^wm ,»:i:»;«-«;«;i i|||lgj|illi|ili;: I'l't^t't'f* iiiiiilBiii iilE liiiii^ 'iiiiii' :liii^ mu- lii: Jjll <; ■ iliiiiiliiiil liiiii: ^11 ^11 iiiHili ■Sii' liii?^ iliiSi' iiiliiiiiiiiiiijl ;if iiiii^ ill ii I iwniiii ii ii ill! illHIl i 1 iiiiiii^ ^iililf ijilijiiii liiiilii. :■!■■ A-^Co Srulf yi'l K Q>->0.5.C\^Q Toronto Public Library. Reference Department. THIS BOOK MUST NOT BE TAKEN OUT OF THE ROOM W^ ?: IP ^'a 3 G03 The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXV JANUARY, 1912 No. I Peach Diseases in Ontario * EVERY peach grower is familiar with the leaf curl disease, and knows that it attacks the leaves early in the spring and causes the mat first to become thickened, curled and distorted and of a pale whitish or often reddish color, and later on to become brown and dead and fall off. It is, next to Yellows and Little Peach, the most destructive disease that growers have to combat. The loss takes the following forms : First, In seasons of severe attack many young nursery trees are killed the first year they are set out and before they have had a chance to get over the shock of transplanting ; second, there is a great drain on the vitality of older trees from the loss often of a large part of their foliage early in the season and the neces- sity of producing a new crop of leaves. Such trees are frequently not properly matured for winter and are sometimes killed by the cold. Trees severely at- tacked two or three years in succession not infrequently die, or at least lose a number of their branches ; third, the fruit is dwarfed and often in bad cases drops off. This is to be expected from the fact that the substances that make the fruit are largely manufactured in the leaves ; hence this source of supply is cut off for a considerable period by the disease; •Extract from a paper read at the recent an^ nual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, held in Toronto. Prof. L. Caesar, O. A. C, Guelph, Ont. fourth, the disease often attacks young shoots or twigs and kills these. FAVORABIiE CONDITIONS Leaf Curl is well known not to be so severe some years as others. Experi- ence has shown that it is favored by damp late springs, while it is almsot completely kept in check by dry sunny weather around the time of blooming, and while the leaves are still quite small. In 1910 the spring was very late, cold and wet, and so the disease was exceptionally severe. Last year, 191 1, the spring was. early and we had beauti- ful, hot, sunny J dry weather, with the result that there was no Leaf Curl or almost none. This fact has led some to believe that Leaf Curl is not a disease, but is merely the result of unfavorable weather conditions. Such, however, is not the case, as anyone can easily prove who takes a glance through a microscope at one of the dead leaves from an affect- ed tree and sees the millions of spores on the surface. These spores act like seeds and are carried by the wind from tree to tree and orchard to orchard, but so far as we know do not germinate un- til the next year. For their germina- tion and growth plenty of moisture is necessary, hence the wet seasons favor their growth ; moreover, cold does not interfere with their development, while it retards the vigor of the leaves. A number of years ago we were told that spraying would not control the dis- ease because it was then believed that it passed the winter only in diseased twigs, but we now know from thousands of ex- perimenters that even in the most favor- able seasons for the disease we can keep it under thorough control by a single ap- plication. MEANS OF CONTROL Spray with lime-sulphur of the ordi- nary strength as for San Jose Scale (one gallon commercial wash diluted to about ten with water). This application must be made early in the spring and before the buds have begun to swell. The dis- ease begins with the growing bud, so to prevent its getting a start we must spray early before the spores around the buds can germinate. Most of the failures to control the Leaf Curl are due to spraying too late and not taking suffi- cient pains to see that every bud is thor- oughly covered. Bordeaux \vould also control the disease, but is not recom- mended because in most peach districts San Jose Scale is either present or likely to be introduced and the lime-sulphur will keep it in check, while Bordeaux will not. MILDEW The Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa, Wallr.) disease is found chiefly on young, trees not yet in bearing, but Sem* of tht High Grade Frait Growa ia th* Proviac* of Qaebec at ibowa at reccat Aaaual Coarcatioa of tkc ProTincial Frnit Groweri' Auociatioar kcU at Macdtul^XJollcge 1 , r THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1912 occasionally it occurs on older trees. It attacks the leaves chiefly, especially those on the terminal twigs, and causes these to become somewhat folded, dwarf- ed, distorted, and sickly. The succulent twigs on which the affected leaves are borne arc also attacked. The disease is easily recognized by the white powdery substance found in abundance on the affected leaves and shoots. This sub- stance consists of countless masses of tiny spores. This mildew is favored by warm, moist conditions and is worst in late summer and autumn. It seldom does much harm, though young trees severely attacked are weakened greatly and stunted and are liable to be winter killed. This is the same disease as attacks the rose bushes, on which, in fact, it is much more common and destructive than on the peach. Spraying with the self-boiled lime-sul- phur should be an excellent remedy. The spraying should be done as soon as th<,' disea.se is noticed and repeated about every ten or twelve days. Dusting sul- phur over the trees will also control it as has frequently been proven in the case of rose bushes. PEACH SCAB Peach Scab or Black Spot (Gladospor- ium, Thum) is a disease that causes small blackish spots here and there over the surface of the fruit. Sometimes these are very abundant and disfigure the fruit greatly ; occasionally a fruit is so badly attacked that it cracks open in the same way as a Flemish pear does when attacked by Pear Scab. As a rule this is not a very destructive disease in On- tario. Spraying with the self-boiled lime- sulphur about a month after the fruit is set will usually control this disease quite satisfactorily, as shown by the exp)eri- ments of Professor Scott, of Washing- ton, D.C. Best Varieties of Fruit to Plant EACH year many beginners in fruit growing anxiously ask the question, what are the l>est varieties of fruit for me to grow? The question is not such a difficult one to answer as It was a few years ago. The numerous demonstration orchards, experimental farms, and agri- cultural colleges that are now located in almost all our provinces have each help- ed to provide accurate information on this point. This information is furnish- ed free, often in bulletin form, to all who apply for it. In every province begin- ners will do well to consult their local provincial authorities in regard to var- ieties before giving extensive orders for nursery stock. Varieties of fruit that do well in some provinces are utterly unsuited for growth in oither provinces. Again, varieties that thrive in some parts of a province are not a success when grown in other parts of the same province. For this reason it is always advisable to consult not only experienced Government officials but also successful fruit growers in the section where planting is contemplated. In each province there are certain var- ieties of fruit that have been proved to be especially adapted for the conditions there prevailing. In order to assist those readers of The Canadian Horticultur- ist who desire information on this sub- ject we hereby publish lists of varieties of fruit best suited for growth in the proviBpf^'.iii'entioned as given by some of the •issuing authorfti6s in each province. ;.{:" NOVA '^tlSTIA ;F'rom Nova Scotia;' Prof. P. J. Shaw, of Ylie Truro Agricultural College, writes as ^gllows : The most'profitable varieties of a^j^^es for the\ Annapolis Valley are now ptj^tty; well kii'own to the growers. They include the Gravenstein, Ribston, Blenheim, King, Yellow Bellflower, Wagener, Cox Orange, Baldwin, R. I. Greening,"" Stark, Northern Spy, Golden Russet, Fallawater, Nonpariel, and Ben Davis. Earlier varieties grown in small quan- tities are Astrachan, Y. Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburg, William's Favor- ite, and Wealthy. They are mostly sold Educational Exhibit of New Bruntwick Fiuit "One of the exhibits of fruit as made at the re- cent provincial fruit show at St. John, N.B. locally, and therefore do not find as large a market as most of those named in the first list, which are chiefly sold in Great Britain, Germany, the West Indies, and South Africa. There are also some Alex- ander, Mcintosh Red, Wolf River, and Mann grown. For that part of Nova Scotia from Truro east, including the island of Cape Breton, the varieties which seem to do the best are: Crimson Beauty, Yellow Transpar- ent, Duchess of Oldenburg, Wealthy, Wolf River, Alexander, Dudley, Mcin- tosh Red, and possibly Baxter and Mil- waukee. For conditions in New Brunswick, A. G. Turney, of Fredericton, the provin- cial horticulturist, has the following to say: The wrong selection of varieties, not only in this province but in all places where fruit is grown, has occasioned enormous loss and great disappwintment to fruit growers. The recommendations following represent the result of personal observations, together with the experi- ence of our leading growers. Apples not recommended at all include Ben Davis, Gano and Stark. Not to be planted on their own roots : Northern Spy, American Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, King of Tompkins, Graven- stein, Bishop Pippin, Ribston Pippin. Blue Pearmain, Blenheim Pippin, On- tario and Wagener. In the best sections of Albert, Char- lotte, King's, Queen's, Sunbury, West- morland, and York counties, the Bishop Pippin, Ribston Pippin, and Blue Pear- main can be grown very successfully by top-grafting to hardier stocks, such as Talman Sweet, Fameuse, and MacMa- han's White. South of a straight line drawn east and west from Woodstock to Shediac, the following varieties have proved hardy and valuable : Summer— -Crimson Beauty, Red Astra- chan, Yellow Transparent. Autumn — Duchess, New Brunswicker, Dudley. Early Winter — Wealthy, Alexander, Wolfe River, Fameuse, Mcintosh Red, Ribston Pippin (best top-grafted). Winter — Bishop Pippin (top-grafted), Bethel, Canada Baldwin, Talman Sweet, Baxter, Peewaukee. These last two \-arieties are not recommended very strongly. North of the same line the following varieties are recommended : Summer — - Crimson Beauty, Yellow I ransparent . Autumn — Duchess, New Brunswicker Early and Midwinter — Wealthy, Wolfe River, Fameuse, Alexander. Winter — Scott's Winter, Canada Bald- \\\n. For commercial apple growing, where the orchards will range larger, the Fameuse, Mcintosh Red, Bethel, Bishop Pippin, and Talman Sweet will find a ready sale at good prices on the local markets. For export purposes from this list we would leave out the Bishop Pip- pin, and Talman Sweet, and add the Duchess, Dudley. Wealthy, and Alex- ander or Wolfe River. For fuller infor- mation on this point, read the writer's article in the September issue of Thk Canadian Horticulturist for 1911. QUEBEC Prof. W. S. Blair, of Macdonald Col- lege, Que., recommends the following varieties of' fruit as suitable for the pro- vince of Quebec: January, 191 2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Irrigation as Practiced in one of British Columbia's Now Numerous Irrigated Orchards The irrigation company generally carries the water to the highest point in the orchard. The fruit grower then distributes it from there, Sb& shown in the illufitra/tion. Summer Apples — Yellow Transparent, Lowland Raspberry, Duchess of Olden- burg. Fall and Early Winter Apples — St. Lawrence, Wealthy, Alexander, Wolf River, Fameuse, Mcintosh Red. Winter Apples— Milwaukee, Bethel, Canada Red, Blue Pearmain, Golden Russet. ONTARIO The fruits recommended for plantinj^ in Ontario are fully described in bulletin 179, issued by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto. Descriptions are given of the qualities of the different varieties of fruit are well as of the local- ities for which they are best suited. For growth in the Ottawa Valley and in the eastern part of the province not elsewhere enumerated, south of latitude forty-six degrees, Mr. W. T. Macoun, horticulturist at the Central Experimen- tal Farm, Ottawa, recommends the fol- lowing varieties of apples : Commercial and Domestic — Summer — Transparent, Lowland Raspberry, Duch- ess, Langford Beauty. Autumn — Dudley, Wealthy, Alexan- der, McMahon. Early Winter — Mcintosh, Fameuse, Rochelle, Wolf, Baxter. Winter — Milwaukee, Bethel, Scott. Additional varieties suggested for do- mestic use are : Autumn — Peach of Montreal, St. Law- rence . Winter — Swayzie, Peewaukee, Golden Russet, Rufus. Crab Apples — Commercial and Domes- tic— Whitney, Martha, Hyslop. BRITISH COLUMBIA Mr. R. M. Winslow, the provincial horticulturist, writes us that in British Columbia, on Vancouver Island, the Wealthy and King apples are the varie- ties now most largely planted, while Grimes Golden is becoming more of a favorite as another winter apple suitable to go with the King. In pears, the Bart- Ictt, Boussock, Bosc, Clairgeau, and An- jou have all done well, and plantings are being increased. By intensive culture, the Olivet Cherry has been a fine com- mercial proposition around Victoria, and is worthy of extended planting. The Magoon strawberry meets with more general approval than any other variety, being extremely well adapted to local conditions, attaining a good size and yield in the dry summers prevalent here. In the Lower Mainland country, the Dunlop and Magoon strawberries are proven, the latter preferably for local and the former for long-distance ship- ments. The Cuthbert raspberry is well proven, and is one of the best commer- cial propositions. Large fruits are not as favorably reported as the srrlall fruits mentioned, but the Yellow Transparent and Duchess give good returns, because of the earliness with which they can be put on the Prairie markets by express and the Wealthy and King, among later apples, are giving good satisfaction. Here, as on Vancouver Island, the plant- ing of pears, particularly Clairgeau and Anjou, is being more extensively carried on. In the Thompson River Valley, par- ticularly Walhachin and Kamloops, the Transcendent, Wealthy, Mcintosh Red, and Jonathan have proven themselves as the best commercial varieties of fruit, while in the Salmon Arm and Armstrong District, a little further east, the same varieties, and also Wagener, Grimes Golden, and Northern Spy, have been settled on as furnishing the most suit- able types of apple to grow. In the Upper Okanagan, the Trans- cendent Crab, Wealthy, Mcintosh, Jona- than, and Wagener are being steadily increased. In the .Southern Okanagan, the Mcintosh, Jonathan, Wagener, Rome Beauty, and Spitzenberg, are re- commended. For the Similkameen, Jona- than, Spitzenberg, Yellow Newtown, Winesap and Rome Beauty are very de- servedly popular, while Delicious is also t>eing extensively tried out. In the Grand Forks and Boundary Districts, the Wealthy, Mcintosh, and Jonathan have been proveri by extensive plantings, and are to be recommended for further ex- tensions to the orchard area. In the very extensive West Kootenay country. Wealthy, Mcintosh, Jonathan, Wagener, and Northern Spy do very THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 191 a A Twelve Year Old Northern Spy that Produced Five Barrels and One Bushel Last Fall. THia tree, grown in the orchard of Geo. Mitchell, Clarksburg, Ont-, produced ninety to ninety-five per cent- number one apples, all highly colored. well, while Gravenstein, King, Cox's Orange, and Ontario have all done well, and meet with the approval of experienc- ed fruit growers. In this district, in- creased plantings of strawberries of the Magoon and Royal Sovereign varieties are being made, and can be further re- commended. Best Varieties of Small Fruits Grant S. Peart, IT is a horticultural fact that certain varieties of small fruits are more pro- fitably grown in some sections of On- tario than others. But this does not seem strange when we consider for a moment the many sorts of climatic con- ditions prevailing in different sections of Ontario, and our great variety of soils. The adaptability of some varieties is limited to a small area, while other sorts seem to thrive over a wide range of country. Probably all varieties are affected, more or less, by soil conditions, exposure, elevation, climate, and atmos- pheric peculiarities. Hence the question as to whether a variety is a profitable one to grow in a certain district will largely depend on the influence it receives from the foregoing factors in that district. When selecting varieties for planting it is essential that we learn whether they are hardy or not and whether they are adapted to the soil we have. Burlington, Ont. If a variety is subject to winter killing, as a general rule it is not a profitable one. The canes, plants, and so forth, are so set back, just before the fruiting sea- son that poor crops result. The plants spend most of the spring and summer in an effort to renew their vitality from the previous winter's shock. A grand example of a variety that suffers in this way in localities north of the climatic zone of Niagara is the Kittatinny black- berry. In the Niagara District it is per- haps the most profitable berry of its kind, but it is too tender in a more severe climate. The following includes the more pro- fitable varieties of small fruits for the Burlington district : — Strawberries — Early, Michels. This variety, though the earliest of all, only yields about two or three pickings, thus is profitable to grow only on the earliest of lands for the first market. Bedewood, not as early as Michels, but a heavy bearer, consequently the fruit is small if picking .season is dry. The berries arc soft and not a good color for canning purposes. It is a self-fertilizing variety and gets its place among the leading varieties because of its heavy cropping qualities. Medium season- — Gibson and Parson's Beauty. These no doubt are one and the same variety, for the plants and berries of each are very much alike. The Gibson is a very popular variety. There is double the acreage of Gibson in this district than any other variety.- It seems to be adapted to a wider range of soils than some other \arieties. It bears heavily and carries a dense foliage, which affords shelter to the berries from the scalding effects of the sun and helps to retain moisture. Glen Mary is a vigorous productive variety. The berries are large and of good quality. Last year this variety demonstrated its superior qualities, re- sisting drought. Late season — Williams still holds a place among late varieties because of the firmness of the berries. They are par- ticularly adapted for canning purposes. RASPBERRIES The Marlboro, Herbert, and Cuthbert are early, medium and late in season. Where all three are grown the picking season is continuous while it lasts. The writer believes it would be wise to give the Marlboro a rest for a few years so as to discourage the many insect, fungus and bacterial pests that it is subject to, and give the stock a chance to regain vigor. The Herbert seems to be disease re- sisting so far, doubtless due to its natu- ral vigor, and little mistake would be made if a large proportion of new plan- tations are of the Herbert variety. The Cuthbert is still the leading rasp- berry in commercial plantations, but rigid inspection must be given the plants when planted and all diseased and weak- ly ones discarded. BLACKBERRIES Agawam is an early variety and hardy, vigorous and productive. Snyder is the leading variety for mid- season. It is hardy and productive, but the quality of the fruit is inferior but firm, and stands shipping well. Kittatinny — The berries are large and the quality first-class, and as a genera! rule the cane growth is vigorous. The natural soil for the blackberry is a loam with a quick sand bottom. BLACK CURUANTS Champion is the chief commercial sort. The bush is small and very productive. The fruit is large. Naples and Lees have the bad habit of producing too much wood and not enough currants. Lady Grey and the Gardens at Rideau Hall W. T. WITH the departure of Lady Grey from Canada lovers of flowers and gardens have lost a warm friend, and one who will long be missed. Wherever Lady Grey went in this coun- try she impressed her love of flowers upon Lady Grey those whom she met and encouraged many to improve and beautify their homes. During her sojourn in Canada there has been a more marked develop- ment in gardening than in any previous period of Canada's history, and while Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa, there has been a number of influences at work, she has played no small part in bringing about the widespread interest which there is to-day. A concrete example of the way Lady Grey lent her influence was the "Lady Grey Garden Awards," a garden compe- tition which under her patronage has been held in Ottawa for the past six con- secutive years, and for three years befoi-e by Lady Minto, who inaugurated it. Dur- ing these nine years no less than one hundred and twenty-four different gar- dens have been entered in competition, most of them during the past six years. It is believed that this garden competi- tion has done much to improve the gar- dens in Ottawa. THE TRUE GARDENER The true horticulturist, however, must have a garden of his own if he or she is 1o be of the greatest assistance to fellow gardeners. In this respect Lady Grey is a true gardener. Belonging to a family noted for their love of flowers, she has not been content to see others plan and plant, but while residing at Rideau Hall has done both herself. It has been the writer's good fortune to have had many conversations on gar- dening with Lady Grey and to have been shown her treasures at Government House by herself. What has impressed me more than anything else has been her knowledge of varieties and her ability to remember the names of new plants. How few Canadians, even among our most enthusiastic horticulturists, are like Ont. her in this respect? How much more in- teresting it is to know the names of the species and varieties of plants we grow than to merely know that they are phloxes or pseonies or irises. The effects in a garden depend so much on color, contrasts in color, and the blending of colors that there is a boundless field for resource in the plan- ning and planting of a garden. Good taste in this respect is all important in gardening. It is unnecessary to say that Lady Grey had this in the highest de- gree and it is unfortunate that she was not able to remain long enough in Canada to bring about all the changes in the gar- dens and grounds at Government House which I know were in her mind. She had in a large degree the desire which all en- thusiastic horticulturists have of getting new things of merit for her garden and of giving to others interesting plants which she had. She paid many visits to the Experimental Farm to take notes on plants which pleased her, and wherever she went she endeavored to obtain new and choice things. LOVED WILD FLOWERS Lady Grey showed an especial interest in Canadian wild flowers and before she left had brought together quite a large number of the more ornamental species at Government House. So keen was her desire to see Canadian flowers growing in their native wilds that she visited out of the way places to do so. One instance of which the writer had personal know- ledge was a trip to see the showy lady's One of tke Flower Borders and a Portion of the Greenhouie* at Rideau Hall. — PboU) takuii especially for The Oanadiaii ilorticulturist . THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1912 A Pleasing Effect in the Gardens at Rideau Hall. slipper (Cypripedium spectabile) in a dis- tant bog. Neither heat nor mosquitoes daunted her, but pulling on a pair of rub- ber boots she entered the swamp and saw these lovely flowers in great abundance. THE GARDEN AT RIDEAU HALL A little has been said of Lady Grey's influence on horticulture in Canada, and of her knowledge and love of flowers. It remains to record some of the things she accomplished at Government House it- self. When she came to Ottawa the conservatories at Rideau Hall were small and comparatively uninteresting, but through her influence a fine range of houses was built in which are grown practically all the cut flowers used at Rideau Hall, and many other ornamental plants. One of the illustrations shows a section of these. There had been little done to make a good herbaceous border at Government House. Lady Grey took it in hand and after several years hard work she had the satisfaction this year of knowing that her work had not been in vain. In the past the plants suffered during dry weath- er, but she had the border subirrigated by means of tiles, which has been very effective in keeping the soil moist and the plants have made much more satisfactory growth since. Two years ago she plant- ed grape vines between the two borders and made a pergola or archway of the vines. The illustration on the front cover shows how effective this is. Many fine herbaceous perennials are now planted in this border, which will long bear the impress of Lady Grey. Much effective planting has been done in recent years on another border, the one with the palm house in the rear, and the smaller borders about the con- servatories. The Hall itself has received more attention than ever before. It will be seen from the illustration that climb- ers have not been neglected. THE PUBLIC WELCOME One of the most satisfactory and pleas- ing bits of planting which Lady Grey planned was the planting of thousands of bulbs of narcissi and tulips, in the grass along the roadside and in the park belonging to Government House. Every- one was welcome to walk in and see these charming flowers when they were in bloom in the spring. The great ma.ss- c-s of them everywhere in abundance, their .striking contrasts of color and their setting among the trees ,was a delightful picture. The planting of bulbs was, how- ever, not confined to Government House grounds for in Rockliffe Park, near by, many children helped to plant the bulbs of tulips and narcissi, which for several seasons have been a striking feature of the park in spring. The last improvement which Lady Grey effected at Government House be- fore she went away was the removal of an arbor-vitae hedge which restricted the view on the west side of the grounds and hid the trunks of a fine row of hard maples, spoiling the eff'ect. With the re- moval of the hedge there is a more ex- tensive view and when the planting which was planned is completed there will be a pleasing vista with white pines in the distance. When the hedge was removed a terrace or parapet was made with steps leading down to the level of the maples, which is also a marked improvement. The results of Lady Grey's work on the Government House grounds and gar- dens will be that those who follow her will endeavor to maintain the standard she has set and possibly cause still fur- ther improvements to be made. The Care of Sword Ferns A. V. Main, Ottawa When ferns display a tinge of yellow it may be due to several errors of man- agement. The most likely one is that the soil has been allowed to get into a sod- den, pulpy mass. Lack of drainage at the bottom of the pot, and the presence of The Planting of Climbers was Encouraged by Lady Grey. January, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST worms is detrimental. They seem to o^rind the soil too fine, and it gets sour and wet. In such cases re-pot into clean pots, using fresh soil. Shake off all the poor soil from the roots, and place them in a pot that will take about an inch of soil around the outside. Ferns enjoy a cool position, about fifty degrees, in preference to being near radi- ators or hot pipes. Watering must be done with a system and applied in good quantity, when the soil gets dry. In win- ter a whole week may elap.se without water being required, and when given it should be tepid. Ferns like all the win- ter sun and light procurable. Transfer them from the dining room table and other decorative points to the window. Take them to the bathroom, and give them a spray, to wash dust off, and clean the plants generally. Plants in four, five and six inch pots that are full of roots, will benefit by being put into a size larger pot. Re-potting should be done in February at the earliest. Clay's fertilizer and a weak solution of soft coal soot in water are excellent stimulants. The finer sorts are rather fastidious to manage, and want closer attention. The standard Boston fern, with long, hardy fronds, is still the leader of all ferns. Plants and Flowers for Every Window THE first thing to be considered in connection with winter gardening is the selection of suitable plants for the windows they are to grow and flower in. It would be useless to select flowering plants that require a good deal of sunshine for a window, where very White Swan Geranium This is a well grown plant for winter flowering. little light or sunshine prevailed. On the other hand, there are only a few foli- age plants that will not succeed much better in comparative shade, than they will, in a very hot, sunny window. Col- eus and Iresine are exceptions, as these require some sun. Ferns also like a posi- tion where there is very little direct sun- light, r. As a rule, it is safe to select all foliage plants (except the Coleus and Iresine named) and ferns, for a window where there is very little sunlight. For a bright, sunny window, flowering plants as a rule are best. No one rule, however, will ap- ply strictly in all cases. A great deal must be learned by local experience as to what plants are best suited for their par- ticular surroundings and conditions. ENVIRONMENT AND OARE Temperature and atmospheric condi- tions are great factors in attaining suc- cess in plant growing. The temperature of most dwelling houses is warm enough Wm. Hunt, O. A. C, Guelph, Ont. for almost all window plants. A temper- ature of from fifty to sixty degrees Fah- renheit at night and from sixty-five to seventy in the day time, will be high enough for almost any collection of win- dow plants. Plants like a slightly lower tempera- ture at night than in the day time. It is natural that plants should have rest at night. A slightly lower temperature and darkness induces rest in plant life. Cold draughts of air should be prevented as much as possible, from striking directly on the plants. A thick window blind or thick sheets of paper between the window and the plants on cold winter nights, are often advisable. In giving ventila- tion, open the windows at the top and ventilate only on fine, calm days. Venti- late as often as possible under these con- ditions. Plants like fresh air. ATMOSPHERIC CONBITIONS A moist, humid atmosphere, although it is one of the main factors necessary to success, is often lost sight of by plant lovers. The remark is often made, "It is easy enough to grow plants in green- houses where there is plenty of heat and light." Few greenhouses are, however, run at a higher temperature than most dwellinghouses. In the matter of light. greenhouses certainly have an advan- tage. By a proper selection of plants for a window this trouble can be modified fn a great extent. But the moist atmos- phere that is so essential to plant life •« not so easy to obtain. The dry, arid condition of the atmos- phere of most dwellinghouses is one of the worst conditions to contend with in growing plants. The fumes from illu- minating, furnace or stove gas are also very harmful. These last, however, should never be allowed to exist to any great extent in any dwellinghouse. The hi^st clement, however, to counteract all of these conditions is atmospheric mois- *vire, the most difficult element to obtain nder ordinary dwellinghouse conditions. In a greenhouse, water can be freely used to obtain a moist atmosnhere. Not so in a dwellinghouse. There are, how- ever, various factors that ran be brou^hl to bear to help secure these conditions. One is to spr.-iv the foliage of the plants with clear tepid water on fine warm days. The under side of the foliage especially should be sprayed. There is no better appliance for that purpose than one of the "Scollay Rubber Sprinklers," having an angle nozzle attachment. The angle or bent nozzle is indispensable. The plants can be sprayed with this without the necessity of removing them to the sink or bathroom to spray them. All seed stores offer this sprinkler for sale. It is one of the best appliances also to use for applying liquid insect remedies. If pure water is judiciously used in spraying, it will help materially to keep down insects, especially aphis, red spider, and thrip. Rough or hairy plants should not be sprayed very frequently or heavily. AIDING EVAPORATION The window bench or table the plants stand on should be made so that about half an inch in depth of fine clean gravel can be spread over it. The gravel not only has a nice clean appearance, but it can be sprinkled frequently so as to keep it moist. The evaporation of the moist- ure from the gravel will assist materially in creating a moist atmosphere around A Chrysanthemum Plant of the Pompon Type. 8 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1912 the plants. If the gravel mentioned is not available, a piece of oilcloth is a fairly good substitute. This can be dampened quite frcc|uently. Flower saucers, for the pots to stand in, are of great service. If about half an inch of water — not more — is constantly kept in the saucers, it will benefit the plants considerably while evaporation is going on. Saucers or pans of water stood around near the plants near the heat radiators are of great benefit to plant life. WATERING PLANTS Water plants, in winter especially, with tepid or lukewarm water, rain water preferred. Never use ice cold water. Stand the water in a tub or pail for a day or so to soften before using it. Add a little warm water if necessary so as to get the water about the same tempera- ture as the room — fifty to fifty-five de- grees. In watering plants always give sufficient so that it runs through the aper- ture in the bottom of the pot. Then withhold water until the surface of soil shows signs of dryness. Do not keep the soil soddened with water all the time, or on the other hand allow the plants to wilt for the want of water. Intelligent watering of plants has a great deal to do with the results obtained. SiriTABLE VARIETIES The following lists of flowering and foliage plants will give a good selection A Window of Plants In the back row are callas. shrubby begonias. Boston ferns and asparagus ptumoeus. In the centre is a large Chinese Sa<;r»i Lily. On either side of it are white hyaclnthe. In the front row are silver leafed gerajiiume, primulas and bloom-forereir. for both sunny and partially shaded win- dows, especially for winter season effect : Geraniums — Single varieties are best for winter flowering as a rule. Good single varieties are: Phyllis, salmon rose ; John P. Cleary, orange scarlet , L'Aube, pure white; Dryden, white and rosy red. Double varieties : Marquis de Castellaine, dark red ; M. Anatole Rose- leur, light pink; LeSoliel, dark scarlet; White Swan, pure white ; S. A. Nutt, crimson ; Mme. Jaulen, apple blossom. The Ivy-leaved, Silver, Bronze, and Fragrant-leaved geraniums are especially effective as window plants. Mme. Salle- roi and Wm. Languth, silver leaved ; Rose and Peppermint scented for fra- grant kinds ; Alliance, ivy-leaved — are good varieties to grow. Begonias — B. argenta guttata, B. manicata aurea, B. Otto Hacker, B. Thurstonii, B. rubra, B. Paul Bruant, and other varieties. Primulas — B. sinensis (Chinese prim- ula), P. obconica. Calla— (Calla Lily), Richardia Ethio- pica. Chrysanthemum — Pompon and Japan- ese types. Pompons : Snowdrop, white ; Klondike, yellow ; Julia Lagravere, dark red. Japanese large flowering : Nellie Pockett, cream color ; Early Snow, white ; Glory of Pacific, pink ; Golden Glow, bright yellow. Impatiens Sultani — (Bloom for Ever). Lilium Harrisii (Easter Lily), Lilium auratum, Lilium speciosum rubrum, etc. Petunia (Single or Double). Epiphyllum (Lobster or Christmas Cactus). Pelargonium (Lady Washington Ger- anium). Freesia refracta alba (Bulbs with sweet-scented flowers). Valotta purpurea (Scarborough Lily), bulb, bright red flowers. Amaryllis in variety (bulbs). Otaheite Orange (flowers, fruit, and foliage are attractive). Winter Flowering Bulbs — Roman and Dutch Hyacinths, Narcissi (Daffodil) in variety. Tulips, Single and Double, early flowering. Chinese Sacred Lily grown in saucers in gravel. Best varieties of Bulbs for pot culture. For early flowering — Roman White Hya- cinth, Paper White Narcissi, Chinese Sacred Lily. For later flowering — Dutch Hyacinths in variety, single and double ; Narcissus, Von Sion, Bicolor Victoria. Princeps. Tulips : Murillo, Couronne d'Or, Cottage Maid, Chrysolora. To have all or any of these plants in the best possible condition for the win- ter season, a great deal of preparation must be done the previous summer and autumn. A few hints on the culture of some of the kinds named may be helpful to plant lovers. Geraniums cannot be dispensed with in the majority of windows. Too often, however, the all enduring nature of these plants is severely imposed upon. On that account, one seldom sees a really good specimen in a window. The plants that are expected to flower all the win- ter are very often plants that have been doing duty planted out in the flower bed or border all the summer. These are often dug up in the fall, potted and brought into the window just as they are. The result is a very large pot, a very poor plant, with long bare stems, except just at the top where there may be a few fairly fresh looking leaves, and Nellie Pocket Chrysanthmnum This variety of chrj-santhemum m&kee a good pot plant. perhaps a very small truss or two of bloom during the winter or in early spring. FOLIAGE PLANTS Foliage plants suitable for a shaded or partially shaded window include the following : Anthericum vittatum variegatum, An- thericum picturatum, .\raucaria excelsa (Norfolk Island Pine), Asparagus plumo- sus. Asparagus Sprengeri, .Aspidistra lurida variegata, Dracaena indivisa and Dracena australis Cordyline, Farfugium grande (I-^opard plant). Ferns — Neph- rolepis Bostoniensis (Boston Fern), Ne- phrolepis, Whitmani, Nephrolepis ScotFi, and other varieties. Ficus elastica (Rubber plant). Palms — Kentia Belmoreana, Kentia Fonsteriana, Phoenix rupicola, Phoenix reclinata, Phoenix dactylifera (Date Palm), Latania Borbonica (Fan Palm), Cocos Weddeli- ana, Pandanus Veitchii, Sansevieria zey- lanica (Bow-string Hemp Plant). Most of the foregoing plants will suc- ceed fairly well where flowering plants do, but very hot sun does not agree with them so well. Very few of the foliage plants named can be raised and propa- gated successfully in a window. It is best to purchase them in the first place from a florist. This class of plants re- quires a moister atmosphere and a warmer temfjerature, as a rule, than do flowering plants. As the foliage of most of them is usually of a glaucous or glossy nature, the foliage requires frequent sponging and spraying for the plants to present the tx;autiful glossy appearance that is their chief point of beauty. Rubber Plants A. V. Main, OtUwa, Oat. Rubber plants are favorite house plants with many and about the most simple January, 1912 THE Cx\NADIAN HORTICULTURIST I to care for. They do not necessarily need a warm temperature, and are adapt- able for centres or corners of rooms with- out the window light. Tlie large leaf is a good dust catcher, and this ought to be sponged off just as regularly as the piano needs dusting. Being of an upright habit, rubber plants get tall and leafless very often at the base. Thev then become ineffective and cumbersome. About fifteen inches of the top of a tali plant would make a nice plant. Such an accomplishment is within the reach of the novice. At the de- sired place make space by cutting off a couple of leaves. With a sharp knife and a steady hand, cut the stem three-quar- ters through. Keep this cut open about a quarter of an inch with a small piece of wood. Procure some sand and moss and tie it firmly around the wound. Place plenty of sand next the wound and the moss or some machine waste to keep the sand in place. Always keep this moist, and in a warm situation. In eight weeks more or less roots will be active. Re- pot into a five inch pot by cutting the remaining one-quarter of the stem when the roots are quite visible around the moss. With good house accommodation ferns and rubber plants get better treat- ment when kept indoors in summer as well. Hanging Baskets A. H. Ewing, Woodstock, Oit. The accompanying illustrations sihow baskets planted with three plants each of Lophosperum Jasminaides. They were secured in September, when the plants were as green and vigorous and still flowering as they were in June. Eight of the baskets were kept during the past season on the verandah shown, as much alike as eight peas, and three Hanging Basket* in Which a Pleasing Effect is Given by Plants of Lophosperum Jasminaides. (See adjoining article) planted wit'h Maurandya Barclayana. These latter, which are not shown in the illustration, have a tendency to grow up rather than down, but make a very pretty basket when planted alone, a per- fect ball of green, with here and there a spray of flowers from the top of the wires to the bottom of the basket. Four- teen-inch baskets are used, and good, rich soil, with a handful or two of bone- meal in each, and plenty of water all the time. New Year Plans For The Garden Nearer View of One of Hanging Baskets Shown in the Larger Illustration — Photo taken in September. John Gall,' AT this season many flower growers are laying their plans for next summer's gardens. In garden work there is a starting point, as in all other business operations, and it is impossible to succeed without beginning at this point. Start slowly ; avoid extravagance ; do not cultivate beyond your knowledge ; begin with plants that succeed under ad- verse circumstances, and learn from them how to grow other and more ditti- cult subjects. lip not think because your neighbour spends hundreds or per- haps it may be thousands upon plants annually, that it is really necessary for you to do likewise. On the contrary, bear in mind that he is the best gardener who produces the best and largest crops at the least expense. In the beginning plan to work your soil deep, make it rich and keep it clean : then you will have made a good start ; continue to keep your garden clean and you will be the winner in the race. Make up your mind to give the weeds to under- stand from the beginning that your gar- den is not their home. Keep your soil so well worked around your plants that weeds cannot grow. This will make the plants your active, growing friends. They will be faithful to you as long as you are faithful to them; Weston, Ont. For sowing, select seeds of some of the most choice annuals, such as petun- ias, calendulas, zinnias, balsams, phlox, mignonette, nasturtiums, dianthus, sal- via and asters. A packet of these will cost but fifty cents each. A few genuine mixed gladiolus and other bulbs will not cost much more, and all together will give you a beautiful flower-garden — one that will afford much pleasure and at the same time stimulate you to greater ef- fort. WHAT TO AVOID Do not run wild after novelties. Bear in mind that high-priced seeds, bulbs or plants do not necessarily give the most beautiful flowers or finest display. Sup- ply and demand regulate prices. A plant that was plentiful and cheap thirty years ago may now sell at a substantial fig- ure because of its rarity. Therefore start cheaply, buy a dozen of plants or packets of seed for a dollar instead of only one plant or one packet, and when you have become thoroughly acquainted with the culture of these, and can man- age them well, you can safely indulge in some of the more expensive kinds. Many people who take but little inter- est in their gardens at first, become suc- cessful and even enthusiastic over the work as they become acquainted with plants and interested in their growth. 10 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 191 2 Such people soon get hobbies, which they are apt to ride at a furious rate until all out of breath. They want and will have every variety of the plant with which they are smitten. Such garden- ers we find exceedingly useful ; you can learn from them what not to buy — infor- mation of far greater value than to know what to buy. The secret of success in gardening is selection, a thorough knowledge of plants and their various requirements before purchasing. Many flowers will succeed well in a given locality where others will not ; therefore it is of the greatest im- portance to know plants and the place you have for them. You may rest assur- ed that where grass and weeds will grow flowering plants will, provided weeds are kept down. Start cheaply but with a determination to succeed, until you know what you are able to do ; then be governed by your taste and the means you have to gratify it. New Ontario For Seed Potatoes' T. G. Raynor, Departme EXPERIMENT stations in Canada ■ and the United States have given a good deal of attention to the po- tato, in an attempt to work out the best plans for growing, storing and market- ing this important crop. After testing the seed grown in New Ontario for a couple of years or so in the older parts of the province and find- ing it satisfactory, as I believe it will be found, it might pay the association to buy some land in a good locality in New Ontario and secure a northern man who would develop into a potato expert, or perhaps educate and send a local man up there to grow seed tubers. Incident- ally it might be made a commercial ven- ture, not only in growing seed tubers, but in producing tlhem for the local and Toronto markets. THE EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS It was my privilege last August to visit and report on the six plots of pota- toes in New Ontario to which reference has already been made. At the time of my visit they were in full bloom. The tubers were setting ; in the case of the Early Olive many were as large or lar- ger than hen's eggs. There was quite a variation in the stand of the crops. In some of the plots there were a number of blanks ; two were so bad that replant- ing Ihad to be done with other varieties, so that those plots would be useless so far as this association was concerned. The blanks were supposed to be due to the use of cut seed, which rotted as a result of a heavy rain just after plant- ing. The vines of those which survived or which were planted after the rains looked vigorous and were generally healthy. Tlhe beetle is not a serious pest there, one application of Paris green seems to be sufficient. Blight seems unknown, but scab has made its appearance. Some of the growers had good crops, while others did not do so well. METHODS IN NEW ONTARIO Most of you are aware that the soil of New Ontario is a friable clay with more or less humus in it. The amount •A paper read at the annual convention of the Ontario Vegetable Orowera' Association hold in Toronto In NoTsmber. :i\t of Agriculture, Ottawa. of humus usually depends on how close- ly it has been burned to the clay. As it is either virgin soil or has been cropped only a few years at the most, no onu uses fertilizers for potatoes unless it be a small amount of stable manure. The texture of the soil shows both potash and phosphoric acid present in large quantities and in a readily available form. By common consent, fall plowed land is preferred to spring plowed for potatoes. Some replow in the spring before planting. The seed is usually se- lected from the bin in the ordinary way and taken out of the cellar just before planting. For economy many cut their seed, but a large number advocate the use of the whole tubers as they are less liable to rot and produce stronger plants. The ground is fitted for planting from May twentieth to June tenth by thor- ough cultivation and opening the fur- rows about three feet apart. The seed is planted in drills and cultivated one way. The after cultural methods are much the same as are followed in old Ontario. The harrow is used before the plants ap- pear at the surface, and again when the vines are two or three inches high. The horse hoe follows this, deeply at first then shallow, at intervals of a week or ten days until they come in bloom. In some cases the hilling, which is quite the universal practice there, is done gradu- ally; in other cases it is done with the last cultivation. Potatoes are ready for digging the last week or ten days in September. They are usually put up in the cellars direct. Improvement can be made on their general methods whereby larger crops may be grown. They, however, grow satisfactory crops. Taken in all, I be- lieve that potato growing may be suc- cessfully exploited in New Ontario. It may interest this association to learn that in a recent competition in New York city a Mr. A. Smith, of British Columbia, landed a one thousand dollar trophy for the best potato exhibit. Mr. Smith is a member of the Canadian Seed Growers' Association, and has been working along the lines of selection adopted by the association for some time. Black Rot o{ Celery A. Mclsiif, Load**, 0*1, While in the storehouse celery is sometimes attacked by a black rot which if not checked will sometimes destroy the entire crop. The disease is induced by too heavy watering and by wetting the tops of the celery after it has been stored, also by keeping the store- house too warm without sufficient venti- lation. Some varieties have a greater power of resisting the attacks of disease than others. It is wise to test the newer sorts and secure if possible one that will com- bine resistance to disease with suitable market value. The Question of Help A shortage of help is proving a seri- ous problem for many market gardeners and vegetable growers. This question was discussed at the recent convention "f the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Asso- ciation. Mr. W. J. Kerr of Ottawa, criticized severely the class of immigrants that have been coming out from the old country, stating that some were not good, and never wojjld be. He maintained that not one man in nine was of any use for the market gardener. Mr. J. W. Rush, Humber Bay, Ont. . stated that he had considerable sympathy for the immigrant for once upon a time he had been one himself. It was stated by Mr. W. J. Robb of A Profitable House of Cucumber*. The illuBtration ehows a portion of a great crop of early cucumbers grown a year ago by Mr. E. H. Ellis of Leamington, Ont. As wiU be noted, the cucumbors were grown to single stem and run up to the root of the hou-iie. Some of the vines were sixteen feet long. The rows were three feet apart and the plants three feet apart in the row. The variety grown was Perfection WTiite Spine, i'rom ground occupying 60 by 100 fe^t floor space in his greenhousee Mr. Ellis netted a little over «1.200. January, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST It A Sample of What Western Canada Can Do in the Growing of Vegetables. These vegetablee art' the product of one hill of pumpkin. They weiahed 630 lbs. and were grown by Kd. Sanderson of Dauphin, Man. St. Thomas, that he had succeeded in placing near St. Thomas some splendid men from the old land. One of these men claimed that near where he left in the Old Country there were many good men who would be glad to come to Canada were they interviewed by some one whom they knew. Mr. Robb wanted to know if there were any way in which the St. Thomas branch of the vegetable grow- ers' association could arrange to send an agent to Great Britain acting in conjunc- tion with the Canadian Government to bring out such help. Attention was called by President Thomas Delworth to the fact that it is important that growers should so ar- range fheir work that they will be able to keep men by the year. Mr, Rush maintained that many of the immigrants who at first appear to be incapable might develop into good men were they given more sympathetic treatment by their em- ployers. Results From Use of Fertilizer Wm. H. Taylor, THE potato crop having been almost a failure last fall, I believe you would be glad to give your readers the results of my endeavors to overcome the unfavorable conditions of the season ; also the different results from certain fer- tilizers for this crop. My land is clay loam. It was under buckwheat last year. As soon as the buckwheat had started, I spread a light dressing of barnyard man- ure,— hor.se, cow and hog, — as if I want- ed a crop of buckwheat, and ploughed the whole down when it was about two . inches high. I divided the field into three parts. Plot number one was not fertilized. Plot number two was fertiliz- ed at the rate of two hundred pounds sulphate of potash, four hundred pounds acid phosphate and one hundred and twenty pounds of nitrate of soda per acre. The whole field was well harrowed and planted to Sensation potatoes. Number three plot was fed at the rate of four run- dred pounds of acid phosphate and one hundred pounds nitrate of soda an acre. The first two weeks the weather was splendid, but our first rain was not until July 1 8th, followed by many days when the temperature ranged from ninety-six St. Giles, Que. to one hundred and four degrees in the shade, and from one hundred and eight to one hundred and thirty degrees in the sun. To prevent too great evaporation I kept the cultivator and hoe going near- ly all the time. VVe got a few light rains in August — our hopes revived, things looked well ; but on the night of August thirty-first, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, corn, and so forth, were killed to the ground. The potatoes were certainly not more than half grown. However, I feel that God rewarded my persistence and courage, as the following results seem to show : Plot number one, which received a light dressing of manure only, yielded at the rate of one hundred and ninety-four bushels. Plot number two produced two hun- dred and forty-two bushels. Plot number three two hundred and four bushels. The latter plot gave twelve bushels more than plot number one, and plot number two gave forty-eight bushels more than number one. This means in the one case an increase of value at seventy-five cents per bushel (they are going up fast and will be at least one dollar in the spring) of nine dollars, and in plot number two, forty-eight bushels at seventy-five cents, gives an increase of thirty-six dollars. All up to date farmers will admit that the constant surface cultivation did a great deal of good, but will they give any credit to the green buckwheat ploughed in? I do. Vegetable Jots Asparagus grows readily from seed. One ounce is sufficient for about fifty feet of drill. It is time to begin planning the garden for next summer. Select your seeds and order early. Peppers need a rich sandy loam and frequent cultivation. — G. Bremner, Bur- lington, Ont. In bleaching celery, care must be tak- en not to have more of the early crop boarded in than will be sold within two weeks. It is better to have it green when marketing it than to have it over-bleach- ed.— George Smye. Tomato seed should be sown in the frame about ten weeks before it is safe to set the plants in the open ground. As soon as they are large enough to handle set them out two inches apart in anothc- frame and as they grow stronger trans- plant again at four inches. This pro- duces short stocky plants. Every time they are moved increases the chance for earliness. Our tests of vegetables have proven very interesting. We now have in progress tests of thirty-three early and thirty-four late varieties. Some are probably new to a considerable portion of the public, and have merit, while a large proportion appear to be well known varieties under a different name, and frequently the name is made up of a number of descrip- tive adjectives which are misleading. I have distinct recollection of one variety in our test that is being sold under four names. Work of this kind is unfortun- ate, and something should be done to straighten out the jumble of meaning- less names and place them on a basis that is reasonably accurate and reason- ably scientific. — Prof. C. E. Myers, State College, Pa. The Only Way for an old countryman to make a success of vegetable-growing in Canada is to work for someone in the business for a year or two. He will have practically to forget all he knew, and to begin at the bottom of the ladder, for the climate, customs of the country, manner of growing, and marketing, are all differ- ent to the conditions in the Old Country. After he has gained that experience he will require capital of from $500 to $1000, according to the amount of land he wishes to work, to enable him to make a good start. — F. F. Reeves, Humber Bay, Ont. la THE CANADIA^N HORTICULTURIST January, 1912 The Canadian Horticulturist i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Publiahed by The Horticultural Publishing Company, LiHited PSTSXtBORO, OI7XJLRIO EDITORIAL Th* Only Horticultural Magazin* in the Dominion Offioial Oroan of the Ontario, Qubbio, Nbw Brunswick and Princb Edward Iiland Fruit Growers' Asbociationb H. Bronson Cowan, ManairinK Dlreotor 1. The Canadiaji^ Horticulturist ia published on the 25th day of the month preceding da,te of lasTie. 2. Subscription price in Cajiada and &reat Britain, 60 cents a year; two yeai's, $1.00. For United States and local subscriptions in Petej- boro (not called for at the Post Office), 25 centa extra a year, including postage. 5. Remittajices should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for amoumts less than $1.00. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages aire paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- drees is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be gi^eu. 6. Advertising Rates quoted on application. Copy received up to the 18th. AddTeas all ad- vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad- vertising Manager, Peterboro, Out. 7. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be thankfully received by the editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statemeait of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist lor the year ending with December, 1911. The fig- ures given are exclusive of samples and spoield copies. Most months, including the sample cop ies, from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of the Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to b© interested in the growing of fruits, fiowers or vegetables. January, 1911 8,082 Februai-y, 1911 8,260 March, 1911 8,523 April, 1911 9,469 May, 1911 9,783 June, 1911 10,178 July, 1911 10,063 August, 1911 10,043 September, 1911 9,973 October, 1911 9,991 Novemoer, 1911 9,988 December, 1911 10,137 Total .114.489 Average each issue In 1907, 6,627 1908, 8,695 " " 1909, 8,970 " ' 1910, 9,067 " " " " 1911, 9,541 Sworn dertailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUK PROTECTIVE POLICY We want the readers of The Canadian Horti- culturist to feel that they can deal with our advertisers with our assurance of the adveirtis ers' reliability. We try to admit to our colunme only the most reliable advertisers. Should aay subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from any of our advertisers, we will look into the matter and Investigate the circumstances fully. Should we find reason, even in the slightest degiree, we will discontinue immediately the pub- licatiop of their advertisements in The Horti- cul/turist. Should the circumstances warrajit, we will expose them through the columns of the paper. Thus we will not only protect our readers, but our reputable advertisers as well. All that is necessary to entitle you to the bene- fit of this Protective Policy is that you include in all your letters to advertisers the words, 'I saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticulturist." Complaints should be made to us as soon as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has been found. Oommonications shoulld be addressed THE CANADIAN HOETICULTUEIBT, PETERBORO, ONT. HON. MR. DUFF SHOULD ACT At the rocent annual convention of the Ontario t'ruit Growers' Association a reso- lution WHS passed endorsing the propoBaJ that has been made frequently in these col- umns that the Ontario government Sihould take the appointment of the fruit pest iji- spectors out of th© hands of the township councils and conduct the work on a provin- cial basis. This sJjould have been done long ago. The government has been wajiied re- peatedly that injurious posts like the San Jose scale would continue to inereaso rap- idly until such action was taken. Hon. Mr. Uuif, th© provincial minister of agriculture, has slumbered through it all, hoivever, un- til there seems reason to believe that little less than the discharge of a blast of dyna- mite will lead him to take action. Out minister of agriculture does not seem to comprehend that his ability to liold the po- sition h© occupies can best be shown by an- ticipating the needs and demands of ttie public instead of delaying action until pub- lic ojjinion forces liim to move. When work of this character is left in tlie hands of local municipal bodies it is never discharged satisfactorily. While some may take effective action others de- cline to assert themselvee at . all, and the inertia of such more than offsets the good work done by others. The government rec- ognized this weakness in this system of law enforcement by local bodies when a few years ago it took th© enforcement of th© sanitary regulations pertaining to oiieese factories and creameries out of the hands of the local boards of health and placed it in tlie liands of provincial officials. The benefits that followed th© change were most marked. In certain portions of the iNiagara dis- trict during the past two years the spread of the Kan Jos© seal© has been alarming. i\ct only have fruit trees been alfected, but in some cases thoirn trees, dogwood and oui- ©r trees and sihrubs have been almost wiped out Hheie attacked. Some new diseases, the nature of which is not even yet under- stood by the growers, are now working great havoc in many orchards. It has been demonstrated that th© local inspectors ar© utterly incapable of dealing with the situation as it sliould b© handled. Ail eyt», in oomsequenoe, are on Hon. Mr. Duff. The question is, what is h© going to do to see tiiat the fruit interosts are proi)©rly pro- tected? ENCOURAGE APPLE CONSUMPTION On© of the main explanations of th© tre- mendous oonsumjition in our Canadian cit- ies of tropical fruits, such as the orange, grape fruit, dates and figs, may be found in the attractive manner in which these fruits are tlisplayed in the windows and stores of oiu: city grocers and fruiterers. Of late years apples have received more at- tention at their hands, but not nearly to th© extent that is desirable. The Commercial Club of Walla Walla, in the state of Washington, as a means of iu- ci-easing the interest taken in the apple in- duslry, as well as to increase the consump- tion of apples, has held two annual apple window displays which have proved so suo- ccesful it is planned to conduct them every year hereafter. Three prizes, of twenty- five, fifteen and ten dollars, ar© offered to the merchants of the city for the beet deco- rated windows during a specified week. Ap- ples must comprise at least hialf the mate- rial used in the decoration. Allowance is made for the shape and size of the win- dows, so that th© smaller store* have an equal chance with the larger ones. The windows are marked on points, as follows: Attractiveness, forty ; originality, twenty ; most advantageous use of apples, ten; in- expensiveness of display, ten; arrangements of signs, show cards, etc.. ten. The judges are men brought in from outside citiee. Does this not offer a sugKe.stion to some of our fruit growers' as.sociation I' Th© offer- ing of a few prizes in this way in certain of our Itvading cities would arouse interest, increase the demand for apples and set ex- amples of window decorations that would soon be followed in smaller c<'nters. Some- thing of this kind requires to be done in order that our Canadian apjiles may take their proper place in our home markets. COMPULSORY SPRAYING British Columbia has had a law for some years making the proper spraying of or- chards compulsory. So far we have heard no complaints against this law. While this may mean that it has not been strictly en- forced, still we have reason to believe that the law is being applied as conditions re- quire and that it is being attended by sat- isfactory results. The state of Ohio, whore conditions are closely similar to those whicli prevail in On- tario, has now followed this example. A law passed by th© last legislature requires all orchards in which there are ten or more trees to be sprayed at least once between November first and April thirtieth. Th© preparation used must be such as will de- stroy San Jose, oyster shell and scurfy seal©. A fine of twenty-five to one hundred dol- lars is to be imposed for each year spray- ing is not performed. This law goes into force next May. We are so afraid of preceding public opinion in Ontario there is reason to be- lieve that we are falling beliind other prov- inces and states in several important re- spects. A compulsory spraying law in On- tario, as well as in our other ©astern prov- inces, would not be any more drastic or any more of a hardship tlian the sanitary laws now generally in force which require the patrons of cheese factories and cream- eries to keep their stables clean, wash their separators and other dairy utensils regu- larly and to maintain cleanly conditions generally in connection with the handling of their dairy products. This matter of com- jjulsory spraying deserves to be given more consideration than it has yet received in our eastern provinces. So much interest was aroused by th© trial shipments of Ontario tomatoes to the British markets made last year, the On- tario government might well issue in bul- letin form the excellent paper on "Tomato Growing and the Possibilities of the British Market," read last month at the annual convention in Toronto of the Ontario Vege- table Growers' Association by Mr. Geo. Cooper, of Grimsby. While Mr. Cooper did not hold out hope for any speedy de- velopment of this trade between Ontario and Great Britain, he showed in a masterly manner that the development of such a trade is practical. He also showed plainly the difficulties in the growing and shipping of tomatoes, as well as in the marketing of them in Great Britain which confront us. We venture to say that Mr. Cooper's paper, which we purpose to publish in full in The Canadun Horticttlturist, contained infor- mation that it would have cost th© govern- January, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTIC ULT QRIST »3 ment thousands of dollars to have secured had it been forced to gather the informa- tion for itself. The Ontario Horticultural Association Why Read Advertisements? "Why did you cut out the adver- tisements? That is the only part of a magazine that I read. I can write stories myself." This is what a well known novelist and writer wrote a friend who had sent him some maga- zines and had removed all the adver- tising pages to save postage. More than one prominent man has said that if magazines ceased to pub- lish advertisements they would stop taking them. They have not time to read the stories, but feel that THEY HAVE TO LOOK OVER THE AD- VERTISEMENTS TO KEEP THEM- SELVES INFORMED IN REGARD TO WHAT IS DOING IN THE BU- SINESS WORLD. They find the ad- vertising columns of the various peri- odicals they read the best means of keeping themselves posted along this line. Did you ever stop to think how much you learn consciously or unconscious- ly through the reading of advertise- ments? How often you learn about some new labor-saving device for the farm or home, some new industry which has just opened up, some new use for an old article, or any one of the hundreds of things which you can make use of to add to your comfort, pleasure or profit, through reading about these things in advertisements in newspapers or magazines. MUCH OF THE KNOWLEDGE WE GAIN ABOUT THE ARTICLES WE WEAR, EAT, WORK WITH, OR USE FOR ANY PURPOSE, COMES THROUGH THE READING OF ADVERTISE- MENTS. Advertising is simply news about the goods that are offered for sale, and when the advertisements are well written, it is very interesting news. ..Several advertisements in this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist con- tain news that will interest you. Look them over. There may be something advertised in this number that is just the thing you have been looking for. Or, there may be something that will save or make for you many dollars in the course of a few months. Write to those advertisers. You will find them willing and glad to tell you more about their goods. Remember that WE DO NOT AC- CEPT ADVERTISEMENTS FROM FIRMS OR INDIVIDUALS WHICH WE DO NOT BELIEVE TO BE THOROUGHLY RELIABLEl. With- in the past month or two we have re- fused to accept several advertisements which we did not feel we could recom- mend to our readers. This cost us something in loss of advertising re- venue, but we felt that by keeping up the standard of the advertisements we print, we are not only acting in the best interests of our readers and ad- vertisers, but of ourselves as well. Don't hesitate to ii-ritc to any of the advert is f.rs in this issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. They have our recommendation. purposes asking the provincial minister of agriculture, Hon. Mr. Duff, to print enough copies of the annual report of the associa- tion to enable a copy to be mailed free to each member of a horticultural society in Ontario. This request should be granted without hesitation. The government de- Kerves credit for tlie improvement it has made of late years in the quality of the paper used in these reports as well as in their typographioal appearance. This gixwl work, to be made complete, requires to be carried only a little further. This will be acciomjilished when arrangements have been completed which will ensure every member of a horticultural society receiving a copy of the report each year. The officers of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association have lost no time in laying before the new Conservative admin- istration at Ottawa their request that legis- lation be enacted establishing standard weights for vegetables by the bushel and by the bag. This request is so manifestly in the interests of not only the producers but of the consumers, also, we may naturally expect that the request will be grantelacing his business on the same basis as all other advertisers and that none, due to the in- tricacies of the average advertising rate card, are getting a better rate than he is. For the publisher it means an avoidance of the troubles incident to the adjusting of rates involved in the handling of different contracts, and it establishes a standard of value that facilitates the procurement of business and the ease of handling it. Adver- tisers are all times free to withdraw their- advertising if they so desiire. At tlie same time they know tliat if they desire preferred positions they must contract for it for considerable periods in advance. We pre- dict that all our advertisers wiU be pleased with the change and that the volume of advertising in The Canadian Horticultur- ist will soon show a maiked inorciise not only on this account but also on account of the increased circulation of The Canadian nORTICULTURIST. With the pul,lication in this issue of the desci-iption of the garden at Ottawa of Lady (jtrey, by Mr. W. T. Maooun. we commence the publication of the first of a series of articles describing successful Canadian flower growers. Most of these gardens will be those of amateur growers. We expect that they will prove a most interesting and valuable feature of The Canadian Horti- culturist during 1912. These articles alone should be well worth the price of a year's subscription to The Canadian Hor- ticulturist. The February issue of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist will devote special attention to spraying. There will be timely, instruct- ive articles in all departments dealing with this important subject. They will be writ- ten by well known authorities and will be full of interesting articles, well illustrated. Ginseng Growers The executive committee of the Ontario Ginseng Growers' Association, at the annual meeting of the association held recently in Toronto, was instructed to take up the matter of a central station for the drying and shipping of roots and communicating with merchants in China to handle the roots of the members of the as- sociation. The committee will report at the next meeting. Papers were read on the washing and curing of roots, Ly Mr. CJias. Leggatt of Kingsville; by Rev. Dr. Medd of Goderich, on the "Effect of Seed Bearing on lioot Development," and by H. Q. Watson of Newmarket, on "The Best Fertilizers." General discussion took place on all these topics as well as on the possibilities of germinating seeds the first year. This last discussion was led by the veteran grower and experimenter, Mr. P. Menzies of Mil- ton, Ont. The meeting was full of interest and profitable. The Canadian Horticulturist is in receipt of some preliminary advertising material for the Royal International Horticultural Exhibition to be held in I^ondon May 22 to 30, 1912. It is expected that this will be the largest horticultural exhibition ever held. King George has intimated his inten- tion to offer a cup valued at $500 for the best exhibit in the show. Never stoj) my subscription to The Cana- dian Horticulturist. I cannot very well do without it. Sometimes I neglect the small matter of remitting right on time, but I would not be without this valuable paper as a reference for ten times what it costs per annum. — James Barnes, Buctouobe, N.B. ^^i. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1912 Quebec Fruit Gro vipers' Annual Convention iHE winter meeting of the Pomological and Fruit Growing Society of the Province of Quebec was held at Mao- donald College December 5th and 6th. From the opening until the close of Wednesday night a spirit of hopefulness and encouragement pervaded the meetings. Every person was convinced that the imit industry in the province of Quebec was at the dawn of a great awakening, and that the capabilities in this line were very great. The meeting was called to order by the president, Rev. H. A. Dickson of Rectory Hill. Sharp on time the large assembly hall of Macdonald College was well occu- pied by representative growers from the province. Dr. Harrison welcomed the del- egates to the college. The enthusiastic gathering and the excellent display of fruit surpassed anything he had seen in the prov- ince. He was satisfied that a still greater impression might be made if the fruit mea, the vegetable growers and the florists would unite, and hold an exhibition in Montreal, which would surpass anything yet attempt- ed in this province. He believed that such an exhibition might be made a financial suc- cess and that it would attract widespread attention. The president reviewed the work done in the past and outlined the hope for the fu- ture. He said that the crying need of the people was for more information — exact in- formation. One way of obtaining this was , for the society to keep in touch with the trees purchased anid distributed so that reliable data might be obtained concerning i:^ny variety in the different sections where fruit may be grown. The ©lection of officers resulted as fol- lows: Hon. patrons — Hon. Martin Burrell, Hon. Sydney Fisher, Hon. J. E. Caron and Mr. G. A. Gigeault. Hon. president — Prof. W. G. Blair. Hon. vice-president — Rev. H. A. Dick- son. President — C. P. Newman. Vice-president — Father Leopold, La Trappe. Sec.-Treas. — Peter Reid. Directors — Me.ssrs. G. B. Edwards, Chas. Byers, G. P. Hitchcock, A. D. Verreauit, Auguste Dupuis, Robert Brodie, Dr. W. Grignon, H. W. Thompson and N. E. Jack. INSECT PESTS Mr. A. Gibson, of the Central Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa, was the next speak- er. After pointing out the loss which an- nually occurred to the fruit indxistry in Quebec on account of the various insect pests which attack fruit, he confined his remarks to the Apple Maggot, the Codling Moth and the Plum Curculio. By precept and example Mr. Gibson showed the neces- sity for clean culture in the orchard, with- out throwing discredit on the standard sprays. Spraying is of little avail, how- ever, in dealing with such insects as the Apple Maggot, which live and move inside the fruit, unless great care is exercised in Slathering up all windfalls and destroying them. If not fed to cattle they must be buried or burned. This is essential if prog- ress is ever to be made in dealing with such pests. The importance of cooperative work was also pointed out. Any man is much handicapped in fighting insects if he fights alone. Beside the unfairness, he can- not accomplish what he otherwise would if his neighbor fails to do his duty in the care of his orchard. This paper will be pub- lished in The Canadian Horticulturist. J. C. Chapais, St. Denis-en-bas, in his usual pleasing manner, spoke of the re- crudescence of orchard pests in Eastern Quebec. He referred to the fight which men were obliged to put up if they were to produce marketable fruit and to meet their competitors from the west. He was of the oi)inion that the department of entomol- ogy should send one or more experts to different localities, and to si)ecialize on such insects as cause trouble there. Such ex- perts should remain on the ground and study these pests in the orchard, until pre- pared to report on same. Judging from the approval which this statement received it w"as the unanimous wish of the associa- tion. CLEAN CULTURE Dr. H. T. Gussow, botanist of Central Experimental Farm, spoke on the Nature of Parasitic Fungi and their Influence on the Host Plants. The address was iUuB- trated by lantern slides. The nature of fungi, methods of reproduction, manner of attack and control were dealt with. Dr. Gussow was satisfied that fruit men must give more attention to clean culture, if disease was to be controlled. This was equally important with fungi as with in- sect pests. Another point which should re- ceive more attention was the selection of resistant varieties. If twenty men are ex- posed to contagion often only twenty per- cent, become diseased. With plants we have like conditions. In many cases they are somewhat immune, and with ordinary THE CANADIAN NURSERY CO. rtJOOl lO LIMITED :niria ni fjardu Northern Grown Nursery Stock 'Id PHILLIPS PLACE, MONTREAL Ornamental Trees Deciduous Shrubs Evergreen Shrubs Fruit Trees Strawberries and Small Fruits Vines and Hedges Hardy Roses Conifers, etc., etc. Only those Plants sufficiently robust for our northern climate are grown. All Stock guaranteed. Full directions given. NURSERIES: POINTE CLAIRE, 14 MILES FROM MONTREAL On main line of Granii Trunk and Canadian Pacific Railways ) '4n! ^^^^ Fifty Trains daily ensure unsurpassed shipping facilities. Private siding. Plans and estimates submitted for Gardens, Grounds and Landscapes. Catalogue on Application 1 ■■' ■ iilii'i asA.i '<'!»' ' A Few Reliable Salesmen Wanted SPECIAL GLASS FOR GREENHOUSES CocMerratoriea of The Dale Estate, Brampton, Ont. Gla«« auppUed hj our Toronto Braach GOOD QUALITY. FLAT. EVEN THICKNESS, AND WELL CUT We make a specialty of supplying Gleiss for vegetable forcing houses PILKINGTON BROS. Limited Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver Mention The Canadian Hortienltnriat when wrltisc January, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST »5 caro they escape disease. As with man, strength and resistance go together. SPRAT MIXTURES Mr. L. Caesar, of the O.A.C., Guelph, was very much at home when speaking of spray mixtures and their applications. He said lime sulphur is destined to taice the place of bordeaux, although bordeaux is probably the better fungicide, but when we consider that lime sulphur has an in- secticidal value as well, its field becomes large. The formula as now used by him is twenty pounds of lime, one hundred The Extremes Agree I appreciate The Canadian Horti- culturist very much. — J. K. Ross, Charlottetown, P.E.I. Send me The Canadian Horticul- turist for another year. 1 cannot do without it. — D. W. Spice, Vernon, B.C. pounds of sulphur and forty gallons of water. It is essential that the lime should be ninety per cent. pure. This concentrat- ed spray is diluted with water and applied at a specific gravity of one and three-hun- dredths per cent, before buds burst, one and nine-thousandths per cent, before blossoms burst and one and eight-thousandths per cent, just after blossoms fall. He recom- mended nothing new in the way of mak- ing or applying same. For grapes and po- tatoes the bordeaux mixture is still much superior to lime sulphur. The only relia- ble arsenical to use with lime sulphur is arsenate of lead, while a number of poi- sons may be used with the bordeaux mix- ture. The morning of Wedne-sday was given over to business. An interesting feature was th© report of Mr. Richardson, super- intendent of the demonstration fruit farms at Covey Hill and Abbotsford. These dem- onstration fruit farms were a new ven- ture. The work had been undertaken and fostered by the cooperative societies in conjunction with the Pomological Society of Quebec. The report of the first year of the work done, and the results achieved were encouraging. The fruit conference to be held at Ottawa also received a share of attention. RESOLUTIONS After dinner a number of important res- olutions were discussed and carried, viz. : First. Resolved — Tliat a committee of the Association be appointed to procure the latest information with regard to the best style of iiacking fruit, and that they re- port to the directors of the Association for publication. Second. That the Ontario Governm'ent 1)6 requested to provide a short course for fruit inspoctors at the O.A.C., Ouelph, and that they grant certificates to each suc- cessful student. Also that schools to in- struct apple packers b© provided in the counties. Third. That the Dominion government be requested to send a capable man to Kurope to study cooperation and market conditions and report to the government. Fourth. That the Dominion government have daily market prices of fruit collect- ed from their agents in the Old Country and published in the daily papers in all provinces of the Dominion. Fifth. That the Dominion government l)e requested to have forms issued to bas- ket manufacturers, so as to insure uni- form size of fruit basket. Sixth. That the A.ssociation convey oon- gratulations to Hon. R. L. Borden on his Douglas Gardens Oakville, Ontario=^ Wishes all the readers of The Canadian Horticulturist The Compliments of the Season OUR Spring Planting List Will be issued on I st February next- It will describe and offer a goodly list of Bedding Plants : China Asters, Salvia, Scabiosa, Stocks, Etc. Herbaceous Perennials: Shasta Daisies, Delphiniums, Hem- erocallis, Kniphofia, Pentstemons, Spiraeas, Etc. Summer-Flowering Bulbs : Gladiolus, Ismene Mailed free to all on our mailing list and to others who send their names and addresses JOHN CAVERS PEDIGREED CHERRIES THIS i.s one of our Specialties, We have a large stock for spring sales and they are the finest we ever offered. Our Sour Cherries are budded on Mahaleb Seedlings, our Sweets on Mazzard, insuring long life and thrifty growth. The stock we offer is all bred from Selected Bearing Trees, and we guarantee it true to name and of superior type. We can offer attractive prices on all varieties. AUBURN NURSERIES QUEENSTON, ONT. GOOD CROPS ARE OBTAINED BY USING THE BEST MANURE AS SUPPLIED TO NURSERIES. FRUIT GROWERS AND GARDENERS SURE GROWTH COMPOST makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer- tile land most]! productive. Supplied by S. W. MARCHMENT 133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO Telephones : Main 284 1 Residence P*rk 95 1 Mention The Oanadian Hortieultnriit wh»n writlnf i6 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURlbT January, 191 2 Nursery Stock at First Cost Wc employ no agents^ Our goods are sold by mail only, so we are able to give you high class nursery stock at very reasonable prices. ' Our stock is carefully grown, regularly inspected, and guaranteed healthy, clean, true to name, and first class in every particular. Our reliability is vouched for by the fact that 'we have been growing and selling nursery stock at our Central Nurseries for 30 years, and have thousands of pleased customers all over the country. Some of our earliest cus- tomers still buy from us. They have had a chance to see what our trees would do, and know that they are good. As regards prices, they are given in our catalogue, which is free for the asking. Send for it. Our stock consists of FRUIT, SHADE, ORNA- MENTAL and EVERGREEN TREES, SHRUBS, GRAPE VINES, ROSES, ASPARAGUS ROOTS, EVERYTHING. It will pay >ou to order now while the assortment is complete. OUR CUSTOM Toronto, May 26, 1911. A. G. Hull & Son, Central Nurseries, St. Catharines. Dear Sirs,— I was OTer to my pla«e ooi the 24th and saw the trees. I am well pleased. They are a nice lot. Mr. Jamison spoke Tery highly of them, also of the civility and con- sideration received from you. It is a plea- sure dealing with nice people. I trust they will be a source of bringing you business.— W. B. G. • Roxham, Que., May 24, 1911. Dear Sirs,— I received the trees you shipped me all right. I must say these are the best trees I ever saw. I am well pleased with them, only sorry that I didn't send fo^r more. I am pleased they turned out so well. The ■R8 TALK BACK apple tree agents in this place said they wouldn't be any good. Thank you for send- ing such a nice lot. — r. S. Woodstock, Oht., May 12, 1911. Messrs. A. G. Hull & Son, Central Nurseries, St. Catharines. Dear Sirs,— I beg to thank you for your kind attention to my order and for the qual- ity of the goods you shipped me. My man, who is a thorough gardener and nursery man says that the stock is exceptionally good, and he made me promise to write you and say so. The prices charged by you are very reason- able. If I can ever be of any service to you in recommending your goods, do not hesitate to command me. — J. R. S. THE CENTRAL NURSERIES— A. C. HULL & SON— ST. CATHARINES, ONT. Proprietors The ONTARIO FRUIT SPRAYER BUILT FOR BUSINESS Fig. 73 No. 1 A, 1912 Model This cut illustrates our 1912 MODEL FRUIT SPRAYER, a marvel of simplicity, strenjfth and durability, 2^ H. P. engine, water cooled and always ready ; can be quickly cut off from pump jack and used for other purposes. This outfit represents all that first-class machinery, material and skill can produce at a moderate price. Write for detailed description and price. We manufacture a full line of Apple Evaporating Machinery. Installing Power Evaporatora a Specialty FRUIT MACHINERY CO. Ingersoll, Ont. judgment in selecting Hon. Martin Burrell a,s .Minister of Agriculture; also that con- gratulations be forwarded to Hon. Martin Uurrell, whoee appointment was in every way satisfactory to the fruit growers. NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN FKUII8 Mr. W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticul- turist, after referring to the lioxed fruit on exhibition, and i>oiiiting out why prizes had been awarded in the several classeB, siKjke at some length on now and little known fruits. Two classes of men were referred to ; those who accept evei-ytlung that is new, and those who condemn i-v. ■.. thing because they are new. Both classes need moderation. The greater i>art of the new fruits axe valueles.s ; but, on the other hand, the igrowers should constantly be on the lookout for suiJerior fruits which are occasionally ottered. F. E. Buck of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, spoke on flowers in general and theii' relation to the national lite. He was of the opinion that ttie commercial spirit tended to rob life of ite i)oetry ; and that a knowledge of how to plant, what to plant and when to plant was the great panacea which would solve this social prob- lem. W. H. Dempsey, Trenton, Ont., spoke of soil treatment in the apple orchard. He referred to the three systems of cultiva- tion, viz. : Sod mulch, continuous cultiva- tion and the cover crop. AU. these methods had something in their favor, but for (Que- bec conditions, cultivation until midsummer followed by a cover crop was the system advocated, and the system which has given entire satisfaction. THE MINISTER SPOKE The great feature of the evening session was the address by the Hon. Martin Bur- rell, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa. His address was pleasing, instructive and en- joyed by all. He was glad to be numbered among the horticulturists, and the members of the Pomological Society were not slow in reminding him that they too were pleased. He referred to his native province, untisn Columbia, and by comparing east with west — their conditions, successes, failures — drew lessons destined to uplift the fruit industry in the province of Quebec. The Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Quebec followed. He was willing and anxious, as always, to help the fruit men. The excellent music rendered by the orchestra of Maodonald College, under the auspices of the horticul- tural club, was not so sweet to him as the chord struck by the Hon. Martin BurreU, when he said; "Cooperation is the salva- tion of the farming industry of the Do- minion." In this he most heartily concui- red. The Rev. Father Leopold, La Trappe, then delivered a most instructive address on. "Fruit Culture in France." He had spent the summer in the old land studying nursery practice first hand. In most fault- less style he compared fruit growing in France with the same in America. Inten- sive in France; commercial in America, is the striking difference. The commercial spirit has allowed the American to invade the European market and to hold it against all competitors, but when we consider "high-pressure gardening" France easiiy leads. THE FRTJIT EXHIBIT The exhibition of fruit was conceded to be much the best of any similar exhibit held in the province. The Fanieuse and Mcintosh Red, as usual, were much in evidence. This is as it should be, for Quebec leads the world in the production of these varieties in color and quality. This was strikingly brought out by a comparative exhibit in which Mr. R. W. Shepherd, of Oomo, displayed some January, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 17 Grasselli Spray Products LIME SULPHUR SOLUTION ARSENATE OF LEAD PASTE We wish to announce to Canadian Fruit Grow- ers that we are preparing to manufacture Grasselli Lime Sulphur Solution at our works, Hamilton, Ontario, and will be able to make deliveries by February 1st, 1912 Grasselli Lime Sulphur Solution is a High grade, clear cherry color solution containing meiximum amount of sulphur actually in solution in the form of Calcium Polysulphides. Shipments will be made in both carloads and less carloads from our Hamilton Works, and less carloads from our Toronto Warehouse. Grasselli Arsenate of Lead Paste We will ship the well known Grasselli Arsenate of Lead Paste from both Hamilton and Toronto. The quality of this product is so well known that it needs no introduction to users in the larger fruit grow- ing sections of Ontario but to those who may not have followed close- ly the strides that have been made in lead making, wish to state that it is an evenly balanced product, containing not less than fifteen per centum Arsenic Oxide (Poison), less than one half of one percentum Soluble Arsenic, and is in good mechanical and physical condition. It is packed in (tie best of pacicages Write for Prices and Name of Nearest Distributor, THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO., LIMITED Works and Main Office : Warehouse and Office : HAMILTON, ONT. 131 Eastern Ave. TORONTO, ONT. i8 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1912 E . ■ ,1 A 1^ ^^^mmiHHl^^^Hj im SPRAMOTOR SAVES TREES Two carloads of the Traction Spramators 'wete shipped to Water- down and Burlington last year. The farmers there prefer them to all others for general purposes. They are well adapted to spray- ing fruit trees of any size, and by a simple change of spray pipes, are equally suitable for vineyards, row crops and weed destruction. The greatest care is taken in their manufacture, as they are most difficult machines to manufacture. They have all the features of the larpe power machines, and in addition, have a Nozzle Protector, Patented Nozzle Adjuster, 12 gal. Air Tank and a motor of the largest capacity: yet owing to the control, one nozzle can be used as effectively as 12 (the limit) and yet maintain an equal pressure of from 80 to 200 lbs., or any pressure you desire. All of the highest grade throughout. Everything in its construction made in the Spramotor Factory. HEARD SPRAMOTOR CO. 1388 King Street, London, Canada Arc You Setting Out Your Trees as Econom- ^ ically as Possible and are the Trees when / Planted Giving The Best Results Obtainable • Let Us Send You FREE OF CHARGE our Pamphlets on the use of STUMPING POWDERS USED FOR Planting Trees Cultivating and Rejuvenating Orchards Breaking Hard Pan, Shale and Clay Sub- Soils Removing Stumps and Boulders Digging Wells and Ditches, Etc., Etc. Write us in regard to arranging FREE DEMONSTRATION CANADIAN EXPLOSIVES, Limited MONTREAL, P. Q. A BARGAIN The Canadian Apple Growers' Guide $2.00 The Canadian Horticulturist. One Year . .60 BOTH FOR $2.00 $2.60 This Offer Expires Jan. 31, 1912. Write To-day. Fameuso from Quebec beeide others from the King's gardens in EuRland, and from British Columbia. The Quebec Fameuse H«re easy winners. This extra color is at- tributed to the great amount of sun, which this province enjoys. This ruddy hue, the "^lory of these fruits, has gained for the Fameuse much renown, and has sold many other apples in England as "Made in Can- ada." The meetings were the most successful «hich the association has yet held. Every member went homo determined to do better in the future, or as one delegate put it, "To Watch and Spray."— E. M. Straight. New Brunswick Apple Show New Brun.swick is rapidly coming to the front as an apple growing province, and will have to be reckoned with in the near future a.s a competitor in supplving apples of good color and high quality. The impres- .sion gained, from a knowledge of her i)eople, and the excellent apple show held recently in St. John, N.B.. is that the people of that province are thoroughly alive to the jkjs- sibilities of expansion in apple production, and are setting before themselves squarely the problem of growing and marketing fruit in the mo.st up-to-date manner, and in sufficient quantity, to make this an industry of no small importance to the province. The New Brunswick Government has given a great impetus to apple growing through making possible such fruit exhibits. thus inspiring confidence in her people as to the possibilities of the province in this direction. New Brunswick has been for- tunate in securing a capable horticulturist to assist in development along right lines. Mr. A. G. Turney, Provincial Horticultur- i.st, is clear in his belief that New Brunswick should produce fruit of the best and high- est quality and supplv it to the consumer in the box package. That such fruit can be nroduced was amply proven, and that the box is the package best suited for market- ing this fruit wa.s demon.strated by the ex- cellent exhibit of five hundred boxes in one display made bv the New Brunswick Gov- ernment at this apple show. These apples were co]lectel and social iidvuntiii^'CH, Now, irhile tfou think- of it, write for the latest inHiic of " TIIK MOIITIIERN HOMKSKKKKK." other literature and low exeurMion rateH AddresB F. U. LaBlUnK, A^r'l A^l., Norfolk A W»t«rD fij.. Box 40 41) Uoinuke.Ya. YEARLY RAINfvALL45 INCHES Valuable 64=page Farm and Garden HandbooK FREE! The Planet Jr 1912 catalogue is an instruc- fjii^r^tive handbook of short cuts to best results for farmers and gardeners everywhere — not simply a list of implements. It illustrates 55 latest-improved Planet Jr tools, showing many in actual use. 64 big, helpful pages. Write for it at once! Send postal today! S L Allen & Co Box 1106G Philadelphia Pa I i(o, 11 I Planet Jr Double Wheel Hoe, Cultivator, Plow and I I Hake works both sides of plants thoroughly and rapidly at one passage, until crops are 20 inches high. This fine tool has indestructible steel frame and steel leaf lifters. Planet Jr Combined Hill and Drill Seeder, Wheel Hoe, Cultivator, and No. 4 ^iPlow sows seed accurately and wor quickly, easily, thoroughly. Won ^derful all-round garden tool and ^iiioney-saver. Write tor name of our newest agency. Some History about Typewriters Modern and Ancient CHAPTER 6 w YO U can get from us the stenographer you need. ^E maintain, at very considerable expense, the largest employment department in Canada. I AST year at Toronto alone we filled 5000 posi- tions. Applicants are tested and graded. We know their capabilities. We supply the most efficient worker for the salary the employer will pay. 'THE service is absolutely free. It is an invaluable to employers, and a boon to the hundreds of y who obtain through it their means of livelihood A ND it is merely one phase of the Underwood Service. convenience young people United Typewrriter Co. Limited TORONTO The apph' show was held under the aus- pices of the Npw Brunswick Fruit Growers' A.ssociation, the Government giving a grant of five humlrcd doUare toward the show. ThLs made it possible to offer fair prizes, and th\is helps to bring together the be.st fruit and the leading growers of the province. The annua] meeting of the society was held at the same time, and addresses were given on timely topics by horticulturists present. A pheasant feature of the show was the banquet given at the Victoria Hotel, where some two hundred of the fruit growers did honour to the occasion. Leading business men and those holding public i)Ositions paid high tribnt<» to the excellent work done by the Dejjartment of Agriculture through the untiring efforts of Secretary for Agricul- ture, W. W. Hubbard, the provincial hoi^ ticulttiri.st, \. G. Turne.y, and W. T. Macoun. Dominion Hortictilturist. Pro- fessor W. S. Blair. Macdonald College, and Professor Shaw, of the Nova Scotia Agri- culture College, acted as judgee at the show, and delivered addresses at the convention. The New Assistant in Horti- culture Our readers are hereby introduced to Mr. B. M. Straight, the new a.ssistant profes.sor of horticulture at Macdonald College. Mr. Straight is a New Brunswick man. He was born at Cam- bridge, Queen's coun- ty, where he received his education. After teaching in the public schools for a number of years, he was en- gaged in intensive m a r k e t gardening, until he decided on an agricultural col- lege training. This he secured at Truro, the Agricultural Col- lege, Guelph, and at Macdonald, Que. It may be added that he IS on© of MacdonaJd's first graduates. Mr. Straight will contribute a number of arti- cles to The Canadian Horticulturist during the coming year. Canadian Apples in China The Canadian Trade Commissioner at Shanghai writes to the Department of Trade and Commerce at Ottawa concerning his efforts to promote trade in apples be- tween Canada and China. Many nierchants there prefer the Canadian product, but find the prices too high. One particular firm desired from five hundred and fifty to one thousand cases to be delivered from Vancouver at Shanghai by December fifth, but found that the Canadian firm with whom they communicated quoted two dol- lars and fifty cents gold per case of forty- one pounds, which was forty-one cents more than the Fnited States firms were quoting. The Shanghai market can easily absorb one thousand six hundred case^ this season. A trial shipment of Canadian apples last year met with considerable success. Com- mis.<^ioner Harris states that if Canadian apples can be quoted for one dollar and eighty cents, they can easily compete with those from the tlnited States, since they are locally preferred. Many thanks for the fountain pen sent me as a premium for securing five newsub- soriptions to The Canadian Horticulturist. I am more than delighted with it. It is worth ten times the labor to secure such a premium. — H. Laycock, St. Thomas, Ont. January, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 21 FREE YOUR CHOICE Of These Wonderful New Style EDISONS Shipped YeSf FREE, Shipped positively and absolutely free as per offer below. You do not have to pay us a single penny either now or later. We do not even ask you for any deposit or am guarantee, not even any C. O. D. payment to us. All we ask is that you tell us which of the magnifi- cent Edi.son outfits you prefer so that we can send that one to you on this free loan offer. nJKma F^a4^t%m% C^ai/C •'^ "^^"^ *° ^^^ ^ Phonograph KWmr* L9aM9VMM t^dJrS* in every American Homer For the Phonograph is Mr. Edison's pet and hobby. He has worked for years to make this Phonograph excel all others, and now you may obtain any o£ these -'onderfut new style outfits on an ultra liberal offer. Just Take Your Choice You Don't Have To Buy Anything The Edison 0/fef* i win send you a new model Edison Phonograph and your choice of all the Amberol records on an absolutely free loan — no obligations, no deposit, no guarantee nor C. O. D. to us whatever. I want you to have all the waltzes, two-steps, vaudevilles, minstrels, grand operas, also the sacred music, etc., by tlie world's greatest artists. Enter- tain your family and your friends. Give plays and concerts right in your own parlor. Hear the songs, solos, duets and quartettes, the pealing organ, the brass bands, the symphony orchestras, the choirs of Europe's great cathedrals, the piano and violin virtuoso concerts — all these I want you to hear free as reproduced on the Edison phonograph. Then — when you are tlirough with the outfit — send it back to me — and I will pay the freight. n/ly Reason: Why should I make ' such an ultra liberal offer? Why should I go to all this expense trouble just so you can have these free concerts? Well, I'll tell you. I am tremendously proud of this new instrument. When you get it in your town I Jinmv everybody will say that nothing like it has ever been heard — so wonderful, so beautiful, such a king of entertainers — so I am sure that at least some one — if not you then somebody else, will want to buy one of these new style Edisons (especially as they are being offered now alike nwsl aslounding rock -bottom price — and on easy terms as low as $2.00 a month). Perhaps you yourself will be ;lad to keep this outfit. But even if nobody buys '11 be glad anyway that I sent you the new Edison on the free loan — for that is my way of advertising quickly its wonderful superiority. i Get Free the New Edison Book We will send you our handsome new Edison book and full particulars of our wonderful free loan offer absolutely free and prepaid. You should see our grand new Edison book. It will give you the list of the thousands of records and all the machines that you have to choose from. Write today — do nf)t delay. Get the free book and learn about this wonderful free trial ofi'er. Send postal or letter, or just the coupon without any letter— but 'WRITE NOW! Edison Phonograph Distributers Address: F. K. Babson, Vice-President and Gen'l Manager Dept. 7651,355 PortaKa AvO:, WInnlpeK, Canada Westem Offlro S Poet Street, ban Francittco n. S. Offloe Edilon Bluvk. Chicago. lU. Free Catalog Coupon Edison Phonograph Distributers F. K. BABSON Vice-President & Gen'l Manager Dept. 7651, 355 Portage Ave., WlnnlpeK, Canada Wefltern Office : 6s I'owt Str(;et, Siiii Franrisco C. 8. Offloo : EdlBon Block, Chicago. 111. Without any obligrations on me whatsoever, please send me yournew Edison Book and full particulars of your new special free loan ol£er on xhe new style, improved EDISON Phonograph. Name. D2k Address- 22 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST January, 1912 You can make Pictures at night It's all very simple with a KODAK and the Eastman Flash Sheets. There's fun in making^ the pictures and pleasure afterwards in possessinj^ pictures of your friends. Ask your dealer, or write us for a copy of " By Flashlight," an illustrated book that tells just how to get the best results. CANADIAN KODAK CO. uMiTEf) TORONTO, CANADA FERRYS" ^^ B E 1^ CI Good gardeners ^^CC^^are those wbo raisegood flow- ers and vegetables. Good flowers and vegetables come from good seeds. Vv'e pro- duce good seeds— the infer- ence is obviOLS. For sale everywhere. 1912 SEED ANNUAL Free on Request D.SLFERKY&CO. Windsor, Onf^ STRAWS ERRTIsk'^^ rianta by the dozen or by the million . 120 acres planted In 103 vailetie«. AJ. the tttatidardeaodthe most promising <>l the new ones. Largest giower In America. Every plant true to name. Also Raspberry, BIacl£berry,Goo8eberr\ and Currant Plants, Grape Vines, Cali- fornia Privet and other Shrubbery. |Ciiltural directions ■with each ship- ment. Beautiful CfttaloKueFUKK. ^^en^i a postal today. My personal guarantee Lack of every sale. W. F. ALLEN 111 Market Street, Salisbury, Md. ^m Ton can onltlTate be- tween berry bushes when the Bissell Garden Disc Harrow is closed np, or under fruit trees with wings added. Adjustable— for single horse, or light two horse harrow. Low or high seat. Eeversible— In-Throw to Out Throw. Remember, no harrow is genuine without Bissell name dlamped on it. Ask local deal- er about the Bissell or write Dept. N for Oatalog. T. E. Bissell Co. Ltd., Elora, Ont. The Bissell GARDEN IH ARROWS 1 See adTortisement of Bissell Orchard Disc page X. Dominion Fruit Conference The Canadian Horticulturist has not re- ceived a program for the Dominion Fruit Conference that it is expected will be held in Ottawa, February 20-22. From a British Columbia paper, however, we see that it is expected that Mr. W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines, Ont., who has been visiting the fruit districts of Canada and the Pacific coast states on behalf of the Dominion go- vernment, will give an address at the con- ference. His address will be followed by a full report published as a bulletin by the Federal government. Other features will be an address by W. T. Macoun, the Dominion Horticulturist, on "New Varieties of Fruit," a jjaper by Alexander McNeil, Chief of the Fruit Divi- sion, on "Cooperation in iTuit Marketing," and also, possibly, a paper by J. A. Rud- dick, the commissioner in charge, on the subject of cold storage in its applications to the fruit industry. An interesting feature will be an exhibit of fruit from the various producing dis- tricts of Canada, which will be represented by one box each of the twenty or thirty varieties most commonly produced. Arrangements have already been made for the collection of the requisite fruit in British Columbia. Fruit is being collected not only from the provinces of Canada, but from Oregon, Washington, Virginia, New York, etc. The comparisons that will be made will be of much value to the delegates. Extracts will be made from the census re- turns, to show the progress and size of the fruit industry in the various provinces and in the Dominion as a whole. Short ad- dresses will be given by the delegates, in- dicating briefly tue progress being made in their special districts. A National. Apple Show Two news despatches that have reached The Canadian Hortioultuhist give reason to believe that Eastern Canada may have a national apple show next fall after all, and that it will be held either in Toronto or Montreal, and be backed by the Dominion Government. The first despatch was re- ceived from Spokane, Wash., and was in jiart as follows : William H. Bunting, of St. Catharines, Ont., official representative of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, who is making a tour of the Canadian and American north- west, said in the course of an interview in Spokane that he is visiting the various fruit districts in this part of the country to gather data and other information for use in the event it is decided to hold a national apple show in Canada next fall. It is likely that Toronto will be the exhibition city. "Growers in all parts of Canada, as well as in the United States, will be invited to compete for substantial prizes and hand- some trophies," Mr. Bunting said, "and we expect to have an exposition which will at- tiract many from the so-called Spokane country and other parts of the north-west- ern states. We shall have a building of sufficiently large dimensions to accommodate from thirty to thirty-five cars of apples for exhibition purposes, and afford every facil- ity for the display of fruit." MONTREAL ACTIVE The second despatch was from Montreal, and appeared in a leading British Columbia daily paper. It' was as follows : "Montreal will, next year, probably be the scene of a national fruit exhibition on the same big scale as marked the National Apple show at Vancouver a couple of years ago. It is proposed that an exhibition of what is regarded as Canada's national fruit. PRUNING SAW Oi"Tfit<-N frtiNi KnuirM No breaking of liiiiht «» by climbinK. No riioviuj; of ta-lili-rs. No aawtng \^ ^9™* of vrong llmbi. Cmh r<^a£ti topmont braucbi^a aiid ihape tree bciu-r than by old methods. Will saw Ita co«tlnoaedaj. Nothing to icct out of order. Will laat for years. TluiU"ai.di In uw. Uecomracndod hj If your dealer cari'l furniwh It. write fo» -ull circular and pricfw. HatliractiuD K^iiranii FRUITGROWERS' SAW C0.» Scoitsvllle. N. Y. Rcpresentjitive for Ontnrio. Chas. E- Boyd, Siincne, Ont- Ihj all Dsera. ^ ull (t«^«rlt>iive Tt UU-'-ii. Adrlr.im * A Science Treo Trimnjing is a science and the man intelhgent enough to do this work properly is too good a man to have his arms pulled off. hie. ba-ck broken or bis head smashed by a fall when all this can be avoided. HOW? Just by UHing the KANSAS PRUN- ING KNirE, improved, the most up-to-date knife made. It is auto- matic, no levers to work by band, any length of handle can be used so all the work can be done from the ground, where the operator can see what to take out and what to leave. The KANSAS PKUNING KNIFE docs heavy work and does it fast. It is made of the very flneet material and made to last. May we send you our circulars telling more abojit this knife and al.»o about our HAPPY THOUGHT KNIFE and what owners say about them. Made by the Taylor-Forbes Co., Guelph. Ont. INTERNATIONAL TOOL COMPANY 49-51 Porter Street. - Detroit, Micbi an Strawberry Plants FOR SALE We have a fine lot of plant.s for spring delivery. Best varieties for home, jfarden and commercial g^rowers. List will be ready early In January. Send for it now. Place your order early as PLANTS ARE SCARCE ONTARIO NURSERY CO. Wellington, Ont. :J STRATFORD EXTENSION LADDER It U the safest and best on the market. Fitted with automatic hooks that lock at cTcry runs and unlock between the runffs LIGHT, STRONG EASILY OPERATED AND DURABLE IF Interested write for Catalogue F THE Stratford Mfg.Co. Limited STRATFORD, CANADA Makers of Ladders for every con- ceivable purpose January, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 23 yOV CAN TRU5 Ewing's Reliable Seeds to give you the best crops which your soil, with your tilling, can produce. EWING'S Reliable Seeds faithfully reproduce the selected grains, vegetables and flowers from which they were grown. They are clean, vigorous and healthj' — sure to grow big crops under all reasonable conditions. By doing this for over forty years they have earned the name "Reliable". j5 Get Ewing's Reliable Seeds from your dealer, or write for our handsome illustrated catalogue and ,^^^_^.^^^_^___ buy from ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ us direct. I WM. EWING & CO., SEEDSMEN McGIll Street, Montreal. 3%0NE CENT This is all it costs you to kerp your stock in prime condition with the world's most famous animal tonic — International Stock Food Every cent inve»tcd in this wonderful health- giver, brings back dollars in strong, healthy horses, cows, hheep and hogs. Careful tests show that 4 quarts of oats and the regular teed of INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD will keep horses in better conditioa than FIVE quarts of oats without it. INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD will make your cow» gain 1 to 4 quarts of milk per day. Nothing like INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD to fatten animals for market. Your hogs need it. Ask your dealer for it. We have a copy of our $3,000 Stock Hook for you. S«od us your name and address, and tell us the number of head of stock you own. INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD CO. Vmtti TOROTVTO OXTARIO TESTIMONIAL H»yfipld 8ta. Man., Nov. 15. 1911. Inteniatitiiial Htufk Food Co. Ltd. 'r..r.>nto. Ont Dear .Sir^ -I wh 11 b to nay that your Htoect without heading back much, and no injurious results will follow. .At the end of the fifth year, when the tree is reaching its most profitable period, it will be necessary to again head back to keep the tree in bounds and the fruit near to the ground. The tree should not be allowed to carry too heavy a crop in the fourth year, but in the fifth year it should carry a full crop. The spring is the best time to do the pruning, especially of bearing trees, a*; often one can tell the amount of winter injury to buds and wood, and prune ac- cordingly. In pruning off limbs care should be taken to cut close to a bud or a limb, so that the wound may the better heal over. Also one can do much in shap- ing the head by watching the position of the buds and pruning to a bud point- ing in the direction that it is desired to have the tree grow. The standard distance for planting in the Niagara District is eighteen t-, twentv feet each way. — T.G.B. A Tent Ready For Use.— No. 2 The men are preparing to put the cyanide and acid under the tent, where it is allowed to bttm for one hour. February, 1912 tut CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST i^ Orchard Spray Calendar for 1912 Prot. Wm. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que. Fruit-growers should begin preparations for the spraying of their orchards in early spring. The spraying outfits should be thoroughly overhauled and tested so that there may be no delays in the busy season. Extra lengths of strong hose, capable of withstanding 250 pounds pressure, and supplies of nozzles of the kind that experience has shown to be the best, should be procured for cases of emer,gency. In addition, the necessary season's supply of chemicals, such as lime-sulphur (or the com- mercial lime-sulphur, if that is preferred), bluestone, good stone lime, Paris green, or preferably Arsenate of Lead, and White Arsenic, should be purchased and stored in readiness for active operations. If the lime-sulphur wash is to be made on the prem- ises, attention should be given to the construction of a suitable boiling outfit, so that no delay may result at the last moment. There should also be a goodly supply of coal-oil barrels on hand for storing stock solutions of lime-sulphur and Bordeaux. PLANT FIRST APPLICATION SECOND APPLICATION THIRD APPLICATION NOTES Apple Use 1 (a), or 2 (a) just before the leaf buds open, for hibernating insects such as scal€S, bud moth, oaae-bearers, scab, canker and leaf spot. Use 1 (b), or 2 (b) just before the blossom buds open for curculio, canker worm, tent caterpillar scab, canker and leaf spot. Use 1 (c). OT 2 (b), or 8 immediately after blos- som petals have fallen, and before the closing of the calyx-cup for codling- worm, canker worm, cur- culio and scab. Use 1 (c), OT 2 (b), OT 8 a few weeks later if scab or codUng worm threatens; apply whale- oil soap solution if aphids be- come troublesome; for apple maggot gather promptly and destroy completely ail fallen wormy fruits. For twig-blight cut out and buxn branches and twigs as soon as observed- Pear As for apple, to control scale, scab, blister-mdte. As for apple, to control curculio. tent-cater- pillars, scab. As for apple, to control scab, curculio and others. Another application of 3 (a) if scab threatens. Fot Psylla apply whale-oil soap solution when leaf buds open, and again a week later- For slugs spray with 3 (a) or dnist with air- slaked lime. Peach Use 1 (a). OT 2 (a) be- fore buds begin to swell, to control scale, leaf-curl and brown rot. Use 3 (b) after the fruit is set to control curculio and brown rot. Use 3 (a) a month later for brown rot and scab. Another application later, if brown rot is severe: Remove and' destroy all trees showing "Yellows," or "Little Peach," or those dying from shotihole borer. Spray with whale-oil soap solution if aphids appear. Plum and Cherry Use 1 (a), or 2 (a) ju3t before the buds burst for scales, brown, rot and .shot-hole fungus- Uae 1 (c), or 2 (b), or 8 when fruit is fairly set, for curculio, green fruit worms, brown rot and black-knot. Use 1 (c), or 2 (b), or 8 about two weeks later. Repeat it brown rot threatens. If "slug" appears use 3, or dust with dry, air- slaked Ume. If Black-Knot is present, out out twigs and bum them. If aphis is abundant, spray with whale-oil soap solution). Mummy plums should be destroyed in autumn. Grape Use 7 or 8 or 3 (b) aa buds begin to swell, or when third leaf makes its appearance, to control black rot, mildews and flea-beetle. Use 7 or 8, or 3 (b) be- fore the blossoms opem, to control black rot, mil- dews and flearbeen, to con- trol mildew. Use 1 (c), or 2 (b) just before blossoms open for mildews and currant- worm. Use 1 (c) ,OT 2 (b) after fruit is formed for mil- dew and "worm." Hellebore is effective against the "worm" when fruit is large. It aphids appear, spray early and thoroughly with whale-oil soap solution (5). Raspberry and Blackberry Use 7 before leaf-bude open, against anthrac- jiose. leaf-spot and saw- Hy larvae. Use 8 two weeks later. If "orango-rust" appears, re- move and burn aft'ected plants at once. If anthracnoae appears, cut affected canes and burn. Set out no new plants affected with "crown gall." Strawberry Use land broken for more than 3 years if white grub is common. Use only healthy plants for setting. If leaf-spot or ''rust" is troublesome keep plants covered with Bordeaux throughout first season; in second season spray with Bordeaux before blooming, and after picking mow and burn- Take but two crops. Dig out white grubs as soon as injury ie observed. Tomato Spray plants in seed bed with Bordeaux; spray at intervale with Bordeaux if danger of rot or loaf-spot is feared. Spraying Mixtures 1. HOME-MADE CONCENTRATED LIME-SULPHUR WASH.— A combined insecticide and rungii;ido, hence a very valuable spray. FORMULA.— Lime, 50 lbs.; sulphur, 100 lbs. and water. 40 gals.; prepared by boiling for nearly an hour, and afterwaixls diluted to proper strength A hydrometer is necessary to get the proper dilutions: 1 (a) in early spraying on d>rmanit wood wash should have a specific gravity of 1.030; 1 (b) for spraying before blossoms burst a sp. gr, of 1.0O9; and 1 (c) for spraying just after blossoms fall— 1.008. (For details see Prof. L. Caesar's Reports.) 2. COMMERCIAL LIME-SULPHUR WASH.— 2 (a) used on dormant wood at the rate of 1 g aL t« 9 gals, water; 2 (b) on foliage 1 gal. to 40 gals, water. 3. ARSENATE OF LEAD A valuable insecticide for biting insects, (a) used alone— 2 lbs. to 40 gals, water; (b) with lime-sulphur wash or with Bordeaux mixture— 2 lbs. to 40 gals, of the wash. 4. PARIS OREEN,— Used for poisoning biting insects, '/i-Va lb. to 40 gals, water; 1-2 lbs. . qnickUme should be added to prevent burning. Usually applied along with Bordeaux. 5. WHALE-OIL SOAP.— A good contact insecticide for sucking insects such as plont-lioe, leaf-hoppers, etc.— 1 lb. soap to 6-6 gals, of hot water. 6. HELLEBORE.— (a) 1 oz. steeped in 2 gals, water; or (b) used dry, pure or mixed with 5 parts of cheap dry flour. 7. BORDEAUX MIXTURE.— The standard fungicide. FORMULA —Copper sulphate, 4 lbs.: best stone lime, 4 lbs.; water. 40 gals. Dissolve the copper sulphate in a bajrel In warm water, and make up to 20 gallons; slake the lime slowly in a second Imrrel. and add water to make up 20 gals.; pour the lime mixture into the sulphate solution. If the prepared Bordeaux turns reddish with the addition of a little ferro-cyanido of potash add more lime. 8. POISONED BORDEAUX.— 2— 3 lbs. of arsenate of lead, or '/, lb. Paris green, added to Bordeaux, as prepared in 7. 30 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, igia Spraying the Peach Orchard W. J. L. Hamilton, South Salt Spring, B. C. BKFORE attempting to spray his orchard, the owner should make a study of the different pests he has to combat and become famihar with their appearance, as it will clearly be impossible for him to attack them in- telligently without this knowledge. Where it occurs, the San Jose Scale is probably one of the mosit injurious in- sect pests the peach grower has to con- tend with. If neglected it quickly de- stroys the tree, spreading with amaz- ing rapidity. It has been estimated that one San Jose Scale insect will produce about three millions at the end of the season. To control this Scale, one application of the ready-made (factory-made) lime- sulphur wash, strength one to fifteen of water, to which one pound of -'^alt is added to every ten gallons of the dilute solution, should be applied in the spring whilst the tree is fully dormant. If any of the last year's growth is immature it will likely be injured by this applica- tion. It is by. far the most efficient Scale insecticide, besides which it kills fungous disease spores wintering on the tree. The curculio is another serious enemy to the peach grower. It can be com- bated : One, by destroying the trash around the orchard in the winter where the parent beetles shelter; two, by ga- thering and burning all immature peaches as they drop, since these con- tain the grubs; and three, best cf all, spraying with lead arsenate, two pounds to fifty gallons of water, to which three or four pounds of fresh slaked lime has been added. This must be kept thor- oughly stirred. Or the lead arsenate may be added to a solution of lime-sul- phur, one to forty or one to fifty in like amount, if leaf curl or other fungous diseases are present. This should be applied after the blossoms fall, and twice afterwards, about ten days apart, if needful. -Some damage may be done to the foliage by this spray, varying with the variety of peach and with the locality. If the damage is excessive, further dilu- tion of the lime-sulphur is recommended. In using lime-sulphur for peach trees, always use salt as before directed. This is important. The peach borer can be partly controlled by piling the earth around the trunk of the tree to the height of about one foot. This should be done during the blooming seaso;i, and the mounds may be levelled in October. The stems can also be painted with the fol- lowing: Two quarts green soap, two ounces paris green, half a pint crude carbolic, to a pailful of water thickened with lime and clay to thin paste. Killing the worms whilst under the tree bark in spring and fall is advanta- geous. Cultivation of the orchard also destroys these enemies. Many a peach tree is injured by the black peach aphis, which attacks both roots and foliage. Before planting nursery stock the roots should be examined to see that they are free of this pe.st. Spraying with whale oil soap or kero- sene emulsion will remove this jaest, and, if it infests the roots, tobacco dust worked round the tree is efficient. If nursery stock is affected, dip the roots in whale oil soap solution before plant- ing. The peach twig borer, a not very com- mon, but very injurious moth larva, can best be destroyed by winter spraying with strong kerosene emulsion. The bark beetle generally attacks aged and decrepit trees, whence it spreads to others, which it quickly girdles. Cut down trees thus affected and burn them at once to kill the grubs. .\mongst fungous diseases, lime-sul- phur (which is rendered fifty per cent, more efficient as a fungicide by the addi- tion of arsenate of lead, as previously directed) is the remedy for leaf curl and lecanium (a sooty deposit on the leaves). Peach yellows, so far as I know, has never yet been affected by any treat- ment, so its only remedy is to at once dig up and burn all trees suffering from it. The following sprayings are recom- mended where the before mentioned dis- eases are present : One, in dead of win- ter, on those trees which are very seri- ously affected with leaf curl, two pounds bluestone to fifty gallons water ; two, in spring, whilst trees are dormant, limc- sulphur-salt as directed ; three, after blossoms drop (for curculio and other leaf and fruit eating insects), dilute lime-sulphur, salt, and arsenate of lead as directed ; also ten and twenty days later if curculio is bad. If there is no bad disease, dilute J:he lime-sulphur one to fifty, with two pounds arsenate to the barrel of solution ; four, for aphis, where necessary, kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap. Best Varieties of Fruit to Plant R. M. Winslow, Victoria, B, C. The red apples of varieties ripening from October to May have given better results, as a rule, than any other class of fruit under the conditions now existing in British Columbia. The high price of labor militates against the rapid expan- sion of the small fruits industry, though the market conditions are very favorable, while the same applies to a lesser extent to the sweet cherries, which do well, par- ticularly throughout the interior. Early plums bring good returns in most dis- tricts, for shipment by local express, but late plums and prunes are liable to go on to a declining market, due to the ex- tensive plantings of Southern Idaho, which occupy the field about the same time. Main crop plums, prunes, and Bartlett pears prove a good investment where districts produce enough to make shipments in mixed carloads possible, l)Ut are not to be recommended in other districts where the supply is at present equal to the local demand, and where there is no likelihood of mixed car ship- ments materializing at the time plantings commence to bear. British Columbia's ability to produce large and heavy crops of high-class red apples of dessert varieties is now so well established as to justify the present de- mand for nursery stock of these varie- ties. While the summer fruits may, in some cases, provide a return a little earlier, experience has shown that for stability of market and net returns the winter apple is the best of all fruits. Dehorning Peach Trees If peach trees are old we would not advise dehorning, but if they are middle aged they can be dehorned with profit. The best time to cut the trees back is in the late part of the winter or early spring. It is best not to dehorn the whole tree at once, but leave a limb or two, and when the young sprouts are a year or two old cut the rest of the old ones off, as cutting the whole tree off at once would be too much of a shock for the tree to recover from. — J. W. Smith &• Sons. Spraying is a disagreeable piece of work at any time, but much can be done to make the work more pleasant, and pre- vent injury to the hands or eyes from the spray mixture. Have a drip guard just below the nozzle. .-\ circular piece of leather with a hole in the center, makes a good one, or a simple piece of small rope tied around the pipe and allowed to hang down four or five inches, will answer the purpose. Have a shut-off tap that does not leak and make sure that all the joints are tight. Pui on a pair of cheap leather gloves, to protect the hands, and co\er the horses with a pair of canvas blankets. With reasonable care a man should be able to spray all day vi-ith very little an- noyance from the corrosive action of the spray mixture. If San Jose scale is present spray with lime-sulphur while the tree is dormant. It will also control leaf curl on peaches and the scurfy bud louse, the blister mite and oyster shell bark louse of the apple. Remember when purchasing fertilizers that the finer the ground and the drier the substance, the greater their value. February, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 31 A Garden Where Difficulties Were Overcome AROSE in an Ottawa garden on the twenty-first of October is not a very common sight. Yet it was on that date that Mr. G. A. White, of Ottawa, the owner of the garden de- scribed in this article, showed me a beautiful rose which he had picked that morning. It was a Caroline Testout — literally the "last rose of summer," and a beautiful one at that. About a month earlier, just after a killing frost on Sep- tember thirteenth, this same garden had impressed me as being particularly in- teresting for the time of the year. Many of the autumn flowers formed impres- sive masses of color, and even on Octo- ber the twenty-first some of them still remained as if loth to leave this snug little garden to the reign of the frost and the snow. .'Vmong these cheerful friends of October were the beautiful Japanese anemones, some fall asters, a lingering clematis or two, a few unus- ually fine chimney bellflowers, and a beautiful little clump of fall chrysanthe- mums. This garden was selected for descrip- tion in this series of special articles in The Canadi.an Horticultirist for at least three reasons : The first, it is one of the smallest of the noted gardens of P. E. Buck; B.S.A., C.E.F., Ottawa. Ottawa; the second, its soil and situa- tion are quite ordinary — in fact, I am given to understand that the soil is ex- ceptionally poor; the third, the owner has done all the work in this garden himself. It is not, therefore, an ideal garden which is too ideal for other people to take as an inspiration to their own efforts in gardening. And it is as well also to state here, perhaps, that Mr. White does not own the lot himself — he rents it only. Con- sequently he has not been able to carry out all his ideals along gardening lines. In spite of this, the garden is one which brings him great credit both as a gar- dener and also as a citizen. The shape of the garden, as will be seen from the sketch, is somewhat pe- culiar. At the very beginning it offered several problems for solution, and during the twelve years or so that Mr. White has worked at this garden, he has in- troduced several features which are par- ticularly pleasing. One of these feat- ures, the most striking of all, perhaps, is the wonderful rockery at the back. The aim of the article is to emphasize those points of excellence which may be readily copied by others if they so wish. This rockery, therefore, will have to be passed over in this article in a very brief manner, because it is a piece of garden- ing which is quite out of the ordinary. Certainly it is unique and demonstrates what may be done with a little ingenu- ity and work. It is indicated on the plan by the number twelve. When Mr. White first went into the house this rockery, which is now one of the most beautiful sights imaginable during the early spring and part of the summer, was then an eyesore as well as a pro- blem to deal with. It was nothing less than a sandy bank some thirty feet high covered with brush and weeds. By work and patient effort all has been changed. .\ number of rock-edged terraces and zig-zag paths, built stepping-stone fash- ion, form ideal spots for growing the many rock loving plants and showy masses of tulips which sparkle in their unique surroundings with wonderful color effect. Many thousands of tulip bulbs are planted on this rockery each year. The main rock loving plants also grown here are given at the end of the article. SUCCESSFUL IDEALS In the matter of gardening, as in the matter of many other avocations which people undertake as hobbies, it is not so A General View of Mr. G. A. White's Lawn and Garden, with the Houie in the Background This view shows the perennial border on the right of the pioture and bids of roses and perouiiiul phlox on the left. Notice also how the a-ppearanoe of the house is improved andi its width apparently increased by the Judicious pLaDUig of a vinie-oovered arch. 3* THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 191a Plan of Mr. White's House and Lot may not break them. Finally a few more leaves, or what is very much preferred, an evergreen bough, is thrown on the top. This forms a very sim- ple winter treat- ment, but it has proved quite effec- tive. Rather late in the spring he un- covers and prunes the vines, giving severe pruning for some varieties, but very light for others. This treatment with a ittlc attention during the sum- mer brings him a succession of roses every month in the flowering season. He ad- vises the use of lime as a simple remedy to keep away the rose slug. The varie- ties which he has found most satis- factory are as fol- lows : much the lack of the material or the opportunity which are responsible ior frequent failure as it is the lack of some ideal around which to centre effort. In this regard it is well to note that Mr. White has had marked success. Besides his rockery he aimed to have another ideal feature in his garden. This second feature is the growing of native wild plants. In the spot marked "i" on the plan he grows some beautiful specimens of that lovely scarlet flower, the native Cardinal flower, also the Columbines and other native plants. In this same spot, as will be seen from the illustration, there also flourishes to perfection the shade-loving Japtinese anemones, toge- ther with some varieties of roses. This spot, originally a damp, dismal corner, presented quite a problem at first, but it turned out to be ideal for such things. It now makes as delightful a spot as any in this garden. SUCCESS WITH BOSES Mr. White is a great lover of that queen of all flowers, the rose. He attri- butes his success in growing them to very simple methods. Late in the autumn he heaps up a little earth or pre- ferably some turf sods around the roots. He then bends over the vines, placing under them a few leaves to act as a cush- ion so that the weight of snow above Climbers — Crimson Rambler and Dor- othy Perkins. Hybrid teas — Caroline Testout, La France, Killarney. Caroline Testout, in his exfjerience, has proved to be the hardiest, and it has always come through the winter safely. Hybrid perpetuals — Reds — Ulrich Brunner, General Jacqueminot (the best rose for abundance of June bloom), Cap- tain Hayward, Prince Camille de Rohan (a grand rose), and Fisher Holmes. Pinks — Her Majesty, Mrs. John Laing, Suzanne Marie Rodocanachi. Whites — Frau Karl Druschki, and the Rugosa rose, Conrad F. Meyer. He has found it very harmful to put manure of any kind around roses for a winter protection. He also objects to fall prun- ing of roses, except to a little which might be undertaken with success in the vicinity of Ottawa if done in the month of September. PERENNIALS Most of the flowers grown in this gar- den are herbaceous perennials. The perennial border, marked nine on the plan, contains some fine display of color at various periods of the flower seasons. Both tall and low growing plants are used. Among the tall plants the Sweet Rocket, hollyhocks, delphiniums, and phloxes predominate. Bulbs, Oriental poppies, irises, Sweet William, Rock Cress, Adonis, and so forth, also occupy prominent positions. RECOMMENDED PLANTS Everyone, of course, has favorite flowers, and Mr. White has, but he does not limit his gardening ideals to grow- ing favorite flowers only. The list of flowers which follows will indicate bet- ter than anything else the general know- ledge which Mr. White possesses of flowers which may be grown with suc- cess by the amateur. On the rockery he has found these flowers do well. ROCKERY AND OTHER PLANTS Arabis albida — rock cress ; Aquilegia — columbines in variety; Iris — irises in variety; Primula— in variety; Iris — dwarf, pumila, etc. ; Alyssum — madwort ; Erysimum — wallflower ; Campanala — bellflowcrs ; Anemone sylvestris ; Phlox subulata — moss pink ; Heuchera — coral bells; Dianthus — pinks, Mrs. Sinkins, etc. ; Narcissi — in variety ; Aubrctia — purple rock cress ; Aconitum — monks- hood ; Epimedium — barrenwort. A paeony garden is another feature of this garden. It is marked "6" on the plan. Amongst the shade loving plants the Triliums (Wake-robin), the Globe flow- ers, and native ferns have done excep- tionally well. Besides the several thousand bulbs planted on the rockery each year many are also planted in with the roses. This year several quite new varieties of daffo- dils and narcissi were planted in the rose beds. These Mr. White imported direct from the Old Country. He says that he "never misses a year without trying some new introduction or novelty." The four facts which Mr. White's success emphasizes are : It pays to spe- cialize in a few plants, to grow the best of everything, to try novelties, and to persist in patient effort. These four points are well worth keeping in mind, especially by anyone who is gardening for pleasure and results. When transplanting annuals into a flower bed I keep a supply of each kind in reserve in the box. These are used to fill in spaces that may be left through any of the plants failing to grow. — D. W. Marden, Pilot Mound, Man. Sweet peas require deep spading, at least two feet deep, well enriched, and the peas planted very early in the spring at least one inch deep. If after they are up and ready to climb they are simply left alone and given no support and al- lowed to sprawl all over the ground, what kind of sweet pea flowers could be expected? Sweet peas require special attention both before and after plant- ing, and if they don't get it you won't have good peas. — D. W. Marden, Pilot Mound, Man. February, 191 2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 33 '^^-y^ ■^>^- ^^-t A Piece of Skilful Gardening in Mr. White's Garden This damp, sunless corner between two houses in Mr. White's garden was turned into an ideal spot by using suitable native and other shade-loving plants. The native cardinal flow?r flourishes to perfection here. Spraying Plants Indoors Wm. Hunt. O. A. THT-: necessity of spraying to keep clown insect pests and plant dis- ea.ses in connection with all out- door horticultural pursuits becomes more apparent every year. It is even more necessary in connection with in- door plant growing on account of the more unnatural conditions prevailing in the greenhou.se and window, such as a dry, arid atmosphere produced by arti- ficial heat and lighting, or possibly an impure atmosphere produced by gas fumes from furnaces, stoves, or from ga.s jets. No better element to counter- act the bad effect of these la.st-named on plant life can be found than moisture, whether by water applied directly to the plant or as a vapor induced by the pro- cess of evaporation. Not only is a moist atmosphere and moisture necessary for the health < f plant.s from a cultural point of view, but it is just as necessary as a preventive of insect pests, few of which can exist or endure the direct application of water or thrive in an atmosphere heavily im- pregnated with moisture. The dry and almost super-heated atmosphere out r>f doors in summer are ideal conditions for the increase and spread of insect pests. Tropical climates, where a moist, humid atmosphere prevails, are almost immune from many of the insect pests that are common here. Hence the de- sirability of moisture to counteract the aridity arising from the artificial heat that prevails in our dwellinghou.ses in winter. At the same time, it is quite possible to go to the other extreme by injudicious spraying, that- will induce plant disease in some form, more espe- C, Guelph, Ont. cially with the more tender foliaged plants. All greenhouse men know the absolute necessity there is for spraying or syring- ing in greenhouses. A few words on the main points may be of service to those who have small greenhouses. The spraying or syringing of plants should be a distinct and separate cpera- tion from the watering proper. If the two operations, watering at the roots and spraying, are attempted at the same time, neither of them can be done suc- cessfully. Either the plants are sod- dened with too much water or some are missed altogether. Water the plants as required at the roots first, then do the spraying after. I have seen batches of small plants and many fine specimen plants badly m- jured by the careless application ol water to the foliage under heavy pres- sure from the hose. A fine spray, thor- oughly applied so as not to miss any part of the plant that requires spraying, is better than a heavy application only partially applied. Thorough, not neces- sarily heavy, applications arc quite as necessary in all spraying operations as the proper mixing of the material if in- secticides are applied. Glaucous or glossy leaved plants ran Ix; sprayed very frequently. The rougher or hairy-leaved plants should not be sprayed so frequently or heavily. A few kinds, such as Rex Begonia, gloxinias, tuberous-rooted begonias, having hir- sute or hairy foliage, are best not spray- ed at all, if it ran possibly Ise dispensed with. There are very few plants that can l?« syringed or spread overhead when in full bloom without danger of injury to the flowers. The tender texture of the petals of most flowers are very easily injured if allowed to remain in a damp condi- tion for any length of time. If the foli- age of plants in flower has to be spray- ed, it is best to spray from underneath rather than over the top. The moisture wi'l thus reach the part of the fol-age where insect pests are usually found, and it will not injure the blooms so much as overhead spraying. An angle nozzle on the syringe or hose that will give an up-cast spray is advisable for greenhouse work . The temperature of the greenhouse should not be allowed to rise unduly iiigh on flowering plants when they have bcei syringed or sprayed. A high tempera- ture and a very humid atmosphere will often damage many of the more tender iilooms without actual contact with water. Open the ventilators a liltle to allow the heated humid air to escape aflter spraying flowering plants, so as to avoid damage to the blooms. The best time to spray flowering plants iS in the morning on fine bright days. SPRAYING FOLIAGE PLANTS It is scarcely po.'sible to have a too humid atmosphere for foliage plants. The treatment of these in regard to spraying is directly opposite in many re- spects to that of flowering plants. Hoth overhead and underneath spraying can be indulged in freely vi'ith all kinds of foliage plants, such as palms, crotons, dracaenas, and similar plants. The best time to syringe or spray these plants is in the afternoon while the sun is still siiining a little on the house. By spray- ing thoroughly at this time of the day and closing the ventilators up tight, a dense bnmid vapor almost like steam is 34 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February , 1912 caused that is very beneficial to the plants as well as helping to keep down the insect pests most common and injur- ious to them, viz., thrip, red spider, and mealy bug. The floors and heating pipes can also be dampened at closing- up time to increase the humidity. If foliage plants are sprayed in the morn- ing, except perhaps in very cold wea- ther in winter, ventilation must be given before the hot sun strikes the house, or the plants must be shaded in some way to prevent "scald" or "burning" of the foliage. Many fine palms and similar plants are often ruined, especially in early spring, for want of shade or venti- lation to prevent this scalding or burn- ing of the foliage. An angle nozzle with a fine spray for attaching to a hoee or syringe, is an in- valuable adjunct to the equipment of any greenhouse, if judiciously used. LIQUID INSECTICIDES It becomes necessary to spray plants with liquid insecticides sometimes as a remedy or preventive of insect pests or disease. Spraying has to a very great extent superseded fumigation in green- houses for this purpose, being more di- rect in its effect on many insect pests and diseases, more economical to use, and often less injurious to many forms of plant life than fumigation. / For the application of liquid insecticides for large greenhouses a knapsack sprayer is best. For smaller greenhouses a brass garden syringe or a "S c o 1 1 a y Rubber Sprinkler" is the best appliance. For aphids, thrip, red spider, white fly, and mealy bug, spray frequently with clear tepid water under pressure as a preven- ScoUay's tive. The following Rubber Sprinkler with j; ;j insecticides are Nozzle , To fill the sprinkler ^'^o good remedies imacrew the rose or for these pestS : Nico- eprinkler at 1. Press .. .- the air out of bulb, tme preparations or hold it undeo- the wa- t-trnncr tnK-if-nn cnln ter in an horizontal Strong toDacco SOIU- poeition and allow the tions of anv kind : bulb to fill and! ex- , , ., •' , pand gradually. Clear whale Oil SOap St)lu- liquid or water is de- <.• _ /„„„ «,,„„„ ^f fiirable. One of the tion (one Ounce ot best . appliances for soap thoroughly dis- sprajnng a small col- , ', . ,, lection of plants. solved in one gallon of water is very beneficial) or sulpho- tobacco soap. This last is sold in seed stores and is also a good insecticide. The whale oil soap solution applied with a soft brush so as to move the scale, and a spraying with clean water after- wards, is the best remedy for scale in- sects that infest palms, ferns, rubber plants, oleanders, English ivy, and simi- lar plants. "Move the .scale and it will die" was one of the axioms or rules that used to be, years ago, always impressed on young florists. It applies now with equal force, especially to amateur plant growers. For mildew and black spot disea.ses, that attack roses and chrysanthemums, and also for the mycelium or "damp- ing off," there is no better remedy than finely powdered flowers of sulphur, dust- ed on when the foliage is damp, not wet. All of the foregoing remarks will apply with more or less force to the care of window and house plants. Due re- gard should be had to the changed con- ditions and surroundings, such as tem- perature and facilities for spraying. In spraying operations, as vvith every- thing else in connection with horticul- tural operations, do not neglect doing it until it is too late. "An ounce of pre- vention is better than a pound of cure." And when spraying, spray thoroughly. Orchid Growing for the Amateur J. A. Ellis, M.L.A., Ottawa, Ont. A POPULAR impression about or- chids is that they are very ex- pensjive. This is not entirely correct. It is true that rare orchids are very expensive, but that is generally on account of their rarity and not on ac- count of their beauty. Some of the most beautiful orchids are only a dollar or two. It can be taken as a general rule, that the orchids that we now and again hear have been bought for fabulous prices are no more beautiful, and in most cases not as beautiful, as the com- mon, cheaper ones. Another popular impression is that orchids are extremely difficult to grow, and that only experts can manage them. This, too, is erroneous to a great ex- tent. The culture of orchids divides them naturally into three classes, viz., stove, intiermediate, and cool. The stove varieties require a temperature of sixty- five to eighty degrees in summer, and of sixty to seventy degrees in winter. The intermediate want sixty to seventy desfrees in summer, and fifty-five to six- ty-five degrees in winter. The cool vari- eties will do with fifty-five to sixty de- grees in summer, and forty-five to sev- enty-five degrees in winter. It will easily be seen that the stove orchids require a degree of heat which can only be secured by special green- houses and constant attention. The amateur, who has other things to attend to besides his plants, should not try to grow this class of orchids. ORCHIDS FOE AMATEURS Nearly all the cool house orchids and many of the intermediate ones can, how- ever, be grown by an amateur in the same greenhouse most successfully. The elimination of the stove varieties cuts out many lovely flowers, but the intermedi- ate and cool house ones comprise a wide range, and some of the most beautiful. I, therefore, advise the amateur to con- fine himself to the.se two latter classes. If he does, he can secure exceedingly beautiful flowers at a low cost for the plants, and he will And that these orchids are the most easily grown of all plants. In fact they are easier to grow than fuchsias, liegonins, or even geraniums.. They require very little attention, want re-potting only about every third year, are remarkably free from insect pests, do not require pruning or clipping, are always in good form and shape, and even when not in bloom generally have I>eautiful green leaves. In order to grow them successfully, however, their simple requirements must be understood. ESSENTIALS TO SUCCESS The first essential is to keep the cor- rect temperature already given. Also absolutely essential are, a plentiful cir- culation of fresh air, shading from the hot summer sun, and an abundant sup- ply of moisture. These matters will be readily understood when it is remem- bered that in their native habitant most of them grow on dead trees, where they are in shade, and over swamps from which a constant moisture arises. Other varieties grow on swampy ground. Fresh air is vital to them, and should be admitted on all possible occasions. There should be both bottom and top ventilators, so that the air can freely circulate throughout the greenhouse and around all the plants. The greenhouse should be shaded in summer, either with roller blinds, or which is quite as satisfactory, by heav- ily whitening the glass. Orchids will not stand the direct hot rays of the sun. Moisture is best supplied by overhead watering with a hose. When the plants though are forming their young flower shoots care must be taken that water does not lodge around these shoots else they will decay. Dipping the plants in water until the pots are submerged does them a lot of good in summer. In win- ter watering two or three times a week is ample, but in summer during tlie growing period watering every day, and sometimes twice a day, is necessary. Some liquid fertilizer given during the growing season is beneficial. If the plants are dipped, this is easily done. Whilst plenty of moisture is desirable, the plant should never stand in water. Orchids are generally potted in peat fibre, with a little fine moss mixed with the fibre, and the compost covered with green growirig moss. If this green moss February, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 35 I is in a thriving condition the plant 'S thriving. The plants are greatly bene- fitted by frequent dampings between the pots, especially in summer. If grown in pots these must be well drained, and about one-third filled with crocks to en- able the water to run off freely. Many orchids are grown in cribs or baskets. PLANT CHARACTERISTICS Most orchids consist of bulbs, with ;i pair of leaves on each bulb. Every year a new bulb grows from the bottom cf the previous year's bulb, and the flow- er stalk either comes from the base of the bulb or the top of it. Some orchids, «uch as the cypripediums, throw up the leaves from roots, and the flower stems come from the centre of each cluster of leaves. A SMALL GREENHOUSE I have a small lean-to greenhouse, with a southern exposure, about twenty feet by fifteen. It has a stone founda- tion, and a brick wall of about four feet. The end, side and roof are, of course, glass in wooden frames. It has been built many years, but if I were building it now I would use iron frame construc- tion for the end, side and roof. It is heated from my house furnace ; and contrary to what is generally supposed, I find no difficulty from this method of heating. It cost me about $250.00 to build, including heating, but would probably cost rather more now. I have wooden benches inside, com- posed of narrow pieces of one-half inch wood, with a space of about an inch be- tween each. This allows the water to run off freely. Under the benches is an earthen floor. This retains some of the moisture which arises from the watering, and thus helps to keep the atmosphere moist. The greenhouse has a door opening into my back parlor, and another one opening into my kitchen. This enables some air circulation to be obtained even in severe winter weather, when it is al- together too cold to open the ventilat- ors. Those orchids which in the wild state grow on trees do best when hung near the glass, at a distance of two or three feet away. Those which in a wild state grow in swamps are best suited to grow- ing on the bench. In my greenhouse I have practically two lots of plants — one lot on the benches and the other hung o\erhead near the glass. I have about one hundred and fifty plants in all and about fifty kinds. I need scarcely say much about the beauty of orchid blooms. To my mind they are the silks and satins of flowers, the flowers of other plants being the cot- tons and woollens. The delicacy of color- ing is their greatest glory. It is only cf late years that florists in Canada have begun to realize that orchid blooms are easy to grow. They command a good price as cut flowers, and always will, be- cause you cannot get many blooms from a plant, and these only once a year. The kinds which I grow are, of course, those of the cool house, and those of the intermediate class which will grow in the same house. I do not grow many of those which bloom in summer. I thought I could get lots of flowers outdoors in summer, and, therefore, I grow mostly those varieties which bloom in the late fall, winter, or early spring. By doing this I always have some flowers for my house all the year round ; and I certainly get the most lovely ones from my or- chids right in the middle of winter. (To b& continued) Spraying and Fumigating in the Greenhouse E. M. Straight, Macdonald College, Que. ETERNAL vigilance is the price of freedom from disease and insect pests in the greenhouse, as else- where. No part of the plant is immune, below ground as well as above ; and from the time that the young seedling .sends up its two cotyledons until the harvest, it is constantly in danger. It is worth noting that for all greenhouse work an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Fungicides, for the most part, are in- tended for use as preventives rather than cures. To be eff'ectual they should be applied before the disease has any hold upon the plant. The same is true with many of the insecticides. They are most effective before the insects have reached their full development. One reason for the early application of the remedies against both insects and diseases is that they multiply very rapidly. If not check- ed at the start they may propagate and become so numerous that much harm may be done. No man can intelligently fight insects or combat disease without knowing the enemies which he must meet. There are men who persistently attempt to poison plant lice, and wonder why Paris green will not kill them. Recently I was asked which I thought better for potatoes — bordeaux mixture or paris green. If every person could be con- vinced that bordeaux is a fungicide, that stomach poisons kill only such insects as chew, and that sucking insects, as aphides, are killed by contact, they would have mastered principles of para- mount importance. The enemies which every gardener must meet are as fol- lows: VARIETIES OF INSECTS Perhaps no class of insects take on more form than the aphis. In color, they differ more. Usually the green aphides are most common, but on the chrysanthemum the black aphis is com- mon enough. Red and blue aphides are common on some plants. The antennae are long, the head small, and the abdo- men large and much rounded. During the summer these insects are wingless, but in autumn winged forms appear. During the summer aphides bring forth their young alive, but they winter in the egg stage. White flies are not flies in the true sense, but close relatives of the aphides. Adult males and females are winged. The wings are outspread. In this they differ from the aphides. The red spider is also wrongly named, as it is not an insect or spider, but a mite. They are exceedingly small. It is very seldom that you see them unless Sterilizing with Steam for Nematode, at Macdonald College, Quebec 36 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTHRIST Feb ruary, 1912 Wingless Aphis, Greatly Enlarged. Thrips you look with great care. Only as adults are they red. While young they are green or yellow. The leaves attacked first turn a light green and later yellow and eventually fall from the plant. If houses are properly ventilated and the correct moisture content maintained, red spider will give little trouble, as it thrives in a hot, dry atmosphere. The thrips have long slender bodies and four wings. The wings are fringed. Red Spider Mealy Bug The thrips, becau.se of the peculiar for- mation of their mouth parts, have the power of biting and sucking. It is very difficult to decide from the nature of the injury whether a sucking or chew- ing insect has been at work. The mealy bug is one of the scale in- sects. It is so called because of the white cottony substat^ce with which they cover themselves. When about to lay eggs, a mass of long, cottony particles of wax is secreted, under which the eggs are deposited. The male is somewhat differ- ent from the female. It is darker. The wings are long and gray. In every damp, untidy house slugs, snails and sow bugs are much in evi- dence. They delight in damp, decaying, unwholesome quarters. Slugs are es- pecially fond of seedling plants, and sometimes give much trouble, but are easily got rid of. Eel worms have given as much trouble at Macdonald College as any other greenhouse pest. These nematodes work on the roots, and gall-like swell- ings are produced, which interfere seri- ously with the normal development of the plant. When they once gel into a Ijed they are got rid of with much dilK- culty. FUNQDS D18KA8E8 The most common diseases caused by fungi in the greenhouse are the follow- ing: Carnation Rust was first noticed in this country about 1890. The plants were attacked some time before any pus- tules were formed. These are noticed just beneath the surface. Soon the epi- dermis bursts showing large numbers of brown spores. The chrysanthemum is subject to a number of forms of fungi, which are commonly called "leaf-spot." Picking off every affected leaf will sometimes hold the disease in check, but the spray pump is essential in many cases. Lettuce growers are fortunate if they have not seen more or less of the rot, usually more if Boston Head Lettuce is grown. Particular attention must be given to the soil. The disease revels in a wet, heavy soil. Decaying vegetable matter forms an excellent medium for its development, hence manure should be well worked into the soil. Young seedlings are very subject to "damping off." This fungus is not a refined species, for it attacks the stem close to the ground and almost at once causes the death of the plant, thus de- priving itself of further food supply. However, it is not dependent on any one plant. A host of seedlings are subject to its attack. Too much water and sudden change in temperature pro- duce conditions favorable to the growth arid rapid development of the fungus. If the "flats" have a large amount of sand in the surface soil, and some care exercised in the watering this disease will give little trouble. The control of all these difficulties group themselves under three head- ings, viz., .spraying, fumigation and sterilizing. Spraying may be with some ar.senicai for insects which chew ; or some contact poison for insects which suck ; or for the various forms of fungi. Fumigation may be used for the con- trol of insect life which cannot be readi- ly controlled by the ordinary .spray mix- tures, in fact, it is coming into general use, and constantly crowding out the sprays. Sterilizing is u.sed for such forms as occur below ground. It may not be perfect sterilizing in the strict sense of the term, for bacteria are still alive, unless the proce.ss is much pro- longed. Such a condition would not be desirable, and for all practical purposes is never sought. Of all the arsenicals, paris green still holds a prominent place. Arsenate t.f lead probably sticks better than the green, but we think that the old poi.son is still more extensively used in the greenhouse. One teaspoonful to two or three gallons of water will usually clear out many leaf eaters.- A small amount of water-.slaked lime will prevent any burning which mightt^ occur from the presence of any soluble arsenic. This is effective for thrips ; and if added to sweetened bran will clear out slugs, and similar pests. Hellebore is used for a similar purpose, and may be used in any required strength. It seldom or never injures plants. CONTACT POISONS Contact poisons are not used to the same extent as they once were. The old reliable kerosene emulsion is still some- times used and most excellent results have been secured, but few growers have used it long without having some in- jury to the foliage. Plants will not Fumigating with TobaccQ Stems, All Re«dy_to_ Start. The Fir^ February. 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 37 Fumigating with Tobacco. — A Good Smoke I I Stand free kerosene, and you are likely to get some. Tobacco decoction, or, better, nicotine, especially put up for greenhouse work, will be found more satisfactory. Hot water kills most in- sects by contact and may be used to advantage. Water at one hundred and fifty degrees will kill many Insects, and will not injure the plants, while cold water sprayed on plants is found the best preventive against red spider, and is much used in every greenhouse. Bordeaux mixture, four-four-forty, is effective for many kinds of fungi. It is somewhat objectionable because of the unsightly appearance which it gives the plants. Where this is not a serious ob- jection, however, bordeaux is a great aid to the grower. FUMIGATION .. Fumigation has become the greatest aid of the greenhouse man, hydrocyanic acid gas is the most effective. It is a powerful poison. The fumes of this gas are fatal to all animal life. The gas is produced by the action of sulphuric acid upon cyanide of potassium in the pres- ence of water. The formula used is one ounce of cyanide, two ounces of sulphuric acid and four ounces of water. Much controversy has occurred concerning the amount of space which this should be u.sed in. Mui h depends upon the kind of plants you have, and the length of lime the house is under fumigation. Most of the commercial houses have only one way of opening the ventilators and that from the inside. Because of this the houses are usually fumigated the last thing at night and not opened until llie next morning. Under such condi- tions the same amount of cyanide cannot be used as there would be with a shorter fumigati(;n. Taking the ordinary house, with an .-til-night ap£lication, one ounce of cyanide to two thousand or twenty- five hundred cubic feet, is as much as we dare recommend. This will hold white fly in check, and will clear them out if used a few times at intervals of a few days. Cyanide can not be carelessly hand- led. Men do handle it, however, with- out the great amount of trouble which it formerly gave. The first time that we used it, the chemical was tied in a paper bag ; a cord fastened to the top ; placed over a pulley ; and bag and contents lowered into the acid after we had gone out and bolted and barred the door. At present the jars are arranged containing acid and water and the cyanide wrapped in paper. The operator simply throws the material in the jars and rapidly walks out. For aphides fumigation with tobacco is still the proper thing to do. The pois- onous alkaloids found in tobacco are fatal to these lice. The stems may be obtained at any cigar factory. They must not be too dry. What we want is a dense smoke, and this is only obtain- ed when the stems burn slowly. These stem may be burned in many ways. Some gardeners merely pile the required amount upon the floor, and set fire to it by means of shavings. We have found a piece of old stove pipe, arranged as per illustration, a very effective burner. The frequency with which a house should be smoked cannot be definitely stated. Do it as often as you are obliged to. Ne-ver allow aphides to get too great a start. THE USE OF SULPHUR Sulphur is of the greatest service in greenhouse work, especially for mildews. When mixed with vi'ater or milk the ma- larial is painted on the steam pipes. The fumes of sulphur are thus constantly given off. Other methods of evaporating sulphur are in common use. A common pla.i is to put the sulphur in a pan and .set it over an oil-stove, with the flame turned low. Sterilization is not necessary in all greenhouses, but is quite necessary if you have a bad attack of nematode. These eel worms, as they are commonly called, are very minute. Seldom are they seen with the naked eye. But their presence is always manifest by the galls or tuber- cules which occur on the roots of affect- ed plants. They multiply with extreme rapidity and give no end of trouble. A few tomato roots badly attacked are here shown. Our common method of control is to arrange three lines of tile with open joints, through the bed, and by coup- lings, these tiles are connected with the steam pipes. The steam is turned on, and the soil is cooked. This cooking for twelve hours is usually sufficient. As soon as cool the bed may be set, and should give little trouble afterwards. We are undertaking a series of experi- ments with formalin and carbon bi-sul- Tomato Roots Attacked by Nematode phide as a means of cleaning out ne- matode. These materials are used for insects attacking below ground, but we have not sufficient data to come to any conclusion. Coal ashes while not containing any real fertilizing ingredients, will greatly improve the texture of a heavy soil, mak- ing it lighter and warmer. Coal ashes will act in the opposite way on a light, sandy soil, by consolidating it and mak- ing it more able to retain moisture. We start the first tomato plants about March first, and we like to pinch them out often. As soon as they have four leaves on we pinch them out again. You get a better looking plant by firming the soil. We transplant three times- -often four. We leaf them in shallow flats. Spark's Earliana is grown for the ma- jority. Chalk's Early Jewel is a fine look- ing tomato, but two weeks late with us.^ — J. L. Hilburn, Leamington, Ont. Here in the west I find it necessary to start nearly all annuals in shallow boxes in a hot bed under glass, which can be done very easily if not attempted too early in the spring.— D. W. Marden, Pilot Mound, Man. .38 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, igi2 The Canadian Horticulturist PublUhed by The Horticultural Publi>hinc Companr. Limited pjBrrSRBORO, ONTJLHIO Th« Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion OrrioiAi. Oroan or the Ontario, Quebsc, Nbw Brunswick and Prince Edward Ibulnd Fruit Growers' Asbooiationb U. Bhonbon Cowan, Manairing Direotor 1. The Oanadian Horticulturist is published on the 25lh day of the month preceding date ol issue. , ^ r, , 2. Subscription price in Canada and Ureal Britain. 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00. lor United States and local subscriptions m Peter boro (not called lor at the Post Olfice), 25 oenU extra a year, including postage. J. Kemittancee should be made by Post Omoe or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for amoumts less than $1.00. 4 The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— W hen a change of ad- dress is ordej-ed, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising Jiates quoted on appUcation. Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad- vertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. 7 Articles and Illustrations for publication will be thankfully received by the editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 19U. The fig- ures given are exclusive of samples and spoield copies. Most months, including the sample cop ies, from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of the Canadian Horticulturist aje mailed to people known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1911 •"'o™ February, 1911 "•*? March, 1911 "'"^ April, 1911 5'3S? May, 1911 {I'tii June, 1911 fX'nfia July, 1911 "'"51 August, 1911 l"'"^ September, 1911 J'Ji? October, 1911 J'jji November. 1911 j'-'S December. 1911 ''*'"' Total !»•«' Average each issue in 1907, 6,627 .4 > 190S, 8,695 .. " " •• 1909, 8,970 44 '4 '4 " 1910, 9,067 .4 1911, 9,541 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY We want the readers of The OanadiMi Horti- culturist to feel that they can deal with our advertisers with our assurance, of the adyertifl ^' reUabiUty. We try to admit to oar eolumns ^ly the most reliable advertisers. Should, any subscriber, therefore, have good oause to be di^tiifled with the. treatment he receives from anv of our advertisers, we will look into the matter and investigate the oi™"™*,*^*^^^^; Should we find reason, even in the sugntesi de^e. we will discontinue ta^edi.ately the pub- Uoation of their advertisements in The Horti- oiSurist Should the circumstances warrant, we will expose them through the columns of the S^per ^us we will not only protect our r^de^sTbut our reputable advertisers as well. AU that ta necessary to entitle you to the bene- fit of thlT Protlotive PoUcy is that you include in all vx>ur letters to advertisers the words, •? saw you? ad in The Canadian Horticulturist." Com^alnu ^ould be made to "8 a«..«>on„a« SoSible iStIr reason for dissatisfaction has been found. Communications should be addressed THE OANADLAN H0UT1CULTUR18T. PETEEBOEO, ONT. EDITORIAL SPRAYING Great progress has been made during the past ten years in the general adaption by commercial fruit growers of spraying. Nev- ertheless we may expect to see even more rapid improvement in the future. The past decade has been devoted in a large meas-- ure to experimental work. The lack of definite information in regard to the best sprays to use and methods of applying them, as well as of the cost involved and probable returns, caused thousands of growers to hesitate about adopting this practice. These conditions are now largely a matter of the past. While there is considerable experi- mental work still to be done and we may expect to see further improvements made in our spraying appliances, still the bulk of this work has been accomplished. Our agricultural colleges and experiment stations now have in pamphlet form and furnish such complete information, on points that even until quite recently were largely a matter of some uncertainty, even a novice can now readily obtain the in- formation required to enable him to make an intelligent and profitable start in spray- ing. So many thousand fruit growers in all parts of the country have demon- strated conclusively the profitable results that invariably follow where spraying is I>roperly conducted, the value of spraying is no longer a matter of doubt. No better evidence of the tremendous in- crease taking place in the practice of spray- ing need be furnished than is given eke- where in this issue by Mr. S. C. Parker, the Secretary of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association, who makes the state- ment that last spring alone about one hun- dred and twenty-five gasoline spraying out- fits were bought by the fruit growers of the Annapolis Valley alone and that an equal number will probably be purchased this year. This, although an important fruit centre, represents but a small part of the fruit growing area of Canada. It is typi- cal, however, of the progress that is being made elsewhere in the fruit districts of the Dominion. There are still many thousands of farmers who have not adopted the prac- tice of spraying. These will soon see the necessity for doing so, and thus spraying may be expected to make even greater ad- vances in the future than in the past. of itself is a pretty good indication that the profits derived from the handling of the goods are not nearly as large as a super- ficial glance at the situation might load one to suppose. The fact is that the middlemen on the average make only reasonable prof- its. The difference between the jprice they obtain for the goods thev sell and the price paid to the grower is not all retained by the middleman by any manner of means. The main reason why the growers do not obtain more for their products is because of the excessive cost of doing business in our largo industrial centres like Toronto and Montreal. Land in our cities runs up in value to, in some cases, several million dollars an acre. The commission merchants have to do business on land that is possi- bly worth $10,000 an acre. A firm of any considerable sine may have to pay six to ten thousand dollars a year in rental alone. But this is not all. Their help also lives on higli-priced land and have to pay ox- cefisive rentals in consequence. Fifteen to twenty per cent, of the wages paid by com- mission firms, or thousands of dollars addi- tional of their expenditures, really repre- sents nothing but money that is in turn paid out by tiieir employes to the city land- lord. These firms in turn sell their goods to grocers and fruiterers, who also are taxed in the same way. The indirect taxation, for that is what these rentals represent, forms a large part of the cost of doing busi- ness in the city, and when this cost is taken out of the selling price of the goods it helps, to explain a large part of the dittereuce between what the grower gets and what the consumer pays. There are other rea- sons brides this, such as excessive railway rates and express charges. This being the case, we will make more progress in set- tling the trouble of the middleman when we look into these matters and cease to lay all the blame at the door of the middle- man. 1 axing land according to its value would help to solve the difficulty. THE EXORBITANT MIDDLEMAN ? As a result of a speech delivered last month by Mr. G. A. Gigault, Deputy Min- ister of Agriculture for the province of Quebec, at the annual convention of the Quebec Vegetable Growers' Association, in which reference was made to the large part of the final selling price of fruit and vege- tables that is taken by the middleman, that association appointed a committee to con- sider the advisability of forming a joint stock company to handle the products of its members. In other words, the associa- tion is hopeful that by some such action some of the profits it is believed now go to the middleman may be retained for the ben- efit of its members. We doubt if the middleman deserves one- half of the abuse to which he has been sub- jected. We venture to say that there is hardly any other line of business in which the proportion of successes to failures is as small as in the commission business. Ihis The Ontario Vegetable Growers' Associa- tion is to be congratulated upon its decision to encourage the growing of seed potatoes in Northern Ontario. The great suooees that has attended the efforts of those grow- ers in the north country who have gone in for the growing of potatoes has demonstrate ed clearly that the country is ideally adapt- ed for the growing of this product. Under the favorable conditions that exist it should prove an unusually profitable crop for the growers. They have a practically unlimited market in o'der Ontario for ail that they will be able to produce for many years to come. There is nothing to prevent the vegetable growers of Northern Ontario du- plicating the great success that has been achieved by the potato growers of Maine and New B^uns^vick. The outline given elsewhere in this issue of the splendid work accomplished by the flower guild in the city of Ottawa to arouse a greater interest in the growing of flowers among the young, offers many helpful sug- gestions to the officers of horticultural so- cieties elsewhere in the province. While not every city is favored by having three such enthusiasts as Messrs. R. B. Whyte, W T. Macoun and J. A. Kllis,&tillthere are many centres which are fortunate m having thoroughly capable men and women who can duplicate the success that has been achieved in Ottawa if they will but make up their minds to put forth the requisite effort. By doing so they will put the whole community in their debt and accomnlish results that will tell for good in the lives of others. February, igi2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUKIST 39 The directors of thp On"ario Fruit Grow- ers' Association made tln-pe thoroughly sat^ i'factory rroves at their recent meeting in Toronto when they decid-d to push more I'iorously the matter of obtaining hotter treatment from the great transportation companies, determining; to urge the pro- vincial government to maintain a market commissioner in the western fnarkets dur- ing the summer season, as is done by Brit^ ish Columbia, and in arranging to hold an orchard competition throughout the prov- ince. These st-eps are all in the right direc- tion. Each is likely to be attended by far- reaching results. The provincial govern- ment should not hesitate for a moment in acceding to the request for the appointment of a market commissioner. It is unfortunate that the province of Answers to Your Questions "What style of sprayer is best suited to my needs?" "Who sells them?" "How much do they cost?" "What sprays should I use to pro- duce the best results?" "When and how should they be applied?" "Where can I buy these prepara- tions ?" "How much do they cost 7" Many of you who read this special spraying issue of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist are asking such questions as these. We have tried to answer them as far as possible, in some of the special articles appearing in this issue. These articles, you will notice, are by experts and they are timely, as practically all our articles are. There are a number of questions that, of course, we could not well answer in our reading columns. For answer to these questions, look through our advertising columns. There you will find the announce- ments of individuals and firms who handle goods such as you will need in connection with your spraying op- erations, and whom you will find not only ready to sell you their goods, but to give you much useful information on spraying and spray- ing machines that may be worth many dollars to you during the com- ing season. Many of the advertisers in this number of the Canadian Horticul- turist publish interesting booklets or catalogues, which not only describe the goods they have to sell, but give much valuable information as well. THESE BOOKLETS AND CATA- LOGUES WILL BE GLADLY SENT FREE OF CHARGE to all who are interested in the subject with which they deal. Look through the advertisements In this number of the Canadian Hor- ticulturist and write to those adver- tisers whose announcements interest you. They are using space in our columns because they believe they have something you want, and be- cause WE BELIEVE THEIR GOODS ARE RELIABLE, AND THAT THEY WILL DO WHAT THEY PROMISE TO DO. Further than this, you may take advantage of our protective pol- icy, given on the opposite page, if when writing advertisers you say: "I saw your 'ad', in The Canadian Horticulturist". We do not admit Advertisers to our Columns except such as we believe art thoroughly reliable. Ontario is going to Io.se the services of Prof. ■J. W. Crow of the Guelph Agricultural Col- lege. It is time that the Ontario Deparf>- ment of Agriculture realized a little more clearly than it does that it must pay good salaries if it expects to hold good men. This latest loss draws attention once more to the nenny-wise-pound-foolish policy adopted by the department a year ago. when it decided to try and save the .salarv of a re-sident director at the Jordan Harbor Experiment Station. The fruit interests of Ontario are of sufficient importance to warrant a more liberal expenditure, and it is to be hoped that the Minister of Agriculture for the province will soon recognize this fact. PUBLISHER'S DESK We hope that you wiU like this Special Spraying Number of The C.^nadun Horti- COTiTTTRiST with its four-color process illus- tration on the front cover and its season- able, instructive articles on spraying and other timely subjects. This is one of the special numbers that we told you last year we were planning to give you this year. While it does not equal our ideal by any means, still we trust it will be taken as a foretaste of still better things to come. In our March issue the question of fer- tilizers will be given considerable promi- nence. Two instructive articles on this sub- ject that will appear will include one en- titled "What Tests of Commercial Fertil- izers Have Shown," by Profe-ssor R. Har- court, of the Guelph Agricultural College, and another, "Fertilizers for the Fruit Grower," by Mr. A. Bonar Balfour, of Port Dalhousie. There will also be articles dealing with spraying and pruning that will be helpful and practical. In the floral department we expect to publish an article by Mr. E. I. Mepsted of Ottawa, giving timely, practical suggestions to the flower grower. One article sent in by Mr. Mepsted for our January issue reached us too late for publication. Mr. Mepsted was to have let us have an article for this February issue, but was prevented from sending it by illness. In the March issue we will publi.s)h another int;eresting description of a Canadian garden, which this time we expect will be located in Ham- ilton. There will be an article also entitled "Flowers for Shady Places," by Mr. Wm. Hunt, of the Guelph Agricultural College, and an article, "Vines for All Purposes," by Mr. F. E. Buck, of the Central Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa, whose interesting de.'^cription of Mr. Whyte's garden appears in this issue. The Vegetable Department will also be full of interesting information. As usual, all departments will be profusel.v illustrated. Watch for our March Number. Great preparations are being made also for our April issue, which will be our Gar- dening and Spring Planting Number. _ It will be crammed full of interesting articles for the amateur flower grower and will ap- pear just at the season when plans for next summer's garden will have reached one of their most interesting sitagee. her showed an increase in value of advertis- ing carried of over 55 per cent, as compared with the January issue of 1911 shows that advertisers are recognizing more than ever before that The Canadian Horticulturist is the one Canadian medium through which to reach fruit growers and others interested in general horticulture. Our readers wiU notice the unusually large amount of spray and sprayer adver- tising appearing in this number of The Canadian Horticulturist. Pr.ictically ev- ery leading manufacturer of sprays and spray pumps doing business in Canada is represented in this number, there being in all nearly nine pages of this class of adver- tising. This_ special spraying number, there- fore, contains not only several instructive articles on the subject of spraying, but also acts as a directory of firms who handle goods such as you are apt to require in con- nection with your spraying operations. This number of The Canadian Horticul- turist is the largest number we have ever published, and while we are not yet able to secure full details, we believe this number sets a now high water mark not only in size but also in point of the value of ad- vertising carried and in the number of paid subscriptions, which now number nearly 11,000. The fact that our January nuni- Vegetablc Growers Active The annual meeting of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association was held in the office of the secretary-treasurer. Parlia- ment Buildings, Toronto, on January 9th. All the branches were represented. The following officers were elected for 1912: President, Tlios. Del worth, Weston : first vice-president, C. W. Baker, Tamb- lings; second vice-president, W, J. Kerr, Ottawa; secretary and editor, J. Lockie Wilson, Toronto; executive: Tlios. Del- worth, C. W. Baker, W. J. Kerr, J. Lockie Wilson, F. F. Reeves, C. N. Weaver; repre- sentative to Canadian Nation.Tl, Jas. Dan- dridge, Humber Bay ; repre.sentatives to Horticultural Exhibition : Messrs Jos. Rush, F._F. Reeves, Thos. Delworth and Jas. Dan- dridge. Arrangements were made to largel.y in- crease the quantity of sieed potatoes grown for this association in northern Ontario. For the last two years experiments have been conducted by the vegetable growers, and the seed received from the northern country proved very .satisfactory, and will, in the near future, take the place of the seed potatoes purchased from New Bruns- wick and several states of the Union. A large quantity of Early Ohio seed potatoes have been distributed among the farmers in the northern country. Seed peas have also been successfully grown in northern Ontario. The price paid by the vegetable growers is now sixteen dol- lars a bushel. 'The Pea Weevil and Moth are unknown in the northern country, and peas grow very luxuriantly there. The association has decided to purchase a quan- tity of seed peas in Germany. These will be forwarded to the farmers in northern On- tario to be grown under contract for the members of the as.sociation. Tlio price of these seed peas in Germany is fourteen dol- lars a bushel. The variet.y of these peas will be the Gradus. Hon. Mr. Duff, Minister of Agriculture, attended the meeting and spoke encourag- ingly of the work that is being done by the association. The question of increased greenhouses at Guelph for vegetable grow- ing was urged upon the minister, and also that fifty acres of the Monteith Demonstra- tion Farm be plantefl with the different var- ieties of potatoes and peas and other garden crops. Hon. Mr. Duff agreed to give these matters the fullest consideration. Tt pays to buy from firms who advertise in The Canadian Horticulturist. We vouch for their reliability. 40 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1912 Spraying is an insurance, but differs from an insurance policy on property, in that it is a protection to property, and will return hand- some dividends annually upon the money in- vested, while an insurance policy involves the destruction of property to realize upon the in- vestment. Sprayin When NIAGARA SPRAY PUMPS Tl NIAGARA SPRAYS NIAGARA LIME-SULPHUR has now been sold in Ontario for four years. During these four years NIAGARA has never failed to demonstrate its merits, as an insecticide and fungicide. It is to Niagara Spray and Niagara Spray alone that the increased interest has been taken in Fruit culture in Ontario. NIAGARA SPRAY has made it possible to grow Apples and Pears free of worm or scab; Cher- ries and Plums, free of curculio, rot or worms ; Grapes and other fruits, free of mildew, fungus, etc. NIAGARA has made it possible to rid our orchards of San Jose Scale, Oyster Shell, Blister Mite, Aphis, Peach Leaf Curl, etc. NIAGARA Sprays will not injure fruit or foliage. There is nothing in them to clog nozzles. NIAGARA was the pioneer on the Pacific Coast, in New York State, and in Canada. NIAGARA has made good, and because of our success others are following in our wake. Suc- cess always had a following. NIAGARA is not an experiment. NIAGARA is used and endorsed by the different branches of the Department of Agriculture, and by nearly every Fruit Growers' Association and prominent fruit grower in the Province, NIAGARA Lime-Sulphur is absolutely clear and uniform, and carries the highest analysis. Every gallon is guaranteed. Our ARSENATE OF LEAD (Swift's Brand) is the standard. The aim of all manufacturers is to equal the quality of Swift's. Swift's Arsenate of Lead is packed in 6oc, 300, i 00, 50, 25, and 10 lb. solid oak packages. Smaller sizes in glass. , It is guaranteed to contain 15% Arsenic oxide. It mixes easiest with water, stays mixed, sticks and kills best. This is the highest grade of Arsenate of Lead in the world. Mai FREE BOOK We will send free 0 our interesting and vali How to Use Them." I tion as you are looking have a dozen trees or 2' pay you to send a post c stating the size of your ( We are Specialists on Fruit Growers' Supplies. We devote our whole time and attention to this one line. Trucks, Hand Pumps, Power Pumps, Tank Fillers, Folding Towers, High Pressure I Our Motto Is: Best Quality, Best Tre NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., Our Other Factories ■ /Niagara spray cc, of n.s., KcntviUc, n.s. \jur Vfcner ractoncs. JhOOD RIVER SPRAY MFG. CO., Hood River, Ore. BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO., < NIAGARA SPRAYER CO., A February, 191 2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 4« Pays >u Use [ME - SULPHUR and RSENATE OF LEAD kx HAVE POWER If you were about to take out an insurance policy, either on your property or your life, you would not insure in a new or untried Coni= pany, but would select the old, safe, sure and reliable one. The Company that pays spray dividends or policies quickest, surest and best IS NIAGARA. POWER PUMPS A good spray outfit is just as essential as good spray. We have gi\en this feature our careful attention for years, and have worked fut pumps that will run and with all troubles left out. GIANT POWER OUTFIT — A 3-cylinder pump of great strength, power and capacity. It will spray 9 gallons per minute at 300 lbs. pressure, if desired. It can be operated with either a 2j4 or t,H h.p. engine. NIAGARA POWER OUTFIT — A 3-cylinder pump of slightly less capacity, but the same high pressure. Operated by a 2'/z or T,j4 h.p. engine. DUPLEX POWER OUTFIT — A 2-cylinder pump, medium priced, but with large capacity and high pressure. Operated with either a i^i or 2j4 h.p. engine. All our pumps ha\e porcelain-lined cylinders. They are noted for their durability, simplicity, high pressure and large capacity. All parts are interchangeable. Repairs cost practically nothing. Every part fits every other, and they can be immediately supplied. Our power outfits are all mounted on steel frames — equipped with tank, tank filler, folding tower, and the highest grade of hose, aluminium-lined rods, nozzles, and cut-offs. We have sold hundreds of power ouftfits in Ontario, and they have all given excellent satis- faction. We have great confidence in these pumps, and want to demonstrate them to you. We will pay the Expenses to our Factory of any Fruit Grower in Ontario who intends to pur- chase a power outfit, and who will inspect our pumps tefore placing his order. He will be under no obligation to purchase from us. All we ask is that he purchase a power pump of some kind. «J SPRAYING )8t to any Fruit Grower e book on "Sprays and ntains just such informa- , no matter whether you ;res of orchard. It will, asking for this book, and ard. HAND PUMPS MAGIC NO. 9 — The largest hand pump made. One man can easily maintain a pressure of 140 lbs. LITTLE GIANT NO. 70 — The most powerful barrel sprayer on the market. THE PIPPIN NO. 50 — .\ strong barrel pump, made for smaller orchards. Write for our Complete Illustrated Catalogue. Ve have everything you need. Namely : Lime-Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead, Raw Sulphur, Gasoline Engines e. Spray Rods (Aluminum or Brass Lined), Nozzles, Hydrometers and all Accessories. meat, Best Service, Reasonable Prices :^IMITED - - Burlington, Ontario 'eland, Ohio Ucport, N.Y. OREGON SPRAY CO., Portland, Ore. MEDFOHD SPRAY CO., Mcdford, Ore. NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO. Ltd., Trenton, Ont. 42 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1912 SOCIETY NOTES Wo iiiTite the ofBoerg of Horti- cultural Booletlet to aend in short, pithy report* of work that wonid In- terest membera of other Horticnitn. ral flocietii-a. St. Thomas "Our aim — to boost and beautify the city," is reported by the local paper to be the motto that has been adopted by the St. Thomas Horticultural Society. The receipts last year were $372.94 and the expendi- tures $358.08. The principal expendituree included : Prizes, $24 ; civic improve- ment, $98.28; lectures, $14.53; periodicals, $67.50; seeds and plants, $84.70; working expenses, $34.07; secretary, $35. The pres- ident is Dr. F. E. Bennett, and the sec- retary-treasurer. Col. E. H. Caughell. An effort is to be made this year to double the membership. A day will be named by the executive committee, when each member will be detailed a Hook or small district in which to cnnvflss for members. THE DOG NUISANCE The dog nuisance was dLscus.sed at length and a committee was appointed to wait on the city council and request it to raise the fee on dogs to two and five dollars and, if they issue a by-tew to that effect, to wait on the police commissioners and ask them to empower the police to slaughter all curs found on the street without their number and address. During the discussion of this subject Mr. A. W. Graham expressed the sentiments of a good many others when he said that he couldn't see why a "just plain dog" should have a greater privilege than a human being. "If a man or child should destroy, wholly or only partially, a flower hfA, the owner would find redreaB in court, hat a dog can commit the vilest depredations and there is no redress whatever. It is all right to keep a pet dog, but keep him on his own premises. He has no more right to run at large over a citizen's lot than has another man's chicken*. If I had my way 1 would have every dog at the end of a chain, on the street or at home, where h© lu'longs. He has no right to de-stroy prop- erty and should not be allowed to hinder the society in its work." A NOVEL I-EABE Aid. Edgar Sanders said a new form of lea.se containing a clause to compel tenants to keep the gra.ss cut, destroy weeds and keep their premi.ses beautiful, horticultur- ailly, would help the society materially in their work. He said the owners were in favor of stich an idea and he could see no reason why the scheme could not be car- ried out. The matter wa.s referred to the executive committee to act upon. Weston The "Weston Horticultural Society last year, the first of its existence, did good work. In the spring it gave fifty cents' worth of gladioli bu'bs to each member free. It also gave in May free to each member a copy of The Can.^dian Horticulturist till December. It held its fir.st flower Show in September. It was quite a success. The Society also awarded good prizes for the best gardens, lawns and flower beds. These prizes were keenly competed for. In Oc- tober the society gave a free gift of fifty- one tulip bulbs to each member. There is a regular monthly meeting of the directors at^which the welfare of the society and mat- ters bearing upon horticulture are freely discussed. All the members who wish can attend these meetings. In October a sipe- cial meeting was convened by the president, at which the High Park Rate-payers' Asso- ciation aflSliated with this society, thereby giving it a membership of five hundred and six, which will give the W&str>n Horticulr- tural Society a great impetus for good. Stratford The Stratford society has decided to con- tinue the policy introduced last year of making flower beds in various parts of the city. The society will also co-operate with the Extension Clulj and the Teachers' Asso- ciation in securing Miss Miller, superin- tendent of the school gardens of Cleveland, to address a meeting in Stratford in March. The city has been divided into districts and allotted to the various directors, who will make a canvass of the citv for members for 1912. The Canadian Horticulturist is given free to each member. Hanover A new horticultural society hiis been or- ganized in Hanover, Ont., with Daniel Luesing as president and John Mills ae secretary-treasurer. The aim of the soci- ety is 1x1 beautify Hanover. Special atten- tion will be devoted by the society for some time to improving the public grounds. Al- ready the society has a membership of about seventy-five. A Town Flower At the last regular meeting of the God- erich Horticultural Society the pansy was chosen as the floral emblems of the town. A set of questions was tormulated also for the U.SO of members in the cultivation next sea- son of dahlias with the intention of obtain- ing reliable data concerning this species in the vicinitv of Goderich. The Woodstock Society this year is giving its members premiums worth Beventy-five cents. The members are being given their choice of a large number of premiums worth up to that amount in value. Qt'^^a^ttvgt^tals for Home Improvetncnt When planning improvements for your home for next springi think of how it would increase its beauty as well as its value to add a few more ornamental or shade trees, some flowering shrubs, or a perennial border. We have this year a large assortment of omampntal stock of a-ll kinds for you to choose from. Just now our list of varieties is praotioally complete. You who order early may be practically sure of getting just what you want . This stock is all In fine condition, and will please you when you ^t it. Our catalogue g'^es a detailed list of varaetiss with prices. Plant Some Paconies. We have an unusually large supply of Paeonies. covering a wide range of varieties. A few of the«"> lovely plants whit^h do so well in almost any soil or locality will be wa.lcome additions to your flower garden. Let us quote you special prices. Fruit Trees. We still have a good assortment of the lending hardy vari- eti-^ of fniit trees, but they are going rapidly. Some varieties will soon be sold out. Orders should be sent promptly to ensure against disappointment. Free Intornvation. Our Landscape Department will be pleased! to advise you free of coet in regard to lay- ing ont, and planting vonr grounds, selection of vnrieties suitable to your soil aJid location, planning your perennial border, etc. Our booklet, 'More Beautiful Homes and Hew to Get Them." tells more about this department. Get a copy. It is free. THE CANADIAN NURSERY CO. LIMITED 10 PHILLIPS PL/VCE, MONTREAL, QUE. Designed Along New Lines An End to Belief Valve Troubles Removes the Greatest Source of Spraying Difficulties Fits Any Sprayer Permits Any Desired Pressure to be Carried Wearing Parts Easily and Cheaply Renewed THE '' NATIONAL" RELIEF VALVE will at once appeal to all connected with the power sprayer business. It is a well known fact that the ordinary relief valve is the source of more trouble than everything else about the machine. The above cut shows how these difficulties are avoided in our new valve. Our descriptive circular will eive you full information. Write for it and prices. Costs no more than the poor kind and attaches where other goes. NATIONAL MACHINE CO. BRIGHTON, ONTARIO February, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 43 Quebec Vegetable Growers' Convention I The third annual meeting of the Quebec Vegetable Growers' Association was held at Cartierville, Que., January 17th. The dele- gates present were from some of th«. most progressive sections of the province, and re- presented some of the most successful mar- ket growers from their various localities. The following officers were elected: Hon. presidents: Hon. F. D. Monk, Hon. J. E. Oaron, J. W. Leverque, M.P.P. Hon. vice- presidents : G. A. Gigault, G. E. DuLord, Paul Wattiez, President, Anatole Decarie. First vice-president, Jack McEvoy. Second vice-president, James Clark. Directors: Prof. W. S. Blair. Camille Legare, Albert Monethe, Paul Wattiez, Joseph Decarie. Auditors: D. McMeckin, Father Athanase. Mr. William Dreber, sent by the Quebec Association to visit the Ontario Vegetahle Growers' Convention, read his report. This report was instructive and thorough. It brought home to the association the work attempted and accomplished in their sister province. It drew out a discussion con- cerning the Skinner system of irrigation. This system is new and fast coming to the forefront as the most successful system of artiiicial irrigation yet undertaken. The pressure is maintained by gasoline engine. From large pipes running across the head of the £eld, other leads of pipe are carried. At every four feet in the latter nozzles are placed, through which the water is project- ed. This water, falling back on the soil, imitates very effectually a r-ain storm, and thus robs the irrigation system of many undesirable features. CELERY OULTtTRE Culture of celery was the subject of M. D. McMeekin's paper. In this he outlined his meth.od of caring for tho plant from the time the seed is placed in the "flat" until ready for the field. Sturdy plants are what is sought, and what must be obtained if success with celery is reached. Succes- sive transplanting develops the root system and this always goes hand in hand with stalwartness in the seedling. Tliis system of transplanting is to be advised. Mr._ Thos. Delworth, representing the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association, was in favor of the same method, repeated transplanting, with tomatoes. For early tomatoes three or four transplantings are not too many. Before going into the field he recommended that each plant should be placed in a berry box, one plant to the box. The rootlets are not disturbed when finally placed in the field. They thus recover from the shock of transplantin.a: much sooner. Any fruit on the plant wheH "set" should be removed. It exhausts the plant in ripen- ing the seed and discourages the formation of other fruit clusters. It is important to get the plant first and fruit later. GOOD SEED NECESSARY Mr. T. G. Bunting, of the Central Ex- perimental Farm, Ottawa, was convinced that there were better methods which gar- deners might follow if they would. Better seeds were vory important. Seeds true to name, free of fungi and of a high germinat- ing power must be obtained. The gardener may eoonomiae in fertilizers, in implements, in nearly everything if he must, but in seeds never. The best is the cheapest and none too good. He instanced several cases of seed obtained at a high price, which was not true to type. It is difficult in such cases to fix the responsibility. Whenever the thing is possible the home selection of seed is to be recommended. Mr. A. F. Charron, M.A., of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, both after- Douglas Gardens Oakville, Ontario=^ OUR 1912 Spring Planting List NOW READY describes and offers, ajuongst other good things : ANEMONE JAPONICA, 4 varieties, at 15c. per plant. CLEMATIS RECTA, at 20c DICENTRA (Bleeding Heart), at 15o GYPSOPHILA (Baby's Breath), at isc HARDY GARDEN PINKS, 4 varieties, at 15c. per plant. HEMEROCALLIS (Day Lily), 4 varieties, at loo. per plant. KNIPHOFIA (Flame Flower), at 20c. SPIREAS, 8 varieties, at from 15c. to 35a per plant. TROLLIUS JAPONICUS fl. pi (Globe Flower), at 15o. YUCCA FILAMENTOSA, at 25o. SHASTA DAISIES, 3 varieties, at 25o per plant. GLADIOLUS, 14 named varieties, at from 4c. to 30c. per oorm. GLADIOLUS. Groifs Hybrids, unnamed, at 10 for 25c. GLADIOLUS, Groffs Hybrids, a very flue light colored section, at 25 for 75c. GLADIOLUS, Groft's Hybrids, red and scarlet section, at 25 for 60c. IS.MENE CALATHINA GRANDI (Peruvian Daffodil), at 20c. per bulb. These prices include carriage to des- tination. Also a fine assortment of China Asters, Antirrhinum (Snapdragon), Salvia. Stocks, &c., lor Bedding purposes. Mailed free to all on our Mailing List and to others interested who send names and addresses. JOHN CAVERS PEDIGREED NURSERY STOCK OUR Trees are the high-class kind, produced on the finest fruit land in the Niagara Peninsula. We are ourselves extensive growers of Fruits and we know what the orchardist requires — stock true to name, of thrifty growth, carefully graded, well rooted, and last but not least, delivered in good shape. We grow and offer you this kind of stock, and are always glad to assist in selecting suitable varieties, etc. It will pay you to deal with a nursery that is thoroughly conversant with your needs. AUBURN NURSERIES QUEENSTON, ONT. GOOD CROPS ARE OBTAINED BY USING THE BEST MANURE AS SUPPUED, TO NURSERIES, FRUIT GROWERS AND GARDENERS SURE GROWTH COMPOST makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer- tile land most productive. Supplied by S. W. MARCHMENT 133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO Telephones: Main 2841 Residence Park 951 Mention The Canadian Hortkultnriit wh«ii wrltins 44 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1912 rER11l£VIR(]IMR\Rn ^z^,^:?^ ^A ^ 00 PER ACRE & UP-EASY PAYMENTS ■5^^^^B ^D^ •■%AJCJe rro.liictiv.t Hnil. nuia oiiruato, fine water, ^ond nmdH. W^ ^^ *^ I fc. J cloH«) niHrUtas. unMurpiishcil ht;h<><»l and Boriitl (uiviintjiKCH. '*^*'*'**'» ^"^^ A'„ic. irhile you think of it. writo for tho latent Ihhuc of " TIIK HOIJTIIKKN IIOMKHKF.KKIl." other Htcrntiire and low t-Tcursion ratcK. I Addreas F. U. LaRAUnK, AKr'l Attt.. NoHolk A Vf«»UTn Rj., Box 40 4ft Koanoke. Vs. lYEARLY RAINFALL 45 INCHES Anythinii from a Berry Plant to a Shade Tree js waiting your order No letter stock or value offered Uiaii at the old reliable CKN I'KAL NUR8EIIIES. We ship direct to customer with satisf action . Send for priced cataloeue before placing your orders. It will T>ay. If you have not had good re- sults from others, TKY OUES— 32ni(i YEAR. No agent*. The new hardy Hydrangea. HILL of SNOW, a Beauty ; the New Snow Queen Eose; Baby Hambler, in bloom all summer, by mail, 35c. each. \pp!e. Pear. Plum. Peach and Ornamental Trees. Roses, Shrubs, Asparagus Roots, etc. A. G. Hull & Son, St. Catharines, Ont. Better tools mean bigger crops The successful farmer and gardener works with the 6es/ equip- ment. The day of old-fashioned tools is past. On the best-tilled fartns and gardens the world over, Planet Jr tools are doing the work. Planet Jr js everywhere for the latest-improved, most useful and economical and garden tools. Products of 35 years' experience by a practical farmer and manufacturer who has made a scienc of tool-building. ' 55 tools; guaranteed. ^^ 71 Planet Jr Combined Hill and Drill Seeder, ^i£lZj Wheel Hoe, Cultivator, . and Plow does the work of almost all garden tools combined. It sows accurately alt garden seeds, cultivates, hoes, furrows, and plows. Indestruc- tible stepl frame, |»j„ a I Planet Jr Horse Hoe and Cultivator does I re continuous, and this j^rowth is pofjsible only wlieD the plant has room, air, heat and moisture. These conditions are best met on a deep, sandy, well drained loam. These physical conditions are not sufficient, however, for there mu,st be an abundance of plant food in soil and available for i)lant use. Bac- terial life idays a more important part in plant nutrition than many supiwse. Last- Ij', and most imi>ortant of all, i.s the soil moisture. Plants thrive alm«.)st in propor- tion to tlie soil moisture. They do not only i:ced it in larsn- quantities, but by bringing plant food in solution it makes ix>ssible its absorption by the plant," llev. Father Le<)i)old spoke of the metliods employed by French gardeners in the north- ern ijart of France. Under adverse circum- stances and by hand labor all alone theee gardeners have brought the culture of vegetables to a high state of i>erfection. AVOID THE MIDDLEM.\N Mr. G. A. Gigault, re])resenting the De- partment of Agriculture, Quebec, was much in favor of cooperation in this branch of labor as in all others. He pointed out that the producer obtained from 35 to 50 per cent of the selling price of his production, while the middlemen take the rest. This should not be. Every gardener should reap the full xjrice of his labor. Coop^-ation would solve the problem. He was of the opinion that if a stock company was formed with a caijital stock of seventy-five thousand dollars and warehouses rentf>d or purchased in the large cities, in charge of a very capable man, that farmers would realize a very handsome profit by disposing of their produce through such an agency He quoted much evidence to show that the pro- position was workable, and callable of being made a great success. A committee was appointed to look into the matter. Messrs Jack ^IcEvoy, Jos. Deguire and James Clark were appointed members of the com- mittee. The name, "Agricultural Coopera- tive Society for the Province of Quebec," was suggested as a fitting name for the com- pany. The market growers in the vicinity of Montreal are among the best in the pro- vince. They only need to be convinced that the convention of vegetable growers is their own, and that it requires their presence, their enthusiasm and their help to make future meetings a still greater success. — E. M. S. Ontario Fruit Growers' Association A meeting of the directors of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association was held in To- ronto January 11th. The following officers were elected : President. D. Johnson, Forest; vice-president, J. W. Smith, Win- ona ; secretary-treasurer, P. W. Hodgetts. The officers, with W. L. Hamilton. Lome Park, and W. H. Dempsey, of Trenton, will constitute the executive committee for 1912. TTie number of members on the transport- ation Committee was reduced, and the fol- lowing appointed: W. L. Hamilton. Lome Park; A, Onslow, Niagara-on-the-Lake ; W. J. Bragg, BowmanvUIe; George French, Sarnia. This committ-ee was instructed to engage a competent man to look after the collection of claims and to otherwise watch the fruit-growers' interests with the ex- press and freight companies. It was felt February, 191 2 THE CANADIAT^ HORTICULTURIST 45 Beautify Your Home Surroundings OUR CANADIAN GROWN: ROSES AND SHRUBS Arc Admirably Adapted to Enhance the Floricultural Pleasures of Canadian Homes For $5.00 To introduce our high grade quality we will securely pack and deliver PREPAID tO any express office in Ontario the following 25 two and three-year-old Nursery grown ROSES AND FLOWERING SHRUBS : 5 Climbing Roses, value $2,50. 1 Crimson llambler. 1 Dorothy Perkins, shell pink. 1 Lady Gay. delicate pink. 1 VeiLohenblan, blue Rambler. 1 Tausendschon, rosy carmine. 5 Hybrid Tea Roses, value $1.25. 1 Gruas An Teplitz, bright redi. 1 Kaiserin Victoria, white. 1 Madame Teetoiit. silvery rose. 1 Mamon Cochet, pink. 1 Le Progress, Golden Yellow. 5 Hybrid Perpetual Roses, value $1.25 1 Frau Karl Druschkki. white. 1 General Jaco.ueminot. brilliant red. 1 Magna. Charta, bright pink. 1 Ulrich Brnn,ner, cherry red. 1 Julus Margottin, glossy pink. 5 Baby Ramblers, value $1.25. 1 Madam N. Levavasseur, Pink B. Bamb. 1 White Pet. White Baby Eambler. 1 Mrs. W. Outbush, Baby Dor. Perkins. 1 Perlc des Rouses, Velvety Crimson. 1 Mosella, clear Yellow. 5 Flowering Shrubs, value $1.25. 1 Hydrangea Paniculata Grand. 1 Althea, Rose of Shaxon. 1 Deutzia, Pride of Rochester. 1 Weigelia. Eva Rathki. 1 Spirea Van Houttii. The above splendid collection delivered to you direct from our Nurseries at less than a third of Tree Agent's prices. Catalogue on application. J. GAMMAGE & SONS, Ltd. London, Ont. (( Send It" That's All You Need To Write ^ffjPi: w will m;iil you thi.s green box. In.side you will find a piece of the U-Bar — an actual life sized piece. Fast to it will be a tag, on one side of which reads, "This is the U-Bar, the bar that makes U-Bar Greenhouses the famous greenhouses they are," on the other side are the boiled down, straight from the shoulder reasons, why this U-Bar makes U-Bar greenhouses the famous greenhouses they are. The reason we are offering to .send you this is because last spring when we were at the Boston Show exhibiting one of our houses, it surprised us every day to find the number of gardeners and superintendents who came to look at that house who hadn't the vaguest kind of an idea how the U-Bar was made. W'e determined right then and there, that we would cut up a thousand feet of U-Bars in short lengths ;md mail them out all over this country and Canada. All you need to do to get one, is to mail us a postal with the words "Send It" — then sign your name and ad- dress and give the name of your employer. We will know what you mean and straight way the green box, containing the U-Bar will I)o mailed to you. U-BAR GREENHOUSES PIERSON U-BAR CO ONE MADISON AVE. NEW YORK. Canadian OFuct, lO Phillips plaCI. mONTKEAI 46 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1912 \^}\\-\'^-fi:^y://^}^V^:V::■:^;^V^^:■^^ H McGILL ST., - M«„te.L Some History about Typewriters Modem and Ancient CHAPTER 7 IN buying a Typewriter the price should be the last consideration. \/OU can buy cheaper typewriters than the Under- wood, but if you pay less, you get less — a great deal less. AN Underwood is worth what you pay for it — generally more. Its value depends not merely upon what it is, but what it does. Vf7HEN you buy an Underwood, you get more than the machine. TTHERE is something which goes with the Underwood— included in every sale but not figured in the price--it is service. IN a great many cases the time and labor saved by a specially de- * vised Underwood system pays for the machine in a few months. United Typewriter Co. Limited TORONTO that fruit-growers had not secured the ad- vantages from the decisions of the Railway Oommifision that were coming to thoni, and many thought this was duo to the transport- ation committ not following up the de- cisions of the commission closely enough. The other ooniinittees were re-electeetition for the coming s<,'ason, the pro- vince to he divided into districts, and suit- able awards to be given for the best or- chards in each di.strict. This competition will be carried out for four years, awards, however, to be made yearly, with final awards for the orchard mnking the best showing for the full perioout the late Charles Arnold, of P.iris, Ont. the oriKinator of thf Ontario apple, the merits of which are becoming better understood as the years pass. The in- quiry led to our locating one of his daughters, Mrs. E. W. Movie of Lang- .staff, wlio has kind- ly furnished us particulars about her Movie writes : The La!e Charles Arnold with the following father's work. Mrs. It is with a great deal of pleasure, after thirty years, to have inquiries made regard- ing my father's work. The late Mr. Chas. Arnold of Paris spent many years hybrid- izing and 1 can safely say he was among the fir.st, if not the first, in Ontario to put some of his own v.irieties on the market. His earliest experiments were with roses, in which my youngest brother was interested, but he did not live long enough to continue the work, so father carried on the work alone. Some of his varieties of grapes aro still grown in France, their hardiness ena- bling them to withstand the ravages of the Phloxera better than the native stock. Among these are the Othello, Cornucopia, Autuchon, Brant and Canada. A few varieties of raspberries were also originated, among them a white one consid- ered pretty good, but. as Dr. Beadle said in a late article, "it was apt to revert to the original Antwerp." In 1872 Mr. Ar- nold gained the gold medal at the Hamil- ton Exposition for a new hnrdy wheat. A gentleman living near Paris told me a few weeks ago that he grew some of this wheat for seed for father. One of his most successful ventures was a hybrid pea known now as " Bliss' American Wonder." The statement has been made that he received $2,000 for it, but this is a mistake, as Mr. Bliss gave father $1,000 for a Bushel, and then wrote him a very kind letter saying he thought he had not paid enough and forwarded a beautiful gold watch. At the time of his death he was working on a new pea which was never put on the market l)ut grown by members of his own family. His apples, of which there were four, were shown at the Royal Horticultural So- ciety of London. England, and for the.se he received a bronze medal and certificate of honor, highly prized bv the family. The apples were "Arnold's Beauty," "Ella," "Dora" and "Ontario." The last one was chosen by the Ontario Fruit Growers' As- .sociation for distribution among the mem- bers, Mr. Arnold being a life-long worker in the association. This apple was a cross between the Spy and Wagner and is still grown in Canada. This was not his favorite, as he considered Arnolds Beauty a much finer dessert apple, but not so showy as the Ontario or as good a shipper. The "Ella" and "Dora" are lit- tle known, but Arnold's Beauty are still grown in several orchards around Paris. This is but a short sketch of my father's special work, but if this is not sufficient Dr. Wm. Saunders of Ottawa, who was a life- long friend and knew more about his work than almost any other might give addition- al information. T reioember hearing father gay once that February, 191 2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 49 %»^r s ^ ir K^ >^V ^^W ^ <>< .,.»_^ -^^ ^Ved in this manner. The balance will be retained for future develop- ments and yards. The project is of particular interest to Montreal since it is the first time in Can- ada that a large suburban area has been designed on the thoroughly scientific lines ot modern city planning. In addition it is a most ambitious program, for the site which will be prepared is over twice as large as VVestmount. The southern lines of the "Garden City" will adjoin Uutre- mont. When the work is completed the Canadian Northern Railway will enter the Island ot Montreal a little to the west of the C.R.R. entrance. At this point tne use of steam as a motive power tor its engines will end anack alogue M. HHtHI* guarantee: not one returned. Bninersold»S00 1n l.^davs. Ask for liberal agency proposi- tion. Sample lamp fiirnishfHl. AASTLK 1.AJ1F CO., ofAmerlcai laCa, lt»]S Aladdin Baildlnc, , MONTREAL. QUE LOVELY FLOWERS For CANADIAN CLIMATE ^^ii Perennial — Hardy Catalogue J-'rtr ■C\ Perry's Hardy Plant Farm ^ EnfielJ. Middlesex. Eng* February, 191 2 THE CANADIA'N HORTICULTURIST 53 mrrnrrrrrTrrrrrrrrrrTrTTrrrTrrrrrr^ UUJUJ/JU/MLUJjU/JUJJLUJMjUJUXJU^ Gerf)ardJieii)(zmai) /lapos J iaryos of J resfi^e NO NEED TO WORRY s^ To worry about your purchase of a piano is needless. Someone else has taken the worry from the ^piano question for thousands of buyers as eager to buy rightly as yourself. The makers of the GERHARD HEINTZMAN CANADA'S GREATEST PIANO have eliminated risk and accentuated the possible enjoyment from the possession of a piano. A generation is a long time — but a generation has proven the supremacy of this really great piano. If not in the city to sec the instruments for your self, send for the complete descriptive booklet YOl/R PRESENT INSTRUMENT TAKEN IN EXCHANGE. GERHARD HEINTZMAN 41-43 Queen St.W. (SrAafi) TORONTO New Sale Rooms in Hamilton: 68 King St. E. (next Post Office) ^^ i \w77n7. ^nwjummjiLUjJULinmjujjuiminmfj I i^ IB ■!^WP 'mmmmmm •^S^? 54 HE CANADIAN HORTIC U I>TURIST February, 1912 PEERLESS - PERFECTION wrm. ^ )1W t/i Real Fence Service Guaranteed Peerless Wire Fence is built to grivc absolute fence satisfaction and makes erood. Best quality wire galvanized to pre- vent rust and securely held at each intersection by the Peerless Lock combined with fence experience compose the Peerless Fence. PEERLESS WIRE FENCE That is the kind you should use on your farm and save expense and worry. Write for Our Catalog Today Ssl^fteTuSer^'i^\'S.r AK«ncl«s almoKt everywhar*. As«nts Mnanttd In unasslsnvd tarritory. Banwell Hoxlo Wire Fence Co., Ltd., , Winnipeg, Man., Hamilton, Ont. Planet Jr p'Two million workers the world over testify to the durability, economy, labor and time saving advantages of all Planet Jr tools. They bring Lighter work- Heavier Pocket°book Wherever you are, whatever you grow. Planet Jrs are scientific aids to bigger profits. Made by a practical farmer and manufact- ^ urer; every tool guaranteed. |Kr„ oel Planet Jr Combined Hill and Drill Seeder, l""-^"! Double Wheel Hoe. CultiTator, and Plow, ' capital for large-scale gardening especially, has automatic feed- stopper, seed index, and complete cultivating attachments. Indestructible steel frame. I Planet Jr Single Wheel Hoe, Cultivator, I RaKe, and Plo^v is light, handy, and adapted to ; almost every garden use. Has leaf guard for close work nd lasting steel frame. A 64-page Illustrated farm and ijarden boohl , It's brimful of valuable farm and ^v il^x" j» r\ rden hints, besides showing 55 ^5 1 ^ ^^ll©I\ %^ V^O ''^^ox 1106G today) Philadelphia Pa Write for name of our nearest agency. A. — Goo King Tank B— Hot Water Tank C— Fire Box D— Ash Pan E — Smoke Make Your Own Spray Home Boiled Lime Sulphur is being used in increasing quantities by leading fruit growers and fruit growers' associa- tions. They iindi that by making their own spray they can ef- fect a considerable money saving, and at the same time produce a preparation tha.t will do the work thoroughly. It Is an easy m'atter to make home boiled lame sulphur. The chief essential is a proper spray cooker. We manufac- ture two kinds of cookers, one with a single tank, and one with a double tank. (See illustratiom.) They aje designed especially for this purpose, aad will give the greatest efB- cienoy with the greatest saving of fuel. They can be iised tor either wood or soft coal. The tanks are made of heavily galvanized steel, thoroughly rivetted and soldered. Will not leak. They are built to give satisfaction, and are guaranteed. Made in five sizes, capacity 30 to 76 gals. Prices and full particulars on application. Get your outfit now. Write us to-day. STEEL TROUGH AND MACHINE CO., Ltd.,TWEED, Ont. SPECIAL GUARANTEED Lime = Sul phur Hydrometer Both specific gravity and Beaume readings; submitted to Mr.Caesar O. A. C, Guelph, and reported "quite satisfactory." Sent Postpaid oiv receipt of 80 cts. PABKE & PARKE S'ite-o?,?-S'4'-?! STRAW RASP BLACK B ERRY PLANTS 4®- ALSO SEED CORN GIBRALTAR BLACK CAP Gre.-itest Yielder at Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Address originator : N. E. MAILORY, BLENHEIM, ONT. DAAI/C ^^^^'^^ '"'■ ""'' 'i®* °^ books on K\Jiln\ Fruit Growing, Irrigation, Prun- ing, Spraying, Fertilizing, etc. Eastern Annapolis Valley Eunice Buchiun During the month of iSeptember, from Berwick alone, thirty-one thousand barrels of apples were shippe<^ Gardens Practical Fruit Growers and Vegetable Gardeneis realize that to obtain the largest profits from their land it is just as necessary to fertilize their trees as it is to spray them. We manu- facture brands of Animal Fertilizer especially designed for the use of Fruit Growers and Market Gardeners. Some of our brands that are specially suitable for these purposes and their guaranteed analyses are : BRAND GUARANTEED ANALYSIS Nitrog-en Phos. Acid Potash Potato Special 3.30 8 8 General Vegetable and Market Garden 4.11 9 5 Early Vegetable Manure 4.93 9 5 General Crop Fertilizer 2.47 10 2 Fine Steamed Bone 4.93 22 — Sol. Bone and Potash 1.64 10 5 Tobacco Grower 4.11 9 6 Greenhouse Special 4.11 5.5 5 Remember our brands are based on materials of animal origin and are not purely chemical fertilizers. The effect is therefore more permanent and the plant foods not so liable to loss through leaching,' etc. The advantages are all out- lined in our Fertilizer Booklet. Send for one. Our Fertilizer Department is under the management of a graduate of the Ontario Agricultural College and of Macdon- ald College, Que., who is well qualified to advise you regarding fertilizers suitable for your soil and the crop for which it is required He will be pleased to give any information possible on this subject. Write tor literature and quotations. We have agents in some sections and want men for others. Easy terms and satisfaction guaranteed to our patrons. Orders by mail promptly filled — no extra cost. Write: Wm. Davies Co. 521 Front Street East Limited. Toronto, Canada GO TO BATTS LIMITED fob HOT-BED SASH PROFIT AND PLEASURE IN GROWING EARLY VEGETABLES AND FLOWERS IN HOT-BEDS The money saved in growing your own vegetables and flowers, saves the cost of the beds the first year. Our Hot Bed Sash are built to last. All the joints are tight fitting, bhnd mortised and white leaded before being put together. A Yn inch oak rod runs through the bars and into the stiles. . A metal pin is driven into each of the bars and styles through the rod. In this way each bar is held in its proper position and prevented from sagging. A trial order will convince you that our sash possess the greatest possible strength and durability. Hot bed folder mailed on request. SIZE :— 3 ft. 2 ins. wide by 6 ft. long for 4 Rows of 8 inch Glass For Butted or Lapped Glass PRICE :— Norway Pine 95c., Clear Red Cypress $1.20. -MAIL YOUR ORDER TO-ADY BATTS LIMITED - 374 pacific ave. - WEST TORONTO 56 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST February, 1912 Hardy Small Fruits Conditions o{ soil and climate make it pos- sible for us to produce stock that is hardy, vigforous, and that will give good satisfaction in almost any locality. We exercise great care in the cultivation and handling of our stock, give personal supervision to packing and shipping, and warrant all stock absolute- ly true to name. This explains why we have built up a large list of satisfied customers. We specialize on small fruits — Raspberries, Gooseberries and Currants — also Garden Roots, including Rhubarb, Asparagus, etc. Lilt of Varieties : — RASPBERRIES Herbert--- : Cuthbert Marlboro | Brinckle's Orange Golden Queen GOOSEBERRIES Josselyn Red Jacket Downing Pearl Houghton CURRANTS Perfection Fay Ruby Cherry White Grape Lee's Prolific Champion Black Naples Black Victoria Order now while the li.st of varieties is com- plete. Send post card for catalogue and price list. WM. FLEMING OWEN SOUND Bqx 54 Ontario. Can. ■ -«—.«-« ! Strawberry Plants That &n Great Yielders Buy your strawberry plants from one that ha.8 made a suoceea of growing berries for the market for many years. I grow the Williams Improved, Parsons Beauty, Splendid and Michel's Early. Last year the yield from 2 3-4 acres was 31,500 boxes, and in 1910 the yield) from 1 1-S acres of Williams Improved wae 16,770 boxes. I have for sale a fine lot of plants of above varieties. Prices: 75 cts. per 100; $5.00 per 1,000. W. WALKER Port Burwell, Ont. EUln Co. Strawberry Plants That Grow Great orops are obtained by setting our plajits Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry and all small fruit. Apple. Pear, Plum. Ollerry and Onamental Trees. Beet Vari- eUee. Lowest Prioee. For large orops, Gr1)WN*''sT0CK™ "'*°* "^ ^^^^■''HERN We guarantee onr Plants to be flrst- olasB and true-to-name. packed to reach you in growing condition, or your money back. Write for price-list and free de- livery offer. Discount for early orders. Brookside Nurseries '**n?^'*' been placed in this market at a good price, and only the lack of properly con8triicted as the fruit from the weet. Imacine what a grand display would be brought out b; the holding of a National Apple Show here in the east. 58 THE CANADIAN HORTICtJLTURTST March, 1912 zers. Hence my contention that a fruit grower can get along very well indeed without that expensive luxury — farm yard manure. But there is a danger in the excessive use of cover crops, especially of the legumes, for if we accumulate a large amount of available nitrogen compounds in our orchards we retard the proper ripening of our fruit. Our aim must be, therefore, to grow just sufficient to keep our soil in good physical condition, and then by the use of such special fertilizers as are required to keep our soil up to its maximum efficiency. LIME A NECESSITY A manure is "any solid substance added to the soil to make it more pro- ductive." Hence substances that are not in themselves a direct plant food or only so to a comparatively limited extent may be a manure. Lime, though fairly prev- alent in soils, is nevertheless frequently lacking in the surface layers, and may be especially so when there have been heavy applications of animal manures and of green manures. Lime is neces- sary to the proper decay of humus and of proper nitrification. It neutralizes acids formed by decaying organic mat- ter, and moreover it is a matter of ex- perience that sweeter fruits are produced on soils that have a plentiful though not an excessive supply of lime. Then, again, lime checks excessive wood and leaf growth resulting from an over-supply of moisture, and it seems to the writer it may in this manner be of service in the control of bacterial blight in the pear orchard. Hence a manure may also aid us in fighting disease. FEETILTZERS COMBAT DISEASE I once had an orchard of Japanese plums which had become badly affected with the shot hole fungus to such an ex- tent that the trees were defoliated very early in the season. They had received two thorough sprayings with bordeaux, as well as the early applied lime and sulfur. To this orchard I applied a dressing of droppings from the hens' roost which had been pulverized and mixed with soil, then at the fall of the blossom, nitrate of soda at the rate of about fifty pounds to the acre, and again a similar dressing when the fruit was about the size of large buck shot. The results were most gratifying. ' The foli- age showed a healthy color throughout the growing season and remained on the tree until late fall. Similarly, nitrate of soda may be used in the peach orchard when the foliage is threatened by leaf curl, but otherwise I would never advise its use in the orchard. It is too quick of action, and too stimulating, to make it a safe manure in the orchard. Nitrate of soda may be used advantageously in the strawberry bed to hasten growth in the early spring, It should be well pul- A Power Sprayer at Work Notice how thoroughly the trees can be oov- ered with the spray. verized and mixed with soil to bulk it and thus aid in distributing so small an amount as can properly be used, and ap- plied when the foliage is dry else it will be apt to "burn" the plants. A pecul- iaritv of nitrate of soda is that two light applications will have a tendency to has- ten maturity while one heavier one will retard. Let it be thoroughly understood that fertilizers will not replace spraying. Spraving is an absolute necessity, but fertilizers will help in certain diseases by giving strength and vigor just as stimu- latine: diets are required by the human svstem to carry it through a crisis. It is needless for me to point out that over stimulation bv nitrogenous manures in the pear orchard would only lead to dis- aster bv encouraging conditions favor- able to the spread of bacterial blight. MECHANICAL CONDITION OF SOIL Peter Henderson, in his "Gardening for Profit," describes soil deficient in vegetable matter as "a weight of soil." This expression is very apt, for soil in this condition is heavy, gritty and com- pact. The mechanical condition of such a soil is such that plants would not re- spond to fertilizers because it lacks air and loses its moisture rapidly. Air and moisture are essentials of plant life and to the releasing of plant food whether naturally in the soil or artificially placed there. It must be remembered that fer- tilizers though applied to the soil in soluble forms do not remain so, but rapidly revert and again become insolu- ble by the absorption properties of the soil. Before this occurs, however, the soluble phosphates or potash distribute themselves more or less thoroughly in the .soil, and exist in so fine a state of di- vision that they may be rapidly render- ed available by the natural agencies in the soil and the action of plant roots. Nitrogen alone remains soluble and is ac- cordingly very subject to loss by wash- ing. AVOID OVER STIMULATION The intelligent use of commercial fer- tilizers of known source and composi- tion, together with a soil kept in a good ■mechanical condition by the plowing in of green manures and by proper cultiva- tion cannot fail of results. Your orchard may not show the effects of a fertilizing the first year of application, because the trees fruit from last year's buds, yet a plentiful supply of food will produce a healthier and stronger growth with a sub- sequent improvement in productiveness and the character of the fruit. The one thing to avoid is over-stimulation, es- pecially in young orchards. Do not try to force a tree or bush big too soon else you will defeat your own ends, but grow them as big as you can compatibly with a sound, healthy development. Then, in applying manure spread it broadcast over the whole surface of the ground and not as is frequently done just immediately around each tree or plant. The aim is to encourage an ex- tended root growth, whereas the appli- cation of fertilizers just around the plant induces a short, curled ramification of roots, much similar to a plant in a flower fjot, a condition of things not at all to be desired. A Useful Bush Sleigh C. J. H., Ottawa, Out. In the extensive movement in New Ontario and elsewhere for the renovat- ing of old orchards, a great deal of brush and deadwood is incidentally left on the ground. After the first pruning of a neglected orchard, if not removed be- fore the snow leaves the ground, this brush is so thick as to prevent the early spraying. The quick and well timed re- moval of this brush, much of which is infected with blight, moth eggs, and in- jurious insects, means quite an under- takin.T. If not gone at properly, it en- tails almost as much labor as the prun- ing itself. In the Georgian Bay district last win- ter the fruit grower with whom I stayed liad a lot of brush to remove from his orchard. It was found that in using a team bob-sleigh the weight of the sleigh alone was almost too much for the horses in the deep snow. The fault was reme- died as follows : The platform and rear bob of the sleigh were removed from the sleigh, and two twenty foot maple saplings were laid on the truck of the bob. These were March, 191 2 THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST 5Q laid with the thick ends facing ahead and were chained about four feet apart. On these saplings were nailed cross pieces about eighteen inches apart. These were placed at these intervals until within two feet from the thinnest ends of the sap- lings. Only one four inch nail can be put in each board as the rack must not be too rigid or it will break in turning corners. The broad crosspieces projected about a foot over the poles at each end, giving the rack a total width of six feet. On the last board an extra heavy cross- piece, two by three inches, was bolted to the poles. From the cross-piece we ran a rope forward to the first board. This completed the making of the rack. On reaching the place in which the load was to be dumped, we lead the rope up over the front of the load and passed it back behind the rack where it was held by one or two men as the load required. By starting the team ahead the load rolled off at the back in a neat pile. The dumping of a load by this means does not take as long as the telling. By using one of these brush racks the wear and tear on horses and men is re- duced to a minimum, and the time re- quired for removing brush is cut in two. It takes a little less than an hour to make such a rack and it is easily made. Refrigeration in" Relation to Fruit Gro^ng Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner, J. A. Ruddick, Ottawa. THE modern use of refrigeration is nothing more than the systematic application of principles that have been recognized from time immemorial, and which have been universally practis- ed by every housekeeper in the land. The vegetable and fruit cellars in connection with our houses, differ from regular cold storages only in degree or in the lack of that absolute control of temperature which refrigeration gives. The practice of hanging meats or poultry in a cold place during the winter months has ex- actly the same object behind it as if the goods were placed in cold storage. The fruit grower who holds his apples in a "frost proof" warehouse is using cold storage, which is more or less effective as the temperature of the warehouse is reduced to the minimum of safety. These methods, that take advantage of what may be called natural cold storage, are of course defective inasmuch as they are least useful, if not entirely valueless just at the time when the protection is most needed. All admit the value of a low tempera- ture in the preserving of milk, butter, meats, fruits, or vegetables for family use. Such foods are always placed in the coolest spot available and very gener- ally in a miniature cold storage ware- house in the shape of a kitchen refriger- ator. And yet it is a fact that there is still some prejudice against cold storage foods, not only on the part of the con- sumer, but with the dealer as well. It is true that food products do not always come out of cold storage in a satisfac- tory condition, for the simple reason that they are often out of condition, or over mature, when they are placed in cold storage. The function of cold storage is preventive, not corrective. I mention this because I find there is much iieed for more attention being paid to this point in the application of refrigeration to the preservation of food products. It has frequently been asserted that the large quantity of apples which are *Extr£U5t« from an address delivered at the re- cent Dominian Fruit Oonierence in Ottawa. wasted every year, and especially when there is a heavy crop, could be saved if sufficient cold storage space was avail- able. The writer of a paper at the last meeting of the Royal Society of Canada advanced this view, and his figures of the saving which might be effected ran into millions of barrels. I need not tell experienced apple growers that this view of the matter is erroneous. In the first place it is not possible to save th'ese scabby, bruised, and wormy windfalls, and in the second place it would not pay to employ cold storage to save them even if it were possible. The proper destina- tion for such inferior fruit is the evapor- ator or the cider mill. Moreover, there would be little or no advantage in cold storing a large proportion of the fruit that is actually marketed owing to the presence of defects or injuries which would result in early decay in spite of cold storage . The losses arising from diseased fruit, or from mechanical injuries received in picking and packing far exceed any losses which may result from a lack of cold storage facilities especially for late or winter varieties. I do not say that to minimize the importance of cold stor- age, but rather to emphasize the other thing . We will never derive full benefit from cold storage until we first learn to handle our fruit carefully, so as to avoid bruises and other injuries. Refrigeration can be made to serve the fruit trade of Canada in the follow- ing different ways : 1. The use of iced cars for the trans- portation of fruit in warm weather. 2. The chilling of early apples and tender fruit before shipment in iced cars. 3. The cold storage of fruit intended for long keeping, and to extend the sea- son for choice varieties. USE OP ICED OAES The use of iced cars for the carriage of fruit is increasing year by year. Fruit growers are learning that the question of temperature in transit is of as much importance as the length of time occu- pied in carrying the fruit from one place to another. As an illustration of what I mean I would draw your attention to the experience of this Department in the shipment of peaches from St. Catharines and other Niagara points to Montreal for export to Great Britain, in 1910, the details of which are to be found in bulle- tin number twenty-seven of the Dairy and Cold Storage Series. We found that we got better results when the fruit, was despatched in iced freight cars than we did when it was sent by express with- out ice, although it took one day longer to go by freight. The same thing will apply in the shipment of any fruit. Check Plots on Which No Fertilizer Was Used. No. 1. 6o THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191 2 What Tests of Fertilizers Have Shown Prof. R. Harcourt, O. A. C Guefph, Ont. IT is the first business of the farmer, gardener, and fruit grower to strive to produce maximum crops of good quality. To accomplish this year after year, it is not only essential that the land be in a high state of fertility, but that the farmer understand the f)eculiar needs of the crops he is growing and strive to make the soil, which is the home of the plant, as congenial for it as is possible. It is a well recognized fact that an abundance of suitable food and water and comfortable surroundings are of vital importance to the develop- ment of a strong healthy animal, but it is not so fully realized that the same con- ditions are as essential for the produc- tion of vigorous productive pinnts. soils are abundantly supplied with all these essential food materials, and, fur- thermore, nearly all of them are held in such a form that they are not readily leached from the soil. Plants, however, take up comparatively large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, and as they are removed with the crop the supply must become smaller. Then, too, as nitrogen is finally made available to the plant as nitrates, which are very soluble and not held by any chemical combination with the mineral constituents of the soil, loss of nitrogen by leaching may occur. Lime, also, as a result of many chemical changes taking place in the soil, is continually being rnrried nway in the soil water. Evi- This lllnttration Shows the Effect of the Use of a Mixture of Nitrogenons, Phosphatic and Potassic Manures. — No. 2 A plant not only requires that its leaves be bathed in pure air and bright sunshine, but the soil must furnish a warm, airy and roomy place in which its roots may spread themselves and collect an abundant supply of food and water. The air and sunshine are free and an abundant supply always avail- able, but the condition of the soil and the availability of the plant food is largely dependent upon the skill and intelligence with which it is handled. Experiments have demonstrated that our common domestic plants require at least ten elements in their food. The absence of any one of these elements, or the inability of the plants to secure the minimum quantity required of any of them, must, consequently, be a limit- ing factor in the proper development of the plant. Fortunately, most of our dence of this is seen in the fact that water leached through the soil is always hard, owing to the large amount of lime it contains. For these and other rea- sons the four above named elements are the ones which must receive the most attention. MTT8T BE AVAILABLE But ! the presence of the chemical ele- ments of fertility in themselves is not sufficient to insure good crops. To serve as food they must be in a form that the plant can take them up, i.e., they must be soluble in the water of the soil. Water is, consequently, absolutely essential both for the solution of the food elements in the soil and for their distribution in the plant. In well drained land this water is held on the surface of the soil particles and the interspaces are open, thus making it possible for the air to penetrate into the soil and supply the air essential to the life of the various types of organisms engaged in break- ing down the organic matter and bring- ing its nitrogen into a form suitable for the growing plant. The acids formed in this decomposi- tion process help to render the mineral constituents available. Thus, while it may be correct to speak of the soil as a reservoir of plant food, it is equally true that it may be considered a manufactur- ing establishment in which all the vari- ous factors work together to produce the best results. We cultivate soils, then, not only to produce a good seed bed, but also to open it up that air and warmth may more readily penetrate to supply the wants of the roots and the myriads of organisms that are directly and indirectly engaged in preparing the food for the plants, and at the same time we conserve the moisture which is also essential to the well being of the life in the soil. It is evident, then, that while a good soil may have abundance of plant food constituents, it is only as we cultivate thoroughly that we can bring about the condition essential for the rapid decay of the organic matter, which in turn supplies the nitrogen, increases the avail- ability of the potash and phosphoric acid and conserves the moisture. Good man- agement will also include careful handl- ing of the farmyard manure and the judicious use of legumes to gather nitro- gen from the vast supply in the atmo- sphere. It is only after the most careful attention has been given to all these points that fertilizers should be intro- duced. THE trSE OF FERTILIZERS In the case of light feeding, deep rooted crops, as, for instance, some of our cereals, good cultivation and pro- per rotation will render it unnecessary to stimulate growth by the use of fer- tilizers. But with heavy feeding crops like mangels, turnips and many of the garden crops, even the best of cultiva- tion may fail to render sufficient plant food available to produce a maximum crop, .^gain, if farmyard manure is sup- plied in large enough quantities to fur- nish the required amount of mineral matter for such crops as tomatoes or fruit trees, especially if legumes are used as cover crops, there is very apt to be too large a growth of leaf and stem with imperfect development and ripen- ing of the fruit. This is due to the fact that farmyard manure is richer in nitro- gen than in the minerals. For this and other reasons it is generally considered better practice to combine the use of stable manure and fertilizers for garden and orchard crops. (To he- continued) Canadian Gardens — A Happy Day in a Hamilton Garden AN invitation to visit the beautiful garden of Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Child of Hamilton, had something sufficiently exhilarating in it to annihilate bad weather conditions the day cf my journey. The reward for braving the elements proved ample, for my destina- tion, "Netherwood," is truly a lovely spot. The house is a large commodious one with sun rooms and verandahs galore, and fitted up with every modern luxury. It is framed bv wide stretches of lawn By Miss M. E. Blacklock, Toronto, Ont. ARTICLE No. 3 owned to having given nature a little assistance by bringing home certain choice varieties, planting them here and there, but they were added with the "art that conceals art," and no stiff group- ings or incongruous color schemes mar- red the harmony of the scene. In one spot a small "laid" stone wall, recently built, held back the ea'-ih, which other- wise would have blocked the path, and already little walking ferns and cliff- brakes were accommodating themselves to their new abode, as if they realized boundary of Mr. Child's land, which goes through to the road on the moun- tain side, one had developed a fairly I " Netherwood," The Residence of Mr. and and magnificent trees. From one of the upper verandahs, which by the way is furnished with a huge brick fire place, a fine view of the grounds is obtained. Par- ticularly beautiful is the outlook towards the mountain, where the flower garden merges into the grass-land, with fruit trees dotted over it, and the grass-land into the shrubbery, and finally into the wood on the mountain side. After enjoying this view, my host and hostess suggested a ramble up the moun- tain, so we were soon loitering along a lovely path (Illustration No. 2) which wound in and out amongst the grand old trees, stopping here and there to take in a dozen different views of the house and grounds and the city beyond (Illus- tration No. 3.) All along this path nat- ure has been lavish of her gifts. Ferns, asters, golden rod, and many other old friends, nodded a greeting to us as we passed, the leaves of hepaticas, trilliums, bellworts and many another of the dear ones of spring, brought a vision of what that season must be in this favored lo- cality. In answer to an enquiry, Mr. Child Mrs. W. A. Child, Hamilton Ont. (No. 1) that they were put there by a hand that loved them and were responding to it as plants nearly always do. Refore we succeeded in reaching the The Rambling Path (No. 2) wholesome respect for the height of Hamilton's mountain, particularly after coming out on this road and finding great cliffs still towering ovr our heads. Returning by a differen path, with beautiful and ever changing .outlook, we at length reached what most people would consider the garden proper (Illus- tration No. 4.) This was comparatively small, but it fulfilled its mission in life, which was the supplying of cut flowers for the house. It was gay with the 1^^ ..^^HK^ ^^^^^^ t> "^^^Xf^^^^ 1::. * . One of th« l.oT«I]r Vi«w« frPTO M"". Child'f Geirden (No, 3) 62 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191 3 A Glimpte of Mr. Child's Garden, Showing a Corner of the Lawn (No. 4) bloom of many sweet old-fashioned an- nuals, as well as salvias, cannas, dah- lias and others. This, Mrs. Child ex- plained, was her own particular delight, and very attractive it was, and she is planning to add to it more perennials, especially peonies. THE LAWN AND FERN GARDEN A terrace separates the garden from a fine smooth bowling green ; this again is separated from the lawn by an ever- green hedge, one or two formal steps leading down to it. On the lawn were groups of the most beautiful trees, amongst them a glorious old sumach, giving quite a tropical air, and under which the family generally had their cup of afternoon tea during the warm weath- er. A little farther on, under the shade of the trees, Mr. Child pointed with pardonable pride, to the joy of his heart, the fern garden. He aims to grow here all the ferns indigenous to Hamilton and the vicinity, and judging by the immense number already in his possession it seems as if the task he has set himself is near- ing completion. Here one saw ferns that one had searched for in vain for many a year, or perhaps only found in Ni- agara Glen, where one is not allowed (I am thankful to say) to annex any of them. There were beautiful specimens of Goldie's Shield Fern (Aspidium Gold- ianum) and also of Aspidium Felix-mas. The narrow-leaved spleenwort (Asplen- ium Augustifolium), the Hart's Tongue (Scolopendrium vulgare). The Christmas fern in a ruffled variety, known as As- pidium Acrostichoides, variety crispum, and others that have escaped one's mem- ory. Less rare, but none the less beau- tiful on that account, were clumps of filmy Maiden Hair and of the stately os- trich fern, and of its plainer sister, the sensitive fern. Farther on were some handsome specimens of the Royal fern, which always makes one think of a brob- dingangian maiden hair, and its less aristocratic but equally beautiful sisters, the Cinnamon fern and the Interrupted fern, with the paler green of the New York fern to bear them company. (Illus- tration No. 5.) The Beech ferns also were in evidence, all three of them, their long stems giving the suggestion, as one writ- er has quaintly put it, "of holding their skirts out of the water." The graceful Dicksonia, and the lovely Spinulose wood ferns, — whose fronds often survive our winter snows, still keeping their perfect symmetry intact, — were hobnobbing with Bladder ferns, and the Evergreen wood fern, and others too numerous to men- tion. Many other lovely woodsy things A Section of the Fern Garden— Ostrich Fern in Foreground (No. 5) Arbor Covered With Grape Vine* (No. 6) grew here, in fact the fern garden grad- ually broadened into a wild garden, where many very interesting specimens were to be found. From the wild garden we emerged upon a high tennis lawn, and wandering on we came to one of the grape ar- bors, from the rafters of which magnifi- cent clusters of grapes hung in great profusion. (Illustration No. 6.) Our explorations next took us to the grounds on the other side of the house, from which the ground slopes away, gradually at first, then abruptly. Between two steep banks a beautiful little streani meandered along, quietly, because the dry summer had curbed its babbling pro- pensities, but in the spring of the year the water rushes over the little dam right merrilv, my host told me. The banks of this stream are planted with many water loving things, such as the wild iris, the marsh marigold and violets, and Mr. Child is planning to March, igi2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 63 The Stream and Rustic Bridge in Mr. Child's- Garden (No. 7) increase their number and effectiveness in the near future. A pleasing rustic bridge spans the stream. (Illustration No. 7.) We returned to the house by a fruit- tree-studded lawn, and happening to pass a very artistic doorway, covered with beautiful vines, enquiry was made as to where it led to. The answer was "The kitchen!" It was an ideal back door at last. A whole sermon might be preach- ed on that doorway, but it is not neces- sary for the photograph (Illustration No. 8) will convey the lesson better than words. Everyone must agree that it is a refreshing sight. Alas, how few can live up to it. Mr. and Mrs. Child have evolved their garden bit by bit and have aimed at retaining all the natural beauties of their lovely place, which are always so much more satisfying than those "made to or- der." How admirably they have suc- ceeded, the accompanying jllustrations made from photographs taken by Mr. Child, prove conclusively. Vines for All Purposes F. E. Buck, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa should be remembered that vines will re- spond to good treatment and when plant- ing carry out these suggestions if by any means possible : I. Supply good soil and also drainage where necessary. THE number of hardy perennial or woody vines which can be grown in North .America is about forty. Then there is about an equal number of half- hardy vines, very few of which can be grown further north than the latitude of New York — some parts of the west coast excepted — and finally a third group of more than fifty tender vines, most of which need greenhouse or conservatory conditions. Altogether we have about one hundr^^d and fifty vines — if some of the best An- nual vines be included — which are avail- able for decorative and utility purposes in our homes and gardens. About twenty of these hardy woody vines can be grown with complete success in the vicinity of Ottawa, and perhaps an additional dozen in the more southern parts of Ontario. CARE AND TREATMENT Vines, like most other plants, respont! to good conditions with regard to soil and situation, and also to careful treat- ment, but as a rule, and very fortunately so, most of the perennial vines thrive under many conditions, even when badly neglected. The large number of very pleasing vine effects obtained by people one might say almost by chance, is no doubt due to this fact. However, it 2. Plant all vines a little bit deeper than they grew in the nursery. 3. If watering be necessary, water very heavily or not at all ; pay special regard to this point just after the vine has finished flowering. After the vine is established train it with consistency and care. Prune it very little, but prune to encourage it to take a graceful, natural, and attractive form. If it flowers in the spring, prune it just after it has flowered ; if it flowers in the summer, the correct time to prune it is in the early spring. PUKPOSES Vines are used for a number of pur- poses. These purposes, for the sake of clearness, are grouped here under two headings : 1. Vines used for purely decorative purposes. 2. Vines used as screens. "Vines used as screens" may be fur- ther divided if wished, and in that esse we should have, first, vines used as screens for the purpose of giving privacy or land- scape effect, and second, vines used as screens to hide unsightly objects. The same vines, of course, may be used to serve both purposes, but discussing them as thus classified we have first of all — DECORATIVE VINES "Decorative vines" are used for about seven different purposes, or in .seven different places. Even in Ottawa, where vines are not grown to the same extent as they are further south, one would shudder to think of the barren harsh appearance of the domestic architecture in our villages and cities were such de- prived altogether of the softening effect produced by climbing plants. Their use not only lessens the number of intoler- able eyesores produced by ugly fences, outbuildings, and untidy backyards, but bv using climbing plants there is also a >-.'.■' . w f/ P! ■:0m ^ £ ■'L J-: »iM 't ■; ■ ■j.-:-^^y<^::^V '^ ^■is:l■ -1 fe^'^ ,*^^ IS ■? m^m '■-\ ■■'^''M- HV*flKI@i^'4i \.^ ■ i. ■ 'Wa. f* •"•■««ii^ .^ ■•« .,^* m^' TJHMi 1a '^^ 1 ^ ^ ^ i -.:.- W^£ t)ffX!fk ^ ^" atti M W\ ' ^- m mM "The Ideal Back Door at Last" (No. 8) 64 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March 1912 chance of redeeming the mistakes of the architect. Bare glaring house walls, ugly terrace walls, barren harsh-looking verandah?; and porticoes may be softened and made pleasing by using suitable vines of rich foliage or flowering effect. Let us consider then, first, those vines suitable for growing : ON AND ABOUT THE HOUSE For the walls of the house, where Eng- lish ivy will grow, no vine can take pre- cedence, but this climber is not hardy at Ottawa, and we have to use another vine instead. One which can be recom- mended almost as highly, and in some respects more so, is the Virginia Creeper, not the more southern variety, hut a particular strain known as Ampel- opsis quinquefolia hirsuta, the self-fast- the tops of buildings some forty or more feet high. The real hirsuta strain in ad- dition to being the best climber is also the healthiest of all. It is seldom troubl- ed with the red spider or other insect and fungous troubles. BOSTON IVY Another good vine for covering the house is the Boston Ivy or Japanese Ivy (Ampelopsis Veitchii). This is one of the best self-climbing vines. At present, however, no strain of it has been found hardy enough to withstand the Canadian winter. Every year it is partly killed back, and in severe winters it may be killed outright. In the south of Ontario if planted on the north or west side of the house it will often pass through many years without injury. It is a very sym- The Vine on the House is the English Ivy, Virginia Creeper. Residence of ening variety. It may be mentioned that this variety is not always sold by the nurserymen as hirsuta. It appears to be called by some Englemanni. But it is important to obtain the self-fastening kind, which is quite hardy in Ontario and frequently seen. The ordinary Virginia Creeper is al- most useless as a self-climber. As an instance that it is not always easy to obtain the right" kind, it may be men- tioned that several years ago a large public institution ordered about a hun- dred plants. Those which were sent under the name of hirsuta turned out to be no good as climbers, while those sent as Englemanni proved to be self-fasten- ing, and in two years had reached to a Rapid Grower, and on (he Verandah the Mrs. P. L. Taylor, St. Catharines metrical and beautiful vine and colors well in the autumn. It is readily dis- tinguished from the Virginia Creeper on account of its simple leaves. The Vir- ginia Creeper has five parted leaves on long petioles. Two excellent vines for the house are the Trumpet Vine (Tecoma radicans) and the Kudzu Vine (Pucraria Thunbergi- ana). Neither of them are hardy in this vicinity. The former is hardy in the lake district, but needs partial support. The Kudzu Vine is not hardy, but is a vine of remarkable vigor, and gives great satisfaction where it can be grown. ON THE VERANDAH OR PORCH The best vines for growing on the ver- andah or porch in this vicinity are the Dutchman's Pipe Vine {.Aristolochia sipho), generally quite hardy at Ottawa rmd Montreal ; the climbing Bitter-sweet or Waxwork (Celastrus scandens), a native vine of distinct merit, which has good foliage and in autumn and winter its bright berries make it especially at- tractive : and as a third good porch or verandah vine, the Clematis claims a prominent place. Clematis' are to be had in great variety. Clematis Jack- manii is the large flowered variety pro- ducing an abundance of beautiful flowers throughout several weeks in the summer. Many colors are now obtainable. Of the smaller flowered clematis' there are several good varieties which will answer the same purpose. The Virgin's Bower is the common name often applied to any of the smaller flowered kinds. .As a rule all but the Jackmanii type are best suited to cover terrace or fences. Other good vines for porch or veran- dah are the Honeysuckles, several varie- ties of which are hardy at Ottawa as Lonicera periclymenum, L. sempervir- ens, and L. hirsuta ; also the Chinese and .American Wistarias, the Japanese Bitter-sweet, and a very graceful and highly attractive vine called Akebia quinata, a Japanese climber with many points in its favor, including that of hardiness. AROUND THE GARDEN Half the charm and beauty of our gar- dens is created by the judicious planting of climbers. Nothing can be more de- lightful to the sense of sight and smell than that which is produced by climbing roses, honeysuckles, and other vines, climbing over arches, pergolas, and ar- bours, or rainbling over terraces and rocks. They are the most satisfactory of all garden shrubs. Producers of ever increasing pleasure and seldom giving disappointment, it is surprising that 'their triumphs in creating so many ideal features in our gardens are not more readily appreciated by us. ON ARCHES Perhaps nothing can be nicer on irches than the climbing roses. Of these there are several which are fairly hardy even at Ottawa. Winter protection is, however, generally needed, not so much on account of the cold, but rather to in- hibit a too early start in the spring. It is to be hoped that before long many varieties will be produced which can be recommended without any hesitation. At present several of the ramblers, namely, the well-known Crimson Rambler, and Dorothy Perkins, together with Lady Gay, climbing La France and Gruss an Teplitz, have proved themselves to be fairly hardy at Ottawa and vicinity. But roses are not the only satisfactory vines for growing on arches. A very delightful vine for this purpose is that Japanese vine Akebia quinata, which has March, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 65 A Lovely Backyard, That of Mrs. P. L. Taylor, St. Catharines The fence around this sarden is covered with a variety of vines, including trumpet vine, nas- turtiums, sweet peae and wild cucuanber. The tree stump in the center is covered with scarlet runner beans. Aro<:iid it are zinnia."?, phlox, petunias and marigold. In the border are oannoe, gladioli, foxglove, ooiumbine, sea lavender, roses, lychnis with shrubs on one side of Japan snow- balls, hydrangea and pampas grass. I I I a very g:raceful and attractive habit, and should be seen much more frequently than it is. It has compound pretty rich ^reen leaves and the flowers, which are delicately scented, are produced in the spring. As le.sled at Ottawa, it did not appear to be quite hardy, but hardy enough to warrant a trial. It is quite hardy a little south of here. Several var- ieties of Clematis also appear to good advantage on arches. ON THE PERGOLA Pergolas, both rustic and formal, are delightful garden features where they can be worked in without incongruity. .\ pergola affords the very best place on which to grow vines. All of the vines thus far mentioned can be grown with every degree of satisfaction and success on a pergola. There are, however, sev- eral vines which seem particularly suited to it. Of these the Trumpet Vine (al- ready mentioned under house vines), Tc- coma radicans or T. grandiflora, noted for its large orange-red trumpet-shaped flowers and vigorous habit of growth ; the Japanese vine Actinidia arguta, noted for its glossy green attractive foliage and twining habit ; and the Wistarias with their glorious racemes of pea-like flow- ers, are among the front rankers. In- deed, the Wistarias are regal in their magnificence. Many people give to the Wistaria the premier place amongst all shrubs. A large Wistaria bloom on a pergola is a sight not easily forgotten. Unfortunate- ly, however, these vines are not perfectly hardy at Ottawa. However slightly to the south, fhey are more reliable, and it is to be hoped that before long we may get strains hardy here. ON THE ABBOUR For the arbour, grape vines, especi- ally some of the hardy native wild grapes, are particularly suitable. Vitis riparia, the sweet-scented grape, is a rapid grower with graceful habit and V. cordifolia is a strong grower. Several of the cultivated grapes are also suitable for the arbour. FOR THE TERRACE AND BALUSTRADE The Clematis, in several varieties, can be recommended for the terrace and balustrade, together with several of the Honeysuckles, L. Japonica, etc. Also the Chinese Matrimony Vine, Lycium Chinense, and the trailing roses, the best of which are the Wichuriana hybrids, called also Japanese Memorial Roses. These are not very hardy, but they can be grown successfully if a little care !.•=; exercised in the spring treatment. Hall's strain of L. Japonica and Euonymus radicans are both excellent for this pur- pose, but neither can be said to be hardy. VINES AS FENCES AND SCREENS Having dealt with vines from the standpoint which places their decorative value first, a few words remain to be said from that point of view which places their utilitarian value first. Looked at from this standpoint, it may be said that there are many which will, if treated correctly, form the least expensive and yet the most effective and permanent kind of boundary fence. And vines also are unique as being the only form of material from which we can form an effective and pleasing screen to hide or cover unsightly objects. AS FENCES There are several vines, such as the Matrimony Vine and the Honeysuckles, which will form quite effective fences. Without the aid of artificial support, however, generally the best way to use them as fences is to put up a light and low wire fence and train them over this. The common Virginia Creeper and the native Virgin's Bower are very suitable. Or both these vines may be grown to- gether with fine efi'ect. The following varieties of Clematis are all good : C. Ligusticifolia, with white flowers in midsummer ; C. panicu- lata, the Japanese variety, attractive flowers in Septeml>er; C. Virginiana, the native Virgin's Bowers; and C. Vit- alba, Traveller's Joy, the European var- iety. A light type of soil is best suited to the needs of the Clematis. Several of the Honeysuckles make good fences, as Some of the Flower Beds Mainteuned at Street Corners by the Windsor Horticultural Society 66 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1912 also do the hardy roses, as Rosa Rugosa and others. AS SOBEENS As screens of all kinds a great many vines can be recommended. If a vine is to be grown as a screen the liest way is to proceed as follows : Procure a plain strong screen, the style or pattern of which is a secondary consideration, and a good strong, vigorous plant. Give the plant good rich soil. If you want a rapid and successful effect remember that it can be obtained by putting an extra dol- lar into the cost of the preparation of the soil and the quality of the plant. Ten dollars for the screen and twenty-five cents for the plants is a poor combination. A better one is five for the screen, one for the plant, two for the soil and pre- paration, and two saved for eventualities. In some parts climbing roses can be used with grand effect, especially if they are grown on screens which can be laid down during the winter. The Virginia Creeper, several of the vines mentioned above, and a number of annual vines are also suitable for growing on screens. Varieties of Clematis, however, should not be used, as all lack foliage, which is very essential in a vine used for a screen. The question of the annual vines is too big for discussion here, but it should be mentioned that the annual forms are a great addition to our gardens. Among them are many which may be grown with success under many conditions. They should not be overlooked for some of the purposes mentioned .ibove. at the same time, but it gives a wrong impression. It is not done. The seed catalogue is the only med- ium between the grower and buyer, and is here to stay. Treat it understanfling- ly and your prospect of success is made more certain. The Seed Catalogues A. J. Elliott, IN an article written by a lady in one of the floral papers, she said, "The an- nual seed catalogue is the best readin°: I can get in January." While 'few will follow this lady to that extreme, most of us are heartily pleased to get the first one that arrives. It is studied, new things noted and discussed, and when the whole budget arrives our lists are made out understandingly. They are worthy of respect, most of them. '\^'e see in each a representation of some firm, that binds itself to abide by the conditions therein contained, and while we may smile forgivingly at the exaggerations they mostly indulge in, we acknowledge that they are doing their best as a drawer of business. Note the pretty litho-colored cover, the clean, sharp impression, cuts all brought up nicely, not too much ink nor too little, register right, book in folio and page; everything square, with no jagged edges, and you are almost sure to purchase any- thing you want from such a source. It has often been said that it is an impossibility to grow flowers to the p'^r- fection that these catalogues show in their colored plates. While that may be true mostly, I have grown beds of tulips, asters, phlox drummondi and lilies that would defy printer's ink to equal in color and beauty. By the old professional or amateur in floriculture a lot is taken for granted, and their knowledge guides them when making up their list of seeds. But they are liable also to be taken in occasion- ally by something new, as the writer was last year with the arctolis. It was list- ed as fifteen inches high, just what was wanted, but when it grew up to thirty- five inches, and at ten in the forenoon closed up its flowers to six o'clock in the evening, it made a glorious weed. BE ON YOUR GUARD I am fain to admit that to the tyro the catalogue is a delusion in more ways Aylmer, Ont. than one. It is opened, and the flatter- ing descriptions taken as gospel. A list is made out, oblivious to the fact whether the soil the seeds are to be planted in is clay, loam, sand or muck, or whether they are hardy or tender, annual or per- ennial, and at the end of the season, be- cause of the failure that must ensue, the seeds, catalogue, and growers, are all termed frauds, it never occurring to the buyers that the fault lay with them, primarily through ignorance. It is a fairly good theory to go easy on new things. Still, everyone likes to have a rarity in the garden to watch and care for, and if it turns out right, that is all the satisfaction required. LEARN THE "STANDBTS" To the new beginner, I would say find out the old .standbys that succeed well in vour section and soil for they are seldom beaten by the new candidates. G've them all the attention they require and you will be better satisfied. Then as you go along successfully, as you must, add the new comers as you feel your ability to cope with them. It has cost the old hands dollars for plants, bulbs and seeds that having been tried one season were found wanting and withdrawn. This need not be your fa*e, unless you choose. Better success can be gotten by buying direct from the house, whether it be seeds, roots or bulbs, and by so doing you are kept up-to-date by receiving a catalogue ^very year. Thus you hear of novelties and have advantage of any premiums, which are not forthcoming from the retail dealer. The order comes fresher, and in cases like lilium auratum it is an item, as this bulb objects to be- ing kept in a dry condition. One thing more. It may be a matter of policy for the seedsman to print a col- ored plate showing peonies, delphiniums, perennial phlox and hollyhocks blooming Planning the Garden E. I. Mcpitcd Ottawa With the season of 191 1 behind us we must now lay our plans for this year's garden that is to be. As we can do but little now except think, it be- hoves us to lay out our work. The best f)f success is only obtained by well thought out plans. We know what ground we have and now we can think over the best way to utilize it. It is very pleasant to plan out the crops we have to grow, and the best position for them, and to draw out a sketch of the same. To do this we must do some read- ing of horticultural books, and look over some of the volumes of The Canadian Horticulturist, and thus gain knowledge from the experience of others. When we have thought out what we intend to grow, the next thing is to think of the varieties we should grow both in seeds and plants. We can gain a lot of information from catalogues of good seed houses. Depend mainly on good, well-tried varieties, and do a lit- tle experimenting with new varieties, but never depend for main crops on a new introduction, for although descrip- tive catalogues are most useful, yet some descriptions are rather highly col- oured. Lots of information can be ob- tained from our successful neighbors. Never be afraid to seek such informa- tion. We have each and all some good sensible knowledge up our sleeves. Get your orders in for your wants early so that you are well up on the lists of the seedsmen and florists, for there is noth- ing like having necessaries on the spot when the time comes to use them. One great factor in the advance of horticulture in Ontario are the horticul- tural societies in the cities, towns and villages. Through them we obtain hor- ticultural literature, papers and lectures on topics of interest, and what is the most useful, the "Question Box." I bring this to your attention because it is the beginning of the year, and every lover of horticulture, and everyone de- sirous of mcreasing their knowledge should join their local society. In this way also you will get premiums in plants, seeds and bulbs of the newest varieties. When sowing seeds we should remem- ber that flower seeds usually are very small, and that they should be covered very lightly. — D. W. Marden, Pilot Mound, Man. Plants and Flowers for SKady Places Wm. Hunt, O. A. C , Guelph, Ont. * I 'HE importance of selecting plants I and flowers suitable for the par- ticular location they are to occupy cannot be over estimated. The greatest possible care bestowed on the prepara- tion of the soil and the after care of the plants will be of comparatively little use unless the requirements of the plants as to sunshine and shade are given due con- sideration. This fact is perhaps not of as much importance in selecting plants for shaded or partially shaded positions, as it is in the selection of plants for very sunny positions. There are very few of even our sun-loving plants that will not give fairly good results in partial shade. Pn the other hand, a shade and moisture ■ J ~-.-l — H| '^■J^^jju^TK^fj^SSStl^ S9 3EB^oiSsK'j^mftj4 ^m ^^^^HK_j^B9>/np^ ,^H| 1 W^-iC-* ''' *-^4y ^^mI 1 White Foxglove All of the foxgloves delight in a little shade. loving plant will be often entirely ruin- ed if planted in a position fully exposed to the sun. There are but few if any of our ordin- ary garden plants that would not be benefited by being slightly shaded from the extreme heat of the sun that prevails in the middle of the day during the sum- mer months, sometimes even during the early part of June. This was very notice- able during the extreme heat and drought that prevailed during the early part of last summer. The shade loving plants naturally suffered the most. In many instances, clumps of perennial plants, such as iris, herbaceous spireas, lily of the valley, dahlias, primroses, pansies, and other similar plants suffered severe- ly, so much so, that the flowers on them were of little, if any, decorative value. Dahlias especially suffered very severely from the extreme heat of last season. Indeed, very few good dahlia blooms were seen until cooler weather prevailed quite late in the fall. Copious supplies of water at the roots, as well as overhead sprinkling, has no beneficial effect in counteracting such intense sun heat as prevailed during the early part of last summer. The same might be said of some of the shade loving annuals, such as the Malope (Mallow), Convolvulus minor, and Nemophila, planted out in the open, but where partial shade was given good flowering results were ob- tained. THE SHADE TO GIVE The great point to secure in giving shade to plants is to give the proper den- sity of shade required, without shadin;^ tco closely so as to induce a weak, spin- dled growth. This last named condition is quite as undesirable in plant life as over-exposure to the heat of the sun, if good flowering results are to be obtained. Partial shade sufficient to break the concentrated heat of the sun, and so ar- ranged as to allow of the maximum of normal light possible, and a free circula- tion of air, are the conditions that best suit most of our shade loving plants For ferns, mosses and a few other non-flow- ering plants, a denser shade and less free circulation of air is desirable for these to succeed well. A short distance away from the north side of a fence or building, where the plants are shaded for three or four hours in the heat of the day, but otherwise fully exposed to light and the early and late sunshine, is an ideal position for flowering plants that require partial shade only. Ferns and similar shade loving plants could be so planted close up to the building or fence, instead of a short distance from it, as very few of them require any sunshine at all. TREES FOR SHADE PXIRPOSES Many trees may also be made use of for securing the desired modicum of shade for plants Apple, pear and plum trees, and a few lawn trees, such as maple, birch and beech, mav often be utilized for shade purposes The difficul- ty in making use of trees to secure shade is the danger of the j-'ants planted near them becoming starved or stunted, from the fact that the roots of the trees absorb and take up all the r itritive elements, and the moisture in th'' soil. Very few plants will succeed when planted under or near to spruce, elm, willow and similar trees, that have what might be termed an abnormal root de- velopment, that devour everything of a nutritive nature there is in the soil any- where near them. The roots of these trees will often extend around them on all sides to a distance equal to the height of the trees, hence the desirability of avoid- ing planting near to therii, either to Se- cure protection from the sun, or for any cultural purposes. That partial shade, of a greater or lesser degree of density Group of Lilium Candidium in partial shaide is desirable, is admitted. The point for the plant grower to ascertain is the amount of shade that can be given bene- ficially to the plants without injuring them. SUCCESS FROM SHADIN3 A friend of mine used always to be able to carry off first honors for out-door cut roses at the July show. Not that the roses were better varieties or larger or finer blooms than others staged, but sim- ply from the fact that his roses had a freshness and soft intensity of coloration almost indescribable. The secret was a shading of thin cotton sheeting, stretched on stakes and slats of wood over the bushes during the middle of the day, for a few days prior to the exhibition. (Tn be contmuetl) Lemon Lily and Engliah Garden Daisies Partially shaxied by ai>ple tre«a. 68 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191 2 Fertilizing and Starting the Celery Crop A. Mclnnes, London, Ont. FOR the production of celery there is no fertilizer that is so satisfactory as well rotted barnyard manure. It not only furnishes plant food for grow- ing the crop but improves the mechani- cal condition of the soil by the addition of humus. The action of barnyard man- ure is rather slow and it is often desir- able to supplement the manure by an ap- plication of commercial fertilizers. If fresh stable manure is used it should be plowed under in the autumn. If the manure is well rotted, it may be plowed under early in the spring or used as a top-dressing a short time before planting. If the manure is plowed under the land should be re-plowed a short time before planting in order to bring the manure to the surface. From ten to twenty bushels to the acre should be ap- plied each year the land is planted to celery. An application of five hundred to eight hundred pounds of common salt to the acre is desirable. Celery will take up a limited quantity of salt and its flavor is improved thereby. One or two tons of high-grade fer- tilizer to the acre may be profitably ap- plied on most soils in addition to the stable manure. As a rule, the quick- acting fertilizers are used. A suitable mixture for growing celery should con- tain about six per cent, of nitrogen, five per cent, of phosphoric acid, and ten per cent .of potash. Scatter it in the rows, and work it into the soil by means of a harrow or cultivator. In the preparation of the rows it will be sufficient to apply between two and three quarts of high grade fertilizer to every rod of row to be planted, working the fertilizer into a strip of soil twelve to eighteen inches in width. After the cel- ery plants have become well establshed their growth may be hastened by making frequent light applications of nitrate of soda to the surface of the soil before cul- tivation. As a rule the land should be plowed several weeks before planting, and the plowing should be very deep and thorough. A few days before the land is required for planting, the surface should be cut with a disk or cutting harrow followed by such tools as are necessary to pul- verize the soil to a depth of five or six inches, and just before planting the land should be rolled to secure an even surface. Commercial fertilizers should be applied while fitting the land for plant- ing and should be well mixed with the surface soil. The rows in which the plants are to be set should not be marked until a short time before planting in order that the soil may remain fresh. The first and most important consider- ation when preparing to grow a crop of celery is the securing of good seed from selected stock and true to name. Pay the highest price, if necessary, and de can be placed in the window of a moder- ately warm room and watered by sprink- ling very lightly as often as necessary to keep the surface from showing dryness, but the soil should not become water- logged. The seedling will appear in from two to three weeks, after which the tray mand the best. Sow the seed for an early should be turned around once each day to prevent the plants drawing toward the light. Sow for a late crop from April tenth to May tenth in drills ten or twelve inches apart and cover very lightly by sifting soil or by passing a roller along the drill after the seed has been dropped. When the seedlings are well started they may be thinned out and allowed to remain until planted in the field. Plants grown in this manner require very little atten- tion as they can be worked by means of a wheel hoe or other hand cultivator. crop from February first to March tenth. The best plan is to secure a wooden flat or tray about twelve by sixteen inches in size and two or three inches deep, with several small holes in the bottom for drainage. After filling with sifted soil for the seed bed, level it off even with the top, and either shake down the soil or press it down by means of a board before the seeds are sown. Either sow in drills two inches apart or scatter broadcast, and cover the seed by sprink- ling through a fine sieve a very small quantity of leaf mold or sand. The tray Hotbeds: Their Construction and Use Prof. E. M. Straight, Macdonald College, Que. We are now approaching that magic time of year when hotbeds are much in evidence. There is a certain satisfaction in working with hotbeds. The grower has been "frozen up" — more or less dor- mant during the winter. The hotbed offers to him the first opportunity of working off some of this surplus energy. Greater than all else is the advantage which the gardener secures in time ; for by the hotbed he is enabled to secure a crop in advance of its normal season. To this problem the grower is obliged to bend his every effort, for the price which he obtains for most produce depends up- on the season in which it is put on the market. On many markets string beans bring two dollars and fifty cents a bushel at the first of the season and thirty cents at the end, if they bring anything at all. This condition prevails with most market garden crops to a greater or lesser ex- tent. The hothouse offers great advan- tages, but the initial expense in putting these up is so great that we hesitate to recommend them ; but to the man who can afford neither hothouse or glass- house the hotbed solves the problem, and offers advantages which he cannot afford to neglect. The hotbed consists of an enclosure covered with sash and supplied with some form of heat. This heat may be supplied by means of hot air furnaces, lanterns, exhaust steam, or fermenting manure. Hot manure is the common method of heating the bed and is one of the best. The idea is not new, for it is said that the Egyptians used heating manure for the forcing of vegetables, in peculiarly constructed pits covered with talc tiles. The hotbed used in commercial work measures six by twelve feet and is spoken of as a "frame." Such a frame is cover- ed with four "sash," each measuring three by six feet. These frames are usu- ally placed end to end in continuous rows with walks between. The walks vary much in width. We believe that a seven Cross Section of Temporary Hotbed foot passage is quite sufficient, although some growers allow ten feet. 'With a seven foot walk, about two hundred and eighty frames may be used to the acre. The cost will depend upon the price of lumber and the price of labor. If the grower is "handy" with tools he may cut down the expense of starting very much. THE PIT EEQUIEED The frames may be placed on a man- ure pile, but it is preferable to have a pit beneath the frame in which the man- ure is placed. The pit should be some- what wider upon either side than the width of the frame, and should be about two feet deep. It may be walled with stone or brick. Drainage must be provided for. On the ground is placed a layer of coarse material such as gravel to keep the man- ure from the ground. The manure is placed directly on this. The amount will vary, depending upon the kind of man- ure, the time of year, and the degree of heat you are obliged to maintain. If a large amount of manure is needed it will be necessary to obtain it from the livery stables, for manure which has burned out is of no value for the hotbed. Alter- March, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 69 Melon Frames as Used at Macdonald College, Que. nate forking over and compacting for two days is advisable so that every part will be heating uniformly, or the bed will burn out in spots while the remainder is cold. Put in the manure in layers and tramp it down before another layer is put on. Twelve inches of manure is enough in the springtime, but it may be necessary to use twice that amount at some sea- sons. Above the manure a layer of leaf mould is often placed, which serves as a distributor of heat. On this, five inches of rich garden loam, in which the seeds are planted, is thrown in and carefully levelled. The sash are placed in posi- tion, but the seeds are not sown at once. During the first days the heat goes up to ninety degrees, but it is not safe to sow the seed until the mercury drops be- low eighty, and much below that for such cool crops as lettuce and radish. Bank- ing the bed with manure or soil is ad- Crosi Section of Permanent Hotbed with Enlarged Pit ' visable if run during cold weather, and covering the bed at night with burlap, or like material, is essential during the early season. Various hotbed mattings are sold by dealers in gardener's sup- plies. There is no branch of farm work which needs greater attention than that of handling hotbeds. An hour's delay, when the plants need water, or ventila- tion, or heat, or shade, or the thousand and one other little operations which go to make up the daily routine of the mar- ket gardener's life, is usually fatal. He must see to it that he has sufficient heat and that he will be able to maintain it so long as required. The water supply must be abundant and constant ; the sash must move easily to facilitate watering and ventilating. A wind break, such as a hedge or board fence between the beds and the prevailing wind, is a great con- server of heat. Lastly, they must be near the house. This saves time and energy and should not be neglected. The frames are usually made eighteen inches high on the back and twelve inches on the front. They are always placed so that the glass is sloping toward the south. The six inches of fall provides for this. The frames may be made by the grower, but as a rule the sash can be purchased cheaper than it can be made locally, and are on sale by seeds- men and dealers in garden supplies. White pine and Cypress is commonly used in the construction. Cypress will cost more than the pine, but is more durable. OOLD FRAMES Cold frames are exactly the same as hotbeds except that they are not provid- ed with bottom heat. The heat of the sun is quite sufficient at this time for the purpose. Plants are taken from the hotbed to the cold frame and are thus hardened before going to the open field. The question of double glass has re- ceived some attention of late years. It has been claimed that if sash are used with glass on either side, and an inch air spare between, that all covers may be dispensed with. Our own experiments with double glass would show that too much has been said in favor of these. The double glass has the advantage of about two degrees and not more. The sash cost more, are heavier, and the ad- vantage of two degrees is more than offset by these disadvantages. True, two degrees of heat are often of great importance, but we think that it may be obtained much more easily by a burlap cover, and with less expense. Hotbeds are worth the trial. They are interesting, and thousands of gar- deners will testify that they pay. Fertilizers for Potatoes Recently the average gain from 750 pounds of a complete fertilizer used in 107 experiments in Canada was 85 bushels per acre, which at 50c. per bushel for the potatoes and retail prices for the fertilizer would leave a gain of $28.00 per acre after deducting the price of the fertilizers. The fertilizer used was a mixture of 150 pounds of nitrate of soda, 400 pounds of acid phos- phate and 200 pounds of sulphate of potash, which will analyze out about 35^ of nitrogen, 71^ phosphoric acid and 13 per cent, of potash. This latter can be taken as a good general, all round potato fertilizer, and will probably give results on a greater variety of soils than any other combination. In Maine, which produces the highest yield per acre of any state in the Union, a 4-6-10 fertilizer is very generally used. I remember some years ago in talking with a manufacturer of fertilizers in the Maritime Provinces, he told me that he did not license a formula like the above in Canada, but did in Maine ; and when asked the reason, he said that the Maine people knew what they wanted and were willing to pay for it. The Maine potato grower uses from 1,500 pounds to 3,000 pounds per acre. In New York State, another heavy potato growing state, a 2-8-10 fertilizer is more generally used than any other. Where barnyard manure is available, a thousand pounds of a 10-8 goods, ten per cent, of phosphoric acid and eight of potash, is generally used. Most of the successful vegetable grow- ers I know are men who were at one time plasterers, brick-layers, masons or engaged in other similar lines of work. Finding that they were not making headway in the city they secured a little cheap land outside the city where they scratched away for a year or two until they began to get on their feet. Now they have good homes and are well-to- do. — T. W. Rush. Humher Bay, Ont. Test the seeds if it has not already been done, and order early. Start the hotbed and be sure that the temperature is uniform before sowing seed. 10 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191 2 The Canadian Horticulturist PublUhed by Th« Horticultural Publisbins Companj, Liaiited FSXSItBORO, OVrTJL.VtIO EDITORIAL Canada become as noted for its fruit as for any of its other great natural resources. The Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion Offioial Organ or the Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Prince Edward IsiaND Fruit Growers' Associations H. Bbonson Cowan, Mana«rinK Director 1. The Oanadloni Ilorticulturist is published' on the 25th day of the month preceding da,te ot issue. 2. Subscription price in Cajia mention in de- tail. These articles will be profusely illus- trated. In the vegetable department will appear an article entitled "Planning and preparing the vegetable garden," by Mr. W. J. Kerr, of Ottawa. In spite of these special feature in the floral section the' fruit pages will not be overlooked. In them will appear an article by Mr. W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, entitled "Grow- ing small fruits in the orchard," and one entitled "April work in the orchard," by Mr. Grant S. Peart, of Burlington. We anticipate that our April num'ber will be one of the best issues of the year. SOCIETY NOTES , We invite the o£BoerB of Horti- cultural Soolelies to send in short, pitby reports of work that would in- terest members of other Hortionlto- ral Societies. Orangeville The recently organized Horticultural Society at Orangeville is starting out on right lines. Besides the distribution of pre- miums to its members, it is the intention to hold regular meetings throughout the year, at which questions placed in the ques- tion box will be discussed and answered if I>ossibl6. Matters dealing with home and public improvement will also be discussed. Among the various suggestions presented by the directorate for consideration have been the following : Encouraging the planting ol monj ever- greens on home grounds and in unsightly places about the town. Cooperating with the municipal council in adopting a uniform system of graded boulevards, in the cutting of grass, in tne selection and care of trees, in street plants- ing and the destruction of various weeds. Advocating the improvement of Mill St., the main approach from the C.P.R. station to Broadway, by the removal of fences, the proper grading of lawns and boulevards to the sidewalk line, and by the planting of deciduous trees where needed. Cooperating with the C.P.R. in beautify- ing the approach to the station and corners by planting of trees and shrubs. At a recent meeting, Prof. H. L. Hutt, of Guelph, gave an illustrated lecture on "Home and Town Improvement." Port Dover Our society is progressing. We hold a flower and fruit exhibition every year, and give flower seeds to school children. The children take great pride in cultivating and exhibiting their flowers. Our expenditure last year was $328.83, and we hope to ex- ceed that amount thia year. — Jas. Syming- ton, Secretary. THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1912 The Third Dotninion Fruit Conference FAR-REACHING results should follow the third Dominion conference of fruit growers that was held in Ottawa, Feb- ruary 14-16. T|je discussions that were held and the resolutions that were passed were fraught with much of impor- tance to the fruit interests of Canada. The conference was called by the Do- minion Minister of Agriculture, Hon. Mar- tin Burrell. It was thoroughly representa- tive in nature, delegates being in attend- ance from all the provinces of Canada, fhey represented the various fruit growere' con- ventions, apple shippers' associations and provincial departments of agriculture. In addition to the delegates a number of rei^re- sentative .apple growers and shippers were present from several of the provinces at their own expense. All present were allow- ed to join in the discussions, but only dele- gates were permitted to vote. GREAT THINGS EXPECTED The various meetings were buoyant with optimism and breathed a national spirit that was very apparent. Every delegate present was charged with the conviction that the fruit interests of his province are on the eve of a wonderful development. The confidence in the future of the industry this feeling inspired had its counterpart in the manifestation of a national spirit which led all the delegates to evince a keen desire that the fruit growers of the various provinces shall work in harmony with one another, and as far as possible under uni- form laws pertaining to the handling and marketing of their fruit. A feature of the conference was a splen- did display of apples comprising about on© Honorable Martin Burrell Who called the Conference and who presided at several of the sessions. hundred and fifty boxes gathered from each of the fruit growing provinces of Canada. There were also several boxes of fruit from the famous Hood River district in Oregon, the state of Washington, and the state of Virginia. In addition, the Dominion Ex- perimental Farm at Ottawa had an excel- lent exhibit of Fameuse apples and an at- tractive selection of plate fruit represent- ing various seedlings originated at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Manitoba was represented by two boxes ot fruit. The fruit from the different provinces was richly colored, high grade in quality and well packed. It auortled opportunities for comparison of fruit from the ditterent provinces, l he display made it manitest that while some provinces may produce more box fruit than others, still each of the provinces is able to produce fruit that will compare favorably with the best fruit from any other section. The fruit in the ex- hibit had been collected by the government from the ditterent provinces and shipped to Ottawa, where it was all repacked by the same packers. It showed the possibilities of the cold storage of fruit and reflected credit on the Dominion Department of Ag- riculture which had arranged the exhibit. The exhibit was banked on the platform facing the delegates, where it made a most attractive display. An illustration of this exhibit appears on page 57. HONORED GUESTS A feature of the conference was provided by the attendance of His Royal Highness, the Duke of Connaught, Governor-General of Canada, at one of the afternoon sessions Cheap Roses If you want Roses that will do anything at all then don't experiment with cheap slips and cuttings bought from so-called Nursery concerns, but buy two year old Canadian grown plants from reputable Rose growers, who have raised them on their own nurseries and not imported them. Imported gowns may be attractive and alluring, but imported Roses and Shrubs are by no means satisfactory. The climate of France and Holland is quite different from ours and plants from these countries feel the change sorely. Roses and Shrubs offered at "Bargain Counter" rates have undoubtedly been imported from England, France or the Netherlands, and are expensive even at the lowest prices. Buy your Roses, Shrubs and trees from reputable nurserymen growing stock in your own latitude Our selection of Roses, Shrubs, Trees and Plants is complete, and lists and prices will be cheerfully fur- nished on application. THE CANADIAN NURSERY CO. LIMITED 10 PHILLIPS PLACE, MONTREAL, QUE. SPECIAL GLASS FOR GREENHOUSES C«Ba«rv«tori«s erf The DaU Estate. Brampton. Ont. Glasi supplied hy our Toronto Branch GOOD QUAUTY. FLAT. EVEN THICKNESS. AND WELL CUT We make a specialty of supplying Glass for vegetable forcing houses PILKINGTON BROS. Limiteil Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver Hention The Canadian Horticnltiirigt when wrltini March, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 73 to and of the Right Honorable R. L. Borden, Prime Minister of Canada at one of the evening sessions, both of whom spoke. Hon- orable Mr. Borden assured the delegates that it is the intention of the Dominion government to promote the cause of agri- culture in every way possible. THE DISCUSSIONS Owing to the limited time at the disposal of the delegates and the numerous impor- tant matters that had to be discussed, it was found necessary to conduct much of the business of the conference in committee meetings. This permitted more work being accomplished than would otherwise have been possible. Nevertheless there were a considerable number of lively preliminary discu.ssions as well as discussions of the com- mittee reports, all of which were conducted in the best of good spirit and which were productive of definite, beneficial results. THE RESOLUTIONH The conference resulted in the passing of important resolutions, most of which, it is hoped, will be crystallized into legislation by the Dominion government. The resolu- tions passed and decisions reached included the following : A NATIONAL ASSOCIATION To form a National Fruit Growers' As- sociation. Steps to this end were laKen, preliminary officers elected and a partial constitution adopted. It is expected that the Dominion Government will make a small grant to help defray the expenses of this association. Instructions were given to the officers of this association to appoint a transportation committee of three members to look after the interests of the fruit growers with the railway companies and power was given to the committee to appoint an expert trans- portation agent to investigate claims and railway and express rates and other similar matters. STANDARD BOXES It was decided to ask the Dominion gov- ernment to make the standard apple box now used for the export trade the standard box for domestic use also. There being con- siderable difference of opinion as to the most suitable shapes for the other various box packages of fruit, it was decided to defer making recommendations concerning these in order that the various fruit grow- ers' organizations may investigate the mat- ter and report later with recommenda- tions. The Dominion Department of Ag- riculture was asked to undertake the or- ganization of the investigation. It was resolved that whatever size may be deter- mined on for the pear box shall be made the legal size also for crab apples. The Dominion government was request- ed to issue forms to basket manufacturers so as to ensure a uniform size of fruit bas- kets. It was recommended that the four-basket plum tray 15^ by 15% by il4 in. inside measurement should be made the legal size for Canada. STANDARD BARRELS The government was urged to provide two standards for apple barrels, one the 96-quart barrel, commonly used in Nova Scotia, and the other the 112-quart barrel, commonly used in Ontario. The Depart- ment of Agriculture was requested to pro- vide for the enforcement of the use by all growers and dealers of one or the other of Douglas Gardens ^=-=Oakville, Ontario== OUR I9I2 Spring Planting List NOW HEADY describes and offers, amongst other good things : ANEMONE .lAPONICA, 4 varietiee, at 15c. per plant. CLEMATIS RECTA, at 20c. DICENTRA (iJleeding Heart), a,t 15c. OYPSOPHILA (Baby's Breath), at 15c. HARDY GARDEN PINKS, 4 varieties, at 15o. per plant. HEMEROCALLIS (Day Lily), 4 varieties, at 15c. per plant. KNIPHOFIA (Flame Flower), at 20c. SPIREAS, 8 varieties, at from 15c. to 35c per plant. TROLtlUS JAPONICUS fl. pi (Globe Flower), at 15o. YUCCA FILAMENTOSA, at 25c. SHASTA DAISIES, 3 varieties, at 25c per plant. GLADIOLUS, 14 named varieties, at from 4c. to 30c. per corm. GLADIOLUS. Groff's Hybrids, unnamed, at 10 for 25o. GLADIOLUS, Groff's Hybrids, a very fine light colored section, at 25 for 75c. GLADIOLUS, Groff's Hybrids, red and scarlet section, at 25 for 60c. ISMENE CALATHINA ORANDI (Peruvian Daffodil), at 20c. per bulb. These prices include carriage to des- tination. Also a fine assortment of China Asters, Antirrhinum (Snapdragon), Salvia. Stocks, &c., for Bedding purposes. Mailed tree to all on our MaiUng List and to others interested who send names and addresses. JOHN CAVERS i The trees were the best rooted we ever saw and every one of them grew — Howard G. Fisher. Auburn Nurseries Pedigreed Peaches 2 Years Old. Grown by G. E. Fisher & Sons Dulverton Fruit Farm», Queenston, Ont. These are the kind of trees to buy. No storage stock about these, but the thrifty, healthy, sturdy kind that stand in the nursery row all winter, and are fresh and brig-ht in the spring, and reach you in fit condition to start right into business. We still have a good stock of Peach, Cherry, Pear and Plum, Yearling Apple and Quince. AUBURN NURSERIES QUEENSTON, ONT. GOOD CROPS ARE OBTAINED BY USING THE BEST MANURE AS SUPPLIED TO NURSERIES. FRUIT GROWERS AND GARDENERS SURE GROWTH COMPOST makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer- tile land most productive. Supplied by S. W. MARCHMENT 133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO Telephones : Main 284 1 Residence Park 95 1 Mention The Oanadian Hortioultnrlii whan wrltlnf 74 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 191 2 Planet Jr means on a farm or garden tool the world over that it is the latest-improved, lightest, strongest, most useful and economical tool of its kind. With Planet Jrs come Less worR— bigger crops — more money They make you independent of slipshod help and eive you time for rest and enjoy- ment besides. 55 Tools; euaranleed. IJesicned by a practical farmer; used throughout the worlrl. and Drill Seeder, Double Wheel No IHH Planet Jr Combined Hill oe. Cultivator and PUjw lias automatic feed-stopping device, valuable* seeder index and complete set of- cultivator attachments. Indestructible steel », "Tl Planet Jr Horse Hoe and Cultivator is a vi'onder - ■ . I of scientilic tool-makinc Does more dilTerent kinds of worK. better than any other cultivator. .Plows to and from row. hills. furrows, etc lJ^ni>1J^ i A 64-page illustrated E I%1!#II/ • farm and garden book! ^rTI— Keep up to date! Learn the latest and most valuable ■ farm and garden ififormation by sending for s Planet Jr book. It describes also 55 tools r all uses. Write postal for it todayl SL Alienor Co Box 1106G Philadelphia Pa Write for nnme of our nenrest agency. Why Don't You Plant EWING'S Reliable Seeds? What's the use of giving your land, your time and your work for a season for anything less than the 6esi crops ? Swing's Reliable Seeds have proved, for more than forty seasons, favorable and unfavorable, that they will produce the biggest crops of the best quality. Ask your neighbors who plant Ewing's Seeds all about them. Plant them yourself this spring and get the full reward for your work. Your dealer should have Ewing's Reliable Seeds, but if he hasn't, write for our illustrated catalogue and order from us direct. 16 WM. EWING & CO^ SEEDSMEN McGlll St., Montreal. ^k Milk Peerless '^'iS'Profecfs ■Wo bnlld Peerless Poultry Fence strons enouKh to koop^ maraocllng animals out and sulliclcntly close to keep tmall fowl In. A Real FonoB That CSves Real Sepvlce Bnllt same as f.jrm fence of good (ralvanlzed wire. protoctltiK ft acalnst rust, lop and bottom ^o. 9 heavy, hard, elccl wlro— Intermediate horizontal wires No. 12— _J,ri'J! "?■ *i' *^ t" 'he rod. This n.akcs an excellent, all around, general purpMc fence suitable for turning all classes of stock. AcanelM n«ariy avwywher*. Uv* ■(*nts wanted In unasilsned territory. Tlw Banwell Hoxia Wire Fence Co, Ltd, Winnipeg. Manitoba, Hamilton, OnL these standards and that the manufactur- ers be held responsible for their size. NATIONAL APPLB SHOW The advisability of holding national ap- ple shows was conceded and the Dominion government was asked to appropriate $10,- 000 towards the expense of the next t^a- tiowal Show, provided at least $20,000 in prizes is offered by the promoters. The government was requested to nare daily market prices for fruit cabled from their commercial agents in Europe and published in the daily papers in all prov- inces of the Dominion during the shipping season. The Minister of Agriculture wa« remind- ed that the fruit interests of Canada are now of sufficient importance to warrant the placing of the fruit division on the same basis as the seed and live stock divisions with a commissioner appointed in charge. The sufficient inspection at point of en- try of imported deciduous fruit was urged so as to ensure its being marketed under the conditions of the Sales and Inspection Act. FRUIT INSPECTORS The Minister of Agriculture was request- ed to iavestigate the possibility of giving to applicants, on payment of a reasonable charge, a certificate of the results of any inspection made. It was recommended that when an in- spector has examined a closed package of fruit that it be stamped witn in« word "insijected" and the number of the in- spector. THE NUMBER OF APPLES The amendment of the Fruit Marks Act was urged in order that it may be made compulsory to mark,, on the outside of the box, the number of apples contained therein. The Department of Agriculture was urged to divide the fruit growing provinces into suitable districts with a permanent and capable fruit inspector and instructor in each district so as to ensure, to the greatest possible extent, inspection at the point of shipment. MINIMUM SIZE FOR APPLES The amendment of Section 321, clauses two and three, of the Inspection and Sales Act, was urged in order that a minimum size of apples packed in barrels may be established as follows : The Fameuse, two and three-eighths inches for number one, two inches for number two. Golden Russets and kindred sized vari- eties, two and three-eighths inches for num- ber one, two and one-eighth inches for number two. Baldwins, Spys, Greenings, Ribstone and kindred sized varieties, two and one-half inches for number one, two and one-quar- ter inches for number two. Kings, Blenheims, Wolf Rivei »n3. kin- dred sized varieties, two and vnree-quarter inches for number one, two and one-half inches for number two. It was recommeded that where a packer of apples in barrels desires to establish a hijiher minimum standard for a portion or all of his pack he may do so by stamping or stencilling on the face end of the barrel the minimum diameter in inches and fractions thereof and that the diameter so marked shall be the minimum standard of size for such barrel. DELEGATES PRESENT The representative nature of the confer- ence is best shown by the list of the dele- March, igra THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 75 Strawberry ^^^^^^^^ and ^-~^^^^^ Raspberry PLANTS All the Leading Varieties HOME GROWN Send for Catalogue and Price List C.P.NEWMAN BOX 5 1 Lachine Locks - Quebec ^ STRATFORD EXTENSION LADDER It U the safest and beat on the market. Fitted with automatic hooks that lock at every rune and unlock between the runs* LIGHT,' STRONG EASILY OPERATED AND DURABLE IF Intereated write for Catalogue F THE Stratford Mfg. Co. Limited STRATFORD, CANADA Makers of Ladders for every con- ceivable purpose PRUNING SAW Opcrat'iM from ground. No tjn-aklng of liiiihH by climbing. No movlug of )n-lil':rn. No snwiun of wrouK liniba. Can Tvnch topmodt branclic* and shafK' trt^ better than by old m«>rhod«. Will bbv** iix cotitiii one day. Nothing lo ge' oat of ordBf. Will Intt for years. Thnunandfl In use. Bccom mended by all users. If your dcalwr can't furnUh It, write fo- nill deicrlptive circular and jiricea. Satisfaction guaranteed. Addreis FRUITGROWERS' SAW CO., Scoitsville, N. Y. Representative tor Ontario, Jas. E. John- ion, Slmcoe, Ont. A— UooKing lank B— Hot Water Tajik C— Fire Box U— Ash Pan E— Smoke Make Your Oivn Spray Home Boiled Lime Sulphur is being used in Inareaedng quantities by leading fruit growers and fruit growers' aseocia- tione. They find' that by making their own spray they can ef- fect a considerable money eaytng, and at the sajne time prodiuce a preparation that will do the work thoroughly. It is an easy matter to make home boiled Idme sulphur. The chief essential is a proper spray cooker. We marauf^uo- :ure two kinds of cookers, one with a single tank, and one with a double tank. (See illustration.) They are designed especially tor this purpose, amd will giye the greatest efB- eiency with the greatest saving of fuel. They can be used for either wood or soft ooal. The tanks are made of heavily ga Ivanized steel, thoroughly rivetted and Roldert^d . Will not leak . They are b uilt to give satisfaction, amd axe guaranteed. Made in five sizes, capacity 30 to 7 5 gals. Prices and full particulars on application. Get your outfit now. Write us to-day. STEEL THOUGH AND MACHINE CO., Ltd., TWEED. Ont. How DoYOI) Spread Manure THE above illustration shows the diflference in crops, ^^ between the I H C way o£ spreading manure— and the ^ pitchfork method. The pitchfork way is slow, hard, and disagreeable, wastes much Tof the value of tne manure, and the results hardly justify the labor and ' time invested. The I H C Spreader cuts the manure into fine shreds, spreads it {evenly, and makes the work easy. Spreading manure the I H C way is [bound to result in better soil, bigger crops, and more profits. I H C Manure Spreaders Com King— Cloverleaf I are simple, strong, and durable. They have many advan- tages that make them superior to other spreaders. All working parts are extremely simple and wonderfully strong. The beater driving gear is held in a single casting, so that there is no binding— no cutting of parts caused by the gears springing out of alignment. The roller-bearing sup- port for the apron reduces the draft. The levers are conven- ient. The feed changing device can be shifted quickly and easily. The wide range of adjustment allows you to spread [manure heavy, mediiim, or light, as your judgment tells I you is best for the soil. Whether you have a large or small farm, or want a spreader for orchard use or truck gardening— there is ' an I H C that will suit your requirements. Why not see the I H C local agent at once? Get a catalogue from him, or, write nearest branch house. CANADIAN BRANCHES— Inttnutiooal H«ntMter Company of Americm al BrandoD. Caljary, Fdmonlon, Hamilton, Utbbridge. Londoa. Mootrtal, North Batlleford, Ottawa, Retina, Saalialoon, St, John, tteybuni, WinnipcK, Yorktoa. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY of AMERICA (Incorpo rated) Chicago USA IHC Service Bureau The purpose of this Bureau is to furnish farmers with information on better farming. If you have any worthy question concerning soils, crops, pests, ferti- lizers, etc.. write to the IHC Service Bureau, and learn what our experts and others have found out concern- ing these subject*. 76 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1912 (3la6ioli GLADIOLI are now the most popular of summer flowers, nothing' beinjf equal to them for table decoration. We have a large stock of the best varieties and most valuable mixtures. Groff Hybrids are still the best we can find and they are making their way all over the worhl, leven or eight acres bow being grown at Simcoe, largely for export. Also Cannas, Dahlias, Paeonies and General Nursery Stock. CA TALOGUE on application to Campbell Bros. Stmcoe, ®nt. I Strawberry Plants FOR SALE Choice Plants at reasonable orices. We have Early Ozark, Fendall, Barrymore, Silver Coin, Pocomoke, Aroma, etc., of newer varieties. We also have Dunlop, Williams, War- field, Brandy Wine, Bederwood, William Belt, Glen Mary, etc., of the old favorites. Our free list telTs all about them. Order early as plants aj*e scarce. Ontario Nursery Co. Wellington, Ont. Try the BI8SKL in your orchard and ace what a real orchard disc harrow will do. Stays right down to its work. Has a lever tor each gang, so that one gang can be adjusted to cultivate more than the other when required!. Atta«h wings and it extends over 12 feet wide Keversible— In-throw to Out-throw. Call on local dealer or write Department N for Catalogue. TPU ^ T. E. BISSEU CO. I rifcS UMITED •"^^ ELOHA - - ONT. BisscU •'"SS^"'* 1STRAWBERRIE#- I*l«ntB by the dozen or by the mllll 120 «creB planted In I03 vaiit;tieH. ai the •tftudara* au-i the most proml Jlng «.! the new ones. Largest grower li. America. Every plant true to name. A lao Baspberry, Blackberry, GooBeben v and Currant Plants, Grape Vliies, Calf- fornla Privet and other Shnibberv. iCuUural directions with each Bhlp- ment. Beautiful CaUlogueFRKEI. Sen.i a poBtal today. My personal smmraiite« pack ol every Mle. . "W. F.ALLEN lit Marfcct Street. Salisbury, Md ;€ gates who were in attendance. They were as follows : Ontario. — Representing the Fruit Grow- ers' .As.so<'intion : Harold Jonos, Maitland ; Walter Dempsoy, Trenton : R. W. Grier- son, Oshawa; L. A. Hamilton, Lome Park; k. Onslow. Niagara-on-the-Lake : W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines; A. W. Peart, Burlington; D. Johnson, Forest, and Rnbt. Thompson of St. Catharines. P. W. Hodg- etts represented the Department of Agri- culture, and Prof. J. W. Crow the Guelph Agricultural College. The Ontario Apple Shinners' Association was represented hy L. K. Shroud, "Wellington, and M. O. Smith, Burlington, and the Cooperative Associations by Elmer Lick. Oshawa. Quebec. — The Quebec Pomological Soci- ety was represented bv Robt. Brodie. West- mount; R. W. Shepherd, Como; W. E. Jack. Cbateauguay Basin : J. C. Chapais, St. Denis, and Charles T. Byers, Abbots- ford. Mr. G. A. Gigault repr&sented the Department of Agriculture ; Prof. Saxby Blair, Macdonald College, and Father Leo- pold of La Trappe, the Oka Agricultural College. Nova Scotia. — Nova Scotia Fruit Grow- ers' Association was represented by K. J. Messenger of Bridgetown. A. C. Starr. Fort Williams; J. N. Chute, Berwick, and F. A. Chipman, Nictaux West. The United Fruit Companies were represented by C. O. Al- len of Kentville. the Department of Agri- culture by Prof. M. Cummings and the Truro Agricultural College by Prof. P. J. Shaw, British Columbia. — The British Colum- bia Fruit Growers' Association was repre- sented by W. F. Summers of Victoria ; n. C Abbot, Mission ; R. H. Agur, Summer- land ; James Rooke, Grand Forks; W. A. Pitcairn, Kelowna, and Thos. Abriel, Nak- sup. The Department of Agriculture was represented by R. M. Winslow. New Brunswick. — The Fruit Growers' As- sociation was represented by C. M. Vrooni, St. Stephen, and A. C. Parker, Burton; and the Department of Agriculture by A. G. Turney. Prince Edward Island. — The Fruit Grow- ers' Association was represented by J. A. Annear, Lower Montague, and by E. A. Dewar of Charlottetown ; and the Depart- ment of Agriculture by Theodore Ross. Manitoba. — Prof. F. W. Broderick. THE SESSIONS The conference was opened Wednesday afternoon by Dairy and Fruit Commissioner .J. A. Ruddick. who drew attention to the fact that the first Dominion Fruit Confer- ence was held in Montreal in 1890 and the second one in Ottawa in 1906. Only two dele- gates who were present at the first confer- ence, were present at the last two also, Messrs. Robt. Brodie and R. W. Shepherd of Montreal. A cordial welcome was extended to the delegates by Honorable Martin Burrell, the Dominion Minister of Agriculture, who styled himself a fellow fruit grower. Re- sponses were made on behalf of the differ- ent provinces by Messrs. Hamilton for On- tario, Messenger for Nova Scotia, Agar for British Columbia, Turney for New Bruns- wick, Dewar for Prince Edward Island, Shepherd for Quebec and Broderick for Manitoba. OBJECTS OP THE CONFERENCE Hon. Sydney Fisher, former Dominion Minister of Agriculture, being present, was invited to take a seat on the platform and incidentally was twitted over a statement (Continued on Pag-e 78.) nELLO\ BILL' Say, Isn't it fine to have an Independent Telephone in the House? ■■W.-ll. I -),.,ul,] -■xs'i... Why, -,i.ly >-.-t.-T.l;iy. it s^ivM nift ii l^u— - .il-l tiriv.- t., t.,Hi,, I Just piiyiit.l tn«i ittorr, uid they Mbt my stuff alun^ >»y Sam Thompson." ■'Wd ynu know e^gs **(rR up JUiftln r" "Yea. Ike pholifd in*-, ami saiil pork wax going bi>;lier. too. Gue« we onyhtto Htil|> .-iirs," "Hay. M;iry w;iiitM Uj talk ^> your wifu." "All rixht— ftnd I'.IU, wriii't tlirt worot?ii folk* enjoy thc»« teltrpbooMr' "Ves, il'.s worth thB money, jimt to help them from Iwiiiy «o loiieHMiiiM. They wty tln-y ^.-.rt ni'-r*' newa u\.'r the pltoiit; tiiiiii they did at a c-liunh H.>i'ia]." STROM BERQ-CARL80N Independent Telephone SATISFACTION GUARAMTUO OR MONET NtFUNOCO ia a tlmt;-ri;iv, rand money-maker. It keeps you In touch with the market— briogi h»-lpin caae ti-'Ulm^f-sor ar- i-idt!nt— makes fann life easier, hrliiht^r. happier. Wtd more profluhle. You. arut nine more men, can liave your own tele- phoue 8ybt«m— and operate and rotitrol lines and ph'iQes. Our Frpft B prov- ince of Quebec produces the be«t apples grown anywhere in Canada. In defence of this remark he laughingly contended that King George buys the applet for his per- sonal use from Quebec. Hon. Mr. Fisher, who called and presided at the Conference held in 1896. stated that he had had threi' objects in view in calling it. The same ob- jects he presumed had lerl to the calling of this year's conference. These were first, to find what were the needs of the fruit industry; second, to obtain the advice of experts, and third, to consider the best means of promoting the industry on broad national lines. CO-OPERATION Mr. Alex. McXeil. Chief of the fruit di- vision, gave an excellent address on "Co- oneration and Fruit Growing." He dealt with the present status and advantages to be derived by cooneration pnd defined some of the problems that confront those who de- !»ire to cooperate. Some of the successes that have attended co-operative associations were noted and .suggestions offered for fur- ther and new lines of work. One of the principal points Mr. McNeill made was that there is a radical difference between joint stock companies and co-operative as- sociations. The object of the former is to earn profits upon the capital invest-ed. while the object of the latter is to obtain better prices for the products of their mem- bers. Joint stock companies are a town- made institution which cannot be grafted with success on the country di.stricts. We expect to publish a fuller outline of this address in a later issue. NEW FRTTITS "New Varieties of Fruits." was the sub- ject of a paper read by Mr. W. T. Macoun. Dominion Horticulturist, of the Central Experimental Farm. Ottawa. Mr. Macoun contended that while most of the standard varieties of fruit grown to-day were origi- nated a hundred years ago, this does not Drove that fully as good varieties cannot be originated to-day. He told how some of the old varieties were originated and de- scribed the work that has been done in Can- ada to develop new varieties. We expect to publish a fuller outline of this address later. COLD STOR.VGE At the opening session Thursday morning Mr. J. A.Euddick read a paper entitled "Refrigeration in Relation to the Fruit Growing Industry." A portion of this paper is publi-shed elsewhere in this issue, and the balance will be given later. The balance of this session was devoted to a discussion of fruit packages, including their size^s and legal dimensions. Much in- teresting inform' tion was brought out dtir- ing the discussions, most of which we will publish later. The discussions were con- cluded by referring the points raised to various committees for further consider- ation. CENSUS FIGURES DIS.^PPOINTING Comparative statistics of the fruit grow- ing industry in Canada for the years liK)! and 1911, as taken from the census returns, were given bv Mr. W. W. Moore, Chief of the Markets Division, at the Thiirsday af- ternoon session. The figures quot^ni proved disappointing. Instead of showing an in- crease in the number of fruit trees in Can- ada since 1901, an actual decrease of 315,641 trees, including over 2,000,000 in the bear- ing trees, was reported. The total number of fruit trees in 1901 March, 191 2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 79 CABTEKS ENGLISH TESTED Seed Growers by Appointment to His Majesty King George V James Carter & Co., High Holborn and Raynes Park, England Carter's English Vegetable and Flo^ver Seeds - Carter's "INVICTA" Lawn Grass Carter's English Farm Seeds Full details will be sent on application. PATTERSON WYLDE 81 CO., Carter's Strains are of the best varieties. In sealed packets, price 10c. Wherever the English language is spoken Carter's Tested Seeds are recognized as standing alone. Quickly forms a close thick turf. In sealed 5 lb. and 25 lb. bags, price $1.30 and $6.25. Carter's Grass Seeds, Grass Manures and Worm Eradicating Fertilizer have established a brilliant record on the American Con- tinent— over three hundred Golf and Country Clubs use them and are enthusiastic. Carter's Pedigree Mangels at 40c per lb., and Swede at 30c, are the re- sult of years of scientific selection and root analysis; represent highest yields and feeding values. If your dealer does not stock them, send Us his name : in any case we welcome correspondence. P. O. Box 532, TORONTO HEAD OFFICE : Chamber of Commerce Building, Boston, Mass. Lime-Sulphur Solution Gtasselli Arsenate of Lead C PROl Grasselli Lime Sulphur Solution contains the maximum amount of Lime and Sulphur actually in solution. It is a clear solution and free from sediment. You will not be troubled with clogged nozzles when using it. It is uniform in strength and shipped in good barrels. Grasselli Arsenate of Lead Paste contains 15% Arsenic Oxide. It mixes as'easily as is consis- tent with the necessary adhesive qualities. Kills All Leaf-Eating Insects Mixes Easily with Water Sticks to the Foliage Does Not Injure the Foliage Grasselli Spray Products are manufactured under rigid guarantee. Complete analysis on each package. Distributors wanted in unoccupied territory Send Inquiries to the Toronto Office THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO., LIMITED Head Office and Works: HAMILTON, ONT. Warehouse and Office: 131 Eastern Ave., TORONTO, ONT. 8o THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1912 First Aid to Busi| Farmers >-|-V] ' H E farmer's champion helper is an I H C Gasoline Engine. On thousands of farms throughout the country, they are kept busy every day, running the cream separator, churn, pump, feed grinder and cutter, fanning mill, thresher, wood saw, grindstone, ■washing machine, dynamo for electric light plant, and many other machines. They are saving viforlc, time, and money at every turn of the wheel. I H C Gasoline Engines are built for hard, steady work and years of it. They are simple, dependable, economical. They are always ready to save and make money for you An I H C For You The size and style I H C engine you need depends on the work you have for it to do — and on the particular condi- tions which surround your locality. Any size or style will not do. You must get the right engine to get the right service. All I H C gasoline engines are marvels of strength, reliability, and durability. They run smoothly, year in and year out. They make and save money every time they are used, and whatever style and size engine you want is in the I H C line, which includes: Vertical type — 2, 3, 25, and 3S-horse power; horizontal — 1 to 50- horse power; semi-portable — 1 to 8-horse power, portable — 1 to 25-horse power; traction — 12 to 4S-horse power; sawing, pumping, spraying, and grinding outfits, etc. Built to operate on gas, gasoline, kerosene, distillate, or alcohol — air-cooled or water-cooled. See the I H C local dealer, or, write direct today for our new catalogue. MNADIAN BRANCHES: InlernatioDal Hanrnter Company of America at Brandon. Calgary, Edmonton. Hamilton, Letfabridge, London. Montreal. North Battleford, Otta- wa, Regina, Saskatoon, St. John, Weyburn, Winnipeg, Yorkton, International Harvester Company of America (Incorporated) Chicago USA IHC Service Bureaa The purpose of this bureau is to furnish farmers with information on better farming. If ycu have any worthy questions concerningr soils, crops, pests, ferti- lizers, etc., write to the IHC Bureau and learn what our experts and others have found out concerning those subjects. /^ONSIDER NOW what it will cost and how much money you will save on your next season's fertilizer bill if you should buy your Nitrate of Soda and other Farm Chemicals and mix them yourself Your own brand MIXED AT HOME will be better than any patent brand and is sure to have in it just what you want. Book of lormiilas and full instructions for Home Mixing will be sent FREE OF COST if you will send your name and address on Post Card. Dr. WILLIAM S. MYERS, Director of Chilean- Propaganda 17 Madison Avenue, New York. mo bramch OFFICES PROVINCIAL NOTES Nova Scotia An evidence of the increased interest be- ing taken in orcharding in this province was furnished at the forty-eighth annual meet- ing of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' As- sociation held recently at Wolfville, as it was the largest and most enthusiastic meet- ing in the association's history. While the reports generally were encouraging and showed progress, still dismay was felt when it was announced that the brown-tail moth is spreading rapidly in spite of the efforts that have been put forth by the government to stamp it out. Our growers were warned plainly that unless they put forth an earnest effort to assist the government in fighting it, it will soon become impossible of eradica- tion. The danger in the situation lies in the fact that many growers treat the matter lightly and are neglectful about fighting the pest until it has got a hold in their district. The worst district is Bridgetown, where some one thousand two hundred nests have been discovered. Search parties have discov- ered two thousand three hundred and sixty- four nests near Bear River, Smith's Core, Deep Brook, and Middleton. Whereas the pests formerly attacked only apple, plum and pear trees, nests were discovered la.st season in oak. thorn, elm. birch, beach, cherry and other trees. The moth is be- coming acclimatized and spins its nest to meet the climatic requirements. OFFICERS ELECTED The following officers were elected : President — S. C. Parker, Berwick. Vice- president — A. C. Starr. Port Williams. Sec- retary—M. K. Ells, Port Williams. Trea- surer— G. W. Munro. Wolfville. Executive Board — The president, vice-president, secre- tary, Wm. O'Brien, Windsor Forks, Hants Co. ; R. J. Messenger, Bridgetown : C O. Allen, Kentville; S. B. Chute, Berwick. THE EXPERIMENT ST.4TION Much interest was taken in the address given by Mr. W. T. Macoun, of Ottawa, Dominion Horticulturist, regarding the work to be done at the Experimental Fruit vStation at Kentville. The farm consists of two hundred and forty acres, three-fifths of which will be devoted to horticulture. Ex- periments will be conducted to determine how best to use land while the young trees are growing, the most economical way to use fertilizers, the best methods of cultiva- tion to obtain not only quantity but quality, color and uniformity of size, the best cover crops to use and other similar work. A practical paper on poultry raising in connection with fruit growing was given by Mr. M. K. Ells. A RECORD YEAR "Transportation and Markets" was the subject of an address by W. W. Moore, Chief of the Markets Division, Ottawa, who pleas- ed his audience when he reported that up to early in January the total exports of apples from the province to British, foreign and home markets amounted to 1,020,657 bar- rels. The best previous record was made in 1909 and 1910, when 711,000 barrels were exported. WTiile the government had re- ceived complaints about some of the Nova Scotia fruit it was not the fruit that had been shinned by the cooperative associa- tions, TV» importance of the German roar- March, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 81 ~^-^ Regal New^ Sweet Peas ir New Duplex Spencer The best of all Pink Sweet Peae tor bou- quete. In color both the standard and wings are a rich oream-pink, and practically all the plants give ilowers with diouble or triple Btandards. The beautiful lemon keel, in addition to the double standard, materially enhances the effectiveness of these flowers when bunched. Of strong, vigorous growth, the vines bear the grand flowers most profusely upon long, stiff stems. Pkt. 15c. New Vermilion Brilliant The most brilliant, iridescent scarlet Spenc- er yet produced. The flowere are of perfect form. The bold, erect standard is well wav- ed and fluteds of large size, beautifully round«d and finishing well below the keel. The wings are of the same intense pure soax- let as the standard, making a unifoirm self- color throughout and absolutely sunproof. Pkt. 15c. New Irish Belle or Dream The coloring is uniform in both standard and wings, a lovely rich lilac, flushed with pink, which gives a very distinct and soft tone throughout the entire flower. Of finest Spencer type, waved in both standard and wings, the flowers are of large size and well placed on long stems. Pkt. 15c. New Pearl Grey Spencer It is certainly a meet lovely and distinct shade that might be described as a pearl or dove-gray, siuffused with light rose, showing a trifle more of the delicate rose shading in the standard. The flowers, borne in clusters of three and four, are of the largest size and uniformly waved in both standard ajid wings. Pkt. 15c. V^ T^ V^ V^ Write for our kandsomely illustrated 112 page Catalogue of Vegetable, Farm and JOHN A. BRUCE & CO., Ltd., Flower Seeds, Bulbs, Plasts, Poultry Supplies, Garden Implements, etc. , low ready. Seed Merchants, Established 1850 HAMILTON, ONT. fruit treeUlanted ^%f/^§edug in dynamited hole jioie\ ii •Jk'A- i^-:^M^MiMm^^ USubsdi/brokeiiiwbuIjMt;^^ ''''roots:-m^^^^^ A tree planted by means of Stumping Po'wdcrs not only thrives much better than a tree that is planted in another way, but also will produce larger crops. You can plant double the number in the same time for a much less expense. Write us for Frcc Pamphlet on the use of C.}LL. Stmnping Powders Used as ^vel! for removing Stumps and Boulders, Digging Wells and Ditches, Breaking Hardpan and Subsoils, Re- juvenating Orchards, etc., etc. Manufactured by CANADIAN EXPLOSIVES Limited ^°'2,ir'''^ BINO CHERRY TREE SET IN SPADED HOLE IlINO CHERRY TREE 8KT IN DYN,\MITBD HOLE 1 82 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1912 Power Sprayers Giant Power Outfit GfANT POWER OUTFIT. — This is a three-cylinder pump of great strength, power and capacity. It will spray 9 gallons per minute at 300 lbs. pressure, if desired. It can be operated with either a 2% or 3% H.P. Engine. NIAGARA POWER OUTFIT. — A three-cylinder pump of slightly less capacity, but the same high pressure. Can be operated with a 2% or 3^ HjP. Engine. DUPLEX POWER OUTFIT. — A two-cylinder pump, medium priced, but with large capacity and high pressure. Operated with either a 1J4 or 2J4 H.P. Engine. All our pumps have porcelain-lined cylinders, so are proof against corrosion. These cylinders are guaranteed for 10 years. These pumps are very strong, very simple, and built for large capacity and high pressure. All parts are interchangeable. Repairs cost practically nothing. Every part fits every other, and they can be immediately supplied. All our power outfits are mounted on steel frames, which can be attached to any wagon. They are equipped with 150 and 200-gallon tanks with rotary agitator. Tank Filler, which works by pressure, and will fill the tank in 6 to 8 minutes. Steel folding tower. By removing one tail nut this tower folds flat on the outfit. The highest grade of hose. Guaranteed to stand 300 lbs. pressure during the entire season. Spray Rods — lined with large sized aluminum tubing. Latest approved nozzles and other accessories. • We have hundreds of power outfits working in Ontario, and wherever we have a power outfit, we have a satisfied customer. We have great confidence in these pumps and want to demonstrate them to you. We will pay the expenses to our factory of any fruit grower in Ontario who in- tends to purchase a power outfit, and who will inspect our pumps before he places his order. He will be under no obligation to purchase from us. All we ask is that he purchase a power outfit of some kind. HAND PUMPS; MAGIC No. 9, is the largest hand pump made. One man can easily maintain a pressure of 140 lbs. LITTLE GIANT No. 70 — Most powerful barrel sprayer on the market. THE PIPPIN No. 50 is a strong barrel pump, made for smaller orchards. Write for our complete illustrated catalogue. Be sure and see these pumps before placing your order. They are made with all troubles left out. NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., Limited Burlington, Ontario ket wag emphasized. We were told that our apples that went to the western market were not as well packed as those that went from Ontario. Mr. P. IT. Parker, of Kentville, suggest- ed that the fruit growers of the Annapolis Valley should establish a special brand, and suggested the brands " Grown For The Ta.st6 " or " The Land of Evangeline Brand." In a discussion of the subject, "Is Apple Growing being over done?" Mr. W. T. Ma- coun made light of the question, contend- ing that it is an old one and that the dan- ger is imaginary rather than real. RESOLTJTION8 A resolution was carried recommending that the duty on apples coming into Canada should be increased to equal the duty on apples coming into the States, It created an animated discussion. The Dominion government will be urged to provide for a more thorough system of in.spection at the packing house, ports of .shipment and el.sewhere, including open packages when and where advisable, and to issue certificates of inspection when circum- stances and conditions warrant such action. The government will be urged also to add to the duties of the fruit inspectors the inspection of the barrels in which the fruit is packed, and to so amend the act as re- quire all coopers who manufacture barrels in which apples are packed to brand their name and address on the side of each bar- j rel. It is proposed to hold the district horti- cultural exhibition hereafter in Halifax, where it is believed that it will be more largely attended and thus compare more favorablv with the exhibitions held in To- ronto, Vancouver and elsewhere. A resolution was passed at the instance of the "W. C. T. v., expressing the view that the growing of tobacco on the experimental farm at Kentville would be detrimental to the youth of Nova Scotia. A motion was adopted requesting the go- vernment to define the size of number one and number two apples. Niagara District Notes There is a possib'litv that a pre-cooling station may be established this sea.son in the Niagara district and an effort is being made to have it located at Hamilton. At the re- cent Dominion Fruit Conference at Ottawa Cold Storage Commissioner J. A. Ruddick reported that the government had amended the cold .storage act in a manner that would permit of the government defraying part of the expense of the erection of such a build- ing, providing it is built and operated on lines approved bv the government. He stated that negotiations were still in pro- gress between the promoters and the go- vernment. A company capitalized at $150,000 is ar- ranging for the erectior this season of a new canning factory at Hamilton. A banquet will be tendered Hon. Martin Burrell, the new Dominion Minister of Agri- culture, at the Welland House, St. Cathar- ines, by the members of the Niagara Penin- sula Fruit Growers' Association in connec- tion with their spring meetigs which will be held on March fourth, fifth and sixth. Our fruit growers are interested in the discussion bv members of the Toronto City Council of the proposal to erect a fruit mar- ket. A special committee of the council has been dealing mth the matter, and Property Commissioner Harris has been requested to select a suitable site. March, i9'2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 83 Hardy Small Fruits Conditions of soil and climate make it pos- sible for us to produce stock that is hardy, vigforous, and that will give good satisfaction in almost any locality. We exercise great care in the cultivation and handling of our stock, give personal supervision to packing and shipping, and warrant all stock absolute- ly true to name. This explains why we have built up a large list of satisfied customers. We specialize on small fruits — Raspberries, Gooseberries and Currants — also Garden Roots, including Rhubarb, Asparagus, etc. List of Varieties : — RASPBERRIES Herbert Cuthbert Marlboro Brinckle's Orange Golden Queen GOOSEBERRIES Josselyn Red Jacket Downing Pearl Houghton CURRANTS Perfection Ruby White Grape Champion Black Victoria Fay Cherry Lee's Prolific Black Naples Order now while the list of varieties is com- plete. Send post card for catalogue and price list. WM. FLEMING OWEN SOUND Box 54 Ontario, Can. You Want The GRANDEST of all GLADIOLI and DAHLIAS in your garden this year Send for Catalogue H. P. Van Wagner Stoney Creek - Ont. Landscape Designing For Small Properties No property is too small to dispense with the ser- vices of a competent Landscape Designer in planning for effective plantings •of Shrubs, Roses, Perennials, Evergreens, Climbing Vines, etc. Our Landscape Department is at your disposal. Send a rough sketch of your property and we will advise you how to plan it. No charge for suggestions, circulars. Send for catalogue and Stone & Wellington-Toronto We Solicit Your Consignments Send for Shipping Stamp Good Prices Alvyays For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, NortK Ba.y Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. Branch Warehouies : Sudbury ¥ T ^i 1? T^ ¥^ ^^ ^^ Reference*: The Canadian Bank North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane M. M.m MT C^ M. C^m!^\^ of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Porcupine gg p^ont St. East, TorontO ""^ Commercial Agencie.. 84 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST March, 1912 The ONTARIO FRUIT SPRAYER BUILT FOR BUSINESS Fig. 73 No. 1 A, 1912 .VIodel ~ This cut illustrates our 1912 MODEL FRUIT SPRAYER, a marvel of simplicity, strength and durability, 2j^ H. P. engine, water cooled and always ready; can be quickly cut off from pump jack and used for other purposes. This outfit represents all that first-class machinery, material and skill can produce at a moderate price. Write for detailed description and price. We manufacture a full line of Apple Evaporating: Machinery. Installing Power Evaporators a Specialty FRUIT MACHINERY CO. Ingersoll, Ont. WIRE FENCING BARGAINS We have just purchased from one of the largest makers, their .surplus stock of about 25,000 Rods Wire Fencing at a reduction of 25°/ to 53°/ ofT regular prices. This Fencing is all made of the best quality, extra heavy No. 9 gauge galvanized steel wire, with standard lock, and is guaranteed to unroll and hang perfectly. NOTE THESE CUT PRICES El No. hUjine Inches Stays Spacing Between Price per Wires Hiffh Apart Line Wires Rod 949 9 49 22 in. 4, 5. 51. 6, til, 7. 7, 8 in. 29c 748 7 48 ! 22 in. 5. Si. 7i. 9, 10. 10 in. 23c r ■' These two sizes in 20. .SO. 40, rod rolls 544 5 44 i 22 in. [8, 10, 10. 12. 12 in. 18c 542 5 43 22 in. (i, 12, 12, 12, 12 in. The»e two sizes in Gil rod rolls only. 17>^c All delivered free to the care here. Also a number of rolls of other sizes. Please note this stock being limited, send your order with amount enclosed at once, giving shipping instructions plainly; orders tilled as received. Also Galvanized Staples, SJ-ic per lb First class Fence Stretchers, Heavy Chains and Clamps, $6.50 each. Special Offer— One stretcher free with every order of $100.00 or over. Also enormous stock of Belting, Pipes, Rails, Pulleys, etc., at bargain prices. THE IMPERIAL WASTE AND METAL CO. - 65 Queen Street, MONTREAL Get double speed at single cost with Planet Jr 2-row Cultivator *'It*s the greatest general purpose impiement on the farm", writes an Ohio farmer of | No. 72 [ Two-Row Pivot Wheel Cultivator, Plow, Fur- rower, and Ridger. No other implement in large crops saves as much time, labor, and money. ThinK of the savinfi in cultivating perfectly at one time 2 rows of potatoes, corn, beans, etc. in rows 28 to 44 inches apart Simple and works like a charm in check and crooked rows, and in rows of irregular width. Never leaves open furrows next tc plants. Cultivates crops up to 5 feet high and covers 2 furrows of manure, potatoes or seed at one passage. Designed by a practical farmer; fully guaranteed. " A 64=page illustrated farm and garden booK! It's full of valuable information for every farmer and gardener and includes a description of 35 latest-improved tools for all crops. Send postal for it today! H S L Allen & Co ^ Box 1106G Philade'ohla F« Write for name of nearest agency FREE! It is understood that a new canning fac- tory will be erected this season by the Do- minion Canners, Limited, at Jordan Sta- tion. While the unusually severe weather this winter is believed to have done some damape to fruit buds, still it is not believed to have been serious. In the St. Catharines district no damage is reported. Reports from Nor- folk county show that some damage has been done there. British Columbia The trial shipment of apples from Sum- merland, shinned to the firm of Messrs Garcia, Jacobs and Co., London, hux Leen reported on very much to the satisfaction of the shipper. Mr. C. J. Thomson. So de- lighted were the brokers that they imme- diately stated that they could handle ten thousand boxes of such apples each day of the fruit soa.son and could do this without spending a penny in advertising, depending wholly on the apples themselves to win their way in the London market. Messrs Garcia, Jacobs and Co. report that they would rather handle British Columbia fruit than any other apples, and that we can easily capture that market. In packing our apples for that particular market this firm states that better restilts would be obtained by lining the boxes with corrugated paper and placing cardboard between each layer of apples. Notwithstanding the fact that the Christ- mas trade had been supplied before the ar- rival of this shipment, the prices realized were very satisfactory. Had the shipment arrived three weeks earlier even better prices would have been paid. The following is a list of the varieties shipped and the prices realized by each : Spitzenberg, 14s to 14s 6d; Newtown Pippin. 14s to 14s 6d ; Winter Banana, 15s; Wagener, 10s to 14s; Northern Spy, 9s to 9s 6d. These prices show the varieties most desired. One of the first cherry fairs ever held in Canada is to be conducted at Kaslo the lat- ter part of next July. The competition will be open to all fruit districts, and it is ex- pected that thousands of boxes and bottles of cherries will be shown. It will be held under the auspices of the Kaslo Fruit Grow- ers' Association. Our British Columbia fruit growers^ ex- nect to meet with even keener competition in the \irairie markets during the coming season than hitherto as the result of the formation of an exchange for the handling and marketing of the fruit of all the affiliat- ed associations of the Pacific North-We.st States, including the Hood River, Rogue River and Yakama sections, the exchange being based on the California plan. It is expected that this exchange will handle soinething over eight thousand cars of fruit during the season, or more than half of the cron of the Pacific north-west. In due time n similar exchange will have to be formed in British Columbia. Mr. Mitchell's Spy Tree So manv readers of Tttb C\y\m\s Horti- CTJLTTTRTST havo asked Mr. George Mitchell of Clarksburg for further information about the twelve-year-old spy tree of his that was illustrated in the Januarv number of The Can.*dt.\n HoRTicuLTtTRiST and which last fall produced five barrels and one bu.shel of annles. ninetv to ninety-five per cent, of which were number one and all highlv colored, Mr. Mitchell has written us eiyinc: further information about it. Mr. Mitch- ell writes as follows : The Canadian Horticulturi^ Vol. XXXV APRIL, 1912 No. Small Fruits in the Orchard T. G THE growing of small fruits in the orchard is a question much discuss- ed by fruit growers who desire to get a return from their land occupied by an orchard, before that orchard will return a dividend to them. In the case of a peach orchard it is at least the third year, in most cases the fourth year, and in some the fifth year, before a return is given above the outlay for that year. In the apple .orchard it is proportionately longer. The age at which any fruit tree comes into profitable bearing depends first on the years it requires to bring it into bearing, which varies considerably among the different classes of fruit, and also among the varieties, and second on the care and treatment which has been given to the trees. We find that a per- iod of from three to eight, and in some cases more years, may elapse before we can expect to get a profit from the or- chard. It, therefore, becomes desirous to many fruit growers to endeavor to get a return from this land set to orchard during the interval required by the or- chard to come into profitable bearing. This return may be secured by planting small fruits or some other crop between the tree rows. I^t me here say that it is the practice among some of the best orchardists of this country, but more particularly of the country to the south of us, to leave the land planted to fruit trees entirely de- voted to the trees so planted. The rea- sons for this are these: that when the orchard is not inter-planted with small fruits or other crops the orchard may be given the very best care and treatment, which usually is not, and cannot readily be given in an orchard inter-planted. The orchard, by the better care and treat- ment thus given, can be brought into bearing earlier, and will be a more pro- fitable orchard in every way. Thus the greater returns from the orchard in the end will, in most cases, more than offset the returns that might have been obtain- ed by the intercropping. No matter what is planted as an intercrop, it will take from the land much of its fertility and will not leave it in as good a condi- tion as it might otherwise be in. On the other hand, some men will give better care to an orchard so inter-planted, as the second crop will require the attention that might not otherwise be given if Bunting, B.S.A., Experimental Farm, Ottawa there was not some revenue coming in from the land. DO NOT CROWD THE TREES In interplanting an orchard great care should be taken not to crowd the grow- Blossoma off, Calyces Open, Ready to Spray WTien spraying to prevent the ravages of the codling moth, the object should he to deposit poison inside the calyx, which, as the ai>ple grows, closes and forms the "blossom" of the mature apple. This poison catches the codling worm as it starts to eat its way into the apple. It is important to malce the spray application at the stage of the blossom as here shown, other- wise the application will be useless in combat- ting the codling moth. ing trees. It should be remembered that the trees at the close of the season will be much larger than they were at the beginning, and what may seem sufficient room for them early in the spring, before growth begins, may leave them later in the summer badly crowded and interfer- ing with the other crop. The first year at least four feet on all sides of the trees should be left clear and . where small fruits are planted a greater distance should be left ; for strawberries five feet, raspberries and bush fruits, six to eight feet or more. Of the small fruits which are very of- ten planted in the orchard, the straw- berry is one of the best to plant, because they seldom occupy the land for more than three years and usually for only two years ; and after that, unless the trees are slow growing or very far apart it is well to leave the land to the trees. In plant- ing strawberries, if the tree rows are from eighteen to twenty feet apart, three rows of strawberries can be planted be- tween the tree rows, leaving the rows of strawberries four feet apart and five to six feet from the tree row. Some grow- ers will crowd in four rows when the trees are the above distance apart, and then very often the trees will suffer, es- I>ecially the second year, from giving the berries the proper cultivation and in har- vesting the crop, so that the fourth row would be much better if left out. If the strawberry plantation is left for a sec- ond crop in the third year, it will require quite a lot of cultivation late in the sea- son of the second year, and during this time there should be very little cultivation given close to the trees as it may cause the trees to continue to grow late in the season. OTHER SMALL FRUITS Where currants or gooseberries are grown, two rows are sufficient to plant between the tree rows, when the tree rows are from eighteen to twenty feet apart, as these bush fruits will occupy the land for a considerable time, and do not give much return before the third season. Thus, if a third or fourth row is planted, by the time they are in bear- ing, the trees will be encroaching on them, and both will suffer. Some bushes can be planted, in the tree rows but here as elsewhere the trees should be the first consideration. Where raspberries or blackberries are grown, only one row can be recommend- ed to be planted where the trees are the former distance, eighteen to twenty feet apart. Many growers will plant more, and crowd the trees, when interplanting, but if they will consider what the orchard and bush fruits will be like in a few years in the future they would allow plenty of room for their trees, as they are to be the main crop and give the chief reward for the money and effort ex- pended. Another thing too often neglected is the removal of the bush fruits as soon as the space is required by the trees. It is a mistake to leave the bush fruits in the 86 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1912 'SJ^J^, should never lose sight of the fact that his orchard is the chief consideration and that the small fruit is only of secondary importance. An Out-of-Date Method of Pruning, Well Demon»»rated Nowflxiava oroEressive orchardist« aim to have their trees low-headed, in which ca«e much labor is iL JlSifn nrJnfnV sDraying and in harvesting the fruit, and there is not the same Iobb from wind- S7lfa^with the otdtfmehfgh headed, high-trimmed tree«. Except for the method of pruning being falU aa witn ^''\°{^^^\-^ „m,g orchard shows that it is receiving good care. orchard after the trees require the land. I have seen orchards where the limbs have been meeting in the centre and un- derneath the branches in the shade were to be found raspberries growing for the purpose of producing a crop, and a rev- enue. The raspberries prevented an economical and proper management of the orchard, consequently the orchard suffered, and besides the raspberries could not possibly be returning much of a crop from the manner and circum- stances in which they were growing. In the orchard that is intercropped there is a double demand on the fertility of the soil. Provision must be made for this in the way of fertilizers, of which barnyard manure is the most satisfactory. Cover crops can not be readily resorted to where small fruits are grown; conse- quently it is more difficult, and in fact almost impossible, to keep the land in the best physical condition. After the small fruits have been removed from the orchard, it is very desirable to grow, as soon as possible, some cover crop, clov- ers and vetches being among the best, in order that it may be incorporated in the soil. Of course if the land has been well fertilized with barnyard manure, it may not need the cover crop. CULTIVATION Early and frequent cultivation is nec- «"ssary, chiefly to conserve the soil mois- ture. If frequent cultivation is not giv- en early in the season and there should be a scarcity of rainfall, as there usually is at the time when it is most needed, the small fruits will suffer considerably at fruiting time and the trees cannot be expected to do their best. Cultivation should begin before the first of May, and usually as early as possible. There is no fear of giving the orchard and small fruits too much cultivation during May and June, as this is the time when the orchard is making the greater part of its growth. In summing up, would say that if it is thought desirable to interplant in the orchard with a view of making the land profitable while the trees are coming into bearing, small fruits can be grown with satisfaction, and in some cases they may induce the fruit grower to take better care of his orchard. The fruit grower Spring Cultivation Grant S. Peart, Burlington, Ont. The scientist tells us that plant food in the soil must be in solution before it can be utilized by the plant. It is necessary, therefore, that the soils of our orchards shall be kept in a moist condition dur- ing the growing season if we expect to get suflicient wood growth and good- sized fruit. In many parts of Ontario the growers have to contend with a month or more of drought during the growing season, and at this time they cannot afford to let the fruit and trees stop growing. The value of conserva- tion of moisture, to offset the dry wea- ther, thus becomes important. ' The fact that thorough cultivation tends to con- serve soil moisture constitutes one of the first principles in horticultural work. Many of our Ontario growers do culti- vate their orchards, but some commence this op)eration too late in the season to produce any beneficial effects. It is not uncommon to observe orchards with heavy clay soils being worked during July, for the first time that season. These orchards are generally dried out before they are plowed, so that the ground turns up very lumpy and rough. When in this condition it is with great difficulty that the lumps can be reduced sufficiently to obtain the desired mellow mulch. A light dressing of nitrate in the spring has been found of assistance to fruit trees at the time of setting the fruit. A Well Kept old Orchard That was Neglected When Young Notice that several of the trees have been allowed t^ develop from sprouts or suckers and that no care has been taken whatever to direct the growth or snape. April, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 87 I A Lesion in Pruning. — An Old Apple Tree That Still Hb< Too Much Wood Care of the Peach Orchard* F. M. Clement, Dutton, Ont. THREE things I would insist on from the first are the following : That the tree has life. Its growth and development then depends on the atten- tion and care you give it. Second, be sure that food is taken in a soluble form, which means that the grower must prepare the food for the tree ; and lastly, remember that the cheapest way of supplying fertilizer is by careful cultivation. Tihe meaning of the word manure is the same as to manoeuvre or to work by hand. The Greeks realized that if they cultivated the land very carefully the crop was increased. In other words, careful cultivation makes available the plant food or makes it soluble so that it can be used by the tree. The import- ance of thorough cultivation during the early spring weeks cannot be too strong- ly emphasized; at this time the tree is carrying its load of fruit, producing new wood and forming in embryo the tiny fruit and leaf buds for the next season's crop. That is the critical time in the life of the tree. A single cultivation in June is worth two or three in July. CHECKlNa GROWTH It is just as important to check growth in early August as it is to produce it in May and June. Many trees through- out Ontario were severely injured last winter because of late cultivation or stirring the soil when digging the pota- toes or roots from between the rows. This started new growth, which was not sufficiently hardy to stand the winter. A young orchard at Sparta was severely injured last winter because of this. The grower is one of the best, if not the best, in the county, but because he cul- tivated a little too late about one-sixth of his trees were injured or killed, and I understand that Mr. Johnson, of Forest, had a large number of trees injured be- cause of cultivating or stirring the soil a little late in the season. If the trees are not too heavily laden, sow cover crop in early July. This will tend to check the growth and to ripen the wood and buds. FERTIIilZING Our best men also differ in their me- thods of fertilizing their orchards. Here again we have the two extremes of little or no fertilizer, to a large amount of fertilizer applied each year. One pro- minent grower whom I know does not use any farmyard manure. He depends on thorough cultivation. He claims that humus or a good cover crop such as clover plowed under and carefully culti- vated will give all that the trees on a loam or sand loam require, and his re- sults seem to bear out his theory, as ihe has produced good crops for six or seven years without using farmyard manure or commercial fertilizer. Another grower whom I know, uses a limited amount of farmyard manure each year, and in the early summer applies along with it about seventy-five pounds of potash and two hundred pounds of bonemeal per acre. He also is getting excellent results, and I understand that he has not missed a crop in the last four or five years. What appears to me to be the ideal method is to cultivate t!horoughly up to the first or middle of July and then sow a crop of clover, vetch or rye or a mix- ture of them to be plowed under early in the following spring or when the rye is about eighteen inches high. Com- mercial fertilizer of bonemeal and po- tash, about two to one, applied at the rate of about two hundred and fifty pounds to the acre, along with this should return to the soil all and more than the crops are removing from year As yet very few growers have the courage to thin the fruit. They cannot bear to see large quantities of fruit pull- ed off and thrown on to the ground and consequently as yet few of the growers are thinning systematically. A large number practice it a little, but it cannot be said that it is a regular feature of ordhard practice. To my mind it is just as important as cultivation and manur- ing because we lose the value of our early labor by not continuing the good work a little farther and removing some of the fruit that is tending to break down the tree. In a thinning experiment conducted in the orchard of Mr. Haynes, of St. Cath- \, / ^; )( t -' y "St V'^ /■ i ji^^^^^Krlfv' m^ y^^ ^^^ si^' r mBS^^Baf^l^^^l A ^ ^^^ i --^^kig ^vMbj* ■^ ym ., r.ife^ gg |||i|M gmgi 1 ■ ■ > mn ■>'' -■'■■! ■ .Vyaihik^^B M H 1 ». . - ^oftWAMM^wSJ^^^^BIHiiHI Hi HHI jttm hxrtact from a paper read at the laat an- nual convention of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. The Same Tree After Pruning had Been Completed (Both Photos by F. Brooks, Barrie, Ont.) 88 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1912 An Up-to-Date Power Sprayer Well Adapted for Use in Old Orchards g=» a. ines, last summer the trees thinned fr)m three to five inches produced five hundred and fifty pounds of fruit, while those that were unthinned produced five hundred and fifty-five pounds, but in the latter case there were six thousand peaches and in the former only a little over three thousand ; or in other words, the peaches from the trees that had been thinned were almost twice the size of the others. From the trees that were thin- ned from five to seven inches, we ob- tained four hundred and forty-six pounds of Iruit, but they were all exceptionally large and of excellent quality. No safe distance to thin can be recom- mended, but in no case should two peaches be allowed to touch each other unless they are on opposite sides of a fairly large twig. They color and ma- ture mudh better if they do not touch each other. When thinning fruit a man must use his own judgment. If he is in doubt whether the fruit should be taken off or not, he should take it off, because in nearly every case when the trees ap- pear with only half a crop in the early season, later, wlhen the fruit is large and more developed, the trees have all that they can bear. What Tests ofComtnercial Fertilizers Have Sho^vn Professor R. Harcourt, O.A.C., Guelph, Oat. (Continued from March issue) IT may be stated in a general way, that nitrogen forces leaf and stem growth and tends to delay the ripening process. Phosphoric acid aids in the formation and transportation within the plant of the protein and hastens matur- ity, while potash appears to be essen- tial to the formation and transportation of starches, sugars, and so forth. With many of the crops of the market gar- dener, especially those sold in the im- mature state, quality is dependent upon, or measured by, both appearance and palatability : Palatability is determined by the succulence and sweetness of the vegetable, or by its freedom from bitter- ness, stringiness and other undesirable characteristics which frequently exist. These can be largely eliminated by pro- viding an abundance of food for a con- tinuous and rapid development of the plant. Any delay in the growth of a radish or of lettuce is largely responsible for the sharp taste and pungent flavor of the former, and the bitterness and toughened fibre of the latter. For crops of this nature a generous supply of po- tash and phosphoric acid is essential, but nitrogen is the constituent which should predominate. WHEN TO USE NITROGEN When plants must be allowed to ma- ture, as with the tomato, corn, potato, sugar beets, and so forth, a soluble form of nitrogen, as nitrate of soda, may be used early in the season to insure a good start, but it should be withheld during the latter stages of growth in order that the mineral constituents may have a chance to bring on maturity. Big fleshy leaved plants, such as cab- bage, cauliflower, and tobacco, require large quantities of potash. This is also true of such crops as potatoes, mangels, parsnips, and so forth, which store starch or some other form of carbohy- drate in the tubers or roots of the plants. Just as plants differ in their food re- quirements they also differ in their ability to gather their food. This appears to be due, not only to the time of the year they make most of their growth, the length of the growing period and the depth and range of the roots; but, al.so, to differences in the ability of various plants to attack certain soil constituents. Consequently, a man must study his soil and crops to become familiar with the peculiarities of each and seek to pro- vide in the form of commercial fertilizers that which the particular plant he is dealing with stands in most need. It is because this has not been done that so many people have failed to obtain results from the application of fertilizers. EXPERIMENT FIRST To become familiar with the needs of the soil, the requirements of the crops, and, at the same time, learn something about the influence of the various con- stituents of plant food on the crops he wishes to grow, it is advisable for the beginner to do some experimenting be- fore he invests heavily in expensive fer- tilizers. Such an experiment may be made on the vegetables with compara- tively small plots, say one-twentieth of an acre, or even smaller, but, where space will allow of it, larger plots are better. The arrangement may be as follows : Plot I. Check. Plot II. Nitrate of Boda at rate of 200 Ibe. per acre Superphosphate at rate of 600 lbs. per acre Muriate ol potash at rate of 200 lbs. per acre Plot III. Nitrate of soda at rate of 200 lbs. per acre Superphosphate at rate of 500 lbs. per acre Plot IV. Nitrate of soda at rate of 200 lbs. per acre Muriate of potash at rate of 200 lbs. per acre Plot V. Superphoephate at rate of 500 lbs. per acre Muriate of potash at rate of 200 lbs. per acre* Such an experiment shows the effect of the addition of the three main fer- tilizing constituents, nitrogen, phos- phoric acid, and potash, against no fer- tilizer on the check plot, and as on each of the succeeding plots one of the con- stituents is omitted, a chance to note the effect each ingredient has on the crop. Naturally, the exfjeriment must be plac- ed on soil that is uniform and all the plots must receive the same cultivation. The experiment may be made even more simple by applying the mixture suggest- ed for Plot II. above to one plot and nothing on another. However, such an experiment gives no idea as to whether the soil is deficient in any one constitu- ent. This experiment is one that is al- ways to be used where the complete mixed fertilizers are used, for it is the only way that one can demonstrate whe- ther the fertilizer is really doing any good. With reference to the use of fertilizers with fruit crops, we in this country have very little absolute data to quote from. April, iqi2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 89 German investigations show that vege- tables make better use of the constitu- ents of farmyard manure than fruit crops. Experiments carried out at the Diemitz Experiment Station, and at Strassfurt in Germany, seem to clearly indicate that in the case of fruits, and es- pecially with apples, fertilizers contain- ing nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid can be used with profit, and thai potash affects the results more than any other one constituent. On the other hand, stone fruits were more influenced by phosphoric acid and nitrogen. Recently considerable prominence has been given to the fact that apples may be successfully grown without the use of any manure. Some form of cover crop is essential to the proper cultiva- tion of orchards, and obviously it is to the advantage of the owner to grow a crop that will gather nitrogen from the practically limitless supply in the atmos- phere. It is possible that under many soil conditions enough of this expensive element may be gathered in this way. And, further, as the roots of the apple tree extend deeply and over a wide area and the tree has nearly the full season to mature its fruit, it may be able 1 ■ gather all the food required. However, soil conditions vary so widely that it 's impossible to draw definite conclusions frorh one experiment. Many fruit grow- ers will bear out the statement that man- ures have increased their crop. Last year we placed a number of fertilizer experi- ments on apple and peach orchards, which we hope to continue for some years in order that we may procure re- liable results. In 1908 the writer visited a German Provincial Fruit Experiment Station at Diemitz, near Halle, Germany, where an apple orchard had been under experi- ment for sixteen years. The orchard re- ceived a small amount of stable man- ure and good cultivation. The illustra- tions in the March number, pages 59 and 60, indicate fairly well the marked effect of the fertilizers. Many of the small fruits respond read- ily to an increased supply of plant food applied in the form of fertilizers and they are comp^iratively easily experimented with. In closing let me urge those who are inclined to use fertilizers to experiment in a small way before applying these materials freely. Further, do not expect them to take the place of cultivation ; nothing can do that, for it is only when the good . cultivation is given that the soil is in a condition to allow the plant to make the best use of the plant food available. The ideal location for geraniums is a light sunny house with a temperature of forty-five to fifty degrees at night. Spring Planting Wm. Hunt, O.A. C, Guelph, Ont. The months of April and May and the early part of June are busy times in the flower garden. The pruning, trimming, and the clearing up of all garden rub- bish should be all finished and the ground dug and prepared for planting opera- tions by the middle of April, if at all possible. The earlier rose bushes, shrubs, and trees are planted now the better. Most of the hardier kinds are best planted as early in April as possible. Where the plants have been lifted earlier, and heel- ed in temporarily, it is not too late to plant them during May. Always try and plant just before a showery time if possible. Never plant trees in heavy soil when the ground is very muddy and sticky. It is better to wait a day or two for the soil to dry a little. In sandy or very light, well drained loamy soil, this matter is not of so much importance. PREPARATIONS FOR PLANTING Dig the ground well first. If barnyard manure is dug in now it should be well rotted. A spading or digging fork is the best implement for digging the ground whether in the spring or fall. The ground is easier worked and pul- verized than with a spade, unless the ground is of a very sandy nature. If manure is dug into the ground now, dig it in so that it does not come into direct contact with the roots of the tree or plant. After digging, the surface of the ground should be roughly graded so as to get it of the proper contour or shape, whether quite level or rounding on the surface. Raking the surface very fine is not necessary or desirable when plant- ing trees, shrubs, or bushes. When the ground is properly prepar- ed put a stake where each plant is to be set. In placing the stakes make sure that you are giving each plant the amount of room it will require when it reaches maturity. Try and picture to yourself what the plant or plants will look like when they have reached ma- turity, then set the stakes accordingly. For roses and shrubs, the extreme height the plant will grow to is a fairly good guide for the distance apart they are to be set. Take, for instance, the average height of a well cared for rose bush as being from two to three feet : About three feet is the proper dis- tance apart to set these. Climbing roses will grow sometimes fifteen or twenty feet in length from the roots. Ten to fifteen feet apart is a very good distance for these, as they can be pruned in often- times to suit the space they are to oc- cupy. Give the bush type of rose an open, sunny position. In planting climb- ing roses, do not plant them close to a building or fence, especially on the south side. This is the position often selected for climbing roses and tender climbers generally, but it is a huge mistake. One has only to stop and think of the condi- tions that exist during the winter and early spring on a building or fence fac- ing directly south. In the day time, on sunny days, the thermometer will regis- ter away up into the eighties on the wall of a building. At night possibly the temperature will fall to ten or twelve degrees above zero, thus roasting the plant in the day time and freezing it at night. The conditions mentioned are the most trying out of door conditions it is possible to give plants. There is also another objection to a direct southerly iir ^*'*ipnH| ''L,iAi^ f^ Early Tulip Bed in Major Hill Park, Ottawa go THE CANADIAN HORTTCU LTU-R T ST April, 1912 Tulips with a Background of Kerns These tulips, in the garden of Mr. F. H. Whitton, of Hamilton, were imported from Holland. With their background of ferns they present a most pleasing appearance. They are planted with a northern expoeure. aspect for climbing ro.ses. The intense iieat in summer not only bleaches and spoils the roses quickly, but the concen- traltJ heat induces the attacks of all kinds of insect pests that are so com- mon t-. climbing; roses and many other climbers in summer. An east or north- east a.«pect, oj even a direct northerly aspect is better than a direct south as- f«xt for climbing roses. Avoid planting too close up to a fence or building in any case. The growth of the plant should be at lenTf a few inches from the build- ing or fence to allow of a free circula- tion of air, and to permit of spraying being done, .so that all parts of the foli- age can be reached whether sprayed with insecticides or with water. It is best to plant what are to Ije the permaiiefit occupants of the ground first. Then fill in the spaces with more tempo- rary or inexpensive plants that can be cut or rooted out afterward, as the more per- manent plants fill in the spaces. This is a far better plan than planting too thick- ly at first with expensive plants, that have to be thinned out when they are ju.st beginning to improve and beautify their surroundings. HOW TO PLANT .See that the roots of the plant are in the proper condition for planting. Any broken or badly bruised roots should be cut off at the point of injury. Any un- duly long thick roots, or the tap root, should be shortened a little, probably one-third of their length. All the small fibry roots possible should be left on the plant untouched. These last-named are the life-giving roots of the plant. Un- less the top growth is very dense or overgrown, it will be best taken off after the bush is planted. Dig the hole the plant is to be set in deep and large enough to give the roots plenty of space. Loosen the soil well below where the roots are to go before planting. Set the bush in position, mak- ing sure that it is upright and set in the profMjr depth. As a rule the plant should be set an inch or two deeper than when growing in the nursery grounds. The surface mark of the soil can usually be .seen on most plants, .^void planting too deeply. The roots, however, must be deep enough to ensure the stability of the plant. When the plant is set properly in place commence filling in with the finest soil nrocurable around the roots of the plant. I have found a sprinkling of fine sand splendid material for inducing root ac- tion. There is no better material than sand or sandy soil for inducing root ac- tion in any plant or bulb. Never put fertilizers of any kind in direct contact with the roots of newly set plants. Fill ■ n the soil after starting evenly and pack it firmly so as to leave no air spaces around the roots. The soil should be tramped or pounded very firmly for rose bushes. About an inch of loose soil should be left on the surface to retain and con.serve the moisture, ^^'hen filling in the soil the bush can l>e pulled up slightly if found to be set too deep. Unless the weather is very dry in .spring, dormant bushes seldom require water at the roots. Care should be taken not to give newly set trees too much water at the roots. A .soddened condi- tion of the soil is often very detrimental lo newly planted bushes and trees. TOP PRT^NING After the bush or shrub is set the top sl^ould be pruned. In the case of rose b"shes fully one-third of the length of t'^.e top growth should be removed. Oftentimes nearly two-thirds of the length of each large cane or shoot would be better taken off. It is a mistake to leave too much of the top growth on with the idea of getting a big rose bush quick- ly. Too often it means a dead ro.se bush quickly, or at least a very weak sickly looking specimen for some time. About ^i\ or eight inches of the base of the last sea.son's growth in length is usually ample young growth to leave on a newly planted rose bush. .All the very small weakly shoots should be removed to their base . The young canes of climbing roses should not I>e so severely pruned. These can, however, be pruned back fully one- half of their length. The very small weakly shoots should also be removed. In pruning the tops of newly set bushes or shrubs it should Ix- remember- ed that the roots of the plants have al- ready probably undergone severe prun- ing, and it is absolutely necessary for the wellbeing of the bush that a correspond- ing quantity of the top must be removed to balance and equalize somewhat the conditions. Better an excess of roots in proportion to the top than an excess of top growth out of all proportion to the root system. An excess of roots will produce plenty of good healthy top growth in quick order, but an excess of top growth means a weak, sickly, or perhaps a dead specimen before the -sea- .son is over. ROSE V.\RIETIE8 The following are twelve good hardy hybrid perpetual roses : Frau Karl Dru.scbki, white; Clio, white-tinged pink : General Jacqueminot, scarlet crim- son ; Prince Camille de Rohan, crimson maroon; Jubilee, very dark crimson; Du- puy Jamain, bright cerise red ; Jules Margottin, cherry red; Magna Charta, rose red ; Ulrich Brunner, cherry red ; .Anna de Deisbach, silver pink ; Mrs. John I-aing, bright pink ; John Hopper, pink, reverse of petals silvery. Four good moss roses (bush) are : Blanche Morean, white ; Comtesse de Murianais, white : Crested Moss, rosy pink ; Laneii, rosy crimson. Four nice climbing roses are : Dorothy Perkins, silvery pink ; Crimson Rambler, reddish crimson ; Lady Gay, pink ; Queen .Alexandra, pink. Some good Rugosa or Japanese roses include : Blance Double de Coubert, double white; Conrad F. Meyer, pink; Sir Thos. Lipton, white ; Rubra, deep rose red. The Rugosa roses make a good lawn hedge, or are suitable for planting in shubl>eries. Polyanth and small flowering roses in- clude : Clotilde Soupert, white shaded pink ; Baby Rambler, reddish crimson ; Yellow Souf)ert, yellow ; Hermosa, a Bourbon rose, very hardy and free flowering. The main rules to observe in planting all kinds of bushes or trees are very much the same. One very important point is to never allow the roots of any plant to lie exposed to the sun and air any longer than is absolutely necessary. Canadian Gardens — An Amateur's Garden Worth While FLOWER growing is not so diffi- cult as some people seem to think though to have flowers grow and give forth their best bloom, you must watch over them, work hard amongst them, nurse, and last but not least, love them. If you do these you will be am- ply rewarded by an abundance of bloom during the months from May to the end of November. In our garden we try to have constant bloom so that when one variety dies The Backyard before the Garden was Started down another is ready to take its place. In this we have succeeded beyond our ex- pectation. As, however, our garden has only been in existence for six years, it is only now commencing to show what it really can do. It is a city lot, forty-five by two hundred and twenty-five feet, and is laid out according to the following plan : R. S. Rose, Peterborough,' Ont. ARTICLE No. 4. One. — Lilacs, common. . Two.- — Shubbery, consisting of Persian lilacs, purple and white ; Tartarian honey- suckle, white and pink ; Indian currant, spirae van Houttei ; syringa, mock orange, weigelia rosea, snowball and meadow sweet. This shrubbery is about thirty feet long by three and a half feet wide. We do not attempt to grow any annuals around the shrubs as we want them to' have lots of room to spread themselves. They bloom from early spring to midsummer. Three, is our long perennial flower bed. It is about one hundred and fifty feet long by four and a half feet wide. At the back it is lined with phlox, including such kinds as Bacchante, Bridesmaid, Henry Munger, Jules Cambon, Selvia, Von Hochberg, Couquelicot, Richard Wallace,, Mercier, Paul Kruger, Pantheon, Eliza- beth Campbell, Edmund Rosland, Mr. Jenkins, and others. In all there are thirty-six different varieties blooming in a mass of different colors, from the mid- dle of June until frost. With these are the Scarlet Likners, perennial sunflower (Golden Wave), Val- eriana, or the hardy garden heliotrope, soronicum, (this should have a place in all gardens), and three varieties of Del- phinium. The last bloom before the phlox and continue to bloom with them. In front of these we sow our annuals, namely. Coreopsis, Calendula, annual snap dragon, Centaurea or Bachelor's Button, Gypsophila,:Love in a Mist, Marvel of Peru (four o'clocks), annual wall flowers, mal- lows, white and pink ; if we have a bare spot, we transplant from our perennial seed bed, where we always have some plants coming on. We act on the prin- ciple that there is always room for one more. We keep our beds as full as pos- sible, so that the earth is not seen, as we find that this retains the moisture best. In this bed I should say that we can al- ways find room for zinnias, stocks, scab- iosa, gaillardia and sweet sultan. All the annuals are mixed colors. The whole length of the bed is bordered with sweet alyssum (little gem). When this bed is at its best it fairly dazzles the eye in col- oring, being so brilliant, and our great aim is to have its colors blend, so llint one will not kill the other. The Long Bed Showing Some of the Phlox Four is a clump of Assyrian poppy, a perennial. This poppy is very large and extremely hardy. In color it is a deep blood red. The root was sent us by a friend straight from Assyria about eight years ago. Number five, is a high bank with stone facing in front. This bank is lined with II The Plan of Mr. Rote's Garden, for a Description of which Read the Article on This Page. 9t 92 THE CANADIAN HORTICUL TURIST April, 1912 mixed hollyhocks, golden glow and gold- en treasure. In front of these are Can- terbury bells, mixed colors, then coreop- sis lanceolate, Snow in Summer, Dian- thus Plumaris, annual larkspur, sweet rocket, pentstemon, platycodon pyre- thum, veronica, Iceland poppies in clumps here and there in both beds, and any an- nual or perennial we may have to fill in. The whole bed is bordered with mixed dwarf nasturtiums. This bed is forty- five feet long by six feet wide. Six.— Paths. .Seven. — Large Giant Syringa. Eight. — Rockery. Nine. — Paeonies. Ten. — Geranium bed, bordered by for- get-me-nots, shasta and the blue daisy (agathea.) Eleven. — IJly bed, bordered by nar- cissus Poeticus, back of these are day lilies, both white and blue; orange, tiger and sweet scented yellow lilies, Span- ish, German, Japan and English iris, and the common blue flag. The whole bed is simply carpeted with violets, white, wine, and deep blue English, the common yel- low and the deep blue double Russian, not to forget the California violet, of which there are a few clumps. This bed throws out a most delightful perfume in the early spring. The bed is siuated at the foot of a raised lawn. Twelve. — Clothes lawn raised so as to form protection to the lily bed. Thirteen. — Sunken lawn. Fourteen. — Wild flower garden, and the leavings of all seeds that are left over. Fifteen. — Well shaded by trees that the sun filters through, makes a splendid pansy bed. It is just one mat of pansies, as all kinds from the Giant to the Viola or tufted pansy, bloom here. The color- ing is simply gorgeous, ranging from white to a deep purple. In fact it has all colors that pansies are noted for. Both sides of the bed are bordered by a deep band of lilies of the valley, and at the back by narcissus. Sixteen. — Perennial seed bed. Seventeen. — Rowan and elm trees. Eighteen. — WeJl with pump. Beds fourteen, fifteen and sixteen are all bor- dered at the back by columbines of dif- ferent varieties. Nineteen. — Rose bed. We have a var- iety of roses, most of them being the hardy hybrid perpetuals, such as Anna De Diesback, Baron de Bonstettin, Frou Karl Druschki, General Jacqueminot, Mrs. John Lang, Paul Neyron, Prince Camille de Rohan, Margaret Dickson, Soliel D'or, Harrison's Yellow, Madam Plantier, and others which bloom from June till late in the fall. We have had bloom in November. Through the bed are large clumps of English and Russian Violets, alternating with clumps of pan- sies. This bed is thirty by ten feet. Twenty. — Back of our rose bed runs our sweet pea trellis, thirty feet long, and eight feet in height, made of wire mesh. Sweet peas are sown on both sides and bordered by dwarf nasturtiums or any good plant that would shade the stocks from the sun, and also keep in the moisture, which we find necessary. We have had them grow so tall that we have had to use a step ladder to cut the top blossoms. Keep them cleaned, do not let them go to seed, and you will have a much finer bloom. Twenty-one. — On each side of the path behind the sweet pea hedge, we have what we call our pick and come again beds. There are asters, of which we have eight or nine varieties. The best ones we find are Queen of the Market, Giant branching, Hohenzollern, Day- break Comet, Truffaut's Paeony, and any annuals we care about, including always a wide band of that dear old flower, mig- nonette. This is edged by a row of bal- sams, four feet deep. These make a good hedge to tell where our vegetables commence. Twenty-two. — -Rhubarb. Twenty-three. — Tomatoes. Twenty-four. — All kinds of small vege- tables. We do not attempt potatoes. Twenty-five.- — Herbs. In this bed we grow such as are required for the house, namely, lavender, lemon thyme, thyme, broadleaf sage, winter and summer sav- ory, sweet marjoram, horehound and tan- ogon. The top of the bed is bordered by parsley and the side next to bed three is bordered by chives which run down by the vegetable beds. Twenty-six. — We use this space for our hot and cold frames and when they are removed the space is used for a relay of small vegetables. Twenty-seven. — Are red currants, al- ternating with gooseberry bushes. Be- tween these bushes we have a band a foot wide fo the common field poppies, mixed with Shirley poppy. Twenty*-eight — Dump bf grass clip- pings and garden refuse. This is hidden from view by large Russian sunflowers. Twenty-nine. — Black currants, eight varieties. Scarlet runners are trained over the fence behind the bushes. Thirty. — Blush roses and Penzance briars (sweet briar). In front of these are Sweet William in all colors and great variety. Thirty-one. — This bed we are only starting. It is well shaded by elm trees, so we are putting in flowers that love the shade, such as foxglove, monkshood, col- umbines, and others that we may think of later and which we are growing in our seed bed. Thirty-two. — Driveway. The fence back of thirty-one and thirty-two is covered with the common morning glory. Thirty-three. At the point of bed four- teen we have a large bush of bleeding heart. Thirty-four. — Extension kitchen of house covered with Virginia creeper. We do not grow any flowers in the front, only climbing vines to cover the veranda, as the Crimson Rambler, and Dorothy Perkins climbing rose, and Woodbine honeysuckle. We prefer to have our garden at the back, where we can work amongst them without being in full view of the street. Our sunken lawn is well shaded by trees and makes a cool and comfortable lounging place on a hot summer's afternoon. Useful Garden Implement W. J. Jailice, Barrie, Out. ---a^iN.- .An implement that I have found very useful in my garden is the little weeder here illustrated. It was made as follows : — The blade was cut with a cold chi.sel from a cast away hoe blade, and the cutting face filed to an edge. The stem was rivetted on by a blacksmith. It could be put on by any one having a breast drill. This tool is exceed- ingly handy for close work about plants of any kind as it can be used in either hand. With a little practice one could be used in each hand. It is es- pecially good for weeding beans and Dutch set onions. Sweet Pea Culture W. T. MicoiiB, C.E.F., Ottawa An easily worked clay loam is the best kind of soil for sweet peas. It is usu- ally a moist cool soil and fairly rich in potash and phosphoric acid. With the addition of well-rotted barnyard manure thoroughly incorporated with it, it should be sufficiently rich to grow very good sweet peas. Sweet peas are liable to run too much to vine if planted in clay loam and heavily manured, hence, as stated before, only moderate fertilizing is nec- essary or desirable. I have had good results in growing sweet peas in light sandy loam soil with a moderate dressing of manure, but if the season were a hot dry one the results would not be so good. If there is no soil available except a sandy loam the sur- face should be kept heavily mulched for eighteen inches on each side of the row with the lawn clippings during the sum- mer or better still with short manure, on top of which may be put the lawn clip- pings for cleanliness. Gardening Suggestions for April WK are generally impatient to get to work in the garden after the long winter, and it is a pleasure to feel once more balmy breezes and to see the tender April skies. This may be termed the preparatory month, when we must put into effect the experience gained last year and picture to our mind's eye beautiful new combinations to be tried from study and past observation. For the sake of continuity, we will divide the operations under three heads, name- ly, the fruit, vegetable and flower garden. r..' Cions and How to Graft Them i Presuming that all pruning was car- ried out in the orchard during March, we have still left to do such work as grafting, which is best done in April. Many gardens having young fruit trees of undesirable sorts, are easily trans- formed into the better kind by the sim- ple operation of grafting. People who desire to have gardens or to do some sim- ple operations, are sometimes frighten- ed by extreme scientific directions from undertaking them. Let me urge them, if they are novices, to make the effort. It simply consists in getting a cion or shoot of last year's growth cut off any time before .second growth starts, and at- taching it in a suitable place on the tree it is wished to alter. This cutting, pre- ferably from three to four inches in length, can be made either by a sloping cut, figure one, or made wedge shape, as figure two. Figure one cion is used as a slip or tongue graft. As a slip graft it is simply put into the end of a branch that has been cut off. The bark is split, as in figure three The cion is pushed down the bark and tied firmly with wax- ed cloth or matting and covered with any medium that will prevent exposure to the air, such as clay or wax. The wedge-shaped cion is pushed into stock cut off and split, care being taken to see that the back edges of the cion and stock meet evenly on one side. I have given these simple directions, becau.se I think fruit growers 'should not tolerate a poor fruit variety any longer than the season it bears and proves worthless. J. McPherson Ross, Toronto, Ont. Then the art of grafting furnishes oppor- tunity also to the grower with limited space to have many desirable fruits for consumption by securing two or more varieties from one tree. After care of the graft consists in rub- bing oft' any sprouts that usually shoot from the branch below the graft, as if allowed to grow they would rob the graft of sap. Any system or form of grafting may be tried which convenience may sug- gest. This applies equally to all fruits. Commence first with plums or cherries, early in April, and finish up with apples and pears. These I have often grafted when the tree was almost in leaf, during the latter part of May. Garden books of all kinds give full directions in regard to grafting. I only draw attention to it here that I may urge fruit growers not to let the month go by without attending to it. Last year's growth in the small fruits, such as currants, gooseberries, black- berries and raspberries, should be short- ened, and old barren wood cut out. Dead shoots or canes in raspberries should be removed. Carry away all litter and rub- bish, preparatory to wheeling in good rotted manure to be forked among the bushes. You cannot overdo fertilizing currants and gooseberries as they are gross feeders and to produce fine fruit should be well fed. HAVE A HOT BED The first thing to do in the vegetable garden is to make a hot bed which can be placed in the yard or other place con- venient for observation. An illustration of a simple hot bed is given elsewhere in this issue, and how to make one was described in the March number. A hot bed in a small garden allows you to grow a variety of plants, such as toma- toes, early cabbage and other vegetables, as well as annuals for the flower beds. The Garden of a Working Man where Flower* Reign Supreme The chief flowers srown in this garden, owned by John Henderson, of Hamilton. Ont., were Pcrtnn- ias, Phlox, Drummondi and Karigolds, with a few perennials and shrubs. At the baok is a bed of oannas. —Photo by T. J. Davenport. ..18 94 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIS April, 1912 Those who like mushrooms, and most people do, should get a brick of spawn, break it into pieces, and make holes with a stick in the outside of hot bed, and in- sert a piece of the spawn in the holes. You will be rewarded later with a crop. The ventilation of the bed must be watch- ed in brigfht, sunny weather. Give it air by opening the sashes, closing them when cool, and watch out for sudden dips of the weather. During any such cold spell, cover the glass with loose manure, straw or matting. Dahlia and gladiolus tubers can be started in the hot bed, thus advancing Itheir flowering season, and as spring advances, and use for the hot bed is over, plant some melon plants in it, or cucumbers. When danger of frost is past, store your sashes in a safe place for another season. The old manure of the hot bed comes in fine in the fall for fertilizing perennial beds or bulb borders. In warm or dry locations, sow lettuce, radish and cabbage plants, and as warm weather advances put in peas and vari- ous other vegetables. Fork up the soil nround rhubarb, and in your asparagus bed whiten the soil with salt and fork in the mulch or manure which should be given to this valuable succulent. Though in average seasons I prefer May for sow- ine the ordinary crop of vegetable seeds, still there are sometimes favorable days in April in which to prepare the garden. Never work your soil if at all wet as it is only time lost. It is far better to wait if necessary until June in cold seasons. The average width between rows is about twenty inches, and the usual depth of soil to cover is twice the depth of the diameter of the seed. Coarse seeds as beans and corn can be covered from two to three inches and others from one-half inch to an inch. One rule to observe when sowing seeds is to firm the soil af- ter covering. There is an old saying that the foot is the best gardener. This can be understood when you think that the pressure of the foot brings the seed directly into contact with the soil, exclud- ing the air, and absorbing the immediate moisture. As soon as you have sown the seeds, the weeds appear also. Weeds are a ne- cessary aid to the cultivation of the other crop, as their eradication stirs the soil. This lets in the air and saves the soil moisture, or in other words it waters the ground with the hoe. Be careful when too thick to thin out beets, onions, carrots and parsnips, and when breaks appear to replant with other plants. Every well appointed garden should have an asparagus bed, beside rhubarb and parsley. GROW SOME ASPARAGtrS Asparagus is so easily cultivated and so highly prized it is a very profitable plant for growers. For a small family The Garden of Mr. Ralph C. Wade, Toronto, Ont. Read doscription on this page. a bed thirty by five feet would give plen- ty of stalks. Some persons go to great trouble to prepare one. If such a bed is to be permanent the result justifies their care. Select a well drained situation. Dig out the soil to a depth of at least twenty inches. Into this trench fill in six inches of rich manure, offal, bones and other rank fertilizer or litter which, if it does not decay immediately serves for drainage, and cover over with good soil, rotten sod, and so forth. When it is ready, procure two hundred plants of Conover's Colossal or Giant variety. This is suflficient to plant a bed of this size, make three rows, eighteen inches apart, with the plants six inches apart. Dig out each row by the garden line a foot deep. Against the bank place your plant, spreading out the roots evenly, having the pips or crowns three inches below the .soil ; fill in the soil to a level, and tread down firmly. Rake the soil smoothly and place a mulch of two inch manure. Cuttings of currants, grape vines, and so forth, can be made in the early part of April. They should be planted in good soil to the tip of the bud. A vegetable garden should be planted and managed to have a succession of various plants, so that when one crop is used up, as early peas and peans, you can remove them and plant cabbage or celery. Above all provide plenty of manure. Don't be afraid of having too much. Work it in deeply, and you will have sure results. PREPARE FOR FLOWERS Flower beds should be raked up clean, also clean all rubbish off the premises. Divide your phloxes and replant into new soil. Delphiniums, rudbeckias, iris and other quick spreading plants divide and replant. Plant in large groups. Studv out combinations for color effects now so as to have them this summer. April gives you a chance to revise your border with either shrubs or perennials, and to plant out special effects. Now is the time to pay attention to your lawn by fertilizing, sowing fresh seed on bare spots and giving a liberal top dressing of good garden soil. April showers will do the rest after a good rolling to smooth- en upheavals. Do not roll when wet as this packs the soil too closely. If you have not one, make a rose bed. Follow any form you may wish but the simplest is a well shaped oval rounded well up in the centre. Get yo'ur roses and plant early. Late planting is not as successful unless you cut plants hard back. Roses should have young roots, well established, before hot weather sets in. Of course, if plants are in pots you can plant them out any time in sum- mer. A Backyard Garden The garden of Mr. Ralph C. Wade, Toronto, illustrated herewith, demon- strates what can be done in the line of beautifying an ordinary backyard. Mr. Wade may be seen in the illustration. The arch under which he is standing is cov- ered with two crimson ramblers, on either side of which are two grape vines, one a fine Roger and the other a Niagara; then a Syringa. The order of planting next the board fence on the west side, which Mr. Wade has found most satisfactory, is to put dahlias and prince's feather, of the tall variety, next to the fence, then tall pale and dark blue delphiniums, foxgloves and Canterbury bells, then rows of as- ters, both late and early varieties. Next comes a row of Golden Wave Calliopsis and dark blue larkspur mixed. These bloom early as they are planted with the other hardy annuals in the fall when the border is prepared for winter. They April, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 95 serve to hide the asters from view until they are ready to bloom, when the calli- opsis can be removed. The borders are about thirty inches wide and have a board inserted at the edge. A row of parsley is sown about the end of March close to the board edge and makes a most beautiful border of green all summer, being both useful and ornamental. The border on the east has roses, paeonies and hydrangeas of the shorter varieties. The verandah which faces the south is covered with cfematis, Dorothy Perkins rose and Prairie Belle. Flowers and Vegetables Together A. J. Elliott, IT appears to have been the determina- tion of man since all time that flowers and vegetables should be kept strictly separate, as though the one would in some way counteract the usefulness of the other. How often do we see in hor- ticultural papers illustrations of hedges, arches, perystyles and so forth, show- ing where Mr. So-and-So's vegetable garden Ijegins. No one expects to see the plebeian potato, carrot, and so forth, in the magnificent grounds that are open to the public in Canada, the United .States, lingland, and the continent of Europe, and while they are grand and aristocratic as regards lay-out, taste, and expense, still I have thought, while looking at them ,that our own Ontario flowers, individually, are fuller of sun- shine than most of them. But we are apt to be prejudiced. These grand re- sorts, so ably described by Miss Black- lock and Mr. Collins in The Canadian Ayltner Ont. HoRTicuLTiRiST in past numbers have a two-fold effect. Either they spur one on to greater exertion, and consequently success, or else they depress with the thought that it is impossible for a novice to succeed. Most of us have more moderate lands, and we have to cut our coat according to the cloth. Owing to a row of maples annexing all the sunlight in my front, I had to figure out how this old idea of man could be repudiated and leave something acceptable in i/ts place. A certain system vvas evolved, and so far my friends and I seem to be satisfied with the result. I believe it is the right plan for the smaller gardens, and I was pleasantly surprised to see, when in England, the idea was quite common. It is surpris- ing what can be made to grow on a small piece of land adopting the system here shown. This is purely ,as can be LAW F. /Phlox Drummondi, \ / Rose of Sharon, \ / Comet Aster, Gladioli^ Zinnia, Pour 0' clocks. < Asparagus . • • 13 • +» s s Rhiiharb. e 0 0 VP 0 4J t-< • CO H 01- 5^ RaBpberrles. K 5 H i t» • ID on . «0 ail- Currants. 0 -<0 A ri S9 y •0 3)U ♦ • • u % >^u ->» u • 0) w kCC 0 ti 0 rt P* P- w^ ( M A(^ ,0. SD M ; H -M ■n i-H »ri av. a (^ »-^ 04 c Vi 41 cit 0 cK «> V « •H H •H • Onions. P4 0 >-q ft) P H K T Platycodon. Sweet Williams. P J H. Pereni ilal 1 ior der. seen, a mixed garden. Everything that we like in the vegetable line is raised, ;except melons. It will be perceived that there are flower borders around all but the south side, and that the jumbled condition of the two centre ones and the left-hand plot is due to the fact that there is a double crop there all the time- .Suffice it to say that the tulips, jonquils, hyacinths, and so forth are through and out of the way before the other things come on. Try this idea and mark the surprise of your friends who in early spring visit you and find the bulbs out, when they come later will find the same Land carrying splendid crops of vege- tables. Do not forget, however, that there must be rotation of all. The wedge-shaped bed driven into the lawn was very pretty this year. About ten feet back is an asparagus bed, which is allowed to run up after we are tired of it. Then follow, according to size, four o'clocks, zinnias, gladioli, branching asters, phlox Drummondi, and rose of .Sharon, the shortest. When all were in bloom a glorious bank of flowers was the result. Still, it could be made bet- ter by the elimination of the two rows of asters from the fact that all the others were in bloom long before and after the asters blossomed. This year their places will be filled with, say, balsams and stocks. Then, I think, it will be about perfect. The Plan of Mr. Elliott'* Flower and Vegetable Garden. Plants for Shady Places Wm. Hunt, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. {Concliidrd from March isKue) The following lists of perennial and an- nual decorative plants will possibly help to some extent in the matter of the se- lection of plants that are benefited by be- ing given some degree of protection from the heat of the sun. The following is a list of hardy border plants: Aegopodium podograria variegatum (Gout \\'eed), a running rooted plant with silvery white and green foliage, suitable for planting under trees ; .'\coni- tum (Monk's Hood or Wolf's Bane); Acorus (Sweet Flag) ; Ajuga (Bugle Plant), low growing, mostly .creeping plants that like shade and moisture; Al- lum Moly, most of the varieties of dec- orative Alliums like partial shade; An- thericum Liliago (St. Bernard's I-ily), there are .several hardy varieties of the .'\nthoricums suitable for planting in bor- ders ; .\stilbe Japonica (.Spirea Japonica), in the more southern sections of Ontario the several varieties of the Astilbes are very u.seful for planting in moist, shady positions ; Caltha palustris flore pleno (Marsh marigold) ; Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley); Camassia csculenta ; Dahlia, partial shade during the heat of the day, a short distance from the north side of a building desirable ; Diccntra (Dielytra or Bleeding Heart), D. specta- 96 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April 1912 ^ £Spirea Japonica — A Shade Loving Plant bilis ; E. eximia ; D. formosa and the wild D. canadensis (Squirrel corn) succeed best in a partially shaded place ; Epime- dium rubram (Barren Wort), several varieties : Funkia (Plaintain or Day Lily), numerous varieties ; Ferns, all hardy kinds ; Gentiana excisa (Gentian) ; Helle- borous Niger (Christmas Rose) ; Hemer- ocallis (Day Lily) ; Hepatica (Silver Leaf) ; Hibiscus Moschuetos, large flow- ering Mallow, there are several desirable varieties of these ; Iris (Flag). Almost all of the different types of iris succeed best when shaded from very hot sun ; Liliums, all hardy kinds , especially late flowering kinds, like a little shade ; Linaria dalma- tica and L. macedonica ; Lobelia Cardin- alis (Cardinal Flower) ; Lysimachia (Loose-strife), several varieties, espec- ially Lysimachia mumularia (Money- wort), being very useful for planting un- derneath trees ; Lythrum, Purple Loose - strife ; Mentha (Mint) ; Monarda didyma (Bergamot or Oswego Tea ; Nepeta (Cat mint) • Paradisen Liliastrum major (St. Bruno's Lily) ; Podophyllum pelatum (Duck Foot or May Apple) ; Polygona- tum multiflorum (Solomon's Seal) ; Prim- ulas, all of the garden primroses ; Pul- monaria maculate or P. officinalis (Lung- wort) ; Ranunculus acris flore pleno 'Double Buttercup or Batchelor's But- ton) ; Saxifraga crassifolia, thrives well nlanted under trees ; Spirea (Meadow Sweet), all herbaceous spireas succeed best in partial shade ; Thalictrum (Mead- ow Rue), several varieties; Tiarella (Foam Flower or False Mitrewort); Trillium grandiflorum (Wake Robin) ; Trollius (Globe Flower), several varie- ties ; Valeriana alba (Garden Heliotrope) ; Vinca minor (Periwinkle), several varie- ties ; Viola (Violet), all of the garden varieties. ANNUALS BENEFITTED BY SHADE Convolvulus minor (Dwarf Convolvul- us) ; Digitalis (Foxglove) ; Lavatera (An- nual Mallow) ; Lobelia, several varieties Malope grandiora (Large flowering Mallow), Lophospemum scandens, trailing plant ; Maurandya, climber ; Mimulus (Monkey flower) ; Nicotiana affinis and N. sylvestris ; pansies ; Tropaeolum canar- iense (Canary climber). There are very few annuals that re- quire much shade. Almost all are sun- loving plants of some degree of inten- .sity. LAWN PLANTS Almos| all greenhouse plants, espec- ially foliage plants, such as palms, au- cuba, Norfolk Island pine, bay trees, rubber plants, aspidistra, ferns and sim- ilar plants are useful to stand out in shel- tered and shady positions on the lawn in summer time. Not only are the plants useful from a decorative point of view on the lawn, but this treatment is also very beneficial to them. There are a few flowering plants that are also useful for temporary lawn dec- oration in summer for shady positions. Fuchsias, pot hydrangeas, Plumbago capensis, Clivias or Imantophyllums, Agapanthus umbellatum (African Lily), and Japanese lilies are a few of the plants that are very useful for decorating shady positions temporarily during the sum- mer season. Fertilizers for the Garden Frank T. Shutt, M. A., Dominion Chemist, Ottawa BEFORE making recommendations as to fertilizers that will be found useful for general garden purposes and special crops, there are one or two considerations of a fundamental charac- ter that should be discussed. Too much emphasis can scarcely be laid upon the Importance of previous preparation of the soil, not only by thorough cultural meth- ods (including drainage, if necessary) but by liberal dressings of good, prefer- ably rotted, manure, well worked into the soil. No subsequent application of fertilizers can take the place of this treat- ment, though such may very materially increase the yield in some cases where the soil is naturally poor and the supply of manure limited. For the larger num- ber of garden crops, and especially vege- tables, the soil conditions should be such as to induce rapid and continuous growth. Quality in vegetables is a most impor- tant desideratum ; it implies succulency, crispness, absence of woody fibre or stringiness, of pungency and bitterness. Vegetables so characterized are the pro- duct of a quick and uninte.Tupted de- velopment and to ensure this growth there must be a warm, moist, mellow, well aerated loam with a large reserve of available plant food. Such a soil can be obtained and maintained only by a con- stant enrichment with humus-forming material, the very best source of which is manure. The use of fertilizers must be supplemental to and not as a substi- tute for manure, for fertilizers can do little towards making the soil an agree- able habitat for plants though they may be of the greatest value in performing one important function of the soil, the furnishing of available food for plant growth and reproduction. NATURE OF FEETILIZER8 Commercial fertilizers are materials that supply nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash — the three essential elements of fertility — in a more or less readily available form. Their value depends sim- ply and solely on the percentages of these elements they contain and the availability of this plant food. Lack of space will prevent any consideration in the present article of the nature, com- position and origin of the numerous substances used as fertilizers and Ln the making of commercial fertilizers as found on the market. Many of them are chemical compounds such as nitrate of soda, and sulphate of potash, others are by-products from manufactories of vari- ous kinds, such as basic slag. The in- telligent gardener would do well to make him.self conversant with their nature by consulting some work on the subject, such as "Fertilizers," by Voorhees (Mac- millan Co.), or "Manures and Fertili- zers," by A. D. Hall (Murray), both ex- cellent books. PHOSPHORIO AOTD AND POTASH One or two words must be said on the particular function or part played by nit- rogen, phosphoric acid and potash, since such will be of assistance in compound- ing fertilizers for special purposes. While all three are necessary for growth, nit- rogen is the dominant element of fertil- ity ; its outstanding property is to pro- mote leafy growth. Deficiency in nitro- gen results in stunted growth, with yel- low and sickly foliage. Excess in the soil of this element will induce a large de- velopment of stem and leaf, prolong the vegetative period and retard seed forma tion. On the other hand excess of avail- able phosphoric acid shortens the grow- ing period and hastens seed formation, and the ripening of the crop. It is par- ticularly valuable in wet seasons and on "late" soils in districts subject to early frosts. Potash is needed more especially for the changes that take place within the plant and which result in the conversion of the crude food materials absorbed by root and leaf into the substances form- ing the various vegetable tissues. Its function in aiding starch formation is a valuable one. It is this property that makes potassic fertilizers so useful for the potato crop. Possibly, like nitrogen, ex- cess of potash delays maturity ; a de- ficiency in potash has a marked effect in retarding the plant's normal develop- ment. These considerations point to the desirability of a fairly well balanced fer- tilizer, that is, one containing all three April, 19 1 2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 97 elements in good proportions, to meet general requirements, and at the same time point the way to compounding spec- ial mixtures to suit special cases. FERTILIZER MIXTURES Horticulture is a branch of "intensive" farming. This means that in looking to secure a maximum production of crop we use an excess of available plant food. The garden soil is to be regarded as a bank in which we seek to have always to our credit a large amount of available funds. This excess of plant food, how- ever, from the considerations in the pre- I A Simple Form of Hotbad A description of how to make a hotbed was published in the March issue of The Canadian Horticulturist. ceding paragraph, must be a well balanc- ed one. For garden crops in general, including fruits and vegetables, the fol- lowing may be used, the application ranging from five hundred pounds to fif- teen hundred pounds an acre, according to the condition and character of the soil, and thoroughness with which we intend to cultivate and take care of the crop : Nitrate of soda, 200 ; superphosphate, 300; bone meal, 200, and sulphate of potash, 200 lbs. Mix well just before using and broadcast on the prepared soil in the spring and thoroughly incorpor- ate with the surface soil. An admix- ture with, say, an equal weight of dry loam will facilitate an equable distribu- tion of the fertilizer. If the soil is sour, poorly drained and deficient in lime, basic slag (an alkaline phosphatic fertilizer) may be substituted for the superphos- phate in this formula. If the soil has been well manured for a number of sea- sons, the nitrate of soda may be reduc- ed to one hundred pounds. The purchase of the various fertilizer ingredients and home mixing is general- ly to be advised, as being cheaper than buying a brand of ready made fertilizer and allowing the gardener to more econ- omically use his plant food by modifying the proportions according to the nature of the soil and of the crop to be fertilized. Thus, sandy soils are naturally poorer in potash than clay soils ; soils that have for years been liberally dressed with manure will be richer in nitrogen than loams that have been scantily dressed ; vegetables and fruits make a large de- mand on the potash stores of the soil, while cereal crops are very moderate in their potash requirements. These and many similar considerations allow the in- telligent man to alter the proportions somewhat in such a formula as we have given and permit a considerable saving. If, however, on the score of conven- ience it is decided to purchase a ready- mixed fertilizer, one having a guaranteed analysis as follows may be chosen in the place of the foregoing: Nitrogen, three and a half to four and a half; available phosphoric acid, seven to nine, and pot- ash, eight to ten per cent. (To be continued) Celery for the Home Garden George Baldwin, Toronto, Ont. No home garden, no matter how small, is complete without a trench of celery, though from personal observation in the gardens of people whom I am acquainted with, the proper quality and size of cel- ery is not brought out as it should and can be done. The elements of success in celery grow- ing are many. First and foremost among them is a love for your work- If you do not like your job, you will never be a real success. By the time this is in print it will be too late for sowing the seed of early cel- ery, but you can procure all the plants you require from local seedsmen at rea- sonable rates. Providing you can make room for a three row trench, I would recommend White Plume, Paris Golden and Rose Ribbed Paris. As soon as seedlings have got three leaves, prick them out into more space, giving them about one inch of room each way, keeping them as close to the glass in the hot bed as possible to prevent them getting too long and spind- ly. Stir the earth frequently with a small pointed stick and when they are about two inches high transplant again, giving three inches of space. About the second or third week of May they will be ready to plant out in the trench. Early Vegetables Mifs M. J. Dubeau, Warren, Ontario Why do not our Canadian gardeners grow more early cucumbers? It seems to me that many more might be grown where the climate is not so severe as it is up here in the Nipissing District. Last year I had my first experience in the use of a hotbed. The seed was not put in until the last week in April nevertheless I succeeded in securing lettuce and rad- ish, besides cucumbers. I secured the first cucumbers on June 2Sth. From some that I transplanted to the open ground on July 12th I gathered a cucumber which weighed a pound. I was somewhat astonished when our fruit dealers told me they were still handling imported cucumbers which they were selling at ten cents a pound. I also sur- prised my neighbors by growing some early ripe tomatoes. These I kept pruned severely. They produced ripe tomatoes on August 1st, which is considered early up here for very few ripe tomatoes have been grown, and none to my knowledge before September when heavy frosts are usually expected. Planning the Vegetable Garden W. J. Kerr, Ottawa, Ont. At this season of the year, the gar- dener and those fortunate enough to have a garden, should be planning for the future crop. By the time of the appearance of The Canadian Horti- culturist for April, many will have hot beds made and seed already sown. The preparation and caring for a hot bed is a very interesting part of gardening but where it is not possible for the amateur to make a bed he may arrange with some professional gardener to start his early vegetables, such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomatoes, peppers, melons, cucumbers, asters, verbenas and others. Then, when they are ready to transplant, the ama- teur may get his plants in the flats in which they have been started and trans- plant them into cold frames or hot beds. It is well to secure the best seed ob- tainable. Cheap seed is usually dear at any price but it does not necessarily fol- low that the most expensive is the best. I would recommend that the readers of The Horticulturist write the seedsmen advertising in this paper, and get their catalogues, and select the varieties of each class of vegetables most suited to their wants. These seeds should be in their hands before planting time and where possible should be tested for ger- mination and if of low vitality should be discarded and fresh seed procured elsewhere. It is always well to have the land plow- ed or spaded in the fall so' that such veg- etables as peas, carrots, onions, parsnips, lettuce and radishes may be sown as early as the land is in nice workable condition. The soil should be raked down to a fine tilth and the seed sown a depth corres- ponding with the size of the seed. That is, very small seeds should be sown in very shallow trenches, while larger seeds should be sown deeper. It is always well to sow in long rows if possible to permit of the use of the wheel hoe in cul- tivating, as it materially lessens the labor of cultivation. Frequent and thorough cultivation is desirable to keep up a steady and rapid growth and prevent weeds from robbing the plants of food and moisture. The frequent stirring of the soil about the plants helps preserve the moisture in the soil for the support of the plants during dry weather. On the first opening of spring it is well to make a general clean up of all rubbish about the garden. Burn it, as you will thus destroy many injurious in- sects and foungous pests that have hiber- nated on it, and which await the warm weather to begin their attacks. 98 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1912 The Canadian Horticulturist i^^ PublMhad by The HartiGaltural PublUhing Company, Limitad PSTTKHBORO, ONTik.»IO The Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion OrFioiAL Organ or the Ontakio, Qokbkc, Nkw Bbonbwick and Prince Kdwarp Isi^nd Fruit Growers' Absociationb EDITORIAL H. Bbonbon Cowan, HkuaglnK Director A LAND BOOM IN ONTARIO 1. The Canadian Horticulturtet is published on the 2Sth day of the month preceding dale ol 2. Subscription price in Canada and Great Britain, 60 cents a year: two years, $1.00. For United States and local subscriptlone in Peter boro (not oalled for at the Post Otlice), 25 cents extra a year. Including postage. 5. Remittances should be made by Post Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for amoumtfi less than 11.00. 4. The Idiw is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 6. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates One Dollar an Inch. Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad- vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad- vertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. 7. Articles and Illustrations for publication will be thankfully received by the editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1911. The flg- uree given are exclusive of samples and spoield copies. Most months, including the sample cop iee, from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of the Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested In the growing of frultfl, flowers or vegetables. January, 1911 8,082 February. 1911 8,260 March. 1911 8,523 April. 1911 9.«5 May, 1911 -VSS June, 1911 10.178 July, 1911 10.06J August, 1911 10.M3 September, 19U 9.m October, 1911 '•WJ November. 1911 -S-'M December, 1911 lO.lW Total 1M.«9 Average each issue In 1907, 6,627 •< •• " " 1908, 8,695 •• " " " 1909, 8,970 « " " " 1910, 9,0«7 " " 1911, 9,541 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY We want the readers of The Canadian Horti- onlturist to feel that they can deal with our advertisers with our assurance of the advertlB era' reliability. We try to admit to our columns only the most reliable advertisers. Should any subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from any of our advertisers, we will look into the matter and investigate the circumstances fully- Should we find "reason, even in the slightest degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub- lication of their advertisements in The Horti- culturist. Should the circumstances warrant. we will expose them through the columns of the paper. Thus we will not only protect our readers, bat our reputable advertisers as well. All that is necesflary to entitle you to the bene- fit of this Protective PoUcy is that you include in all your letters to advertisers the words. 1 saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticultunflt. Complaints should be made 10 x>e /«,»«>".«« possible after reason for dissatisfaction has been found. Oommunioatlons should bo addressed THE OAHADIAN HORTICULTUEIBT. PETBBBOBO, ONT. Ontario is beginning to come into her own. Her possibilities as regards the pro- duction of high grade fruit are now being appreciated at something like their real worth. In all the principal fruit growing sections of the province a new enthusiasm is manifest among the growers as regards the possibilities of their districts and a new spirit of optimism is noticeable in the con- tributions that reach our desk. Norfolk county was one of the first to awake. The transformation that has been made in portions of that county cannot be appreciated by anything less than a visit to the districts there where thousands upon thousands of dollars are being invested in lands and in the setting out of orchards. Lambton county is now beginning to ad- vertise her possibilities and there are indi- cations that Huron county will soon be heard from in no uncertain tone. A great reformation is taking place also along the north shore of Lake Ontario where are lo- cated some of the largest orchards in the province. A considerable number of these orchards range from twenty-five to almost one hundred acres in extent. On the farm of Mr. W. H. Gibson, of Newcastle, On- tario, there are rows of apple trees a mile long, something, it is said, that it would be hard to duplicate elsewhere on the conti- nent. The Georgian Bay district, also, is sharing in the incipient boom. There is only one surprising feature about the situation : This change should have oc- curred long ago. Land as good as people would have to pay five hundred and six hundred dollars for elsewhere may be pur- chased in Ontario for seventy-five to one hundred dollars an acre. The ubiquitous land agent, gaining courage from the evi- dence of a determination on the part of the provincial government to encourage emigra- tion as well as from the success of the pro- vincial apple show and trial orchards, about which so much has been heard during the last few years, now foresees a chance to buy and sell fruit land at a profit. Therefore, he is making his appearance felt. As the early robin foretells the near approach of summer so the land agents now working in Ontario presage by their operations a wave of interest, during the next few years, in the fruit lands of Ontario such as the pro- vince has never known. In this connection the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association and the government itself should prepare to take all possible steps to prevent the investing public, including as far as possible the Bri- tish public, from being defrauded by wild cat schemes such as have injured many fruit districts. The possibilities of the fruit lands of Ontario are so great their best develop- ment should not be allowed to be hampered by frauds of any kind. THE DOMINION ORGANIZATION So many matters of importance pressed for attention during the brief three days of the recent Dominion Fruit Conference held in Ottawa a number did not receive the consideration that their importance de- served. This was true of the proposal to form a Dominion Fruit Growers' Associa- tion It was decided to form such an as- sociation and preliminary officers were elected, but pressure of other work did not permit of the details of organisation being J»J worked out thoroughly. rwi Canada is a large country. It's fruit dis- .^ tricts are scattered. They extend, at wide il^ intervals, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This situation creates inherent difficulties that will militate against the work of such an organization. It will never be possible to fully overcome the handicaps imposed by the time required to conduct correspondence and the expense of holding meetings. As time advances, however, methods of reduc- ing these to a minimum will be discovered and the usefulness of the association will in- crease. In the meantime, the officers of the association can render valuable assis- tance to the fruit interests by following up as closely as possible the work done at the recent conference in order that the deci- sions there reached may be carried into ef- fect with the least possible delay and in the manner most likely to give the best results. One of the duties of this organization should be to urge that a date for the holding of the next conference shall be set sufficiently soon to ensure a greater interest being taken in its deliberations thereby increasing its possibilities for usefulness to the fruit industry. Members of the Berlin Horticnltural So- ciety waited on the city council during March and obtained a grant of one hundred and fifty dollai-s to assist in the carrying on of the work of the society. A number of other societies in Ontario obtain an- nual grants from their town and city councils. The Windsor Horticultural Society has done especially good work in this re- spect. Societies, especially those located in the smaller towns and cities where there are no park commissions or park committees of the municipal councils might well fol- low the example set by these societies. The average council is willing to make a reas- onable grant for. horticultural improve- ments when once assured that the money thus granted will be handled by responsible men capable of spending it to the best ad- vantage. Societias that will prepare a de- finite plan of work, especially when they gain the support of their local boacds of trade, may have every reason to expect, upon laying their plans before their muni- cipal councils, to receive liberal financial assistance. Horticultural societies that may be look- ing for opportunities to render public ser- vice this year might follow with advantage the plan of picking out certain streets for improvement and then offering prizes to the residents along such streets for the best boulevards, lawns, window-boxes and other horticultural embellishments. By following this plan for a period of a few years a won- derful improvement can be worked in the drivewavs'of any town or small city. Pro- pertv holders along the streets to be im- proved can generally be induced, when ap- proached in the right way, to contribute to the funds required for the carrying on of the work. JIunicipal grants also are some- times available. These streets soon consti- tute driveways of which the municipality becomes proud, and as the work increases in prblio favor its extension to other dis- tricts becomes possible. Such activities as the'° ahvavs call for the expenditure of much time and energy on the part of a few public spirited persons who seldom receive the nublic appreciation that their efforts de- serve The love of horticulture, however, is so deep in the hearts of at least -a few people Apcil, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 99 in every community, their services are generally available when opportunity calls. The owners of town and city gardens that are limited in extent often regret that lack of space prevents them from growing as many fruit trees as they would like. Such people might well try grafting other varie- ties to those they have in order that they may, as suggested elsewhere in this is- sue iy Mr. J. MacPherson Ross, of Toronto, obtain two and three varieties of fruit from one tree. The work of grafting is interest- ing, and when done with care returns most satisfactory results. The suggestion made in this column last November that the Ontario Horticultural Association should offer prizes annually for the best essays on some subject relating to Honest Advertisers One by one leading papers and mag- azines everywhere are adopting the policy of excluding all patent medi- cine, fake or objectionable advertis- ing, and are opening their columns only to those advertisers whom they feel they can thoroughly recommend. Just recently a leading United States publication decided to take this step, even though it meant a loss in direct revenue from advertisers who last year paid them $40,000 for space in their publication. Publishers are realizing that if they are to be fair to their readers and re- putable advertisers, they have no more right to print lies or objection- able statements in their advertising columns than in their reading col- umns. This policy of clean advertising has always been a part of The Canadian Horticulturist. We publish no adver- tisements we have reason to feel we cannot thoroughly endorse. If we are in doubt about an advertisement, it is left out. Only a short time ago we were offered a good sized advertising contract for a firm, which we believed would do all it promised to do, but as the copy did not "look" just right, it was refused. It costs money to carry out this pol- icy, but it wins the confidence of our readers, who know they are patroniz- ing reliable firms when they buy from those who advertise in The Canadian Horticulturist. They know that the appearance of an advertisement in The Canadian Horticulturist is equiv- alent to a personal letter of endorse- ment of the advertiser from the pub- lisher. As proof that this policy pays, and that advertisers are finding it profit- able to use spaca in The Canadian Horticulturist, we have only to call attention to the increasing volume of advertising carried, which for both February and March exceeded any previous issue. Readers of The Canadian Horticul- turist can show their further apprecia- tion of the stand we take for clean, truthful advertising by patronizing advertisers who use the columns of the Canadian Horticulturist, and by telling them where they saw the ad- vertisement. PTe do not admit to our columns ad- vertisers except such as we believe are thorouqhly reliahle. the growing of flowers, the prize winning essays to he published in the annual re- port of the Association, was acted upon fa- vorably by the members of the association at their annual convention in Toronto last November. Details of the competition have not yet been arranged. GfBoers and mem- bers of horticultural societies will do well, however, to keep this matter in mind. Final arrangements for the competition should be completed at as early a date as possible to enable competitors to write on the subject during the spring months and thus insure the publication of their essays at a season n-hnn tho cultural directions they will con- tain wiJ be of the greatest benefit. PUBLISHER'S DESK The front cover of this number of The C.\N.\DrAN Horticulturist shows a view in the garden of one of our Peterboro sub- scribers, Mr. G. Wa'ter Green. This is one of a number of fine private properties in the city which do much to make "The Elec- tric City" during the summer months one of the most attractive cities in Ontario. This is our first real garden and spring planting number. We hope that it will prove interesting and helpful to our read- ers. Have you noticed the high standing of our various contributors. Almost without exception they are people who are well known to the public as authorities on the subjects on which they have written. We feel that the readers of The Canadi-an Horticulturist are entitled to the best class of reading that we can furnish them, and therefore use the utmost possible dis- crimination in the selection of the articles that find admission to our columns. Ama- teurs, however, should never he afraid to let us hear from them. A number of the best articles that have appeared in The Canadian Horticulturist this year have been contributed by amateurs unknown to the great majority of our readers. Often it is the experience of men and women who have done things successfully in a small way that proves the most helpful to others similarly situated. If you have a good idea never hesitate to pass it on to The Cana- dian Horticulturist. to publish another interesting description of a Canadian garden as well as several short articles thrft will be practical and helpfiil. A feature of the vegetable de- partment will be an article by Prof. Za- vitz, of Guelph, which will give the re- sults of experiments in potato growing. These articles will be illustrated. This will ensure the issue presenting a pleasing ap- pearance throughout. Our plans for the May issue of The Can- adian Horticulturist provide for a num- bpr that will be filled with interesting, helpful information. A feature of the number will be a profusely illustrated art- icle, dealing with pruning as it can be performed during the soring. This article will be by Prof. E. M." Straight, of Mac- donald College, Quebec. We will have an- other article by Mr. Gordon Bunting, of tho Central Experimental Farm, entitled, "What Cultivation Shall I Give the Or- chard." Mr. Bunting's article in this month's issue was furnished at short no- tice when it was found that Mr. W. T. Macoun would be unable to handle the subject that Mr. Bunting has treated so capably. Features of the floral pages will ho a planting table for the months of May and June that is being prepared especial- ly for the readers of The Canadian Hor- ticulturist by Mr. Wm. Hunt, of Guelph. Mr. P. E. Buck, who is in cbarge of tho floral division of the Exnerimontal Farm, Ottawa, and whose articles iiro becoming well known to our readers, will contribute a special article on perennials. We expect Once again The Canadian Hoktioultur- IST has been breaking records. The March number was the largest March issue we have ever published. It was the same size as the Special Spraying Number for Feb- ruary, which was the first issue of that size ever issued. The amount and value of the advertising carried far exceeded any previous issue for March, and was only slightly behind the February issue which holds the record so far. This is only an- other indication that readers of The Can- adian Horticulturist have confidence in its advertisers and are patronizing them liberally as our advertisers are finding it profitable to use The Canadian Horticul- turist to let our readers know about their goods. The Public Library of Toronto is desir- ous of securing volumes of The Canadian Horticulturist for 1906, 1907 and 1908 to complete their files. Have any of our read- ers complete files of the paper for one or more of these years that they are willing to part with? If so will they kindly com- municate with us or direct with the Pub- He Library, Toronto, which will be glad to purchase either a complete file of copies for these years, or the bound volumes should they be available. SOCIETY NOTES We Invite the offloere of Hortl- cnltnral Booletie* to send In ihort, pithy reportB of work that would In. terest membere of other Hortloultu. ral Soeletiea. PORT HOPE The Port Hope Society has appointed a lookout committee to take any steps in the interest of the society looking toward the improvement of the town that may he deemed advisable. The society had a mem- bership last year of 139. Its receipts were $265.07 and its expenditures, $232.05. PERTH At the January meeting of the Perth Hor- ticultural Society attention was given to the gooseberry and currant. Thos. Cole, an old country gardener, and a member of the societv, had present bushes in the rough and gave the members a practical lesson on pruning. In addition to pruning he answered a score of quo.«tions aaaressed in regard to the best methods of cultivation of these small fruits At the Februarv meeting, Rev. A. H. Scott presentpily, safely and effectively as an incor- [ porated body. It so happens that nearly [ all the improvements which we are trying I to impose upon the rural population have • been planned and elaborated by citj' people, ; by those who have not had, for years at [ least, any practical association with rural ! affairs and vvho know the problems only as i they see them from a city office window. I The legislation which works most eflect- I ively in the financial combinations of com- \ mercial life, where capital is the chief fea- I ture, is very gravely defective when ap- ' plied to a rural affair, which is a combina- tion of men and industries, and where oap- ' ital, though absolutely necessary, is yet in- cidental. This particular defect in our I legislation is fundamental, and we must 1 look for many failures and grave difficulties I unless we can secure proper co-operative legLslation. I CO-OPERATIVE OR JOINT STOCK i There is a marked difference between j legislation quite suitable to our great com- i mercial and financial undertakings where capital dominates, and the legislation re- I quiiod for rural organization where men and their occupations are the chief factor and where capital is subordinate. The or- dinai-y joint stock company is a mechanism whereby a number of men can unite to act as a unit. Through their o&cera, they lose •Extract from an B/ddrees on cooperation de- livered at the Dominion Fruit Oonforence in Ottawa. their individual identity and speak as a single unit, but in determining what that voice shall be, it is the number of shares that constitutes the voting power, that is, it is the amount of capital invested that gives weight to the members composing the corporation. We may speak of it, then, and in no derogatory sense, as being capi- talistic, and almost of necessity autocratic. On the other hand, an apple selling associa- tion or a co-operative evaporator, or in fact any otier rural organization, requiring in- corporation wherehy the individuals com- posing it may speak as a single individual, find that capital is only incidental, the chief thing being the industry. It is the value of the product handled ty the asso- ciation that determines each man's inter- est in this rural body. Roughly speaking, the capitalistic or- ganization such as the ordinary joint stock company is a combination of capital simply. A rural organization must, of necessity, be a combination of men. This principle is so well established by the experience of all countries that it is somewhat remarkable that it has not peimeated Canadian legis- lation. Those who have read the history of co-operation will have remarked that, while there are individual societies composed of men of exceptional ability and public spirit that have succeeded with a joint stock or- ganization, yet speaking generally co-op- eration has been a dismal failure untii suitable legislation was provided or a/t least until antagonistic laws have been repealed. I would scarcely care to be so positive upon this point if I were not sure that I have with me the history, not of one country Douglas Gardens ^=Oakville, Ontario= CHINA ASTERS Are more prominent this year than ever. The harvest of seed last year was excel- lent; and improvement of the varieties has advanced. We are aiming to have plants ready for shipment about 15-20 May. QUEEN OF THE MARKET, WHITE AND PINK. LAVENDER OEM. ROYAL PURPLE. VICK'S BRANCHING WHITE. CREGO, PINK. All grown from best seed and once trans- planted. Prices: 10 lor 13 cts.; 100, 75 ct».; car- riage postpaid. Not less than 25 of one variety at the 100 rate. GLADIOLI Grofl's HybridB, 10 for 25 cts.; 25 for 55 ota. Groff'e Hybrids, choice sec- tion of light colored sorts 25 for 75 cts. Qroff's Hybrids, choice sec- tion of red and scarlet sorts 25 for 60 eta. Oarriage prepaid . KNIPHOFIA (Torch Lily) Var. Pfitzeri, a free, continuous bloomer until hard frost comes. It should be planted in spring, taken up in the fall, packed in sand or soil and wintered in a cool cellar. It increases its kind and is a very satisfactory plant. It grows 5-4 feet high, and the spikes of bloom are of a rich orange-scarlet. Is most effective when planted in clumps. Each 15 cts.; 10, $1.25. Carriage prepaid. JOHN CAVERS The trees were the be*t rooted we ever saw and every one of them grew — Howard G. Fisher. Auburn Nurseries Pedigreed Peaches 2 Years Old. Grown by G. E. Fisher & Sons Dulverton Fruit Farms, Queenston, Ont. These are the kind of trees to buy. No storage stock about these, but the thrifty, healthy, sturdy kind that stand in the nursery row all winter, and are fresh and bright in the spring, and reach you in fit condition to start right into business. Our stock has all win- tered splendidly and shows no frost damage. We still have a good stock of Peach, Cherry, Pear and Plum, Yearling Apple and Quince. AUBURN NURSERIES QUEENSTON, ONT. GOOD CROPS ARE OBTAINED BY USING THE BEST MANURE AS SUPPLIED TO NURSERIES, FRUIT GROWERS AND GARDENERS SURE GROWTH COMPOST makes poor land fertile, and keeps fer- tile land most productive. Supplied by S. W. MARCHMENT 133 VICTORIA ST.. TORONTO Telephones : Main 2841 Residence Park 95 1 Mention The Canadian norti'iiltniist when wrltlnf 102 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1912 Florists and Gardeners Have you sent us your order for FLOWER POTS? We have a very large stock of all sizes, and can give you Immediate Shipment. STANDARD POTS Number . , ^. Price In Crate Size uicludiiiff Crate 4,000 1« *'2.40 _ ^::::::::::::..2% 6.40 strong SSB^ ^^^^^^ 1,070 3 5.75 WlU^^lijlli 780 z% 5.08 DURABLE ^BSSSm AND 500 4 (200,000 in stock) 4.15 ■iSjt|UUW 360 i% 3.64 LIGHT IHSMf CHEAP 330 5 4.53 ^M^^^ 200 6 4.20 ^^^^^ HANGING BASKETS All our Pots are well burned. 48 10 4.24 48 12 5.20 MAKE up your Order and send it 3 per cent, discount 30 days. to us NOW. Write for our Catalogue and Price List, which gives prices on all size Pots, Fern and Bulb Pans, Hanging Baskets, Jardiniere Pots, Saucers, etc. The FOSTER POTTERY CO. Hatniltoti, Ontario CANADA'S LEADING POT MANUFACTURERS A— Uooking lank B— Hot Water Tajik O- -Fire Box D— Ash Pan E-Smoke Pipe Make Your Own Spray Home Boiled Lime Sulphur is being used in inoreafiing quantities by leading fruit growers and fruit growers' associa- tions. They find that by making their own spray they can ef- fect a considerable money saving, and at the same time produce a preparation tha-t will do the work thoroughly. It is an easy matter to make home boiled Lime sulphur. The chief essential is a proper spray oookei'. We manufac- ture two kinds of cookers, one with a single "tank, and one with a double tank. (See Illustration.) They are designed especially for this purpose, and will give the greatest efS- ciemcy with the greatest Baving of fuel. They can be used tor either wood or soft coal. The tanks are made of heavily galvanized steel, thoroughly rivettedand soldered. Will not leak. They are built to give satisfaction, and are guaranteed. Made in five sizes, capacity 30 to 76 gals. Prices and full i>articulars on application. Get your outfit now. Write us to-day. STEEL THOUGH AND MACHINE CO., Ltd., TWEED, Ont. Imperial Bank EsuUi.hed OF CANADA I875 HEAD OFFICE TORONTO Capital Paid-up. . 6.000,000.00 Reserve Fund . 6,000,000.00 Total Assets . 72,000.000.00 D. R. WILKIE, President and General Manager HON. R. JAFFRAY, Vice-President Branohea and AKenciea throughout tho Dominion ot Canada Letters of Credit, Drafts and Money Orders Issued available in all parts of the world Special attention given to collections SaWncs Department at all Branches Interest .lUowed on deposits at best current rates Strawberry Plants That are Great Yielders Buy your strawberry plants from one that has made a snooees of growing berries for the market for many years. I grow the Williams Improved, Parsons Beauty, Splendid and Michel's Early. Last year the yield from 2 3-4 acres was 31,500 boxes, and in 1910 the yield from 1 1.5 acres of Williams Improved was 16,770 boxes. I have for sale a fine lot of plants of above varieties. Prices: 75 cts. per 100; $.5.00 per 1,000. W. WALKER Port Burwell, Qnt, Elgin Co.; aloiif, but of twenty countries, and 1 hav< to support this view, the testimony not m one investicator alone, but of every in- vestigator who has acquired any reputii- tion. SIR }iO!l.\CE PLUNKBTT'S OPINION To quote but one — and I could quote no better — .Sir Horace Plunkett, writing re- cently in the New York "Outlook.'" said : "The objict of rural associations is not to "declare a dividend, but to improve th<- "conditions of the industry for the mein "bers. In the control of the managemem "the principle, 'One Man, One Vot^', "should be strictly observed, an essential "condition of co-operative as distingui&he^l "from joint stock organization. The cliief "advantage of co-operative legislation T • "the farmer is that it enables him to do h: "business in a way that suit*, him instead "of adopting a town-made system unsuited "to his needs." In Canada the farmer is not permitted to do business in his own way and uj)on a plan that would work no hardship to him nor to anjoue else ; but is obliged to aoopi the methods of cai>italism that enable those whose interests are not necessarily in the land or in the industry, to control the or- ganization and take what toll they please. Maritime Possibilities* W. H. Bunting, St. CathariuM, Ont. An important feature, peculiar to the Nova Scotia fruit belt, is the large number of apple storage warehouses situated at every shipping station throughout tin- Annapolis Valley. Over eighty of these have been erected with a capacity of from two thousand to ten thousand barrels each. The fruit is usually handled direct into bar- rels in the orchard and rushed to tnese warehouses, where it is rei)acked during the fall and winter seasons and shipped ont whenever a favorable opportunity otters. Orting to comparative nearness to the British markets, the great bulk of the sur- plus fruit is exjjortied. The past season, however, has been a record one, both toi volume of the crop and quality of the fruit, and has seen the western markets invaded for the first time. Nova .Scotia Graven- steins and other varieties found their way not only to Winnii)eg and the large prairie towns and cities, but even as far west as Hevelstoke and Kamloops in British Colum- bia. BETTER TRAN8PORT.\TION NEEDED On account of the lack of regular ana tre- quent sailings of ocean steamships from Halifax, the transi>ortation question during the early fall months is a serious one, and if possible some remedy shoidd Le found. This condition does not apply to the ship- ping facilities during the winter, when the sailings are regular and frequent. It is during this period that the great hulk of the crop is marketed, and it is therefore desirable that the planting of only the best varieties of winter fruit be encouraged. While many Nova Scotia growers are specialists and are handling their orchards in a careful, systematic manner, a more widespread campaign for the adoption of the best methods of orchard practice would greatly enhance the quality of the product and the profit to be derived therefrom. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Prince Edward Island comprises district number eight. On this beautiful island there are a few wide-awake fruit-growers, of This is the balance of Mr. Bunting's report on the fruit poaxibilities of the Maritime Prn vlnoes as continued from the March issue. April, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 103 Landscape Designing For Small Properties No property is too small to dispense with the ser- vices of a competent Landscape Designer in planning for effective plantings of Shrubs, Roses, Perennials, Evergreens, Climbing Vmes, etc. THE CLIPPER There are three thinfrs that destroy your lawns. Dande- lions, Buck Plantain and Crab Grass. In one se«»8on the clipper will drive them all out. CLIPPER. LAWN MOWFR CO., Box No. 8, Dixon, III. $2.,'i0 per Gallon; $1.00 per Quart. Dupuy & Ferguson, Montreal, Can. Our Landscape Department is at your disposal. Send a rough sketch of your property and we will advise you how to plan it. No charge for suggestions, circulars. Send for catalogue and Stone & Wellington-'Toronto I Fertilize Your Lands f DO you KNOW 1 r THAT WQRN-OUT i LANDS MAV BE MADE \ PRODUCTIVE AUD PROFITABLE ' BY T.HEJtlDICldUS USE OF f THE RIGHT KINO OF ♦ FERTILIZER ? nIow if' you have f i A PIECE OF LAND THAT i f WONT GROW ANYTHING y\^>^^\f^*\^-^ Good Prices Al'ways For Your Fruit and Vegetables We Solicit Your Consignments Send for Shipping Stamp OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or generar produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established'' branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. Branch Warehouiem: Sudbury. IJ t^ 1^ T^ ¥^ D ^^ Reference.: The Canadian Bank North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane M.M.m MT J_/ M. J_/ K%. v3 of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Porcupine gS Front St. EaSt, Toronto ""^ Commercial Agencies. 1.14 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, 1912 Is In a class • by Itself — the easiest running, the most substantially built, the inost satisfactory washer, aver invented. Only wpsher worked with crank handle at side as well as top lever — an : the only one where the whole to! Opens up. Ask your dealer to show jrou th; "Champion" Washer. "Favorite" Churn Is the world's You slioulti put up u IV'iice that will Klvo you real fence I) ik sorvice first, last and ail the L|jyfe time. The cheapest is always {1^ the most expensive In the lonf? run on account of repairs necessary. Savea Expensa because it is the poultry fence that never needs repairs. Peerless poultry f encingc is made of the best steel fence wire — tough, elastic and Bpring:y — and will not snap o.-brcak under sudden shocics or quick atmospheric changes. Our method of galvanizing positively prevents rust and will not flake, peel or chjp oiT. This feature alone adds many years to the life of a fence. The joints are securely held with the "Peer- less Lock" which will withstand all sudden shocks and strains yet is so constructed that Peerless Poultry Fence can be erected on the roost hilly and uneven ground without buckling, snapping or kinking. The heavy stay wires we use make Peerless Poultry fencing rigid and upstanding thereby preventing sarging and needs only about half as mauy posts as other fences. We build our poultry fence stronger than seems necessary in order to keep marauding animals out and close enough to keep the smallest fowls in. Many of our customers are asinff this style as a general purpose fence with er*ire satisfaction. Peerless Poultry Fence when once put up is always up and will look better, wear better and serve you better than any other fence built. Our Catalot:s arm all rree to You Write us for literature and address of nearest agent. We also manufacture a complete line of general fencing, form gates, walk gates and ornamental f encintr. Agents almost everywhere. Banwall'Moxlo IV/rtf Fence Co., Ltd, Winnipeg, Man, Hamilton, Ont, which Mr. A. E. Dewar, of Charlnttetown ; Frank Bovyer, of Banbury, and John An- near, of Lowor Montague, may be consider- ed types. These men, and a few others who might bo mentioned, have orchards of applos and plantations of small fruits of consider- able importance. Their success proves con- clusively that if the people of this district were thoroughly arou.sed to the splendid op- portunity before them, then the increased planting of fruit would be undertaken with energy and vigor. Complaints are made by many who have orchards that there is a lack of buyers and means of despatch for the crops already pro- duced. It is claimed that it is uspIp.ss to spend time and attention on a crop that cannot readily be turned into money. The people as a whole have not as yet become fully impressed with the fact that by a comprehensive scheme of cooperative efiEort, and by careful attention to the details ne- cessary for the production of fancy fruit, they would find their product in the very greatest demand at profitable prices, and their energies would be taxed to supply it. Small fruits of all kinds succeed admir- ably here, particularly strawberries, and their increase*? cultivation might be safely encouraged. Very active and earnest ef- forts to improve the situation and to awaken an enthusiasm among the people have been made by Mr. Theodore Ross, Secretary of Agriculture ; Mr. A. E. Dewar, President of the Provincial Fruit Growers' Associa- tion, and Mr. Clark, Superintendent of the Experimental Farm, and it is to be hoped that their efforts will be crowned with suc- cess. A trained specialist who could de- vote his entire time as a field horticulturist among the people on their farms would be able to do a great deal of useful and pro- fitable work in this province. A Western Advantage W. J. L. Hamilton, Sonth Salt Spring, B. C. I have read much about the relative mer- its of Ontario and British Columbia as re- gards fruit growing, but not knowing On- tario, I will keep out of the discussion ex- cept to point out one inestim.tble advan- tage we possess in British Columbia in hav- ing a compulsory spraying law. If only one orchard in a district is unsprayed it acts as a pest preserve, from which, as a centre, all the fruit growers' enemies are dissemi- nated. Moths and beetles have wings, spores of the fungi can be carried long dis- tances by the wind and Ibv the feet of the birds and insects, and this is true also of the scale insects, both San Jose and Oyster- shell. It has been calculated that one San Jose scale is capable of producing at least three million descendants in one season. This alone should suggest the amount of damage done a district by one neglected orchard or even tree. Take the codling moth : If all spray, the first brood should be reduced by about nine- tv-five per cent., and two more sprayings should check the next brood, another death blow being given by careful fruit thinning and Landing the trees. But one infected and neglected orchard just doubles the cost of fighting this pest, since double the num- ber of sprayings at least will be called for. Not only this, much more arsenic will be applied to the tree, which, many authori- ties believe, will ultimate^ injure it. Need I say more to show how manifestly unfair it is to all progressive orchardists for one "back number" to work such widespread .injury. Moreover, this negligent orchard- ist will sell his inferior fruit for what he This Washer Must Pay for Itself A MAN tried to sell me a horse once. He said it w.ifl a fine horse and had nothingr the mnticr with it. I wanted a fine horse. Bnt I didn't know anything about horBee mtjeh, and I didn't know the man very well either. So I told him I wanted to try the horse for a month. He said "All right, but pay me first, and I'll give you back .vour money if the horse isn't all right." Well. I didn't like that. I was afraid the horse wasn't "all right" and that I might have to whistle for my money if I once parted with it. 80 I didn't buy the horse although 1 wanted it badly. Now this set me '' thinking. You see I make Wash- ing Machines— the "1900 Gravity" Washer. And I said to myself, lots of people may think about my Washing Ma- chine as I thought about the horse, and about the man who owned it. But I'd never know, because tlfcy wouldn't write and tell me. Tou see 1 sell my Washing Machines by mail. I have sold over half a mil- lion that way. So, thought I, it is only fair enough to lert peo- ple try my Washinsr Machines for a month, lie- fore ther pay for them, just ao I wanted to try the horse . Now, I know what our "1900 Gravity" Washer will do. I know it will wash the clothes, with- out wearing or tearing them, in less than half the time they can be washed by hand or by any other machine. I know it will wash a tub full of very dirty clothes in Six minutes. I know no other ma- chine ever invented can do that, without wear- ing out th" clothes. Our "1900 Gravity" Washer does the work so easy that a child can i-un it almost as well as a strong woman, and it don't wear the clothes, fray the edseg nor break buttons the way all other machines do. It Just drives soapy water clear through the fibres of the clothes like a force pump might. 80, said I to myself, I will do with my "1900 Gravity" Washer what I wanted the man to do with the horse. Only I won't wait for people to ask me. I'll offer first, and I'll make good the offer every time. Let me send you a "1900 Gravity" Washer on a month's free trial. I'll pay the freight ont of my own pocket, and if you don't want the mar chine after you've used it a month, I'll take It back and pay the freight too. Surely that is fair enough, isn't it? Doesn't it prove that the "1900 Gravity" Wash- er must be all that I say it is? And you can pav me out of what it eaves for you. It will save its whole cost in a few months, in wear and tear on the clothes alone. And then it will save 50 cents to 75 cents a week over that in washwoman's wages. If vou keep the machine after the month's trial. I'll let vou pay for it out of what it saves you. If it savee you 60 cents a week, send me SO cents a week 'till paid for. I'll take that cheerfully, and I'll wait for my money until the machine itself earns the balance. Drop me a line to-day, and let me send you a book about the "1900 Gravity" Washer that washes clothes in 6 minutes. Address me this way— A. 0. Bach, Manager 1900 Washer Co., 367% Tonge St.. Toronto, Ont. HOV/ TO GET BETTER LIGHT From COAL OIL (Kerosene) Recent test? by Prof.McKerdow.McGlll University, Montreal, on leading olI-buminK tainpa show tbe Alad clip Mantle Lamp fives over twice as much liffht as* the! ~~' Cayo and other lamps test^Mj. and bums tessi tbaaone-balf asmuchoil. It Isodorlet^e.safe,! clean, ooi^eless. Better lleht than gaa ore)ec-l trie Fully guaranteed. <»nrburiu'r8fltyour| old lamps. Ask for Catalog M, learn bow to getl ONE LAMP or BURNER FREE[ AGE>'TS: Ball sold over 1000 on ninneyl backK^iaraiitee; not one returned. Brunerl sold R'OO In 15 days. AsIc for liberal asencyl proposition. Sample lamp fiirnl>4lif>fl.| JU.>TLK LAXP CU.ofAin.,lnc.j!t-24lad If yonr dealer can't furnlah It, write fo' ■all descriptive olrcutar and pric«?8. Hatlflractiuo guaraiit«od. Addreu FRUITGROWERS' SAW CO., Scotfsvllle, N. Y. Representative lor Ontario, Jai. E. John- •on, Simcoe, Ont. Brooder- Hatcher Incubators and Brooders PHILO SYSTEM If you would like to make some money and have some good sport at the same time, just get one of these "Brooder Hatchers," grow your own eggs and chickens in your own back yard— have them fresh every day. With this system you can keep 50 to lOO chickens in a very small place. The incubator holds ,VI eggs, broods one batch below at the same time hatches another batch above, one lamp doing double duty. One gallon of oil runs it for the 21 days. Having secured the entire Canadian Agency, with a car load of machines just arrived, we can All all orders promptly. Jfsk for Free Catalogue THE COLLINS MFG. CO. - TORONTO ^ SMHIyX/ CROP A small crop is proof that your land is run down— it is a warning to fertilize promptly. Manure is the ideal fertilizer because it contains the very elements that crops have extracted from the soil. To get 100 per cent value from the manure you spread, you must use a good manure spreader. The pitchfork method is wasteful, entails hard, disagreeable work, and takes too much time. When buying a spreader, be sure you get one that will last. You can make sure of the quality, efi&ciency and durability, by investing in one of the IHC Spreaders Corn King Cloverleaf Nortli John, These spreaders are used on thousands of farms. Their strength, simplicity, and durability are matters of record. Why not look into the matter? When investigating, remember that the power transmitting mech- anism used on I H C machines is the most durable used on any line of spreaders. This results from the fact tliatthe beater gears are held in a single casting which prevents them from springing out of align- ment and cutting the teeth. The teeth are long and chisel-pointed to insure positive pulverizing of all' manure. There Is no wedging of manure against the beater bars. The teeth do not rim the bars. The beater is large enough in diameter so that it does not wind. You will find many other striking advantages which will convince you o£ 1 H C superiority. Why not see the I H C local agent at once? IHC spreaders are made in different styles, in many sizes for every need. If you prefer, write nearest branch house for catalogues and full information. CANADIAN BRANCHES- Inlernttonal Hanteiler Com- paor of America at Brandon, Catftary, Edmootoo, Hamilton. Lethbridsc London. Montreal, BaHleford, Ottawa. Regina. Saakatoon, St. Weyburo, Winnipeg, Yorkton. International Harvester Company of America Chicago (invoriiorated) USA I H C Service Bureau The liureau is a clearing house for agricultural data It aims to learn the best ways of doing things on the farm, and then disiribine the in- formation. Your individual expe- rience may help others, Send your problems to the IHC Serv- ice Bureau. io6 IHE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, igi2 COLLECTIONS OF OUR SPECIALTIES IN FLOWER AND VEGETABLE SEEDS POST PAID FOR 50 CENTS EACH Our Catalogue ufilt interest you ST^ "hi{;hgrad|; plantsTbulbs JZ^UP- FLO FLOWER SEED SPECIALTIES, 50c 1 packet Aster, Graham's Royal Exhibition. 1 packet Dianthus, choice double mixed. 1 ounce Dwarf Nasturtium, Graham's Koyal Exhibition Mixture. 1 packet Tall Nasturtium, Graham's Royal Exhibition Mixture. 1 packet Graham's Royal Exhibi'ion Pansy 1 ounce Graham's Exhibition Sweet Peas. 1 packet Phlox Drummondii Gran- diflora, choice mixed. VEGETABLE SEED SPECIALTIES, 50c 1 pkt. Hodson Wax Bean. 1 " Lucelles Chard. 1 " Golden Bantam Corn. 1 " Witham Fireball Beet. 1 " High Grade Erfurt Cauli- flower. 1 " Copenhagen Market Cabbage 1 " Improved Hanson Lettuce. 1 " New Century White Spine Cucumber. 1 " Fordhook Early Water Melon 1 " Dwarf Perfection Parsley. 1 " Delicious Squash. PROPERLY PROTECTED POTATOES PAY If yoo protect your potatoes, yon get from 3 to 4 times as many from the same acreage. The Horse-power SPRAMOTOR •prays an acre of potatoes in 15 minu- tes and does it thoroughly. It sprays tops and vines from 12 nozzles with a guaranteed pressure of 100 pounds. Nothing escapes the workiag of the SPRAMOTOR. Made for 1 horse or two. Has a 12 gallon air tank. Automatic and hand controlled. Agitator clean-out pressure relief into tank and nozzi* protector under driver's seat. Equally efficieat for field, vineyard or trees. Nozzles WILL NOT CLOG ; nothing to gat out of order. We publish FREE a valnahle treatise on crop diseases. Every grower should hive a copy. Send for one to-day. AGENTS WANTED HEARD SPRAMOTOR CO., SoSr ?IS5SI /^Planet Jn m 1 his name is a guarantee all over the world of the most modern scientific farm and garden tools manufactured. Every Planet Jr cuts your work in half These tools double your crop yield, pay for themselves in a .single season and last a life- time. Built to do the work, by a practical farmer and nianufaeturer with over 35 years' exuencnce. jv.=i = '~5)p! I No. 6 I £'»,"«♦ •''■ Hill and Drill Seeder, Single Wheel Hoe, . 'ibt^i I 1 Cultivator and Plow Combined plants all garden j ^seeds accurately in hills or drills: hoes, cultivates, and plows quickly,": ■and thoroughly. Popular with farmers and gardeners everywhere. Planet arTwei-ve-tooth Harrow, CultlTator, and Pul- verizer is invaluable in strawberry and truck patches and the mar- ket garden. Its 12 chisel-shaped teeth and pulverizer leave the ground in finest condition without throwing dirt on plants. FR. F F f A 64-page Illustrated *• ■•^••-»*-»* farm and garden booKI I^full of valuable information on all c Send postal for it today! S L Allen & Co Box I106G Philadelphia Pa Write for name of nearest can get for it, theroby spoiling the market for all and lowering the high standard of fruit, which it should be the object of each district to maintain. By all means enforce sanitation in your orchards as you do in your towns, or you will be heavily handicapped by those who do. Speaking of sprays, with m© Bordeaux mixture is a thing of the past, not only be- ing troublesome and costly to make, but russetting the apples, especially if rain fol- lows the spraying. Commercial lime-sul- phur, one part to forty of water, is as good a fungicide, and does no injury to the fruit, whilst the addition of two pounds lead ar- senate to every forty gallons doubles its power as a fungicide besides forming a powerful insecticide. Applied hot, with ten pounds of quicklime to the barrel, it is still further improved. British Apple Market The Canadian High Commissioner in Great Britain, discussing British apple markets in the weekly report of the Depart- ment of Trade and Commerce, has the fol- lowing to say : The reports recently appearing in the newspapers that a million barrels of apples have been received in the United Kingdom this season from Nova Scotia, appear to be substantially correct, and it is estimated that another 300,000 or 400,000 barrels re- main to be shipped. The condition of those already received has not been uniformly good, the keeping qualities having been be- low the average, owing, it is thought, to the fruit having ripened too quickly. The huge quantity, combined with the disappointing quality, has had an adverse effect on prices. A member of a well-known firm in the trade states that, although the number of barrels received was so great, he had not heard of one which had been branded "falsely marked," but he had had one very bad instance of fraudulent packing and had heard of several others. A new feature will be introduced into the trade very shortly by the arrival of six thousand cases of apples from Cape Colony, but these will not com- pete with Canadian, but with Australian fruit. 8CIENTIPIC LINES It is become more evident each year that apple growing on scientific lines is making progress in this country, and that the efforts which have been mad© for a number of years to bring about an improvement in the apple orchards here are meeting with success. The better kinds of apples are being planted, the varieties are being limited, and the numbers are such that the produce can be marketed in commercial quantities; the trees are being sprayed and the orchards cultivated, and the practice of grading and careful packing in boxes is being greatly ex- tended. The development has been such and pro- mises so well, that a leading firm with branches at all the principal ports, and hitherto engaged in the import trade only, has been compelled to start a department to deal with English fruit. They express the opinion that it will not compete with the Canadian product, but if the movement grows, as it has every appearance of doing, it is difficult to see why the late native apples will not influence the market for the earlier Canadian importations, especially if the latter are not of very good quality. As the improvement in the English apple is likely to raise the quality standard of the demand generally, the necessity will be per- April, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 107 JllllllllltllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMilllllllllllll'£ I TIME TO BUY YOUR | I Gladioli I E For early bloom plant your = = Gladioli just as soon as the ground E E and season are fit. E E Have your bulbs ready by order- E = ing now. E E TRY THE I E Imperial Two Dollar Collection E z; Out; Bulb each of Peace, La Luna, E — Dawn, Blue Jay, Victory, and Faust. E E Si.\ of the best Gladioli ever intro- ^ = duced — the cream of thousands of var- = = icties of Gladioli. Post paid $2.00. E I The Dollar Collection i = Six varieties, covering: a range of = S colors from! white and violet to dark, ~ E rijch red. Post paid $1.00. E E Superb mixed, including- the largest = 3 number of the most magnificent var- = s icties of any popular mixture of com- E = merce ; size 1% inch. 50 for $1.10 E — (mail prepaid). E I The Best Dahlias | E 20 Varieties— $1.00 (prepaid), E E CAT.'VLOGUE E I H. P. Van Wagner | E Stoney Creek, Ont. i E You Need This Catalogue. ^ rilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllr The ONTARIO FRUIT SPRAYER BUILT FOR BUSINESS Fig. 73 No. 1 A. 1912 Model This cut illustrates our 1912 MODEL FRUIT SPRAYER, a marvel of simplicity, strength and durability, 2)4 H. P. engine, water cooled and always ready ; can be quickly cut off from pump jack and used for other purposes. This outfit represents all that first-class machinery, material and skill can produce at a moderate price. Write for detailed description and price. We manufacture a full line of Apple Evaporating Machinery. Installing Power Evaporatori a Specialty FRUIT MACHINERY CO. Ingersoll, Ont. I Potash for Orchards Photo taken in Orchard of J. Elliott Smith The fruit growers of the famous Annapolis Valley realize the importance of Potash in producing large yields of excellent quality. The system employed by them in maintaining soil fertility is an admirable one and ensures large yields every season, .'\nnual applications of 200 to 400 lbs. Muriate of Potash and 400 to 800 lbs. Bone Meal per acre are given and in a few in- stances the applications exceed these quantities. The humus ruid nitrogen are obtained by growing and plowing down a crop of Red Clover every year. During the early summer, thorough culti^•ation is given, chiefly with a view to con- serving .soil moisture. Write us for P'REE copies of our bulletins, including "FERTILIZING ORCHARD AND GARDEN." THE GERMAN POTASH SYNDICATE 1102-1106 I.O.F. Temple Building, Toronto loH THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST April, ic, I Power Sprayers Giant Power Outfit GIANT POWER OUTFIT. — This is a three-cylinder pump of great strength, power and capacity. It will spray 9 gallons per minute at 300 lbs. pressure, il desired. It can be operated with either a 2}4 or S% H.P. Engine. NIAGARA POWER OUTFIT — A three-cylinder pump oi slightly less capacity, but the same high pressure. Can be operated with a 2% or 3% H.P. Engine. DUPLEX POWER OUTFIT — A two-cylinder pump, medium priced, but with large capacity and high pressure. Operated with either n 1% or 2% H.P. Engine. All our pumps have porcelain-lined cylinders, so are proof against corrosion. These cylinders are guaranteed for 10 years. These pumps are very strong, very simple, and built for large capacity and high pressure. All parts are interchangeable. Repairs cost practically nothing. Every part fits every other, and they can be immediately supplied. All our power outfits' are mounted on steel frames, which can be attached to any wagon. They are equipped with 150 and 200-gallon tanks with rotary agitator. Tank Filler, which works by pressure, and will fill the tank in 6 to 8 minutes. Steel folding tower. By removing one tail nut this tower folds flat on the outfit. The highest ijrade of hose. Guaranteed to stand 300 lbs. pressure during the entire season. Spray Rods — lined with large sized aluminum tubing. Latest approved nozzles and other accessories. We have hundreds of power outfits working in Ontario, and wherever we have a power outfit, we have a satisfied customer. We have great confidence in these pumps and want to demonstrate them to you. We will pay the expenses to our factory of any fruit grower in Ontario who in- tends to purchase a power outfit, and who will inspect our pumps before he places his order. He will be under no obligation to purchase from us. All we ask is that he purchase a power outfit of some kind. HAND PUMPS: MAGIC No. 9, is the largest hand pump made. One man can easily maintain a pressure of 140 lbs. LITTLE GIANT No. 70- Most powerful barrel sprayer on the market. THE PIPPIN No. 50 is a strong barrel pump, made for smaller orchards. Write for our complete illustrated catalogue. Be sure and see these pumps before placing your order. They are made with all troubles left out. NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., Limited Burlington, Ontario I ceivod for continued watchfulness and effort on the part of Canadian growers. As fur- ther evidence of the headway which is beins madp. the report may be mentioned that considerable quantities of English apples have been exported to South America. Niagara District Notes The Niagara Peninsula Fruit Growers' Association conducted a very successful in- .stitute during March. Among the promi- nent speakers were Secretary C. E. Bas- sett, of the Michigan State Horticultural Society; Dr. Gusaow. of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, and Prof. J. W. Crow, ami Prof. L. Caesar, of the Guelph Agricultur- al College. Both Mr. B«s.sett and Dr. Gub- sow spoke against the priictioe followed by nurserymen of "heeling in" nursery stock in cellars during the winter months. Dr Gussow claimed that both little peach and yellows are constitutional disea.ses that can- not be eradicated by spraying. All that can he done is to destroy affected trees. Prof. Caesar pointed out that these dis- eases are not new, although they are new in this district. The yellows were identi- fied near Philadelphia in 1791 while the little peach has been known for some thirty years. It has been known in the Niagara District for about ten years. The causes of these diseases are still unknown. There is no use, he claimed, trving to save af- fected trees so the sooner they are removed the better. The diseases are spread by bud- ding from diseased trees and by the prox- imity of diseased and good orchards. Mr. Robt. Smith, of Michigan, dealt with tomato and melon culture. Mr. RoLt. Thompson advised our fruit growers to hold on to their fruit lands as there is no danger of their value declining and money can be made by working them. A feature of the meetings was a banquet tendered to the Hon. Martin Burrell. Do- minion Minister of Agriculture, who form- erly owned a fruit farm near St. Cathar- ines. The Pelham Co-operative Association, composed of farmers and fruit-growers, have completed organization and elected the following officers: President, J. E. Lent ; Vice-President, J. Hampton ; Secre- tary, J. Asberry : Directors — A. Ranton, Ed. Clemens, C. Howe and C. Brown. .\n experienced person will be engaged as man- ager and treasurer. British Columbia The annual report of Mr. J. \^. Metcalfe, the markets commissioner for British Co- lumbia, has been submitted to the Provin- cial Minister of Agriculture. Mr. Metcalfe warns our growers tbat if we expect to command the trade of the Prairie Provinces to any great extent we must plant larger areas and increase our output as rapidly as possible. One firm of United States ship- pers sold more fruit in the Prairie mar- kets in 1910 than double the output 6f Bri- tish Columbia for 1911. The planting of peaches is discouragea o.v Mr. Metcalfe because peaches ripen late with us. and the markets, therefore, are supplied before our T)eaches are ready. We are advised to grow something with less risk and more certain profit. Our growers are told to fill all orders as agreed upon as r*^ gards date of shipping and varieties or- dered, and to extend the methods of co-op- erative packing in every way possible. In his capacity as markets commissioner Mr. Motcahfe has performed work and gathered information of great value for our growers. April, 19 1 2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 109 Some History about Typewriters T Modem and Ancient CHAPTER t!oiu1 Hirrater Com- pany of America at Brandon, Calgary, Edmonton, Hamil- ton, Letiibridge. London. Montreal, North Battleford. Ottawa, Regina, SatUatoon, St. John, Weyburn, Winni- peg, Yorkton. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA CHICAGO (Incorporated) USA » '^^f^ * IHC Service Bnreaa The purpose of this Bureau is to furnish farmers with Information on better farming. If you have any worthy question concerning: soils, crops, pests, ferti- lizers, etc., write to the I H C Service Bureau and learn what our experts and others have found out concem- Ine these subjects. I F YOU are at all interested in Home-Mixed Fertilizers 1 would like to send you my book on the sub- ject. It contains full information, formulas and lots of information to farmers who want to get the most and the best for their money. The book will be sent free upon request by post card from you. Dr. WM. S. MYERS, Director of Propaganda 17 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK No Branch Offices Vegetable Growers are Active 1m his annual roport as the socrotary treasurer of the Ontario Vegetable Grow- ers' AsBofciation, Mr. J. Lockie WiUon, of Toronto, stated at the recent convention in Toronto, that the spirit of oooporatiro effort is spreading rapidly among the members of the diftercnt branches of the association. Many hundreds of dollars have been saved through the work of energetic ofBciaLs in getting in touch with whole- sale manufacturers and dealers, thus cutting out the profits which formerly went to mid- dlemen. The Ottawa branch last year pur- cihased three carloads of baskets and boxes, and the St. Thomas' branch, with seventy- four members, secured greatly reduced prices on the following supplies: Two hun- dred thousand beri-y crates, boxes and fruit baskets; eight hundred and seventy-five pounds of Paris Green ; three thousand pounds ground sulphur ; seventy-three bar- rels lime sulphur solution; one thousand three hundred and fifty pounds blue stone; one thousand eight hundred and fifty pounds arsenate of lead ; one car salt ; one car land plaster; one car cement; five hun- dred rods wire fencing ; two thousand eight hundred pounds straight wire; two and a quarter tons binder twine; sixteen thousand pounds fertilizer ; twenty bushels seed grain, and twenty-eight pounds seeds. Many of the branches had held monthly meetings during the year, some in the gardens of the leading vegetable growers in the district. One society saved two hundred dollars on the jjurchase of berry boxes and baskets alone. Tenders were called for, and the lowest accepted. The Ottawa branch received grants of from twenty to fifty dollars from four dif- ferent municipalities in the immediate vicinity, the directors of this branch put up a splendid exhibit of the products of their gardens at the Central Canada Ex- hibition, which proved a valuable adver- tisement for the association in that section. At the close of the exhibition the whole exhibit was donated to the city hospitals. This generous action of the officers of this branch was so much appreciated by the citizens that the use of the Assembly Hall in the Carnegie Buildings in Ottawa was given to them free of charge. Air. Wilson is of the opinion that there is no better method of advertising the association than by having a combined exhibit at the Cana- dian National, the Central Canada, and the Western. Exhibitions. LACK OF LABOR One of the chief drawbacks to the progress of the vegetable growers in this province is the lack of efficient labor. From every seo- tion comes the cry, "We cannot get a suffi- cient number of men, not even of an in- ferior class." The officers of the St. Thomas branch state that in their neighborhood, in the county of Elgin alone, there is a shorts age of one thousand laborers, and com- plaints have been made as to the unsatis- factory class of immigrant labor that is available. The Brantford branch has more than doubled its membership by offering prizes to the members who secure the largest number of new ones. The Sarnia branch have specialized with early potatoes, and found them exceedingly profitable. NEW ONTARIO POTATOES The potatoes grown in New Ontario con- tinue to meet with the highest praise from consumers who have had an opportunity of testing them. With much splendid potato land available in Ontario, Mr. Wilson re- gretted that tens of thousands of bushels are still being imported into the province from New Brunswick and several of the Ameri- can states. It is said by those who are in April, 1912 HE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST =^ Brucc's Flovvcring Bulbs GLADIOLUS Mixed, 10 for 25c; 25 for 60c : Choice $2.00 per 100, post paid. Croff's Hybrid Seedlings, mixed, 10 for SOc; 25 for 60( •; $2.00 per 100, post paid. Bruce's White and Light Shades, 10 for 40c; 25 for 85c; $3.00 per 100 post paid. Childsi, iVIixed, 10 for 50c; 25 for $1.00; $3.75 per 100, i>ost paid. Bruce's Superb, mixed, made up by our- selves from all varieties, the best, 10 for 60c: 25 for $1.25; $4.50 per 100, post paid. Croff's World's Fair Collection. Novel- tics in all colors, jfrand, lie each ; 10 for $1.00; 25 for $2.25, po.st paid. New Grand Named Varieties, almost anv color, 24 sorts, 20c each; 24 for $3.75 post paid. DAHLIAS Splendid named sorts, all colors. Show. Cactus and Pompon Varieties, 22c each ; $2.20 per dozen, post paid. Ordinary varie- ties, mixed, 12c each; $1.20 per dozen, post paid. TUBEROSE The Pearl, double white flowers, each 5c; |)cr dozen, 40c; per 100, $2.50, post paid. Single Orange Scented, beautiful orange- like blossoms, ea-ch 5c; dozen 50c; 100, $3. .50 post paid. LILIES Auratum, Lancif, Album and Rubrum, El- egans, Pardalinum, Tigrinum, Umbellatum, Tenuifolium and Wallacei, each 20c; per dozen, $1.80, post paid. FREE Write for our handsomely illustrated 112 page Catalogue of Vegetable, Farm and Flower Seeds, Bulbs. Plants, Poultry Supplies, Garden Implements, etc>, now ready JOHN A. BRUCE & CO., Ltd. l:i:!^:tTs^ Hamilton, Ont. r m dynamited hole m spade dug hole\ A tree planted by means of USubsoiJ broken uDbiiI)Mst-^^i:Smm^^m{ ^'^ making pae- cial attention. There are a number of varieties differing greatly in size, colour, AFTER the snov/drops, squills, hya- cinths and other spring flowers of March and April have gladdened our hearts by their sweetness or wealth of bloom, primroses and bunch primroses (Polyanthi), the well beloved of all Eng- land's children, begin to add their quota of delight about the end of April. The primrose, which reaches perfection here during May, comes now in nearly all the shades of crimson and yellow that the polyanthus does, but it seems sweeter and more appropriately dressed in its old- fashioned primrose gown. The polyanthus is most attractive in the rich, velvety crimsons that it delights to don, although it is beautiful in the rich yellows, creams, and many "art" shades of pink also. It is a very showy flower, and one that is perfectly hardy and easily grown, provided it is kept sufficiently well watered and sheltered from the blazing midsummer sun. It is easily raised from seed, and a strain known as Dean's Hy- brids is excellent. One of the daintiest Barrenworts (Epi- mcdium rubrum) joins the happy throng the first week in May. It is difficult to decide which to advise most, its quaint little cream and crimson flowers, spring- ing from the axils of the leaves, or the beautifully tinted leaves themselves. Both are quite unique. Corydalis nobilis (the Noble Fumitory), with its stout flower stalk, closely packed with yellow and black blossoms ; C. bulbosa, with smaller flowers of a somewhat dull ma- genta-crimson ; and C. rubrum, also of ii8 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1912 A^Dwarf Jlris and Lovely Phlox No. 1 and in the time of blooming. T. pum- illa caeriiiea, a midi^et of only four inches high, with small flowers of a delicate mauve-blue throughout — preceding the others by nearly a week. There are yel- low, white, and purple varieties, sonie with blooms as large as those of the German iris, some coming early and some only fading as T. Florentina, the forerunner of the German iris, begins. They delight in a well-drained soil and sunny situation. The Virginian Blue Bells (Mertensia Virginica), with smooth glaucus leaves ahd drooping flowers of the softest plum- bago blue, deserves a well-honored place in the spring border, and so does the creeping Jacob's Ladder (Polemonum reptans) with soft grey-blue flowers and pretty leaves, nor must we forget the claims of the perennial Candytuft (Tberis sempervireus), which lies like a patch of freshly fallen snow, in its dazzling white- ness ; Snow Queen, a new variety, is the finest. A darling amongst the little creep- ing things is the Snow in Summer (Cer- astium tomentosum) with its fine silvery leaves of almost wool-like texture, and comparatively large white flowers, which begin to open in late May and last until mid June. Few plants are more charming than the Iceland Poppy (P. nudicaule) (see illustration number two). ' It is not only an early bloomer, but it is one of the few perennials that blossom all summer, pro- vided no seed is allowed to form. Its long stems and airily poised flowers give it great decorative value both indoors and out, for unlike the majority of poppies, it does not drop its petals the day it is gathered. If picked in the bud stage it will often last several days in the house. The original colors were pure white, pure yellow, and orange-scarlet, but the last few years have seen .several inter- mediate shades added to these, and also colored flowers with delicate white edges (a la Shirley Poppy), which are exqui- sitely dainty. It, also, can be easily rais- ed from seed, and will frequently flower a little the first year if .sown in a hot bed in March or April. With the flowers described, as well as those that bloom during March and April, one can have something coming on, to cheer and interest one, from March to the end of May, the three spring months. I do not wish you to infer that there will be much bloom in March, for that would be misleading, but even a few snowdrops are worth while after our long, cold win- ters, and the procession of the flowers is steady, if sometimes slow, in cold sea- sons. By the end of April you will find yourself going out each morning to see if there is not something more in bloom since the previous day, and you will be anxiously watching each little bud un- fold. From the first week in May things will run races with each other for precedence, and by the twenty-fourth the spring gar- den will be in the height of its glory, which will only be excelled by June's lavish display. All this time the average gardener is gazing at his empty beds and wondering if he dare have his tender bedding plants put in by the twenty- fourth, while the man who goes in 'or Iceland Poppy ^Papaver Nudicaule) No. 2 annuals, "first, last and all the time," is nursing his tiny plants that will not reach blooming size until the end of June at the earliest — he and his bedding-out- plant rival having the pleasant thought to cheer them that their gardens will be in their prime when either they them- selves or most of their friends will be out of town for their summer holidavs. The Perennial Border F. E. Buck, Central Eiperimcat*! Farm, Ollawa. The following are a few short rule> to follow in the making of a perennial border : Prepare the ground for f>erennials in the early autumn, or prepare in the spring, and plant annuals in it for that season. The cultivation of the.se annuals will greatly improve the ground for the perennials. In preparing the bed, work in thoroughly plenty of well-rotted m.lnure. Underdrain the border if the soil is heavy. If it is very heavy add, in addi- tion to manure, some sand or peat as well. Order the plants from the nursery com- pany'in good time. This will ensure your getting all the plants you order, and it will enable you to plant early and to get the best results. Order most of the plants in the sum- mer for autumn planting, except a few that are best planted in the spring. The.se latter you may order during the winter. Plant as soon as received and don't on any account let the roots dry out. Set the plants a little bit deeper than they were in the nursery, but don't smother them. If you can raise most of the plants yourself from seed, do so. Sow the seed early in the spring, and the plants will be ready to transplant into the border by the fall! A FEW DON'TS Don't try after color effect until you know your flowers well. Don't forget that quiet harmonies are often better than strong contrasts. Don't forget to pick off the old flower heads and dead stalks. By so doing you will improve the general appearance of the border and encourage some plants to make a second growth. Don't forget that a little water applied during the daytime is worse than none at all. If you give any give plenty. Don't forget to stake and tie up the very tall plants. Don't forget that in' the early stages of a perennial border you can hardly ex- pect to have a good balance of bloom at all seasons, but strive after that if you have a large border. Don't forget that too much variation, even in a flower border, tends to mono- tony. Have big clumps of color if pos- sible. Don't forget that exact grading from the tall plants at the back to the dwarf plants at the front of the border will give a stiff appearance. To avoid this plant an occasional large and striking plant in the foreground. Don't forget that the drip from large trees is harmful to most plants. Don't be afraid to throw out plants you do not care for'. I May, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 119 A PortionSof the Pergola in Mr. MacKendrick's^Garden Canadian Gardens — The MacRendrick Garden A. H. Goodman, LL. B., Toronto, Ont. ARTICLE No. 5 A MAN in the creation of a garden un- consciously reveals himself. The garden at 7 Chippewa Ave. , Toronto Island, is no exception to this rule, ""or this is the garden, not of a florist, a bot- anist or a gardener, but of a man — a big, bold, intellectual, forcible man. A florist would have followed well known rules of gardening, namely, that there should be simplicity, instead of extravagance, mass- es, instead of scatterings, law instead of lawlessness, in respect to variety and of r ■ Bmii!%^, ''•' s%m L .Mr.^MacKendrick Entertaining Visitors The President of the Toronto Horticultural Society is here shown describing his methods of rofle coilture to members of the Society who visited hie garden last summer. The Border colour, and of form, and that there should be a focus or point of interest, cr constructional centre, a dominant note of form, light or color, with other parts subordinate to this. It is said, harmony is better esthetics than contrast, that we should use foliage in masses that the blue of the sky, water, the green of the earth, shrub- bery and trees are a delight forever, that bright color has its cheer, and we should plan our garden for it, prizing it as an accent rather than a constancy. But the popular president of the Toronto Horti- cultural Society cuts out all .sentiment, his grounds stand disclosed, nothing is suggested or left to fancy, he simply grows flowers in profusion, beautiful flowers in abundance, with accuracy, ar.d magnificent results. T.nking the well- known flowers that we all love, he ex- travagantly gives them the soil, water, nourishment and conditions they ask for, and compels them to bloom in a riot of beauty never before seen on the Island. Mr. McKendrick is successful with all the flowers. The tulip, in remarkably rich and glowing colors, large size and massive substance, type of the brilliant splendour of the Orient, from whence it came, the fragrant stocks and wall flow- ers, the sweet pea, charming in form, beautiful and varied in color, deliciously sweet, — snap dragon and sweet william, roses of many varieties, phloxes, pseon- ies, dahlias, lilies, irises, gladioli, fox- glove, daffodils, narcissi, pinks, asters, and many, many others. I have seen this garden but once, and have spoken to the man only a few times, yet the one is a reflex of the other. This garden is an educational floral as- set of the city, where the man with a small yard can see and study individual flowers, grown in perfection, but it has nothing of Lord Bacon's suggestion of the mystic, or "of avenues, arbors and fountain, and the edge of a wilderness." The Care of Tulips Wm. Hont, O.A.C., Gaclph, Ont. Where tulips are planted in flower beds or borders where summer decora- tive plants such as coleus, geraniums, cannas and others, are to be planted, it is advisable to dig up the tulips so as to be able to thoroughly cultivate and manure the ground for the summer plants mentioned. By manuring the ground well at this time the bulbs will not require any manure or fertilizer when planted. The tulip bulbs can be left in the ground until it is time to set out the A Portion of the Rose Garden In the rear is the summer tool house. 120 THE CANADIAN HORTICUtTURIST May, 1912 summer decofatiye plants, usually about the first week in June. They should then be lifted carefully with the top growth on, and should be heeled' in thickly in a shallow trench and covered with four or five inches of soil. The tops only should be above the ground. Any out of the way corner of the garden will do to heel in the bulbs. It is best el or stake. About the end of July or early in August the bulbs should be again lifted from where they have been heeled in, the tops removed, and the bulbs dried a lit- tle in the sun for a day or two. They should then be laid in shallow boxes and put in a rather cool cellar or room until planting time in October. By treating bulbs such as hyacinths, tulips and crocus in this way, a majority of the bulbs can be used for .several years suc- cessively, where they have to be dug up for summer plants. Fertilizers For The Garden Frank T. Shutt, M^ A., Dominion Chemist, Ottawa. {Concluded from April Ismie) FERTILIZER formulai might be mul- tiplied almost indefinitely. Enquir- ies are almost daily received for mixtures suited for special crops, and fertilizer manufacturers pander to this demand by putting on the market a host of brands labelled for the differ- ent crops. It is quite true that there are types or classes of crops and that these differ as regards their food re- quirements, that each class has its dom- inant fertilizer. Thus, as already re- marked, vegetables and leafy crops gen- erally, clover, peas and other legumes, respond more particularly to potash while the cereals more especially require phos- phoric acid with nitrogen. But too much confidence should not be placed in these special trade names, and it will be much more to the point to study the guaran- teed analysis of the brands, at the same time keeping in mind the especial func- tions of the elements, the character of the soil and the predilections of the vari- ous classes of crops. In furnishing — to meet the popular de- ' mand — the following formulae for special crops, the writer does so with no little hesitancy, since they are apt to be accept- ed as the best mixtures under all condi- tions, and such, if we have made clear the principles underlying this art of sup- plying plant food, could not be possible. Fertilizers, like many other things, must be mixed and applied with brains if the best results are to be secured. There is no royal road, nothing that will take the place of knowledge and experience. While, therefore, all these formulae have been used, and used successfully, no claim is made that they will everywhere and on all soils prove the best that could be devised. They are rather to be con- sidered as suggestive in character. Perennial Flower Border. — Bone meal, five to ten pounds; superphosphate, four to eight pounds ; sulphate of potash, one to two pounds ; and nitrate of soda, one to four pounds, per forty square yards. The superphosphate may be replaced by basic slag if the soil is naturally deficient in lime. Annuals. — These have a short season of growth and therefore require large amounts of plant food. However, if the soil is rich, half of the following mini- mum amounts will suHice : Superphos- phate, ten to twenty pounds; sulphate of potash, one to five pounds ; and nitrate of soda, ten to twenty pounds, per forty square yards. Phlox in Bloom in Mr. MacKendrick's Garden Roses. — These are usually planted in soil that has been well enriched with man- ure. In such cases phosphate only will be necessary to induce blooming : Bone meal, ten to twenty pounds ; superphos- phate or basic slag, ten to twenty pounds, per forty square yards. Lawns. — The preparation of the ground for lawns is all important ; it is better to defer seeding a year than to sow on soil that is in poor mechanical condition and deficient in available plant food. It should be plentifully supplied with humus-forming material. Before seeding, the following mixture may be worked into the surface soil : Ground bone, five to ten pounds ; muriate of pot- ash, one to two pounds, per forty square yards. The grass may be top dressed with nitrate of soda at the rate of a half pound for forty square yards two or three times during the season if the growth is pwor and yellowish. Potting Soil and for Use in Green- houses.— For potting soil, house plants, and so forth : Bone meal, four pounds ; sulphate of potash, one pound. To be thoroughly mixed with five hundred to seven hundred and fifty pounds of the potting soil. If the growth lacks vigor, nitrogen can be applied as nitrate of soda to the pots. This will be most readily done by dissolving three-quarters of an 'ounce of the nitrate in one gallon of water and applying say two ounces of the solution every fortnight or three weeks, for a six-inch pot. It should be borne in mind that excess of nitrogen will give a leafy development and sup- press blooming. For soil in greenhouses, frames, and so forth, two pounds of the above mixture of bone meal and sulphate of potash can Ije used for each one hundred square feet thoroughly incorporating the fertilizer with the soil. If available nitrogen is thought desirable, follow with one-half to three-quarters of a pound of nitrate of soda for a hundred square feet. When the soil has not previously been enriched, it may be found convenient to apply the fertilizer in liquid form. For house plants, garden flowers and vege- tables, the following may be used: Ni- trate of soda, three parts; sulphate of potash, one part; and superphosphate, three parts. Dissolve the mixture in water at the rate of one ounce in three gallons of water (there will be slight in- soluble residue from the superphosphate that may be neglected) and use rather sparingly once every two or three weeks. If the soil is very rich (as from additions of well rotted manure) and the plants run to foliage, omit the nitrate of soda from the above formula. No attempt has been made in this ar- ticle to discuss the fertilizing question in all its bearings, but merely to give in as concise a form as possible some of the more important principles upon which a rational use of fertilizers is based, to- gether with certain formulae which may be found helpful in ordinary garden prac- tice. In the mixtures suggested, only the more commonly used and easily ob- tained ingredients have been employed, thus simplifying the matter for those who have yet to gain their experience with fer- tilizers. In conclusion, it might be stated that not all garden soils stand in need of fer- tilizers or will repay their use. It is true, however, that wherever the amount of stable manure available is inadequate to supply the full measure of the plant food demanded by this intensive form of ag- riculture, fertilizers may be employed with very considerable profit, and, fur- ther, that by their judicious use the ex- cess of available plant food so desirable in the garden soil may be kept fairly well balanced and therefore the best results in- root, stem, leaf and fruit obtained. May, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 121 The Annual Border at the Ontario Agricultural College Planting Notes for May and June Wm. Hunt, O. A. C. Guelph, Ont. I IF the season is at all a backward one — as it appears likely to be this year — the early part of May will be quite soon enough to do any planting or transplant- ing that may be required in the peren- nial border. Better results can be ib- tained after the plants have started root action than very early before root action has started. Any trimming in, or "-e- :. arranging of clumps or groups of per- ennials, and the transplanting of same, should be done before top growth is more than two inches in height. One or two early flowering kinds may be left until later before dividing or transplant- ing them. The several varieties of the phlox subulata, garden primrose, and cowslips are among those that may ije left until they are out of flower before being divided. Even these are some- times better transplanted very early in spring. There are a few kinds of perennials that should not be disturbed in spring or early summer. Paeonies, Dicentra (Bleeding Heart), and German Ins should be dug up and divided, if thev require it, about the end of September or early in October. Lilies of all kinds should not be disturbed in the spring ; early in September is the best time to take up and divide these, but do not dis- turb them at all as long as they give good flowering results. If the clumps of spring flowering bulbs, such as narcissus, tulips, and cro- cus, are getting too crowded, mark tlie spot with a label where they are grow- ing, and then dig the bulbs up about 'he end of July, dry them a little, and put them in the cellar until planting time in October. Almost all of the other kin. Is of perennials, such as campanulas, lark- spurs, giallardia, monarda didyma, core- opsis, Dictannus fratinella, woundwort. snow-in-summer, and other similar kinds of plants, can be transplanted if thev require it in the spring. ANNUALS Nearly all of the early sown annuals can be planted out from flats or cold frames from about the middle to the end of May, acording to prevailing weather conditions. A few of the most tender kinds, such as nasturtiums, zinnias, bal- sams, and climbing Cobaea scandens and Tropaeolum Canariensis (Canary Creep- er), should not be planted out until the ground is warm, and all danger of frosty or chilly nights is past. It is better to wait a week until the weather gets warm and settled, than to put them out to be chilled so as to give them a set back, or perhaps to be frozen and ruined. The first or second week in June is usually quite early enough to set out very tender plants. Nasturtiums and the climbing plants mentioned should he grown on early in pots, or sown where they are to grow for the season, as they do not transplant readily from flats ; r cold frames. The distance apart to plant annuals — or to thin out when sown in the border — must be governed by the habit of growth and height of the plant. A good general rule is to plant or thin the taller growing bush kinds from two to three feet apart, the medium height plants ten to twelve inches, and the dwarf varieties two to four inches apart in the rows, and the rows for the dwarfer growing kinds six to eight inches apart. Phlox Drummondii and mignonette may be left rather thick in the rows, about four inches apart. The following list of annuals include most of the popular and best kinds, jvith their approximate height in feet an.-l inches. They are also placed on the list in each class in th? order of merit they are generally conceded to have as decorative plants for the garden. CLIMBING ANNUALS Sweet Pea, four to six feet. Cobaea scandens, eight to twelve feet. Climbing Nasturtiums, six to eight feet. Convolvulus (Morning Glory), six to eight feet. These are suitable for training on a trellis for a background where required for an annual border, or for covering fences or verandahs. PERENNIAL OLTMBERS Good hardy perennial climbers fi-r spring planting are Aristolochia sipho (Dutchman's Pipe), Ampelopsis Veitchii, and Ampelopsis quinquefolia, and cls- matis in variety. These may be planted as early in the spring as possible. TALL ANN'TALS FOR BACKGROUND OR CENTRE OP LARGE BED Ricinus (Castor Oil Bean), four to • "x feet. Annual Sunflower, three to six feet. Cosmos, three to four feet. MEDIUM HEIGHT ANNUALS Asters (Comet and Late Branching), twelve to eighteen inches. Nasturtium (Dwarf), eight to twelve inches. Phlox Drummondii, twelve to eighteen inches. Ten Week Stocks, twelve to eighteen inches. Zinnia (Tall), two to three feet. Balsam, one to two feet. French Marigold, twelve to eighteen inches. Salpiglossis, two to three feet. Schizanthus, twelve to eighteen inches. Scabiosa, two to three feet. Silene armeria (Lobels), twelve to fif- teen inches. Coreopsis (Calliopsis), one to two feet. Calendula, one to two feet. African Marigold, two to two and a half feet. Gypsophila elegans, twelve to fifteen inches. French Marigold, ten to twelve inches. Eschscholtzia, ten to fourteen inches, inches (new). Diascia Barbarae, ten to fourteen inches, (new.) DWARF ANNUALS Sweet Alyssum, six to ten inches. Candytuft, eight to ten inches. Portulaca, four to six inches. Dwarf or Liliputian Zinnia, ten lo twelve inches. Dwarf Cicely Phlox, eight to ten inches. Virginian Stock, ten to twelve inches. Swan River Daisy, ten to twelyfe inches. _ TENDER GREENHOUSE PLANTS It is not safe to plant out geraniums until the last week in May or possibly early in June. The more tender plants such as coleus, iresine, salvia, ageratum, canna, alternanthera, Caladium esculen- tum (Elephant Ears), should not be plant- 122 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1912 ed out ill the flower Ix'ds until the first or second week in jiint' ;it the earliest, to be quite safe from a set hack. The following table showing the prin- cipal kinds of tender bedding plants, with approximate height of same and dis- tance apart to set the plants, will be a guide in setting them out : Geraniums — Twelve to fifteen inches high; ten to twelve inches apart. Coleus — Twelve to eighteen inches high ; ten to twelve inches apart. Iresine (Tall)— Ten to twelve inches high ; eight to ten inches apart. Ageratum — Six to ten inches high ; eight to ten inches apart. Salvia — Fifteen to eighteen inches high ; twelve to fourteen inches apart. Canna — Three to four feet high ; four- teen to sixteen inches apart. Caladium esculentum (Elephant Ear) — Two to three feet high ; eighteen 10 twenty inches apart. Alternanthera — Six to eight inches high ; four to six inches apart. GLADIOLI The following corms of these can he planted at any time from early in May until the second week in June. As a rule, the best results are secured by planting about the second or third week in May. Plant flowering corms four inches under the surface of the soil a.'ij from four to six inches of space between the corms whether planted in rows or m groups. The old dry corm of last year should be removed before planting ttie fresh corms, also all of the small cormels. The small cormels should be planted as early in May as possible. A shallow drill about two inches in depth is deep enough to plant or sow these in. They can be sown thickly, about an inch apart in the drills, very similar to the way sweet peas are sown. The hardening of tender plants grad- ually to outdoor conditions is one of ihe very important features of successful spring and summer planting. To expose plants at once from indoor to outdoor conditions without this "hardening off" process often results in serious injury tiom the hot sun, as well as from coi'', chilly weather. Stand the plants out of doors in a cold frame or where they can be temporarily protected from hot sun in the daytime, or from cold at night, for a week or ten days before planting them out. Plants treated in this way make a much better start when planted out than when planted directly from the window or greenhouse into the flower border. Dig and rake the ground well before planting. Any fertilizer dug in now should be yvell rotted, almost the nature of soil itself. Plant when the ground is moist, not when it is very wet or soddened. Just before rain and in dull warm weather is the best time for planting. Set all the plants out — especially pot plants — -in the exact position they are to occupy, before starting to plant, if pos- sible. It is easier to do this first than to dig them up and replant them, as is often done if not in their proper position. Do not disturb the roots of potted plants too much when planting, except to remove the old drainage material Avoid tramping the soil down any more than really necessary, especially soils t f a heavy nature. Pack the soil fairly firm around tiie roots. Do not leave the surface of the soil too fine, after planting; it packv down too hard if raked very fine on the surface. Water plants well once if soil is very dry. Keep surface of soil stirred occa- sionally with a small hoe. Never use a large rake for this purpose ; it is da.i- gerous. Many a good plant has been snapped off by using a rake for surface stirring the soil. A small hoe and a garden trowel dre indispensable implements for planting purposes. Vegetables in Young Orchard* A. H. MacLennan, O. A, C, Guelph, Ont. When growing vegetables in the young orchard the welfare of the young trees must be borne in mind and the crops not allowed to encroach upon them. The next thing to consider is the mar- ket for the vegetables and the facilities to reach that market. When that is '-l"-- cided, one may plant what suits his con- ditions the best. For early potatoes the seed should ne selected the year before and only those hills chosen that are still green and vigorous at the time of digging. This should then be stored in a light cellar, so that the potatoes may get green, and the temperature be maintained at thirt}'- eight degrees Fahrenheit, or as near to it as possible. About six weeks before planting, the temperature should be rais- ed to seventy degrees Fahrenheit, and the tubers set upright with the eye and up, .so that the best and strongest shoot may grow — the others should be rubbed off. The system of allowing only one shoot to grow will produce fewer pota- toes, but all of them will be of market- able size. THE SOIL The ground should be thoroughly pa- nared. Three or four days before plant- ing, the furrows should be run twenty eight inches apar* and four inches deep This will permit the soil to warm up more quickly and deeper. If one is using com- mercial fertilizer, it should be placed in this furrow and covered one-half inch with soil. The sets are then carefully placed in the furrow nine inches apart, sprouts up, and then covered with a hand rake or single horse cultivator. Care must be taken not to break off the shoots or one will lose more than the time gained. The Early Ohio is the earliest variety, but it is not a very heavy cropper. Early Eureka is a week later and a heavy cropper. The Empire State, Green Mountain, and Davy's Warrior are main crop potatoes. LATE CABBAGE For late cabbage, the young plants •An address deliTered at the Guelph College dnring the short course in fruit growing. must be started in a seed bed that (..t-.n be covered because of the cabbage fly that appears in late May and early June. .\ plot eight feet by twelve feet will hold enough plants to set an acre. The large headed types should be planted about thirty-six inches by twenty-four inches, and the smaller early types twenty-four inches by eighteen inches. When trans- planting to a field, about half of the lar- ger leaf surface should be pruned off to reduce transpiration, and a batter of clay and cow manure should be made in which the roots of the young plants are immers- ed and carried to the field. They should be taken from this and planted direct. This treatment will give the plants a start in the ground because they have both moisture and fertilizer at hand in the shape of a film of this batter adhering to their roots. ONIONS The soil for onions should be worked down very fine and level and rolled he- cause the onion grows on the surface of the ground and the seed requires to be barely covered. First of all the seed should be tested for germination power. There are two methods of getting the crop into the ground — One, the seed may be sown with a drill in rows twelve inches to fourteen inches apart, which will re- quire four to five pounds per acre. The seed drill should be tested and the sow- ing done acordingly, so as to be sure of sowing enough and not too much. This will save much tedious work of thinning later on. • This system is suitable for iil of the medium sized onions. If the sow- ing is done properly, no thinning will '.e necessary, as the small percentage of smaller onions may be used for pickling. Two, the seed is started in a hot-bed or greenhouse in February and later trans- planted into the field. This will give a large onion and is suitable for the onions of the Gibraltar type. Trim out and burn the old raspberry and blackberry canes. Currant and gooseberry bushes should also be thin- ned. The fruit is improved both in quality and size. May, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 123 I A Bed of Ciinseng a> Grown in Ontario Three-quarters of an acre of Ginseng plants, as grown In the eardens of Orr and Niokols, of Mono Mills, Ont. are here shown as photographed May 24, 1911. These growers have another half acre of Ginseng growing in the woods. The bed here shown was started in the year 1900, and proved a suocess from the start. Notice the lattice shade which is a necessity in the suocesefnl cultivation of this crop. Growing Seed Potatoes* I BEGIN this .short article by making reference to the .soil, for I am con- vinced that the kindly .soil of Mus- koka has Iaro;ely contributed to my suc- cess as a grower of seed potatoes. My farm is slightly rolling, with natural drainage, exposed to south and east, and sheltered from the north-west by a gran- ite ridge. The .soil, being a rich, warm, sandy loam, quickly responds to good culture, and being underlaid by a com- pact subsoil, commonly called hardpan, it retains moisture, even in the driest sea- sons, such as 191 1. As potatoes require abundant humus in the soil, I prefer to grow in rotation following peas, which has been sod the previous year. Legumes are credited with drawing lightly on the manurial con- stituents of the soil and the vines, acting as a mulch, tend to smother weed growth and leave a clean, mellow seed bed for the following crop. I also grow on sod land, breaking pasture land the first week in .August, disking and harrowing at once to hasten decomposition of the sod and prevent grass from growing. This is re- peated as often as required until snow- fall. When sleighing comes, and before the snow gets deep, I haul and spread twenty loads of barnyard manure to the acre. In the spring, early in May, as .soon as the land is dry, I run a disk over it. I then plough manure under and harrow to a level surface. With a com- mon single plough, with marker attached, I then begin on one side of the field, throwing out planting furrows, right and left alternately, four inches deep, plant- ing by hand, distance apart depending upon habit of variety, and covering by a simple device drawn by one horse, resem- ling a snow plough, which covers two rows at a time and does the work satis- factorily. I run a short toothed, steel harrow lengthways of the rows, three times at intervals, finishing just as the plants appear above the ground. I then run the cultivator, getting close up to the plants thus making as little hand hoeing as possible. No implement yet invented can take the place of the hoe, and I use it every year so as to insure clean culture. I cultivate four times, hilling only slightly by running the cultivator deep and narrow, thus making the ridges in- cline towards the plants, which ensures them getting the full benefit of the rain- fall. I generally finish cultivating about July tenth, just as the plants are begin- ning to blossom. I never allow beetles to make havoc with the leaves, as pota- toes never recover from a check at this stage of their growth. I use land plaster and paris green — thirty pounds of plas- ter to one pound of paris green, applied dry, when leaves are damp with dew. Two applications are generally sufficient but should a third aplication be required I think it is time well spent. This is the time to reduce the pest — it saves worry the next spring. Early Work With Celery* In case the grower adopts the plan of transplanting, the seedlings will be ready for the first handling in from four to six weeks from the time the seed is sown. The seedlings may be transplanted in trays or to beds in the open ground. This transplanting answers two pur- poses: First, the seedling plant of cel- ery has a straight root or tap root which is broken in transplanting, causing a large mass of fibrous roots to be formed. In the case of a plant allowed to remain in the seed bed until planting out time this tap root has gone far down into the soil and the plant has formed very few side roots, consequently it suffers a great shock in the process of planting in the field, and a large number of plants will need to he replaced. Secondly, when transplanting plants twice is practised there is no necessity for thinning and a more uniform lot of plants is obtained. When the seed bed is prepared, the soil of which it is composed should con- tain as much moisture as possible, and yet be in good condition to handle. After sowing and covering the seed, the bed should be sprinkled lightly. During the oeriod between seeding and the appear- ance of the plants the bed should be wat- ered only as often as it shows indica- tions of dryness ; however, the surface should never become dry. During the first few days a moist cloth may be snread over the surface in order to con- serve the moisture, but this should be removed before the seedlings begin to ■lopear. After the plants are up care should be taken not to water too heavily, as they are liable to damp off, but the ground should never become so dry as to check their growth. If possible, the planting should be done when the soil is rather moist and the at- mospheric conditions suitable to the sub- sistence of the plants until the roots can again furnish sufficient moisture to sup- ply them. The bed should be thorough- ly watered a few hours before the plants are removed and a knife or trowel should be run between the plants so that they may be lifted with a clump of earth and with most of their roots attached. Mark off the rows with a wheel hoe or cultivator. Place the plants in a shallow tray and set in the ground from the tray. When the plants are set and the .soil well pressed down around them, they should be just a little below the general level of the soil, but not low enough to become covered by heavy rains. •A paper read at the Ontario Winter Fair. Guelph, December 191".. As soon as the ground can be worked plant hardy vegetables, such as garden peas, onions, radishes, lettuce, parsley, spinach, carrots, beets and leeks. Get the cold frame ready for plants ns soon as they are sufficiently advanced to move from the hot beds. *GTtraot from a bulletin of the TTnited States Department of Agriculture. I 24 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1912 The Canadian Horticulturist i^^^^ Published by The Horticultural Publithinc Company, Limited PKTKRBORO, ONTARIO The Onlv Hoiticultural Magazine in the Dominion Official Groan of the Ontario. Qukbkc, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Ibland Fruit Growers' Asbociationb B. Bbonbon Cowan, Managring Director 1. The Canadian Horticulturiflt is nubllshed on the 25th day of the month preceding date of issue. 2. Subscription price in Canada and Great Britain, 60 cents a year; two years, $1.00. For United States and local eubacriptions in Pet«r- boro (not called for at the Post Office), 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Post OfRoe or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps siccepted for amounts less than $1.00. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dressee must be given. 6. Advertising rates One Dollar an Inch. Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad- vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad- vertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. 7. Articles and Illustrations for pablication will be thankfully received by the Editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year endins with December, 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested in the growing of fruits, flowers or vegetables. January, 1911 8,082 February, 1911 8,260 March, 1911 8,523 April, 1911 : 9,469 May, 1911 9,783 June, 1911 10,178 July, 1911 10,062 August, 1911 10,043 September. 1911 9,973 October, 1911 9.991 November, 1911 9,988 December. 1911 10,137 Totol ■• 114.48B Average each issue in 1907, 6,627 " 1908, 8,695 " " " " 1909, 8,970 " " " " 1910, 9,067 " " " " 1911, 9,541 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY We want the readers of The Canadian Horti- culturist to feel that they can deal with our advertisers with our assurance of the advertis- ers' reliability. We try to aximit to our columns only the most reliable advertisers. Should any subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from any of our advertisers, we will look into the matter and investigate the circumstances fully. Should we find reaeon, even in the slightest degree, we will discontinue immediately che pub- lication of their advertisements in The Horti- culturist. Should the circumstances warrant we will expose them through the columns of the paper. Thus we will not only protect our readers, but our reputable advertisers aa well. All that is necessary to entitle you to the bene- fit of this Protective Policy Is that you include in all your letters to advertisers the words, "I saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticulturist." Complaints should be made to us as soon as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has been found. Communications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST, PETESBOEO, ONT. g EDITORIAL g MARKET COMMISSIONERS The marked success which last year at- tended the work of British Columbia's Mar- ket Commissioner in the leading fruit mar- kets of the prairie provinces led the directs ors of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Associa- tion a few months ago to request Hon. James S. Duff, the provincial minister of agriculture, to appoint a similar market commissioner to represent Ontario in the west. Even although only a limited num- ber of fruit growers .ship fruit to the west during the early part of the season, it may be expected that the request of the fruit growers will be granted. While the govern- ment is about it, it should consider the ad- visability of appointing a second commis- sioner to visit and report regularly from the leading fruit markets in the east. The great bulk of the tender fruit raised in Ontario is marketed in Ontario or in Montreal. Many hundreds of fruit grow- ers consign fruit to the fruit markets in the large centres and to the smaller cities as well. Often gluts occur on these markets because the growers, not being in touch with one another, shin too largely to a few markets. Much of the fruit, also, goes for- ward poorly packed, and quantities of it are injured in transit. Were the govern- ment to appoint a market commissioner it would be his duty to visit these markets, as often as possible, and interview the local fruit dealers and railway ofiBcials. He would report the results weekly through the press and by special reports to the fruit growers and fruit growers' associations. By com- paring the condition in which Ontario fruit from different districts reached the dealers, as well as fruit from points in the States, many valuable points would be learned by the growers, as the reports of such a com- missioner would be followed carefully. The amount of fruit marketed by the fruit growers of British Columbia in the western markets is such a small fraction of the quantity of fruit marketed in the east by ©astern growers the benefits that would follow the work and recommendations of two such commissioners may readily be seen. Any one who read the weekly reports that were published last year by British Columbia's market commissioner will realize the need that exists for action being taken along this line by the Ontario government. ADVERTISING APPLES Such great developments have taken place during the past few years in the production and marketing of fruit, one may well won- der what the near future has in store for the fruit industry. As yet no systematic endeavor has been made to develop the home markets. Sooner or later this will be undertaken by means of carefully prepared advertising campaigns. The results that should follow such a campaign can hardly be estimated. In the United States, where the competi- tion for the best prices on the home markets is becoming more keen each year, some thought is already being given to this sub- ject. In a recent issue of The Spy, the official organ of the International Apple Shippers' Association, there appeared an article entitled "Advertising the Apple," which gives some indication of what ad- vertising might do to increase home con- sumption. The author of this article said in part, "So far as properly advertising the "apple is concerned, we growers and deal- "ers are all sound asleep. We've got to "wake up. What, think you, would be the "outcome if positions were reversed and "the great advertising captains who are "now exploiting breakfast 'foods,' rubber "heels and scouring soap, took possession of "our apples and we their spearmints, pow- "ders and pink pills!' I venture to say the "new apple owners would waste no time "in teaching that it's held 'bad form' to "start the day without eating a baked apple, "that the school children should eat more "apples and less glucose, that pork eaten "without apples is dangerous. In fact, we "would then learn a hundred uses for apples "never dreamed of before, and that it is "better to have no money in the bank than "no apples in the pantry. The consumer "would be taught the varieties and their "various good qualities; taught that buying "apples is buying bright cheeks, happy "smiles, sparkling eyes and elastic step. "Who would set a limit to the possibilities "of such a campaign? On the other hand, "what of our soap, soup and sawdust? "Well, you know what would happen if we "used no more sense in exploiting their "uses than we do our apples, and, mind "you, apples don't require half the boost "that some things do, which I might men- "tion, that are making millions for their "owners." The author of the foregoing is right. The first step in the approaching reform will come when our cooperative associations com- mence to advertise, in the magazines and daily press, different varieties of boxed apples under their special brands. When they do there will soon be a marked increase in the consumption of apples on oar home markets, and oranges and bananas will be apt to lose some of their popularity. CITY SOCIETIES The directors of the Ontario Horticultural Association acted wisely when they decided to petition the Ontario government to so amend the Horticultural Societies Act as to make it possible for horticultural socie- ties to be organized in each electoral district of a city. Hitherto the grant a city society could receive has been limited to five hun- dred dollars. Thus no matter how many members a city society might secure, the amount of its government grant automatic- ally ceased when its membership and ex- penditures for horticultural purposes ex- ceeded a certain point. The result has been that societies in cities like Ottawa and Toronto have not been able to accomplish the good work they otherwise might. Toronto is now so large one society can- not begin to look after the work that should be done. As a result in part of this con- dition there has recently sprung up, in Toronto, besides the Toronto Horticultural Society, the High Park Ratepayers' Asso- ciation. This association, comprising ap- proximately one thousand members, is lo- cated in the western part of the city. It is undertaking most valuable work in the line of encouraging and assisting its mem- bers to improve their boulevards and gar- dens. In spite of this fact, it has not been entitled to receive any government grant. While it may not be advisable as yet to organize two societies in Hamilton or Otta- wa, there is room for good work to be done by three, and possibly four, societies in May, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST »25 I Toronto, and this without the work of the present society being handicapped in any way. Their establishment, however, would make it necessary for the government to in- crease materially the grant voted for dis- tribution among the societies of the pro- vinces at large. MOTHERS' DAY This year, as usual, the second Sunday in May will be observed as Mother's Day. Last year Mother's Day was celebrated more generally than ever before, and this I Company — Good vs. Bad Advertisers are recognizing more than ever before that space in a pub- lication that will publish only clean, truthful, reliable advertisements, is worth much more to them than space in a publication where their an- nouncement is apt to appear alongside an advertisement which is a bald lie or ridiculous exaggeration, or some disgusting patent medicine ad. In the one case, readers recognize that every advertisement which appears in a publication has the personal endorse- ment of the publishers. In the other case it is simply a matter of, "Here it is. Use your own judgment, and if you are "stung," it is your own fault for not being wise enough to dis- tinguish between a fake and a relia- ble advertisement." The attitude of advertisers towards this policy of The Canadian Horticul- turist to publish only such advertise- ments as the publishers felt they could personally recommend, is pret- ty well shown in the following letter recently received from the Gilson Mfg. Co., of Guelph, who have been using the Canadian Horticulturist to advertise their line of power sprayers. "We want to commend the attitude you take lor the protection of the readers of your paper in your 'Protective Policy.' "If you follow out this policy honestly and consistently, you will gain prestige with your readers and your advertisers, and your advertising space will become more valuable as time goes on." The, fact that advertising space in The Canadian Horticulturist IS be- coming more valuable is shown by the increasing volume of advertising car- ried, the first four issues of 1911 hav- ing been the largest issues for_ their respective months ever published, and having carried the greatest arn- ount and value of advertising. This splendid showing has been brought about to a great extent, we believe, by the fact that advertisers know their announcements in The Canadian Hor- ticulturist are in good compay, as well as by the fact that the circula- tion of The Canadian Horticulturist has made such a marked increase during the past year, being now over 11,500, an increase of over 2,000 with- in the past year. And it is still in- creasing. If you are not advertising in The Canadian Horticulturist, it will pay you to get our rates and look into its merits for your purpose. Wf fin tint admit advertisers to our rolumns except such as we helieve are thorouohhj rclinhle. year we may expect that it will be attend- ed by still further evidences of public ap- proval. It is a day that we should all re- spect. Well may we, who are so fortunate as to have our mothers still with us, remember thorn on Mother's Day, not only by wearing a flower ourselves, but also, by giving them, where this is possible, tangible evidence of our love in the form of a gift of flowers. Where this cannot be done we should send these flowers in time that they may receive them on that day with letters that will tell them still more plainly how we appreciat>e what they have been and are to us. Those whose mothers have passed beyond will be blessed themselves and will bless others by their example if they observe the day in the customary way by wearing a flower, white if possible. Last year a number of churches observed Mother's Day. Special services were con- ducted and appropriate addresses deliver- ed, especially to children. Special services of this character may well become a fitting feature of the day. The cultivation of love for one's mother for flowers embodies such a lovely idea it is not surprising that the day is increasing so rapidly in pubic favor. the increase in advertising rate amounts to only twenty-five per cent, while, as already stated, the circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist has been increased over seventy-five per cent, it is clear that our new advertising rates will be relatively lower in proportion to our circulation than our rates have been up to comparatively recently. According to our space rates our proiposed advance in rates is small indeed. Up to the fir.st of this year we charged as high as two dollars an inch for a one-inch advertisement receiving one insertion. From this rate we allowed reductions in proportion to the size of the advertisement and the number of times it was to appear. The average cost per inch of space was one dollar twenty cents. Our new rate will be only one dollar twenty^five cents an inch. As soon as possible after the new rates have gone into effect we purpose making a num- ber of improvements in The Canadian JIor- TicuLTURiST that will prove of benefit not only to our advertisers, but to our readers as well. Many lovers of flowers heard with deep regret a few weeks ago of the death of Mrs. Annie L. Jack, of Chateauguay Basin, Que- bec. The late Mrs. Jack, besides being the author of the well-known book. The Cana- dian Garden, was a well-known and appre- ciated contributor on floral and fruit grow- ing subjects to numerous Canadian publica- tions. During the past year several ar- ticles from her pen appeared in the columns of The Canadian Horticulturist. Art, music and flowers abounded in Mrs. Jack's farmhouse home, where, in addition to her literary pursuits, she accomplished the notable achievement of bringing up ten children, six sons and four daughters. Death called her away suddenly at the age of seventy-four. Canada was enriched by the life of Mrs. Jack. vcn IM PUBLISHER'S DESK Have you noticed the great increase that has taken place in the circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist during the past five years? In 1907 the average circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist was 6,627. Last year the average circulation was 9,541. Up to date, this year, including the May issue, the average circulation has been approximately 10,500, and we anticipate that the average for the year will be con- siderably over 11,000 co;iies per issue. Dur- ing the Via.st five years the advertising rate of The Canadian Horticulturist has been onlv seven cents a line. The great increase in wir circulation, amounting to consider- ably over seventy-five per cent for the period mentioned, has not only greatly benefited our advertisers, but, naturally, has also greatly increased our expenditures. We now find it necessary to advance our ad- vertising rate to a flat rate of one dollar twenty-five cents an inch, or nine cents a line This new rate wi'l go into effect on and after the first of next August. Exist- ing contracts will, of course, be fulfilled at our nresent rates. Our advertisers are thus being given three months' notice of tjie change in ratee. In view of the fact that We find it very difficult to predict with safety each month the articles which will appear in the succeeding month's issue. Contributors who sometimes promise faith- fully to furnish articles on stated subjects are sometimes prevented, for one reason or another, from doing so, or their articles reach us a little too late in the month to make their publication possible. Some- times, also, the iiressure on our reading columns is so great, articles which we ex- pected to publifsh have to be held over to a later issue. This month, for instance, we have been able to publish only a small part of a splendid article by Mr. F. E. Buck, of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, on the perennial border. The best x>a.rt of this article has been held over for publica- tion in our June issue. An article on pota- to growing, by Prof. C. A. Zavitz, of the Guelph Agricultural College, which was to have appeared in this issue, reached us too late for publication, and will also appear in our June number. Two articles of special interest that we expect to feature in the June number include one on June spraying in the orchard by Mr. R. J. Messenger, of Bridgetown, N.S., and one dealing with the profit derived by thinning fruit by Mr. R. M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist, Victoria, B.C. A portion of the first prize essay, entitled "My Favorite Flower, the Geranium, and How I Grow It," by Mr. A. V. Main, of Ottawa, will also be published. The articles already on hand for our June number ensures its proving one of the most interesting issues of the year. Recent Bulletins Bulletin 151, of the University of Illinois Agricultural Experimental Station at Ur- bana, 111., describes some important insects of Illinois shade trees and shrubs. Bulletin 154 deals with the home vegetable garden. From the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station at Orono, we have received bulle- tins 195 and 196. The former is entitled "Insect Notes for 1911." The latter is Part III. of "The Fungus Gnats of North Amer- ica." The New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station has issued bulletin 240 and the New Hampshire Exiicrimcnt Station bulletin 155, both of which deal with the inspection of fertilizers. The former is particularly complete. It deals with the subject at leuttth. 126 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1912 Fruit Growing in Ontario — Its Possibilities. W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines, Ont. I HAVE had an opportunity, by direction of the Honourable Minister of Agricul- ture, to visit during the last six months every province of the Dominion in order. In the course of this trip I have cxime into personal contact with a great many lopre- sentative fruit-growers in the different pro- vinces, have visited them in their hones, have looked over their orchards, and have discussed with them many of the features of the industry as it is being carried on under varied conditions. I wish at the out- set to express appreciation for the cordial reception given me, and the interest dis- played in my mission by these gentlemen. The officials of the various Provincial De- partments of Agriculture, of the Agricul- tural Colleges and the Experimental Farms, as well as the members of the .staff of the Fruit Division, have t^ken every pains to make my trip pleasant and to faci^tate the securing of such information as I sought. I am also deeply indebted to Mr. J. A. Rud- ddck, the Dairy and Cold Storage Commis- sioner, under whose direct supervision I have been working, for much valuable assist- ance, it being at his suggestion that the en- quiry was instituted. The Province of Ontario, on nt;i;ount of its geographical position, its large areas of suitable land, and its general adaptaouity for fruit culture, is easily the most impor- tant province in the Dominion from the standpoint of the fruit industry, commer- cially and otherwise. This province com- •Extract from a paper read at the recent Dominion Fruit Conference in Ottawa. prises four out of the ten districts which have been outlined by Mr, Mo.'^Ipil!, Chief of the Fruit Division, for the purpose of defining fruit-growing conditions and pro- duction throughout the entiri' Dominion. These four districts, while differing in them- selves and from each other, are all extremely important. Every one of them produces large quantities of fruit of a varied charac- ter. In addition to supplying an extensive local demand, these fruits must seek an outside market for the immense surplus grown annually. A short description of these districts may be in order, so that we may obtain a better idea of the province as a whole. Their loca- tion may be briefly described as follows : District 1. Counties bordering on the north of Lake Erie from Niagara River, m- cluding western portions of Lake Ontario, — to Detroit River and Lake and River St. Clair. District 2. Countie>i on Lake Huron inland to York, with the exception of parts of Wellington, Grey and Waterloo above the 1,000 feet contour line. District 3. Counties bordering on Lake Ontario, north to Sharbot Lake and Georg- ian Bay. Distract 4. St. Lawrence and Ottawa Valleys to Lake St. Peter and a portion of south-western Quebec. These are simply arbitrary divisions and do not differentiate the localities as being entirely distinct from one another as a whole. In fact they merge imperceptibly one into another at their boundaries, and can only be referred to as outlining in a modified way the genera! characteristics of the sections of country included. DISTRICT NUMBER ONE District number one — In addition to large orchards of apples, pears and plums, this district contains the maioi portion of the commercial peach orchards and grape vine- yards of the Dominion. It is also largely devoted to the production of cherries, both sweet and .sour, small fruits of all kinds, and early vegetables, as well as supplying the greater portion of the products required by the large number of canning factories sta- tioned at strategic points from one end of the district to the other. This district has b<'en the scene of many changes during the past decade. The in- festation of the San Jose Scale at several important centres has led to the decline and destruction of many of the large apple orchards for which it was formerly noted. This condition has turned the attention of the people to the increased planting of such fruits as are not so .susceptible to in- jury from this cause or are more easily pro- tected. In some cases, where conditions warranted, the production of early vege- tables on a large scale has also been under- taken with splendid results. Experience gained in the treatment of this once dreaded in.sect has, however, reach- ed such a stage that its pre.sence is now looked upon more as a salutary tonic than an unmixed evil, from the fact that it com- pels better and more careful methods of orchard treatment if a healthy existence is in any degree to be maintained. It having been clearly demonstrated that even large apple trees could be successfully protected against thie enemy, and brought into splendid condition for the production of THE Canadian Nursery Co. LIMITED 10 Phillips Place MONTREAL Have still a good stock of hardy, Northern grown Apple Trees, Currants, Gooseberries, Raspberries, etc. and an immense stock of Specimen Shrubs, Ornamental Trees, Roses, etc. The collection of Perennial Plants and Peonies on their nurseries at Pointe Claire is probable the most complete in Canada. LISTS AND INFORMATION FURNISHED FREE OF CHARGE SPECIAL GLASS FOR GREENHOUSES CoBserratoriea of Thnt Telpphoiie brings the veterinary — ami vuur valuable milker is Ritved, In case of family lUuesa. the Telephone will out- BPfed the messenger in summoniuK the doctor— or thedxitor may tell you what to do to give tem- porary relief until he reaches the bedside. There is also the protection apaiitat tramps— the certainty of getting instant assistance in t-ase of aoi'idents. fire, any emergency. You lift trouble off yonr shoulders when you lift the niceiver off the hook of your own STROMBERG-CARLSON Independent Telephone SiinSFACTION GUAflAHTEED OR MONEY REFUMED Fanners need a tel<:-phone more than i-ily men. Ever>" (errand means a trip totct\vn. Hflp is scarce and gi'ttini: mnre diJTIrultto lind every year. The farm-r must h'-lp himself by utilizing everything With an Indi-pfindont Telephone on llie farm, you can always B*^t the latest market reports, aislstance in case of emergencies, banish 1 mesomeness and make the young people con- tented. You, and nine mnre men — or as many more a* you like— may have t'lis grpat conveniemi'. OUR FREE BOOK tells how. Write fur if "How The Telephone Helps Ttie Farmer" Edition No 58 then talk it over with the neighbors. Stromberg -Carls on Telephone Mfg. Co., 72 VICTORIA ST., TORONTO No Sg6 Tvpe STRATFORD EXTENSION LADDER It !• the safest and best on the market. Fitted with automatic hooks that lock at every runs and unlock between the rungs LIGHT, STRONG EASILY OPERATED AND DURABLE ' Jm THE IF Interested write for Catalogue F Stratford Mfg. Co. Limited STRATFORD, CANADA Makers of Ladders for every con- ceivable purpose PRUNING SAW Operat^'s from ground. So breaking of limbs by climbing. No moving of ladders. No sawine of vroDg limbs. Can reach topmost branches aud shape tree better than by old methods. Will save its cost in one day. Nothing to gel out of order. Will last for years. Thousands in use. Recommended by all users. If your dealer caa't furnish It, write fo"- inll descriptive circular and prices. Satisfaction guaranteed. Address FRUITGROWERS' SAW CO., Scoitsvirie, N. V. Uepreaentatlve for Ontario, Jai, E. John- ion. Slmcoe, Ont. the American continent of higb-class, long- keeping winter apnlpjj. This opportunity, if fully taken advantage of, should result in such a condition of prosperity and cont<>nt- ment that instead of the rural population of Ontario showing a decrease from time to time a very marked increase should take place in exact ratio as the public Lecomes seized with this fact. It is generally ad- mitted that fruit growing, properly con- ducted, -provides for the profitable employ- ment of a larger number of Persons during a longer season than almost any other phase of general agriculture. DISTRICT NUMBER FOUR In district number four, owing to the winter season being more severe and pro- tracted, the standard varieties of winter apples, suoh as the Spy, Baldvvin, Greening and King, do not succeed as a commercial proposition. Fortunate'y, however, there is a class of apples of the highest quality for which this district is noted. These varieties are in great demand, and from their hardy, vigorous nature, grow to perfection and produce bountifully. This district is the home of the Fameuse, Scarlet Pippin, Mc- intosh Red, St. Lawrence, Alexander, Wolf River and Wealthy. It is to be regretted that there is not the activity and enthusiasm that should be in evidence towards main- taining the prestige that the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Valleys and the south-western townships of Quebec have gained for the production of these splendid apples. Un- usual circumstances have conspired to give many of the finest orchards in this district a serious set-back from which they have not been able to entirely recover. New plant- ings are not being made with sufficient rapidity to replace these declining orchards and there is grave danger of a serious short- age in production in this part of Canada unless active measures are taken to correct the situation. A survey of some of the mag- nificent orchards thit are still to be found and which are being handled under careful, approved methods, should be sufficient to inspire confidence in the younger men who have farms adapted for this purpose, and induce them to at once begin the planting of orchards to replace some of those which are passing away. There is perhaps no dis- trict in the Dominion to-day where an aggressive educational cimpaign is more ne- cessary or desirable than in this particular territory. Haldimand Growers Organize That the county of Ha'dimand, Ontario. is awake to the fact that more fruit of a much higher quality can be produced from its orchards is evidenced by the fact that those interested have organized an associa- tion to be known as the "Haldimand Fruit- Growers' Association." A public meeting in the interests of fruit growers was held in Hagersville ou March 20. There was a splendid representation from many parts of the county. naldi- mand being situated along the shore of Lake Erie, is especially adapted to the growing of a superior quality or apples. The soil is largely composed of a moderately heavy clay, rolling and well drained. There are many acres of fine orchard throughout the county, now being neglected, which on- ly need up-to-date methods of culture to make them produce crops that will become one of the best paying branches of farm work. It is through cooperation that these ill-cared for, unprofitable orchards can be changed into veritable gold mines. May, igri THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 129 BEZZO'S FAMOUS PRIZE ASTERS Prizes at New York State Fair, 1910 and 1911. Higliest award Berlin Horticultural Society, 1911. Viok's Violet King, Miltado Wiiite, Kociiesier Pinlc, Early Branching Rose, White; Late Branching Rose, l^ink. White, Lavender: Samples Pink; Royal Purple, Lavender Gem; Giant Daybreak, Shell Pink; and Purity, White; truly the aristocrats of the aster family; 20c per dozen, $1 flO per hundred; packed and labelled separately in wet moss. All plants sent by express and guaranteed to arrive in good condition. Express prepaid on orders over $2.00. Remit by money order. „ „. ^ j , All plants cold-frame (not hot-bed) grown and ready about May 24. Order early. C. MOHTIMEH BEZZO BERLIN, ONTARIO I P .^s^t^l^ftt^^l^ ^.^.f^t » ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦>>♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦"» V SPRAYS AN ACRE 1 IN 13 MINUTES t Three nozzles to a row, four rows- T Absolutely WILL NOT CLOG. 12 '^ gallon air-tank, automatic, hand-con- -f- trolled from driver's seat. J The SPRAMATOR rids field crops, -f vineyard and trees of all pests. Gnar- 'f antetd pressure of 125 pounds with X 12 nozzles working, iiprays potat es ^ perfectly, tops and vines. Fitted for T one or two horses and also made to -^ be operated by hand. ^ AGENTS IVANTED ■♦■ We publish ■ complete treatise on "^ crop diseases. Tells facts all growers -f should know. Ask us for a copy T HEARD SPRAMOTOR CO.','\'Sdoh"- ?""I I -f f-^^^-M-^-f-M-i ♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦-< The Right Price To Pay For a Cream Separator WH AT is the right price to pay for a cream separator? The price of the best, of course. The first cost of the best sepa- rator is so small, compared to the profits it makes — that you ought not to hesitate about paying for it. And the difference between an I H C and the next best is so marked, that you ought not to hesitate in deciding. I H C Cream Separators Dairymaid and Bluebell have made records on thousands of farms. They are famous everywhere for durability, clo.se skimming, light running and easy- to-clean advantages. Tliey are built for hard, twice-a-day service and many years of it. They have milk and dust-proof gears which are easily accessible; a patented dirt-arrester which removes the finest particles of dirt before the milk is sejiarated; frame and moving parts jirotected from wear by phosphor bronze bushings; large shafts, bushings and bearings; also many other features which you will be interested to know about. Call on the I H C Dealer I H C Cream Harvesters are made in two styles- Dairymaid, chain drive, and Bluebell, gear driven— each in four sizes. The I H C local agent will give you cata- logue and tell you all the facts, or, write the nearest branch house for catalogues and any special information you desire. CANADIAN BRANCH HOUSES International Harvester Company of America 'Im-Drporated) At Brandon, Calgary, Edmonton, Hamilton, Letiibridge, London, Montreal, North Battleford, Ottawa, Quebec, Regina, Saskatoon, St. Jolin, Weybum, Winnipeg, Yorkton. IHC Service Bureau The purposf of tliis Kiirrau is to furnish, free of charge to all, th(' best infoniialioii obtainable on better farmini;. If yon have ajiy worthy onesiions concernini; soils, crops. Ian(rilrainai.'e. irri- Ijalion. fertilizer, cic . makeyonr ingiriries specific and send them to IHC Service Bureau. Harvester Buildina, Cliicaiio. U.S. A. HJiiiiiig lll£llllliiilll^illlllliieili Pride In Your Garden will be natural, and justified, if you plant Ewing's Reliable Seeds and give them proper care. The bumper crops which, for forty years ormore, have been grown from EWING'S Reliable Seeds are explained by the care which we take to give our customers only specially selected seeds that are clean, fresh, healthy and true to type — seeds that produce grains, roots, vegetables and flowers of which the growers may well be proud. Write for our handsome illustra- ted catalogue, and if your dealer hasn't Ewing's Seeds order from us direct. WM. E WING & CO., Seedsmen McGlIl St^ Montreal. 18 $2.50 per Gallon; $1.00 per Quart. Dupuy A Ferguson, Montreal, Can. I30 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 191a @iHimini|iiiiiiii|miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiH@ S lo'c3 CD^ca C3 ay ^^ ^- ■* - - - Lal<=>:c3'i MDBDCO BOSE lAKBM POWDER NA-DRU-CO Royal Rose Talcum is as comforting to Baby's tender skin as it is to Mother's wind-chafed cheek or Father's chin smsuling aJler a shave. Its remarkable fineness — its pro- nounced heeJing, antiseptic qualities — and its captivating odor of fresh-cut roses ■ — • have won for Na-Dru-Co Roycil Rose Talcum the favored place on the dressing tables amd in the nurseries of the moS discriminating people. 25 c. a tin, at your Druggist's — or write for free seunple to the NATIONAL DRUG AND CHEMICAL CO. OF CANAbA, UMHED, - MONTREAL 191 {siiiiimiiisiHuiiimiiiiiiuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiimiiiiniiiiimiiiiiii FLOWER POTS HanginglBaskets, Ferns Pans, Etc. We have fa large *tock of all sizes on hand, and can ship orders without delay. Order Now Before the Roth Our pots are amooth and well burnt. We have our re- putation to keep up. Send for Catalogue & Price List The Foster Pottery Company, Ltd. Main St., West -^ Hamilton The Bissell GARDEN HARROW By adding wings to the Biseell Garden Disc har- row it extends over 10 ft. wide. With wings de- tached it is 4 feet wide- Adjustable — single horse, or light two-horse har- row. Low or high seat. Eeveraible— In-throw to Out-throw. Cuta clean, even furrow and is a strong, dur- able Harrow. Call on local dealer or write Dept- N for catalogue. T.E. Bissell Co., Ltd., Elora, Ont. See ad. of Orchard Disc Harrow paj^e x. Pedigreed Nursery Slock * U. t. Uedrkk, N. Y. Ex|MrnMBt Siatioa My owu beliet is that tiicre i-s nolbiiig to gain even though there be a scintilla of truth iu the claims of those who would have nursery slock sold with a pedigree. I be- lieve that we should be doing great injus- tice to nurserymen, and indirectly there- fore to fiuit-growiug, should we require growers of trees to i.ike buds or grafts ouiy from the bearing plants which seem to be superior to other individuals of their kind. 1 believe that a Iruitgrower can spend his time to belter advantage tbau in attempt- ing to breed fruit trees by bud selection. The practical difficulties in growing tree.-, from seacied buds, granting for the minute that improved stock may be so obtained, are aimost insuperable. The following are a tew of them : rirst, a bearing tree surpassingly good in one quality, may be deficient in others. A tree bearing large apples might be unpro- ductive, subject to tuugi or insects, lacking in vigor or nardineas, or short-liveu. tieleci^ iiig for one quality will not do. The more qualities, the more difficult the tree to find and the more complicated is selection. Second, the selected buds must be worKed, iu the case of tree fruits, on roots that are variable. To have "pedigreed" trees it is necessary to have "peajgreed" roots a« well as "pedigreed" tops. Third, the cost of trees would be vastly' increased if nurserymen were required to bud from or to go back every few genera- tions to beariusj trees. Opportunities for dishonest practices would be greatly multi- plied. The advertisements of some wno sell "pedigreed" stock are an insult to au intelligent man and are only a foretaste ol ivhat we shall have if fruitgrowers force nurserymen to compete iu selling "pedi- greed" stock. Jf'ourth, it is the experience of those who have taken buds from bearing trees that the resulting nursery plants lack vigor, and re- main weaklings for several years. Fifth, if pedigreed trees become the vogue, tree-growing must become a petty business. Climate aud environment would permit nurserymen who are growing pedi- greed stock to propagate only a half dozen varieties of any fruit. Not more than this number of sorts is so pre-eminently adapted to any one geographical region as lu give good mother trees. Sixth, fruit trees are not sufficiently well fixed in their characters to make selection from single "best" trees worth while even should their characters be transmissible. Thus, trees in many cases do not show their best attributes until late in life; or to the contrary fail as they grow older; or are affected for better or worse by moisture, food, or physical conditions of soil in cer- tain seasons ; or insects and fungi may give them a variable and uncertain stand- ing. A nurseryman with the best inten- tions might thus propagate from a pre- possessing tree only to find later that he and his customers had been deceived. Seventh, heritable variations can be told only by growing the parts bearing them — by studying the offspring, not the ancestor: by looking forward, not backward. This is im- possible in the nursery. In conclusion, the burden of proof is upon those who advocate pedigreed trees, for the present practices of propagating fruit plant's are justified by the precedents of centuries. •Extract from an address delivered at the meeting of the New York State Fruit Growers at Rochester. January, 1912. May, IQI2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST i3« =^ Bruce's Flovvcring Bulbs CLAOrOLUS Choice Mixed, 10 for 25c; 25 for 60c; $2.00 per 100, post paid. Croff's Hybrid Seedlings, mixed, 10 for 30c; 25 for 60c; ?i2.00 per 100, post paid. Bruce's White and Light Shades, 10 for 40c: 25 for 85c; $3.00 per 100 post paid. Chiidsl, iVIixed, 10 for 50c; 25 for $1.00; $3.75 per 100, ixjst paid. Bruce's Superb, mixed, made up by our- selves from all varieties, the best, 10 for 60c; 25 for $1.25; $4.50 per 100, post paid. Croff's World's Fair Collection. Novel- ties in all colors, grand, lie each ; 10 for $1.00; 25 for $2.25, post paid. New Grand Named Varieties, almost any color, 24 sorts, 20c each; 24 for $3.75 post paid. DAHLIAS Splendid named sorts, all colors. Show. Cactus and Pompon Varieties, 22c each ; $2.20 per dozen, post paid. Ordinary varie- ties, mixed, 12c each; $1.20 per dozen, post paid. TUBEROSE The Pearl, double white flowers, each 5c ; per dozen, 40c; per 100, $2.50, post paid. Single Orange Scented, beautiful orange- like blossoms, each 5c; dozen 50o; 100, $3.50 post paid. LILIES Auratum, Lancif, Album and Rubrum, Ei- egans, Pardailnum, TIgrlnum, Umbellatum, Tenulfolium and Wailacei, each 20c; per dozen, $1.80, post paid. FREE Write for our handsomely illustrated 112 pare Catalogue of Vegetable, Farm and Flower Seeds, Bulbs. Plants, Poultry Supplies, Garden Implements, etc*, now ready JOHN A. BRUCE & CO., Ltd. Seed Merchants Established 1850 Hamilton, Out. Ornamental Fencing affords protection to ^0"^ lawns, flowers and children, in addition to adding a finishing touch of beauty that is most pleasing to the j eye and satisfying to the owner. Peerless Ornamental Fencing is un- I equaled for beauty of design, artistic [ finish and strength of construction, f We have spent years in themanu- 1 faeture of fencing and consequently wo know what is best to give real fence serv- iceand how to make such a fence at a I price you are wil lin^ to pay. Don't be I J misled by the inferior and cheap article | offered by catalog houses, because such ] ' fencing is dear at any price. t Our Agent will supply yoo, but I if there is none near write us direct, F I mentioning the name of your, dealer, and I v-'.i will aee th:it your requirementa receive|| l>ruriipt attention. Write for our printed matter. It is mailed free on request. f The Banwell-Hoxie Wire Fence Co. Winnipee, Man. Hamilton, Ont. \Q ^ssssmi. "Why Don't You Mix Your Own Fertilizers?" Biiv "Vanco" straight Fertilizing Chemicals — liiix them at home — and thus save duty on "iiuported mixtures" and get genuine ferti- lizers of guaranteed analysis. MURIATE OF POTASH —guaranteed 50% actual Potash SULPHATE OF POTASH —guaranteed 48% actual Potash NITRATE OF SODA — guaranteed 15% Nitrogen AaO PHOSPHATE —guaranteed 14% to 16% 5 1 The "Vanco" Book will tell you how to mix all your own Kertilizers. Write for a free copy. CHEMICAL LABORATORIES UMITED, 148-158 Van Home Street. • Toronto. VboeiIblb'Growh^ Why arc yoo importing phosphate and ammonia which is a by-product orr rooB rARMS or which yoo are exporting MANY THOUSAND TONS ANNUALLY. 'BONES AND WHICH CONTAIN LARGE QUANTITIES Of PHOSPHORIC ACID AND AMMONIA HINOLT ANSWER THE ABOVE PURE BONE MEAL IS THE CHEAPEST EERTILIZER. THIS PLANT rOOD IS ALL FROM OUR CANADIAN SOILS AND SHOULD ALL CO BACK. SEND rOR PRICES. ETC. •Hamimton. Canada. We Solicit Your Consignments Send for Shipping Stamp Good Prices Always For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. References : The Canadian Bank Branch Warehouses : Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. i3« THE CANADIAN HOUTICtTLTUHIST May, igii ISee Open ]Top Tub Room I to Work''i msri ISee Howl the JWringer | is kttachedl Tlie Wringer Board extends from the sMe. out of the Wiiy of the covur. This allows practically tho whole tup of the tub to open up— make* It easy to put In and take out clothes. Jio other iodsfuT has as large an opening. Jfo other washer can be worked with crank handle at side as well as top lever. Do you use Max^weirs "FavorIt«**'~4hc churn that makes quality butter? Write us for catalogues If your dealar doen not handle thern. 59 DAVID MAXWELL & SONS. ST. MARrS, Ont. Imperial Bank E.t.bii.hed OF CANADA 1875 HEAD OFFICE TORONTO Capital Paid-up. . 6,000.000.00 Reserve Fund . 6.000,000.00 Total Assets . 72,000.000.00 D. R. WILKIE, Preaident and General Manaser HON. R. JAFFRAY, Vice-Prerident Branohea and AKencies throughout the Dominion of Canada Letters of Credit, Drafts and Money Orders Issued available in all parts of the world Special attention given to collections Sarings Department at all Branchet Interest allowed on deposits at best current rates 1 fey T-v \ IBuu^Ji » inrnSSSSQu-i^lS -. ^^^A^fTC4fiE^9>C3 1 tr Experimenters in this field encourage us to believe that they may sometime illumine the ^^ ^he clothes, with- out wearing or tearing them, in less than half other ma^L^e""" *" ""'^^ ""' ^°^ " "^ '^"^ 1 know it will wash a tub full of very dirty clothes in Six minutes. I know no other ma- chine ever invented can do that, without wear- ing out the clothes. Our "1900 Giavity" Washer does the work so easy tnat a child can run it almost ae well as a strong woman, and it don't wear the clothes, rray the edses nor break buttons the way all other machines do. It just drives soapy water clear through the fibres of the clothes Uke a force pump might So, saad I to myself, I will do with my "1900 Gravity Washer what I wanted the man to do with the horse. Only I won't wait for people to ask me. I'll offer flrst, and I'll make good the offer every time. Let me send you a "1900 Gravity" Washer on a months free trial. I'll pay the freight out of my own pocket, and if you don't want the ma- chine after you've used it a month, I'll take it back and pay the freight too. Surely that is fair enough, isn't it.' Doesn't it prove that the "1900 Gravity" Wash- er must be all that I say It is? And you can pay me out of what it saves for you. It will save its whole cost in a few months, in wear and tear on the clothes alone. And then it will save SO cents to 75 cent* a week over that in washwoman's wages. If vou keep the msichine after the month's trial, I'll let vou pay for it out of what it saves you. If it saves you 60 cents a week, send me 50 cents a week 'till paid for. I'll take that cheerfully, and I'll wait for my money until the machine Itself earns the balance. Drop me a line to-day, and let me send you a book about the "1900 Gravity" Washer that washes clothee in 6 minutes. Address me this way— B. E. Bach, Manager, 1900 Washer Co., 357% Yonge St.. Toronto. Ont. THE CANADIAN GARDEN THE CANADIAN THE CLIPPER Tlicrc are three thinps that desiroy your lawns. Dande- lions, Buck Plantain and Crab Grass. In one sex son the clipper will drive them all out. CUPPER LAWN MOWER CO.. Box No. 8, Dixon, lU. A delightfully interesting and practical little book, written by Mrs. Annie L. Jack. Tells you just the things you want to know to make your garden a success. Cloth binding, 120 pages, illustrated- Price, 75c. HORTICULTURIST, - Peterborp May, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST ^33 If it isn't an Eastman, it isn't a Kodak- You can easily make good pictures with a KODAK Simplicity has made the Kodak way the easy way in picture taking; quality has made the Kodak way the sure way. Kodaks So.OO and up. Brownie Cameras, (they work like Kodaks) Sl.OO to «12.00 are fully described iri the Kodak catalogue. Free at yovir dealers or by mail. Canadian Kodak Co., Limited TORONTO, ONT. The Best DAHLIAS and GLADIOLI 'CATALOGUE Hand Spramotor Made with 4 to 8 nozzles. Wheels and row sprayer adjust- able in width from 26 to 36 inches and in height 16 inches. Mounted on cart suitable for one horse. ' Perfect spray for row crops, vineyards or trees. High pressure sends chemical search- ing into all parts of plants or trees and makes destruction certain. All SPRAMOTORS are guaran- teed. AGENTS WANTED. Ask for our frefe treatise on crop diseases. You should know what it tells. Heard Spramotor Co. 1392 King St., London, Canada. H. P. VAN WAGNER, Stoney Creek, Ont. GLADIOLI Special varieties and ist sized mixed sold. I in. — i^ in. strong fresh bulbs, XXX mixture of Gandavensis, Lemoinei and Nanceianus, light colored. $1.00 per 100 $9.00 per 1000 REGINALD BLAISDELL, ARNPRIOR, ONT. :^:::;;:iiiiii;i;i:::iiiiij^iiiiii^iiiiiiiiiiCl^ m§ ii An I H C Manure Spreader Saves Valuable Fertilizer THE farms of Europe have been worked for centuries, yet the average production of wheat from those farms is nearly 30 bushels per acre; more than double the average yield of American farms. What is the reason for this tremendous difference? The reason is that European farmers know the value of stable manure as a fertilizer. The average European soil is not as fertile as the average American land, but the European grows heavier crops because the fertility of the soil is kept up constantly by the liberal use of stable manure. While there is not so much stable manure in this country, what there is can be used to far greater advantage when an I H C manure spreader is used to distribute it. I H C Manure Spreaders Corn King, Cloverleaf make one ton of manure go as far as two tons spread by hand. By pulver izing the manure and spreading it in an even coat, light or heavy as may be needed, all over the land, they insure a perfect combination of tne plant food elements with the soil. There is no over fertilizing in spots, to produce an uneven stand of grain. Each square foot of ground gets the same treatment. The superior mechanical construction of I H C spreaders is the reason for their effectiveness. They solve every problem of correct spreading. Light draft is secured by the proper construction of wheels and correct principles of gearing. When I H C spreaders are thrown in and out of gear the beater drive chain IS not shifted. The advantages of this construction are: Positive traction — the chain engages nearly half the teeth on large sprockets instead of only a few; chain worn on one side only instead of on botji sides as in other constructions; simple, effective chain tightener instead of a complicated, troublesome one. These all add to the durability of the spreader. I H C spreaders have no reach. They do not need one. Because of this feature an I H C spreader can be turned in its own length, a great convenience at any time. 1 H C spreaders have many other advantages which the I H C local dealer will explain to you. See him and get catalogues and lull information, or if you prefer, write CANADIAN BRANCH HOUSES: INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA (Incorporated) At Brandon, Calfary, Ednonton, Hamilton, Lethbridcc, London, Montreal, N. Battle- lord, Ottawa, Qoebec, Rcyina, Saikatoon, St. John. Weyburn, Wbnipec, Yorkton 1 H C Service Bureau The purpose of this Bureau is to furnish, freeof charge to all. the best information obtainable on better farminK If you have any worthy questions concerning soils, crops, land drainage, irrigation, lertilizer etc . make your inauiries si)ecific and send them to I H C Service Bureau. Harvester Building Chicago. USA ,]I)lllll!liSll!!llll@ll!iliCilllllllll@ll!l!iillE5lil^ @ 1.34 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1912 Implements for Orchard and Vineyard Spring Tooth Harrows 10, 15 or 17 Teeth The lo-Tooth size is in one Section and can be furn- ished with handles for vineyard work when so ordered. Spraying Outfits Driven by the famous OLDS Engines. Vineyard Ploivs Both Walking and Riding Plow? especially built for orchard and vineyard work. Orchard Disc Harrows REVERSIBLE To throw the dirt to or from the trees or vines. ADJUSTABLE Gangs can be adjusted as re- quired. Extension can be be furnished for working under branches. Cultivators A great variety— for cultivating small fruit — for vineyards — for orchards. Grape and Berry Hoes, etc. TORONTO MONTREAL MONCTON WINNIPEG Massey- H arris Co., Limited R E G I N A SASKATOON C ALGA R Y EDMONTON IMPROVED AUTOMATIC COMPRESSED AIR SPRAYER BEST HAND SPRAYER MADE AT THE PRICE READ THE FOLLOWING:. Winona, Ont- "The Sprayer that I pur- chased from you last spring is a most valuable little ma- chine. I have no hesitation in recommending it to anyone who requires an inexpensive and reliable spray pump. It is excellent, and I do not know oit any other hand machine for the price that could do better work." E. D. Smith, Ex-M.P. Drop us a card for Descriptive Circular and special ratee. CAVERS BROS, mamufacturers calt, ONT. Mention The Canadian Horticulturist. Strawberry Plants Fine, stocky, well rooted plants. All leading var- ieties. Send for free catalogue and price list. S. H. Rittenhouse, JORDAN HARBOR, ONT. Northern Grown Trees Apple. Pear, Plum, Clierry, Peach, Graues Small Fruits, Ornaments, Evergreens, Hoses' Flowering Shrubs. Climbers. Etc.'^ Everything in th» Nursery line. Catalogue free. Send list of your wants for prices. J. Wismcr, Nurseryman. PORT ELGIN, ONT. Ontario and other fruit growing provinces of Canada,— we oan, by taking; thought, make our land more- suitable for apple growing, ensuring the success of our newly set apple trees, anfl thereby greatly increase our land in prodnctivenesw and in rcil value. Quality Spells Success* W. H. Bmiliot, St. Cathtrinei, Onl. It was my privilpge to vi.sit onr or two important sections of the United States in <">nnection with my recent tour of the fruit- growing districts of Canada. The one tWne that impressed mo most strongly, amongst our cousins to the south, wa« "the strong emphasis placed on the question of quality by those who were most successful. Every r)08.sible method that will' secure quality, finish andbenuty of apjiearance in the pro- duct is being sought by mnny of these men and adopted. The result is apparent in the high prices which are now being obtained for Hood River, Wenatchee and Yakima .npples, and in the reputation which many y^.-.v York State leaders have established in the principal and most discriminating markets of the east. While in the older fruit sections of the Dominion insect pests and fungous disease.s have obtained a strong foothold, and hav.i caused great loss and damage, such progress has been made in the di.soovery of remedies and methods of control that in the majority of ca-ses the alert frui<^grower need not fear disaster from these causes. Climatic con- ditions may on occasion threaten his very existence. They should .serve to awaken greater perseverance and determination. The disappointments that occur at times should develop a resourcefulness in over- coming difficulties, and promote a strength of character worthy of admiration. It has been demonstrated over and over agiin, in every province of tJie Dominion, t^iat while there is a very largo surplus of indifferent fruit produce-l and offered to the public, the market never has been, and will not for years to come, be fully supplied with fruit th.it can called strictly" "fancy." Altogether apart from the satisfaction de- rived from handling a first-class article, permanent pecuniary success depends upon a proper appreciation of this fact. If I can give the Canadian fruit-grower a more thorough realizntion of the value and importance, not only to himself but to the country at large, of leaving no stone un- turned and sparing no effort to secure the very highest quality and establish the very highest standard in every detail of his busi- ness, then I hope that the time and effort spent in making this investigation will re- sult in giving some little impetus to the fruit industry of Canada. Fined for bad Packing .The following persons have been convicted for illegal marking and packing of fruit since January third last : J. L. Denike, Prinyer, Ont. ; M. Storms, Cressv, Ont.,; J. N. Dalmas, Wooler, Ont. ; G. W. DeWolf, Three Mile Plain, N.S. ; G. C. DeWolf, New Minas, N.S. ; J. Sexton, Falmouth, N.S. : Howard Bligh and Son, Sheffield Mills, N.S. ; R. J. Graham, Windsor, N.S. ; R. A. Jodrey, Gas,pereaux, N.S. ; M. L. Warner, Kingston, N.S.; King.ston Fruit Co., Ltd., Kingston, N.S. ; A. L. Outhit, Kingston, N.S. ; W. W. Pineo, WaterviUe, N.S. ; W. C. Hamilton, Grand Pre, N.S. ; R. E. Harris, Wolfville, N.S. ; Guen Wo and Co., Vancouver, B.C. •Extract from a report presented at the recent Dominion Fruit Conference. May, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST J35 SOCIETY NOTES We invite the offloerg ol Hortl- onltaral Societies to send in short, pithy reports of work that woqM in- terest members of other Horticultu- ral Societies. I Good Work by Societies Some very attractive option lists are 'be- ing distributed this year by a number of the horticultural societies in Ontario. The list sent out by the St. Catharines Horticul- tural Society is a remarkable one. There are fifty-four options. The complete option list was published in the Daily Standard of St. Catharines, and occupied, with ad- ditional information about the work of the society, over five columns. The member- ship of the society last year was six hundred and seventy-five, the second largest m its history. The society will hold a rose show this year as usual, and will continue the gratuitou.s distribution of aster seeds to the pupils of the schools who desire to accept them. Last year the society supplied a quartette of gladioli bulbs at the normal price of five cents per set, although it cost the society nearly three times that amount, to nearly one thousand pupils. There is not an op- tion among the fifty-four ofiered hy the society which would cost from one dollar twenty-five cents or two dollars if bought in the ordinary retail manner. BARRIB SOCIETY IS GROWING The Barrie Horticultural Society is offer- ing ten options this year. During the past five years the membership of the society has increased from sixty-three in 1907 to two hundred and seventy in 1911. This year a membership of four hundred is aimed at. Prizes are to be awarded as usual for win- dow boxes, flower beds, lawns and boule- vards. The annual flower .show will be held in the Town Hall in August or September. Last year the society paid about twenty per cent more than the town grant in prizes for lawns, boulevards, window boxes and flower beds, and returned to the mem- bers in premiums more than the value of their fees, besides giving generous prizes at the flower show. ACTIVITY IN TORONTO The High Park District Ratepayers' As- sociation of Toronto, which this year is af- filiated with the Weston Horticultural So- ciety, has decided to donate prizes this year consisting of trophies, shields and medals. for the beet kept lawns and gardens, and for the be.st sipecimens of flowers and flower gar- dens. The district has been divided into sub-divisions, and separate prizes will be offered in each sub-division. The di.stricts comprise a territory of four square miles. MONTREAL 80CIBTT During February and March the pro- prietors of a number of the finest con-serva- toriee in Montreal opened their conserva- tories to the mombers of the Montreal Hor- ticultural Society and their friends on cer- tain days and dates, a list of which was sent to all the members. Among the con- servatories thus opened were those of Sir Wm. Van Home, Hon. Senator Mackay, R. B. Angus, Esq.; Chas, B. Gordon. F/sq.; Sir Montague Allen. Lt.-Col. Frank S. Afeighon and a ntiiwber of others. onipany. Limited WOODSTOCK ONT FURNACE CATALOGUE MAILED ON. REQUEST Y^UR CROPS * can-get more nitrogen out of one HB^^^BHH single sack of Nitrate of Soda than out of a two-horse wagon-load of manure. The Nitrogen in Chilean Nitrate of Soda is lOOX available and is immediately so the day you apply it! It produces More powerful growth and healthier, bigger plants. Easy to handle, clean, cheap, odorless, free fron\ fillers. Write to us for valuable free literature on the crops that mean a living to you, A post card will biing it to you. Dr. William S. Myers ""'"^JSpala""""" 17 Madison Ave, New York NO BRANCH OFFICES 136 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1912 Take A Scoepful Of Eacb— Side By Side Take "St. Lawrence" Granulated in one scoop —and any other sugar in the other. Look at "St. Law- rance" Sugar — its perfect crystals — its pure, white sparkle — its even grain. Test Absolutely Best it point by point, and you will see that Absolutely is one of the choicest sugars ever refined — with a standard of purity that few sugars can boast. Try it in your home. Analysis shows, "St. Lawrence Granulated" to be "99 99/100 to 100^ Pure Cane Sugar with no impurities whatever" "Most every dealer sells St. Lawrence Sugar." THE ST. LAWRENCE SUGAR REFINING CO. UMITED. MONTREAL. 65 Some History about Typewriters Modem and Ancient CHAPTER 10 IT is regrettable that during the past few years ■I not everybody who wanted an Underwood could get one just when he wanted it. THERE are not enough to go round, not even with the largest typewriter factory in the world — turning out over 400 machines a day. THE Underwood output is nearly twice as large as that of its nearest competitor, which has been on the market for nearly 35 years. IT is not by accident that the Underwood Company has in a few year* built up this enormous busiuess. JT is the logical result of selling the best typewriter at a price consistent with its value, and giving customers the best service ever attempted in the typewriter business. United Typewriter Co. Limited TORONTO Nova Scotia A report issued recently by the Dominion is as follows : "The total production of ap- ples in Nova Scotia last year was variously estimated at from one million to one million and a half barrels, and that the larger estimate was not very far wide of the mark is shown by the fact that the total quanti+v shir>ppId in Kings and Annapolis counties durinc; the latter part of March and first week of .April. The principal speaker was P. J. Carey, Dominion FmH Inspector. Quebec Aninste Dnpnis, Director, Froil Experimeit Stations The winter was very cold, but the fruit trees have not been damaged. Fruit buds are sound. East of Qiieb«c City, snow has drifted into the orchards, and the damage to trees is great. Even to-day (April 15) snow is piled seven to eight feet high along fences and rows of trees, and about two feet in the middle of fields. Still we are not discouraged as we have organized for a general pruning and trimming of fruit trees. This season more orchard owners will re- ceive sound education in fruit-growing in all parts of the county than ever before. Lectures were given last winter by practi- cal men in every parish and village, and they were attended by meet farmers and their wives. Several priests allowed the meetings in the churches, and they induced the farmers to join the horticultural so- ciety. In one parish one hundred, and fifty- two subscribed on the spot. L.ist year our society sprayed ninety-two orchards and had them pruned partially. The result was very good. The apples were nice and clean, without worms in those orch- ards, whilst the apples were wormy and scabby in the adjoining orchards unsprayed. The horticultural societies of Kamouraska and Lislet Counties have four hundred and sixty more members than usual. Every orchard will be visited, pruned and sprayed by government experts. Demonstrations of planting, grafting and lessons in culture Mc.y, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Vll I and modern management of orchards will be given by qualified instructors by the order of Hon. J. E. Caron, Minister of Agriculture, whose solicitude in favor of fruil^growers is not surpassed. The spraying outfits and the insecticides were lately bought by us from firms who advertised in The Can.^dian Horticultur- ist, our best guide in the fruit industry. I will report the results of our demonstration work next fall. I Huron County, Ont. The most striking development of the last few years in this lake shore district, accord- ing to a local paper. The Signal, is the in- creased attention given to apple-growing. It has long been known that this district produced fruit of a superior quality, but for one reason and another no special at- tention was paid to the possibilities of orch- ard cultivation and the business side of the orchard was almost wholly neglected. A change has come, however, and now every owner of a few acres of orchard is able to command a much better price for his farm. Orchards that for years were neglected are now receiving the attention that is due to the best-paying department of the farm, and many new orchards are being set out. In a few cases farms are being devoted ex- clusively to fruit-growing, and the number of these fruit farms will steadily increase. One reason for this change in the attitude of the farmer towards his orchard is found in the success that has attended the apple- growing business in other parts of the coun- try— in districts that cannot begin to grow apples like those of the Huron lake shore district. In these other districts the grow- ers have found that by paying proper atten- tion to the pruning and spraying of their trees and to the marketing of their fruit in good condition they can make splendid pro- fits; and with the superior conditions of climate and soil in the Huron district even better results can be obtained here. There are object lessons right at hand, too, which have opened the eyes of orchard- owners. Those of the Huron fruit men who first realized the money-making possibilities of the business, quit playing with their orchards, and turned their attention ser- iously to fruit-growing for profit, have had such success that, as has already been sug- gested, ©very fruit tree on a farm is now counted a distinct asset to its owner. When a clear profit of one hundred and sixty-flve dollars eighty cents an acre can be obtained from an apple orchard of ten acres, as re- ported by one of our Huron growers, and when a company is willing to take old orch- ards on lease at twenty-five dollars an acre, expecting to make a profit after spending large sums in putting the orchards in fair condition aftor years of neglect, as a British company is doing in this district, then it is realized that what one man can do others can do, and that orchard cultivation is a highly profitable business. A case was r^ ported, in these columns some months ago in which an old plantation of an acre in extent, containing thirty-five trees, mostly Spies, had given as high as eighteen dol- lars a tree even at the low price of one dol- lar fifty cents a barrel, or six hundred and thirty dollars for the acre. The market for apples is unlimited. Great Britain, Western Canada, the United States and other countries take all the good apples that can be grown, and ask for more. Indeed, all signs indicate that apple-grow- ing will be more and more profitable, and that our lake shore district will in a few SLUG-SHOT USED FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN for 30 year. SOME SEEDSMEN WHO FOR UPWARDS OF 20 YEARS HAVE SOLD SLUG-SHOT IN CANADA : Chas. E. Bishop, 31 Bridge St., Belleville, Ont. Steele Briggs Seed Co.. 130 King St. East, Adams & Tanton, IIS King St., London, Ont. Kenneth .McDonald, Ottawa, Ont. A. E. Cameron, Brockville, Ont. J. A. Simmers. Seedsman, 143-143 King Sf. East. Toronto. Ont Wm. Smith. 10th Line East. Petrolea, Ont. Darch & Hunter Seed Co.. 119 Dundas St., London, Ont . Wm. Ewing & Co.. 142-144 McGill St., Mon- treal, Que. Robt. Kerr, 10 Ainslee St., Gait, Ont. Toronto, Ont. Jas. B. Hay, Brantford. Ont. Patrick Ross, Market Square, Woodstock, Ont. George Keith, 124 King St. East, Toronto, Ont. Graham Bros., 53-5S Sparks St., Ottawa, Ont. Wm. Rennie & Co., Winnipeg, Man. J. A. Bruce & Co.. 47-49 King St., Hamilton, Ont. Dupuy & Ferguson, 38 Jacques Cartier Sq., Montreal. Wm. Rennie & Co., Adelaide and Jarvls Sts., Toronto. Ont. Wm. Rennie & Co., 190 McGill St.. Que. Montreal, SAVES CURRANTS, POTATOES, CABBAGE, MELONS, FLOWERS, TREES AND SHRUBS FROM INSECTS Put up in popular paclcages at popular prices. Write for free pamplilet on Bujfs anil Blight, etc., to B. HAMMOND, FISHKILU-ON-HUDSON, NEW YORK WE POSITIVELY GUARANTEE that a 25-pound pail of INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD will save you $7.00 worth of Com or Oats Beoause it promotei digestion and assimilation and enables a ou to cut down the grain ration 15% to 25% and still get better results. The saving of grain represents a saving of good bard cash to you. WE WANT YOU TO FEED 100 LBS. AT OUR RISK fl It will not cost you a cent ii you are not latisfied. See our dealer in your town or write us for particulars. Mention this paper and the stock you own and we will send you a litbo, lize 16 X 22, of our three oham- pioB stallions. INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD Read what James L. Hill, of Predericton Junction, P.E.I. , wrote us on February 15th: I think IntematioDal Stock Food is a |;reat thing* for stock. \Vc wouldn't be without it for anything:. It keeps our horses in fine condition ; in fact, every parson admires them, they have such a g:Iossy skin and always look well. We give it to young calves andpig^s and find it agrees with them splendidly, and the Poultry Food shows itself in a very short time. Our hens have been laying: most of the winter. I cannot say too much for your food for all kinds of animals. CO., Limited TORONTO Pruning Means Money. Easy Pruning Saves It Every hour spent in prunirigfyour Orchard before the blossoms start will £i;^ return you solid profits in the increased amount and value of your Fruit But you should not needlessly waste ttime in pruning by old-fashioned methods and tools. The work can be done in one half the time with the KANSAS PRUNING KNIFE Just put the hook over the limb and pull the handle — that's all. Will do your heaviest work, and will do it neatly and as quickly as a man can work THE INTERNATIONAL TOOL CO, 49-51 PORTER ST.. DETROIT, MICH. Canacli.m Mamilaiturors -TAYLOR-FORBES CO., Ltd., Guelph, Ont. That is the number of coplp« of thi? minihor of 'liio Oanadiiin Horl.iculttiriet a-ctually printed. Of tlieee considerably over 11.500 will go to rcijular sub- SLTibers. The balance will go to advertiserB, lorrespondonts and new Bub- scribers received during the month. No free samples except to those who ask for them. At our present low rate (which ia to bo increased AuiruBt 1st) The Canadian flor- tiiuilturist offer.i advertisers exci^Dtlonal value. Yearly contrax^ts accepted' NOW at present rnlew. Write for particulars. 12,400 V 11 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST May, 1912 Power Sprayers Giant Power Outfit CiANT POWER OUTFIT — This is a three-cylinder pump of great strength, power and capacity. It will spray 9 gallons per minute at 300 lbs. pressure, if desired. It can be operated with either n 2% or 3J^ H.P. Engine. NIAGARA POWER OUTFIT.— A three-cylinder pump of slightly less capacity but the same high pressure. Can be operated with a 2% or 3% H.P. Engine. DUPLEX POWER OUTFIT — A two-cylinder pump, medium priced, but with large capacity and high pressure. Operated with either a 1J4 or 2}i H.P. Engine. All our pumps have porcelain-lined cylinders, so are proof against corrosion. These cylinders are guaranteed for 10 years. These pumps are very strong, very simple, and built for large capacity and high pressure. All parts are interchangeable. Repairs cost practically nothing. Every part fits every other, and they can be immediately supplied. All our power outfits are mounted on steel frames, which can be attached to any wagon. They are equipped with 150 and 200-gallon tanks with rotary agitator. Tank Filler, which works by pressure, and will fill the tank in 6 to 8 minutes. Steel folding tower. By removing one tail nut this tower folds flat on the outfit. The highest grade of hose. Guaranteed to stand 300 lbs pressure during the entire season. Spray Rods — lined with large sized aluminum tubing. Latest approved nozzles and other accessories. We have hundreds of power outfits working in Ontario, and wherever we have a power outfit, we have a satisfied customer. We have great confidence in these pumps and want to demonstrate them to you. We will pay the expenses to our factory of any fruit grower in Ontario who in- tends to purchase a power outfit, and who will inspect our pumps before he places his order. He will be under no obligation to purchase from us. All we ask is that he purchase a power outfit of some kind. HAND PUMPS; MACIC No. 9, is the largest hand pump made. One man can easily maintain a pressure of 140 lbs. LITTLE CIANT No. 70- Most powerful barrel sprayer on the market. THE PIPPIN No, 50 is a strong barrel pump, made for smaller orchards. Write for our complete illustrated catalogTie. Be sure and see these pumps before placing your order. They are made with all troubles left out. NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO., Limited Burlington, Ontario yearB be one of the leading centres of orch- ard industry on this continent. One of the most pleasing features of the development of the orchard businos,s here is the fact that it is engaging the attention of young men of character and ability like Mr. Andrew Rougvie, Mr. R. R. Sloan, Mr. D. F. Hamlink and others British Columbia During the pa.st few weeks siveral of the cooperative fruit growers' associations have been holding their annual meetings and preparing plans for the coming year. There am a number of very successful organiza- tions in the province. The principle of co- operation has become firmly e.stablished al- though a few of the fruit unions are still handicapped by a lack of sufficient capital. The annual meeting of the shareholders of the Okanagan Fruit Union, Limited, was held in Vernon, and resulted in R. H. Agur being elected president, W. C. Ricardo, vice-president, and J. Kidston, managing director. The directors' report showed that sales had been made throughout the season at the best wholesale prices going, al- though, owing to the prevalence of disease in nearly all classes of fruit, many allow- ances had to be made. The growers receiv- ed the average price realized for each grade less only the actual cost of packing and handling, and a ten per cent commission for marketing. Owing to the turnover for the year having been less than was antici- pated there was a considerable deficit on the year's operations. It is anticipated that the oiierations of the union this season will be more successful. The directors re- commended that the union this year re- quire growers to sign contracts to have the whole of their crop.s handled by the union, and that growers who desire to ship through the union must become shareholders. The Kooteney Fruit^Growers' Union will continue operations this year. An effort will be made to secure additional capita! as the union made the mistake of starting operations with too small a cax^ital. Some of the largest frui1>-growers in consequence have held aloof from the union, fearing that they might not obtain full returns for their fruit. The manager will make a tour of the district covered by the union to se- cure the additional capital required. Local associations are to be formed to ensure uni- form loading and packing. The report of Puyal'.up and Sumner Grow- ers' Association for the year 1911 showed an increase of about $90,000 in the volume of business over the year preceding, and net profits for the year of $8,051. Strawberry Plants FOR SALE Choice Plants at reasonable orices. We have Early Ozark, Fendall, Barrymore, Silver Coin, Pocomoke, Aroma, etc., of newer varieties. We also have Dunlop, Williams, War- field. Brandy Wine, Bederwood, William Belt, Glen Mary, etc., of the old favorites. Our free Ust tells all aboearing orchards. It has been amply demonstrated in the west by many grow- ers, and also in the' east, particularly in the orchards of Mr. B. J. Cast, of New- York State, that orchards should bear annually profitable crops, and these crops are secured chiefly by the methods of good cultivation adopted. Some growers are often discouraged, for after giving one season's good man- agement in this respect they do not get the results they anticipate the following year ; but this is not to be expected, for it usually takes from two to three or more years of good cultivation to get the orchard into good bearing. The Value of Bees in the Orchard Morley Pettit, Provincial THOSE who have driven a horse and cultivator close to the hives in the orchard may say their value is negative. Nervous fruit pickers wish them on the other side of the fence ; but the observant grower considers bees a necessity in the orchard during the blooming period, even if the hives are placed elsewhere. 15y persons of a poetic turn, bees have been called the "Marriage Priests of the Plowers," because they bring together those opposing elements which produce fruit and do it more effectively than any other agency. There are three media by which pollen is carried from flower to flower. Water operates in the case of certain aquatic plants . Wind does duty for such trees as pines. Animal life, principally insects, do this work for the flowers which pro- duce the orchard fruits. Take a simple illustration : At the Maryland Experi- ment Station, a Grimm's Golden apple tree of medium size and very symmet- rical was taken just before the blooming period and divided into three equal por- tions. One-third of the tree was cover- Apiarist, Guelph, Ont. cd with muslin to exclude all insects and wind ; one-third was covered with mos- quito netting to keep out insects and ad- *i>]»t4 ■■*£*■ ■# 1 ^ Pl= ^M Hll m 1;^ Comet Red Currant — Fig. 1 Note absence of fruit. An Unprotected Bush— Fig. 2 This bush produced an excellent crop of fruit. mit wind ; the remaining one-third was left open to admit both wind and insects. The tree was kept covered in this man- ner during the entire blooming period . The part covered with netting set one apple. The part left open set nine apples. The observer did not report on the part covered with muslin ; but from our own and other experiments, we should judge that it was barren. Each fruit blossom offers a double in- vitation to the insect. Showy petals at- tract the eye, and aromatic nectar in- vites the appetite. Honey bees accept most readily and are most welcome. They are more valuable than others for several reasons : First, nature compels them to seek food in the hearts of flowers, because they cannot secure it elsewhere. Besides water and a little salt they eat nothing but honey and pollen. Even when other sweets are offered them they only eat it when no nectar is to Ix; found in the flowers. Cox's Pomona — Fig. 3 Insects were excluded from the branch to the right and it bore no fruit. Second, their bodies and legs are com- paratively large, and thickly covered with branched hairs, making it impos- sible for them to reach the nectar of the blossoms, without carrying away on their persons the pollen which \v\U be distri- buted on the next blossom they visit. Third, their numbers in the orchard can be controlled. Wild bees and other insects may or may not visit the orchard, depending on the season and the wea- ther. Bees can be protected through a severe winter and they can be hived in sufficient numbers where they will do I heir work. In catchy weather wild in- sects seldom visit the orchard, but one hour of sunshine brings out the bees and sets them buzzing thickly on the nearest flowers. WHAT INSECTS BO To show the value in the orchard of insects, of which I have shown that hivv., bees are chief, I cannot do better than tell the story of the accompanying illus- trations, taken from the British Journal of the Board of Agriculture, March, 191 1. Professor W. B. Little, instruc- tor in horticulture, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, tried the experiment on two Comet red currant bushes, which were alike in every respect, except that he covered number one with netting dur- ing the blooming period to exclude in- sects ; and left number two exposed. In- sects worked freely on the blossoms of Early Victoria — Fig. 4 'ITie middle branch was not protected from in- sects until after pollination had tjiken place, and thia branch produced well-developed apples. 140 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1912 Results of Experiment in Pollination at the Oregon Experiment Station On the left are shown some self-polUnated Newtons that produced at least one-third of the apDles under sized. On the right are some Yellow Newtons that were pollinated with Grimes Golden. There weje no small apples. number two, but of course were unable to tou'^h those of number one. As will be seen uy the illustration number one g^rew a profusion of leaves and no fruit. Number two was heavily laden with luscious currants. He tried a further experiment with apple trees. Figure three represents a tree of the variety "Cox's Pomona." The branch to the right of the illustration was covered with netting to exclude insects from the blos- soms, and as a result bore no fruit. Lest some one might say that the covering prevents development of the fruit he took the tree illustrated in figure four, variety "Early Victoria," and left it all exposed to insects until immediately after the blossoms had been pollinized,' then the branch in the middle of the illustration was covered with netting in the usual way ; but the deed was done — the bees had fertilized the blossoms, and the fruit developed quite as well as though the netting was not there. At the Oregon Agricultural Experi- ment Station, C. I. Lewis and C. C. Vincent tried experiments to show the value of the cross pollination by insects over self pollination, of apples. The il- lustration showing the result of their experiment requires no explanation. A student of the Ontario Agricultural College, P. C. Dempsey, wrote his graduating thesis on the results obtain- ed by careful investigation in the old Bay of Quinte Experimental Station or- chards, near Trenton, in the season of 1910, the object being to ascertain the importance of cross pollination, and the best pollinizers for the Spy in this dis- trict. The system followed was that of bagging the clusters of blooms just be- fore they were ready to open. Bags were tied over the fruit spurs and blos- soms and left until the danger of other fertilization was over. The blossoms so bagged were left to fertilize themselves. .'\s soon as danger of cross fertilization was over the bags were removed. The number of clusters setting fruit, and the number of fruits set were counted and a record kept. Apples were counted as set when they reached a diameter of five- .sixteenths of an inch, and gave every indication of reaching maturity. After danger of June drop was over, and the apples had reached a little better than the half grown stage, the apples resulting from the self pollinized flowers were tied up in small mosquito netting bags to prevent loss. As the variety reached maturity the fruits maturing were again counted and checked off. Of the seven thousand and forty-five blooms bagged, two hundred and forty-' eight flowers set fruit, while only nine apples matured from the whole number. The great loss of small apples set was during June and July, which seemed to indicate that June drop may be caused by self pollination. Mr. Dempsey very aptly concludes that these results indicate clearly the need of insects for the pollination of orchards ; for while some varieties can produce apples with their own pollen, a very small percentage of bagged flowers set fruit; whereas, on the other hand, flowers exposed to insects set and ma- ture from thirteen to twenty per cent., which makes a good crop. There are two hard, solid facts I would leave with fruit growers in this connec- tion. The first is well recognized — the necessity of insects for the production of well developed fruit. The second mav not have been presented in ju.st this light. It is that hive bees, which are good for the purpose, can be placed in the orchard in sufllcient numbers to ensure the work being done. Fruit growers who make no provision for bees in their orchards, and growers who trust to luck for help to pick their fruit, are in exactly the .same class. If they get a good set of fruit and get it properly picked it is not the result of their own business organi- zation. Refrigeration in Relation to Fruit Growing* I. A. Ruddick, Dairy & Cold Storage Commissiooer, Ottawa It is one thing to keep apples merely from rotting and another thing to pre- serve them in that crisp, juicy condition which adds so much to their value and encourages large consumption. .Some varieties may be preserved in ordinary storage as long as it is desirable to keep them but most of the standard varieties could be delivered to market in better con- dition and with less loss from decay if they were promptly cold stored after picking, I want to emphasize this point. It is of the highest importance that there .should be as little delay as possible. A delay of one week between picking and storing will shorten the life of the apple even in cold storage by many weeks. This ap- plies particularly to the early or quick ripening varieties. Before we attempt to carry apples much past their regular season we must consider carefully whether we are likely to find a profitable market for them or not. It would not be advisable to carry some varieties into the season for others of superior quality, but choice dessert apples like the Fameuse and Mcintosh Red, for instance, will always find a mar- ket if in good condition. I mention these two varieties because I have made care- ful tests with them more than once, and have had no difficulty in keeping them in perfect condition until April or even into the month of May. The Gravenstein is a variety which responds to cold storage treatment. I do not know of any variety which is so much improved in carrying quality by prompt cooling after picking. The sea- son for the Greening has been extended in New York State by at least two months. In the month of April, 1910, our Department sold two hundred boxes of Greenings in Calgary after keeping them all winter in cold storage. Although apples of the color of the Greening are not in demand in the western markets, these apples sold well because of their excellent condition. There was absol- utely no waste, and the whole lot was sold in the original boxes as packed in the orchard. The King is another variety which •Extract from a paper read at the recent Do- minion Fruit Conference. June, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 141 does well in cold storage, especially if it is well colored and stored promptly. Always with that provison. In the fall of 1910 I procured twenty boxes from Mr. W. H. Bunting for the exhibition which was held in London in 191 1. They were in perfect condition when shipped from Montrea! in April last, and were reported as having kept exceedingly well several weeks later. Cultivation and Size of Fruit F. E. Ellis, B. S.A., Peterborough Co., Ont. THERE is an intimate relationship between the amount of cultivation that we give our apple orchards and the size of fruit. Good size for the vari- ety is an essential quality in a first-class apple that will produce "Fancy" or "No. I." And this is the class that we are ;ill aiming to produce. Mr. John Beemer cf Brant Co., Ont., whose orchard we vis- ited last summer, unwittingly performed an experiment that shows with remark- able clearness the relationship between size of fruit and orchard cultivation. Mr. Beemer's regular orchard prac- tice is to cultivate intensively until July, and then seed to a cover crop of clover, which is plowed down the following spring. Last spring, however, Mr. Beemer undertook to spray several orch- ards beside his own and was kept 10 busy that the cover crop was not plowed down in part of his own orchard, and at the time of our visit, on the first of July, there was a rank growth of clover in one- half of the orchard while the other halt was being cultivated as usual. The applies on the trees in the culti- vated portion were more than twice the size of those on the adjoining trees that were surrounded by cover crops. "The explanation," said Mr. Beemer, "is easy. That rank growth of clover has been robbing the trees of both moisture and easily available soil fertility ever since growth started. The food that should be devoted to producing me .i good crop of apples is being used to pro- duce a good crop of clover that will sim- ply be plowed under." LESS FRUIT SETS Another serious loss that is almost sure to follow, will be a smaller setting of fruit the following spring. It is in the spring of the year that the fruit buds that determine the next year's crop are developed. Having the orchard in sod, or allowing the cover crop to grow ;is Mr. Beemer did, will interfere with the proper setting of fruit buds. We believe in orchard cultivation. One cannot cultivate the orchard too fre- quently up to the first of July but after that, cultivation will be a detriment. It is then well to sow the cover crop in or- der that the fruit may mature and de- velop a good color. The cover crop fy robbing the tree of moisture will ilso tend to harden' up the wood to withstand the cold of winter. There may be some soils that are so dry that cultivation the year round iS advisable. On other soils unusually ricn or moist it may be well to leave the or- chard in sod for a few years. But with the most of us intensive cultivation in the early part of the summer, followed by a cover crop, will give us the best quality and the largest sized fruit. A Three Yeetr Old Dorothy Perkins Roie Grown by Mr.Hornihaw,40 Simpton Ave., Toronto, Ont. Sweet Pea Culture W. T. Macoun. Ottawa, Ont. As soon as sweet peas are well up they should be staked or trellised. Wire netting is quite satisfactory, and as it can be obtained much easier by city p>eople than brush, it is most com- monly used. Brush is unsightly, in our judgment, reminding one for a long time before covered with the vines of dead branches which should be removed. The trellis or brush should be at least six feet high, and if the soil is rich nine feet or more will be found necessary. Sweet peas usually require little or no watering until they begin to bloom . In Ottawa where nearly every one has a hose and nozzle, and where holding these helps to keep one cool on a sum- mer's night, I fear that too frequent watering is the rule, with the result that the plants are made soft and when condi- tions are favourable disease attacks them, or in other cases where the ground is very rich they run too much to vine. When sweet peas begin to flower they need an abundant supply of water, but it should be judiciously given. The farmer and market gardener cul- tivates his soil in order to conserve mois- ture and let air into the soil and he gets luxurious growth without any artificial watering. In many cases the keeping of the surface soil loose on each side of the row of sweet peas will conserve sufficient moisture until well on in the summer without watering. Even when water- ing is done it is desirable to loosen the surface .soil afterwards, as the roots of the plants require air as well as moisture. WATEK IN A THENCH In order to keep the stem of the plant hard, so that it may resist disease in the ground, we recommend watering in a trench about six inches away from the plants. The water soaks down, cooling and moistening the lower depths of the soil but leaving the surface of the soil about the stems fairly dry. On some soils a very important assist- ance in the conservation of moisture and cooling of the soils is the mulch. This may be altogether of lawn, or, better '42 THE CANADIAN HORTICtJLTURIST June, igi^f to two feet apart, if planted in rows Place a stake to each plant when set out, it sometimes means saving the plant from being broken off later for want of tying, something that often happens *o the growth of dahlias. A fairly rich, light, loamy soil suits dahlias best. 1 h c Gardener's Lodge, Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Chrysanthemum Maximum in foreground still, short, rotted manure over which are put lawn clippings. A mulch of this kind eighteen inches on each side of the row of sweet peas and two or three inches in depth will also prevent the sur- face soil from being tramped hard. While the mulch should come near the stems it should not actually come in close contact with them. KEEP SWEET PEAS CUT A thorough watering twice, or even once, a week is better than watering every day. It is scarcely necessary to say that no pods should be allowed to form if continuity of bloom is to be ob- tained. The peas should be cut every day or at most every other day. A difficulty most gardeners experience is to get the sweet peas kept cut as they should be. A short row kept well cut is much more satisfactory than a long row neglected. One row twenty to twenty- five feet long will more than keep a household supplied with flowers and even ten feet would give an abundance of bloom, and from this length it is not too great an effort for anyone to keep the peas cut, even in the hottest weather. Peas should not be pulled from the vines ; they should be cut off with as much of the stem as possible. Growing Dahlias J. McP. Roti, Twoito, Oat. The culture of dahlias is so simple, anyone may soon have a stock of dahlias by starting with a few tubers. Of course, like everything else, they re- spond readily to good care and liberal cultivation, by using plenty of manure, bone meal, nitrate of soda, and water. As a rule, dahlias do better when the hot sun in the afterroon is shaded from them. The flowers last a long time if cut in the early morning or after sun- down, placing the stalks in water and keeping them in a cool place. Varieties that have been cultivated a great many years gradually deteriorate, becoming more or less single. All plants do this more or less, and this deteriora- tion may account for the blighting of the young flower buds. This necessi- tates new varieties possessing vigorous habits of growth. To counteract this decay florists have to resort constantly to raising new sorts from seed. This restores the plant to its natural type. A good guide for planting out vcy tender plants is to test the temperature of the soil. Unless the temperature of the soil is at least as high as 50 degrees it is better to keep them out of ihe ground a little longer. If the ground strikes cold to the hand when planting it is best to go slow with setting out very tender plants of any kind. It is better to let them harden well in cold frames where they can be protected, than to chill or freeze them in the border. Even should there be no actual frost, continu- ous chilly wet weather will often give them a set back they do not recover from until quite the end of the season. DAHLIAS Dormant roots of dahlias, or roots barely started, can be planted out cf doors about the end of May. Roots that have been started indoors or in a hot bed should be hardened off gradually to outdoor conditions, the same as recom- mended for bedding out plants. The roots of these started early should not be planted out until about the first or second week in June after all danger ot frost is over. The foliage of the dahlia is very easily touched by frost. Dahlia roots should be set about eighteen inches The June Care oJ Flowers Wd. Hont, O.A.C., Gaelph, Oat. Chrysanthemum plants that have been grown indoors from cuttings or slips, or from divisions of old roots, in March or April, may be planted out in the gar- den, or potted into large pots, in rich soil in June. If potted treat them as you would geraniums in pots. These plants like plenty of water at the roots. Stand old plants of Calla or Arum Lily out of doors in the shade in June. Do not dry them too much at the roots in the summer. To have good geranium plants that will flower all winter, they must be pre- pared in the summer. The best plan is to secure some strong young plants of good varieties in June, in four or five inch pots. Re-pot the plants into six or seven inch pots. Pinch out the tips or terminal points of each shoot or branch so as to take oft' a very small piece of the stem as well as the topmost leaf or two. Keep the tip of each shoot pinched out as soon as it is six or eight inches in length until about the middle of August. Keep all bloom buds and blos- soms picked off, stem and all, as soon as they appear until September, when the plants should be allowed to grow and flower. After the plants have been re-potted in June, plunge or sink tlie pots to the rim out in the open ground in the garden. Put an inch or so of coal ashes under- neath the pots when sinking them into the ground. This will keep out earth worms. Pot the plants in good rich potting soil and put in the bottom of each pot nearly an inch of broken flower pots, coal cinders, or gravel for drain- age when re-potting them. Give them plenty of water during the summer. Impatiens, or BIoom-for-Ever, will grow out of doors from June until the end of August. Plant them out about the end of June in light, rich soil in the open. Spray the foliage frequently to keep down red spider and other insect pests. Old plants of begonias should be stood out of doors in partial shade during the summer. Valotta and Amaryllis may also be stood out in partial shade from June un- til the end of August. If they require re-potting it should be done about the end of July. Do not re-pot them too often. A top dressing or mulching with good rich soil is often better than re- potting these plants. June, 9121 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 143 Canadian Gardens— Picturesque "Inglewood'' Wm. Hunt, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph ARTICLE No. 6 THERE are few places in western Ontario that are more beautifull}' situated, or that have more natu- ral beauty, than have the gardens and lawn of "Inglewood," in the city of Hamilton. Occupying as they do an ele- vated position several hundred feet above the level of Lake Ontario, on the steep incline of land leading close up to the tccture, its spacious verandahs, and the stone sculpture work that adorn its walls being prominent features of its architec- tural beauty. Members of the Royal Family who have visited Canada, as well as almost all of our Governor-Generals, have been hospitably entertained within its walls at various times in its history. It is, however, of the lawns and gar- "Injl8i»J3d"^Ths rtjuie aiiJPart]of ths L awn cliff-like limestone formation of the Nia- dens that I am expected to write about. gara escarpment, these grounds are naturally ver\' attractive. The panoramic view from the terraces on the lawn is strikingly beautiful. The lawn with its fringe of fine ornamental trees, through which can be seen glimp- ses of parts of the rapidly extending city, as well as of Hamilton Bay and the strip of land known as "The Beach," make up the foreground of a very beautiful landscape picture. The town of Dundas nestled below the high hills to the west, and (he thickly wooded heights of East and West Flamboro, and as far east- ward as the eye can reach over the blue waters of Lake Ontario — even as far east as the city of Toronto — form a back- ground to the picture of which words will utterly fail to convey anything likf an adequate conception. The scenic beauty unfolded to the eye from the points mentioned can scarcely be equalled in Canada. The view is still more exten- sive and beautiful when seen from the cupola and promenade platform on the top of the residence, or from the top of the cliffs or mountain to the south of the residence. The residence itself is a fine stone structure of the Gothic style of archi- so that I must not linger over scenes and incidents, many of which the writer was closely interested in. The latter state- ment will, I trust, be sufficient excuse to my readers for this slight deflection from the subject proper of this article. THE APPROACH The residence is approached by a wind- ing carriage drive, from which almost the whole vista of the lawns can be seen through the openings between the fine ornamental trees and shrubs growing along its edge. Among these last-named are to be found magnificent specimens of the Liriodendron tulipifera (Tulip Tree), Catalpas, Flowering Chestnut, Double-flowering Peach, and others, and a splendid specimen, upwards of fifty feet in height and almost as much in breadth, of the double-flowering Chinese Cherry (Cerasus sinulata). This beauti- ful specimen is, literally speaking, a huge pyramid of pure white, and a landmark that can be seen for several miles, when it is in full flower. It is a pity that this kind of tree is not more hardy than it is. It seldom succeeds well outside of the Niagara district on this account. The tree in question was planted about sixty years ago, soon after the residence was built. The ice storm that played such havoc with the telephone and telegraph wires some twenty years asTo in Hamil- ton damaged this fine old tree very materially. Since then it has never flowered as luxuriantly as before. SOME FINE TREES The irregular fringe of trees <^kirt- ing three sides of the five or six acres of lawn must not be forgotten. The groundwork of this beautiful belt of trees is made up of fine specimens of the Nor- way Spruce, many of which are upwards A Portion of the Lavrn and Flower Bed* at "Ingle wood" 144 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1912 of sixty feet in height. Interspersed through these are large specimens of the European I-arch Fir, its pale yellowish- green foliage showing up very conspicu- ously against the more sombre-like green of its near relative, the Norway Spruce. Here and there in openings tx-tween the spruce are to be .seen some fine speci- mens of the Kilmarnock or Weeping Willow (Salix pendula). The long pen- dulous racemes of its yellowish-green growth, often four or five feet in length, hanging quite perpendicular, present a very unique and pleasing relief to the dark green of the spruce. The foreground of this belt is made up of many varieties of trees that are quite rare. Numbers of the Cerasus or wild Cherry, including C. mahaleb, C. avinum, and others, many of which are seedling varieties of merit, some of which can be seen in the illustrations. These and many others, such as Locust, Weeping Birch, and Maple, help to re- lieve the sombre hue of the evergreens. In the immediate foreground are dotted groups of rare shrubs, such as Forsythia Fortuneii, Weigelas, English Hawthorn, Spireas, Deutzias, Halesia or Snowdrop Tree, and Altheas. The very rare Euro- pean Laburnum alpinum, with its long drooping racemes of bright yellow flowers, can be found among the hundred or so varieties of flowering shrubs to be found scattered about on the extensive lawns. Two nice specimens of the Mani- toba Maple are also to be seen. These trees were brought from Manitoba on the first through train over the Cana- dian Pacific Railway when the distin- guished party of some of Canada's most noted statesmen went through to Van- couver for an inspecilxi trip of this gigantic railway enterprise. These trees are now about twenty feet in height and are of more than passing interest for the reasons given. One very pleasing feature of these lawns is the naturalization of the wild English Violet. Some years ago some seed of these was obtained from Eng- land by the writer and sown very early in the spring. The lawns are, at the time of writing (May 3rd), literally purple with these dainty little flowers, more especially on the partially shaded portions of the lawn. The p)erfume from them is very pleasing and noticeable some distance from the lawns. The.sc violets are specially adapted for this work on partially shaded lawns. Winding walks through the ' lawns lead down to extensive vegetable gar- dens and fruit orchards. Alongside of these paths are to be seen .some fine pillar roses and flowering shrubs. The vegetable gardens cover a space of about an acre in extent. The walks {Concluded on page 159) The PcrciYivial Border and its Best Flovrers F. £. Buck, B.S.A., Central IF you make a perennial border, plant in it only the best flowers. Don't be satisfied with the inferior kinds which appeal to you personally. It may be that you wish to specialize in native plants. That is a worthy ideal. Or you may prefer the old-fashioned flowers. Or, perhaps, to have a little of everything striking in order to get some color effect. Very good ; suit and culti- vate your own taste. Don't attempt to copy other people's borders too much. Remember, the flowers you plant are to be your friends, and, as was said before, choose those you like best. If you are furnishing a house you plan and consider the appropriateness of the furniture. Just so with a border. Remember also that the flowers are to stay where you put them for several years. Choose, there- ^^^ ' %^ '-■Or ^^^HHjjfy'^MM^Hfetf i ii^Ppfel ' ■.'Cs*. Ik. \ Jsj^^^' ■ S^'^-^ A Section of the East Vinery, "Inglewood" Experimental Farm, Ottawa fore, the most suitable place in the gar- den for them. Some will want sun, some shade, others light, others shelter from wind. Some will require light soil, others heavy ; all this you can arrange for them simply enough. VARIETIES FOE ALL You may be very ambitious and want flowers to admire in their places, or flowers to cut for the house, flowers for the buttonhole, flowers for the church jardiniere ; flowers of all colors, flowers of all fragrances, and flowers of all sizes ; all these you may have in a perennial bor- der, because the flowers of a well-planned perennial border will last from the time when winter's snow gives place to the timid whiteness of the snowdrop until that time when the maple leaves glow in the evening of the year. Besides the joy of tending and picking the flowers of this long ^season there is also the distinct pleasure of planting, re- planting and re-arranging your plants both before and after their seasons of bloom. Bear in mind that intimate p>er- sonal attention is the key to success with plants of any kind. There is no substi- tute for this. The perennial border should add to the beauty and dignity of your home. It should be conspicuous, but not too pro- minent; dignified rather than gaudy. It should reign supreme wherever it is plac- ed, but it must not look isolated. Do not hurry yourself in its making. It takes time to make a good border, and there is infinite pleasure in the making. The arrangement of the plants in the border will depend upon the owner's taste, but with one exception the rule is to plant in the order of height, with the tall plants at the back. There is no rule for the distances apart at which the plants should be set, but don't over- crowd. When first starting the border, plant without considering color effect. Work out your ideal in this and other ways gradually. June, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST H5 The Lily Pond in Mr. Arraitage's Garden, Toronto A Simple Aquatic Garden J. McP. Ross, Toronto, Ont. ANYONE who has even only a small piece of land may have an aquatic garden in it if they so desire, as its construction is simple and the expense light. The illustration on this page shows an aquatic garden created by Mr. and Mrs. Armitage, of Toronto, just .west of Exhibition Park, and was pro- nounced by R. Cameron, superntenderit of parks, to be the happiest effect he ever saw. It is just a shallow basin dug out of the earth and similar in shape to a gi- gantic spoon. Over this was a coating of cement to the edge of the pond. The excavation was filled with water from a liose nearby, and in it, as may be seen in the illustration, were placed water lilies and other suitable flowers. A bor- der of rough stones was placed around the edge of the basin to separate it from the flat lawn. Around one end of the pond there were grouped a dozen or so Japanese Iris. These were placed in several groups so that one could see through them, and the surface of the little pool reflecting the blue or white of the sky above, while nestling on its placid surface were the nodding crowns of the lilies. The effect was simply sweet, and cost only a few hours' pleasant labour. It was gener- ally surrounded with some birds bathing and drinking, and at all times, from spring till fall was a place of interest. VAKIETiES OROWN The plants grown in the pond by Mr. Armitage were the Nymphaea Odorata Luciana (rosy pink flowers), interspersed with water hyacinths, water poppy (Li- muocaris plumerii), the Common Arrow- head (Saggitarius). Amongst the tall plants were the Common Cattail Flag (Typhea Latifolia), Calla palustris, Eu- lalia Japonica, Eulalia Japonica varie- gata, and the Japanese Iris in several varieties. Bordering on the low edges were the swamp forget-me-not, Myosotis palustris. The soil was rich garden soil, mixed with rotted vegetable muck or peal from the marsh edge, and mixed with rotten cow manure. The average depth of water in any lily pond should be two feet, though their cultivation is successful in shallower water. Of course, when shallow, the water must necessarily be warmer. Two feet allows one foot for soil and one foot for water. For outdoor cultivation of tender kinds the roots may be planted in pails or boxes, and placed in the pond, and then towards winter the water is grad- ually drained off and the plants are car- ried into a frost-proof cellar till spring. It is not necessary to have any fountain or continuous flow of water, as the plants flourish better and bloom more freely in still warm water. MAKING THE POND When making a small pond, if the soil is too porous after the bottom is pro- perly smoothed, pound it firmly, then put a layer of blue clay to a depth of six inches, and pound this firmly er acre in Ontario last year was less than that of any year since 1898. Owing to the scarcity of potatoes, the price has become abnormally high. When prices are high there is usually a desire to considerably increase production. It is hardly probable, however, that there will be an over-production in the potato crop of the present year, as the scarcity and the high price of the seed will tend to restrict the amount planted. While potatoes thrive on a great var- iety of soils, they grow particularly well on a rich sandy loam, which contains a considerable amount of vegetable mat- ter. They generally do well on a thor- oughly prepared clover sod. If it is de- sirable to use a commercial fertilizer to supplement the farmyard manure, we find, according to the results of the co- operative experiments throughout On- tario, that a complete fertilizer contain- ing nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and po- tash, gives more economical results on the average soil than one containing a single element of fertility. TOO MANY VARIETIES There are altogether too many varie- ties of potatoes grown in Ontario. If .only three or four of the most important varieties for general crop were used, larger yields of potatoes of better quality for home use and for the market would be obtained. The Empire State, the Rural New Yorker No. 2, and the Davies' Warrior have given excellent re- sults for general use both in the experi- ments at Guelph and in the co-operative tests throughout Ontario. The Dela- ware and the Green Mountain, which ap- parently have given good results in New Brunswick, have been tested at Guelph for a number of years, and the results have been fairly satisfactory. Of the early varieties, the Extra Early Eureka and the Irish Cobbler have made fine re- cords. In testing one hundred and ten varieties of potatoes for table quality in the spring of 191 2 in which flavour, mealiness, and appearance were taken in- to consideration, the Empire State se- cured the highest score, which was close- ly followed by the Crown Jewel, the Westcott, and the Pearl of .Savoy. The Deleware gave thirteen points lower than the Empire .State in table quality. A considerable proportion of the seed potatoes in Ontario appears to be more or less infested with the scab. It would be well to treat the whole potatoes be- fore they are cut for planting. This can be readily done by immersing the pota- toes for two hours in a solution made by mixing one pint of formalin with thirty gallons of water. After the pota- toes have been treated, they can be dried and prepared for planting. The scab is produced by a fungus growth and can- not be reproduced except from living spores ; hence the importance of treat- ing infested seed before planting. PREPARATIONS FOR PLANTING A large number of experiments have been conducted at the Ontario Agricul- tural College in preparing seed potatoes for planting. It has been found that, on the average, potato sets taken from good sized potatoes will give a little larger yield f)er acre than potato sets of the same size taken from smaller potatoes. The size of the sets which are planted have a very marked influence on the yield of potatoes per acre. The number of eyes per set exerts a slight influence, but not nearly as much as does the size of the pieces. Under average conditions it is wise to cut good sized, smooth potatoes into pieces which will weigh from one to two ounces each, and which will have two, three, or four eyes in each set. If there is only one eye in a set the yield is lighter and if there are five eyes in each set there are too many small potatoes. In some sections large seed potatoes will likely be very scarce and very expensive this spring. A potato set one ounce in weight, cut from a two ounce potato, will likely give a greater yield than a half ounce set taken from an eight ounce potato. I would suggest that where potatoes are very scarce a comparatively small quantity of good sized potatoes be cut into sets and used for seed for the pro- duction of potatoes to be used for plant- ing in the following year. For the main crop for table use, however, potatoes weighing two or three ounces each might be cut into ounce pieces and used for planting to good advantage. A marked advantage is usually found from cutting potatoes and throwing the freshly cut pieces into land plaster or gypsum allowing as much as possible of the plaster to adhere to the freshly cut pieces. This treatment usually increases the yield of potatoes per acre from six- teen to eighteen bushels. PLANT PROMPTLY Potatoes should always be planted im- mediately after being cut. In some sec- tions of Ontario it has apparently become the custom to leave the potatoes a few days before planting, believing that an advantage is obtained thereby. This practice was probably originated by cut- ting the potatoes on a rainy day or on a Saturday when the children were home from school and the sets were kept a few days before planting, and the re- sults have apparently been good. As the result of some ten years' experiments at the College and five years' co-opera- tive experiments throughout Ontario it was found that potatoes which were cut and planted immediately gave an aver- age of about fifteen bushels per acre more than those which were cut four, five, or six days before they were planted. If the land is a sandy loam the potatoes can be planted to a depth of four or fiv& inches and the land cultivated on the level. If the soil is a heavy clay, how- ever, it is probably better to plant to a depth of only about three inches and to slightly ridge or hill the land at the proper stages in the growth of the pota- toes. In experiments conducted for ten years on an average clay loam, the yield was practically the same from level and from ridged cultivation. Experiments have been conducted carefully by planting potato sets in drills about twenty-eight inches apart with the sets a foot apart in the rows in compari- son with the planting of the same amount of seed in rows thirty-three inches apart both ways. Considerably larger yields were obtained from the closer planting. It is found to be a detriment to use more than one set in each place, as for instance, one potato set two ounces in weight is likely to give a larger yield of potatoes than two sets of one ounce each which are planted close together. Some people are very particular in planting cut potatoes to so place the potato sets in the land that the eyes will be turned upwards. The results of ex- periments, however, show that it does not matter whether the eves or the sur- June, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST M7 A Productive Vegetable and Fruit Garden in Norfolk County' Ont., That of John Trinder, of Port Dover This garden comprises about three a«res. Mr. Trinder finds onions and celery his most profitable crops, but grows, also, cabbage, cauliflower, toma- toes, parsnips, melons, strawberries and other varieties of produce. He sells most of his products to farmers living to the east of him on land not suitable for the production of these crops. The balance is sold In Port Dover. face of the cut potatoes be turned towards above the gfround. The first cultivations in the spring as the soil permits. The the surface of the soil. It is usually wise to harrow the potato land after the potatoes are planted and before the growth appears. This tends to break the crust of the soil and to check the growth of weeds. On many soils the harrow can frequently be used after the potato tops have made a growth between the rows can be fairly deep, but when the fibrous roots penetrate the ground it is wise to cultivate more shal- low. Shallow cultivation after the pota- toes get a good start keeps down the weeds and forms a mulch which has a marked influence in retaining the mois- ture. Garden Vegetables for the West Angus Mackay, Superintendent Experimental Farm for Saskatchewan AT the beginning of the vegetable alphabet is found asparagus. It should be found also in every gar- den in the west, as it is one of the easiest to grow, and never fails. While some advocate trenching and heavy manuring before planting, it is sufficient if our soil is plowed or dug twelve inches deep, -he roots planted in rows thirty inches apart and two feet apart in the rows, each fall after frost sets in a heavy coating of veil rotted manure applied, and in the spring dug in about the roots. For asparagus, a bed should be set apart by itself, rs the one set of roots will continue for years to produce abundantly. Conover's Colossal and Barr's Mammoth are good sorts . Beans are not a sure crop. They are easily injured or killed at any stage of their growth, and should never be sown too early, and only the earliest varieties grown. They are never out of danger if the plants are above ground before June 1st. Dwflrf Extra Early, Early .six Weeks, and Dwarf Kidney are among the best varieties. In connection with the growing of cab- bage, cauliflower, and other plants, cut worms are very destructive. Poisoned bran — one part of Paris green to jne hundred parts of poisoned bran, not 1 10 wet — scattered on the soil about the plants, and repeated occasionally, is a reliable remedy. Cauliflower can be grown in much the same way as cabbage. Only a few of *ne early cauliflower should be planted at one time, as the heads soon spoil. Plant- ing at intervals of two weeks will pro- long the season. Early Snowball, Early Dwarf, and Early Paris are good and sure varieties. Late varieties, such as Autumn Giant ind Le Normand, seldom mature, but can be pulled before severe frost, placed up- right on two inches o'^ earth in a cellar or other frost-proof place, and the roots covered two inches and kept moist, but, not wet. The heads wil! mature and prcS. duce as good cauliflower, through Nov- ember and December, as in the open. BEETS This vegetable can be sown as early seed is slow to germinate, and will stand a heavy frost. In heavy soil, the turnip variety is best, as it grows chiefly on the surface. For light soil, the long varie- ties are better suited, and are rather bet- ter keepers than the round sort, though both kinds can be kept during the win- ter and spring by packing in a box or barrel, mixing in dry earth, and cover- ing with three or four inches of earth. Early Eclipse, Early Blood Red are good round varieties, and Long Blood Red and Covent Garden half-long are good sorts for lighter soil. Sow seed rather thick and two inches deep. Thin out the plants four to six inches apart in the rows. CEIiERT Celery is rather difficult to grow suc- cessfully, especially when water is not available. The trench system has been found the best, although it entails a lit- tle more labor than planting on the level or in frames. The advantage of the trench is that the roots do not dry out as fast as either of the other two ways. Less water is required and bleaching can be better done. OUOtTEBITS Citron, cucumber, squash, pumpkin, and so on, can be started in a box or hot-bed April 20th to 25th, and planted in the garden June ist, or sown direct in garden June ist to 10th. Protection at night requires to be given plants when set out, for two or three weeks. Satis- factory varieties are: Citron, Presc-v- ing; Cucumber, Short Green, White Spine, Giant Peru 'and Chicago Pickling; Squash, Crookneck. I4« THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1913 The Canadian Horticulturist ^n^siisis^^^iisgii^^gg Publuhsd br The Horticultural Publithinff Company, Liwted PBTTBRBORO, ONTJLRIO The Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion OwnctAL Oroan or the Ontario. Qukbbc, New Brunswick and Princk Edward Ibijlnd Fruit Growers' Associations R BnoNSOK Cowan, ManavinK Director 1. The Oanadiaji' Horticulturist 1« pnbllshpd on tbe 25th day of the month preceding date nf isene. 2. Subscription price In Canada and Great Britain, 60 cent* a year; two years, $1.00. For United States and local subscriptions In Peter- boro (not called for at the Post Office), 25 cents extra a year, including postage. 3. Remittances should be made by Poet Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for amounts less than $1.00. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible until all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 5. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dresses must be given. 6. Advertising rates One Dollar an Inch. Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad- vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad- vertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. 7. Articles and Illustrations for pablication will be thankfully received by the Editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested in the growing of frulta, flowers or vegetables. January, 1911 8,082 February, 1911 8,260 March, 1911 8,523 April, 1911 9,«9 May, 1911 9,783 June, 1911 10,178 July, 1911 10,062 August, 1911 10,043 September. 1911 9,973 October, 1911 9,991 November, 1911 9,988 December, 1911 10,1S7 Total 1M.<89 Average each issue in 1907, 6,627 " " " " 1908, 8,695 " " " " 1909, 8,970 « " " " 1910, 9,067 " " •' " 1911, 9,541 May, 1912 11,788 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY We want the readers of The Canadian Horti- culturist to feel that they can deal with our advertisers with our assurance of the advertis- ers' reliability. We try to admit to our oolumns only the most reliable advertisers. Should any subscriber, therefore, have good cause to be dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from any of our advertisers, we will look into the matter and investigate the circumstances fully. Should we find reason, even in the slightest degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub- lication of their advertisements in The Horti- oulturistt Should the circumetanoes warrant we will expose them through the columns of the paper. Thus we will not only protect our readers, but our reputable advertisers as well. All that is necessary to entitle you to the bene- fit of this Protective Policy Is that you include in all your letters to advertisers the words, "I saw your ad. in The Canadian Horticulturist." Complaints should be made to us as soon as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has been found. Commtmications should be addressed THE CANADIAN HORTICUiyTUEIST, PBTERBORO, ONT. EDITORIAL COUNTY EXHIBITS For several years a number of the loading fruit growing counties of Ontario, by means of small grants given by their county coun- cils, have made e;xhibits of apples each fall nt the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition. Several of these counties, particularly Nor- folk. Ontario, Durham and Northumber- land, are now reaping the benefits of their enterprise. During the past couple of years a considerable number of people from abroad have commenced to purchase blocks of land in these counties for fruit growing purposes. Scores of thousands of dollars are being invested by outside capitalists in this way in some of these counties, and the sections affected are reaping the benefit. At first it was diflScnlt to convince hard- headed county councillors that their coun- ties would derive benefit from anv money they might expend to enable exhibits of nnples being made hv their counties at the Horticultural Exhibition. Even yet there are some county councils that need educa- tion on this point. Their doubts are soon likely to vanish, as the results obtained are now so apparent even the most obtuse mav see. It is not so much the number of people who attend the Ho'-ticultur.Tl Exhibition and examine the exhibits that counts as it is the chnracter of the people who do so. These include not only lending fruit growers but representa'tives of the agricultural and daily press, government ofiScials and other people occupying position"; which enable them to mould public opinion. These peo- ple, seeing certain counties well represented bv fruit exhibits, become impressed with the fruit possibilities of these districts and henceforth advertise them directly and in- directly in many valuable ways. Those counties which neglect to mould public opinion in this way miss great opportunities for their own development. PARCELS POST The interests of the fruit and vegetable growers of Canada are more directly con- cerned with the agitation that has now renchttd considerable proportions in the Dominion House of Commons for the establishment of a parcels post system in Canada than their apathy regard- ing this proposal would seem to indi- cate. Two members of the House. W. F. Maclean, MP., of York Countv, and J. E. Armstrong, M.P.. of Lfmbton Countv. are both urgir^g the introduction of this system. Mr. Maclean advocates an unre- .stricted service, while Mr. Armstrong is contending for a service that will be limited to rural mail routes and the towns and cities with which they connect. For the average fruit or vegetable grower this latter .■ivstem would be of comparatively little value. The postal regulations in Canada regard- ing parcels are apparently designed to pre- vent their carriage by post. The charge is .sixteen cents a pound, and the limit of •,5;^eight is five pounds. A five-pound pack- age thus costs eighty cents. This charge is .=0 excessive as to be practically prohibitive. Tn England a similar package can be car- ried for twelve cents. The contrast in cost tells its own story. Practically all European countries have made a success of the parcels post system. The limit of weight in Belgium is one hun- dred and thirty-two pounds, in Austria. Germany and Switzerland, one hundred and ten pounds, France twenty-two pounds and Australia, Cuba, Great Britain and Italy eleven pounds. The charge for an eleven- pound parcel, which at our rate in Canada would be one dollar seventy-six cents, is in Austria twelve cents, Belgium sixteen cents, Germany thirteen cents, Great Britain twenty-two cents, Italy twenty cents and Switzerland eight cents. In each of these countries a considerable trade has been built up in the shipping of fruit and vege- tables, done up in small packages, to cus- tomers in the towns and cities. The intro- duction of a reasonable parcels post system in Canada would make possible the develop- ment of a similar trade, and help to do away with the middlemen. Our Fruit- Growers' Associations should give more at- tention to this matter than they have. NURSERY REGULATIONS In an interview with Mr. Thomas Cun- ningham, Provincial Inspoctor of Fruit Pests for British Columbia, published re- cently in a Vancouver paper, Mr. Cunning- ham is credited with the statement that al- though importations of nursery stock into British Columbia this year have been great- er than ever before, none have been receiv- ed from Ontario, the stock having all come in from the western states. Mr. Cunning- ham further stated that British Columbia should grow all its own nursery stock. Had the fumigation regulations been de- signed especially to keep out Ontario stock, they could hardly be more effective than they are. The fumigation station is locat- ed in Vancouver. Ontario nursery stock intended for western points in British Col- umbia has to be shipped some hundreds of miles across the province to Vancouver, where it is fumigated and then be re- shipped to the western portion of the pro- vince. Delays frequently occur at the fumigation station which, with the extra shipping, have proved so disastrous, on many occasions, to the stock, Ontario nur- sery men have practically been driven out of that province. The greatest loss is to the British Columbia fruit growers, as much of the stock grown in Ontario is better suit- ed to certain districts in British Columbia than is stock from the Pacific States. What is needed is that a fumigation sta- tion should be established on the western border of British Columbia. The establish- ment of such a station has frequently been urged in British Columbia by responsible parties, but as yet no action has been taken. It has seemed at times as if an effort was being made by a few interested parties to keep out the eastern stock, in spite of the requirements of the local fruit growers, in order that the establishment of nurseries might be encouraged in the province as well as to assist those now in business there. BOOKS ON HORTICULTURE In almost every city, town and village in Ontario in which there is a horticultural society there is also a public library. The same condition exists to a considerable ex- tent in most of the other provinces as well. Very few of these public libraries contain books relating to horticulture. Here is a chance for our horticultural societies to do some good work. Were they to appoint a committee to wait on their library boards and submit lists of horticultural books that should be kept in the library for reference June, igi2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 149 purposes, many of these boards would be glad to comply with their request. Among the books that library boards should see are kept on file are, Bailey's 'Cyclopedia of American Horticulture," Henderson's "Book of Plants and General Horticulture," and other similar standard works, most of which are too expensive for the average person to purchase for private use. Whenever library boards procure such volumes the fact should be announced through the public press so that lovers of horticulture may know that these Looks are available for reference. The officers of the Toronto Branch of the Ontario Vegetable Growers' Association I What the Big^ Ones] Think The Association of National Adver- tising Managers, is an organization of 161 of the leading, brainiest and most influential men . in the advertising world of the United States. The members of this Association re- present concerns which have become well known through their extensive advertising, to almost every reader of magazines and newspapers in Ameri- ca. Each member spends on an av- erage $166,000 per year for advertis- ing, making a total for the whole As- sociation of $25 000,000. No one can be a member who spends less than $50,000 per year for advertising pur- poses. The stand these men take in regard to improper advertising is well set forth in a platform adopted February 16, 1912, part of which reads as fol- lows: "In the opinion of this Association, pub- lications should not accept advertising that is calculated to injure any of their readers In morals, health or pocketbook, or that contains unwarranted or extrava- gant statements." The reason for the stand taken by these experienced advertising men is not far to seek- They realize that the less dishones* advertising there is published, tho more effective will hon- est advertising become. Space in the publications they use, becomes ac- cordingly of greater value to them, as the objectionable advertising is eliminated. The Canadian Horticulturist for eight years has refused to print any advertising of an objectionable na- ture. It has thus contributed its share towards placing advertising on the higher plane, generally, it occu- pies to-day. But more than that, it has won the confidence of those who read The Canadian Horticulturist, as they realize they will get a square deal from the advertisers whp use space in these columns. The better class of advertisers are realizing more than ever before, the increased value to them of space in publications which will pHInt only good, clean, reliable advertisements. This is one of the big reasons why th"i volume of advertising of this class i.) The Canadian Horticulturist contm- ues to increase, and why many of the best Canadian firms, in their lines are using The Canadian Horticultur ist to tell its readers about their goods We do not admit advertisers to o^ir co'umns 'xcept sucli an vie. beli^vn are thoroughly reliable. have been doing splendid work by arrang- ing for regular meetings of the members of their branch at the greenhonses of different members. The rivalry, not to say jealousy and suspicion, between the vegetable grow- ers in some centres is so pronounced it would be found difficult to arrange for such a series of meetings. The fact that the members of the Toronto branch of the asso- ciation are proving themselves to be above such things is a pleasing indication that growers are at last beginning to see that they can advance their interests best by co- operating with others engaged in the same occupation, and not by hugging their little secrets to themselves for fear someone else may discover them. The schools division of the Ontario Ex- perimental Union, in cooperation with the Department of Education and the Ontario Agricultural College, at Guelph, is conduct- ing some valuable educational work among the schools in the rural districts in the growing of vegetables. Circulars are dis- tributed to the schools suggesting simple ex- periments and giving full directions con- cerning their conduct. The experiments relate to lettuce, onions and other similar crops. The work is under the direction of Mr. S. B. McCready, and is being attended with excellent results. PUBLISHER'S DESK is we find it necessary to draw support from both fields and, therefore, have to divide our space so that we can furnish informa- tion that will be of interest to both classes of readers. On the whole, however, we hear very little complaint. Everything con- sidered, we feel free to state that there is not another horticultural publication in the world that gives as much infortnation at as low a subscription price as The Cana- dian Horticulturist and which is as I'ro- fnsely illustrated and published on paper of equal grade. The special front cover design on the April issue of The Canadi.\n Horticultur- ist was evidently much appreciated, if we are to judge from the words of approval we have heard from our readers. Officers of horticultural societies and others have gone out of their way to let us know how well they liked the design. AVe are now plan- ning to publish a similar design on the front cover of our Special Pax;king and Ex- hibition Number which will be published on the first of next September. For this num- ber we would like the illustration to show a packing scene in some modern Canadian orohard, the trees of which should be loaded with fruit. Here is an opportunity for some of the leading fruit-growing districts of Canada to advertise their possibilities. What enterprising grower or growers in some of the leading districts of Briti^ Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, or the Mari- time Provinces, will supply us with the best photograjph for use on the front cover of that issue? Any readers of The Canadian Horticulturist vrhn have an illustration which they think will be suitable are in- vited to send it. "Whv do vou publish so few articles re- lating to fruit in the front part of the paper?" we are sometimes asked by fruit growers, and again the que.stion is, "Whv do you publish so few articles relating to amateur flower growing?" The fruit growers would like to see all the front part of The Canadian Horticulturist devoted to fi^iit growing, while the flower growers would like to see it filled with articles that would be of snecial interest to them, the answer to both is simple. The cost of pub- lication prevents. As yet the field in Can- ada is not larve enough to support a pa- per devoted wl«illv to fruit growing, nor is it large enough to sustain one pertain- intr onlv to amateur flower growing^ Neither "enough subscriptions nor enough advertisements could be secured to make such papers a financial success. The result Among the articles we anticipate featur- ing in the July issue of' The C-inadian Hor- ticulturist will be one entitled "What Cover Crops Shall I Grow?" by Prof. C. A. Zavitz, of the Guelph Agricultural College. There will also be an article of unusual in- terest to the Niagara District ''ealing with the possibilities of irrigation for that dis- trict. This article will be by Mr. T. G. Bunting, of the Central Experiment Farm, Ottawa, who has given this subject con- siderable attention The picking and sell- ing of the berry crop will be the subject of a timely article contributed by Grant S. Peart, of Burlington. "The Celery Blights" will be discussed in a profusely illustrated article by Prof. E. M. Straight, of Mac- donald College, A number of interesting features are being planned for the garden section, also including the description of another Canadian garden and some timely garden notes by one of our best known authorities. As usual, the issue will be re- plete with timely, interesting, helpful in- formation. Liverpool Apple Market There was an increase of about 160,000 barrels in the quantity of apples arriving from the United States and Canada last year at Liverpool compared with the previous year, but a decrease of about 120.000 in the number of boxes arriving. The increase in barrelled apples was due to the larger crop in the Hudson river and Nova Scotia dis- tricts, and the smaller receipts of boxed ap- ples to the smaller crop in what is known as the box-growing district, west of the Rocky Mountains, and because supplies had been held back in anticipation of higher prices later in the season. The total apple imports into Liverpool dur- ing the season 1910-11 were 649,055 barrels (which included 361,268 boxes, calculated at three boxes to the barrel). The prices for barrelled apples were considerably lower at the beginning of the present year than for the same time last year on account of the larger supplies, due somewhat to a larger crop than usual in Great Britain, but the boxed apples averaged about thirty-six cents a box higher. Nova Scotia Final proof that the great apple crop of Nova Scotia last year almost reached the two million barrel mark is furnished by a .statement issued by Dominion Fruit In- spector O. H. Vroom. It shows that the total number of barrels shipped to all mar- kets, including those in Great Britain, South Africa, Germany and the West, amounted to 1,730,496 barrels. There were shipped also 2,086 half barrels and 10,011 boxes. London received 783,115 barrels, Liverpool 211,080, Glasgow 163,317, Germany 117.933, South Africa 3,570, the West Indies 3,831, the West 176,150 and the local markets 1.50,000, Prospects point to a good crop for 1912, I =50 THE CANADIAN H 0 in U" I' I. T U R I 8T June, 1912 The Standardizing of Apple Barrels At thr the apples reach the Old Country the barrels are opened and the apples are resold in small quantities by weight and not in bulk." P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto: "Ontario fruit growers do not want to change the barrel they are using, as we believe that we are getting the best of the deal. The British buyers pay us well for the extra weight we give them, and we have a consid- erable saving in shipping charges." Capt. Allen : "Wo are testing the Ontario barrels on a comprehensive scale, and aV-e open to conviction in regard to its merits, but for the present would like to see this matter left in abeyance '' Prof. W. S. Blair, Macdonald College, Quebec : "It is most important that we should have a recognized .standard through all of Canada, as the different sizes now used result in injustice in some cases." R. J. Graham, Belleville, Ontario: "There is a considerable difference in the size of Nova Scotia barrels. The stares vary in length. The onus for the size of the barrel .should be placed on the cooper- age firms. If Nova Scotia and Ontario are to continue to iwe diflferent sized barrels I am satisfied, but the barrels u.sed in each province should be uniform in size. Quite a lot of the Nova Scotia barrels are smaller than the legar size. A few people in On- tario are still u.sing the stingy barrel, but ninety-five per cent, are using the large size. In Nova Scotia the great majority use the stingy size." Capt. Allen : "This stingy sized barrel has appeared during only the last two years. In Ontario the barrels are u.sed for flour and apples, and in Nova Scotia they are used for potatoes and apples. It would be a great hardship if we had to use the large barrel for potatoes." R. J. Messenger, Bridgetown : "We should be striving for a national .standard for Canada. The Nova Scotja barrel is THE Canadian Nursery Co. 10 Phillips Place MONTREAL Have still a good stock of hardy, Northern grown Apple Trees, Currants, Gooseberries, Raspberries, etc. and an immense stock of Specimen Shrubs, Ornamental Trees, Roses, etc. The collection of Perennial Plants and Peonies on their nurseries at Pointe Claire is probable the most complete in Canada. LISTS AND INFORMATION FURNISHED FREE OF CHARGE LIMITED Apple Boxes \Y7E make a good box at the right price. It is especially suited for the apple 'grower and shipper. One of our large cu^omers la^ year used thousands of our boxes for the export trade. Such trade demands a strong, durable box. Our boxes gave every satisfaction. Our Boxes are Right. The Price is 'Right. Let Us Quote You. Barchard & Company 135-151 Duke St. TORONTO June, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 151 more easily handled than the larger barrel, and it holds three bushels or standard boxes of apples, or as near as a barrel can." Eben. James, Toronto : "Most sections in Ontario use the thirty-inch stave, but in the Niagara district and in portions of Quebec the growers use the twenty-eight and a half inch stave. I am an advocate of the large barrel. If Nova Scotia's apple trade grows as rapidly as the growers seem to expect they will soon have to ship apples to other markets and when they do they will be compelled to use a larger barrel." Mr. Devvar : "We might as well permit the sizes as now used, as conditions will soon right themselves. The Nova Scotia growers wi'l soon find that the loss they sustain through shipping apples in the small barrels is so great they will be forced to us© the large barrel." RoLt. Thompson, St. Catharines : "When enacting legislation relating to the apple barrel the government should specify the dimensions of the barrel.'' Mr Onslow, of Niagara-on-the-Lake, did not think that it would be possible for the government to recognize two fetandards. Mr Thompson pointed out that there were different standard baskets. Mr. M. C. Smith, of Burlington, offered to wager that not a barrel had been made in Nova Scotia that measured ninety-six imperial quarts and not one that contained three bushels. A Nova Scotia delegate said that much of the trouble over the size of the barrels was caused by the fact that the coopers do not turn out barrels that are uniform in size. The discussion ended by the carrying by a large majority of the fol- lowing resolution : "Whereas there are two sizes of apple barrels in general use in Canada, and whereas it would appear that uniformity would Le more nearly obtained by the adoption of the specified standard sizes for use in Canitda, be it resolved that the conference recommend the government to provide two standards, one the 96-quart barrel commonly used in Nova Scotia, and the other the 112-quart barrel commonly used in Ontario, and that the Department provide for the enforcement of the use by all growers and dealers, of one or the other of these standards, and that the manufac- turers be held responsible." The National Fruit Growers Association As previously announced in The Canadian Horticulturist, a national fruit-growers' association was formed by the delegates who attended the recent Dominion Fruit Con- ference in Ottawa. The following draft constitution was adopted : 1. This association shaJl be called the Canadian National Fruit-Growers' Associa- tion. OBJECTS 2. The objects of the association shall be : (a) To encourage improvements in fruit growing. (b) To develop markets for fruit abroad. (c) To initiate and influence legisla- tion affecting Canadian fruit interests and generally to take such action as the Douglas Gardens Oakville, Ontario=^= China Asters 100 for 75 cts. ; 25 of one variety at the 100 rate. Vara.— Queen of the Market, White and Pink, Lavender Gem, Eoyal Purple, Branching Whites and Orego, Pink. Plants once transplanted. Antirrhinum (Snapdragon), each 10 cts. ; 10 for 60 cts. Salvia, Var. Bonfire, fine plants, each 10 cts. ; 10, 60 cts. Scabiosa, long season of bloom, each 10 cts.; 10, 60 cts. Stocks, Cut and Comfe Again, each 5 cts.; 10, 25 cts. Stocks, Large Flowering, 10 week, each 5 cts. ; 10, 25 cts. These plants are now in good form for shipping and setting out. Gladiolus Light colored section, unnamed, 25 for 75 eta. Red and Scarlet section, unnamed, 25 for 60 cts. Mixed Colors, 25 for 55 cts. Supply of named varieties is exhausted. Above prices Include carriage prepaid. JOHN CAVERS Fruit Trees and Flowers We still have a nice stock of most lines of trees and are in a position to ship the day orders are received. Wire us rush orders at our expense. Owing to the prospect of a rather light crop of Peaches in our locality, we are pranning to grow quite a quantity of CUT FLOWERS, especially China Asters We bought the finest strains of Asters obtainable, paying a long price for the seed. It is saved by the best grower of Asters on the continent. Our plants will have three transplantings and every care. We expect to have a quantity to dispose of as we have planted more seed than we need. The early plants will be ready about May 20th and the late ones June 1 5th. We offer the Asters at 20 cents per dozen or $1.00 per 100, postpaid AUBURN NURSERIES QUEENSTON, ONT. For the Laivd' s Sake Use the best Manure and get Good Crops For Nurseries, Fruit Growers and Gardeners. Sure Growth Compost Makes poor land fertile and keeps fertile land most productive. Supplied by S- W. Marchment 133 Victoria St. TORONTO Telephones: Main 2841 ; Residence, Park 951 Say you taw the ad. in The Canadian Horticulturist 152 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1912 One of the modern barn plans prepared by our Builders' Service Dept. Above is shown one of the modem bam plans prepared by our "Builders' Service Dept." Others are shown in a portfolio that will be mailed to you on receipt of the coupon attached to this ad, properly filled out. If you will tell us the size of the bam you expect to build, and the number of cattle you want to house, our Board of Advisers, consisting of ten of the best bam builders and contractors in the Dominion, will co-operate with you to plan a building exactly suited to your own particular re- quirements. This service is offered to you FREE of charge. It's our way of showing our appre- ciation of the generous and hearty support the farmers and builders of Canada have given our products, particularly Preston Safe-Lock Shingles. Preston Safe -Lock Shingles merit the tremendous demand they enjoy to-day, for they afford guaranteed protection against lightning. They keep out the rain, snow, moisture, wind and fire, too. They cost nothing for up-keep, as they never need painting or repairs. Our latest edition of "Truth About Roofing" booklet tells allaboutthem. We'll send a copy along with the Port- folio of Barn Plans. You want the Portfolio, that's certain, if you intend to build. So send the coupon by first mail. Address it to Q-jfe^^J0^ Manager Metal Shingle & Siding Co., Limited Branch Office and Factory, Montreal, Que. PrCStOIl, Ollt. X X X X X X X X X Please send me portfolio of Barn Plans showing framework construction and plans of interior. I intend building a barn ft. by. ft. Do you intend re-roofing or re-siding any building this year? (Yes or Ho.). Name P. O. Address Ptorince County Canadian Hokticultukist Paper X X X X X X X X X xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx beet interestfl of the industry may from time to time demand. MEMBBRBHIP 3. The merobership of the association shall be composed of the following representa- tives : (a) The president, vice-president an'i secretary of every provincial vruit-grow- ers' association. (b) The chief officer of the fruit branch or such other officer in each province who may have charge of the fruit intoreete. (c) The commissioner of the Dominion Department of Agriculture in cnartje ot the fruit intereste. (d) The minister and deputy minister of agriculture for the Dominion of Can- ada shall be ex-officio members of this association. (e) Such other persons aa may Here- after be named by the association on the recommendation of the executive. DIRECTORS 4. The board of directors of this associa^ tion shall consist of : (a) The executive committee. (b) One representative appointed br each provincial association. 5. The executive committee shall consist of the president, vice-jpresident. secretary- treasurer and three members to be elected by the association. 6. At each general meet-ng of the associa- tion, a president, vice-president, secretary- treasurer and three members of the execu- tive committee and an auditor shall be elected who shall hold office until their suc- cessors are appoint>ed. 7. The directors shall have power to ap- point committees from among their mem- bers or otherwise. At the first meeting of each committee a chairman shall be elected. 8. The executive committee shall carry in- to effect the work decided uTKin by the director. 9. In case a vacancy occurs in the execu- tive or directorate the executive committee shall fill the vacancy forthwith and the appointee shall remain in office until his successor is elected. 10. General meetings of the association shall be called at such intervals as may be determined upon by the directors. 11. Notice of each meeting of the associa- tion shall be mailed at least twenty days prior to date of meeting to each member whose address is known to the secretary. 12. Directors' and executive meetings shall be called by mailing notice at least fourteen days before the date of the meet- ing to each director or member of the execu- tive committee. Directors residing west of Ontario or east of Quebec shall also be noti- fied by telegram at time of mailing said notices. (a) Directors' and executive meetings may be held on shorter notice than above,- providing a majority consent thereto. 13. Twelve members shall be a quorum of any meeting of the as.sociation, six shall be a quorum of a meeting of the directors and three of the executive committee. 14. Only the expenses of officers or direc- tors may be paid by this association. BT-L.\W8 15. The association shall at its first meet- ing adopt such by-laws and regulations as may be expedient and not inconsistent with the constitution. ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS 16. Any member desiring to introduce any addition or amendment to the constitution shall notify the secretary in writing, enclos- ing therewith a draft thereof at least. Sixty June, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 153 Buy Your Ladders No\y You will want them badly w^hcn the rush starts WE GUARANTEE Our Ladders for One Year Against Breakages Due to Defects in Material or Workman- ship 2811 Pounds carried with ease on one of our HERCULES Step Ladders Almost before you realize it, the busy fruit picking season will be here. Have you got the new ladders you will need? Now is a good time to get them, before the rush starts. We make ladders of all sizes and for all purposes. Fruit Picking Ladders a specialty. Co-operative Associations ! We especially invite correspond- ence from secretaries of Co-operative Fruit Associations and similar organizations. We are prepared to quote attractive prices on large orders. Our Full Line of Ladders described in Catalogue F. Send a.'Postcard for a copy. The Stratford Mfg. Co., Limited Makers of Ladders for Every Conceivable Purpose STRATFORD, ONT. 154 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1911 Don't set your mind — set Big Ben Don't bother jioar head about get- ting up. Leave it to Big Ben. You ought to go to sleep at night with a clear brain — untroubled and free from getting up worries. You men, if you are up to date farmers, work with your brains as well as with your hands. Such a little thing as "deciding to get up at a certain time in the morning" and keeping it on your mind often spoils a needed night's rest and makes a bad "next day." Try Big Ben on your dresser for one week. He makes getting up so easy that the whole day is better. Big Ben is not the usual alarm. He's a timekeeper; a good, all-pur- pose clock for eiiery day and all day use and for years of service. He stands seven inches tall. He wears a coat of triple-nickel plated steel. He rings with one long loud ring for 5 minutes straight, or for 10 minutes at intervals of 20 seconds un- less you shut hifl^off. His big, bold fii^iures and hands are easy to read in the dim morning light, his large strong keys are easy to nuind. His price, $3.00, is easy to pay be- cause his advantages are so ea^ to see. See them at your dealer. 5.000 Canadian dealers have already adopted bim. If you cannot find him at your dealer's, a money order sent to tVentUx^ La SatUt llUnob, will brine bim to you duty cbarees prepaid. $3.00 At Canadian Dealers. Imperial Bank E«.bli.hed OF CANADA I875 HEAD OFFICE TORONTO Capital Paid-up. . 6,000.000.00 Reserve Fund . 6 000.000.00 Total Assets . 72,000,000.00 D. R. WILKIE, President and General Manacer HON. R. JAFFRAY. Vice-Preudent Branohaa and AKenciea tlirouKhOMt the Dominion o^ OanatdK Letter* of Credit, Drafts and Money Ordert Issued avsulable in all, 'parts of the world I Special attention given to collections S«Tinv» D«pMrtment *t all Branches liiterest allowed on deposits at best current rates PRUNING SAW Operates from ground. No breaking of Hmbs by clfmbing. No moving' of ladders. No Bftwing of vrong litnbs. Can reach topmost branchi-a and shape tree better than b; old methods. Will save its cost in one day. Nothing to ge' out of order. Will laat for years. Thousands in use. Recommended by all users. If your dealer cau't furnish it, write for mil descriptive circular and prices. Satisfaction guaroniceil. Address FRUITGROWERS' SAW CO., Scottsville, N. Y. Hepfeaentntlve tor Ontario, Ja«. E. Jobn- ■on. Slmcoe, Ont. $2.50 per Gallon; $1.00 per Quart. Dupuy & Ferguson, Montreal, Can. days prior to the date of any meoting of the association a copy of the proposed ad- dition or amendment shall l/O sent by the secrertary to each known member of the association. 17. Any addition or amendment shall re- quire a two-third's rote of the members pre*- .sent at the meeting to pass. Note— It is expected that the Dominion Government will make an annual grant to the association sufficient to meet its ex- pen.ses. — Editor. OntarioHorticultural Exhibitioi\ The directors of the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition hav" decided to hold the next oxhibition in the new arena on Mutual Street, Toronto. November 12th and 16th. The Ontario Department of Agriculture will be asked for an increased grant as there ha.s been no change in the amount of the grant for a number of year.s. although the exhibi- tion has now renched a point where it is believed to be entitled to more assistance. The money given to the stock shows at Ottawa and Guelph for maintenance alone is several times greater in each case than it is for the horticultural exhibition, in addition to which both shows have buildings of their own. while it is necessary for the directors of the horticultural exhibition to rent a building. The honey committee has secured from the directors the amount of money formerly awarded in prizes. It will be used for the putting up of a big display. It is expected that all of the local bee-keei)ers' associations throughout the province will contribute, and that the exhibit of honey will be away ahead of anything previously attempted either at the Toronto Industrial -or the November Shows. Dynamite in the Orchard A number of new uses for explosives in agriculture are described by Mr. F. H. Gunsolus in the Journal of the Franklin In- stitute. In the north-west-ern Pacific states dynamite is largely used for clearing land of tree stumps; but a more novel applica- tion is to drill ho!es from two to five feet into the soil and to explode dynamite car- tridges in them, in order to break up and loosen the subsoil. This process may be carried out on land where orchards have already been planted, the quantity of dyna- mite used varying from twenty-five to one hundred pounds an acre. Explosives are also being used very large- ly in the western states for digging ditches, especially in swampy clay ground. Slant- ing holes are punched at intervals of about two feet along the line of the proposed ditch; the middle hole is loaded with two or three cartridges, the explosion of which serves to detonate the charges in the other holes, with the result that a mile or more of ditch may be blasted simultaneously. The Ontario Department of Agriculture has issued Bulletin 197 by the fruit branch entitled "Bee Diseases in Ontario." This bulletin is written by Morley Petit, pro- vincial apiarist. Bulletin 198, entitled "Lime-sulphur WasJi," by L. Caesor, of the Department of Biology, is interesting and timely. In this bulletin an attem.pt is " made to give the results of the latest in- vestigations and experiments on the mak- ing of the lime-sulphur wash and the va- rious uses to which it can be applied. Bul- letin 199, entitled "Onions," by A. Mc- Mean.s, of the 0..\ C Ciiiclph, is a re- print from the report of the Ontario Vege- table Growers' Association for 1908. June, ic>ii THE CANADIAN HORTICULTUIIIST 155 BASKETS We arc Headquarters for all kinds of Splint Baskets Veneer tupplied for the protection of trees from mice during winter FRUIT PACKAGES A SPECIALITY SEND FOR OUR PRICES The Oakville Basket Co., Oakville, Ont. Mention The Canadian Horticaltariat wbvn writiac You Get BETTER PRICES For APPLES Packed in BOXES Up-to-date growers and shippers have demonstrated this fadt. We make the boxes. Write us. The Firstbrook Box Co., Ltd. TORONTO Arc You Setting Out Your Trees as Econom- 1% ically as Possible and are the Trees when / Planted Giving The Best Results Obtainable • Let Us Send You FREE OF CHARGE our Pamphlets on the use of STUMPING POWDERS USED FOR . Planting Trees Cultivating and Rejuvenating Orchards Breaking Hard Pan, Shale and Clay Sub- Soils Ren\oving Stumps and Boulders Digging Wells and Ditches, Etc., Etc. Write us in regard to eurranging FREE DEMONSTRATION CANADIAN EXPLOSIVES, Limited MONTREAL, P. Q. Fertilize Your Lands DO YOU KNOW I, . THAT WQRN-OUT LANDS MAY BE MADE 1 PRODUCTIVE AMD PROFITABLE BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF , THE RIGHT KIND OF I FERTILIZER ? f nIoW IF YOU HAVE A PIERCE OF LAND THAT j WONT GROW ANYTHING BUT WEEDS, TALK WITH US ABOUT IT AND. LET US 1 SUGGEST .' THE RIGHT FERTILIZER WE FEEL VERY SURE THAT WE CAN SHOW YOU HOW TO USE FERTILIZERS WITHOUT GREAT EXPENSE SO YOUR LAND WILL PAY Consult us freely it is / OUR BUSINESS TO KNOW \ FNqUIRIES FBEELY ANSWERED ' AGENTS WAMTEO FOP > TERRITORY NOT TAKEN UP THE W.A. FREEMAN co- limited HAMILTON ONTARIO ^ ^A^^XN^^'VvA^^/'V^XV^XN^/^S 156 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 191 2 Granulated yourself — that "St. Lawrence choice a sugar as money can buy. 3 pound bag — and compare grade granulated sugar. Note the pure white color of '"St. Lawrence" — its uniform grain — its diamond-like sparkle — its match- less sweetness. These are the signs of quality. And Prof. Hersey's analysis is the proof of purity — "99 99/100 to 100% of pure cane sugar with no impurities whatever". Insist on having "ST. LAWRENCE GRANULATED" at your grocer's. plAWRENg ST. LAWRENCE SUGAR REFINING COh MONTREAL. LIMITED. 66 EXTRA |6RANULATE| Montreal you must care for it. If dandruff is pre- sent, first eliminate it by using Na-Dru-Co Dandruff Eradicator for tliree or four weeks, then tone up the scalp with NA-DRU-CO HairTonicand Dressing^ This valuable preparation is absolutely free from coloring matter, or from any chemical that can affect the color of the hair in any way. Its daily use is a pleasure that is as beneficial as it is refreshing. Na-Dru-Co Hair Tonic and Dressing and Na-Dru-Co Dandruff Eradi- cator are put up in 50c. and |i.oo bottles. Ask your Druggist for them. National Drug and Chemical Co., of Canadet, Limited NA-DRUCO I HAIR TONIC AND DRESSING ^ PBItE $loo :nia»dpu-co.s 203 & <& Potato Canker Prof. J. E. Hswitt, O.A.C., Gnelph, Ont. Mr. H. T. Gussow, botanist, Dominion Experimental Farm, Ottawa, has already, through the press, called attention to this most destructive potato disease, and the great danger of its being introduced into Canada in imported seed potatoes. On account of the serious loss to the farmers of Ontario which the introduction of potato canker would cause, it is not out of placp to again warn all interested in itotato grow- ing to be on the watch for potato cank(>r in the seed potatoes. A careful scrutiny of the seed jwtatoes should enable anyone The Potato Canker to detect the presence of the canker. Badly cankered tubers can be noticed at a glance, as they are misshapen and completely cov- ered with warty excrescences. Badly dis- eased potatoes, however, are not likely to be found in the seed, but tubers which are only slightly affected and which at a casual glance appear sound. These may be de- tected by examining the eyes, which will be found to be slightly protruding and com- posed of clusters of little nodules. The ac- companying illustration shows the disease fairly well developed at one end of the tuber. Potato canker is now found in Eng- land, Ireland, Scotland, Scandinavia. Ger- many, France, Italy, and Newfoundland. On account of the shortage of the potato crop in Ontario last year, large quantities of potatoes are being imported, especially from Great Britain. The danger lies in the planting of irajKirted potatoes infected with the canker. Farmers should make a .point of knowing the source of the seed potatoes they are using, and of making a careful in- spection for any signs of canker before planting. Suspected potatoes should be sent to Mr. H. T. Gussow, botanist, Dom- inion Experimental Farm, Ottawa, or to the Botanical Department, O.A.C., Guelph, for examination and report. On no ac- count should any suspected potatoes be planted until a report upon them has been received. The Western Fair, London, Ont., this year will be held from September 6th to i4th. June, 191 2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 157 Import Your Bulbs and Perennials Direct from Holland at Half Price Get Our In\port List at once Morgan's Supply House London, Canada Hand Spramotor Made with 4 to 8 nozzles. Wheels and row sprayer adjust- able in width from 26 to 36 inches and in height 16 inches. Mounted on cart suitable for one horse. Perfect spray for row crops, vineyards or trees. High pressure sends chemical search- ing into all parts of plants or trees and makes destruction certain. All SPRAMOTORS are guaran- teed. AGENTS WANTED. Ask for our frele treatise on crop diseases. You should know what it tells. Heard Spramotor Co. 1392 King St., London, Canada. IT matters not what heating system you use — Steam, Hot Water or Warm Air, you cannot get that much desired atmosphere — gentle, restful and wholesome — without pro- per humidity. WATER SHOULD BE EVAPOR- ATED FREELY, and the ril.^'^ FURNACE With its big CIRCLE WATKRPAN, hold- ing from four to six gallons, presents the one heating medium which does a. lord a really comfortable and healthful watnith. Catalogue mailed on request THE JAMES STEWART MFC. CO., Ltg WOODSTOCK, Ont. Western Branch Wlnnipen. Man Adams & Tanton. Hi King St., London, Ont. Kenneth McDonald, Ottawa. Ont. A. E. Cameron, Brockvllle, Ont. J. A. Simmers. Seedsman, 143-I45 King St. East, Toronto, Ont. Wm. Smith. lOth Line East, Petrolea, Ont. Darch & Hunter Seed Co., 119 Dundas St., London, Ont- Wm. Ewlng & Co., 142-144 McGIl! St., Mon- treal, Que. Robt- Kerr, 10 Alnslee St., Gait, Ont. SLUG-SHOT USED FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN for 30 Te»r» SOME SEEDSMEN WHO FOR UPWARDS OF 20 YEARS HAVE SOLD SLUG-SHOT IN CANADA : Chas. E. Bishop, 31 Bridge St-, Belleville, Ont. Steele Briggs Seed Co., 130 King St. East, Toronto, Ont. Jas. B. Hay, Brantford, Ont. Patrick Ross, Market Square, Woodstock, Ont. George Keith, 124 King St. East, Toronto, Ont. Graham Bros., 53-55 Sparks St., Ottawa, Ont. Wm. Rennie & Co., Winnipeg, Man. J. A. Bruce & Co., 47-49 King St., Hamilton, Ont. Dupuy * Ferguson, 38 Jacques Cartler Sq., Montreal. Wm. Rennie & Co., Adelaide and Jarvis Sts., Toronto, Ont. Wm. Rennie * Co.. 190 McGllI St., Montreal, Qua. SAVES CURRAHTS, POTATOES, CABBAGE, MELONS, FLOWERS, TREES AND SHRUBS FROM INSECTS Put up in popular packiigo.s at popular prices. Write for free pamphlet on Bugs and Blight, etc., to B. HAMMOND, FISHKILL-ON-HUDSON. NEW YORK 158 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 191a Nova Scotia Growers Active Manning K. ElU, Scc'y., N. S. F, G. A., Port Williims, N. S. A large and representative number of fruit growera met at Kentville on April 12th to hear the report of the delegates to the fruiit conference at Ottawa, and to listen to addresses from prominent men on live fruit questions of the hour. President S. C. Parker took the chair and called on John N. Chute, of Berwick, the " Father of Cooperation " in the Valley, to tell of the present status of cooperation work, and what development was looked for. Mr. Chuto took up his subject from a business standpoint, and briefly reviewed the work and growth of the cooi)«rative movement for the last five years. Ho show- (xl that the question was not a local issue, but a world-wide movement, in which pro- ducers everywhere wore finding a way to improve their condition, and place their products on the market in the besst possible manner. In his own company at Berwick the average price for the seven leading va- rieties for the last five years had been as follows: No. 1, $2.64; No. 2, $1.88, and No. 3's something over $1.00 per barrel. Twenty- five companies arc now organized in the Valley. A central association was organized and had started work the pa.st season. Nearly $300,000 worth of bu.siness was done this ■llMMH1MIHI»lI»CJHM«Himi m CO. NADfiUCO ROYAL HOSE TALCUM POTOER THE deunly embodiment of the queenly rose's fragrance. Made of best Italian Talc, ground to impEjpable Hneness, to which are added soothing, healing, antiseptic ingredients, Na-Dru-Co Royal Rose Talcum Powder keeps the skin soft, comfortable, healthy and beautiful. It is a toilet delight. 25c. a tin, at your Druggist's— or write for free sample to NATIONAL DRUG AND CHEMICAL CO. OF CANADA, LIMITED, - MONTREAL. 192 ■ umiii first year, which speaks volumes for what can be done when the companies arc all working together. The central assooiali'jn can handle the question of transportat can attend to the buying of fertilizers other supplies and in many other waysa- the local companies. In fact, the ceii; association should be to the local compauiec what the local comjxanies are to the in- dividual. Mr. Chute's address was worthj of the careful attention it recedved. Dr. Cutten, president of Acadia Univer- sity, 8X>oke on the benefits of a meteorologic- al station to the fruit growers of the Val' It was found by experiment that the t perature and rainfall of the preceding vi ai had a great efl'ect on the various crops of the year following, and by keeping a c:!-^- ful record for a term of years of the 1 cipitation, high and low temperature, fri' winds, etc., data of great value to farii and fruit-growers could hv secured. S' work had been done along this line at Wolf- ville, and the late government had sent some instruments which had not been installed, and the new directors from Toronto seemed to be under the impression that the station was not needed. Dr. Cutten read a letter from the State Climatologist of Ohio, giving an account of the work there ; and the bene- fits derived. After some discussion of the location of such a station in the Valley the following resolution was carried: Whereas valuable results have Deen ob- tained in other countries by ascertaining and recording, for future guidance, com- plete local meteorological records. And whereas the closer connection of monthly temperature and rainfall with crop production is a matter for the fullest in- vestigation (aud whereas some work of this nature is now being carried on at WolfvLlle). Therefore, resolved that this association respectfully requests and urges upon the Federal Government an exiiansion of this work and the equipment of a complete sta- tion from which daily weather forecasts may be furnished to farmers and fruit-growers by mail, telephone, telegraph, signals, or otherwise of such a nature as to warn them of injurious frosts or high winds during the growing season, or i)robable temperatures to be met with by fruit in transit during winter. Captain Allen, the delegate from the United Fruit Companies to the Ottawa Con- ference, gave an account of the work in the conference upon the standard barrel ques- tion. "If," he said, "Canada cannot ac- cept one size barrel, would it not be better to adopt two standards, the 96-qrt barrel as used in Nova Scotia and the .112-qrt. barrel as used in Ontario?" Geo. H. Vroom, the Dominion Fruit In- spector, read the law which calls for a mini- mum barrel as follows : 26 1-4 inches inside measure between heads. Diameter of head, 17 inches, diameter of bilge 181-2 inches, holding as nearly as possible 96 quarts. Mr. Vroom then exhibited three sample barrels of standard, but varying in bilge as follows: No. 1, 181-2 inches; No. 2, 19 inches; No. 3, 191-2 inches. They held 97, 99 and 101 quarts respectively. No. 1 was the right size for the present minimum bar- rel, but in practice it was found not strong enough, because of the small bilge. He suggested a head diameter of 16 3-4 inches and a bUge of 18 1-2 inches as a better bar- rel. The secretary read some correspondent* from Mr. McNeill, Chief of the Fruit Divi- sion, quoting the law as to the minimum barrel, and saying that this coming season (Continued on page v.) June, I 912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 159 I Canadian Gardens (Concluded from page 144) were edged with English Box (Buxus sem- pervirens), reminding one of the old Eng- lish gardens, fnside of the box edgings are narrow borders of hardy perennial plants, that give the garden an attractive appear- ance in summer. The north boundary of this garden was taken Tip with a long range of glass graperies and greenhouses. In the graperies have been grown about fifteen varieties of the luscious French hothouse grapes. The fruit from these vines has l,een much enjoyed by many prominent peo- ple, including His Majesty King George when, as Prince George, he paid a visit some years ago to Inglewood, whilst an offi- cer on H. M. S. Canada. In the lobby of these vineries is a fine specimen of the Chinese Wistaria. In the fruit orchards, several acres in extent, are planted the finest kinds of peaches, apples, pears and plums, as well as of small fruits. Possibly the first .shipment of apples to China from Canada was made from these orchards, about .five years ago. The conservatory attached to the residence deserves some notice. A fine collection of palms, cycas, banana and other plants occu- l)ied this building. Much more might be written about these gardens and grounds with which the writer i.s so familiar, but space will not permit. What has been written is very largely of a reminiscent nature. In a few years, and perhaps in less time, what has been written will be subject matter of history only. These grounds have recently passed into the hands of a local syndicate. The stakes of the sur- veyors now seen here and there indicate very clearly that at least many of the points spoken of will soon have city residences erected on them. The graperies mentioned have already been removed preparatory to building operatioris. It is to be hoi)od that some portion of these grand old gardens and lawns will be preserved as history marks of the early pioneer days of this now rapid- ly growing city. British Columbia A considerable reduction in British Col- umbia fruit rates has been made by the Canadian Pacific Railway as a result of con- ferences held last February in Omaha be- tween the executive of the British Colum- bia Fruit Growers' Association and W. B. Lanigan, assistant freight trafiic manager of the road. Since that time some corresponrovince, and an expert with each, who taught not only .spraying, but also pruning, thinning and the cultiva- tion of the soil as well. Difficulty was ex- perienced in finding the right class of men to handle this work, but good results must follow. As a result of their demonstra- tions last year numerous power .sprayers were i)urchased throughout the province and a carload went into the Okanagan country recently. When the department started the use of the power sprayer two years ago there were only two in the pro- vince. Massey- Harris Orchard Disc HarroviT C = ^ IL_fl. AN be used in any kind of orchard, orange grove, vineyard, pre- W paring for cotton or for I general discing work on small farms — two tools in one. It is reversible — coversthe roots or not, as you wish. The gangs are interchangeable in their posi- tion on the frame so as to throw the soil to or from the trees and vines. It is adjustable to any depth, in the middle or at the ends, by means of gang hinges. Levers adju^ each gang separately to any angle, regulating the amount of dirt thrown. In grape cultivation the Massey-Harris cultivates all of the ground. A plow^ cannot do this. It is a good side-hill harrow. The steel frame is in one piece. Strong arches or yokes support the gangs, separate bear- ing boxes take up the fridtion. We furnish, as an extra attach- ment, a steel extension frame. With it the operator can cultivate under the trees, close to the trunks, and the horses do not interfere with the branches or injure the fruit. This extension will save nnany times its price. With the extension frame the machine measures 10 feet I inch in width. Massey-Harris Co., Limited Toronto Montreal Moncton Calgary Winnipeg Edmonton Regina Saskatoon THE CLIPPER There are three things that desiroy your lawns, I)an(le- lions, Buck Plantain and drab Grass. In one senson the clipper will drive them all out. LIPPER LAWN MOWFR CO.. Box No. 8, Dixon, III ^ m On A spot viuomrvlce GALL CURE ^ Cures Horses W/hile TheY \%^rk or Ke** ^^/r/r3S ' AT AU DEAienS FLOWER POTS Hanging Baskets, Ferns Pans, Etc. W'e have a large stock of all sizes on hand, and can ship orders without delay. Order Now Before the Rush Our pots are smooth and well btirnt. We have our re- putation to keep up. Send for Catalogue & Price List The Foster Pottery Company, Ltd. Main St., West - Hamilton I FOSTEPS i StandaR" POT ' i6o THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST June, 1912 To Make Quick-Growing Plants Grow Quicker; and Slow — Faster USE Bon Arbor It is a complete plant food. Feed your plants; get results; do it now. Bon Arbor is favor- ably knowneverywhere it is used and it is wide- ly utied. Such gardens as those of the Capitol at Washington, D.C., and the Parliament Gardens, Ottawa, Canada, and the Royal Windsor Gardens, England, on the one side, and over 2000 country estates and farms on the other, represent the field supplied. Show flower and vegetable growers find Bon Arbor indispensable. Bon Arbor is put up as follows: i pound package, making 15 gallons, by mail . . . 30c 1 ■• " " SO •• " .... S5c 5 •• " ■• 150 •' " . . . . $1.81 Prices on quantities of .50 pounds and upwards on application. Ask Hour draft'r or write divert BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO. Paterson, N. J., U. S. A. IVrite for descriptive catalogue, ttetv igi3 Edition. IVe manufacture also Radix IVorm Eradicator, Insecti- cides, I'Veed Killer and all agricultural chemicals. Special Prices on large quantities. "PURITY* FOOD-CUTTER is entirely different from the ordinary food chopper. The barrel is in two closely fitting sections, clamped together by one set-screw. Canadian made niacliine. Better in quality, capacity and price works better, better finished, less ia price. Five different cutting plates. "MAXWKIJ/S PURITY" is the otity food cutter made in Canada— and in ease, convenience, perfect cutting and durability — is superior to any- thing imported. If your dealer does not handle " Maxw^ell's Purity" write us. DAVID MAXWELL & SONS. PROPERLY PROTECTED POTATOES PAY If yon protect your potatoes, you get from 3 to 4 times as many from the same acreage. Tilt Horse-power SPRAMOTOR sprays an acre of potatoes in 15 minu- tes and does it thoroughly. It sprays tops and vines fram 12 nozzles with a guaranteed pressure of 100 pounds. Nothing escapes the working of the SPRAMOTOR. Made for 1 horse or two. Has a 12 gallon air tank. Aulomatic and hand controlled. Agitator clean-out pressure relief into tank and nozzle protector under driver's seat. Eqnally efficiest for field, vineyard or trees. Nozzles WILL NOT CLOG ; nothing to got out of order. We publish FREE a valuable treatise on crop diseases. Every grower should have a copy. Send for one to-day. AGENTS WANTED HEARD SPARMOTER CO., 1391 KING STREET <»MMWWMMMMMWW^M»^^^^^«<^^W^^^<» LONDON CANADA Importations of nursery stock this srason, according to Mr. Tbumu£ Cunningham, In- .spector of Fruit Pests, are bigg«r than ever before. Some forty carloads have been in- spected since the opening of the season, and sixteen men at the fumigating station were kept busy at the work. Mr. Cunningham reports that there wa« not quite so much infection this year as formerly though there ifi still room for improvement in this re- spect. Nearly all the stock coming is American or European. There is nothing from Ontario this year. When asked recently as to the prospects for the coming year, Mr. Cunningham said : "The prospects for a bumper crop were never better. This is not only true of apples and pears, but of peaches and apri- cots. In the Okanagan Valley they have had favorable weather conditions and are almost sure to have the best crop ever grown in British Columbia. I shall be dis- appointed if we do not ship six thousand cars out of the Okanagan and Kootenay dis- tricts." Ue added that he hoped one result of a good crop would be that there would be more local fruit sold in the home markets, as we have been too long displaying Ameri- can fruit in our chief cities. We were also importing far too much nursery stock. There was not the slightest excuse for im- porting thirty-seven carloads this year, as the climate and conditions for raising nur- sery stock were as favorable in British Columbia as anywhere. Favored as we are by freight, duty and inspection, the failure to grow more nursery stock seems to be a reflection on the enterprise of British Col- umbia growers. The Provincial Government has been ask- ed to establish a demonstration station at Chilliwack, consisting of three acres, made up of one acre of Cuthbert raspberries, one half acre Logan berries, one half acre Snider blackberries, and one acre of Evergreen blackberries and also some rhubarb. The DoukhoLor Society, which last year operated the Columbia-Kootenay jam fac- tory at Nelson, will this year move the fac- tory to their own lands at Brilliant, north of Trail. The new factory will be equipped with the latest appliances and a high grade product only will be put up. The society is already contracting with ranchers in the district for this year's crop. Thb Canadian Hortioultumst is the best journal of its kind I have ever seen ; it is most interestingly laid out, in fact a land- scape garden of literature. — L. J. Pashler, Toronto. Good Prices Al^^ays For Your Fruit and Vegetables We Solicit Your Consignments Send for Shippinf Stamp OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branches. We never have to sacrifice your interests. Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, jLI ^3¥^TP¥^13^^ Reference* : The Canadian Bank North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane JTl ■ MT Mm^ JL J^JK,v3 of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Porcupine 33 Front St. East, TorOntO •"<• Commercial Agencie.. The Canadian Horticultim^ Vol. XXXV JULY, 1912 No. 7 The Thinning of Fruit R. M. IT is only a lew years ago that any of us first understood at all definitely what was meant by "thinning fruit. ' Now practically all commercial growers instinctively think of the removal of some of the fruits at an early stage in their growth, to permit of the greater perfec- tion of the rest. What was unheard of a few years ago becomes widely talked of to-day, and is the common practice of to-morrow. This has been the history of spraying through- out the apple districts, while pruning has gone through a similar evolution, though in a more irregular fashion. Thinning as a feature of orchard prac- tice on a large scale was probably first adopted in California, and was soon after applied to apples and pears in the pro- ducing districts of the Pacific Slope. It is in these districts that high freight rates and a long haul to markets has made essential the production of the greatest possible percentage of high- class fruit. Only good fruit can be sold at a profit in western packages and under transcon- tinental freight rates, but the valuable lesson was learned that care in all feat- ures of production results, not in a mini- mum of profit, but in a maximum of profit ; in other words the high expendi- ture per acre involved by intensive me- thods produces not a lower profit per box of fruit, but a higher one. The west has taken this lesson to heart and the changing market conditions are bring- ing it home to the east as well. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist, Victoria, The' British Columbia grower never asks himself if thinning pays any more than he asks whether pruning or cultiva- tion produces a profit. About spraying, especially in those districts where San Jose Scale and the Codling Moth are unknown, and where Apple Scab and similar fungous diseases have never been seen by the average orchardist, he does raise a question, but the cost of pruning, cultivation and thinning he does not question any more than he questions the box package or the wrapping of high- class fruit. Until varieties of peaches, apples and pears are produced that reach the com- mercial standard of perfection without pruning and thinning (and such varie- ties are a long way off as yet), these prac- tices, which go hand in hand, will con- tinue to be two of the most important in the orchardists' calendar. In the east a similar view of the matter will in the near future obtain. Progre.s- sive growers will experiment and their results will shortly lead to the adoption of thinning as a part of orthodox orchard practice as it is now in the west. HOW MUCH FEUIT TO A TREE In discussing the questison of thinning we admit that a tree may set more fruit than it can possibly bring to perfection, as the fruit grower understands perfec- tion. Nature cares nothing for the fruit except as an aid to produce seed ; the orchardist cares nothing for seeds ex- cept as they are necessary to the pro- duction of fruit. We wish each tree to B.C. carry all the fruit it can bring to com- mercial perfection, and no more. At the same time the tree must make new vege- tative growth consistent with its age and the variety. The third requisite is that it should also form enough fruit spurs for a similar crop in the following year. When a tree is fulfilling these three requirements, it is performing its maxi- mum duty to the owner. If it falls short in any of them he is not getting his maximum of profit, either immediate or prospective, from it. This ideal is the foundation of our orchard practice. HOW DOES THINNING HELP? The removal of some of the fruit at an early stage in its growth helps materially towards securing the maximum duty of the tree in certain definite ways : First, the average size of the fruit left on the trees is increased ; this is the most obvious result of thinning. Trees over- burdened with fruit produce a greater percentage of number two apples. The increase in size of the remainder, after the first or second pickings of Bartlett pears is made, is a striking instance of the increase in size when the number of fruits is reduced. Second, the fruit borne is more uni- form in size and shape. On the over- loaded tree there is much variation in size, and especially where two or more fruits remain on a spur they are variable in shape as well. The fruits from the side blossoms of the cluster are in many varieties much different from those from the centre blossom, usually being flatter The Unveiling of a. Monument at Dundella, Ont., Dunda* County, in Honor of The Original Mcintosh Red Apple Tree A unique but noteworthy funotion took place at Dundela, Ont.. during June, when prominent farmers, eovernment olBciais and public men met to uuveil the monument shown in the illUHtration in honor of the original Mcintosh lied Apple Tree. The plate on the monument bears this inscription: "The Original Mcintosh Ked Apple Tree stood al>out 20 Rods North of This 8iK)t. It Was One of a Number of Seedlings Taken from the Border of tho Clearance and Transplanted by John Mcintosh in the year 1746. Erected by Popular Subscription 1912." The occa.iion wa*i marked by a basket picnic followed by addrersee by speakers, who emphasized the importance to the country of the discovery of new varieties of grain or fruit of such recognized merit ae the Molntoeh Red Apple Tree. 161 1 62 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1912 in shape and having a considerably longer stem. Uniformity in size arid shape is an important essential of com- mercial perfection. Third, the color is materially bettered, more uniform, and comes earlier. The remarkable increase in color which occurs When a first picking is made from heavily bearing trees of even the winter varieties such as Jonathan and Wagener, fur- nishes a striking confirmation of this point. While color seems largely related to sunshine, it is a well-known fact that on a heavily loaded tree the fruit has less color less evenly distributed, and more slowly acquired. Fourth, thinning improves the quality. This is especially the case when the soil is deficient in moisture or plant food. Fifth, the fruit is freer of diseases and insect pests because wormy apples, limb- bruised or diseased fruit of any kind can be removed at thinning time. On plums and peaches in moist regions, fruits thinned so that no two touch when fully grown, are much freer of brown rot. Sixth, the removal of misshapen fruit lower the percentage of low grade fruit. Seventh, thinning prevents premature dropping. A familiar instance is that of the Mcintosh Red, which is especially liable to drop where two fruits are left on one spur. Premature dropping is quite largely due to the inability of the tree to supply moisture to an excessive crop. Eighth, the load of fruit is more even- ly distributed, and this is a very impor- tant feature in preventing the breaking down of trees. Ninth, the cost of picking is reduced considerably, and the labor of packing is divided more evenly over the season. This is an important advantage where the supply of labor is deficient in picking time. The costs of grading and packing are also much lessened. Tenth, less fertility is removed from the soil; a ton of apples takes out ap- proximately 1.2 pounds of nitrogen, 1.6 pounds of potash, and .6 pounds of phosphoric acid. A ton of pears removes the same amount of nitrogen and about twice as much of the other elements. The seeds take the great bulk of these amounts, the pulp of the fruit taking but a small portion. As the number of seeds is roughly in proportion to the number of apples, and not to their size, the re- moval of fruits leaves a much greater supply of plant food for the balance of the crop, for the growth of the tree, and in the soil. Eleventh, the tree is less liable to win- ter injury. The extensive injury suffered throughout Ontario by the hard winter of 1903-4 fell mainly on the trees which had borne an overload the previous sea- son . This is a natural result because the ripening of the crop drains the vitality of the tree, so leaving it in poor shape to withstand the winter. Trees bearing moderate crops for which there is an adequate supply of plant food, and an adequate supply of moisture, have suffi- cient vitality to ripen the crop, and to ripen the fruit buds and new shoots as well. Twelfth, one of the most important results of thinning is that the trees will bear a larger and more uniform crop the following year. The tendency towards biennial bearing is materially reduced, much depending in this, however, on the variety. For various reasons, then, thinning helps materially to secure the maximum duty from the tree. WHEN TO THIN As soon as the crop can be determined and the supply of labor permits, thinning should be commenced. Start with those varieties which are most advanced. Gen- erally, apples, pears, and peaches are thinned when about the size of a hickory nut, and the thinning should be com- pleted before they are more than double that size. On the various plums the work should be commenced as soon as possible after the dropping, familiarly known as "the June drop," is over. Apricots, cherries, and crab apples are not usually thinned by hand, because the crop which they are to bear is a reason- ably certain quantity, and can be con- trolled to a greater extent than in the larger fruits by proper pruning. The Italian prune and the Peach Plum are not usually thinned because normally the set of fruit of these varieties is not great enough to necessitate the expenditure. HOW TO THIN To set rules for thinning is even more difficult than to set rules for pruning. The fruit grower must determine for him- self just how much crop the tree will be able to carry. Much depends on the var- iety, the age of the tree, its vitality, the soil, cultivation, climate, and district. Under equal conditions the Winesap may be thinned to say five inches, where the Jonathan would be thinned to six or seven, and the Northern Spy to eight. In climates such as that of Vancouver Island, where no irrigation is available, and the rainfall averages about half an inch per month during the growing sea- son, or one-fifth that of the average On- tario district, all varieties are thinned to a greater distance than in districts of greater rainfall or where irrigation is available. In this district it is advisable to thin many crops, the whole of which could be carried to advantage under other conditions. Unhealthy or diseased trees should not be expected to grow as great a load as those in perfect health, while trees making extensive growth may v-ery well be allowed to carry much more than average trees under the same conditions. By one rule which is practised to some extent, the grower sizes up all the con- ditions and determines how many boxes of fruit the tree should carry. It is a small matter then to determine how many fruits there should be left on the tree. The results at first are likely to be con- siderably off the estimate, but this is very largely a matter of practice and variation of seasons. Another rule which might be taken in conjunction with the previous one, is 10 thin plums to about two, two and a half, or three inches, peaches four to eight, depending on the earliness of the variety ; p)ears and apples, five to seven inches apart. In thinning pears and apples, it is only with early varieties that more than one should be left on any fruit spur, and with these early varieties part of the crop may be removed in one picking, and the balance later. With winter varieties of apples it is a good rule to leave fruit only on each al- ternative spur, to encourage annual bear- (Concluded on page 180) Dynamite in the Orchard A. D. Harkoett Snpt. Experimental Sta., lordan Harbor Early in May several tests were made at the Experiment Station with dynamite as a means of loosening the subsoil for the planting of nursery stock and for the purpose of subsoiling in a mature orch- ard. In our mature apple orchard, we took a row of eight trees and put in twenty-five charges of dynamite. They were put in in quarter pound charges midway between the trees about thirty inches deep and a charge at each side of the trees at about ten feet from it. The subsoil in this orchard is quite hard. The explosion loosened the soil from three to three and a half feet deep and about three feet in diameter. The soil could be easily shovelled without blowing it out of the hole. In shovelling out the loosened soil, cracks could be seen, show- ing that the explosion had shattered the soil for a considerable distance. We will note the results, if any, in the crops of apples on these trees. We also used it to loosen the soil for planting trees in eighteen holes, six plum, six pear and six apple trees, using the same amount of dynamite with the same result in the soil. In this test the soil was much heavier and harder than in the apple orchard. In this test we have trees from the same nursery, of the same age, and from the same part of the nur- sery, planted in the autumn in dug holes, planted In the spring in dug holes, and planted in exploded holes. I am making photographs of these trees as planted, and will make a record of their growth by photographs as well as notes. . The explosion loosens up a large hole in the ground, and it is necessary to see that the loosened ground is settled back again before the tree is planted. It en- ables one to take out the subsoil and fill July, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTlCULTtRiSt 165 A Cover Crop of Clover in the Orchard of S. Carruthers, Oakville, Ont. in with surface earth, and when the soil is hard with a hardpan. I think that a person would be well repaid for the ex- tra expense in planting. The holes are made with an augur made for the purpose or with a well sharpened crowbar. A hole can be put dovvn thirty inches in a very few min- utes. The dynamite that is used for this purpose costs thirteen cents a pound and one-quarter of a pound is sutficient for one hole. Caps cost one cent and fuse about one cent, making a total cost of about six cents a tree. Cover Crops for the Orchard Prof. C. A. Zavitz, DURING the past twenty years, a large amount of experimental work has been conducted in the different uses of farm crops. This is particularly true in the uses which have been made of farm crops other than the production of grain or of fodder in the regular way. The terms "cover crop," "green manure crop," and "catch crop," have become quite familiar in our regular agricultural operations. The term "green manure" is used when a crop is plowed under for the object of enriching the soil. That of "catch crop" is used when a crop is grown between the regular periods of two ordinary crops so as to make the best possible use of the land, and the term "cover crop" is used to apply to those crops which are sown in mid- summer to cover the land during the latter part of summer and the autumn, and frequently during the winter and the early spring. LOSS OF PLANT FOOD A few years ago the use of the hare summer fallow was general throughout Ontario. It was thought by many far- mers that the bare fallow was absolutely necessary in order to kill the weeds, to liberate plant food in the soil, to preserve soil moisture, and to thus furnish a pro- per seed bed to the following crop, es- pecially winter wheat. Investigations carried on at our Agricultural College at Ouelph and at other institutions show that there is a danger of a considerable loss of soluble plant food by means of O. A. C, Guelph, Ont the drainage water from the bare sum- mer fallow. The writer made determinations at the Ontario Agricultural College several years ago, in which the drainage water was collected, measured ,and analysed monthly from each of six different soils in each of three or four years. The soils were divided into three groups, each group consisting of three samples. In one group, the soils were sand, clay, and loam, which were cropped continually. In the other group, the soils viere all loam, one being cropped constantly and the other two were bare fallow and win- ter wheat alternately. Careful determin- ations were made of the amount of rain- fall each month and of the drainage water passing through the different soils. THE RESULTS It was found that the loam soil which was used as a bare summer fallow fur- nished a greater amount of drainage water than the combined amount pro- duced by the other five lots of soil. It was also found that the drainage water from the summer fallow was richer in soluble plant food than the drainage water from any of the other soils. It was found, moreover, that the percent- age of plant food in the drainage water from the bare summer fallow increased from month to month during the summer and the autumn, or in fact until the ground became frozen. These results were both interesting and suggestive. The present practice of Ontario farmers in discarding, to a great extent, bare summer fallow and instead cultivating the land in the early part of the season, and sowing a cover crop in the middle of summer, has many advan- tages on the ordinary farm, and especi- ally on the fruit farm. COVER CROPS FOE THE ORCHARD It has become the practice by a num- laer of our best growers to cultivate the soil during the early part of the season and to sow a cover crop in the orchard about the middle of summer, usually in the month of July. This system has many advantages. From what has al- ready been said, it will be seen that there is likely to be very much less waste in soluble plant food esecially the nitrates in leaching through the soils and being wasted in the drainage wattr. If leguminous crops are used, the soil is likely to be considerably enriched in nitrogen through the influence of the nitrogen gathering plants. These advan- tages would prove almost equally true, whether in connection with ordinary farming or with fruit growing. In con- nection with fruit farming, however, there are several other advantages, such as the checking of the growth of the trees so that the wood can become ripen- ed and somewhat hardened before the winter season, the protection of the roots of the trees during the winter, and the better control of soil moisture. By means of the cover crops, the amount of humus in the soil is consider- ably increased, which, not only increases the amount of the plant food in the soil, but also greatly increases the power c^f the land to retain moisture and makes the soil more friable and less liable to bake and form cracks on the surface in the hot, dry weather. The humus con- tent of the soil has also a marked influ- ence in giving the proper environment for bacterial development and in the pro- motion of nitrification. It might safely be stated that the proper use of cover crops improves the chemical, the bac- terial, and the physical properties of the soil, each of which has its own value. KINDS OF COVER CROPS No cover crops will prove the best under all circumstances. The kinds which are selected for the best results on any farm will depend considerably on the particular requirements, and on the local conditions. In some instances, it may be desirable to have a cover crop which can be sown in July and which can be plowed under in the autumn. In such cases, buckwheat, rape, common field peas, or soy beans might be mentioned as likely to be amongst the best. Of these, the peas and the soy beans arc leguminous crops and would be of the most value in en- riching the soil. In an experiment which was conducted at Guelph on four differ- 164 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1912 ^t^&':Mi£M£. The Three Year Old Peach Orchard of A. Baker, Niagara Peninsula (Note how low these trees are headed). ent occasions, in comparing field peas and buckwheat as green manures, it was found that the former surpased the latter by twenty-two per cent, as shown by the crops which followed. In many instances, fruit growers de- sire to sow their cover crops in the middle of summer and to leave the crops on the land until the following spring. In that way, greater advantages are usually ob- tained. If suitable crops are used, there is frequently a good growth in the early spring, which can be plowed under and incorporated in the soil. For this pur- pose, such crops as the Hairy Vetches, Ck)'mmon Red clover. Mammoth Red clover. Alfalfa, and Winter rye form a list from which a selection can be made. These are all leguminous crops with the exception of Winter rye. About ten years ago, the writer sug- gested the use of the Hairy Vetches s-s a cover crop for orchards in the fruit- growing district in the Niagara penin- sula. Seed of the Hairy Vetches was furnished by the College for the purpose of experimenting. A number of the fruit men have used the Hairy Vetches with a good deal of satisfaction. They usu- ally form an excellent matting over the ground in the autumn which, in nearly all cases, survive the winter and the growth in the following spring is fairly rapid. There is probably no crop which adds a larger amount of rich vegetable matter to the soil than the Hairy Vetches. Un- fortunately, the seed being mostly im- ported from Europe is rather expensive. As the seed is now grown in Ontario, however, to a limited extent, this diffi- culty will be partly overcome through a supply of seed which might be obtained at a less cost per bushel. Alfalfa usually makes a good growth when sown on well cultivated land about the middle of July. It is a rich legu- minous crop, but does not obtain its full growth until the third year ; hence, when plowed in the following spring after it has been sown, both the tops and the roots are rather slender and there is not apt to be as large an amount of vege- table growth as is obtained from the Hairy Vetches. As the Alfalfa is a very deeply rooted plant, it would not be wise to allow it to grow in the orchard much beyond the following spring after it has been sown, as there would be a danger of the Alfalfa roots taking the moisture from the soil, which should be available to the trees. The Common Red and the Mammoth clovers are well known in Ontario, and both have given good satisfaction as cover crops. These and the Hairy Vetches fill in an important place where hardy leguminous plants are required as cover crops. Handling the Berry Crop Grant S. Peart, Borlingtoa, Ont. If some berry growers were to make a thorough study as to what class of berry fruit was mostly demanded 5y the Ontario consumer, they would at once and forever be relieved of the old- fashioned idea, "that fruit being fruit, would sell as fruit, no matter what sort, or how it was packed." Now we admit that the consumer is sadly in need of further enlightenment with regard to se- lecting the better varieties from poorer ones, but he is wideawake when called upon to choose between poor and taste- fully packed fruit. It is then an ad- vantage to every shipper's repfutatdon when their berries appear on the mar- ket looking fresh and attractive. In order that berries may arrive on the market in prime condition, they should not be packed when wet with dew or rain. Many growers claim, however, that they cannot afford to discontinue picking until the dew is off in the morn- ing. It is important, nevertheless, that dampness be avoided when handling the berry crop. Shippers in the Burlington and Oakville districts would probably take keen exception to postponing the picking on account of dew, for it is an advantage to be proud of, that owing to direct train service, Toronto citizens are provided with morning picked strawber- ries and raspberries for breakfast. A bruised berry will commence to de- cay very quickly. Consequently they should receive as careful handling as pos- sible. Sometimes damage is done by overfilling the boxes. It is a good pla.i when packing each box to shake down gently and fill to approximately one- quarter inch above level. This prevents further settling in the boxes and also does away with crushing the berries. The common and I believe the most practical way to pick gooseberries is with leather gloves. Strip the fruit and leaves into baskets and pass through a fanning mill. The berries are firm and will not suffer. It is also claimed that no harm is done to the bushes because the leaves have passed their usefulness to the bushes before picking commences. Sumn:\er Pruning Prof. L M. Streigkt, Macdonald Colleje, Que. Pinching or stopping is a method of summer pruning whereby robust shoots are checked at any desired height by re- moving their extreme points with a pinch between the finger and thumb. This pro- cess retards for a time the extension of such shoots and induces the more active growth of laterals. For the control of some plant diseases pruning is effective. Fire blight of apple trees may be con- trolled by cutting out diseased branches and cannot be done in any other way. THE TOOLS TO USE Only a few tools are necesasry for pruning. A knife makes a nice smooth wound, which heals readily, but may be used only on very small limbs. A pair of pruning shears is a necessity for small branches, and a pair of lopping shears for larger branches is equally necessary. One or more saws, fine toothed and of such construction that they may be work- ed to advantage among the branches, will be found essential. The numerous prun- ing devices worked by compound levers which are found on the market, are fail- ures for the most part. Better let them strictly alone. Judicious pruning facilitates the work of cultivation and spraying and deter- mines to a large extent the fruiting habit of the tree, by making annual bearers of trees which formerly bore once in two years. The grower has everything to gain and nothing to lose, yet he should become acquainted with the habit of growth of different varieties, so that he may work more intelligently. The up- right varieties may be spread somewhat by pruning to the outside laterals, and the spreading kinds may be contracted by cutting to those which have an inward direction. July, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST Canadian Gardens — A London Prize Garden 165 IN a pretty situation, that of 29 Garfield Street, London, Ont., lives a most enthusiastic lover of flowers, Mr. Wm. Bartlett, an Englishman. Mr. Bartlett's prize record stamps him as a successful grower, while his enthusiasm would convince anyone that growing flowers properly is the highest form of enjoyment one can find. Last year Mr. Bartlett received from the London Horticultural Society first prize for best lawn, first prize for ver- andah, first prize for kitchen garden, and second for asters at the Agri- cultural Show, and two seconds at the Western Fair. While Mr. Bartlett's grounds were pretty at the time of my visit they would have looked better some few weeks later, as he is an extensive aster grower ; in fact, these are his forte, as the large bed of some twenty varie- ties give promise of future blessings that he is now anticipating in the form of first prizes. He grows his plants in his greenhouse, and gives good, clean cul- ture with the best rotted manure. This he claims is sufficient for almost any annual. HOME-MADE GKEENHOTTSE Mr. Bartlett is a great lover of petu- nias. The number of double and fringed varieties he possesses shows that his taste is refined and up-to-date. He has a greenhouse of his own construction. In it he raises his own plants, pots and pricks out his own stock, and, in fact, does all the work pertaining to such a useful building. As you approach his home from the street you are pleased with the veran- dah, and do not wonder at his receiving a first prize, for the clematis covered building, in its several colours through the shades of white to the dark purples is simply fine, and it will, when its bank of asters planted in front of them are in blossom, be something worth seeing. THE LAWN On a level with the rear of the house, a neat lattice fence cuts off the lawn from the garden. The intervening space is filled with a nice piece of lawn flanked on the side nearest the house with asters and on the left hand side with a fine perennial border filled to overflowing with some very choice peonies, peren- nial phloxes, larkspur of all shades, Col- umbines, mullen pinks, roses, and peren- nial glows, which carry the eye to the end of this space, where a fine bed of grand tuberous-rooted begonias is situ- ated. He has the finest plants of these beautiful flowers seen this year. When asked as to their culture, so far as he gives it, he stated that in the fall he takes them up, places them in boxes of A. J. Elliott, Aylmer, Ont. ARTICLE No. 7 sand, the bulbs just resting thereon, root side down, and stows them away in the house where they will not freeze. To- wards spring he moistens the crown of the begonias with a very little water, and as the weather gets propitious, he plants them in pots and removes them to his greenhouse, Which, by the way, is with- out heating apparatus, and shortly they take up the duties of life and develop into such grand plants as I saw. THE DRIVEWAY On the other side of the house is a. driveway, and as Mr. Bartlett is in busi- ness as a drayman and consequently uses this road very much, as it leads back to his barn, chicken houses, and other offices, one would think that it might be a rough affair. Nothing of the kind! The perennial borders on either side of the drive are clean and unmarred by the hard usage one might imagine would come from constant driv- ing through them. Here in profusion are all the perennials imaginable, inter- laced with wild clematis and crimson ramblers, which prevent any detractiof. from what might be easily conceived to be an eyesore to a pretty home. THE FLOWER GARDEN We then pass through the lattice fence gate and find ourselves in his flower garden proper. The first thmg that strikes one is a fine bed of rosos nicely in bloom. Some grand specimens of the bedding varieties meet the eye. Although the past winter was very try- ing and hard on the wood these are bushed out finely and literally covered with buds and blossoms from the purest white to the darkest crimson. The whole is flanked and bounded by rows of beautiful pansies and dianthus. Then follow in succession his beds of asters and petunias. Of the former there is a bed of eight hundred plants comprising the best sp)€cies of the kind, Gregos, branchers in all colours and names, Vicks, Globe, Comet, and twenty other varieties. Here, you can see, is Mr. Bartlett's "long suit." And here T might pause to ask. Why is it that all our successful growers of this grand annual find that Dreer, Henderson, Vick, and others of the United States supply them with so much better seed than do our own Canadian growers? It should not be so, but it is true in my experience, and should not obtain. THE VEGETABLE GARDEN Passing through another gateway we enter the vegetable garden. In it is found all that could well be expected in such a place. The wet spring rendered the clay soil backward in bringing the vegetables along, but Mr. Bartlett is sanguine that all is well here too. One is struck with the absence of weeds, cut worm, and club root from the plants. Mr. Bartlett believes that it is due to the fact that as soon as prac- ticable he lets his large flock of chickens loose, and he claims that they do won- ders in keeping the crop of these nuis- ances down the following year. Lack of time made it impossible to obtain the photographs of this garden that should accompany this article. The garden, as we trust will be seen, is one that will afford delight to every true lover of flowers who may be privileged to visit it. The Front Approach to Mr. Bartlett's Prize Winning Garden ibb THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1912 Summer Care of Sweet Peas Eniest Heggi, Hamilton, Ont. Much lliouf^ht has been given with re- gard to the Ivest method of supporting sweet peas. Wire netting is extensively used, but training the plants up the wire requires a lot of attention. High winds also dash the blooms against the wire, and cuts tliem. Hazel sticks are the best when they can be procured. When you have planted the seedings out, give them short twigy sticks. The plants thus obtain a good start to climb, (live them their flowering sticks when they are about a foot high. These sticks should Ix; from seven to eight feet high. Have two strong poles at each end of the row, and run a strong cord along the row, about half-way up, so as to keep the sticks in position. Train the plants to come up on the outside of the row, so as to allow the air and light to penetrate through the row. FEEDING THE PLANTS Do not give the plants any liquid manure until they have teen flowering for a little while, and then only once or twice a week. Soot water is excellent, if applied when of the colour of weak tea. Strong doses of any kind of liquid manure are fatal to good results. A good plan is to spread some short manure, each side of the row, during July, which keeps the soil moist and cool. When the rains come it washes the goodness to the roots. CUTTING THE BLOOMS Always cut the blooms with a pair of shears at the base of the stem. The best time to cut the blooms is in the early morning or the last thing at night. The blooms last longest in a cool room free from draughts. It is a mistake to give the cut flowers fresh water every day. Instead, put a pinch of salt into the water, and fill up every day with more. Cutting a little of the stems off every day makes the blooms last twice as long as they other- wise would. This applies to all kinds of cut flowers. Culture of the Fuchsia H. Gibion, Ottawa The fuchsia likes a good deal of water, both at the roots and overhead. If the drainage is perfect and the .soil light and porous it is difficult to give it too much. It must never be allowed to become dry at the roots or it will receive a check, and probably drop its leaves and buds. As most varieties are of slender habit some support is needed. The use of racks or trellises is to be deprecated ; they are heavy, unsightly affairs, and a plant trained on one is never very grace- ful. A very satisfactory support is a stout iron rod with holes punched five or six inches apart. Through the holes run a heavy wire, twisted in and out in such a manner that the loops in it pro- ject eight or ten inches on all sides of the rod. Do not attempt to make these regular ; they will not be seen when the plant grows up, so it doesn't matter how they look when the frame is made. Tie the main stalk to the rod and let the branches dispose of themselves among the wires. Trained in this way a natural graceful specimen can be had, in con- trast to the formal, prim, flat, rack- trained specimen. Some varieties, like Little Beauty, are of a drooping habit and never look well trained in an upright position. I^t them train themselves. A very good elTect is produced when such a plant is grown on a bracket half-way up a win- dow. There seems to be an idea prevalent among amateur gardeners that the fuchsia is, or ought to be, a winter bloomer. Many persons keep them in the window hoping to get flowers all the winter. This they generally fail to do, much to their disappointment. It is not a winter bloomer save with one exception, and the place for the plants in the winter is the cellar or other frost- proof place. There they should go by the end of November, and there they should remain until the beginning of March. Give little water; in fact, no harm will come if they are kept so dry that they shed their leaves. A First Prize Flower Garden on the Canadian Pacific Railway The garden here illustrated, situated at tho railway' feition, Markdale, Ontario, on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, won the grand prize offe „.{ last year for the Ontario division of this railway company. The garden was planted and looked aft^r by the agent, Mr. John Caesar. The planting of flower beds of this nature at the stations of the great railway oompaniee is a Une of work that is meeting with increased favor on the part of the public. The flower bed on the left COOtaine the name of the station, althouf^h the illustration does not show this yery clearly- Garden Notes Keep the hedges clipped. Lawn clippings and green waste from the garden make good chicken feed. Keep the cultivator and weeder going. They not only kill weeds, but con.serve moisture. Keep the sweet peas picked. It is bet- ter for the plants, and the house can be made more attractive by their use. Thin the apples and plums if too heavily loaded. Chicken wire makes a good trellis tor tomatoes. A single stake will do or a barrel-hoop supported about two feet from the ground by three stakes is good. Keep the new strawberry bed clean cultivated until the runners are matted too much to permit the cultiAator to go through. If the strawljerry plants arc vigorous, and the bed not too weedy, it may pay to renovate it for another year. Mow the plants clo.se to the ground, rake off the foliage and burn it. Plow a furrow, cutting out all but about one foot of the row, and then go through and take out the weeds and diseased plants in this row. Fill the furrow with thoroughly rotted manure and cultivate the soil back. Keep up a thorough cultivation of the soil all the season. -Stalk borers are the worms which make holes in the stems of lilies, dahlias, golden glow, fieonies, and other flowers, causing the stalks to fall over. They come originally from weeds, and the eggs are laid at the base of certain weed- stalks in the fall, and hatch the follow- ing spring. .A garden adjoining a weedy, neglected lot is apt to be troubled. .Sticky tanglefoot of medium thickness, which can be bought easily in large quan- tities, applied over a space of three inches wide on the outside of the base- board of a fence, or a board barrier plac- ed for the purpose, has been found to be an effective preventive, since the worms cannot cross the sticky band. This should be done early in the season, and calls for more than one application, in order to keep the barrier sticky. July, 1913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 167 Students Studying Floriculture at the Guelph Agricultural College The Normal School teachers who gather eax;h summer at the Quelph College take a course of lecturee and demonstrations in floriculture. Some of the students are here shown in the rose garden. My Favorite Flower and How I Grow It* A. V. Main, Ottawa, Ont. THE summer treatment required by geraniums is light. Remove spent bloom, keep stirring the soil till the foliage prevents you and during an ex- ceptionally dry spell give a good water- ing in the evening. In a rich soil and rotted manure geraniums will scarcely suffer even in a dry season. In October, before the frost cuts them down too much, lift the plants, trim off long shoots and bad leaves, put them into large pots or boxes about six inches deep and pack soil around the roots. Place them in a basement or in a cool ;ury room where frost is kept out. Give water every three weeks. During Janu- ary and February withhold it altogether. The plants I bring successfully through the winter are adapted for boxes, vases and other receptacles that add to the beauty and environment of a well- kept house. In April I cut the plants good and hard, leaving about only three inches of wood, which soon sends out new buds. After their second summer of blooming, I discard the plants without a grudge, as the roots get old and matted they lack vigor and deteriorate in every way. As a cut flower geraniums stand well, and in the fall or after the first snowfall, a vase of scarlet geraniums, with their bronze foliage, is always appreciated. VARIETIES Capital bedding varieties include the following: Double, John Doyle, scarlet; •Part of the essay that won first prize in the oompotition held laRt yeaT for prizes offered by Mr. R. B. Whytc, of Ottawa, and Mr. Her- mann Simmers, of Toronto- S. A. Nutt, brilliant crimson ; Captain Flavelle, scarlet; La Favorite, white; Mdm. Jaulin, pink, semi-double ; Mar- quis de Castelain, light crimson. Single sorts include. Fiance, pink ; Mdm. C. Braunt, salmon pink; Flamingo, red. The silver leafed Mdm. Salleroi makes a nice border to a scarlet bed. The cut leafed scented geranium is an old time gem, cherished so much by our grand- parents. The bi-colors and tri-colors commend themselves for their fine fol- iage display. Thus the geranium is in no way limited for variety. POT PLANTS Our favorite pot plants are specially treated for fall exhibition and winter blooming in the house. Prepare a good soil, equal parts rotted manure, loam, with sand added for porosity, also a six- inch pot of bone meal to a barrow load of the mixture. Do not sift the soil. Early in June repot the plants into six and seven inch pots instead of the flower bed. Plunge the pots in ashes in a sunny place. Keep them well watered all sum- mer, remove every bud that shows, pinch back the growths and turn the plant once a week. The idea is to get a sturdy plant, having plenty of roots and with growths well matured. Three weeks prior to the show I let the flowers come and continue feeding the plant twice a week with Clay's fer- tilizer and Peruvian guano alternately. At the approach of frost I place the plants in the sunniest window. If you do not over-water the geraniums the bloom will surprise you if the summer treatment has been fulfilled. In March cut the shoots back to four inches and in May repot into a larger sized pot or top- dress . Towards the end of May gradually harden them off for their flowering quar- ters outdoors. I use a sunny aspect. A rich soil, Ihalf soil and half rotted man- ure, about twelve inches deep, suits me, with a sprinkling of that lasting fertili- zer, bonemeal. When planting, firm the soil and allow fifteen inches to a plant. For two weeks pick off all flowers and buds, and pinch back any straggling growth. This is a heart-break to the ladies, but a valuable assistance to the geraniums, to make roots and recovery for its long flowering period June to Oc- tober. Window Boxes H. Gibson, Fergus, Ont. When the lady of the house has plant- ed her window box she sees in her mind's eye a wealth of bloom and beauty the future has in store. But this anticipated beauty is in many many cases never re- alized, hence the poor woman is disap- pointed and wonders why she failed to attain success. She says, "I bought good plants, had good soil, and I watered them myself every day. What more could I do? In less than a month the plants began to look sick, their leaves turn yellow and fall off. They seem to try to grow but the young leaves go just the same, look as if stricken with blight. In six weeks they are almost all dead. Was the fault mine? If so what is wrong with my treatment " In nine times out of ten the failure re- sults from lack of sufficient moisture at the roots. It must be borne in mind that a box of a foot or more wide, and nine or ten Inches deep, and from three to four feet long, contains quite a large quantity of soil ; to keep this moist re- quires liberal supplies of water in the summer. This many persons fail to re- alize and adopt the little and often meth- od of watering, which only wets the sur- face soil, the soil beneath becoming in the meantime almost dust-dry. This ex- plains why the plants flourish for a time and then begin to fade. They do well while the roots are in the moist stratum of soil, but as soon as they get through that they fail to find the moisture they need, and must have if development is to go on, and the result is failure. To grow plants well in window boxes they should be thoroughly soaked through every morning during the hot weather, and it may require to be done twice daily when such hot weather is experienced as we had in Canada last summer. Make it part of your daily plan to water thor- oughly every day, and above all never allow the moist appearance of the sur- face soil to deceive you. i68 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1911 The Cdcry Blights Prol. £. M. Strcight, Macdonald College, Que. WHEN a farmer says "My potatoes have been struck by rust "or "My celery is going with the blight," what does he mean? When he speaks of controlling "blights" and "rusts," what does he hope to do? I find the greatest amount of misconception concerning the Whole subject of plant disease, and when the expert explains the difficulty in the language of mycelium, conidiophore, uredospore, and teleutospore, he has not added much to the gardener's conception of the difficulty or the most approved method of combating the same. We shall have made much advance when all men realize that every plant disease is also a plant. True, these forms are low down, but just as truly plants as the potato, celery, or other plant which they attack. These plants are not so much unlike other plants as many sup- pose, except that they are very minute — so minute that they are seldom seen with the naked eye, unless very many are aggregated together. Early Blight on Celery Leaf. Fig. 1 The plant body is a mass of threads, vi/hich wind themselves back and forth through the tissue of the host, either through the cells or between them, and constantly suck up the elaborated food which the host plant manufactured for its own use, and which the fungus had not the power of manufacturing for itself. Very soon, usually, after the attack, the plant causing disease acquires the power of sending up little stalks. These little stalks bear spores, either singly or massed together. These spores, which correspond to seeds in the higher plants, are the common forms of reproduction. They are so lig'ht that they are easily blown by the wind from place to place, where they fall on other plants, germin- Late Blight on Celery Leaf. Fig. 2 ate, attack the plant, and the whole life history is gone over again. A MISCONCEPTION We must get away from the idea that warm, moist weather causes rust and blights. Climatic conditions, moist and warm, are usually favorable to the ger- mination and proper development of the fungus, but it would be just as reason- able to say that warm, moist weather caused the oat crop. The truth is that heat and moisture are usually as neces- sary for the germination of the spore as for the germination of celery seed, but in neither case does it cause the plant. If a seed of one of the higher plants were put in kerosene oil it would not germinate. In just the same way, there are many substances in which the spores of plant diseases cannot grow. One of the best of these is Bordeaux mixture. If a fungus is already within the tissue it is evident that the application of a fungicide, such as Bordeaux mixture, is of little avail so far as curing the malady goes ; but even then it may Ivn der the spread of the disease. Prevention is the watchword. If the leaves of plants are covered with some substance in which spores cannot germin- ate, it matters little how much . .. _, L, t c- 1 disease there Section Thronih Leal. rig. i , • , mav be m the Early b'i;ht. (Section, ',.. , through spot). Fruiting locality, or how bodies arising through f,^;,ny spores stomate of leaf, bearing ,. /^ Bpores. alight On your '^^ 0 SuBple Spoti. Fi(. 4 plants, so long as their armour is complete. True, the spores often work in between the joints of the ar- mour. This ne- This shown an enlarged cessiiates care- might of Oeicry, showing ful and continu- ^^e Dustulee or pycnldia. ous spraying so that there may be protec- tion for every part. Bordeaux mixture alfords such protection. It is well in this connection to remem- ber that bluestone is the important and essential thing, but because of its solu- bility, we dare not use it in a pure state, as it would kill the plants on which it was sprayed, along with the fungus which attacked it. The lime of Bordeaux is simply to bring the bluestone in such a condition that it is no longer soluble in water. In this condition it simply forms a coating on the leaves without injury to the host plant, and at the same time hinders the germination of the spores. With these preliminary considerations we shall proceed more particularly tr) Celery Blights and their control. TWO CELEET BLIGHTS As with potatoes we have two blights of celery which are of great importance Germinating Spores of Early Sporei of Late Blight Blight. Fig. 5 on Celery. Fig. 6 — the Early and the Late. The one is often mistaken for the other. At certain seasons both are present at one time. As a rule the early blight is most destruc- tive early in the season, and the late occurs in autumn. Its destructiveness does not end in the field, for the storage cellars often furnish conditions favour- able for its rapid development, and the losses in many sections have been heavy. The early blight begins on the outer- most green leaves and rapidly spreads to the younger leaves as they unfold in freshness and vigour. It appears in spots more or less circular, greyish-green at first, and becoming brown and ashen. In the early stages of the disease there is a well defined spot with slightly raised July, 1912 THE CANADIAN HOETICULTURIST ibg Celery Sprayed Nine Timas with Bordeaux Mixture on the Left. Not Sprayed on the Right. border ; but when the spots become numerous on a leaf, the latter begins to turn yellow, and subsequently the fungus develops abundantly its fruiting growth in indefinite areas thus giving the char- acteristic ashen spots of indiscriminate form. This "early blight," Cercospora Apii, is seen on the leaf only, while "late blight" may occur on any part of the plant. The "late blight" Septoria Petroselini Des, var. Apii, begins by attacking the lower outside leaves, where it is seen in small brown spots, which later turn black. These spots often form in clus- ters, but where the leaves are badly affected the clusters cover the entire leaf surface and these leaves soon fail to perform their natural function and die. In many cases, however, the blight does not confine its ravages to the leaves (leaf blades), but attacks the stalks (petioles) also-. Here, again, it is seen in small black spots. The stalks soon turn brown, soften and finally shrivel up. Shortly after the appearance of the characteristic blight spots upon the leaves and stems. there may be seen small black pustules in the centre of the dead area. By referring to figures one and two an idea of the appearance of the two blights may be obtained. THE SPOT A minute study of the "spots" shows great differences. In the early blight, a section through the spot simply shows the threads of fungus ramifying through the tissue, the fertile filaments, or hy- phae, protruding through the pores or stomates of the leaf. These fertile hy- phae, as seen under the microscope, are Illustrated in figure three. It will also be seen that these bear transparent re- productive bodies, or spores. In late blight pustules or pycnidia are found, and the spores are contained in these These pustules are visible to the naked eye and appear as black specks. Under the microscope they appear as figure four. The spores of early and late blight re- semble each other. In both cases they are long and narrow, and may or may not be slightly curved. They are trans- parent (hyaline) and usually have cross partitions (Septae). Usually the spores of early blight are more club-shaped, and have not as many septae as in the late blight. These spores appear as threads. In both cases they are very light, are blown by the wind and under favourable conditions germinate quickly. Figures five and six show the spores, and also their manner of germination. THE PLANTS The character of the entire plant is also very different in the two diseases. In the early blight the plant may have a gnarled stunted appearance, but never loses its stability ; while in Septoria the stalk becomes soft, wilted, and eventu- ally dries up. Considerable confusion exists regard- ing the nature of the season during which this early blight is most prevalent. It has been reported most abundant dur- ing hot dry periods, and also most in- jurious during warm "muggy" days. In my own experience the disease develops best during hot weather, and is not much dependent on moisture. The ordinary dews are quite sufficient for its rapid development. As autumn approaches with cooler rains, the fungus disappears to a great extent. At Macdonald Col- lege this disease was followed by the late blight. This latter malady was not serious in the field, but the fungus is still active in the cellar, and is causing considerable injury. CONTEOL Despite the failure of Bordeaux mix- ture as a preventive in the field for Cer- cospora Apii in many localities, we are satisfied that, when faithfully applied, the disease may be controlled by Bor- deaux. The accompanying photographs show plants from the field sprayed nine times with Bordeaux, and beside them some plants not sprayed at all. The re- sults are striking. The unsprayed plants are useless. The spores of the fungus have been found to germinate after passing the winter on the dead leaves of the previous growth. This will suggest the necessity of destroying all refuse matter and dis- eased material as far as possible. The same disease is said to grow on the wild parsnip, so it may be as well to rid the fence corners of this plant. CONTROLLING LATE BLIGHT The late blight can be controlled in the field by fungicides and without greater trouble than in the case of the other. A nozzle with a large opening and high pressure should be used, so that plenty of the spray mixture may be forc- ed right into the centre of the plant This spraying for Septoria is impHDrtant if celery is to be stored, so that a mini- mum of disease will be carried to the cellar. Badly affected leaves should be stripped away before consigning to the storage. The temperature should be low, so as to hinder the rapid develop- ment of any remaining spores. Good ventilation seems to be an important pre- ventive factor, and the best evidence of this is. afforded by the observation that the blight is less injurious along the cen- tral gangways of the cellar. The usual Bordeaux mixture four-four- forty was used here, and we believe it to-be as good as any. It has been urged by someone that Bordeaux mixture should not be used on celery in view of the fact that the leaf stems are eaten . It has been shown that a man must needs eat from one hundred and sixty-six to one thousand three hundred and twenty- eight heads of celery at one time to get a tonic dose of copper, and sixty-six thousand four hundred and forty plants would be required to kill, so the danger is not great. USE GOOD SEED As before referred to, in late blight the pustules containing spores may occur on any aerial part of the plant including the seeds (seed coats) and the pedicels on which they are borne. To the naked eye they appear as black specks. It is believed that the introduction and rapid distribution of the disease in this coun- try is due to the importation of infected seed. One thing we know, the fungus often appears on seedlings. Good seed with celery is as important as good seed in other garden croRs. Celery seed on which the pycnidia can be seen ought, of course, to be rejected ; but diseased seed cannot always be identified at a glance. We believe that the time is coming when gardeners will pay more attention to saving their own seed. When this is done and seed saved from healthy plants and the Ijest possible, we shall have made a long step in advance. We need not blame the weather when we intro- duce disease into the field in the blem- ished infected .seed. This is usually the beginning of the end. 170 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1912 The Canadian Horticulturist 1§3^^^^^^^^[1^^^^ Publiahed by Th« Horticultural Pnbliahinv Companr, Limited PBrrSRBORO, ONTJLRIO The Only Horticultural Magazine in the Dominion Official Oroan or the Ontario. Quebec, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Iu^nd Fruit Orowxrs' Abiociationb H. BnoNSON OowAN, Managing: Director 1. The Oanadiaji HoTticnlturlet Is pabllshed on the 26th day of the month precedlnc date of issue. 2. Subsoription price In Canada and Great Britain, 60 centa a year; two yeare, $1.00. For United States and local Bubscriptione in Peter- boro (not called for at the Poet OfHce), 25 centa extra a year, inclndlng poBtagre. 3. Remittances should be made by Poet Office or Express Money Order, or Registered Letter. Postage Stamps accepted for amounts less than $1.00. 4. The Law is that subscribers to newspapers are held responsible nntil all arrearages are paid and their paper ordered to be discontinued. 6. Change of Address— When a change of ad- dress is ordered, both the old and the new ad- dressee must be given. 6. Advertising rates One Dollar an Inch- Copy received up to the 18th. Address all ad- vertising correspondence and copy to our Ad- vertising Manager, Peterboro, Ont. 1. Articlee and Illustrations for publication will be thankfully received by the Editor. CIRCULATION STATEMENT The following is a sworn statement of the net paid circulation of The Canadian Horticulturist for the year ending with December, 1911. The figures given are exclusive of samples and spoiled copies. Most months, including the sample cop- ies, from 11,000 to 12,000 copies of The Canadian Horticulturist are mailed to people known to be interested in the growing of frulta, flowers or vegetables. January, 1911 8,082 February, 1911 8,260 March, 1911 8,523 April, 1911 9,469 May, 1911 9,783 June, 1911 10,178 July, 1911 10,062 August, 1911 10,043 September, 1911 9,973 October. 1911 9,991 November, 1911 9,988 December, 1911 10,137 Total 114,489 Average each inue In 1907, 8,627 " " " " 1908, 8,69S " " " " 1909, 8,970 " ' 1910, 9,067 " " " " 1911, 9,541 Juno, 1912 (2,112 Sworn detailed statements will be mailed upon application. OUR PROTECTIVE POLICY We want the readers of The Canadian Horti- cmlturiat to feel that they can deal with our advertisers with our assurance of the advertle- ers' reliability. We try to admit to our columns only the moet reliable advertisers. Should any auhscriber, therefore, have good cause to be dissatisfied with the treatment he receives from any of our advertisers, we will look into the matter and investigate the circumstances fully. Should we find reason, even in the slightest degree, we will discontinue immediately the pub- lication of their advertisements in The Horti- oulturisit^ Should the circumstances warrant we will expose them through the columns of the paper. Thus we will not only protect our readers, but our reputable advertisers as well. All that is necessary to entitle you to the bene- fit of this Protective Policy is that you include in all your letters to advertisers the words, "I Baw your ad. in The Canadian Horticulturist." Complaints should be made to us as soon as possible after reason for dissatisfaction has been found. Oommnnications should be addreesed THE CANADIAN HOETIOULTUEIST, PBTEBBOEO, ONT. EDITORIAL MORE SWINDLERS Year after year The Canadian Horticui^ TUBI8T has exposed swindle after swindle that was being perpetrated by so-called agents of nursery firms or other concerns that professed to have some new and won- derful discovery that was certain to enable those fruit growers who would take advan- tage to it, upon the agent's terms, to get rich more quickly than ordinary and prov- ed methods allow. We have had wonderful varieties of potatoes and apples, com- pounds that if injpcted into the sap of fruit trees would prevent blights and other dis- eases, as well as innumerable other schemes, all of which have been fakes of the first order. In one instance The Canadian HoBTicm.TURiST placed the provincial go- vernment on the track of a swindler, who was arrested and imprisoned. Recently our attention has been called to the operations of agents of United States firms who are selling apples, cher- ries and other nursery stock at prices that such stock could not be grown for profit- ably. To f.icilitate their operations these agents are misleading the public by exhib- iting specimen fruit in glass jars-^without making allowance for the magnifying effect thereof— and assuring possible customers that under ordinary conditions the stock they are offering for sale will produce simi- lar fruit. Promises are made that dead trees will be replaced for the next five years, although no reputable firm we nave yet heard of has been able to make such an offer and continue in existence. Were it not for the fact that a tresn crop of suckers seems to be always awaiting the operations of such sharks, we would hardlv think it worth while drawing attention to this matter. As it is, we would advise our readers to be on the watch for these parties and to expose them should oppor- tunity allow. TRANSFORMING WASTE PLACES Many towns and cities in Canada would do well to imitate the policy adopted by the city of Winnipeg this year in an at- tempt to utilize waste places and vacant building lots, and thereby beautify the city and establish more gardens. There has been established this year in Winnipeg an organization known as "The Winnipeg City Garden Club." Winnipeg, like all other municipalities, has many vacant building lots, a large number of which oc- cupy most prominent corners. This is largely due to speculation in real estate. Immense bill-boards face these lois, or large wood piles are located on these spaces. To do away with this is the desire of tuis new organization. For a fee of one dollar for membership the Garden Club offers to supply a vacant lot asked for by any applicant. They offer to plow, harrow and prepare the lot for plant- ing; to furnish fifty cents' worth of seed free and to supply other seed at a cost less by twenty-five per cent than its list price; to give the member expert advice upon how to plant the land, and to supply expert in- spection throughout the season. They also agree to furnish men to spade the home garden at cost to the club, and to assist in every possible way the planting of home gardens and vacant lots. In Minneapolis and several other large "ities in the United States the Girden C! b has been in operation long enough to fully demonstrate its fcasability and its success. Results have been most gratifying. The garden plan was accepted in Minneapolis by some three hundred and sixty people the first year, and twenty-two thousand five hundred square feet of formerly waste land was placed under cultivation. The gardens were all marked with neat signs, and were so well taken care 01 tnat only two of the three hundred and sixtv to whom vacant lots were .nssigned gave up their gardens, and these because the lote were sold. Forty thousand tomato plants and eighty thousand cabbage plonts were distributed among the vacant lot garden- ers of Minneapolis last year, and it is es- timated that these plants produced crops to the value of seven thousand or eight thousand dollars. The Garden Club of Winnipeg is affili- ated with all the departments of civic auth- ority, including the Trades and Labor Coun- cil, Industrial Bureau, Rea' Estate Ex- change, Horticultural Society, Canadian Club, Winnipeg Advertising Club, and Cot- tage Gardening .Society. THE DESERVING HONORED The celebration that took place at Dun- dela during June, when a monument was unveiled in honor of the original Mcintosh Red apple tree, is worthy of more than passing note. Hitherto it has been lae custom to erect monuments mainly to great warriors and statesmen. The world has appeared to overlook the fact that reforms and improvements fraught with groat im- portance to the human race are sometimes accomplished in the more humble walks of life by men whose names do not receive the recognition that their achievements de- serve Of late years there has been a change in this respect. At last the public is de- veloping a more just sense of values. Knightly honors and high degrees are being conferred on men who have promoted such humble callings as that of agriculture, as for example Mr. C. C. James, until re- cently Ontario's Deputy Minister nf Agri- culture. Even yet, however, it may cause a smile to some iu know that a monument has been erected in Oxford County, Ont., in honor of the great Holstein cow Calamity Jane, an animal that did much by the" great records she established to extend the practice of conducting official tests of the production of dairy cows. In time we will come to recognize that men like the late Charles Arnold, of Paris, Ont., who originated the Ontario apple, and the late John Mcintosh, to whom we are indebted for the Mcintosh Red Apple, are deserving of the nation's thanks. It is encouraging, therefore, to know tnat this movement is progressing, as was shown by the erection of the monument at Dun- dela. The fruit growers of Nova Scotia, and the local government of that province, de- serve credit for the efforts they are put- ting forth to prevent the San Jose scale from becoming established in the east. Pro- fiting by the experience of Ontario, which passed an Act for the eradication of this pest but made the mistake of leaving its enforcement in the hands of local inspec- tors, who in many cases were incompetent as well as afra'd to antagonize their July, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 171 friends. Nova Scotia has appointed pro- vincial inspectors, from whom more effi- cient work may be expected. Vigilance and careful inspection of orchard.? and nursery stock may be expected to keep this pest from gaining a foothold in fhe east as they have in the west, and thereby save the Eastern growers hundreds of thousands of dollars. The annonncement that the Ontario De- partment of Agriculture will this year maintain a mirket commissioner in the orairie provinces, as was done last year by British Columbia, is a welcome one. Such action was long ago suggested by The Can- .\DIAN HoRTicuLTTTRiST. and later the pro- nosal was endorsed by the Ontario Fruit Grow-ers' Association. No time should be lost in placing a competent man at this work. His services should mean much this year to the fruit growers of Ontario, It is gratifying to know that the grant of the Ontario Horticultural Exhibition will be materially increased this year. For years this exhibition suffered from lack of funds. Of late it has assumed such pro- portions that a more liberal government grant has been greatly needed. Now that this has been assured we may expect to see the exhibition attain still greater propor- tions and increase its usefulness to the fruit interests of the province. It is to be regretted that Hon. Mr. Duff, Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, has not seen his way clear to divert a portion of Ontario's share of the Dominion Go- Ask! Occasionally we get letters from some of our subscribers asking where they can buy a certain article, or line of goods. They have first consulted the advertising columns of The Can- adian Horticulturist, but failing to find what they want they have come to us. We have, in almost all cases, been able to direct them to a reliable firm handling the goods they want. You who read The Canadian Horti- culturist will be requiring many and varied lines of goods during the next few weeks. You will probably, in the majority of instances, be able to find what you want advertised in The Canadian Horticulturist. But some things you may not find. If such is the case write us. It may be some- thing for use in connection with your work in the orchard or garden, some- thing for use in your home, or some- thing for your own personal use. We probably have the information you desire. We are closely in touch with reli- able firms handling goods of almost every description. We are pleased to be of service to our subscribers and any information along this line you need and we possess will be readily given. Ask us. And when consulting the advertise- ments in The Canadian Horticultur- ist remember that every one of them has our personal endorsation. They would not be there if we did not be- lieve they were good firms and would give their customers a fair deal. We do not admit advertisers to our columns except such as believe are thoroughly reliable. vernment's grant for agricultural purposes to the Fruit Experiment Station at Jordan Harbor, This station is not accomplishing the work that it might because of lack of funds. It deserves and should receive more liberal treatment from the Ontario government. PUBLISHER'S DESK No feature that we have added to The Canadian Horticttlttjrist during recent years has been more appreciated by our readers than our series of articles describ- ing Canadian gardens. These articles are proving so popular we are planning to continue them after the first of the year. We desire your help. You must know of some garden in your vicinity worthy of be- ing described in this series of articles. Will you not draw it to our attention in order that we may arrange to obtain photographs of it during July and August when gardens are at their best? We are particularly anxious to obtain descriptions of gardens in Montreal and other eastern cities as well as in the cities of the west. Officers of horticultural societies are especially urg- ed to give this matter their attention. We are willing to pay for illustrations and ar- ticles of this class that prove acceptable. Let us hear from you. Items of Interest Have you noticed the gratifying increase in the circulation of The Canadian Hoeti- OTJLTTjRiST as reported from month to month in the first column of the opposite page? The fact that the circulation of The Canadian HoBTicuLTrrRiST during June was some 2,000 greater than for the same month a year ago, although we anticipate a slight falling back during the month of July, demonstrates the increasing popu- larity of The Canadian Horticulturist. As the circulation continues to increase it is our intention to enlarge and otherwise improve the paper, and thereby keep abreast of the development that is taking place in our fruit and horticultural in- terests. An excellent article by Mr, T. G, Hunt- ing, of Ottawa, on systems of orchard irri- gation that we had intended to publish in this issue had to be held over owing to lack of space. It will, however, appear with a number of other equally interesting articles in our August issue, A special feature of this issue will be a special article dealing with the picking and packing of peaches and written by Mr, Logsdail, of the Jordan Harbor Experiment Station. For the floral department w© have been pro- mised an article by Mr. J. McPherson Ross, of Toronto, entitled "Planning for Future Flowers," as well as an article on "Paeon- ies and Their Care," by Mr. John Cavers, the well-known specialist, of Oakville, An- other description of a Canadian garden, freely illustrated, will also be a feature. The August issue will be a strong nuniLer. Great preparations are being made for the Second Annual Packing Number of The Canadian Hortioultubist that will appear the first of September. A number of Can- ada's leading authorities have promised to contribute, and some have already lorwaid- ed their articles. We expect that this year's issue will surpass last year's fine number. Prof, W. S. Blair, of Macdonald College, Quebec, has been appointed superintendent of the fruit experiment s'ation recently established at Kentville, N.S,, by the Do- minion Government. He has also been made Maritime Horticulturist, Prof, Blair is a native of Nova Scotia, and at one time held the position of horticulturist at the Experimental Farm at Nappan, N,S, At a meeting of the fruit and vegetable growers of the Leamington district held during June the defunct Erie Fruit Com- pany was revived. The object of the grow- ers is cooperation in the matter of car-lot shipments. Shipments will be made to the prairie country. The following officers were elected : President, J. Atkins ; secre- tary, Geo. Ross; business manager, E. E. Adams. SOCIETY NOTES We Invite the offloeri of Horti- cnltural Sooletie* to send in short, pithy report* of work that wonld in. terest members of other Hortlcnltu- ra,l Societlee, Calgary' s Good Work In Calgary there is a horticultural so- ciety that is doing things. Its officers are men of resource, enterprise and public spirit. The city is being benefitted by their activities. Through the kindness of the president of the society, Mr, S, R. Houlton, The Canadian Horticulturist has received a copy of the prize list of the society for 1912, This year it will hold its fifth annual exhibition on August 14 and 15, when one thousand two hundred dollars will be offered in prizes for plants, flowers, fruits, vegetables and decorative designs, A portion of this money will be used also as prize money for lawns, trees and gardens. The society is making a strong feature this year of garden competitions, especially cot- tage gardens, and is being encouraged by tho great interest that is being taken in this special line of work. Last year one hundred and seventeen entries were made in this competition. A grant of three hundred doMars was received from the go- vernment last year and one hundred dol- lars from the city council. Before long we hope to be able to describe a prize win- ning Calgary garden in The Canadian Hor- ticulturist. Windsor's Corner Gardens From time to time we have publish, d illustrations in The Canadian Horticul- turist of the flower beds conducted on the corners of the streets in the city of Wind: or by the Windsor Horticultural Society, Last year the society had one hundred and seventy-five flower beds on the corners of the streets. The society gets a grant of four hundred dollars from the city council, and the work of looking after the flower- beds is attended to by men whose services are paid for out of the park estimates of the city. The society buys the plants. When a liower bed is located on a corner it is understood that the people living there must be members of the Horticultural So- ciety and that they will water the flower beds. Much of the credit for the success of this work belongs to Alderman H, J McKay, who is the secretary-treasurer of the society. 172 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST The Standard Apple Box for Canada Juiy> 1912 AT tho recent Dominion Kiuit Confer- once in Ottawa a resolution was car- ried requesting tlie Dominion gov- ernment to malie the Ktandareen experimenting at the college in the use of different boxes. The students seem to ijack the fruit more readily in the Oregon box." A. W. Peart, Burlington : "About eight- een years ago we used a box that was equi- valent to four boxes t') the barrel, and liked it very much. When the size was changeect there is room for great improvement. The officials of our larger railway companies are becoming more and more interested in the fruit trade; they realize that it is an important addi- tion to the volume of traffic, but are not yet sufficiently impressed with the claims of the fruit-grower for better equipment, service and despatch. In many cases very unsuitable cars are supplied ; unusual delays in transit are frequently experienced; serious losses occur which are very difficult to adjust: rates of carriage are in many cases excessive and absorb too much of the ultimate value of the product. Some relief Douglas Gardens =Oakville, Ontario= •Extract from a paper read at the recent Dominion Fruit Conference in Ottawa. We lead in PEONIES in Canada. The following facts go to sub- stantiate this claim, viz: — Our Fall Planting List, — to be issued 1st August, next,— will describe and of- fer 67 varieties. Of these varieties 63 are double and 4 are single. Of the double varieties, the American Peony Society classifies 33 as "Ex- tra" or "Very Good"; 25 as "Good"; 4 as "Medium," and one not classified. The same Society has published a list of 50 varieties recommended for Cut Flower pur- poses, and a list of 60 for Land- scape purposes. Of the former list we offer 29 varieties, and of the lattfer list 30 varieties. We strongly recommend garden owners to procure some of these fine Peonies for planting in Sep- tember. The prices are quite reasonable. Send name and address and re- ceive a copy of our Planting List. JOHN CAVERS Announcement The demand for Pedigreed Nursery Stock during the past season has been so heavy that we could not supply all our customers, and we have therefore very greatly extended our business. Stock planted last fall has come through the severe winter in excel- lent condition and we feel warranted in again advising fall planting for most varieties of fruit. We shall be glad to answer all en- quiries and quote prices for October delivery. AUBURN NURSERIES QUEENSTON, ONT. To Our Advertisers Should we have overlooked notifying you by letter, regarding the change in our ad- vertising rates, kindly note that after Aug- ust 1st, 1 91 2, our rate for advertising will be $1.25 an inch flat New or renewal con- tracts calling for a specified amount of space to be used within one year will be accepted up to Aug. I St, at our present rate, $1.00 an inch Special September Number .Special value is offered you in our Exhibition and Fall Packing Number for September. Those of you who saw our splendid issue of last September will not need to be urged to take advantage of this special number which promises to eclipse its pre- decessor in every way. Guaranteed circulation 13,000. Rate $37.50 a page. If space ia reserved before August 1st, $30.00 a page. Proportionate rates for smaller space. Special positions available and further information from. Advertising Department The Canadian Horticulturist, ""'0;':;^' '74 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1912 EVEN WITH THIS BIG 6 GALLON VS/ATERPAN WE DO NOT PROMISE HIGHER THAN 55%) HUMIDITY THE ORDINARY WATER PAN AFFORDS FROM18T025% NORMAL HUMIDITY OUT DOORS IS ABOUT 70% I See The Point? \ lOuR Furnace Literature is both Interesting AND Instructive — Ma/led on Request No 3 Adama & Tanton. 115 King St., London, Ont. Kenneth McDonald, Ottawa, Ont. A. E. Cameron, Brockvllle, Ont. J. A. Slmmera, Seedsman, 143-145 King St. East, Toronto, Ont. Wm. Smith, 10th Line East, Petrolea, Ont. Darch & Hunter Seed Co., 119 Dundas St., London, Ont . Wm. Ewlng & Co., 142-I44 McGill St., Mon, treal, Que. Robt. Kerr, It AInslee St., flalt, Ont. SLUG-SHOT USED FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN for 30 rem SOME SEEDSMEN WHO FOR UPWARDS OF 20 YEARS HAVE SOLD SLUG-SHOT IN CANADA : Chas. E. Bishop, 31 Bridge St., Belleville, Ont. Steele Briggs Seed Co., 130 King St. East, Toronto, Ont. Jas. B. Hay, Brantford, Ont. Patrick Ross, Market Square, Woodstock, Ont. George Keith, 124 King St. East, Toronto, Ont. Graham Bros., 53-55 Sparks St., Ottawa, Ont. Wm. Rennie & Co., Winnipeg, Man. J. A. Bruce & Co., 47-49 King St., Hamilton, Ont. Dupuy i Ferguson, 38 Jacques Cartier Sq., Montreal. Wm. Rennie S Co., Adelaide and Jarvis Sts., Toronto, Ont. Wm. Rennie & Co., 190 McGill St., Montreal, Que. SAVES CURRANTS, POTATOES, CABBAGE, MELONS, FLOWERS, TREES AND SHRUBS FROM INSECTS Put up in popular packages at popular prices. Write tor free pamphlet on Bugs and Blight, etc., to B. HAMMOND, FISHKILL-ON-HUDSON, NEW YORK has been obtained, bnt mucli remains to be done before this feature of the Canadian fruit industry is put on a 8ati.sfactory basis The great north-west country will be able to consume, at a profit to the producer, all the fruit that can be groTm for many years to come, provided it can be landed from the east and from the west in good condi- tion and at reasonable cost. This conference will render the very best service to the fruit industry at large, if ways and means can be devised to secure improvement of these conditions, both with regard to the freight and express service. I take the liberty of suggesting to this con- ference the advisability of selecting a joint committee of say three men, one from British Columbia, one from Ontario, and one representing the Maritime Provinces, whose duty would be to secure facts and in- formation relative to market conditions, both as to supply and demand throughout the Dominion, and give publicity to such information. This committee would also be able to treat with railway companies and other organizations, having regard to the welfare, not only of any particular section or province, but of the fruit industry of Canada as a whole. Ontario Apples in the West Byroo W. Webster, Winniper, Men. There is land in British Columbia that is selling on the Winnipeg market very read- ily at_ one hundred dollars an acre. This land in most cases is just plain farming land. It includes some timbered land, but none that is any better than land in On- tario. The fruit grown is no better than Ontario fruit, and the railroad facilities no better if as good. Why is it that they can get tip-top prices for their land, while in Ontario land is. almost given away in com- parison. Perhaps this will throw a little light on the subject. I went into a fruit store the other day on Main street, which cal's itself the city apple market. Barrels of rotten apples were lying around the shop, and on stands were apples that in Ontario we would throw out to the pigs. At their best they were number three, but through time and exposure they were all partiaUy rotted. And horrors of horrors, at the back of the shop, in big red letters covering the entire b.ock, was printed " High-class Ontario Apples." Beneath that was a sorting table piled up with apples, mostly rotten, with a half bushel measure on one side and a barrel for the rotten ones at the bottom. And that is the way Ontario apples are advertised. Contrasted with that the Bri- tish Columbia and Washington fruits are packed in clean boxes, are sold in the best' stores and placed in every way to show the public what fine fruit is grown out west. Their enterprise results in large profits for western fruit - growers and landholders. When one examines the fruit, it is no bet- ter than that grown in Ontario. I have never seen western apples shown in such a rotten way as I see the eastern apples. It is just that which makee the western fruit sell at two dollars fifty cents a box, while that grown east sells at one doUar fifty cents, and makes British Columbia orchards sell at five hundred dollars and one thousand dollars an acre, while eastern orchards sell at from one hundred to three hundred dollars an acre. No wonder the people are going west, where up-to-date business methods are employed. Although Ontario fruit-growers are waldng up, the progress is altogether too slow. There may be boxed Ontario apples on the Winnipeg July, 1912 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 175 market, l^ut I have been watching tlie high- class stores and I have yet to find them. There is land in British Columbia with timber on it in an xmirrigiited country, where a large number of trees were frozen out two years ago, selling on the Winnipeg market at one hundred dollars an acre, and there seems to be no difficulty in selling it. Cooperation Progressing* Notwithstandlnt: bad IcijislatioTi and want of leaders in rural affairs and all the other obstacles that have to be met, co-operation is making great headway. It is true that not all the societies hav© been suc- cessful Manv have fallen by the way. Not a few of the fruit growers' associations that were counted among the most success- ful a few years ago have disanpeared and their history is not without interest. But the greater number of the a.s.sociations have continued to flourish, and they do so in sTiite of the conditions that surround them rither than because of them. Many of them would lonrr since h^ve disarmeared had it not been for the mublic spirited men who have been entrusted with their man- agement. CO-OPERATION AND STORAGE It would be invidious to mark out in- dividual societies, and I content "ivself. therefore, with notinrr tb" lines of M'«r'- thnt have been particularlv sucre-ssful. I n'^te sneciallv the success which has attend- ed the building of packinir houses, ware- h'^uses nnd cold storage nouinment.s. A few years aao, the storase facilities for aT)T)le« "nd fruit generally were verv meacre. and the .otnracefi then existing were in the bands of nrivnto individuals and served larp'^lv as trans in which the private nnole dealer '■"uld catch his P'ame and erow rich uoou t^" auarrv. To-dav tb^re are some scores r^f wnrphouse=: owned bv the orchardiffts t^eniselvnq a"d not b'^ilt for the Tiuroose /•f mrninff dividends but for the Tinmo=o nf imnrnvinn the fruH indiistvv. This T nt among one of the frreat suocesses to reoort<>d in connection with co-ooora- I tion. CO-OPERATION AND PRICKS It mipht not be out of place to record, as one of the advantages of co-oneration. that prices have advanced materiallv. 1 do not mean to snv that the general advance in the nrice of apples is solelv and whollv due to the co-operative associations, but I do say — and note it as one of the triumphs of co-oneration — that the members of co-op- erative associations are getting to-day at le«.st seventy-five per cent, more for their apoles than thev were under individual management. This would be no subject for coneratulation if it meant that they were p-etting this advance and did not earn it. The real subject for congratidation is that the apples furnished bv the members of the co-operative associations are worth seven- ty-five per cent, more than they were under individual management, and that the co- ooerative organization renders it possible for them to get the increased price for the increased value which they have added to their product. The members of the Norfolk Fruit Qrow- ers' Association in former vears. when the Livemool prices were even higher than thev are to-dav. sold their apnles for one doll.nr and twenty-five cents to one dollar and sev- — out -where the light can fall on it — and see the brilliant, diamond - like sparkle the pure white color, of every grain. That's the way to test any sugar — that's the way we hope you will test Su^ar f*Mnfknf»t% If ^ith any other sugar— -compare its pure, white ^"^*""* ^ ^^ sparkle — its even grain — its matchlesssweelness. Better still, get a 20 pound or 100 pound bag at your grocer's and test "St. Lawrence Sugar" in your home. THE ST. LAWRENCE SUGAR REFINING CO.. UMITED. MONTREAL. IMPORT YOUR RULRS Import only the choicest quality. Write for price hst at once. Prices lower than wholesale, C. Mortimer Bezzo - Berlin, Canada Are You Setting Out Your Trees as Econom- ^^ ically as Possible and arc the Trees when / Planted Giving The Best Results Obtainable • Let Us Send You FREE OF CHARGE our Pamphlets on the use of STUMPING POWDERS USED FOR Planting Trees Cultivating and Rejuvenating Orchards Breaking Hard Pan, Shale and Clay Sub- Soils Removing Stumps and Boulders Digging Wells and Ditches, Etc., Etc. Write us in regard to arranging FREE DEMONSTRATION CANADIAN EXPLOSIVES, Limited MONTREAL, P. Q. *Extrn<;t from an a/Jdrpua dnljTered at the Do- minion Fni|t Conference in Ottawa. AUGUST 1. In regard Id 1 Those o( our advcrtisiirs wishing In dike advaiitHRe of (jiir piv-i'iil ratt« may do so by reservlnK a spcritlcd ninouiil of spari: on or before Augu.t l>t, 1912. After Miat contractfl will be based on our new rale. Fiillerin- forninlion snd also particulars Advertlxlng Department, liig Exhibition and Fsll Packing Number, from XHE CANADIAN HOKTlCIH.TlIRIST 176 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1912 The Western Fair September 6th to 14th LONDON, CANADA 1912 WESTERN ONTARIO'S POPULAR EXHIBITION flection''' k!; Fruit and Flowers With Liberal Cash Prizes Jor same SPECIAL RAILWAY RATES for Vi»itors and Ex- hibitors over All Railroadf from Kingston to Detroit Write the Secy, for Prize Lists, Entry Forms or any information W. J. REID, President A. M. HUNT, Secretary ^^^^n^^ On every outing: KODAK Add to the pleasure of the trip itself by taking pictures of the places and the people that interest you — then you will have the after pleasure that comes from possessing the pictures them- selves. Anybody can take and finish pictures by the Kodak system — and do it well. Because simpler to handle, Kodak films .erive better results than glass plates. You need no dark room for loading the camera, or for unloading. Even the developing is done without a dark-room and print making is easy (again no dark-room) with Velox paper. If you don't care to do your own developing and printing, Kodak film, being light and unbreakable, may be readily mailed to your dealer for fin- ishing. Kodak means photography with the bother left out. It offers the simple, easy way to good pictures — and it is less expensive than you think. Catalogues of Kodaks and Brownies (they work like Kodaks) free at your dealers or by mail. CANADIAN KODAK CO., Limited TORONTO, CAN. enty-five oente, and many of thera for even less than that. To-day these same members are getting an sverage of three dollars a barrel, and I repeat that the buyer is get- ting better value for his money. ASSOCIATIONS AS DISTRFBtTTrNO BOCIETIBS Another great success has been scored in using the associations as agents for buying supplies. In making a comparison between co-operation in Denmark, for instance, and Great Britain, we find that in Denmark co-operation is concerned largely with agri- cultural production and selling. In Great Britain agricultural production and selling have made progress only during the last few years, but co-operative distribution of the necessities of life has made most ex- traordinary progress. The co-operative wholesale society of Great Britain last year distributed over $600,000,000 of products, a sum so vast that it can scarcely be con- ceived. There seems to be no reason why distrib- utive co-operation should not make some headway in Canada. Many of the associa- tions have already made some use of the organization for distributive purposes ; in- deed, the St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forwarding Company is a shining example of what can be done in this line. Their distributions have grown from a few hun- dred dollars the first year to ninety thou- sand dollars in 1911. and upon this it is safe to say there has been a saving of from ten thousand dollars to twenty thousand dollars a year. This phase of co-operative work might very well occupy our attention. A Large Perennial Border F. E. Bock, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa At Ottawa this year we have started a new perennial border twelve feet wide and some four hundred and fifty feet long. It will contain, in a few years, the best of everything that will grow in this climate. It is well to mention here, perhaps, that the work which is to be enlarged at the Experimental Farm along the lines of flori- culture will deal to some extent with the solution of the problem of the barren parts of the west. The Dominion horticulturist, Mr. W. T. Macoun, has been working for years to ob- tain shrubs, trees and plants which will stand the rigorous winters of the middle west. His work has been of untold value. Much work has been done, and much more will be done, in the way of testing varieties of flowering shrubs and flowers. When the results of this work are published it is hoped an added impetus will be given to the work of national betterment through the medium of the flowers. Items of Interest Eighty British farmers have recently ar- rived at Tilbury East township, in Kent, Ont. They will engage extensively in truck farming. Houses for their farms have been built in Toronto and are being shipped to Tilbury East in sections. The Welland Cooperative Fruit-Growers' Association has been organized at Marsh- ville, the members being principally fruit- growers of Wainfleet. They will handle their own fruit, purchase supplies and in other ways endeavor to make the fruit busi- ness a greater success. The following of- ficers were elected: President, C. H. Wills; vice-president, R. R. Davis; secretary, W. E. Palmer. July, 191 2 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 177 Fruit Conditions in British Columbia'' W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines, Ont. FRUIT conditions are varied in British Columbia and are very different to those which obtain in Ontario and the eastern provinces, complying more nearly with such as are to be found south of the line in Washington, Oregon and Idaho, states which have gained a wonder- ful reputation during the past few years for the production of enormous quantities of fancy, high-colored apples, as well as other fruits. District number nine comprises what is known as the Lower Mainland and the Is- lands of the Coast, of which Vancouver is- land is much the largest and most impor- tant. Tnis area is characterized by a mud climate for the most part, with a very con- siderable humidity and great precipitation during certain seasons of the year, the total rainfall at Vancouver averaging about seventy inches annually, i'or this reason, and on account of the great fertility of the soil, small fruits do exceptionally well all thiough this territory, b'or the same rea- son the range of tree fruits is somewhat limited, and the varieties chosen for plant- ing must be selected with care in order to be successful with them. Several varieties of apples, pears, plums and cherries do very well, more particularly the earlier kinds of apples, and those stone fruits not suscept- ible to brown rot. Some very fine orchards are to be found in this district, that of Mr. T. A. Bryden, near the city of Victoria, be- ing a good example of what can be accom- plished under proper caie and management. Strawberries, raspberries and other small fruits luxuriate in many parts of this dis- trict, and have been planted largely in dif- ferent localities. The section on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway from Mission to the Coast, and the territory in the southern portion of Vancouver Island are the most largely developed and im- portant. An excellent market is available, both locally and in the prairie towns and cities, and is not by any means adequately supplied. There is plenty of suitable land available for further planting. One of the chief hindrances to a rapid extension of the small fruit industry is the difficulty of securing sufficient help, especially during the picking season. This might be remedied to a large extent by adopting the methods in vogue in the states to the south, where cheap summer cottages are provided for families who are brought from the cities •Extract from a paper read at the recent Do- minion Fruit Conferen<« in Ottawa. and taken care of on tJie farms during the busy season. District number ten includes the various inland valleys of the province, and contains large areas of land where irrigation is ne- cessary to secure profitable crops. There are also several important sections where the rain and snowfall are sufficient to fur- nish all the moisture required. A remarkable movement has been under- taken during recent years in connection with the development of the semi-arid or dry areas. Encouraged by the success which has attended similar enterprises in the states to the south, and the results ob- tained from the orchards planted by the early settlers, where a supply of water was easily available, public attention was drawn to the establishment of irrigation projects in many parts of these valleys. Many thous- ands of acres have been brought under these systems and are being rapidly changed from comparatively barren areas of little or no value to magnificent orchards of fruit, and farms where large quantitiee of vegetables and other crops are being profitably pro- duced. PERMANENT SYSTEMS Many of these irrigation systems are be- ing constructed and extended in a most permanent and substantial manner by the more general use of concrete ditches and pipes, with steel flumes where necessary, in- stead of the ordinary open ditch and wood- en flume which, while answering the pur- pose, allows considerable waste of water and requires frequent repair. It will not be possible to go into detail with regard to this feature of the development of British Columbia fruit-growing, and I can only mention as a type of these systems the one under the control of the Coldstream Estates Company at Vernon, known as the White Valley Irrigation and Power Company, which is perhaps the most extensive and important of the large number established in the Okanagan Valley, tf not in the entire west. In this vicinity are also to be found the celebrated orchards of the Coldstream Estate Company, containing five hundred and forty-eight acres of fruit trees in va- rious stages of growth, planted by the com- pany as a commercial undertaking, with three hundred additional acres planted for clients. A number of the orchards on this property have been producing crops of fruit for some years, and very large profits have been derived from them. There are many important centres PACKER'S "SAFETY" FRUIT WRAPPER PAPER Recommended by GoTemment inspectors Used with Perfect Results by Largest Growers Take No Chances with Untried Papers Large stock, following sizes always on hand : 10x10 I Oc per ream (480 sheets) 20x30 55c " " 30x40 1. 00 " " in addition to Fruit Wrapper, following supplies necessary to the modern Fruit Export Business are carried in stock at our Hamilton w^arehouse. Prices supplied on application. Wrapping Papers Twines Pulp Board Box Linings Corrugated Straw Boards Manilla Tissue Lace Papers Lace Box Tops Buntin, Gillies & Co. LIMITED HAMILTON - - CANADA Mention The Cakadiaw Horticulturist We Solicit Your Consignments Send for Shipping Stamp Good Prices Alvyays For Your Fruit and Vegetables OUR facilities enable us to realize top prices at all times for your fruit, vegetables or general produce. Aside from our large connection on the Toronto market, we have established branch warehouses with competent men in charge at Sudbury, North Bay Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine. In time of congestion on the Toronto market we have a ready outlet through these branche.s. We never have to sacrifice your interests. References : The Canadian Ban Branch Warehouses: Sudbury, North Bay, Cobalt, Cochrane and Porcupine H. PETERS 88 Front St. East, Toronto of Commerce, (Market Branch) and Commercial Agencies. 178 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 19U The First Big Ben Cost $12.85 Bis Ben is the result of 26 years of fine clock malride of the famous Westclox Com- munity of La Salle, Illinois. 2,500 Big Bens now leave the factory every 10 hours and the demand gets big- ger daily. Big Ben has ticked himself into popular favor because he is built right, runs right and is priced right. Big Ben is sold by 5.000 Canadian dealers. If you cannot find him at yours send us S3. 00 today and we will send him by return express, duty charges prepaid. WESTCLOX. La Salle, Illinois Imperial Bank E.i.bii.hed OF CANADA i875 HEAD OFFICE TORONTO Capiul Paid-up. . 6.000,000.00 Reserve Fund . 6.000,000.00 Total Assets . 72.000,000.00 D. R. WILKIE, Preridant and General Manager HON. R. JAFFRAY. Vice-Prerident Br«noh«a and Aranciea throughout th* Dominion of Oatnada Letters of Credit, Drafts and Money Orders Issued avsulable in all parts of the world Special attention given to collections Savins* Dapartmant at all Branches Interest allowed on deposits at best current rates throughout tliose valleys under systems of irrigation, chief of which might 'be men- tioned Kiimloops and Walhachin on the main line, Vernon, Kelowna, Summerland and Penticton in the Okanagan Lake dis- trict, and Grand Forks in the Kettle River Valley, in addition to numerou.s localities such as Salmon Arm, Armstrong, Nelson, Th© Needles, Nakusp and many others where irrigation is not essential. In all these valleys many hundreds of acres have already been nlanted to the tre« fruits. There are still thousands more awaiting the coming of the settler to take advantage of the opportunities which are at present lying dormant in thus western province. Some criticism has been made at times in regard to the dessert qualities of British Columbia apples. I believe, however, that this province, in public competition, not on- ly with the states to the south, but with the older fruit districts of the east, has demonstrated that it can produce fruit which cannot be excelled for size, color, freedom from blemishes and, in the case of many varieties, for dessert qualities. UNSOr.VEO PROBLEMS The country is new ; many problems are unsolved, and in some cases the great opportunities of the west have been man- ipulated by the unscrupulous land-jobber, but all honor I say to the men wlio, with strong conviction and great courage, have undertaken the work of making the fruit industry the most important agricultural feature of this province of wonderful re- sources. They will be able to profit by the exiierience of the older provinces and avoid many of the mistakes made in the earlier days when horticultural knowledge was much more meagre than it is to-day. They have the success of the states to the south as an incentive to stir them up to good works, and there is every indication that in a very few years British Columbia apples will be favorably known in every fruit-consuming country on the globe. Nova Scotia's Fruit Development W. T. Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa THE Cornwallis and Annaimlis VaPeys, where most of the fruit of Nova Scotia is grown, is practically one valley. It is about oue hun- dred miles long and from six to eleven miles in width, and lies between two ranges of hills about six hundred feet in height. On the west side of the valley the North Mountain protects the orchards from the winds which blow across the Bay of i'unday. Tidal rivers through and inter- secting the valleys help to moderate the climate in winter and also moderate the heat in summer. The spring is compara- tively late and the autumn usually rather cool. Most of the older orchards are xjlant- ed on the lower and heavier soils, but some of the most profitable ones are on the sandy and gravelly slopes of the hills, and many orchards are being planted in such situa- tions, as the land is usually cheaper than where the soil is heavier. Apples, pears, jjlums, cherries and small fruits, and to a limited extent iieaches and grapes, are grown in these valleys. The mining towns of Nova Scotia, of which there are a great many, use large quantities of the small fruits which are grown very successfully in most parts of the province. A GRE.IT LOSS Like the other Maritime Provinces, Nova Scotia has suffered by the constant emigra- tion of her young men to western Canada and to the United States; and while the men who remained realized what a great future there was in the fruit-growing in- dustry, they could not induce many of their sons to stay at home. There was also little, if any, cooperation among the growers, and it was left to a few enthusiastic men to do what little was done for the general wel- fare. Now, this is all changed, and co- operation is the watchword. During the past two seasons twenty-two cooperative associations have been formed, and while each of these associations has its local man- ager, a general manager for them all has been appointed this year. EFFECT OF COOPERATION The fruit growers of the Annapolis Val- ley, and in fact in all parts of Nova Scotia, are, most of them, intelligent men, and it but needed the cooperative movement to bring about the marked advance in methods of growing and handling the crop, which is seen to-day, although the progressive fruit growers of the Annaiiolis \ alley have long been noted for the good culture they gave their trees. With the cooperative move- ment came the more general use of the power sprayer, many of which have been bought during the past two years. A QREAI CROP During 1911 there were few trees of bear- ing age that did not have fruit, and most of the trees were almost breaking with their load, the fruit being very free from blem- ishes, and higher colored and better matur- ed than usual. Barrels ran short and fruit growers lent a helping hand to the coopers to keep up the supply. One factory near Port William, we are told, turned out fifteen hundred barrels a day for two mouths, an- other one twelve liundred, and so on. There are about ten of these factories in a radius of ten miles. About one hundred warehouses are scattered along the railway in the Annapolis Valley, in which the fruit is sorted, packed and stored until shipped. At some centres there are from tour to five, and brick buildings are now being erected. The writer visited the Annapolis Valley dur- ing the first week ot November, and found the fruit practically all sately housed. Two of the largest growers are said to have each harvested about eight thousand barrels of apples, while other yields of from four to five thousand barrels were reported. It was expected to send one hundred and fifty thousand barrels to the Canadian North- West, and many of these had been shipped, including sixty-three thousand barrels of Gravensteins. Norfolk County The wonderful transformation that has been worked in Norfolk county, Ontario, largely through the efforts of one man, Mr. James E. Johnson, of Simcoe, is shown by the fact that within the past five years nearlv 260,000 fruit trees have been set out in that section, while the output from the old orchards has increased from ten thousand to nearly 40.000 barrels annually. As a result of the improved methods which have been adopted there are fewer instances of insect pests and fungous diseases than ever before, while the price paid for fruit has advanced materially. July, I 913 THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 179 The Cold Storage of Apples* J. A. Ruddick, Cold Storage Commissioner, Ottawa ANY apple which is ripe enough to show signs of softening is past the stage for successful cold storage treatment. Any decay in the formof rots, especially the ordinary brown or soft rot, will be arrested very little, if arrested at all. Take the North- ern Spy for instance. Well-developed speci- mens with sound skins, and put away in time, will keep with the best, but at the same time this variety is also very suscept- ible to rots if the skin is broken or injured in any way, and for this reason it frequent- ly does not keep well in cold storage. KEEPING QUAUTIES Apples which are well matured on the trees, but still firm, will keep better and longer than if picked at an earlier stage. Well-matured apples show less tendency to scald. This is very marked in the case of the Greening. In tests which the Depart- ment made in 1909-10 apples of this variety picked rather early at a certain date, scalded badly in cold storage, while others from the same tree picked three weeks later were almost free of this rather serious de- fect. If the Greening has reached the stage when it shows a faint blush there is not apt to be much scalding. A good color seems to be a great protection against scalding in all varieties. Late varieties of apples which are grown in localities where the season is longest and where they reach the greatest maturity on the trees, are the ones which will give the best results in cold storage. This is all the more im- portant, when considered along with the well-known fact that under what may still be termed as normal conditions of handling the apples grown in these localities are not, noted for good keeping qualities. The same thing applies in general to a season like 1911, when the crop matured early on ac- count of the hot weather. There are very general complaints about the poor keeping of apples this winter, and yet the 1911 crop possessed the very qualities which would have given good results in cold storage, providing the storing had not been too long delayed after picking, as was the case with some that I have heard of. I believe that the repacking of barrelled apples, which is now so generally practised in the frost-proof warehouses in Ontario and Nova Scotia, could be dispensed with if the apples were sent promptly to cold stor- age. In 1909 the Dairy and Cold Storage Branch made some trial shipments to test this matter. A car load of Spies and Bald- wins were divided, one lot being put in a frost-proof warehouse and the other sent to cold storage at St. John, N. B. The first lot was repacked, but the cold storage lot was shipped without repacking. Both lots were sold together in Glasgow in the month of March. After paying the cold storage rates we found that the cold storage lot netted us from ten to seventy cents a barrel more than the others. There were both number one and number two apples in these lots, and it is interest- ing to note that the number one apples gave the greatest gain in cold storage. Full particulars of these trial shipments will be found in bulletin number two of the Dairy and Cold Storage Series. It may be of in- terest to add that one box of Spies from the cold storage lot was held for eighteen months. The quality was well preserved and the apples stood up well after being re- moved to an ordinary^;oom_temperature. ^^ra^from a paper read at the Dominion Fruit Conferenc* in Ottawa. This box was , held for the first six months at thirty-two degrees, and after that at thirty. The latter is the best temperature, but of course it is very near the danger line, and great care has to be taken at such an extreme low temperature to prevent some part of the storage room from reach- ing the freezing point of the apples. There is considerable difference in the behavior of different varieties of apples in cold storage. This phase of the subject offers a field for further investigation and study. STORAGE OF PEARS With respect to other fruits, the pear pro- bably is the one which is best adapted for successful handling in cold storage. Some varieties may be carried for several months in perfectly satisfactory condition. Many growers in the Hudson River Valley store a large part of their crops and market them in New York for the Christmas trade. The total quantity of pears carried in cold stor- age for several months every year in the United States is said to be nearly half a million bushels. I am of the opinion that the season for special varieties of grapes might easily be extended very considerably with proper management. We have not had an oppor- tunity to acquire much data in this connec- tion, but in the fall of 1910 some twenty- five commercial baskets of "Wilder" and "Vergennes" were sent to the London cold storage and held at about thirty-four de- grees. I had some of these grapes sent to Ottawa on March 8th and they were in very fair condition. I hope sometime to be able to secure faci- lities that will enable me to study the mat- ter of grape and other fruit storage more carefully, because I feel that we have much to learn as to the most suitable tempera- tures, style of packing, and other conditions of storage. It may not be out of place to say that opinion has changed with respect to the most suitable temperatures for carry- ing fruit, and it is now pretty well estab- lished that the lowest possible temperature without freezing will give the best results, and that a difference of one or two degrees will have a noticeable effect on the length of time that fruit will be preserved. The actual freezing temperature of fruits will depend largely on the percentage of sugar in the juices. I do not think any apples will freeze at thirty, but how much lower some varieties might be safely carried I am unable to say. Australian exjierts say that pears will keep best at iwenty-nme to thirty degrees, and that grapes grown in that country will stand even lower temper- ature because of a higher percentage of sugar. I think it is likely, however, that Australian grapes contain much more sugar than those grown in Canada do, because of the hotter climate in that country. There is another side to the question of cold storage, and that is the commercial one, as to how far the cost of cold storage will be balanced by increased returns in the sale of the fruit. This will have to bo determined very largely by practical experi- ence. I do not believe for a moment that it is necessary or desirable to provide cold storage for the whole of the Canadian apple crop. I have indicated some of the special ways in which it may be of great service. I believe that it would pay to refrigerate a large proportion of the so-called frost-proof warehouses now in use in Ontario and in Nova Scotia. This could be done at com- Quick and Easy That is the way the DAISY APPLE BOX PRESS works. A simple press- ure of the foot brings the arms up over the ends of the box, automatically draws them down and holds them in place while being nailed. The fastest and only automatic press on the market. Pat. No. 104,535 If you pack apples in boxes, this machine will be a great convenience to you and will save you time and money. Write for prices to J. J. ROBLIN & SON Manufacturers Brighton, Ontario THE q STRATFORD :;: extension + LADDER -Jl It is the safest and best on the iP" market. Fitted with automatic ifisiL^ hooks that lock at every runv 1 1 and unlock between the rungs -=. LIGHT, STRONG «« EASILY OPERATED ^ _^ AND DURABLE Iw B IF Intemtad writ* for Catalocue F 1 - THB L-1 Stratford Mfg-Co. .^ sj Limited f .J STRATFORB, CANADA JT ^^ Makers of Ladders for every con- ceivable purpose $2.50 per Gallon; $1.00 per Quart. Dupuy A Ferguson, Montreal, Can. t8o THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST July, 1912 A Disc Harrow for the Fruit Grower THE MASSEY-HARRIS ORCHARD DISC HARROW is indispensable for orchard and vineyard work, it being especially designed for fruit culture, and is also useful for general discing about the small farm. An Extension Frame can be furnished enabling this Disc Harrow to cultivate under and close to the trees and bushes without the horses injuring the branches or fruit. The depth of cultivation may be regulated by adjusting the hinge which attach the disc gangs to the frames Gangs are reversible so as to throw, the soil to or from the trees and vines, and can be set to cut deep or shallow in the centre, as desired. One lever controls the angle of each gang, thus regulating the amount of soil thrown to the roots. The Ma«sey-Harris is fitted with ten 16-inch Discs and effective Scrapers are provided for keeping the Discs clean. Ejctra Discs with Spools can be furnished for converting the machines into a twelve disc size. The Harrow with ten Discs cuts 5 feet and 6 inches, and when the Elxtension Frame is used the machine measures 10 feet and 1 inch in width. Massey-Harrls Co., Limited Head Offices - TORONTO Bri,nches at Montreal, Moncton, Winnipeg. Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary, Edmonton paratively little cost, as most of them are already fairly well insulated. Where there are two or more warehouses in a locality it would be quite practicable to operate them all from a central refrigerating plant with a pipe line system connecting with each warehouse. This plan could be car- ried out at places like Brighton and Col- borne on Lake Ontario, and at many sta- tions on the Dominion Atlantic Kauway in Nova Scotia. It would be very economi- cal both in the matter of equipment and operation. It has always seemed to me since I Hat-e been able to give any attention xo sucn matters that small cold storages using ice, or, better still, salt and ice as a refrigerant, would be of much service to individual growers, and especially in the tenaer iruit districts. Recent Publications A number of interesting and valuable publications have reached The Canadian Horticulturist during the past month. "Vegetable Gardening," by Ralph L. Watts, Prof, of Horticulture, in the Pennsylvania State College, is one of the most complete works dealing with this subject we have yet seen. It is written with a twofold purpose, first to meet the demand of instructors de- siring a text-book on vegetable gardening, and, second, to present in an organized form data of value to all classes of vegetable growers. The work relates to the culture rather than the systematic study of vegetables, although some attention is given to a description and classification of the more important garden crojjs. The sub- jects dealt with include soil, tillage and till- age tools, manures and cover crops, com- mercial fertilizers, irrigation, insects and diseases, seeds and seed growing, hot beds and cold frames, transplanting, cultural directions and marketing. The book com- prises over five hundred pages, is profusely illustrated and may be obtained from the Orange Judd Company through The Horti- cultural Publishing Co., Peterboro, Ont. "Oxford Gardens," by R. T. Gunther, M.A., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, is a beautifully bound, well-iUustrated volume of almost three hundred pages. Its contents are based upon Daubeny's Popular Guide to the Physick Garden of Oxford, with notes on the gardens of the colleges and on the University Park 'ibis volume may be obtained from Simpkin, Marshall and Company, of London, England. Bulletin No. 99, of the University of Mis- souri, Columbia, Missouri, deals with the inspection of commercial fertilizers. Bul- letin 98, of the same college, is entitled "San Jose Scale in Missouri." It is illus- trated and contains valuable infoi-mation concerning the character and control of this pest. The Department of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec has issued the report of the Experimental Fruit Stations of the province for 1911. The report is by Auguste Dupuis, Director of Fruit Sta- tions, and includes reports from the sub- stations throughout the province. The re- port shows that considerable good work is being done by the fruit stations in Quebec. The Dominion Drpartniont of Agricul- ture has issued a bound volume containing Bulletins 21 to 30 of the Dairy and Cold Storage Commiasioner's series, being vol- ume two, 1907 to 1911. It contains the re- ports on the trial shipments of cold storage apples and r)eaches and the Inspection and Sale Act, revised edition. The making of grape vinegar is discussed by Frederic T. Bioletti in Bulletin No. 237 of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. From the Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion at .\me8, Iowa, has been received Bul- letin No. 127, entitled "Spraying Practice for Orchard and Garden," by S. A. Bea