS 'HE BEST MAOt ; FOSTER'S j STANDARD POT Red Pott MILLIONS Now In Use By the leading Vegetable and Flower Growers in all parts of Canada. No Rough Edges Well and Properly Baked Carefully Selected and Packed Made in all Sizes and Shapes Our Large Stock permits prompt shipping of all orders Send for Price List and Catalogue The FOSTER POTTERY CO., LimiUd Main St. West, Hamilton, Ont. Mention The Canadian Horticulturist when writing. Jurte, igog THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 141 Southern Ontario Apples Editor, The Canadian Horticulturist : In your May issue, I notice a letter from Mr. J. A. Webster of Sparta, in jvhich he says, •'To refute the article (previously referred to) which coincides also with Chief Mc- Neill's settled ideas, I will give the history of my apple crop of 1908." I am not sure what 'ideas' were expressed in the article referred to, but I am very certain that in the history given by Mr. Webster he is refuting nothing that I ever said or thought, with reference to southern Ontario apples. Indeed, Mr. W'ebster has done with his apples just what I have ad- vised many times during the last 10 years, whenever I have spoken of southern Ontario, api'les. In addition to this, his results are just what I have predicted if this particular course should be followed. Let us consider the history of Mr. Webster's apples in de- tail. He packed his early apples in boxes and wrapped them in paper. I have been urging the use of boxes for the best grade of fruit for many years (see my Bulletin No. 19) . Mr. Webster shipped these apples in refrigerator car and cold storage chamber. I have upon every possible occasion pointed out the advantages of cold chamber ship- ments, and have maintained that this is the only way to insure uniform success in ship- ping early fruit (see my Evidence before the Agricultural Committee of the House of Commons in 1905 and 1906-7.) The ap- ples arrived in good condition, and sold for high prices. Again, these are the exact re- sults I have predicted for all fruit shipped in this way. Then as to his winter fruit. Mr. Webster picked the fruit carefully (no doubt), and got it into cold storage as soon as he could. Exactly what I have been urging upon all growers of winter apples in southern On- tario. I have even recommended St. John N.B., as a storage point, but any cold stor- age warehouse will be better than none. These winter apples reached the market in excellent condition, and brought high prices. I would have been very much surprised and chagrined had they not done so inasmuch as they had been treated just as I have re- commended for southern apples. Mr. Webster says that southern Ontario apples have high color, good flavor and "cold storage will keep them as good as those from anywhere else." Mr. Webster might also have said that the apples are of good size and that the trees bear abun- dantly. All these good things have I said with reference to southern Ontario apples, in common with Mr .Webster. How, then, does he make out that there is any differ- ence of opinion between us? Mr. Webster has evidently been led into error, and whej next he is told that I have misrepresented the good qualities of southern Ontario ap- ples let him ask for date and page, and he will find that these cannot be given. Once more let me express my opinion that southern Ontario can grow as large, as highly flavored and as highly colored apples as can be grown anywhere in Canada, and that the best grades of these apples can be handled with perfect success with the help of cold storage if they are wrapped in paper and packed in boxes just as Mr. Webster has done. This surely will set at rest any insinuation of my want of appreciation of southern Ontario, the orchards of which I have been familiar with all my life. — A. McNeill, Chief, Fruit Division, Ottawa. 2^1 SHOE POLISH Tha Perfect Dressing for Ladies' Shoes. Preserves the finest leather and gives a brilliant polish that will not rah off or soil the daintiest garments. No dealer careful of his reputation will say anything else ia as good. At all Dealers lOc. aaa 25c. tins RUBBER &. STEEL MFG.Ci,,. STAMPS Letters on any horticultural topic ane re- quested for publication. ■-'^^ 93 CHURCH ST. " ^. TORONTO. STENCILS SEALS &.C ¥^^ ^^ will turn large animals as well as small poultry. The top and bottom wires are No. 9 hard steel wire— heavily ealvanized-to prevent rusting. No top or bottom boards necessary because the heavy wires take the place. PEERLESS JUNIOR Poultry Fence almost pays for itself in the saving made on fence posts alone. Only half the posts are required, as compared with most other makes of poultry fencing. Peerless Junior PoultryFence is Close enough for Poultry Strong enough for Stock Don't let your chickens eat your hog feed nor permit your hogs to tramp all over the garden. The same fence serves both purposes. PEERLESS JUNIOR Poultry Fence can be used as an all around General Purpose Fence. The wires are held together by the famous PEERLESS lock that cannot be slipped. PEERLESS JUNIOR Poultry Fence adds greatly to the appear- ance and, value of the property it encloses. Write today for Free Fence Book which tells all about Fences-and how to choose fencing. kTHE BANWELL HOXIE WIRE FENCE CO. Ltd., Box 18 Hamilton, Oat. or Winnipeg, Man. .^ M5SS s^^ 142 THE CANADIAN HOETI C ULTURIST June, 1909 DonlTTirowifAvi ENDETS 'tIht mi>lls,Hlnn. I T Get one of our Fountain Pens. Export Apples in Boxes Editor, The Canadian HoRTictrLTTJRiST : From my observations in Great Britain, I believe that the best way to sell Ontario apples is to take them there and market them personally and stand behind every box and replace every box not satisfactory on seeing it yourself. Open and examine every box complained of. Sell faulty boxes for what they are worth, and set your price on every perfectly packed box, the top market price. The auction system of Liverpool deserves the highest commendation. I would not say that it cannot be improved, but those auc- tion brokers deserve great credit for having devised such a system of handling fruit. I sold nearly all my apples by auction and stood behind every box. The dealers in Great Britain expect to get better apples from a box than fro.n a barrel. First-class apples in what they want. For the good of our growers, we should give them long lines of every variety that we have to offer. Send the first quality all wrapped in paper and tiered in boxes, never unwrapped or rolled in loose. Our associations should have a representative in the Liverpool market to control the whole British trade and authorized to stand be- hind every package. Within four or fiva hours travel from Liverpool are practically all British markets including Glasgow and London. Cold storage ought to be utilized at an ocean port in Canada. Cable can direct apples to any market. Cold storage ought also to be utilized as subsidiary at Liverpool, but not at London or Glasgow. I hive not mentioned Manchester but I am afraid it is going soon to rival Liverpool as a dis- tributing point for apples. I agree with you in regard to branding WaLKERVI LC illH"' "■"^PAGE WHITE FENCES Get the Best. Styles for Lawns. Farms and Ranches. Made of high carbon wire, galvanized and then painted white. Tougher and stronger wire than goes into any other fence. Get 1909 prices and illustrated booklet. THE PAGE WIRE FENCE CO., LIMITED Largest fence and gate manufacturers in Canada MONTREAL ST. JOHN VANCOUVER VICTORIA TO GROW A GOOD GARDEN I cAVE^ COodcultiTationisabsolutelyneceB- t urocn ' sarv, but it can't be douetrith poor V MlWtU tools. Here's an Iron Ajce Tool 08- J^^_ HELPJ pecially made for garden work. It not only does good work, but it ia easy to operate. The boys and girls can do the pardcmng and produce big crops, •' If you'll equip them ■with Iron Age Tools. Send to day for our Free catalog. Only One of Slinr Ag« Tcwii I ROSE TAUSENDSCHON This is a very beautiful New German Rose. In Eng^llsh "Tausendschon" means Thousand Beauties. The most sensational CMmbing; Rose yet introduced, not barring the great Crimson Rambler. Land anascape Gard ening "VV/E are pleased to furnish planting plans, designs for formal, old-fashioned and rose gardens. We have practical and artistic experts on landscape development in every branch and are BEFORB IMPROVEMENT gi^fj {q advisc On every detail. No estate too large — no city Or town lot 100 small for us to develop according to your desires. We want you to feel free to use this department at any time. Call upon us if you desire a re-arrangement of your place. We are glad to undertake any work along this line. If our plans please you we shall be glad to supply you with stock necessary to carry out the scheme. Beautiful 200-page Catalogue The New VIOLET BLUE ROSE The New Rambler (Violet Blue), hailed by the German rose growers as the forerunner of a genuinely corn-flower blue rose, is a seedling of Crimson Rambler, very vigorous and hardy. A^FTHJR IMFR.OVEMEMT BROWN BROS. CO., Nurserymen, Ltd. Brown p. o. ' s Nurseries, Ont. June, igog THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST H3 Ontario apples as such. "Canada" is too big to designate our apples. I would go further even and use also the name of the district as, "Lake Huron," "Georgian Bay," "Lake Erie," "Lake Ontario," and so on, similar to "Hood River," "Rogue River," and other districts in Oregon and the differ- ent valleys of Washington. — J. A. Webster, Sparta, Ont. Paris Green vs. Arsenate of Lead.— In the search for good remedies for the potato bug nuisance, considerable coutioversy has ariv on between those using Paris green and those who have adopted arsenate of lead, and doubtless results have fluctuated accord- ing to local conditions and the roughness of spraying. As a contribution to a con- troversy the following case was cited by a nurseryman of high standing which shows conclusively the residts obtained from the two articles when used under similar cir- cumstances and conditions. These results may be verified should any person so desire. "Potato bugs had become prevalent in a po- tato patch of an Ontario town and two- thirds of the patch was sprayed with arsen- ate of lead ; then the supply became exhaust- ted and the remainder was treated with Paris green. On the evening after the ap- plication a heavy shower of rain fell and in less than two days that part which had been treated with Paris green was nothing but stalks, the foliage having entirely disapi peared. This part was again thoroughly gone over with Paris green but still the bugs seemed to thrive on this diet, and could be seen throughout the season, not- withstanding that a third spraying of Paris green was given. On the other hand that part on which the arsenate of lead had been sprayed, showed very few bugs and gave a good crop at the end of the season, and the white arsenate of lead could easily be seen adhering to the leaves on which it had been sprayed." Now, from this it will be seen that in a fair comparison of the two remedies, lead arsenate had far greater ad- hesive properties and consequently greater insecticidal value than Paris green. The people of this district, which by the way, is Prince Edward County, have taken note of this comparative test, and in the season now at band, arsenate of lead will have a greatly enlarged market. Rose Tausendschon.— This beautiful new German rose has attracted much attention since its introduction, and it is undoubedly one of the best varieties sent out during th« last decade. As to its complete hardiness in the north, we cannot yet speak with ab- solute certainty, but it is claimed for it that 10 to 16 degrees below zero has left it un- scathed. This being so, it can fairly be placed in the same class as the various lamblers. No more lovely climbing rose for Our tap-adjuster will adapt it to fit any tap The "T-S" COUPLING is instantaneous. No fumbling with worn or broken threads. The washer is in a recessed seat ; you can't lose it. HOSE JOINTS DON'T LEAK The New "T-S" Niagara Spray Nozzle gives a 15-foot spray. WRITE US NOW the: TIME-SAVING COUPLER CO. Limited 166 Bay Street, TORONTO IF YOU HAVE APPLES OR POULTRY TO CONSIGN we can handle them for you to advantage. If apples are in car lots, write us and we can sell them for you f.o.b. your station. Cor West Market and Colborne Sts. TORONTO, ONTARIO THE DAWSON COMMISSION CO., Ltd., Select Ornamental Trees and Shrubs ^ The most careful and complete systems of transplantation, combined with the situation of our nurseries, enable us to dig thoroughly hardy, healthy, well-rooted specimens of fruit, ornamental and other trees, plants and vines including " specimens " for street, avenue and park plantings. ^ Our prices, taking into consideration superior qualities, will be found most moderate and our personal attention is given to all enquiries relating to prices and advice on planting. E. D. SMITH, HELDERLEIGH NURSERIES: Winona, Ont (ESTABUSHED OVER QUARTER OF A CENTURY. NURSERIES ETC. OVER 800 ACRES). J 144 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1909 Imperial Bank OF CANADA HEAD OFFICE— TORONTO Capital Authorized, $10,000,000.00 Capital Paid-up. . 5,000,000.00 Rest. . . 5.000.000.00 D. R. WIL.KIE, President HON. K. JAFFRAY, Vice-President Branche* and Agencies throughout the Dominion of Canada Drafts, Mone7 Orders and Letters of Credit issued available in any part of the world Special attention given to collections Branches of the Bank have recently been opened at Cochrane, the junction of the Transcontinental and T. & N. O. Railways and also at Gowganda. Savinffs Department — Interest allowed on de- posits at current rate from date of deposit. pillars, arches and pergolas has ever been sent out. The flowers are larger than those of Clothilde Soupert, and similar in color, being pink when opening and a beautiful rosy carmine when fully expanded. The clusters are large, and the small number of thorns, as compared with other ramblers, is another point in its favor. See the advertisement of Brown Brothers, Nursery- men, on another page of this issue. Merger of Nurserymen. — The Canadian Gazette announces the incorporation of Luke Brothers, Limited, Montreal, formerly Luke Brothers Company. The partnership composing the latter has been registered since March, 1896. The charter issued by the Federal Government to the new corpora- tion is dated March 30th, 1909. The follow- ing firms have been absorbed : Capital Nur- sery Company, Ottawa ; Jacques Cartier Nursery Company, Montreal ; Quebec Nur- sery Company, Rougemont.- The consolida- tion gives the new corporation one of the largest forces of agents op- erated by any firm or company in Amer- Washing Without Rubbing No work — no tired arms — when the washing is done with **PURITAN 99 Keactlna Washing Machine Grandmother, or any of the children, can do the entire week 's wash in an hour with the "PURITA N " It is the only washing machine made in Canada that has the Improved Roller Gear, write us for booklet if your dealer does not handle the "PURITAN". Don't take a substitute ^^ere arc none "just as good". MVm MAXWELL « SONS • SL lUry's. OnL ^ "\V7HEN the weather is beginning to turn^' mild.'and there ' ' remains just enough chill and uncertainty in the air to demand extra care in the management of a hot house, then is the time the SOVEREIGN HOT WATER OR LOW PRESSURE STEAM BOILER may be relied upon to keep the plants in a uniformly healthful temperature at a small expense of coal. Write for Booklet TAYLOR-FORBES '^r^'S' Guelph Agent* and depots in all the principal towns and cities of Canada. ica. The head oflSce will be in Montreal. The capital is $100.00. 8. M. Luke has been elected president and E. B. Luke, vice- president. FOR SALB AND WANT ADVERTISEMENTS WANTED.— Persons to grow mushrooms for ns at home. Waste space in cellar, garden or farm can be made to yield $15 to $25 per week. Send for illustrated booklet and full particu- lars. Montreal Supply Co.. Montreal. STRAWBERRY PLANTS. — Williams, Dunlap, Splendid, Wm. Belt, $3.50 thousand; Glen Mary, King Edward, $4 thousand.— K. 0. Chrys- ler, St. George, Ont. BRITISH COLUMBIA LANDS.— Handsomely il- lustrated catalogue of apple and farm lands in B. 0. Mild climate, rich soil, cheap lands. Write F. J. Hart 4 Co., Limited, Vancouver. Established 1891. IF YOU WANT a position, want extra help or have a surplus lot of stock you want to get rid of, advertise in this column. WANTED LADIES to do plain and light sewing at home: whole or spare time; good pay: work sent any distance; charges paid; send stamp tor full particulars. National Manufao- turing Co., Montreal. FOR SALE.— Ooleus, in 2% in. pots, in 12 varie- ties, 60 cents a dozen; asters, in boxes, 10 cents; stocks, 10 cents; alyssum, 10 cents; petunias, 10 cents; ageratum, 10 cents; mignonette. 10 cents; cobeas, in 3 in. pots, 60 cents, geranium Nutt, in 4 in. pots, $1; Earliana tomatoes, in boxes, S7 per 1.000.— J. Wood, Floral Dept., Model Farm, Weston, Ont. =^ Anybody Can Kodak The No. 2 BROWNIE Pictures 21 x 3i Price $2.00 Built on the Kodak plan by Kodak workmen, this simple little camera offers an inexpensive and easy way of picture taking. Loads in day- light with Kodak film cartridges for six expos- ures, has the Eastman Rotary Shutter for snap shots or timed pictures, has a fine meniscus lens and two finders. Carefully made in every detail and each one rigidly inspected. Brownie Developing Box This little box has made the developing of negatives as simple as "pressing the button." Any amateur can now develop his own film with the certainty of getting the best possible results from every exposure. A'o dork r-oom for any part of the work. Every step is easy with a Brownie Developing Box, Price $1.00. Ask your dealer to shoiv you. or ivriie us for free copy of* The Kodak on the Far tn." CANADIAN KODAK CO. TORONTO, CAN. limited The Canadian Horticulturi^ 1. XXXII JULY, 1909 No. 7 A Decade of Nova Scotia Horticulture THE last ten years covers almost all the history of advanced horticul- ture in the province, mainly com- mercial apple growing and marketing. All over the Annapolis Valley are trees that must be able to tell tales of two or three centuries. These are called "French" trees by the farmers now, and how much of truth attaches to the term it is impossible to say. Many of these tiees still bear small, bitter-sweet or very id fruit, that is made into cider, and iiany have been and are still being graft- ed to commercial varieties. Up to thirty years ago, very little fruit found its way out of the province. The opening of the English market gave the great in- centive to commercial fruit growing, and the Annapolis Valley has always kept the lead of the maritime provinces in this industry. A great many or- chards were giving a good yield of ap- ples of good varieties. As a proof of the good judgment of these old orchard- ists, it may be said that a list of about a dozen of the most popular commercial varieties of twenty-five years ago, is al- most identical with a list decided upon at a meeting of the Fruit Growers' Associa- tion of Nova Scotia only three years ago. THE PIONEEKS Among the pioneers of successful or- charding may be mentioned the names of Starr, Archibald, DeWitt and others, in King's county. To such men as these we owe the opening of trade across the water. But while these old orchards gave crops of good apples that were barrelled and exported to a small extent, the real awakening of thoughtful care and prac- tice of intelligent methods has its history in the last ten or fifteen years. Before that, the great majority of orchards were expected to raise a crop of apples as well as an inter-tilled crop of potatoes or turnips and it is a fact worthy of note that a measure of success attended this practice which is still kept up in many orchards, especially those of young bear- "\!:^ age. Now, however, the best or- irdists practice only clean thorough , cultivation with cover crops of nitrogen- I gathering plants. PRUNING , The pruning of years ago left long ;! bare limbs with a limited bearing area ;; at the top. Now, the younger men are i producing a tree capable of bearing fruit R. J. Messenger, Bridgetown uniformly throughout its whole volume of top. PEOGEBSS IN SPKATING Spraying came next, and it is safe to say that ninety per cent, of the spraying done to-day has been begun in the last decade. The spraying of a dozen years ago was almost too crude to be called by the name in comparison with that of to- day. You could wash wagons and win- dows with the nozzles of that time, while now we get a mist almost like fog. The varieties of fungicides and insec- ticides are becoming legion, and farmers are found willing to try every new one that comes along. Bordeaux mixture is becoming old-fashioned but is still hold- Is Deserving I am glad to learn that it is the intention of the management of The Canadian Horticulturist to make the magazine of even more value and interest to its readers in the Maritime Provinces than it has been in the past. The Cana- dian Horticulturist deserves the best praise that has been be- stowed upon it. — Prof. Percy J. Shaw, Agricultural College, Truro, N. S. ing its own. An advance in the last few years is the application of winter sprays, of which the lime-sulphur wash promises to be a favorite. The prepared lime- sulphur is in use in some parts of the Valley. PACKING AND MAEKETTINQ The packing and marketting of fruit is making great advances. The Fruit Marks Act has had the indirect effect of improving the quality by inciting the farmers to better methods, and the direct effect of making them pack better fruit. Box packing is a part of this decade's progress, is increasing every year, and bids fair in the next ten years to become an important factor in packing. Under marketting, we have in com- mon with other parts of the Dominion made progress in transportation facili- ties. The method of having fruit sold by commission merchants is much the same as at first but the organization of co-operative companies will, we hope, give direct buyers confidence to purchase 145 from these associations outright. This has been done already. Educational advancement has also been rapid. The Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association is a live body conducted and attended by the most intelligent men in the business. Year after year experts from all over the continent are giving us the benefit of the latest discoveries and successful practice, while the Institute speakers carry up-to-date knowledge to those not reached by the associations. The introduction and supervision of "model orchards" by the government is doing a great work in teaching meth- ods, while horticulture is given a prom- inent place in the teaching of the Agricul- ture College at Truro. While space will only allow of this brief sketch, it is enough to show that the last decade has accomplished more for this branch of country work than the hundred years before, and we are just beginning. Arsenate of Lead "Arsenate of lead is a much better poi- son for spraying on fruit trees than Paris green," said Mr. W. H. French, of Oshawa, to a representative of The Can- adian Horticulturist, who visited that district last month. "It gives much bet- ter results as it remains in suspension longer and will not injure the foliage in any way. "I find that it will kill 95% of codling moth while Paris green at its best, will not kill more than 75%. Arsenate of lead will remain on the foliage much longer than Paris green and, therefore, is effective for a longer time. It is a little more expensive but the difference in results easily makes up for that. I use five pounds to 100 gallons of water. To spray 300 trees costs me about $1.75 more than it would for Paris green." As this issue is pressed for space by articles from horticulturists in the mari- time provinces, it has been found neces- sary to leave until next time the continu- ation of Professor Lochhead's excellent article on "The Principles of Plant Breeding." Dwarf apple trees are produced by working upon slow-growing stock and by subsequent heading-in. The More Tender Fruits in Nova Scotia Ralph S. Eaton, Hillcrest Orchards, Kentville IN Nova Scotia, as in Ontario and most parts of the United States, the Jap- an plums have not been the success anticipated when they were first sold freely to growers. Even the Burbank, undoubtedly the best of the Japanese with us, has been most disappointing during last three years, and some small blocks of Burbank of splendid growth, plums after the more permanent trees begin to crowd them. The writer pro- bably stands alone among orchardists in his faith in the practicability of this work but, after transplanting 200 plum trees, eight to twelve years old, two seasons ago, after they had borne their third or fourth heavy crop, and now have a pros- pect of from one to two bushels of plums ■ JgK/pi^ " jP^^^^^I^3k ^^B^^^^ ''^'^' ' ' .rt