s is s a ie « Bi I Pr Se Wr Ve 7 We Vie Tyr Wy yd era we Vy MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 1934 BE ree ih G7 R'WeGibson-[nven’ J UL ee ee ee te 3 EE AA A a ee THE CANADIAN RECORD OF SCIENCE INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MONTREAL, AND REPLACING Ey “CANADIAN NATURALIST, NiO Ne (Iso -1393)) MONTREAL: PUBLISHED BY THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 1895. Of Belences ~ .) EDITING AND EXCHANGE COMMITTEE. FRANK D. ApaAms, Ph.D., Chairman. G. F. MATTHEW, F.R.S.C., St. John, N.B. Rev. R. CAMPBELL, D.D. J. F. WHITEAVES, F.R.S.C., Ottawa. : Dr. T. WeEsLEY MILts. Dr. B. J. HARRINGTON, B:A., Ph.D., F.G.S. Rev. W. J. SMYTH, B.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. -PRoF. J. Cox, M.A. CONTENTS OF VOLUME V. PAGE. Additional Notes on Devonian Plants from Scotland. By PRorEessor D. P) PENHALLOW ..:-2.-. .....0.203 1 Some Lake and River Temperatures. By A. T. DRUMMOND eo g ds cata cd Weceec ese dencue NU oraaenyece 13 On the Collections of Samples of Water for Bacteri- . ological Analysis. By Wyatt Jounston, M.D.. 19 On the Cherts and Dolomites of the Rocks of Thun- der Bay, Lake Superior. By Etrric Drew VSG is ea pa SUSU GUAT ABA ING coe a Sc Wir eure wee ae 29 Supplemental Notes on the Flora of Cap-a-L’Aigle, By Rev. Roperr CAMPBELL, MOA DSBS. saetera. 38 ist of Coleoptera, collected in the vicinity of St. Jerome, he iQu . By Jb AUSEN! ..-.00- seeccc sca. 4] Proceedings of the Natural History Society.....64, 139, 189 Proceedings of the Microscopical Society............--. 64, 141 Manganese, its uses. Ores and Deposits. By R. A. F. Penrose. Notice by W. A. Cartyve, M.E.. 65 On the Nickel and Copper Deposits of Sudbury, Ont. . By Aurrep H.Bartow,M.A. Notice by H.M Amr 68 Erosion in the Desert of the Little Colorado. By Dr. INR AUSIZe 1B). JUDVEANIIS! 56 SoBe Sa eon i oreo eee 08 The Water Supply of the City of Kingston, Ont. By Prorsssor W. Ll. Goopwin........... 117 Some Laurentian Rocks of the Thousand Talend ‘ByaDR AA sR COLEMANT. -ec.cssensicnssadeane coer 127 Recent Auroral Displays. By Prorgssor C. H. Me Tino yori ck eee encned see sae ee tenon eee eee 131 The Nickel Deposits of Scandinavia. By PRorEssor ATMS iO GIy sinters se ation Aeideosas) os ey Ses 2 eee 132 Note on Magnesite from near Black Lake, P. Q. By Tighe DONATD; OMG Ae 8.0 mas sceeclesscsisuks dee eeeeee 137 The Tin Depositsin Queensland. By Robert L. Jack. 142 Thomas Sterry Hunt, LL.D., F.R.S.C. By Sir J. Wie DAWSON: $y 0 dap once ce hiesh astayt ane ae a eae 145 The Experimental Farms of Canada. By PROFESSOR ID) ep reid ONT AUG OW ania «0 cclacials se oeistia siento ceenes sae 149 The Birds of Quebec. By J. M. Lemorne, F.RS.C... 156 The European House Sparrow. By W. A. OswaLp. = 163 The UticaTerranein Canada. By H. M. Amt, M.A..166, 234 Lessons in Botany, Flowers and Fruit. By Miss J. TIN WAGs 1 OOK INOLICE 5. ne os a5. 2c)nlae so tele eee 204 Description of a New Genus and Species os Phyllo- carid Crustacea from the Middle Cambrian of Mount Stephen, B.C. By J. F. Wurrzaves..... 205 The Flora of Montreal Island. By Rev. Roxert CoN (25 207 7) py Ea: Wa D2] BIR eee eee esc 208 Notes on Cambrian Faunas. By G. F. Matrnew.... 247 ith'e) “Mol MoressOcle by \s7 505. as) ¢g2oes -cpoecsnten +e ote Deane 258 The Cabinet Anticlinal. By Herpert R Woop.. 261 New Species of Canadian Fungi. By J. B. ier AN a WARNES Ss fi4s' ine cess ar) -Seekcins oes edu 266 Contents. Trematobolus. An Articulate Brachiopod of the Inarticulate Order. By G. F. Matruew, M.A., LP LEAS On Sages Sedo EAU NED St OO HB OH SAE y oon hE Re ir eae a The Colours of Flowers in relation to their time of Flowering. By A. T. DRumMonp. ............... Notes on Old Indian Encampment. By Prorrssor Wits Bix GOOD WING sc osccss:sokesdetee aes sekcssse sec rosics A Visit to LakeSuperior Mines. By W. A. Cartyceg, Changes in the Flora of Montreal Island. By Rey. ROBERT CAMPBELL, MUA.) D:D2.. 22-3... .'esSeem ces Report of R. W. McLachlan, Delegate to the Royal SOGIGI adecbstonere base cseesobee secs arson usee oa encaceeacer White Variety of Fireweed. By A. F. WInn ........ Notes on the Gasperopoda of the Trenton Limestone of Manitoba, etc. By J. F. WHITEAVES........... Some Misconceptions concerning Asbestos. By J.T. Dor NATT ye ME Avs ios dese ccce suena n ace ats ante coe eheteutocehs The Folk-Lore of Plants. By Carris M. Derick, B.A. The late Dr. John Strong Newberry. By Sir J. W. WWAWISONic. rigidus, Say. OTIORHYNCHUS, Germ. sulcatus, Fab. ovatus, Linn, (= ligneus, { { Lec.) CURCULIONIDA. SITONES, Sch. . lineellus, Gyll. 530. tibialis, Hbst. IrHYCERUS, Sch. . noveboracensis, Forst. 62 Canadian Record of Science. Puytonomus, Sch. 532. nigrirostris, Fab. LeEpyrus, Sch. 533. colon, Linn. Listronotus, Jck. 534. appendiculatus, Boh. Pissopgs, Germ. 535. strobi, Peck. Hy.tosius, Germ. 536. pales, Hbst. Erycus, Tourn. 537. puncticollis, Lec. Maapatis, Germ. 538. armicollis, Say. ANTHONOMUS, Germ. 539. quadrigibbus, Say. 540. signatus, Say. Orcuestxs, IIl. 541. ephippiatus, Say. GYMNETERON, Sch. . 542. teter, Fab. CoNnoTRACHELUS, Sch. 543. nenuphar, Hbst. 544. posticatus, Boh. CryPToRHYNcuHos, III. 545. parochus, Hbst. Mononycuus, Germ. 546. vulpeculus, Fab. BALANINUs, Germ. 547. nasicus, Say. List of Coleoptera. 63 BRENTHIDA. Evupsatts, Juec. 548. minuta, Drury. CALANDRID. SPHENOPHORUS, Sch. 549. pertinax, Oliv. 550. sculptilis, Uhler. CALANDRA, Clairv. dd1. granaria, Linn. Cossonts, Clairv. 552. platalea, Say. SCOLYTIDA. XYLEBORUS, Hich. 553. pyri, Peck. Tomicts, Lat. 554, pin, Say. 555. calligraphus, Germ. DeENpRoTONUS, Er. 596. terebrans, Oliv. Hytoreoprs, Lec. D907. pinifex, Fitch. ANTHRIBID A. CRATOPARIS, Sch, 558. lunatus, Fab. 64 Canadian Record of Science. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATURAL History Soctery. The regular monthly meeting was held on Monday even- ing, November 30th, Hon. Senator Murphy, Vice-President, in the chair. The minutes of meeting of October 26th were read and approved. Minutes of council meeting of the 23d instant were also read. The Librarian reported the gift of a copy of Dana’s Manual of Mineralogy from Mr. Horace T. Martin. On motion of Mr. J. Stevenson Brown, seconded by Mr. F. B. Caulfield, the thanks of the society were tendered to Mr. Martin. It was moved by Mr. J. S. Shearer, seconded by Mr. J. S. Brown, that the by-laws be suspended, and that the Hon. J. K. Ward be elected a member of the society. Carried. Mr. Ward was then elected by acclamation. Sir William Dawson read a very interesting paper on ‘““Mrees cultivated on McGill College Grounds.” After a lengthy discussion of the paper, a vote of thanks to Sir William Dawson was moved by the Rev. Dr. Smyth, seconded by Mr. Edgar Judge. Carried. Mr. Horace T. Martin communicated some notes on old engravings of the beaver. The meeting then adjourned. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MicRoscoPicAL Society. The regular monthly meeting of the above society was held on Monday evening, Dec. 14th. the lecturer being Sir Wm. Dawson, who chose for his subject ‘‘The use of the Microscope in the Study of Fossils.” The lecture was most interesting, owing to the fact that Sir William gave, in clear, concise terms, the accumulated results of years of continuous research, and at the same time demonstrated some of the difficulties that the early investigators had to contend with, owing to the poor instruments at their com- Proceedings of the Microscopical Society. 65 mand. He exhibited a “prehistoric” microscope, of date 1834, and also a number of single lenses, with a magnifying power of about 200, by the aid of which all his early work had been accomplished. He laughingly remarked “ that if in the dawn of microscopy the instruments were poor, the observers had to make up for it by looking harder.” Cer- tainly nothing can mark more clearly the advance made in optical instruments, in response to the demands of science, than a comparison between the instrument of 1834 and that of to-day. Sie William demonstrated that our Montreal limestone is composed almost entirely of organic remains. He also exhibited a specimen of clay from McGill College grounds, and shewed that it contained a large number of foraminifera. Fossil sponges were treated of, and a large number of specimens, prepared by the lecturer, were ex- amined with much interest by the members. A vote of thanks was tendered Sir William for his court- esy In preparing so interesting a lecture and demonstration for the society. Letters of regret at being absent were read from His Excellency the Governor-General and others. The next meeting of the society will be held on January 11th, when Prof. Cox of McGill College will lecture on “Polarised Light, its usefulness in indicating structure,” with lantern illustrations. NoTIcES OF BooKs AND PAPERS. MANGANESE, ITs Usns, ORES AND Duposits, by R. A. F. Penrose, 642 pp., Littie Rock, Ark., 1891, being Volume I. of the Annual Report of the Arkansas State Geological Survey, 1890, J. C. Branner, State Geologist. In 1889 Dr. R. A. F. Penrose, jr., assistant geologist for the Geo- logical Survey of Arkansas, U.S., began the thorough reexamination and study of the manganese ceposits of that State,.and his official report, now published, proves how very complete and exhaustive have been his labors and researches, for not only has he examined personally the deposits in Arkansas, but he has visited every 5 66 Canadian Record of Science. known manganese region in the United States and Canada, inves- tigating the modes of occurrence of the ore and the mining and commercial history of this important product. In this very valu- able monograph are discussed (1) the uses of manganese together with the history and statistics of the manganese industry, (2) the ores of manganese and (3) the nature of manganese deposits, and to this we will be indebted for the substance of this article. Manganese is now used for many different purposes in the arts, but by far the greater part of the ore mined is converted into the alloys of manganese and iron, spiegeleisen and ferro-manganese, which in turn play such a vital part in steel making. As an oxi- dizer this ore is used extensively in the manufacture of chlorine, ‘bromine oxygen and disinfectants, and for discolorizing glass, and as a coloring material in coloring glass, pottery and tiles, calico printing and dyeing and paints. But it is in the production of steel that manganese plays such a prominent and valuable part. In 1839, Heath, an East Indian iron- monger, patented his process by which the introduction of the carburet of manganese into steel making was made with such mar- velious success that the price of steel was reduced $150 to $200 per ton. This revolution in the manufacture of steel was still further hastened by Bessemer, in 1858, introducing his perfected process in which manganese is used with great effect in his converter, leading to the. great reduction in the cost of steel with the conse- quent vast increase in its production and consumption. Of these alloys, spiegeleisen contains less than 20 per cent. of manganese, ferro-manganese 20 per cent. and more, and their effects in steel- making are various. In the first place their presence in the con- verter, after the iron has lost all its carbon, and hence been re- duced to wrought iron, serves to restore the proper amount of car- bon to “re-carburize,” or convert this wrought iron into steel. Again, manganese reduces the small but harmful quantities of iron oxide in the steel during the final melting; then passes into the slag, making it more fluid. This metal tends to overcome to a large extent in steel-making the evil influences of sulphur and phosphorus, and when present, even in small quantities, in steel, it increases the hardness, tough- yess, malleability and elasticity, and when the amount reaches 8 per cent. itnot only makes the steel astonishingly ductile, but also very hard. The production of spiegeleisen and ferro-manganese in the United States is increasing very rapidly, but the supply of domestic ores is far from sufficient for the demand. In 1889, 99,481 tons were imported and 85,823 tons produced, and though in the census Notices of Books and Papers. 67 year ending June 30th, 1890, the home production had greatly in- creased, the market is still open for large quantities of foreign ores. Manganese is a very valuable metal in some very useful alloys, such as manganese bronze, from which the propeller screws of the largest ocean steamships are made, an alloy of remarkable strength, hardness and toughness; and silver bronze, now very largely used as a substitute for German silver, a small percentage of aluminium present greatly enhancing its value. In its chief ores, manganese exists mostly as a carbonate or an oxide, but though true manganese ores are mined, manganiferous ores of other metals are more abundant, and in reality there is no sharp line between manganese ore proper and manganiferous iron ores which are very highly valued and readily marketable. All of the many manganese minerals on exposure to decomposition from surface influences are generally converted into oxides, and these oxyd minerals are thus more abundant, forming the greater part of American ores, and are known as pyrolusite, psilomelane, braunite, manganite and wad or bog manganese. In Canada manganese ores have been found in many parts, but the most valuable deposits are in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, those near the Bay of Fundy and Chignecto Bay having been the most extensively worked. Manganese was mined in Hants Co., N.S., as early as 1861, but the first real work was done at the Tenny Cape in that county in 1862 by John Brown. In 1864 the mine at Markhamville, N.B., was opened by Major A. Mark- ham, and bas been worked continuously ever since, producing up to 1890, 40,000 tons, or by far the greater part of Canada’s total yield, which has been estimated at over 50,000 tons. The most important deposits occur in the lower carboniferous limestone or the associated strata, and the ore is mostly found as an oxide, as pyrolusite, manganite and psilomelane, and especially as wad. Nearly all our Canadian ore is shipped to the United States, where it is used in glass-making, electric batteries, as a dryer in varnishes, but very little for spiegeleisen or ferro-manganese, as it is too pure and high grade, and thus more valuable for other in- dustrial purposes, particularly glass-making, where its freedom from iron is a very necessary quality. The Canadian deposits are such that the ore cannot be extensively mined as for spiegeleisen, but for chemical purposes its value of $40 to $100 per ton make it profitable, as at the most only $15 can be got for low grade min- eral. The ore is found in the limestone in interbedded lenticular layers, nests or pockets, carrying from a few pounds to several tons, alsoin considerable quantities in the clays overlying the de- ss 63 Canadian Record of Science. cayed surface of the limestone. Much of the ore is concentrated before shipping, by crushing, washing and sizing in screens, or else shipped en masse as “furnace ore,” to be manufactured into alloys for steel-making. In Canada the production from 1873-1886 of manganese ore was 16,039 tons, worth $344,440, while in 1890 it was 1,455 tons, worth $32,737. In 1888 the United States produced 291,330 tons of ore, valued at $1,454,416. The demand for manganese ores is ever in- creasing, and it is to be hoped that new deposits will be opened up in Canada, leading to mining on a more extensive and productive scale, and adding materially to the wealth and prosperity of our Dominion. W. A. Cartyia, M.E. On THE NICKEL AND Copper Deposits or Supgpury, Ont., by Alfred E. Barlow, M.A. (of the Geological Survey Department). This timely paper which appears in the June number of the Ottawa Naturalist, deals in general with the discovery, geological relations, mode of occurrence and composition of the nickel and copper ores in the Districts of Algoma and Nipissing, together with their prelimin- ary metallurgical treatment as carried on in this district. The dis- covery of nickel in Canada dates back to 1846, when its existence in workable quantities at the Wallace mine, on Lake Huron, was made known. In 1856 Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, in his analyses of some trap collected by Mr. Alex. Murray, of the Geological Survey, from the north-western corner of the Township of Waters, showed that small quantities of nickel and copper were present. These deposits are composed of chalcopyrite very intimately mixed with nickel- iferous pyrrhotite. The detection at some of the openings of poly- dymite, ferriferous sulphide of nickel, as well as a few undoubted crystals of millerite, seems to justify the assumption that in the more highly nickeliferous deposits, at least, the nickel is also pre- sent as a sulphide, disseminated through the ore mass like the iron and copper. These sulphides may be said to occur in three distinct ways. Ist, As contact deposits of pyrrhotite and chalcopy- rite, situated betweeu the clastic rocks, such as felsites, quartzites, and intrusive diabase or gabbro, or between these latter and gran- ite or micropegmatite. 2nd, As impregnations of these minerals through the diabase or gabbro, which are sometimes so rich and considerable as to form workable deposits. These sulphides are in no case found dissemmated through the clastic rocks at any great distance from the diabase or gabbro, which seems clear evidence Nickel and Copper of Sudbury. 69 that they have been brought up by the latter. 3rd, As segregated veins which may have been filled subsequently to the intrusion which brought up the more massive deposits. These veins are not very common, although certain portions of the more massive deposits may have been dissolved out and redeposited along cer- tain faults and fissures. Assays made for the Canadian Copper Company, by Mr. F. L. Sperry, the chemist, show a range in the percentage of nickel from 1.12 to 4.21 per cent., with an average of 2.38 per cent., while the copper varied from 4.03 to 9.98 per cent., with an average of 6.44 per cent. Mr. Hoffmann, of the Geological Survey, assayed four samples which showed the nickel contents to vary from 1.95 to 3.10 per cent., with an average of 2.25 per cent. The metallurgical treatment commences at the roast, where the ore is piled in rec- tangular heaps on previously laid cordwood and roasted for fifty to seventy days, and when thoroughly done should contain about 7 or 8 percent. of sulphur. It is then smelted in a very perfect water-jacketed furnace, the resulting product, or “matte,” contain- ing about 27 per cent, copper and 14 per cent. nickel. This is then packed in barrels and shipped to various refiners in the United States or Europe, according to their respective bids. The paper in question is the most succinct and best report we have as yet seen upon the ores and geology of the region about Sudbury, and no one interested in the geological and mineralogical problems involved, as well as the metallurgical points with which it deals, should be without it. A. M. Amt. ERosion IN THE DusERT OF THE LirrLE CoLoRADO. In No. 3 of “ North American Fauna,” recently published by the United States Department of Agriculture (1890-1), Dr. C. Hart Merriam, in addition to an immense amount of most valuable information on the botany and zoology of Arizona and Idaho, gives a graphic description of the peculiar erosion topography of the Desert area, as well as an account of several cloud-bursts which he witnessed while travelling in that almost unknown region. As these cloud-bursts, although having a very remarkable effect on the character of the erosion, occur but rarely and have been but very seldom described by competent observers, the following ex- tracts from Dr. Merriam’s reports, which are of especial interest, are here reproduced : The Desert of the Little Colorado, sometimes known as the * Painted Desert,” is a great basin about 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) 70 Canadian Record of Science. in depth, situated on the top of the plateau. It was excavated, as its name indicates, by the drainage system of the Little Colorade River—the Colorado Chiquito of the Mexicans—and consequently is lowest at the north, its slope being away from the southern edge of the plateau. The river has cut its bed down to about 820 meters (2,700 feet) at the point where it empties into the Grand Cajon of the Colorado, and throughout the lower part of its course it flows through a cation considerably below the level of the desert proper, the lowest part of which is but little less than 1,200 meters (ap- proximately 4,000 feet) in altitude. Its upper limit may be set at 1,800 meters (6,000 feet). The term Painted Desert should be restricted, it seems to me, to that part of the basin which is below 1,500 metres (approximately 5,000 feet). The geology of the region is simple. The lowest stratum which comes to the surface is carboniferous limestone; above this is red sandstone, which in turn is overlaid by the so-called variegated marls or argillaceous clays, sometimes capped by a thin layer of impure coal or lignite. The limestone appears on the west side of the river only (?), where it is soon buried under the ancient lava floods from San Francisco Mountain and neighboring craters. The red sandstone is encountered everywhere, sometimes as surface rock, sometimes as high cliffs forming the escarpments of broad mesas, and sometimes as curiously sculptured tablets standing on the plain. The marls are widely distributed, and in many places, particularly south of the lower part of Moencopie Wash,? rise from the surface levelin the form of strangely eroded hills and ranges of stratified cliffs, whose odd shapes and remarkable combinations of colors—red, white, blue, brown, yellow, purple and green—have given the area in which they occur the name “ Painted Desert.” There are hundreds of smoothly rounded, dome-shaped hills of bluish clay, utterly devoid of vegetation, and almost identical in appearance with the “gumbo hills,’ of the Bad Lands bordering the Little Missouri in North Dakota. Both the hills and the naked clayey flats between them abound in alkali vents—miniature cra- terlets—where the alkali effloresces, crusting over the surface in patches which resemble newly fallen snow. Many of the hills are capped with fossil wood, and many of the flats and lower levels east of the Little Colorado River are strewn with chips and pieces which have tumbled down during the wearing away of the hill- sides. Logs 30 to 50 centimeters (roughly, a foot or a foot anda half) in diameter and 9 to 12 meters (30 or 40 feet) in length are 1 The area below 1,370 meters (4,500 feet) is about 120 kilometers (75 miles) in length, and that below 1,500 meters (5,000 feet), 200 kilometers (125 miles). ‘The long axis of the desert, slightly crescentic in form, and curving from near the mouth of the Little Colorado in the northwest to New Mexico in the southeast, is 520 kilometers (200 miles) in length, with a transverse diameter of about 110 kilometers (70 miles) along the middle portion, and a total area of ~9,800 square kilometers (11,500 square miles). Its eastern edge penetrates the boundary of New Mexico in two arms, following the usually dry courses of the Zuni and the Carrizo, and nearly reaches the boundary along the Rio Puerco, the largest tributary of the Colorado Chiquito. 2 The terms “ wash” and “ arroyo > are applied to the deep channels or ravines so common in arid regions. ‘‘‘These arroyos are natural consequences of the unequal manner in which the rain falls throughout the year. Sometimes not a drop falls for several months ; again, it pours down ju a perfect deluge, washing deep beds in the unresisting soil, leaving behind the appearance ot the deserted bed of a great river.’—Emory, Mexican Boundary Survey, I, 1857, p. 57. Erosion in Colorado Desert. 71 still common, and several sections were found, possibly from the same tree, which measured about 150 centimeters (5 feet) in dia- meter. There are pebbled beds miles in extent, made up of agate, moss-agate, chalcedony, jasper, obsidian and fossil wood, with not so much as a spear of grass or bit of cactus between them. On the other hand, many of the mesas and plains are covered with sand and decomposed marls, which support a scanty growth of cactus, yucea, grease-wood and a few other forms of vegetation character- istic of arid regions. The bed of the Little Colorado River contains the only running water in this part of Arizona, and it “goes dry ” a large part of the year, a little water remaining in scattered pools, which are strongly alkaline. Some of the salt and alkali flats on the river-bottom sup- port a luxuriant growth of a singular fleshy plant belonging to the genus Salicornia, which at a little distance tooks like a leafless bush with green stems. During the rainy season, and whenever the river ‘‘runs,” the liquid which flows down its course is red alkaline mud, about the consistency of ordinary sirup. This is the case also with its tributaries, of which Moencopie Wash and Tenebito Wash are the only ones which cross the Painted Desert proper. The physical and climatic features of the Painted Desert are peculiar and striking, and result in the production of an environ- ment hostile alike to diurnal forms of animal life and to the person who traverses it- The explorer is impressed witb the unusual aspects of nature—the strange forms of the hills, the long ranges of red and yellow cliffs, the curiously buttressed and turreted buttes and mesas, the fantastic shapes of the rocks carved by the sand- blast, and rendered still more weird by the hazy atmosphere and steady glare of the southern sun, the sand-whirls moving swiftly across the desert, the extraordinary combination of colors exposed by erosion, the broad clayey flats whitened by patches of alkati and bare of vegetation, the abundance of fossil-wood, the extensive beds of shining pebbles, the unnatural appearance of the distant mountains sharply outlined against the yellow sky, the vast stretches of burning sand, the total absence of trees, the scarcity of water, the alluring mirage, the dearth of animal life, and the intense heat, from which there is no escape. The Plateau region of the interior of North America is noted for its scanty rain-fall, and the same may be said of Arizona as a whole. The annual precipitation and mean humidity are greatest on the high mountains and least on the low plains and deserts. The San Francisco Mountain has many times the rain-fall of the Little Colorado Desert, near by, and the quantity of aqueous vapor in the air is correspondingly higher. Evaporation is retarded by the clouds which frequently rest upon the summit, and by the dense spruce forests which protect the soil from the direct rays of tne sun, enabling it to retain enough moisture to permit the growth of plants requiring a humid atmusphere for their existence. There are two rainy seasons on the San Francisco Mountain plateau: one in summer, usually in July or August, the other in mid-winter. The summer rainy season is characterized by daily thunder-showers. As a rule, several such showers occur each day, and not infrequently several may be seen at the same time from any of the volcanic cones. The area covered by each is very small, its diameter rarely exceeding half, or even a quarter of a mile; 72 Canadian Record of Science. and its duration is brief, though the rain-fall may be considerable. The accompanying thunder is often terrific, and the lightning vivid and destructive. Tall pines are shattered on every hand, and cattle are frequently killed; three were killed by one stroke near our camp about the middle of August. The showers almost always take place in the day-time, and are most common at mid-day and in the early afternoon. In fact, it is a common saying in this region that it never rains at night. Two partial exceptions to this rule occurred during our stay, one in which an unusually severe and protracted rain lasted from about 3 o’clock in the afternoon until 9 or 10 in the evening; the other, a light shower which actually took place in the night. During the latter part of the rainy season the showers became less frequent, but extended over a larger area and lasted longer. The axis of abundance seems to be between San Francisco and Kendrick Peaks, but the greatest precipitation occurs on San Francisco Mountain, as would be ex- pected from its great altitude. The summit of the mountain is so cold that it is occasionally whitened with snow while rain falls at its base; and hail-storms are frequent both on the mountain itself and throughout the plateau region, many sudden storms taking this form. Over much of the pine plateau the soil consists of decomposed lava, and is so porous that the rain sinks out of sight as it falls, and the atmosphere is so dry and evaporation so rapid that a few minutes after a shower no traces of it are visible. On the arid desert of the Little Colorado rains are infrequent, but usually of great violence, producing torrents which cut deep washes or ‘“arroyos” in the sun-baked sand and clay. Sometimes cloud- bursts deluge large areas, flooding the valleys and destroying mul- titudes of the smaller mammals. ‘Three storms of this character were witnessed, two of moderate size, the third of great dimen- sions, and striking evidences of a fourth were everywhere noticeable when we reached the region. This latter almost inundated the town of Flagstaff and several other places along the line of the Atlantic & Pacific Railway, and left unmistakable evidences of its volume and force in various directions, the most impressive, perhaps, being the overflow of a crater lake and adjoining craterlet just east of Kendrick Peak. The track of the torrent that rushed down the sides of this crater, and for a distance through the pine forest beyond, suggested a veritable volcanic eruption. While following the course of Tenebito Wash across the Painted Desert, we saw a heavy rain-storm raging over the high mesas to the north and east during the entire afternoon of August 14, though not a cloud came between us and the parching sun. Before dark a furious wind—the vehicle of a sand-blast—swept down the wash between the rows of cliffs which mark its course, abating as night came on. About 10 o’clock we were startled by a loud roaring in the north, which at first gave the impression that asevere storm was advancing upon us, but not a cloud could be seen, and the stars shone brightly in every direction. The roaring increased and came nearer until it was evident that something was coming down the bed of the wash; and in a moment a great wave of thick mud rushed past with a tremendous roar, accompanied by a fetid stench. ‘The first wave was about 1% metres (5 feet) high, but it soon rose to 24 meters (8 feet), where it remained for an hour, and then Erosion in Colorado Desert. (33 slowly subsided. After 33 hours it was still about 13 meters (5 feet) deep and running swiftly, and it had not entirely ceased three days later. Two days afterward (August 16), when at the Moki Pueblo of Oraibi, a furious rain set in about 4 p.m., and lasted more than an hour, flooding the house-tops and streets and parts of the valley below. And yet the desert was as parched next day asif it had never been wet. The heaviest and most extended rain-fall observed by us occurred September 20, on which date Mr. Bailey and I set out from Little Spring for Moencopie. Heavy laden clouds began scurrying over the mountain toward the northeast early in the morning, and by noon the entire sky was overcast and had a most ominous appear- ance. Soon the rain began falling in torrents, and the storm moved steadily eastward from the edge of the lava-beds to the Little Colorado, and thence across the desert to the high mesas beyond. Such a delnge I never saw, and we afterwards learned that it extended 160 kilometers (nearly 100 miles) to the south. The gulck in the edge of the lava-beds, about 23 kilometers (14 miles) east of Black Tank, was full to overflowing; the flat upon which it empties was 14 meters (5 feet) under water; great lakes appeared in various parts of the desert, and the Little Colorado bottom was completely flooded. And vet all this vast volume of water disappeared in a few hours. A red, sirupy, alkaline mud filled the bed of the Little Colorado for a few days, and pools of similar mud were occasionally found in depressions in the sand- rock all the way to Moencopis. The whole desert, from the San Francisco lava-beds on the west to Echo Cliffs on the east, showed that it had been recently deluged, as if by the breakage of some mighty dam, but the water had disappeared. From the scanty data available, and from the experience of residents of the region, it is safe to infer that the rain-fall was unusually heavy in the Plateau region during the summer of 1889. In No. 5 of the “ North American Fauna,” Dr. Merriam also makes the following observations on the effects of water-courses on the geographic distribution of species : Mountain streams, in passing down into the plains, exert a two- fold influence on the distribution of animals and plants. By their constant efforts to reach base level, these streams are continually cutting down and lengthening the valleys in such a way as to pro- duce gradually sloping bottom lands, which penetrate the highlands from the plain below, carrying with them narrow prolongations or tongues of the fauna and flora of lower levels, which follow the the contour lines in a general way. The second effect mentioned is of an exactly opposite character. The low temperature of the water, coming from melting snow-banks or cold springs in the mountains, lowers the temperature of the soil supporting the vegetation on its immediate banks, while the eva- poration from its surface cools the air to which the foliage of such vegetation is exposed, thus bringing the northern or higher fauna and flora down along the immediate course of the stream. : The length of the stream and steepness of the slope determine whether the first or second effect is most pronounced. Rivers having long courses over the plains, such as the Missouri and 6 74 Canadian Record of Science. Platte, become so thoroughly warmed during their long journey that the second effect is inappreciable, while the first is very strongly marked, southern forms of life ascending these valleys a hundred kilometers or more beyond the usual limit. Short streams, on the other hand, and particularly those that head in mountains and have rapid courses, carry northern forms many kilometers below their normal limit, but do not afford the same facility for the northward extension of southern forms. Streams of intermediate character (in the respects indicated) present intermediate con- ditions, and where the two types balance, the northward (or upward and southward (or downward) extensions of the life zones are of equal length, the latter inclosing the former like the inyoluted finger of a glove. Tun Birrps or Manitopa. By Ernest E. Thompson, Toronto, Can- ada. Proc. U.S. National Museum, Vol. XITI, 1890. In this pamphlet of 643 pages, the author gives the results of three years’ field studies of the birds of Manitoba, supplemented by numerous quotations from previous writers and unpublished manuscripts, notably the unpublished “ Observations on Hudson’s Bay,” by Thos. Hutchins, for twenty-five years prior to 1782 an agent of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Mr. Thompson has also availed himself of a number of reports communicated to the A. O. U. Committee on Bird Migration, bringing together a large amount of information respecting the ornithology of a district of which previously but comparatively little was known. The author’s own field notes are very full, particularly with regard to the nesting habits and singing powers of many species, and bring vividly be- fore us charming pictures of bird life, amidst the whispering woods and on the breezy prairies. The work consists of five parts, (1) an introduction giving the boundaries and physical features of the province; (2) an “Annotated list of the birds,’ numbering 266 species and subspecies ; (3) “A chronological list of the principal books and articles consulted; ” (4) “ A list of the manuscripts used in completing the foregoing notes;” (5) index. The paper is ac- companied by a map showing the distribution of the prairies, sand dunes and marshes and the deciduous and coniferous forests, the whole forming a very important addition to the literature of Cana- dian ornithology. Itis to be regretted that the mechanical portion of the undertaking is not equally praiseworthy, the presswork being very poor indeed, and typographical errors by no means in- frequent. ; F. B. CauLFnrnp. Taxidermy. 75 TAXIDERMY AND ZooLoGicAL Cottectine. By William T. Hornaday. New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1891. To the enthusiastic boy naturalist, waging a losing battle with the mangled remains of what once was a bird or small mammal, this book will be a revelation and a delight, telling him plainly and pleasantly everything necessary to enable him to skin, preserve and set up his bird or squirrel. To the advanced worker it will be equally welcome, giving the latest and most approved methods of work, with a copiousness of detail and wealth of iliustration exceedingly gratifying when com- pared with previous works. In truth, however, the plan of Mr. Hornaday’s book is so comprehensive and so ably carried out, that it cannot fairly be compared with any of its predecessors, many of the methods and appliances described being either the author’s Own inventions or improvements upon those already in use, espe- cially with reSpect to mounting the larger mammals and scaled fishes. Stress is laid upon the necessity of taking a full series of measurements and outline drawings, and the importance of accu- rate notes of all specimens, with sketches, so as to trust nothing to memory. Sound advice that, if followed, would save endless trouble. While preferring the clay-covered manikin for mounting mammals larger than a squirrel, the author describes the method of mounting with a soft body, as practised by the French taxiderm- ists, viz., filling around a central support with tow or similar. material. For the smaller mammals the writer prefers using a hard body, similar to that described for mounting birds, exactly copying the natural body as to size and form. For absorbing moisture or grease the writer much prefers fine sawdust to either plaster of Paris or cornmeal, the former covering everything with a fine film of dust, and when mixed with liquified grease forming a gummy cement very difficult to get rid of, while the latter is too hard to absorb moisture quickly. The book is divided into six parts: (1) Collecting and preserving. (2) Taxidermy. (3) Making casts. (4) Osteology. (5) The collection and preservation of insects (by Rev. W.J. Holland). (6) General information. Each subject is exhaustively treated, leaving little or nothing to be desired, every page bearing witness that it is written by one who loved his work and spared no pains to make himself master of it. It is illustrated by twenty-four plates and eighty-five cuts in the text. F. B. CAvuLFHILD. BER, 1891. |, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. sy CLOUDED = In TENTHS. JS oO} S iS) es eee neti es rg SS rOrS iene =a z Saal 3 eo | os Ae aloe si sel le eee ss DAY. 3 a OEM StS = Be ® Sl Psa 3 a" 2 g S =| 44 ina] ifs) ‘a a=} 4.8 | I0 | oO 85 Goo - oe 1 3.0 | 10 fo) 59 on nee on 2 D.0 ° ° g2 | : . 3 SYSAN tererell banca 50 atte uN wiere 4 cccceceees- SUNDAY 5.3 | 10] o 19 0.06 Rite 0.06 5 2.2 7) Of 96 O06 goo oe 6 9.7 | 10| 8] oo 0.15 Gon | arin) (eyZ 5.7 | 10 | Off oo 0.78 siaie 0.78 8 3.3 | 10 ° 00 ohave sche cake 9 Bi Sul) O\|/4,0 70 eee 0 ++ f IO Baan | sak I cot Ihe} 0.02 TOO LOL 2A ie LMiltekeloree verre SunDay b.o| o| Of 94 ye do boo 12 7-7| 10 | OF oo S000 4 G00?) 25%} 6.0|/10| OF 18 Inap e.. |Inap.J 14 5-5 | 10] Of oo 0.06 ve 0.06 | 15 Dez xcon| 5 ag) 402 Inap . |Inap.f 16 4.2 | 10 | Of 32 sere dc00.| 2% P ay 30 04 § 800" ah loo 900) 18k soacoo + eee SUNDAY 2.5] 9| OF 84 dood) | a0b0 6p00)| fy Ee) 0.0 | Io | 10 00 0.93 aes 0.93 | 20 6.7 | 10 | Of 03 0.04 Mekefe 0.04 | 2 8.2 | 10 | o 15 ... | Inap. | Inap.f 22 plats} 282) 2 25 . eu sees J 23 6.7 | 10 Of 03 Oeil 0 24 etn reat 86 BEBO hew ood lel) P25) Nelsrcleroe ss OUN DAY 0.0 | 10 | 10 ff 42 OLOI | cheretena | LOR LOUN ZO 0.0 | 10 | 10 | oo 0.13 | 0.50 | 0.18 | 27 4.2|10]/ Of 84 Nee S60 28 4.3 | 10 | Off o7 Bao a baba | He) 3.8] 10] of 68 0.01 .. | 0.0r | 30 9-8] 10} 9 16 0.04 60 0.04 ff 31 6.0 | 41.9 | 2.38 fig kte) || Baby] SENS) ccedanog ves 17 Years means for 5.47 |esoe'. so spl4o.6 | 3.32 157 | 3.48 4 and including this month, ja-level and | a range of 1-212 inches. Maximum relative hu- midity was 98 on the 2lst. Minimum relative humidity was 42 on the 9th. ercury. é i¢ 100. Rain fell on 13 days. Snow fell on 3 days. e 3rd; the | Rain or Snow fell on 14 days. ing a range S Hoar frost on 2 days. armest day h. Highest | Lunar corona on the 16th. the 12th; Fog on 2 days. 81st, giving eS a ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1891. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. 7 = Sky CLoupepD| z THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. 1M WIND In Tantus. }5 9) 28 5 5 Sj] ——— ——_—— Mean —— —_j—__—_. oEMfal) Et a cEGe ees relative| Dew e2s| 38 a3 53 il poi Mean Saez! S5 @3 | 32 5 arnid points General velocity] %|g]235) ee | 23. EP DAY. Mean.| Max. | Min. | Range.| Mean. | § Max. § Min. a direction. |in miles 3 5 lanka! a =p |} el 5 perhour| 34 na a ; 1] 52-33 | 63.8 42.3 22.5 30-4177 | 30-513 30.315 73:8 43.3 Ss. 5.4 to| of 85 1 2| 60.17 | 70.5 47-0 23.5 30.2117 | 30.316 30.114 76.0 52.5 S.W. 12.7 to| Of 59 2 3 7-10 80.1 61.1 19.0 29.9547 30-101 29.846 74-0 62.2 S.W. 22.1 ° ° 92 eel | 3 SURD ACRE seeos || FEO 64.1 8.8 3000008 and C0000 case sees S.W. 10.8 «- | =+] 50 0 4. Sunpay 57-55 | 69-7 | 48-4 | 21-3 | 29.7290 | 29.938 | 29.596 78.5 | 50.8 S.W. 15.8 ro| of 19 r A 5 44.37 | 50.2 39-5 10.7 30-0012 30-235 30.050 64.2 32-7 W. 13-1 7\ of 96 S000 5 600 6 45-73 | 508 | 39-8 | 11.0 | 30.1757 | 30.265 30-029 73-5 | 370° Bh. 6.8 zo | 8] oo | ors + jor] 7 43-55 | 46-0 | 42.2 4-8 | 29.8585 | 29.972 29.755 89.2 40.3 N.E. 9-9 to | Of co | 0.78 . | 0.78] 8 45-67 | 55-7 36.3, 19-4 30.0160 | 30.966 29-976 76.8 37.8 S.W. 10.5, 10 | of] oo 000 6 |hanol| © 51.28 | 59-7 42.5 17.2 30.0493 | 30.120 30.020 77-5 442 Sawa 14.0 Io | o 7° woo «} 10 SUNDAY ..----11 48.4 | 32-9 | 15-5 cores Bono sees sete ao N. 21.9 «| -- | 93 FX ooanses ... SUNDAY 12 44.8 | 30.2 | 14.6 | 30.6860 | 30.762 30.589 66.3 7.0 NE. 8.9 o| of o4 12 | 3 47-2 | 32-7 | 14-5 } 30-3657 | 30-53x | 30.183 75-3 | 32-8 N.E. 9.0 10 | of oo 13 14 54.6 29.816 19-3 39-7 N.E. 10.0 1o| of 18 14 15 60.0 29.781 82.7 43-7 S.W. 14.4 10 | Of oo 15 16 53-6 29.870 17-2 40.0 W. 17-5 io} 5] 62 10 17 48.2 30.243 Br 2 38-3 S.W, 5-7. 10] of 32 17 ‘ SunpAy.. - ...18 | ..- 57-5 pag see sees S.B. 17.0 oe |} ce || ys 18 ....+++++»SUNDAY 19 | 45-43 | 53-8 | 30.020 80.5 39-5 N.E. 10.2 9] of 84 19 20 | 4352) 47-3 29 622 gx.8 41.3 N.E 15.5 10 | 10] 00 20 21 44.65 | 48.0 29-593 87.3 40.8 W. 13.0 to | Of 03 ar 22 | 38.13 | 42-0 29.852 73-3 | 30-2 W. 14.9 ro} of 15 22 23| 34 63 | 39.0 29.732 | 72.3 26.7 W. 13-4 to} 2] 25 see | 23 24 | 35-00 | 40.5 29.716 64.2 | 24.2 Ww. 19.7 10 | of 03 ee | 34 SUNDAY.... -.-25 | --::: 37-7 oaco8 500 e000 10.7 60 86 seeeeses «SUNDAY 26 | 42.55 | 50-5 29.624 81.2 | 37.0 7:0 ro | 10] 42 2 36.40 | 41.7 29.676 86.3 32-7 16.5 zo | 10 | 00 28 | 30.38 | 33-7 30.208 7o8 | 22.3 9-5 ro] of 84 | 29 | 33-70 | 39-3 | 30.238 8r.0 | 28.3 | . 12.0 10| of o7 | 30 | 44.50 | 55.0 29.958 74.2 | 36.5 Ss. 14 2 ro| of 68 | 31 | 54-67 | 61.6 | 29.550 60.7 49.7 S.W. 20.1 ro} 9] 16 sess -s-+++Means| 45.14 | 52-38 76.63 | 37-87 |W. 2239S. | 13-0 40.9 2.53 |Sums ... | 17 Years means | 17 Years means for for and including, | 45.06 | 52.03) 38.39) 13.64}. 30.0036 8068 eens 76-35 aon Ropdon 00 ... [140.6 | 3.32 | 2-57 | 3-48] and including this this month. Bo month, | | ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. ¥ Barometer readings reduced to sea-level and | a range of 1-212 inches. Maximum relative hu- | j temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. midity was 98 on the 2ist. Minimum relative Direction. ..- N. | N.E. £ 8.E. | Ss. S.W. Ww. N.W. | Calm. § Observed. ane | MGA. oo non Faree oe 5 ‘Gennes 2888 ae 31 + Pressure of vapour in inches of mercury. Leech was) 42/0n the 9th. eo ee oe es I = Bu _ PAL thee) ¢ Humidity relative, saturation being 100. Rain fell on 13 days. Duration in hrs .. 48 112 43 Boyt ees 187 148 63 6 I 10 years only Snow fell on 3 days. Tapa Paal wa | Tal aed The greatest heat was 80-1 on the 3rd; the 4 Mean velocity.-- 526 12h Ba Bae 5) AW <2E-o: 254 | nae Eth greates cold was 24.5 0n the 28th, giving a range at re ey AN caniidaye | aa a a = of temperature of 55.6 degrees. Warmest day np Sas On Cla Greatest mileage in one hour was 30 on the Ich ! Resultant milenge, 3308. was the 3rd. Coldest day was the 28th. Highest Lunar corona on the 16th. Greatest velocity in gusts, 36 mes por houron | Rusultunt direction, W. 223° S. barometer reading was 30-762 on the 12th; Fog on 2 days. the llth. | Voral mileage, 9058, jowest barometer was 29.550 on the 3lst, giving ———t = MBER, 1891. 31, 187 feet.C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. KY CLOUDED ane | B Iy TenTas. 2G Eli) Es Seve! = 4) ba 2) 3 oie) a5 ao saeQ Elles $25\ s2 | Bs | gs DAY. os Bo) “a oA icis ss BY fom mM 3 fa] Sul... 15 0.13 0.13 IT eeceee eee e+ SUNDAY 6.7 | 10 42 fe . 2 2.3 3 4:7 4 5.9 5 0.0 6 7-3 7 Su... iS Goateosags SuNDaAy | 4.7 9 5- 5 10 5-0 II 8.7 12 | 8.2 13 | 7-3 14 | Su.-. Tope accmiel . »SUNDAY | 0.0 10 | 9.0 17 | 6.0 18 | 7-7 19 | 0.0 20 | 0.0 aI | Sure 22) -e eee SUNDAY a 0.0 23 | 0.0 24 8.3 25 | 8.3 26 | 0.0 27 6.7 28 Su.. Ze) sndsq08000 SUNDAY 7.2 30 |7.2 SUMSie cre sive 6 | 17 Years means for for7.3 and including this | thi month, | a-leveland | a range of 1-599 inches. Maximum relative hu- oF midity was 100 on the Ist. Minimum relative 1 aoe =| humidity was 46 on the 19th and 20th. ureury d “le 100. Rain fell on 13 days. Di Snow fell on 7 days. we /7th; the | ail fell on 2 days. elie foae Rain or Snow fellon17 days. jarmest day | bh. Highest Lunar halo on 1th. ‘the 19th; Lunar corona on the 14th. | thé3rd, giving Oe ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF NOVEMBER, 1891. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet.C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. 2 [Sky Croupep i . THERMOMETER. = BAROMETER. WIND. Iy Tenvus. [5 ,9) © s 5 ae ae Sues — + Mean [it Mean —_.—__—_] See| Sy | se | 23 - pres-_ frelative| Dew Mean Bieiol ag ee | 32 DAY. sure of }humid-| point. " el) ye Eo | go DAY. 5 ; a vapour. iG General |velocity| cee Be BEI 3 Mean.| Max. | Min. | Range. Mean. | § Max. § Min. Range. DP y- direction. |in miles Elia a a- | 8 perhou: nd a e Sunpay. 52-5 28.6 ane 15 0.13] 1 -.....-...SUNDAY | 34-0 26.3 30.2485 2 2 35-3 26.5 30-3740 76 3 33.0 | 21.2 30.2517 23 4 36.8 23.0 30.1567 33 5 40.0 26.5 30.2177 94 6 42.0 | 25.8 30-1303 83 7 Sunpay ... s47e2 i|lagavoy |lexss25llf tessa as weet at3 air N. 11.2 : 88 Bes Ao Sunpay 55-7 32-7, 39.0130 | 30.061 29.977 2084 34:5 S 15.1 4-7 7 9 547 41.6 29.9843 | 30.044 29.903 41.8 S.E. 20.7 5-5 00 10 55-4 40.5 29.8012 | 29.867 29-749 44-7 S.W- 18.8 5-0 85 II 49-5 | 37-3 29.9252 | 30.019 29.874 38.7 S.W. 16.1 | 8.7 ‘00 12 42.0 35-4 30.1778 | 30.236 30.058 30-7 S.W.. 12.7, B.2 00 13 39 4 | 28.5 30.3935 | 30-533 30.247 21.5 W. 14.4 | 7-3 69 14 SuNDay 15 32.8 24.4 Big bbe B90% class 51.40 N.W. We \h chan 94 15 .-..-++++»SUNDAY 16 49-5 27.8 21.7 30.1028 | 30.362 29.884 37-5 S.E. 23.6 | 10.0 00 16 7 60.4 | 30-7 | 29.7 || 29-5285 | 29.739 | 29.302 39.7 SW. 30.4 | 10.0 00 17 18 31.0 | 17.0 | r4.0 || 30.2740 | 30.539 | 29.907 13.8 NuW. 22.5 | 6.0 65 18 19 36.4 16.0 20.4 30.5317.| 30.6209 | 40.440 19.0 Ss. 16.1 77 13 19 20 39-5 29-3 10.2 30.4722 | 30.507 | 30.442 26.8 s. 33.6 } 10.0 00 20 21 49.2 36.4 12.8 30.2908 | 30.467 | 30.134 33-7. S.E. 18 1 | 10.0 00 ai SUNDAY ,.,_...22 51.7 44.3 7-4 Sase'|| cossoe |} acne 6 3500 8. 21.1 Jeoo 00 i i 22) SUNDAY, 23 56.7 49-0 Tn) 29.4160 | 29.715 29.013 48.7 Sis. 22.4 | 10.0 00 0.35 0-35 f 23 24 52.0 | 36.5 | 15.5 [| 29-2660) 29.538 29.041 35.3 S.W. 35-7, | 10.0 00 | 0.38 0.38 | 24 25 37.3 295 7-8 29-7718 | 29 854 29.706 26.8 SW. 20.7 8.3 09 pod 0.07 ff 25 26 37-0 22.5 14.5 29.8953 | 30.063 | 29.638 25.0 S.E. 16.2 8.3 49 Inap. Inap.}} 26 27 39-2 25.0 14.2 29-5778 | 29.723 | 29.395 27.7 W. 18.3 || 10.0 21 0.07 0.08 | 27 28 26.6 5.2 | 21.4 [| 29-9440| 30.195 | 29.765 9.3 N. 2.8 | 6.7 Co. errs 0.20 |] 28 SUNDAY........29] ....- 7.5 0.0 Fos) |) aoenaong sco000 ago coo Ww. 10.9 noo QI 50 29... 000+++ SUNDAY 30 12.68 | 27 3 2.4 24.9 30.2708 |e 30.400 30.177 8.8 S.W. 12.9 7-2 07 0.10 | 0.01 J 30 50.09)| 32/88 | 17.21) 30,0406 ae: 7280 |S)24o W.| 16g | 7.2 2.71 | 3.50 | 3.06 [Sums .... ae "37 Years means co Kes fs 17 Years means for for and including} 32.23 | 38.81 | 26.38] 12.42) 3o.orzz rene BESEnG Ane 7.4 |e+e-|....[M130.4 | 2.43 | 12.8 | 3.72 J and including this this month....... Z month, ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. * Barometer readings reduced to sea-leveland | a range of 1.599 inches. Maximum relative hu- : 7 Ra ee a alle ) | temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. midity was 100 on the Ist. Minimum relative Direction. ..- N. N.E. i. S.E. S. -W. Ww. H eS bio.) Case S@lbsawerh nee humidity was 46 on the 19th and 20th. ake cone 3812 aa) _ + Pressure of vapour in inches of mercury. 5 Daan om peas | aa = — t Humidity relative, saturation being 100. Rain fell on 13 days. Duration in hrs.. 3 | & 28 144 yo2 193 108 44 41 10 years only. Snow fell on 7 days. . Mean velocity....| 8.4 8.3 6.6 19.5 tas | 19.7 15.8 aa The greatest heat was 60.4 on the 17th; the Hail fell on 2 days. Greatest mileage in one hour was 63 on the lith. Greatest velocity in gusts, 64 miles per houron the 17th, Resultant mileage, 5750. Resultant direction, S. 244° W. Total mileage, 11709. greates cold was zero on the 29th, giving a range of temperature of 60.4 degrees. Warmest day was the 23rd. Coldest day was the 30th. Highest barometer reading was 30-612 on the 19th; lowest barometer was 29.013 on the 23rd, giving Rain or Snow fell on 17 days. Lunar halo on 15th. Lunar corona on the 14th. = _ IMBER, 1891. vel, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. Sky CLovpep] ] = “ad al + — =) es TENTHS. Sell a 2 o's =n = 7 Ss Sea| ae | 28 | ze S | eS Sil vais ——) ao DAY S$ | =] [ean 37 SH i= Ss) | = fy a=} a z ian] 7.8 | I0 fe} 55 c I 6.0 | 10 fo) 73 0 5 2 27, 10 fo) Sey) J aoo06 5 3 7-5 | Iov) of 28 0.50 0.5 | 0.55 4 4-8 | 10 | of 68 0.02 0.02 5 see [se | 76 Bais Inap. | 0.00 (oer -e SUNDAY 8.0 | Io fo) 00 Eyetohe 2.6 0.26 7 4.7 |10| of 82 siete oO 8 BeSilp XO) || -oup 162 oad0 9 6.2 | I0/ o 62 10 2.8|10| of 81 | II 2 7-7|10] of 2 | 12 doo i 88 sun selene Aas 13 0 .. SUNDAY Fei |eXO! || KO BOX 36 14 Jost! eke Ko) | Care) On 14s ie) 10.0 15 10.0 | 10 | 10 | 00 0.45 1.6 10 3-3.| 10 | of oo 300 TInap. 17 6.7 |10| of 65 Heya | Loapy 18 5-8] 10} of 68 meters Inap. 19 60 oI ste 2OMiee oper satstays SUNDAY 5.0 | t0 | off 31 46 aI 9.2 | Io 5 00 0.03 22 | I0.0 | I0 | 10 Jf oo 0. 46 Eoo0 23 8.3 | 10 | off oo 0.02 0.3 24 10.0 | Io } Io 00 0.02 see 25 10.0 | Io } Io | oo | 0.23 26 BES Stacie Bt ob Inap 2] donload tev -SUNDAY 5s |) oy -@)} | tS: iI oe Sisters 28 Io.0 | 10 | of 03 0.36 29 | 5-0] 10} of 32 0.21 I.0 30 GEO On ONmenOx a 31 6.48 dlobod | S¥Agp || “2avt 12.0 Sumsieeeee Haan 17 Years means for 7-08). «1. «|. oc) 2923 | 1.39 23-7 jan including _ this \ month, ‘sea-leveland | Midity was 98 on 3 days. Minimum relative eal humidity was 47 on the 5th. Dir Rain fell on 11 days. — mercury. Snow fell on 11 days. leing 100. Rain or Snow fell on 17 days. | Du Hoar frost on 5 days. —- Fog on 5 days. wc ete ding flee Coloured solar halos of 22° and 46° with contact HOT CaN ares and parhelia on the 6th. ees. Warmest i E | 17th. Highest Norr.—The mean temperature of this month n the 3lst: | WS 10.°7 above the normal and is the highest for e 16th, giving | December in the Seventeen Years over which the relative hu- | Present series of observations extends. th CLoupeD| | | Greatest mileage in one hour was 62 on the 26th. Greatest velocity in gusts, 65 miles per hour on the 26th. Resultant mileage, 10,550. Resultant direction, S. 40° W. Total mileage, 15,531. a range of tewperature of 56.5 degrees. Warmest day was thedth. Coldest day was the l7th. Highest barometer reading was 30-725 on the 3lst; lowest barometer was 29.272 on the 16th, giving arange of 1-453 inches. Maximum relative hu- ares and parhelia on the 6th. Norre.—The mean temperature of this month was 10-°7 above the normal and is the highest for December in the Seventeen Years over which the present Series of observations extends. : a S Sk | = THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. WIND Iy Tentus. ]5 , | a | iS SS ==] = —— pen D == | = eae] 3 § Sia | 25 | | relative) Dew Staa| oo. GO |e DANG | umid-) point. | General valenay s Ee 8 g E| FE =e 23 DAN | Mean., Max. | Min. | Range.jf Mean. |§ Max. | § Min. | Range. ity. direction. |in miles] 3 Ss 3 5A) ae eye | 4 | | perhouy = |= |= |% | = a 3 | —_- —_—. —— J —____| ———w as ——| — —— = = — ~ | ——_| — = 27-3 9-4 30.1150 | 30.197 | 30.003 | oo. 79-7 | 25-5 S.W. 21.8 ] 7.8] 10] of 55 | 1 | 27.8 15.9 29-9647 | 30.042 | 29.910 | 0. 71.3 28.5 Sow: 24.5 6.0] 10] of 73 2 | 30.0 B.0 || 30.2260 | 30.258 | 30357 | 0. 81.5 | 33.3 SW. 12.7 || 2.7] 10] of 53 | 3 32.7 | 19.8 9 29.7815 | 30.144 | 29.428 ° 76-8 | 35.2 SE 25.6 | 7.5| 10] of 28 4 34-3 | 11.9 29.6572 | 29.702 29.616 ° 54-7 27.7 S.W. 36.7 4.8 | 10] of 63 5 Sunpay. CPS Wareeee Wl (We icnns Wisaaeae ae s a S.W. Baton eee ee 76 Gee 5.3 | 10 09 ).5 | Io 00 | ».O |} Io |] Io 00 3.8 | 10 3 00 7.0} Io} Of o3 »=0)|) 10) |! <0 78 | oo 00 | 00 38 | oo | co oo 00 00 ! 00 42 00 } oa } (ole) 36 sss. 19.0 | —— | eee 131.8 0.86 hes. 1ne Snowfall in | | . st ys) . ‘S Oh O OW Non bro oO: Nn. - ONaA.. month, E 5 a oe 3 Be DAY. TS ro) = Inap.| 1x 0.44 2 0.42 Sileior=crelatetels SunDay ocr 4 0.02 5 0.41 6 0.07 7 See 8 0.07 | g O90 1!) HG) C55 Goon - SUNDAY cdoo || TH 0.07 | 12 0.17 | 13 0.61 | 14 500. || sits 16 poo0 I29/ coéos SUNDAY °.43 | 18 0.50 | 19 see. | 20 oO.Ir 2I 0.14 22 0.09 | 23 OF 00 24a eee SunDay 0.43 | 25 0.2I | 26 O.Or | 27 0.08 | 28 0.18 | 29 0.03 | 30 2060)|| SEE cooGg0 dod SuNDAY 4-59 |Sums ........, boobo ¢ 18 Years means for 3.71 and including this barometer reading was 30-707 on the llth; lowest barometer was 29.170 on the 7th, giving ; a range of 0.537 inches. Maximum Telative hu- reury. midity was 100 on the 20th. Minimum relative 100 humidity was 56 on the Ist and 27th. | Rain fell on 5 days. Handen nel; eSiom tellton.27dsce. 20th, giving Rain or Snow fell on 23 days. Warmest Auroras were observed on 1 night. th. Highest Fog on 1 day. ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY, 1892. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. ; Sky CLovupeD| Pp THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. WIND. In Tentas. t}5. o] 5 =| &. oeteadaar anes ee ——————] + Mean | Mean D ——_— | eae = 4 | se 8 = pres- _ |relative ew =tel iF ao | DAY. sure of |humid-| point. | 1 wie é lu] -|s2 EI és $e | se DAY. c . vapour ity. zeperal velocity) a | 3) & facal s— cA | Bo Mean.| Max. | Min. | Range.J Mean. | § Max. | § Min. | Range. direction. jin miles] © | S| 5 |5' a $= 5 perhour} = im cs na z . pil aca egal) aol) sam ca || asa, | soa || aaa oll ce 5 tas 31-33 | 437 | 21.2 | 22.5 BE. 13.3 | 10.0 | 10| 10] oo 2 Sunpay..- .--+-3 36.2 | 17.9 | 18.3 Ww. 17.8 |. +: | +. | 00 Eyonoeod .+. SUNDAY 4 18.5 5-0 |. 13.5 S.W. 20.7 7-5 [10] x] 35 4 5 10.0 2.3 77 S.W. 20.7 3.3| 10] of 75 5 6 18.2 3.5 14-7 N.E. 26.1 | 10.0} 10 | 10} oo 6 7 20.2 | 13.8 6.4 S.W. 2.9 | 5.3] 10] 1] 00 7 8 2r.8 | 12.1 9-7 s. 7.2 | 6.8\10| x] 47 8 9 22.6 1I 2 Il.4 30.222 S.W. 12.3 4.8] 9 84 9 SUNDAY - 10 9.0 S.W. 10 2 ao |}o 93 10. . SUNDAY 1 15-7 N.E. 15.3 Ol] O)) 1 12 16.7 S. 13.4 10 | 7] 00 12 13 13.7 N. 204 Io | 10 0° 13 14 8.4 N. 24.2 10] 3] 00 14 15 11.9 S.W. 17.3 ro| of 03 15 | 16 9.8 WW. 09 o| of 7 10 SuNDAY ey 24.6 Ss. 8.9 op |} oo || CO 70 cee SUNDAY 18 14.2 s. 9.3 .0 | 10] 10] oo 18 19 17.8 N.W, 12.8 | 7.2|10| of 00 19 20 10,0 N. 5-1 5.8] 10] of 38 20 2r 19.9 W. 17.7 5.3] 10] Of oo 21 22 24.2 s. 13.4 8.0] 10] Of oo a2 23 30.7 N. 19.8 6.7 | 10] Of oo 23 SuNDAY......,.24 8.7 S.E. 7-7 3 || a0 00 24. . SUNDAY 10.4 N.E. 120 | 10.0} 10] 10] oo 25 12.1 Ww. 25.2 8.0] 10] 4] 00 26 16.2 W. . 6.3] 10] of 42 27 17.3 B 10.0 | 10 | 10 J oo 28 86 10,0 | 10 | 10 J 00 29 4.2 8.7] 10} 2 00 30 5-9 0400 || co |] 0 36 BL w+ese+ +++ SUNDAY ves vseeesMeans 14.04 | 29.9794 Toll ly-4 19. Sums . 18 Years means 18 Years means for for and ishing 12.14 | 29.60] 4.04| 16.6 | 30.0592 cuss || Gig |boodbood yrds and including this this month,...... month, ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. * Barometer readings reduced to sea-leyeland | barometer reading was 30-707 on the llth; ~ temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. lowest barometer was 29.170 on the 7th, giving Direction N. | N-E. BE. S.E. s. S.W. W. | N.W. | Calm. ig Obseryeds a range of 0.537 inches. Maximum relative hu- Miles wonood| “eke | 2087 488 496 1039 4ogo 1338 | 227 + Pressure of vapour in inches of mercury. midity was 100 on the 20th. Minimum relative iDANATTa Le By onl inmues [a aN SED 74 aro \exe t Humidity relative, saturation being 100. humidity was 56 on the 1st and 27th. Moanveloaty.| 9 [we | v2 | so [wa [wo | a |e [| 11 years only. Rain fell on 5 days. The greatest heat was 43°.7 on the 2nd; the | Snow fell on 22 days. Resultant milenge, 2456. greatest cold was 12°.4 below zero on the 20th,giving | Rain or Snow fell on 23 daya. Resultant direction, W. 32° 8. a range of temperature of 56.1 degrees. Warmest Auroras were observed on 1 night. Total mileage, 11,097. day was the12th. Coldest day was the 20th. Highest Fog on 1 day. ———$—$—$—$—$—$<——$——————————— ABSTRAC Meteorological Observations, McGill C ” THERMOMETER. DAY. Mean.| Max. | Min. | Range. Mean. | § i I 27.18.) 34.15 18.7 15.8 29.9847 2 leerersh lz on5 16.6 Ir.9 30.0225 3 24.85 | 27.6 21.4 6.2 29.8777 4 | 20.17 | 26.6 15.3 TL.3 30.0230 5 7-57 16.8 365 13.3 30.1288 6 3.02 12.8 —4.7 17-5 30.3510 SUNDAY lace ci, ae 19.0 7-5 ELS My iteccicis te 8 | 2080} 24.8 17.6 7.2 29.6062 9 23 92 31.0 18.7 12.3 29.7837 10 16.52 24.4 11.8 12.6 29.9578 II 20.93 | 27-1 9-7 17-4 29.4215 12 12.03 | 25.2 D397, 23.5 29.2698 13 -4.48 2.5 9.0 II.5 29.7713 SUNDAY ......14 oned0 14.5 -5.0 Mo | Gaosade 15 18.40 | 32.9 10.5 22.4 29.9727 16 6.68 I1.2 1.8 9-4 30.5313 17 7.10 | 12.0 3-4 8.6 30.5832 18 9-45 18.8 2.5 21.3 30.3137 19 16.13 24.4 4-4 20.0 30.3358 20 26.63 30.0 20.1 9-9 30.3635 SUNDAY...... Goes) | Qooes 33-7 28.8 fey (Ll) ssoedoq ’ 22 B3es0lmesone 30-4 5.8 30.5545 23 | 33-45 | 37-5 30.4 qet 30-5455 24ane27 ls 769 24.2 13.7 30.3822 25 30.82 36.8 26.4 10.4 30.1785 26 | 24.13 38.8 3.5 35-3 30.3982 27 | -1r.62] 11.0 -8.6 19.6 30.9010 SUNDAW/feleleisetels Zon li felstelele 16.5 -5.8 PPE Nv eacaace r 29 18.15 2 6.0 21.2 30.2570 900000 voGgd0 Means} 17.91 | 24.83 10.23 14.6 30.1406 ; 18 Years means tr for and including 15.72 | 24.27, 7-04 | 17.1 30.0446 | 5 this month.. ANALYSIS OF WIND F. 7 Direction........ N. | N.E. E. S.E. 8. Ss Miles............| 1168 3160 672 226 432 36 Durationin hrs..| 88 216 55 24 59 £ Mean velocity....} 13.3 14.6 12.2 9.4 7-3 21 Greatest mileage in one hour was 52 on the 15th. Resultant Greatest velocity in gusts 60 miles per hour onthe} Resultant 15th. Total milk fl ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY, 1892. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. Sky CroupEp THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. +M tM WIND. In Tentus. |S or $ I i} 5 ——— ean ean |——$———-—__—_ aCial| SS Bolas 3 pres-_ [relative gee] a8 as 38 pa eurecorg (Hama General $25] 32 | bs | as DAY. Mean.| Max. | Min. |Range.f Mean. | Max. | S$ Min Range. | V®P0Ur ae direction. |i ea ate z =| | i= acal & | 27.18 | 34.5 18.7 15.8 29.9847 | 30.046 29.911 +135 1258 85.3 WwW. 12 dea8 a| 21.13] 28.5 16.6 11.9 30.0225 | 30.161 29.835 226 0942 82.7 N.E. 06 1.5 3 | 24.85 | 27.6 21.4 6.2 29.8777 | 29.951 29.805 146 I192 89.8 N. 00 2.4 4| 20.17) 26.6 | 15.3 | 13.3 ]| 30.0230] 30.069 29.969 100 0893 | 81.2 N. 18 2.0 5 7-57 | 16.8 3-5 13.3 30.1288 | 30.224 4 30.083 141 0470 77-9 N.E. 55 0.6 6 3.02 | 12.8 4.7 17.5 30.3510 | 30.394 30.293 | Tor 0383 77-7 S.W. 94 oan SUN DAWaereiere=its 7 elses 19.0 7-5 PAS |] scaone |} fos5000 Bocca once |. eonn0 5a0 N.E. 00 bd leg 8] 2080] 24.8 | 17.6 7.2 || 29.6062 | 29.696 29.540 1156 ross | 94.2 NE. 00 5.8 g| 2392{ 31.0 | 38.7 | x2.3 [| 29.7837| 29.862 29.725 137 1113 | 86.2 S.W. 00 1.5 10 | 16.52| 24.4 | xx.8 | 12.6 9 29.9578 | 30.047 29.794 253 0663 | 72.0 S.B. 44 oni 1x | 20.93] 27.1 9-7 17.4 29.4215 | 29.678 29.215 463 1018 88.5 Hi. ‘00 3-7 12 | 12.03] 25.2 1.7 23.5 29.2698 | 29.505 29.152 +353 0723 87-7 S.W. 00 6.1 13 | -4.48 2.5 -9.0 11.5 29.7713 | 29.861 29.669 192 0232 64.8 S.W. 98 S600 Sunpay 14 14.5 =5.0 19.5 3000 N.B- 00 00 XY Sapenooo .» SUNDAY 15 32.9 | 10.5 | 22.4 76.3 S.W. 68 15 16 11.2 1.8 Q.4 65-5 Ww. 87 16 17 12.0 3.4 8.6 64.5 W. 97 17 18 18.8 2.5 21.3 75-8 S.W. 84 18 19 24.4 4.4 20.0 81.0 N.E. 75 19 20 40.0 20.1 9.9 96.3 N.E, 00 20 SUNDAY.. ....5 Pr |) nance 33-7 28.8 4.9 ono E. 00 00 ER svoono00 SUNDAY a2 | 33-38 | 36.2 30.4 5.8 88.3 N.E. I) oo | 22 23) 33-45 | 37-5 30.4 Tt 89.0 N.E. -0 48 23 24 | 31.27 | 37.9 | 24.2 13.7 83.7 8.E. 7 68 a4 25 go.82 | 36.8 26.4 10.4 81.5 Ss. “2 67 25 26 | 24.13] 38.8 3.5 | 35-3 17-7 N. 12 00 26 27 | -1.62| 11.0 -8.6 19.6 17-7 N.E. 7 00 27 SuNDAY.......+ 28 16.5 -5.8 22,3 N.E. 98 28. 29 27.2 6.0 21.2 N. 00 29 Tol23} | x46) | isolx406)|" (mt nel limes eee Taro ogro | gr.2 | x3.0 | N.38°W. 18 Years means Figg P| ; 18 Years means for for and including 15.72 | 24.17 7-04 | 17-1 YY ||| acca |} so0000 320 .0830 9 |) ooo |{\ ep Been, ee Eo. vs 146 Canadian Record of Science. and minerals, of mineral waters and of soils, while he de- voted a large amount of attention to the structure and com- position, at that time so little known, of the ancient crys- talline rocks of the Ottawa Valley and the Great Lakes ; in unravelling the stratigraphical intricacies of which Logan and his assistant Murray were at the same time actively and most successfully occupied. He thus had an important share in the great work of instituting the Laurentian and Huronian Systems of Geology, and in systematising our knowledge of the oldest rocks of Canada and of the world. This work he afterwards followed up independently, in the development of the Norian, Montalban, Taconian and Ke- wenian systems, in which he included various groups of ancient rocks between the Laurentian and the Cambrian ; and though some of these groups may be regarded as still in dispute, there can be no question of the great scientific value of Hunt’s studies of them and of the new facts which he contributed to their discussion. While connected with the Geological Survey, Hunt willingly aided in the drudgery of literary work and admin- istration, for many parts of which his early culture and extensive range of reading and knowledge well fitted him. At this time also he conceived and published in a succes- sion of papers those wide views on Chemical and general Geology, which were embodied in his greater works, and more especially in his Mineral Physiology and Physiogra- phy (1886), in which he discusses with a power and range of knowledge rarely equalled the original condition of our planet, and-the genesis of its more ancient rocks, as well as the processes of decomposition, recomposition and metamor- phosis to which they have been subjected. This great and eminently suggestive work deserves the careful study of all concerned in Petrography or Physical Geology, who whe- ther or not they may agree with all its conclusions, will find very much to instruct and to stimulate and guide thought and investigation. This work alone, with the ear- lier Essays on Chemical Geology, would be sufficient to form the basis of a great reputation, and must retain its place as Thomas Sterry Hunt. 147 a leading authority on the subjects of which it treats. As the author himself states, this work and more especially the ‘‘ Crenitic’’ hypothesis developed in it, are “ the result of nearly thirty years of studies, having for their object to reconstruct the theory of the earth on the basis of a solid nucleus, to reconcile the existence of a solid interior with the flexibility of the crust, to find an adequate explanation of the universally contorted attitude of the older crystal- line strata, and at the same time to discover the laws which have governed the formation and the changing chemical composition of the stratiform crystalline rocks through successive geologic ages.” To Dr. Hunt we thus owe some of the earliest attempts to subdivide and classify in a scientific manner the strati- form crystalline rocks; a work to which he brought not only his studies throughout Canada and the United States, but also the results of enquiries conducted during repeated visits to the British Islands and to continental Kurope. In pursuing these studies and while reviewing and controvert- ing various hypotheses, including the igneous or plutonic, the metamorphic and the metasomatic, all of which he re- jected as irreconcilable with observed facts, and as violat- ing chemical theory, Dr. Hunt vindicated what he deemed the essential soundness of the still imperfect Wernerian aqueous View, and advanced, as its proper development and completion, his own crenitic hypothesis. According to this theory, the source of the various groups of crystalline rocks was ‘‘the superficial portion of a globe, once in a state of igneous fusion, but previously solidified from the centre. This portion, rendered porous by cooling, was permeated by circulating waters, which dissolved and brought to the surface during successive ages, after the manner of modern mineral springs, the elements of the various systems of crystalline rocks. These rocks thus mark progressive and necessary changes in the mineralogical evolution of the earth.” Dr. Hunt never abandoned the scientific pursuit of chem- istry and mineralogy. In the former science he summed 148 Canadian Record of Science. up the general conclusions of his researches in 1887, in his work entitled “A New Basis of Chemistry,’ which has gone into a third edition and has been translated into French. His latest work, published in 1891, “Systematic Mineralo- gy,” gives a new Classification of the mineral kingdom based on an improvement of what used to be called the Natural History System, followed long ago by Mohs and Jameson. It would be premature to express any opinion as to the acceptance by chemists and mineralogists in general, of the new views propounded in these works; but they are unquestionably able and full of important generalizations and suggestions which must make their mark in the science of the future. Dr. Hunt found time to do some work as an educator. He was professor of chemistry in Laval University, Quebec, from 1856 to 1862, during which time he delivered annual courses of lectures in French. He continued to be honorary professor until his death. He was also for several years lecturer in McGill University, Montreal, and was professor of geology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1872-1878. Among his academic titles were those of M.A., Harvard; Se.D., Laval; LL.D., McGill, and finally LL.D., Cambridge, England. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1859. He was a member of a large number of other societies, both Canadian and foreign. A member of the National Academy of Science of the United States since 1873, he was president of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, and of the Ameri- can Institute of Mining Engineers, and twice president of the American Chemical society. He was one of the original members and the third president of the Royal Society of Canada, which, uniting some features of the British Asso- ciation with those of a Royal Society, elects a new presi- dent annually. One of the organizers of the International Geological congress, he was its first secretary, and was a vice-president at the congresses of Paris, 1878, Boulogne, 1881, and London, 1888. In connection with the great in- dustrial exhibitions Dr. Hunt represented Canada as a Thomas Sterry Hunt. 149 member of the international juries at Paris in 1855 and 1867 and at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876. He was an officer of the French order of the Legion of Honor and of the [talian order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus. In 1878, Dr. Hunt retired from public professional life and devoted himself mainly to the perfecting of his more important works in new editions and to the preparation of his “Systematic Mineralogy.” His health and strength, however, gradually declined, and continuing to work almost to the last, he passed away peacefully on Friday, February 12th, 1892. His death at a comparatively early age must be deplored as a great loss to science; but he had the good fortune, not granted to all scientific workers, to have means and leisure in his closing years to bring together in a complete and elaborated form all the principal scientific results of the work of his life. Dr. Hunt was at the time of his death one of the oldest members of the Natural History Society of Montreal. He had been its President, and for many years one of its vice- presidents, and a member of its council. He took a lively interest in the society and in its publications ; and fre- quently contributed papers and lectures to its proceedings. The Society owes much to his long continued and active influence in its affairs. In 1878, Dr. Hunt married the eldest daughter of the late Mr. Justice Gale, a lady of culture and literary taste, who survives him. It is proper to state that the above notice is taken in part from biographical sketches published in the Montreal Gazette and elsewhere. THE EXPERIMENTAL FARMS OF CANADA. By Prorsssor D. P. PENHALLOW. The work now being conducted by the Central Experi- mental Farm. at Ottawa and its several branches, had its origin in a resolution of the House of Commons of the 30th January, 1884, appointing a Committee “to inquire into 150 Canadian Record of Science. the best means of encouraging and developing the Agri- cultural Industries of Canada, and to report thereon to the House.”' The testimony collected under this authority subsequently led to the appointment of Mr. Wm. Saunders, of London, as Special Commissioner to inquire into and report upon the system of experiment stations in operation in the United States. This duty he discharged in a very full and conscientious manner, the results being embodied in a report to the Minister of Agriculture. Acting upon the information thus obtained, and having in mind the most immediate needs of the country at large, a system of experimental farms was established, having the central farm at Ottawa, and Mr. Saunders as the Director. In any attempt to pass in review the work of such an establishment as the one now under consideration, it should be clearly borne in mind that there are several points of view from which it may be regarded: first, as an institu- tion which shall promote strictly scientific inquiry, leaving the practical application to others; second, as an institu- tion designed to adapt the results of scientific inquiry to practical ends, to test and verify the work of others, and serve as a bureau of information. And again, viewing each of these objectives with reference to the particular condi- tions of agricultural progress, and therefore the special needs of the country at large. It would, therefore, be manifestly improper to lay down special limits within which such work must proceed according to the highest standard of value, regardless of surrounding conditions. Experiment stations may be regarded as having attained to their best development in Germany—practically the land of their origin. There their work is specialized. All of it is based upon the fundamental idea that a fact once established may serve as a permanent basis for the exposi- tion of natural laws. Their work is, therefore, scientific, and the results are of great value as scientific data. With few exceptions, they do not recognize the practical appli- 1 Report of the Select Committee appointed by the House of Commons to obtain information as to the Agricultural Interests of Canada. 1884. Experimental Farms of Canada. 151 cation of the results obtained, which is wholly committed to the attention of others more directly interested. In England, but little attention has been paid to such work on the part of Government, so that such as has been carried op has devolved upon private individuals. A most conspicuous case of this kind is to be found in Rothamsted, where since 1843 a most important series of investigations has been conducted by Sir James Lawes and Dr. J. H. Gilbert. But here again the aim is scientific, not practical, although in the extensive field experiments we find an admir- able combination of the two. The results obtained contain an elucidation of some of the most important laws. governing the growth and nutrition of plants, ranking high as scientific achievements. But because in Germany and England the aim is scientific and not practical, it cannot be said that these institutions fail to fulfil the objects for which they were established—promotion of the agricultural interests—and that agriculture suffers in consequence. Far fromit. For though the reduction of such results to practice may result in a slower rate of progress, yet is that progress of the most substantial character. In the United States, where the experiment stations are of recent origin, they have multiplied with great rapidity, until now every State of the Union possesses one or more. Because of their number, rapidity of development and extent of country, as well as the very diverse interests, agricultural, political and personal, to be satisfied, also owing to the want of properly trained officers to conduct the work, these institutions exhibit all grades of efficiency. In some, the scientific basis has been the leading idea from the outset, In others, the immediate reduction to practice of half-gathered facts, and thereby the cultivation of an unstable popularity with the farming community, has dominated all other considerations. In all these stations the scientific work is unduly hampered by the continual performance of mere routine work, such as is involved in . the analysis of fertilizers, the identification of plants, testing 152 Canadian Record of Science. of seeds and other work of a similar nature. It is a class of work which, while important in its way, makes no demands upon original powers, and does not call for high scientific capacity. To saddle it upon those who are qualified for work of a high order, is to seriously limit their usefulness and mar such results of scientific value as they may obtain. To divert the appliances of well-equipped stations to such purposes, is to belittle the object of their foundation. It should rather be relegated to separate institutions of a special character, or placed in the hands of a distinct staff. It is probable, however, notwithstanding the short period within which their growth lies, a careful observer will note that, from the first, there has been a decided tendency towards the position first defined and assumed by the more conservative. Men of better capacity are con- stantly working to the direction of these institutions, as pebbles come to the surface of sand, and with this change there is necessarily less poorly directed effort, with more results which will bear scientific scrutiny, and thus the output is becoming of greater value with each year. Act- ing as a central bureau, the Department of Agriculture at Washington collects all the valuable material as issued, and publishes it monthly in such a digested form as renders it of direct value to the farmer, with whom rests the final reduction to practice. This may be regarded as the ideal method of bringing the results of scientific inquiry within reach of the farmer of average education and opportunity. It cannot be doubted, however, that the final solution of the difficulties now but too obvious will be satisfactory. My object in thus bringing out the characteristic features of these institutions in other countries is that we may more clearly understand the particular field which is being culti- vated in Cauada. Work on the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa was commenced in 1887. The first report was issued in 1890, followed by a second—the last up to date—in 1891. The Director, Mr. Wm. Saunders, is assisted by a staff of nine chiefs of departments, including an Agriculturist, Horticul- Experimental Farms of Canada. 158 turist, Chemist, Entomologist and Botanist, and a Poultry Manager, together with four superintendents of branch farms. The Branch Experimental Farms established at the date of the last report are four in number, and are located at Nappan, Nova Scotia, for the Maritime Provinces ; Bran- don, Manitoba; Indian Head, North-West Territories, and at Agassiz, British Columbia. The central farm serves as the centre of supply, the branches being designed more as local testing stations. Asa result of the first year’s operations, the Director was able to observe that “Canadian farmers are making careful inquiries for more full and accurate information regarding the numerous and varied operations pertaining to their calling; they desire to have the mysteries which surround some of the operations of Nature explained as far as this is practicable, and it is our object to foster and stimulate such a spirit of inquiry which will, it is believed, result in the speedy advancement of agriculture, and thus in material and lasting benefit to the country.” The intelligent interest manifested by the farmers in the operations of an institution designed and supported in their behalf, as thus indicated, is in itself a most hopeful sign, but it will be well to see what efforts are made to carry out the promises thus held forth by the Director at the very beginning of his first report. During the year 1889, there were received 6,864 letters. There were dispatched 5,428 letters ; pamphlets,including re- ports and bulletins,41,584,and 3,662 packages ofseeds of vari- ous kinds. During the year 1890, there were received 17,539 letters,and 2,152 samples of grain for examination and report. There were despatched 19,806 letters; reports, bulletins and other circulars of information,218,129,and of seeds, trees,etc., 24,332. The number of farmers on the regular mailing list for reports for the same year was 20,600, to which must be added 4,009 for the special reports on dairying. As this output re- presents information distributed, no better conception could be gained as to the general volume of work accomplished and 154 Canudian Record of Science. the thoroughness with which the results obtained are dis- tributed throughout the farming community, These data also clearly show the keen interest which is taken in the work by the farmers throughout the country. In addition to their other duties, the various officers carry their work into different centres where special stimulus or information may be needed — where it will prove most useful — distributing through the medium of lectures the results obtained in the laboratory and the field. At the time of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition, the Director performed an important work in the capacity of Special Commissioner, in making a collection of fruits from all parts of the Dominion, which attracted wide attention. Among the earliest questions presented for solution was that of the grains best adapted to cultivation in Canada. The valuable results obtained with the Ladoga and Red Fyfe wheats, which secure to the Canadian farmers high grade spring grains of large yield and weight, and with the two-rowed barley, which has proved so superior for malting purposes over the ordinary six-rowed varieties, are in them- selves of such importance to the farming community as to justify the establishment of these farms. The work of the chemical department is almost wholly in the direction of fertilizer, soil and sample analyses, though a limited amount of time has been found for deter- minations of more pronounced value. Among these we note ‘‘ The composition of apple tree leaves, being the first of a series of analyses on the apple, with a view to ascertain a rational mode of fertilizing orchards ;’”’ a report on “The effect of solutions of copper and iron sulphates, alone and together, on the vitality of the wheat germ.” With the advent of a well-qualified head, the horticultural department has rapidly taken the prominent position which it should hold. It is gratifying to note that the extensive and valuable work undertaken by the late Charles Gibb, relative to the introduction of hardy fruits, is here being continued and extended. The free distribution of fruit trees is a very important feature of the work. During the Experimental Farms of Canada. 155 year 1890, 100,000 seedling fruit trees were sent to various points, as widely separated as possible, in Manitoba and the North-West. That this work is appreciated, and that there seems to have been awakened an interest in the important question of forestation, is indicated by the fact that there were 1,600 more applications for trees than could be granted. A most commendable feature of the plant and seed distribution is to be found in the clear and concise directions accompanying each package. No more thorough way of distributing much needed information on the subject of tree planting and seed growing could be devised. The application of fungicides to the treatment of the fungi which prey upon all classes of fruits, receives a large measure of attention. Important work has also been accomplished in the production of new and valuable varie- ties of small fruits as seedlings and hybrids. In the report of a special committee chosen from the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association and the Montreal Horticultural Society, the statement is made that “The chief attraction to your committee was a patch of two or three hundred seedlings and hybrids (raspberries) which were originated by the Director, some of which, in our estimation, bid fair to supersede the best of the standard varieties.”’ In the department of botany and entomology good work is also being accomplished. A botanic garden and arbore- tum has been planned, and a large amount of work has been done upon it. The testing of important forage plants, the study of insects injurious to plants, and the best methods of preventing their action, form the principal features of the work thus far accom plished. From the outline thus presented, it appears that the Experimental Farm does not fulfil the scientific mission of the European stations, nor does it accomplish both the practical and scientific ends as in the United States. It fills a distinctly different field. As is evidently intended to be expressed by the name, its mission is to reduce to prac- tice the results of scientific research; to perform for the 156 Canadian Record of Science. farming community at large, and within a reasonably short space of time, what would require many years to accom- plish if dependent upon individual enterprise and resources ; to prove the value of new varieties; to encourage forestry ; to test the value of fertilizing ingredients and soils; to dis- seminate agricultural information of all kinds; to encourage and direct. To this work scientific methods are necessarily applied. The institution is achieving, in its own way, results of the greatest value to the farming community, and through it to the country at large. The Director and his assistants are deserving liberal support at the hands of Government, and more particularly at the hands of the farmers them- selves. THE BIRDS OF QUEBEC. Abstract of a Popular Lecture delivered before the Natural History Society of Montreal on the 12th of March, 1891, by J. M. LeMornsn, Esa., F.R.S.C. Part I The earliest ornithological record in Canada—I might say, possibly in America—occurs in Jacques Cartier’s Voyages up the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In chapters ii, ili, vi, vii and xii of the narrative of his first voyage, in 1534, and chap- ter 1 of his second voyage, in 1535, as well as an entry in the log of Roberval’s first pilot, Jean Alphonse, in 1542, mention is made of the myriads of gannets, gulls, guille- mots, puffins, eider ducks, cormorants and other sea fowl nesting on the Bird Rocks and on the desolate isles off the Labrador coast. Jacques Cartier goes so far as to say that “the whole French navy might be freighted with these noisy denizens of that wild region without any apparent diminution in their number.” (Chap. i-ii, Voyages.) Re- liable modern naturalists—Dr. Henry Bryant, of Boston, visiting the Bird Rocks,in 1860,and Charles A.Cory in 1878— confirm these statements of early discoverers as to the number and species of birds to be found in the lower St. Birds of Quebec. 157 Lawrence. The Jesuit, Le Jeune, in the “ Rélations des Jésuites” for 1632, dwells on the multitudes of aquatic birds infesting Ile aux Oies (county of Montmagny), and frequenting the shores of our noble river. Friar Gabriel Sagard Theodat that same year furnished in his ‘Grand Voyage au Pays des Hurons,” a list of Canadian birds. In 1636, he notices, among other things, some of the leading species, such as jay, eagle, crane, etc., and has left us a lovely piece of word-painting in his glowing description of the Humming-bird. It was too quaint, too fascinating, not to be preserved. You will find it reproduced at page 217 of my “ Album du Touriste.” In 1663, Pierre Boucher, gover- nor of Three—Rivers, in an agreeably written memoir, ad- dressed the 8th October, 1663, to Minister Colbert, depicted the birds, mammals, fishes, etc., of New France. This memoir has been recently reprinted by a lineal descendant of the learned and venerable governor, the late Edward F. (Boucher) Montizambert, in his lifetime, law clerk to the Senate of Canada, and father of Col. Charles and Dr. Fred- erick Montizambert of Quebec. In volume I of Baron la Hontan’s ‘‘ Voyages to North America,” published in France in 1703, there occurs an annotated “ List of the Fowls or Birds that frequent the South Countries of Canada,” and also, a second “ List of the Birds of the North Countries of Canada,”” Father Charlevoix, in 1725, devotes a few pages of his voluminous history to the Canadian fauna. Peter Kalm, the Swedish savant, the friend of Governor La Galis- soniére and guest at his Chateau St. Louis at Quebec, in an edition of his travels republished in London, in 1770-7', gives plates of American birds and mammals. Thomas Jefferys, geographer to H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, in an elaborate folio volume, issued in London in 1760, devoted a few pages to the birds of Canada. The year 1831 gave us Swainson and Richardson’s standard work on the birds of the fir countries, ‘Fauna Boreali-Americana.” In 1853 Hon. G. W. Allan, of Toronto, furnished a list of the land birds wintering in the neighborhood of Toronto. In 1857, a committee of Canadian naturalists, Messrs. Billings, Barns- 158 Canadian Record of Science. ton, Hall, Vennor and D’Urban founded in Montreal a monthly magazine, the Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, now the Canadian Record of Science. This valuable store- house of many good things is still of daily reference. Three years later, in 1860, I published at Quebec, under the title ‘“ Ornithologie du Canada,” in two volumes, the first French work published in Canada on Canadian birds. Professor Wm. Hincks of Toronto furnished, in 1866, a list of Cana- dian birds observed by Mr. Thomas Mellwraith about Hamilton. In 1868, an industrious entomologist, the Rev. Abbé Louis Provancher, started at Quebec a monthly pub- lication, Le Naturaliste Canadien, which he kept up, with a legislative subsidy, for fourteen years. Canadian birds often found a corner in it, thouyh nota large one. In 1883, Mr. C. E. Dionne, the taxidermist of the Laval University, brought out a useful volume, “ Les Oiseaux du Canada.” Six years later, in 1889, he supplemented it with a ‘Cata- logue des Oiseaux de la Province de Québec,” We owe to Messrs. J. A. Morden of Hyde Park, London, Ont., and W. E. Saunders, also of London, Ont., carefully prepared notes on the feathered tribes of Western Canada, whilst a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, Dr. J. Bernard Gilpin of Nova Scotia, drew attention to the birds of prey of his native province. In 1881, William Couper published, in Montreal, a valuable little monthly journal, Zhe Canadian Sportsman and Naturulist, to which for three years our leading field naturalists and amateurs generally contributed most useful notes and observations. Amongst other valu- able records, it contains Mr. Ernest T. Wintle’s list of birds observed round Montreal, with discussions and corre- spondence over the signature of Dr. J. H. Garnier, Mr. Lett and the Rev. Vincent Clementi. In 1886, that veteran field naturalist, Thomas McIlwraith of Hamilton. Ont., pub- lished his excellent treatise, ‘‘ The Birds of Ontario.” The book was favorably reviewed in the Auk by the eminent Dr. Elliott Coiies, who unhesitatingly placed Mr. McIlwraith ‘“‘in the first place in his own field.” I have previously dwelt on the invaluable works on the Canadian fauna by Birds of Quebec. 159 Mr. Chamberlain, one of the founders of the American Ornithological Union Club. I would be guilty of an injustice were I to fail noticing the numerous contributions to the daily press from a keen Quebec field naturalist, John T. Neilson, who has utilized the rare facilities his outdoor occupations as land surveyor afford him, to study the bird world. Canadian ornithology is also indebted to the late Dr. T. D. Cottle for a “ List of Birds found in Upper Canada,” in 1859; to H. Hadfield, “ Birds of Canada observed near Kingston during the Spring of 1858;” to A. Murray, “ Con- tributions to the Natural History of the Hudson Bay Com- pany’s Territories,” 1858; to Professor J. R. Willis, ‘ List of Birds of Nova Scotia,” 1858; 1870, to J. F. Whiteaves, ‘Notes on Canadian Birds;” 1873, to A. L. Adams, “ Field and Forest Rambles, with Notes and Observations on the Natural History of Eastern Canada;” to Dr. J. H. Garnier of Lucknow, to Prof. Macoun of Ottawa, and many others. The Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, the Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club have proved useful auxiliaries to the cause of the natural sciences. * * * * * * * * Pantie It would be about as easy to depict a Canadian winter, without its snow-drifts, as it were to imagine the fleecy plains and solitary uplands of Canada in winter, without their annual visitors, the Snow-bunting—better known to our youth under the appropriate name of Snowbird (Plec- trophanes Nivalis.) In New England it is styled the Snowflake; “it comes and goes with these beautiful crystallisations, as if itself one of them, and comes at times only less thickly. The Snow- bird is the harbinger, and sometimes the follower, of the storm. It seems to revel, to live on snow, and rejoices in the northern blast, uttering, overhead, with expanded wing, its merry call, ‘ preete-preete,’ reserving, as travellers tell us, a sweet, pleasant song for its summer haunts, in the far north, where it builds its warm, compact nest on the ground, 160 Canadian Record of Science. or in the fissures of rocks on the coast of Greenland, &c.” The Snowbird is part and parcel of Canada. It typifies the country just as much as the traditional Beaver. Thousands of these hardy migrants, borne aloft on the breath of the March storms, come each spring, whirling round the heights of Charlesbourg, or launch their serried squadrons over the breezy uplands of the lovely isle facing Quebec—the Isle of Orleans; one islander alone last spring, to my knowledge, having snared more than one hundred dozen for the Quebec, Montreal and United States markets. The merry, robust ‘ Oiseau Blanc ” is indeed the national bird of French Canada, it successfully inspired the lays of more than one of its native poets. In his early and poetical youth the respected historian of Canada, F. X. Garneau, found in the Snowbird a congenial subject for an ode—one of his best pieces—and the Laureate Frechette is indebted to his pindaric effusion “ L’Oiseau Blanc” for a large portion of the laurel crown awarded him by the Forty Immortals of the French Academy. With the ornithologist Minot, I am quite prepared to recognize the Snowflake as “the most picturesque of our winter birds, which often enliven an otherwise dreary scene, especially when flying, for they then seem almost like an animated storm.” There exists a great variety of color in the plumage of these birds; some, the males perhaps, are more white than the rest, some nearly all white; in others, black and a warm brown is noticeable mixed with the white. “The black dorsal area is mixed with brown and white, the feet are black, but the bill is mostly or entirely yellow- ish.” Though they seldom perch on trees and are not fond of thickets, but prefer the open country, I have seen flocks light more than once on large trees, elms and others, in the midst of pasture lands at St. Thomas, County of Mont- magny. The eggs, five in number, vary in their coloration, mark- ings and size. The Snow Bunting all disappear from the neighborhood of Quebec with the middle or end of April, Sie oe = ee “i ‘ Birds of Quebec. 161 and retire probably to the Arctic regions to build, though we are told that Audubon found a Snowbird’s nest in the White Mountains and Maynard certifies to the presence of a flock of these birds at Mount Katahdin, in Maine, early in August, 1869. The Snow Bunting, common to the continents of America and Kurope, occurs in vast flocks in Scotland, England, Russia, and even in Siberia. Round Quebec it comes as a regular fall and spring migrant: like the passenger pigeon its numbers have sadly decreased of late years. That broad-mouthed, long-winged, short-legged, dark bird, with white badges on its wings, is the Night Hawk, or Goat Sucker, Caprimulgus. You, no doubt, are aware why he is so persistently called Goat Sucker by naturalists ; it is because he never in his life sucked a goat—never dreamed of it. It is one of those outrageous fabrications invented by ignorance, to filch a poor bird of his good name, and which took root only because it was oft repeated. In the days of Olaiis Magnus, Bishop of Upsal, in Sweden, few dared to doubt but that Swallows, instead of going to Senegal and the Gold Coast to spend their Christmas and Easter holidays, dived before winter into the bosom of lakes and hybernated under the ice till spring, with no gayer companions than a few meditative trout or other fish. This was an absurd theory, but which had many great names to support and prop it up. The Rev. Gilbert White, in his History of Selborne, eloquently demonstrated how absurd, how impossible it was that such a thing could take place. I must not, however, forget to point out to you that richly-dressed individual, wearing black and orange badges ; that is the Baltimore Oriole. He visits chiefly the Mont- real district and Western Canada. Black and orange, did I say? Why that was the official livery of a great English landowner of Maryland, in the days when democracy 13 162 Canadian Record of Science. amongst our neighbors was not. We have it on the authority of Alexander Wilson, no mean authority, as you know, that this brilliant July visitor took its name from Lord Baltimore, on whose estates a vreat number of Orioles were to be seen. The Baltimore Oriole is a toler- ably good musician. You can see how brilliant are the. colors of these Canadian birds now exhibited to you! I think you will agree with me in saying that few coun- tries can furnish a group of brighter ones than those now exposed to view, and composed of Canadian birds only :— Hermit Thrush, Purple Finch, Canadian Gold Finch, Wood Duck, the Golden-winged Woodpecker, or Rain Fowl; Blue Jay; Field Officer; Maryland Yellow Throat: Wax Wing; Indigo Bird; Ruby-throated Humming Bird; Scarlet Tan- ager; Baltimore Oriole; Meadow Lark; Pine Grosbeak ; Cardinal Grosbeak; Rose-breasted Grosbeak, and Towhe Bunting. As for song, we may safely assert, with the same Alex- ander Wilson, that the fauna of America can compete with that of Europe; true, we have not the Skylark nor the Blackbird, and the Robin, although very similar to him in notes and habits, is still his inferior; but we have the Wood Thrush, with its double-tongued flute notes, the Hermit Thrush, the Brown Thrush, the gingling, roystering Bobo- link, the Canadian Goldfinch, whose warble reminds you of the Canary. The far-famed European Nightingale has certainly met with a worthy rival in the American Mock- ing Bird, whose extraordinary musical powers have been so graphically delineated by the great Audubon. The lecturer commended the study of Ornithology to the young people of his audience in particular, as one of elevat- ing tendency, and, in common with other branches of natural history, calculated to make men better. Lastly, eloquent reference was made to the expediency and need of establish- ing a chair of zoology in connection with McGill Univer- sity. The following were his closing words: ‘‘ We have to admit that the study of natural history in our country has Birds of Quebec. 163 not been prosecuted with the same vigor as have other departments of science. The outlook might be brighter. The clouds of prejudice hover above, the upas of indifference still lingers below blighting and nipping in the bud, blos- soms giving promise of fair fruit. In my humble opinion, what is wanted is a well equipped National Museum worthy of the Dominion, either at Ottawa or in your prosperous, ever expanding city, with some of our millionaires to breathe into the movement the breath of life by the endow- ment of a chair of Zoology. Your magnificent city has taught other cities that a race of progressive generous men have taken root in the soil, alive to noble duties which the stewardship of wealth imposes. Of such may you well feel proud, on such may I rest some sanguine hopes.” Sir William Dawson, in presenting the thanks of the audience to the lecturer, which had been moved by the Hon, Senator Murphy, seconded by Mr. J. S. Shearer, completely endorsed all that he had said respecting a chair of zoology and a national museum, and hoped the day would arrive when they would be realized. The remarks of Sir William were warmly to the point and as warmly received by the audience. THE EUROPEAN HouUSsE SPARROW, OR, AS IT IS GENERALLY CALLED, THE ENGLISH SPARROW (PASSER DOMESTICUS.) W. A. Oswatp, Esq., Hill Farm, Belle Riviere, Que. My object in presenting this paper and group of cliff swallows’ nests to the Natural History Society is to show one of the many evils which the English sparrow is doing, by driving some of our most beautiful birds from the country. The sparrow question is becoming a very serious one, when it is seen that this bird is increasing to an alarming extent throughout the whole country. Up to within the last few years it was chiefly confined to large cities, towns, 164 Canadian Record of Science. and their immediate vicinities ; but now there is hardly a farm-yard or dwelling that is not visited by them during some part of the year in search of food or nesting places. Farmers and gardeners are suffering heavy losses annually from its ravages on grain, vegetables and fruit. The English sparrow was first brought to Canada about twenty years ago. Some colonies were brought to cities in the United States a few years previous to that. These birds were carefully protected and fed for a few years, so that they multiplied rapidly. Each pair rears two or three broods annually, and an average of four or five young in a brood. They invariably nest near the habitation of man, and, therefore, are free from such enemies as hawks, crows, shrikes, etc., that many of our native birds are exposed to in rearing their young. Let us take for granted that there are 20,000 sparrows in the city of Montreal and its suburbs at the present time, of which half are males and half are females—which would make 10,000 pairs—and putting the progeny of a single pair at 8 or 10 young in a season, which I believe to be a low estimate, then there would be from 80,000 to 100,000 of an increase in a single season, to spread to the adjoining country, to multiply in the same way. This may serve to give a slight idea of its rapidly increasing numbers. It is hardy and seems to be able to endure the cold winters of Canada, as it does the tropical heat of Australia, and it is becoming a burdensome pest in both of these widely separated countries. Although it has only been a short time here, yet in the vicinity of villages, flocks of several scores, and even hundreds, are sometimes seen in fields of wheat and oats, while the grain is still green and in the milk state. Besides the kernels actually eaten at this time, it does considerable damage by breaking down the stalks; but as the grain matures, however, far more damage is done by shelling and beating out the heads, so that much more is scattered on the ground and lost than is actually eaten. European House Sparrow. 165 Gardeners complain of its ravages on seeds and green peas, while the fruit growers suffer also from its plundering nearly all the different kinds of soft fruit,—but grapes seem to be its favorite fruit. It has often been stated in favor of the sparrow that they destroy caterpillars, worms and the smaller insects that are injurious to trees and vegetables; but from frequent observations and dissections by experts, it has been proved that while they are young, they are fed partly on insects, but as they reach maturity, their food consists almost wholly of grain,—while it is a known fact that the food of blue-birds, white-bellied swallows, and the cliff swallows, consists entirely of caterpillars, worms, butterflies, moths, and small insects. Yet these are the first birds to be attacked and driven away from their nesting places by the English sparrow, as I stated once before in answer to a question of this kind in the Montreal Witness, a couple of years ago. The late Mr. F. B. Caulfield replied to this question, supporting these views. At one time dozens, and sometimes scores, of cliff swal- lows’ nests might be seen attached under the eaves of farm buildings, almost all joined together, as it were; yet these birds lived in perfect harmony with each other, sallying back and forth from their nests, gliding over the fields in search of food, catching butterflies, moths, and other insects; but since the English sparrow has made its appearance they have taken complete possession of their nests. Not content with one they enter into severe con- flicts with adjoining swallows, breaking down their nests, and finally driving away a whole colony of swallows; and the farmer sees to his sorrow, instead of a colony of swal- lows living happily together with their agreeable and melodious notes, the noisy, quarrelsome sparrows, with their ceaseless, discordant, unmusical notes, making thiev- ing excursions to his fields or barn to feast on his grain; but he never observes it attempt to make a repast on insects. There are many others of our native birds which are valuable insect-eaters that are being driven away by the English sparrow. 166 Canadian Record of Science. We shoot all we see around the premises, but it is expensive, as there are always new arrivals, especially in the spring and summer time, during the nesting season. As long as they are allowed to breed unmolested in villages, towns and cities, they will stock and pest the surrounding country, no matter how diligently the farmer may shoot them. | Their extermination ought to be encouraged by premiums being paid for their destruction ; and in places where multi- tudes are congregated together, large numbers of them might be destroyed by shooting, poisoning, or trapping. Laws affording protection to the English sparrow should be repealed, and instead, parties appointed to pay a bounty on all sparrows killed, as well as on all nests and eggs destroyed, thereby helping to free the land from an evil as quickly as possible, before we lose too many of our most beautiful and useful insect-eating native birds, which are a blessing to the farmer, gardener and fruit-grower, and all who depend on them for a subsistence. THE Utica TERRANE IN CANADA. By Henry M. Ami, M.A., F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of Canada. INTRODUCTION. The following remarks on the Utica formation in Canada are put forth by the writer, not only in the hope of bringing together and recording a series of facts obtained regarding the history of this interesting formation, but also with the express purpose of arriving at some definite and decided conclusion as to the true horizon and age to which certain slates and associated strata belong, occurring in the highly disturbed and faulted regions of North-Hastern America, which have been referred to several horizons by various writers, and more recently placed in the “‘ Quebec Group” of Sir William Logan—on paleontological, stratigraphical and lithological grounds. To accompany this essay, or thesis, a table has been The Utica Terrane in Canada. 167 prepared showing the distribution of species known to date from localities where the Utica occurs in Canada, together with comparative lists of species from the same formation in the United States. H. M. A. Orrawa, March 28th, 1892. THe Utica TERRANE IN CANADA. Historical Sketch—Through the writings of Green, Orton, Rogers, Eaton, Mather, Conrad, Emmons, Hall, Whitfield, Walcott and others in the United States, together with those of Sir William Logan, Billings, Murray, Hunt, Dawson, Chapman, Laflamme, Nicholson and Smith in Canada, the Utica terrane has been fairly well established and defined as marking a distinct horizon or period in the series of strata constituting the Cambro-Silurian or Ordo- vician Epoch in North America. Whether it is viewed from a paleontological, strati- graphical or lithological standpoint, the Utica characterizes an epoch in the evolution of this continent which may be readily recognized over wide areas. First described by New York geologists from exposures of that formation near the town of Utica, N.Y., the Utica was defined as a “black and tender rock which reposes upon the Trenton limestone.” By some of the early writers it was spoken of as consisting of shaly strata whose total thickness exceeded nine hundred feet, whilst by others the very humble, yet perhaps truer estimate, was given of ‘“ about seventy-five feet in thickness.’’ Stratigraphical characters and relations.—Inasmuch as the Trenton limestone is one of the most extensively developed and easily recognized terranes or horizons in America, and inasmuch as the Utica reposes directly upon it without any discordance of stratification whatever, the position of the Utica is therefore likewise easily known and ascertained. Wherever the sequence of Ordovician strata is unbroken, either by faults, foldings or denudation, from the Potsdam to the Hudson River, the presence of the Utica has been 168 Canadian Record of Science. observed,’ its fossils recognized, its bituminous strata detect- ed, and its position is everywhere the same between the Trenton (below) and the Hudson River (above). The following table indicates the sequence of terranes in Canada during that portion of Paleozoic times when no break whatever occurred in the deposition of marine sediments, when life progressed and flourished in the quiet depths of the Ordovician seas or along their shores. The relative position of the Utica is herein also indicated. These Ordovician terranes are numbered from 1 to 7 in the natural order in which they were deposited :— . Hupson River (= LORRAIN»). . Utica. . TRENTON. . Brrp’s Ey AnD Brack River. . CHAZY. . CALCIFEROUS. . Potspam. The remarkable continuity of the Trenton limestone, so abundant in fossil remains, and so uniform in its mode of occurrence and deposition throughout the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario in Canada, is admirably kept up in the succeeding Utica terrane, whilst the next higher terrane — the Hudson River—also presents similar characters of con- tinuity, uniformity in sedimentation, life, and in lithological characteristics. Coming in between the Trenton and Hud- son River terranes the Utica is essentially a transitional series of strata, a link in the chain of terranes above noted. The following is a section of a portion of the lower Utica strata as they were observed on Crichton street, New Edinburgh, near Ottawa, during the excavation for water- works purposes in 1887 :— Rep wr O1ON Feet. INcHEs. 1. Dark grey bituminous limestone band holding Leptzena sericea, Sowerby and other species.... 0 9 2. Soft, friable, purplish black disintegrating and fossiliferous shales holding abundance of Orthis testudinaria, Dalman, bleached, and Leptwena sericea, Sowerby, and Asaphus Canadensis, Chapman eateletes ey iele etait elleteteiaehele e's] cial (alae 0 8 1 This is true of Ontario, Quebec and New York State especially. The Utica Terrane in Canada. oy) . Unevenly bedded impure bituminous limestone band with Asaphus Canadensis, Chapman, Onihiseiestuadenator SC nire sete ciseeslelolesoieioli elev sic 4. Soft, friable and brittle shales, with abundance of fossil remains—0O. testudinaria, L. sericea, &c.. . Light grey band of impure limestone, bituminous, and holding Conularia Trentonensis, Leptena sericea, Asaphus Canadensis, O. testudinaria, «ce. . . Thin, irregular and unevenly bedded soft friable shales which disintegrate readily, teeming with fossils which appear bleached or wkite on the brownish-yellow weathering grey shales hold- ing L. sericea and O. testudinaria in abundance. 7. Black bituminous impure limestone with Leptena sericea, Orthis emacerata, Asaphus Canadensis, (SG: CBE CHORD Ar God aso nog UG000G DOND Oebb.aBoaen 8 Black bituminous shales holding abundance of trilobitic remains, especially those of Asaphus Canadensis. Resembles that band which crops out along the Rideau River shore near the Rifle on for) Ke} . Band of impure, highly bituminous limestone, black in colour, with irregular splintery and at times conchoidal fracture, holding remains of Asaphus Canadensis, Endoceras protetforme, Strophomena alternata, Conrad..-..-.+...+.+-- 10. Black, bituminous and somewhat splintery brittle shales. Amongst the species of fossils observed there were: Leptograptus flaccidus, Hall, (?) Sagenella ambigua, Walcott, Conularia Trenton- ensis, Leptena sericea, Schizocrania filosa, Hall, Leptobolus insignis, Hall, Endoceras proteiforme, var. tenuistriatum, Asaphus Canadensis, Primitia DURE Hp AIGIYES CORE eo one dotoOl Se cabnoaote. oc ste 169 0 7 0 23 0 4 0 13 0 8 1 2 Ol jie 0 7 6 01 It would thus appear that we have shales and limestones interstratified with each other in this portion of the Utica, showing the intimate and close relationship to the under- lying Trenton. A summary of the above section gives us :— SumMMARY OF Skcrion at NEw EDINBURGH. Feet. INcHES. ike Limestone .......... Batt een ataere Stare reee . Shales eeoeaeta Sees see ets C26 s CPE BEK EEE gs ve 0 9 170 Canadian Record of Science. SyoLAMeStTOMEMckseinisis sale, onl tenes clea iortereletelels 0 a Ass Shi ailesierrepy aa srasese (ieee cvalolataere: sab etaiy icanyatera uate 0 23 ye WE INMES TOMO rerromtetsaavs Meas wletevierereva es tiouerete err ilene 0 4 GeSlralesraeredeerereyeyyer gener rcs ise ete ee tee pate arr 0 14 METUBIMIESTOMETs sielesyiisis okelele oe aie ol ere che cee ie eeeeie 0 8 Suslralesweeierrsetoicuar tee 1 9 OP TMA ES COM eR ae eis clea he areca bert covsmenentte aia Saye eee eae 11 MOL AS alesis ste toe ciara tls) duce Neiataceselomere tole mone Orne orev tana O) 7 6 04 Lithological characters.—The Utica terrane is essentially a shale formation, whence the designation ‘“ Utica shale” which numerous writers have applied to it. It is chiefly composed of shales and limestone, dark in colour and some- times highly bituminous. Whilst the uppermost measures of the Trenton formation are characterized by calcareous strata interstratified with shaly bands which increase in number and extent as we pass upward from the Trenton to the Utica, similarly, the lower measures of the Utica consist of shaly strata inter- stratified with calcareous or limestone bands, all of which are bituminous in character. The accompanying sketch taken at New Edinburgh, Ottawa, along the right bank of the Ottawa River, shows the character of the strata at the summit of the Trenton and in the basal beds of the Utica:— These characters of the upper Trenton and lower Utica point clearly to a subsidence which occurred towards the close of the Trenton and led to the deposition of finely divided muds and clays. The change in the nature of the sediments led to achange in the forms and characters of the fauna or life of this old Ordovician sea, so that new forms of animal life were ushered in, in these pelagic depths, which will be discussed later on. The presence of many of these organic forms led to considerable change in the character of the strata as we find them at the present day. Graptolites and trilobites in great abundance characterize the Utica, and the shales are highly impregnated with bituminous materials from The Utica Terrane in Canada. 171 which petroleum and oils can be extracted, but scarcely yet with sufficient readiness and cheapness to warrant the utilizing of these shales for economic purposes. The shales of the Utica are for the most part soft dark- brown or black, brittle, earthy and bituminous. From: the exposures of this formation as far east as Murray Bay, Que., along the north shore of the St. Lawrence in the vicinity and under the waters of Lake St. Peter; at Montreal, Lacolle, Clarenceville; and again between Lake Ontario (Whitby) and Collingwood Bay, near Collingwood, as also along the capes and bays of the great Manitoulin and other islands in the northern portion of Lake Huron, the shaly strata of the Utica are very similar throughout and the characters very closely related. In certain areas they are more or less calcareous, at times they are highly argillaceous. The presence of volcanic and intrusive masses about Montreal, and in the HKastern Townships of Quebec, has considerably altered and hardened the Utica of that region, which is, as a rule, highly calcareous. Chemical characters.—In the “Geology of Canada,” 1863, Sir William Logan has given a number of interesting chemical analyses of the Utica shales or “pyroschists,” as they are called, which were made by Messrs. Chandler and Kimball for Prof. Whitney, and were published in the “Geol. of Wisconsin,” Vol. I, p. 184. The five analyses there given are here inserted, as they serve to show clearly the chemical composition of these shales or pyroschists from various localities. They are as follows :— “T, is a blackish-brown, very fine-grained rock, from Cape Smith, ake Huron. It has a somewhat conchoidal fracture, is not schistose in its structure, and contains no traces of fossils. II. is from an Island north of Maple Cape, and is blackish-brown, fine-grained, and earthy in texture, with a laminated structure, and contains no fossils. III. is from Ste. Anne, Montmorenci, and is dark-brown, shaly, and contains graptolites. IV. is from Gloucester, and is a 172 Canadian Record of Science. black shale filled with fragments of trilobites and crinoids. In these analyses the carbonates of lime and magnesia, with the alumina and oxide of iron, were removed by solution in acids, and the elements of the organic matter determined in the insoluble portion. Me II. Ill. IV. V. @lay and’ sand:..°.>..... 38°45 34:60 37:26 48:27 | 73nbm Car Wonlererereeheieirlensoietelcls 6°83 6°63 61 6:99 15°08 Ja hyGlivoyeilis dosaodooon Gone 74 SU 83 H-13 1°65 Oranges sono beouseooadde 3°20 2°96 boy Al 3°39 5°39 Carbonate of lime........ 45°02 49°31 5260 20°30 1-29 Carbonate of magnesia... 2°09 2°53 3°42 11:48 °76 Alumina and oxide ofiron. 2°16 2°09 3°29 7°99 2-79 98°49 98°89 99°72 99°55 100°48 ‘“‘The analysis V in the above table is that of a pyro- schist from this formation, in the lead region of Wisconsin.” The first four analyses are made from Canadian speci- mens, and give us a sufficiently typical series from remote outcrops of the Utica terrane, from which the lithological and chemical characters of the rock may be ascertained. Mineralogical characters.—The minerals which charac- terize the Utica are not numerous, but it may be stated here that iron pyrites is tolerably abundant in the middle beds of the Utica, about Ottawa where :t occurs in masses from the size of a man’s fist to smaller dimensions, and often replacing entirely or simply coating organic remains, such as orthoceratites, trilobites, graptolites and sponges. Strontianite has also been observed, determined and recorded by Dr. B. J. Harrington from the Utica shales of St. Helen’s Island, opposite Montreal, Que. Selenite.—A variety of gypsum occurs in fine seales or flakes either coating organic remains or between divisional planes of stratification as a secondary product of the decomposition of iron pyrites. The Utica, except in its lowest measures, does not afford any building stone of any consequence. A few of its calcareous strata, close to the base of the formation, might be utilized for building purposes, but they ae é - The Utica Terrane in Canada. 173 are usually too thin or nodular and easily disintegrating to be of any commercial value. Some bands, however, are magnesian and calcareous and break with a conchoidal fracture. These might very reasonably prove to be useful for cement or hydraulic purposes. The bituminous character of the shales of this terrane induced a company to start operations at the village of Windsor, near Collingwood, Ont., for the purpose of ex- tracting oil (petroleum) from these shales, but the process proved too costly and the work was abandoned. The shales used are reported to have contained an average of 8 per cent. of petroleum. The specimens collected by Mr. A.S. Cochrane, C.E., at the works, showed the shales to be highly fossiliferous. The basal beds of the Utica have been described as consisting of interstratified bands of limestones and shales which gradually pass upward into shales exclusively as the middle portion of the terrane is reached. These middle beds consist for the most part of shales, dark-brown weathering and black along a fresh fracture, which become more or less compact in certain places, whilst many beds have a decided conchoidal fracture. They are rich in graptolites and trilobites, especially of the genera Lepto graptus and Triarthrus respectively. The uppermost beds of the Utica, so far as they are known to the writer, show a strong tendency to become argillaceous and magnesian, especially in the Ottawa Paleozoic Basin. They consist of very thin and fissile, soft argillaceous shales, evenly bedded and rather destitute of fossils. They pass upward into the Hudson shales and strata whose lower measures are highly magnesian, as can be seen from the bright buff weathering character of the Hudson River rocks along the line of the Canada Atlantic Railway, near Ottawa and elsewhere. The total thickness of the three subdivisions of the Utica, thus differentiated on lithological as well as other grounds, has nowhere been seen by the writer to exceed one hun- dred feet, but is usually much less. 174 Canadian Record of Science. Paleontological characters—The Utica formation along the whole line of its outcrop in Canada may be said to be for the most part highly fossiliferous. This is especially true of the lower and middle portions of this terrane, 7.e., of those portions which are more calcareous than the upper series of strata. In the “ Paleontology of Ontario,” 1874, by Prof. A. H. Nicholson, that writer describes and records eleven species of fossils as constituting the fauna of this period in Cambro-Silurian times. In 1882, when the writer Joined the Geological Survey staff, there were then exhibit- ed in the cases of the museum some twelve species of fossils representing the then known fauna of the Utica. By dint of collecting and gathering together the material which was in the possession of the Geological Survey of Canada, determining the same, and of losing no opportunity of collecting himself wherever the Utica formation was known or seen, the writer has been able to bring together an assemblage of upwards of sixty forms which marks a special horizon in Ordovician times and differentiates itself from the Trenton and Hudson River terranes. The fossils which are found entombed in the shales and limestones of this formation are often exceedingly well preserved, and being very abundant afford an excellent opportunity of studying the fragments or separate portions of individuals which are usually seen along the divisional planes of strati- cation in such vast numbers. 7 Just as the lithological characters of the Utica show a decided resemblance and similarity to the underlying Trenton and overlying Hudson River, so also the fossil remains of the Utica towards the base of that terrane show a decided affinity and close relationship to the Trenton facies, and towards the summit to the newer Hudson River fossils. In fact, we find that just as there are passage beds, or transitional strata, between the Trenton and Utica, and also between the Utica and Hudson River, so also do we find a number of species of fossils which pass upwards or are common to the three formations. The following table has been prepared to show the different species which have, so far, The Utica Terrane in Canada. 175 been recognized in Canada by the writer as common to the Utica and Trenton and to the Utica and Hudson River, pointing out, besides, the forms common to the Trenton and Hudson River terranes :— TABLE SHOWING THER Species OF Fossrt REMAINS COMMON TO TIT TRENTON AND Utica, To THH Utica AND Hupson Rivnr, «ce. GENDRA AND SPECIBS. OOIC OP COD eS -|Monotrypa undulata, Nic\.olson.......... -|Discina Pelopea, Billings..........+..... -|Lingula quadrata, Eichwald..-.......... -|Leptena sericea, Sowerby .-...+.... «+000 . |Strophomena alternata, Conrad........++ ; -|Orthis testudinaria, DAlnaanee nea -.|Platystrophia biforata, v. lynx, Eichwald.. nlOnthis,emacerataw tall! sje ste sce see oele . seine Headi, Billmmeshis.cnere Yajefeee snore st modesta, SEN 5600 coabc Slouch patois : Wirne ae recurirrostra, AEeVallleteyeretetetioteretetsnstats Rhynchonella inerebescen s, Hall. bitaas aha en - Serpulites dissolutus, Billings OSs eieeensle - | Modivlopsis modiclaria, Conrad en aoe -|Orthodesma parallelum, Hall............. -|Pterinea insueta, Conradia. cits 2 shajatnye st Trentonensis, Canned a SSE en -|Conularia Trentonensis, JEM cocoate on ateiste .| Bellerophon bilobatus, Sowerby... S600 0006 -|Plunotomaria subconica, alleen -|Murchisonia Milleri, Hall Sela hpt co Saisie .|Endoceras proteiforme, IBEW om peeants odie ee Asaphus platycephalus, Stotts............ iantinis bs cckt Green ans acriicln ene pq Ss i= 5S) : e) Beane alee ~ x = HH = x * * * % * * * * % % * * *% * * * * * * * * * K = * * * %* &: * * % %* * * 7 * * aL 22 15 In common. 15 13 ee Ae ea a OT aE ME ESTP AUTO NG The paleontological characters of the Utica are exceed- 176 Canadian Record of Science. ingly varied, the forms of life entombed in its strata belonging to almost all the classes of the Paleozoic fossils. No evidence of plant or fucoidal remains has been detected in the Utica of Canada. The mode of preservation of the fossil remains is similar to the manner in which most fossils are preserved in shales or finely divided clays and sands throughout paleozoic strata. The calcareous portions of the shells of brachio- poda, lamellibranchiata and cephalopoda, are preserved as such, but iron pyrites often replaces the lime, whilst the chitinous structure of crustaceans, graptolites, etc., is also replaced by iron pyrites in numerous instances. Amongst the most characteristic species which distin- guish this terrane from others, we find that trilobites play no unimportant part. In the lower half of the formation Asaphus Canadensis, Chapman—which may probably be identical with Hall’s A. latimarginatus described in 1847— may be said to be very abundant indeed. Thousands of fragments of different sized individua!s occur, which, when restored, would form individuals ranging from one inch to ten inches and more in length. The genus Triarthrus is also most characteristic of the Utica. In Canada the following forms occur: 7’. Becki, Green, 7. glaber, Billings, T. Canadensis, Smith, and 7. spinosus, Billings. Kmbryonic forms of this genus are very abundant in certain portions of the middle Utica about Ottawa, and a suite of specimens has been obtained, with few exceptions, similar to that obtained by Prof. Walcott, of the U.S. Geol. Survey, who has so admirably described the Utica of the United States and illustrated Triarthrus Becki in his “‘ Utica and related formation ”’ published in 1879. Triarthrus glaber is characteristic of the Utica outlier in the Lake St. John region, Quebec, whilst 7’. Canadensis, with its peculiar genal angle produced into a prominent spine on each side of the head, is most abundant in the Utica shales of the islands in the northern portion of Lake Huron, such as the islands north of Maple Cape, Xe. Triarthrus spinosus occurs intimately associated with The Utica Terrane in Canada. Lig T. Becki in the Utica of the Ottawa Paleozoic Basin, in the County of Carleton. It was armed with numerous spines both on its head and body, besides tubercles or blunted spines on the ovucipital segment and on _ the pygidium. Besides these trilobites vast numbers of the remains of Ceraurus pleurexanthemus occur in the shaly strata which crop out south of Rochesterville, Ottawa, between that vil- lage and Carling Lake. This form occurs here associated with Asaphus Canadensis and Triarthrus Becki, Green. In the caleareous bands of Montmorenci, Pointe aux Trembles, Ottawa, Whitby and Collingwood Calymene senaria occurs in tolerable abundance, but usually in detached fragments, the cephalon and pygidium only, being usually preserved. Amongst the cephalopoda, may be mentioned shells of Eindoceras proteiforme showing the large size and tapering character of the endosiphon as it is flanked all around and on each side of the septate or camerate portion of the shell. Individual specimens of this species have been found in the Utica of Gloucester and Ottawa whose probable length, when perfect, was not less than six feet. "Thousands of small orthoceratites usually referred to the genus Endo- ceras :—H. proteiforme, var tenuistriatum, etc., etc., are also found throughout the Utica from Murray Bay and Lake St. John to Whitby and the islands north of the Great Mani- toulin Island. These individuals resemble closely the form described by Professor Hall as O. lamellosum, and as they are found ap- pear to be true representatives of the genus Orthoceras. The shell in the younger examples must have been exceedingly delicate and thin from the mode of preservation. These Orthoceratites are pre-eminently characteristic of the Utica. The Glossophora or Gasteropoda are not numerous but interesting. As arule they are crushed and preserved as casts. In a few instances the lines of growth and sculpture is shown with considerable precision. Amongst the Lamellibranchiata we find such genera 14 178 Canadian Record of Science. as Pterinea and Modiolopsis represented. Pterinea insueta, Conrad, young individuals or a variety of the type species, also Modiolopsis modiolaris, Conrad, occur in tolerable abundance, but Lyrodesma pulchellum, Emmons, may be said to be the commonest and most characteristic of this class in the Utica terrane. Of the brachiopoda—Leptaena sericea, Sowerby, Orthis testudinaria, Dalman, and Strophomena alternata, Conrad, are found in the lower Utica shales almost everywhere; but one of the most characteristic forms of this interesting class is the minute, though abundant, Leptobolus insignis of Hall. Billings had observed its presence in the Montmorenci section and referred to it as a small Discina. On a small slab—the size of one’s hand—there may be counted some- times as many as twelve individuals—all in a tolerably good state of preservation—and presenting the characters of the genus remarkably well At Murray Bay, Lake St. John, Montmorency—around Quebec, at Montreal, Ottawa, Gloucester, Whitby, Collingwood, ete., this form occurs in almost every collection made and serves as a very good in- dicator of the presence of the Utica. Small individuals of Zygospira modesta, Say, are also very characteristic and in- timately associated with the previously mentioned species. The Utica representatives of this species are rather diminu- tive, some individuals being scarvely more than one or two millimetres in length, and indicate or present the protegulum very markedly in such nepionic forms as we find especially about Ottawa. . Amongst the most interesting of the brachiopoda how- ever, Siphonotreta Scotica, Davidson, marks a very interest- ing horizon. One single individual of this species, alone, was found by the writer amongst the numerous collections of brachiopoda gathered together by the late Mr. Billings. To Mr. J. W. H. Watts, of the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ Club, and to Mr. Whiteaves is due the honour of discovering and making known this beautifully ornamented and setate tretenterate brachiopod. In a paper prepared by the writer and read in the winter of 1887, entitled: ‘‘ Notes on and the The Utica Terrane in Canada. 179 precise Geological horizon of Siphonotreta Scotica, Davidson.” I had occasion to note the exact band from which this in- teresting fossil came and gave a list of sixteen other species which were found associated therewith. Since then I have had the good fortune to obtain additional forms, associated with which is the TYurrilepas Canadensis, Woodward— described by Dr. Henry Woodward in the “ Geol. Mag. No. 300, Dec. 3,” vol. vi. p. 271 (1889.) The following is a list of the species occurring in the ‘Siphonotreta band” along the bank of the Rideau River, opposite the Rifle Range, Ottawa :— 1. Batostomella erratica, Ulrieh. 2. Lingua curta, Hall. 3: ** elongata, Hall. 4 “« quadrata, Eichwald. (? = L. Cincinnatiensis, Hall and Whitfield.) 5. Leptena sericea, Sowerby. 6. Strophomena alternata, Conrad. 7. Orthis testudinaria, Dalman. 8. Zygospira Headi, Billings. ie rae AV LE: 10. ig modesta, Say. 11. Conularia Trentonensis, Hall. 12. Leperditia cylindrica, Hall. 13. Beyrichia oculifera, Hall. 14. Asaphus Canadensis, Hall. 15. “ platycephalus, Stone. vel. A. megistos, Locke. 16. Calymene senaria, Conrad. The above sixteen species all occur in the one band, from nine inches to one foot in thickness, associated with (17) Siphonotreta Scotica, Davidson, and (18) Turrilepas Cana- densis, Woodward. The Lingule are eminently characteristic, especially Lingula Progne and L. curta, the former of which is abund- ant almost everywhere the Utica shales holding Asaphus Canadensis occur. The monticuliporide and Bryozoa generally have afforded but little material as yet. Batostomella erratica, Ulrich, has been recognized and identified by Prof. E. O. 180 Canadian Record of Science. Ulrich, of Newport, Ky., U.S.A., whilst an obscure form allied to Arthronema occurs in certain shaly strata of Rideau Ward, Ottawa. ‘The GRAPTOLITES are eminently characteristic of the Utica. The most common species is the Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall, which is found almost invariably in all collections of the Utica. Then Leptograptus flaccidus comes next. With the graceful and slender curving stipes of the polypary the surfaces of many slabs of Utica shale are literally covered. Another species of this genus, Lept. annectans, Walcott, has been found in one or two localities. The genus Climacograptus has also one representative at least, and that a form closely related to C. Scharenbergi, Lapworth, or C. teretiusculus, Hisinger. Considerable difficulty has been met in identify- ing this Climacograptus, and especially on account of the fact that the earlier types and descriptions in many in- stances included several forms quite separate and distinct in structure, whose affinities have yet to be discussed and characters ascertained. Several small specimens of a diprionidian graptolite occurs abundantly in the Utica shales of Collingwood, Whitby, Ottawa, Montreal, &c., and is usually referred to the ubiquitous Diplograptus pristis, Hisinger. Reteograptus (?) Hucharis, Hall, another curious and interesting form, whose relations and affinities are still obscure, has been met with at Montreal in the Utica of St. Helen’s Island, and resembling closely the forms from the typical locality Lake St. John basin. The obscure parasitic hydroid ? Sagenella ambiqua, Walcott, has been detected on the shells of several ortho- ceratites, but the identification of this form is very dubious. Referring to parasites, a small Cornulites, C. immaturum, Hall, has also been found in the Utica of Montreal by Mr. Thos. Curry amongst the débris hauled up from the bottom of the harbour whilst the excavations were going on for the 28-foot channel. The material there obtained has kindly been placed at my disposal by Sir William Dawson, and amongst the forms detected the last mentioned proved to be a ‘ The Utica Terrane in Canada. 181 an interesting addition to the fauna of the Utica. Serpulites dissolutus, Billings, has also been found in several localities. A fossil sponge—Stephanella sancta, Hinde, has recently been described from the Utica shales of Ottawa in the Geol. Mag., new series, Dec. 1m, vol. viii, No. 1, for January, 1891, pp. 22-24, in a paper entitled : ‘‘ Motes on a new Fossil Sponge from the Utica shale formation (Ordovician) at Ottawa, Canada.” This sponge proved to constitute a new and very simple type of a Lithistid sponge—whose spicules resemble closely those of the modern Tethea—many specimens of which occur in the Post-Tertiary clays of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence river basins. GEOGRAPHICAL DistRipuTion.—Having glanced at the stratigraphical relations of the Utica terrane and at its lithological as well as chemical constituents, then surveyed over in a general way the paleontological characters, let us look for a moment at the geographical distribution of the same in Canada. In the Province of Quebec, the Utica is first met in the East in loose blocks and specimens brought up on the north shore of the Island of Anticosti by floating ice. There is scarcely any doubt that the Utica shales occur in their proper and natural position between the Trenton and Hudson Rive: terranes—in the unbroken and fine sequence of Ordovician strata northwest of Anticosti—and that on ac- count of their soft, brittle and easily denuded character they have been washed and carried away from that section now occupied by the north channel of the St. Lawrence River. But the most easterly outcrop of the Utica as yet recorded in situ occurs near the mouth of the Murray River, Murray Bay—where Mr. W. F. Ferrier made an interesting collec- tion of fossils which were determined and described by the writer in the ‘‘ Can. Record of Science” for 1887, pp. 101- 107. The paper is entitled : “ Noteson Fossils from the Utica Formation at Point-a-Pic, Murray River, Murray Bay (Que.), Canada.’ In this paper twelve species of fossils were noted, as follows :— 1. Diplograptus sp. (resembling D. pristis, Hisinger.) 182 Canadian Record of Science. 2. Pachydictya sp. 3. Leptobolus insignis, Hall. 4. Siphonotreta sp. 5. Leptena sericea, Sowerby. 6. Orthis testudinaria, Dalman. 7. Trocholites ammonius, Conrad. 8. Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. 9. Triarthrus sp. 10. Calymene senaria, Conrad. 11. Leperditia (Primitia) cylindrica, Hall. 1127, i probably n. sp. The Utica terrane occupies a more or less narrow and continuous belt along the north shore of the St. Lawrence from Cape Tourmente below Quebec, .to Montreal, whence the belt trends to the south and is seen in the neighbour- hood of Lacolle, Clarenceville, etc.—then crossing the boundary line—rounding the edge of or skirting the Adiron. dack range—to reappear north of Lake Ontario at and in the vicinity of Whitby—it crosses the Province to Colling- wood where it again disappears beneath the waters of the Georgian Bay and continuing north and west strikes numerous points, capes and islands about the great Mani- toulin Island dying out to the west and overlaid by newer and overlying formations. In the vicinity of Quebec the Utica terrane is met at several localities. Characteristic species were collected by Rev. Prof. Laflamme, Mr. St. Cyr, Mr. T. C. Weston, Dr. Ells and the writer within recent years, at Montmorenci, Beauport, St. Charles River Flats, Charlesbourg, half-mile west of Charlesbourg, at Grondines, Pointe aux Trembles and Cape Santé, and also across the river at St. Antoine [de Tilly] interesting collections were made. At Montmorenci Falls, near the bottom of the falls and ravine the following characteristic Utica fossils were col- lected and detected by the writer and Dr. Ells :— . Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall. . Diplograptus sp. . Climacograptus sp. Reteograptus ? Eucharis, Hall. moh “ 4 : t § The Utica Terrane in Canada. 183 . Lingula curta, Hall. . Leptobolus insignis, Hall. . Leptena sericea, Sowerby. 8. Triarthrus Becki ? Green. “IO Near the mouth of the Montmorenci River—close to the Railway Bridge—the following species occur :— 1. Diplograptus sp. indt. . Climacograptus sp. . Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall. . Leptobolus insignis, Hall. . Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. . Triarthrus Becki, Green. > ow OO Bw Along the Beauport shore the following species were ob- tained by Mr. D. N. St. Cyr, a devoted and zealous naturalist at the Museum of the Department of Public Instruction, Quebec : . Schizocrania filosa, Hall. . Leptena sericea, Sowerby. . Lyrodesma pulchellum, Emmons. . Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. 5. Asaphus Canadensis, Chapman. Hw CO DD Ft At Charlesbourg village—along the road from Quebec to Charlesbourg and a ‘few yards south of the church—the fol- lowing forms were collected by Dr. W. Ells, Prof. Laflamme and the writer, in light coloured, caleareous shales :— 4 . Leptograptus flaccidus, Hall. . Strophomena or Rafinesquina sp. . Leperditia cylindrica. Hall. . Triarthrus Becki, Green. bo He OO But along a brook—about one mile west of Charlesbourg village, on the road to Lorette, the black bituminous shales of the Utica are seen to crop out and afforded the following characteristic forms :— 1. Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall. 2. Climacograptus sp. 3. Leptobolus insignis, Hall. All these are typical Utica fossils. (To be continued.) 184 Canadian Record of Science. ANNUAL PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, 1892. The duty of delivering what is called the Presidential Address falls this year on probably the most useless Pre- sident that has ever had the honour conferred on him of sitting in the Presidential Chair of the Natural History Society of Montreal. The fault however is not wholly mine, if indeed any real blame can be attached to my name in connection with the office. No Natural History Society has as yet discovered a natural law, or even traces of a natural law whereby the grandest object of Nature, Man, can plead with sickness the positive urgency of Presidential position, and thereby obtain a six months lease of steady health. For close on three months out of the six active months of this Society’s work I was an ‘ailing man,” barely able to fulfil the necessary duties of my profession, and wholly unable to fulfil any of the duties that fell to my lot as Pre- sident of this or other Societies. I also told the gentlemen who urged me strongly to accept the position that my professional duties were of that nature that no outside appointment could stand in the way of, clergymen as well as doctors being subject to sudden and pressing calls before which everything must’ give way. Hence apart from ill health I have been forced to refrain from duties that in themselves would have proved a plea- sure. Not because I loved the Natural History Society less, but because I loved my profession more. With these words of apology, and direct warning as to future presidential elections; I would proceed with my address, carrying with me, I trust the good natured pardon or sympathy of the officers and members of this Society. With regard to the working of the Society for the year T have but little to say, as the reports of the council about — Annual Presidential Address. 185 to be read, taken with those of the curator, editing com- mittee and librarian, furnish in a direct and forcible manner the facts connected with another year of this Society’s progress. There is no question that this Society has connected with it some singularly active members, that its aims are ever good; and that its influence is sufficient to arouse a prophetic spirit in its most faithful members as 1o the possibilities of its future. If some of those large hearted and public spirited gentlemen, whose boundless munificence is fast making our city a magnificent educational centre, would only place the Natural History Society on their list of educational insti- tutions worthy of being enquired into as a possible future field for their liberality, the higher educational influences of the city would unquestionably receive a much needed and admirable addition. The true destiny of a society such as this should be that of centreing within its field of operation those aids to study which would illustrate to the eye and ear and mind of the hundreds of students who throng oer colleges and schools, the direct instruction of their scientific and _ literary teachers, and which would also constantly create a desire in the minds of others who are not students, to seek to improve themselves through the impetus to study which a well equipped Natural History Society would hold out to them. Our aims as I said are admirable, namely ‘“ the study of Natural History, General Science and Literature ” but none I faney would claim that the work of the Society has ever permanently reached the aims set forth in our act of incorporation. The record made by the Society since its foundation has been in every way creditable and fully up to the limit of its financial opportunity; but whilst other educational institutions once weak and ineffective, have been developing with rapidity their original aims, and gathering about them the well earned lustre which ever comes from increasing success, our society can scarcely claim a proportionate advancement, as the “Sure yet Silent Years pass on.” 186 Canadian Record of Science. We are a “Natural History Society,” and up to the limit of our opportunity I hold a successful one, but we were created just as much a Society for the Study of General Science, as a Society for the Study of General Literature; and as far as my knowledge goes both these latter aims can scarcely be claimed as forming part of our corporate active life and existence. And yet our city abounds with scattered societies many of them private, others semi-public and others public; which have started into existence to meet what their members considered positive, scientific and literary needs and that wholly apart from the Natural History Society incorporated for the very purpose of seeing those needs supplied. One could easily understand this if our city were the size of London or New York, but with a population such as ours it does seem a pity that scattered societies should posi- tively be doing the work that our act of incorporation has created us to do, and are doing it wholly apart from our society, and in some cases without the slightest knowledge that such work forms part of the work that our society was incorporated to perform. Of course such a fulfilment of original aims, demands an expenditure far beyond our present income, and an expend- iture that would not be just or business-like under the present conditions of our life. But there is no condition of . life in this busy world of progress that cannot be improved, and it does seem to me that the time has come when this honored society should emerge from the almost “ Classic Shades” of its existence, into that bustling life of educa- tional competition which working out its destiny in the public arena ‘on which ten thousand eyes are fixed” has already in connection with other institutions caught the attention, rivetted the thought, and won the noble gifts of noble hearted and generous men, who regard the educational improvement of a country as all important, and have proved their regard by acts of princely munificence. But then these institutions were always ‘in evidence” before the Annual Presidential Address. 187 public, ever stating their needs, ever enlarging their needs, ever holding out hands to catch the drops that heaven might send them, until at last importunity, the reward of just demands prevailed, and the golden shower poured down to feed the thirsty ground. In this busy competitive age, next in value to existence itself is that of giving evidence —ceaseless, untiring evidence, of your existence. No one standing to-day on the steps of the original McGill College remembering what it was 25 years ago and seeing what it is to-day can fail to realize the inestimable value of keeping the needs of an educational institution clearly and distinctly before the public. Admit as Montreal may gratefully and proudly do, the force and power that McGill has gathered to itself through its right to claim as its presiding genius such a brilliant world-known guide as Sir William Dawson, admit to the full the magnificent staff which in all the branches of the University group themselves around him; —all such admissions do not fully explain the phenomenal success of the institution for much of it must in fairness be explained by the fact that McGill has aimed high, and has ceaselessly and with dogged persist- ency kept its aims before the public. Now the Natural History Society is an educational Society or it is nothing, and it ought to be righteously within the admitted field of “ higher education,” otherwise it has largely failed in reaching the object of its existence. If one in this prosaic age might indulge in “ day dreams ”’ my dream as to the future of this Society would be some- thing like this. A building worthy of Montrealas the Great Educational Centre of Quebec, and the Provinces, suited to the educational spirit of the times in which we live, and sufficiently large to gather under its roof in generous affi- liation all the leading literary and scientific societies of our city which now are leading independent lives. A free library for study and reference, in connection with the three fold objects of our existenee—Natural History, General Seience and Literature,—ample room for private study— every inducement held out to the students of our Colleges 188 Canadian Record of Science. and the young life of our city to avail themselves of the privileges open to them. A museum that for teacher, stu- dent and enquirer alike would prove its worth as years roll on. Courses of free class lectures on Natural History, General Science and Literature by competent lecturers and Certificates of honorable proficiency for those who attending them earn by examination the just reward of their labors. Free popular lectures that might act as incentives to lure the young to higher and closer studies, and last though by no means least—a governing body, large, comprehensive and broad minded in its views; full of zeal and energy in grasping new ideas and fresh born thoughts, and realizing to the full that they have a great public educational work to do, and that the leading recipe for obtaining their aims is that of ceaselessly and with dogged persistency keeping the Natural History Society of Montreal before the public. I know that such ascheme may fairly be regarded as visionary—but the world owes not a little to visionaries, and in this case the original visionaries were the honored founders of the Natural History Society itself. They founded a Society for the cultivation of Natural History, General Science, and Literature, and we to-day are the re- presentatives of these high original aims. We can hold them in safe keeping and pass them on like the “ whispered traditions of the hoary tast”’ to those that will come after us, or we can grasp them with that touch of daring enter- prise, which is largely characteristic of the age in which we live, and facing the public with claims as loudly let- tered as those of less useful institutions, seek to gain our share of that munificent liberality for which our city is fast becoming renowned. T am sure that you will pardon one for thus speaking on the aims and possibilities of a Society for which he has been enabled to do so little, and in whose work he has taken so small a part. But the fault has been yours, gentlemen, for it was you who placed me in the position to quote these words with which as the ‘‘ Shadow of a Shade” of a Ghost Annual Presidential Address. 189 like President, I close this address,—and the words are these : “ Aim high “ For most aim low and fail. “ Aim as thy Fathers aimed ‘¢ Who won the vantage ground thou standest on.” PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Monrreau, March 28th, 1892. The fifth monthly meeting was held this evening, the Very Rev. Dean Carmichael, President, in the chair. The minutes of meeting of Feby 29th were read and approved. Minutes of council meeting of March 21st were read. The Librarian reported the following donations to the Library :—From Sir Wm Dawson, “ Notes on Parka deci- pens;” from American Book Company, ‘“‘ Laboratory Manual of Chemistry ;” and usual exchanges. Moved by the Rev. Dr. Campbell, and seconded by J. 8S. Shearer; that the thanks of the Society be accorded the donors of the above books. Moved by HK. T. Chambers, seconded by F. D. Adams, and resolved, that the members of the Natural History Society desire to express their sorrow at the death of Mr. F. B. Caulfield, and their sincere sympathy with his widow and family in their bereavement. ‘They also wish to put on record their sense of the valuable services he has in so many ways rendered to the Society, especially by the valuable papers he has contributed to their publications, and the great interest taken by him in the zoological collection. It was moved by James Gardner, seconded by F. D. Adams that the rule requiring balloting be suspended, and M. Monongahela de Beaujeu be elected an ordinary member, Mr. F. D, Adams read an obituary notice with notes of the scientific work of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. 190 Canadian Record of Science. Moved by Sir W. Dawson, seconded by J. S. Shearer, That the obituary of the late Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, LL.D., FE.RS., read at this meeting be published in the REcorp or ScIENcE, as a memorial of its distinguished subject and as a testimony of their regard for him as one of the most eminent of the members and officers of this Society, and one whose labours shed so much lustre on Canadian Science. Moved by Sir W. Dawson, seconded by the Rev. Dr. Campbell, that J. S. Shearer, J. S. Brown, James Gardner and A. F. Winn be appointed a committee to arrange for providing some help for Mr. Caulfield’s family. A paper on the European house sparrow by W. A. Oswald of Belle Riviere, Que., was read. Proposed by Sir W. Dawson, seconded by the Rev. Dr. Campbell the thanks of the Society be given to Mr. Oswald for his paper. Carried. MontREAL, April 25th, 1892. The sixth monthly meeting was held this evening, John S. Shearer, Vice-President, in the chair. Minutes of last meeting (March 28th) were read and approved. The Librarian reported the usual exchanges, with the Smithsonian reports and [Illustrations of Grasses of North America, from the Department of Agriculture, Washington. To the Museum, from H. J. Tiffin, a lead from a corner stone of a building bearing date 1751. Moved by J. S. Brown, seconded by Mr. Joseph that the thanks of the Society be sent Mr. Tiffin for his valuable donation. Carried. Moved by Mr. E. Judge, seconded by Mr. G. Sumner that the Very Rev. Dean Carmichael be appointed delegate to the meeting of the Royal Society at Ottawa May 31st. Carried. J.S. Shearer, Dr. Stirling, and R. W. McLachlan were appointed auditors. It was moved by J. Gardner, seconded by J. S. Brown Proceeding's of the Natural History Society. 191 that the rules be suspended and the following be elected members by acclamation. Carried. L. Huot proposed by J. S. Shearer seconded by J. Gard- ner and H. D, Wintle proposed by A. Inglis seconded by J. Gardner. Moved by J. S. Brown, seconded by G. Sumner that the invitation of the Hon. J. K. Ward to hold the next field day at the Riviere Rouge be accepted. Carried. Capt. R. C. Adams gave a paper on the “ Mineral re- scources of the Kootenay District”? Moved by E. Judge, seconded by J. 8. Brown that the thanks of the Society be accorded Capt. Adams for his valuable lecture. Montreau, May 30th, 1892. The Annual Meeting was held this evening, the Very Revd. Dean Carmichael, President, in the Chair. The Minutes of last Annual Meeting were read and ap- proved. Mr. Shearer on behalf of the Field Day Committee re- ported that all had been arranged with the Hon. J. K. Ward and the C. P. R. for the excursion to Riviére Rouge. Mr. Brown, Hon. Curator, reported that two cases of Birds had been donated to the Museum by Mr. H. J. Tiffin. Proposed by Mr. Brown, seconded by Hon. Senator Mur- phy, that the thanks of the Society be sent to the donor. ~ On the suggestion of Sir W. Dawson, the delegates to the Convention of the Dominion Educational Association to be held in Montreal in July were invited to visit the Museum of the Society. Mr. J. S. Brown suggested that the title of the Record be altered so as to read, The Canadian Record of Science, the Journal of the Natural History Society of Montreal. Referred to the Editing Committee. The President then delivered his annual address in which he referred to the various objects for which the Society was established. 192 Canadian Record of Science. Mr. J. S. Shearer, Chairman of Council read the report of Council. Mr. James Gardner, Hon. Treasurer reported the total disbursements of $2248.95, and the receipts $2489.93, leay- ing a balance on hand of $240.98. Mr. J. 8. Brown, Hon. Curator, reported on the state of the Museum, noting a large increase in the number of vis- itors during the last year. Mr. H.'T. Chambers, Hon. Librarian, gave the report of Library Committee, showing a number of standard works added by purchase to the library during the year. In the absence of Dr. T. Wesley Mills, the report of the Editing Cominittee was read by the Revd. Dr. Campbell. Proposed by J.S. Shearer, seconded by the Revd. Dr. Smyth, that the reports just read be received, adopted and printed in the ‘ Record.” Mr. Gardner and Mr. Winn were appointed scrutiners, and the election of officers was proceeded with. Sir William Dawson was elected Hon. President on motion of Hon. Senator Murphy, seconded by Judge Wur- tele. Moved by Revd. Dr. Smyth and seconded by J. H. Joseph, that the Very Revd. Dean Carmichael be elected President. Moved by J. H. Joseph, seconded by Hon. Senator Mur- phy, that Dr. T. Wesley Mills, be 1st Vice-President. The following were on motion elected Vice-Presidents : Vice- Presidents :—Hon. Senator Murphy, J. H. R. Mol- son, John S. Shearer, Sir Donald A. Smith, Rev. R. Camp- bell, D.D., Geo. Sumner, Rev. W. J. Smyth, B.A., B.Sc., Ph. D., J. H. Joseph, B. J. Harrington, Ph. D., F. R. S.C. Hon. Recording Secretary :—R. W. McLachlan. Hon. Corresponding Secretary :—John W., Stirling, M. B. Hon. Curator :—A. F. Winn. Hon. Treasurer :—James Gardner. The scrutineers reported the following as elected mem- bers of Council. a ea Proceedings of the Natural History Society. 193 Members of Council :—John 8. Shearer, Chairman, Edgar Judge, Frank D. Adams, M. A. Sc., Albert Holden, Major L. A. H. Latour, M. A., Judge Wurtele, J. A. U. Beaudry, Cre Prof, Des Penhallow, By Se. Prof: J. Cox, M. A: C.8. J. Phillips. The following were elected on the Library Committee. Library Committee :—H. T. Chambers, Chairman, J. A. U. Beaudry, C. E., R. W. McLachlan, Joseph Fortier, A. F. Winn, J. F. Flamon, Editing and Exchange Committee :—Frank D, Adams, M. A. Se., Chairman, G. F. Matthews, St. John, N. B., J. F. Whiteaves, Ottawa, Dr. B. J. Harrington, B.A., Ph. D., F. G.S., Rev. R. Campbell, D. D., Dr. T. Wesley Mills, Prof. D. P. Penhallow. MonrreaL, May 30th, 1892. The Meeting of the Council was held after the Annual Meeting. Present, John 8. Shearer, in the Chair, Dean Carmichael, Senator Murphy, Revd. Dr. Campbell, J. H. Joseph, James Gardner, A. F. Winn, Edgar Judge, Judge Wurtele, C. S. J. Phillips and E. T. Chambers. Mr. J. S. Shearer was elected Chairman. The following committees were appointed : Lecture Committee:—Dr. B. J. Harrington, Chairman, Rev. R. Campbell, D. D., Prof. John Cox. Dr. J. W. Stirling, Rev. W. J. Smyth. House Committee :—John S. Shearer, Chairman, Edgar Judge, Jas. Gardner. Membership Committee :—Edgar Judge, Chairman, 8. Fin- ley, G. Sumner, Rev. W. J. Smyth, P. S. Ross, J. A. U. Beaudry, R. W. Mclachlan, J.S. Shearer, J. Gardner, J. F. Hausen. 15 tA Ve Canadiun Record of Science. REPORT OF THE CoUNCIL, 1892-93. The Session of 1891-2, which closes with this meeting, has been an interesting and eventful one to the Society. Your Council has held seven meetings, and there have been six monthly meetings of the Society, at which interesting and instructive papers have been read. Eight new members were elected during the year. As stated in my last report, the Royal Society of Canada had received and accepted the invitation of this Society to hold its meeting in Montreal on the 27th of May, 1891, the first ever held outside of Ottawa. The members assembled in large numbers from all parts of Canada, and also from the United States... The different com- mittees appointed to carry out the programme for the meeting, and for the comfort and enjoyment of the members and invited guests, were eminently successful, and we desire to tender to them the thanks of the Society. We are likewise indebted to the Governors of McGill College for granting the use of the building for the meet- ings of the Royal Society. Your Society have to record the loss by death of Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, an eminent scientist and an original thinker, who held at one time the positions of President and Vice- President of the Society, and labored long and faithfully in its in- terests. His death is agreat loss to the scientific world, and also to the Natural History Society. We have also to mourn the loss by death of another earnest worker, Mr. F. B. Caulfield, who labored constantly to promote the interests of the Society. ~ It will be difficult to find one to replace him in his department of the Society’s work. There is every probability of the grant for the “ Record of Science” being continued by the present Government. Your Chairman has been in communication with the Treasurer of the Province for some time past. The building of.the Natural History Society is in good order, and the Hall has been leased for 1892-3 to the same occupants as before. I may mention here that the Hall will require to be reseated at an early date, and we commend this work to our successors in office. The Membership Committee has not met once this season, and, in consequence, the membership of the Society has fallen off this year very much. We recommend that this Committee should meet once a month and give their attention to new members, and prevent, if possible, the withdrawing of others from the Society. The Hon. Curator will report on the museum, which has been well patronized during the year. The library has received con- siderable attention and shows improvement. An effort is being made to render it more useful tothe members and students, as Report of the Council. 195 will be shown in the Hon. Chairman’s report. The “ Record of Science” has been issued regularly, full of interesting scientific matter, and the thanks of the Society are hereby tendered to the Editing Committee. The free course of Somerville lectures, six in number, were delivered during the winter, and were well received and much appreciated. The attendance was fully as large as at any previous course. The museum was open as usual an hour be- fore each lecture. The lectures were as follows :— Thursday, February 25th—“ How to Study Botany.” By Dr. T. J. W. Burgess, of the Hospital for the Insane. Thursday, March 3rd—“ Canadian Trees and their Distribution.” By Prof. J. Macoun, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.S.C., of the Geological Survey, Ottawa. Thursday, March 10th—“ Fossil Sunshine.” By Sir J. W. Dawson, C.M.G., LL.D., E-R.S., ete. Thursday, March 17th—“ Canadian Woods—Their Economical Use.” By Hon. J. K. Ward, M.L.C. Thursday, March 24th—“ Fruits and Fruit Culture,” for the Pro- vince of Quebec. By Prof. J. Craig, of the Dominion Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa. Thursday, March 3lst—‘ A Talk about the Wild Flowers around Montreal.” By Robert Campbell, D.D., M.A. Your Council recommends that the thanks of the Society be ten- dered and conveyed to the gentleraen who gave their valuable time and labour in the preparation and delivery of these lectures. We have to express our regret that the health of our esteemed President has been such during the past winter as to prevent his attending the meetings of the Society. The Annual Field day took place as usual, Calumet being the place selected. The attendance was unprecedentedly large. A number of the members of the Royal Society accompanied the excursionists, as well as several of our aldermen. A more delight- ful spot could not have been selected, and the weather was all that could be desired. A full report of the day’s outing will be found in volume four, number seven, of the ‘‘ Recorp oF Scipnce.” The Society beg to tender their thanks to the Field day Committee for their very complete arrangements. Our thanks are due to the officers of the C. P. R., for their kindness and attention ; everything done by them tended to promote the success of the excursion. We have also to thank the Hon. J. K. Ward for his kind offices, and for entertaining so many of our party at his lumber establishment. The Field day to be held on the fourth of June next, on the in- 196 Canadian Record of Science. vitation of the same kind gentleman, will be at the “ Riviére Rouge.” As this is a delightful spot for scientific work, we would like to see our members turn out in full force. We are to have a special train from the C. P. R., on this occasion, to leave Windsor St. Depot at Dyas: Respectfully submitted JOHN 8. SHEARER Chairman. REPORT OF THE EDITING COMMITTEE OF THE RECORD OF SCIENCE. An attempt has been made to maintain throughout the year the high standard which the Recorp has reached as an exponent of the science of the Dominion, and it is believed that in this your committee has been successful. It would, however, render the journal more interesting to a larger number of readers if a greater proportion of papers on biological subjects could be secured. Though a couple of the numbers for this year were late, owing to unavoidable circumstances, the quality of the matter did not suffer, and excellent original papers have been found in all the numbers. It is desirable to introduce more and better illustrations into the Recorp, and for this purpose a sum not less than $150.00 per annum should be at the disposal of the committee. We think it would be well if some one competent and willing to devote special attention to the subject of exchanges were added to the committee. It is but right to mention that by farthe greater part of the work in connection with the Recorp has fallen to Mr. Frank Adams, who has devoted much time, energy and ability very cheerfully to the work. The Committee feel deeply indebted to him, and trust that he may continue to give his valuable services in this field of work. Westy MILs, Chairman. og Treasurer's Report. “UaUVAHS °G NHOL ‘ZEST SABINA, UIOG “IVAULNO PL \o01100 PUNOF puB pouUlwUaBxX| ‘TOY Fl 86 68F'Z$ GG OFZ octet teteer oes ceeees seeees puBy UO OURTEg ,, G8 BG, co hitee th eeteee ceases eee" «+ QOUaIOG JO PINVEY_ ,, 19 IF soccer eee veceaeeoeeterers coececes KIBIGIT ,, GE OFT tee eece cere cence testes seeeee eee UTMORNTAL 5 0% eG perc ee cece cee es Cee eae COP HEF Fesece so10}00"] - OZ BZ tte et ee cnteee tees teen segeen eens SORBT, 5 FO GGT cretreer cee ete tettee sense ceeces eee ONT $9 G9z beeen cen eee cee ens ceeeee cesses cere se QUBIT 5, Gh GZS tees eessseeeee ceases ceeeee gaguadxe AIpung ,, CF 0G °° SUOISSIUITMOD puB ALBleg sjuepuojutsedng ,, 66 OF Sttttr MoInsvery, onp «vot yse] WOsy doUR[eg Aq "SP UIULISINGSUT. 96 OFGH tcc cst ttt ees ee eees puBY UO CoUR[eg OF, OF ABI “C68T 66 68F 6S 00 GZ = *GPRT UL AJOIDOG OY} JO YIPetO ayy 07 pozIsod -op JUNOUTR ‘vorjUOPY Jo yuV aad ‘Aospeq “MA 5, 00 9 tere eeeececeee IOS *S[OA Z ‘ODUOIDG JO PLOIDY ,, 0L 68 teeeee seeeeeeeceeees UMaSN PT S90,T SOUBITUA ,, 89 6 Peon tee ee tee eeet ness senees seas eee ASQIOWUT 4, CG OF Cree ooo tae reseteenene ‘ees snjdans kep PIO 4) (NOVONa ee COBO NOB SE Cs0000 50 0oD0PN CUS reese SUIqoOUL AJOINOY [VAOY 00}}LUTUIOD SUIZI}ID WOIT JUVID ,, 00 OOF tert iter tsttte teers: ere TUB JUOUTUTaAOY, ,, 00 GEQ oo cttttt ttt tess SUOTYdTIOSqnY [BnUUY s19quey{ ,, 00 OVA) GOOR0O0 eee eee ee eee eee ooo oe Cee eee Hereee sus y OF, “sydhaoay “MaNOSVaAT, ‘NOE SYANGUVS SAWVE HLIM INOOOOV NI TVAULNOW YO ALAIOOS AYOLSIA TVAOLVN 198 Canadian Record of Science. CURATOR’S REPORT. To the President and Members of the Natural History Society : Gentlemen :—It gives me pleasure to report that the results which it was expected would follow a better arrangement and a more comprehensive classification of the contents of the Museum have been largely realized, the cost has been comparatively small, while the increased advantages offered tu the student of nature can hardly be over estimated, and fully justify the expenditure. During the year a larger nnmber of persons have visited the Museum than for many years past. And acomparison of the last few years warrants me in saying that the new order of things is being appreciated. For the yea ending May 1888—451 persons visited the Museum. (14 it4 (i4 1889—1192 (a3 “ce te “ee ee tc ce ce 1890—2094 ce ce “ce & “ ce (79 ce 1892—2596 of ce te (a Nore—the Museum was closed for alterations during the greater part of 1891, and therefore no record of visitors was kept. The donations to the Museum have increased in proportion, not only in number, but also in value. The naturai products from the Isiand of Jamaica and St. Vin- cent, presented through Mr. John Fulton, have proved of consider- pon able value to those interested in West Indian products. The space occupied by the Museum is I regret to say altogether inadequate to the amount of material to be displayed, and we are in consequence obliged to store away a large number of interesting Specimens, thus greatly detracting from the value of our collection in certain branches. An order has been given for a new cabinet to hold the balance of the entomological collection, which Mr. Winn has kindly con- sented to label and classify. Mr. Griffin as usual has aided me greatly in maintaining the : | ih Museum in its present satisfactory condition, and I refer with es pleasure to the perfect harmony which has existed between the . members of the Museum Committee and those who have assisted | : nip Wis Sh Be oe. Os ESC et ee in the work of the Museum throughout the year. I desire to record my sincere regret at the death of Mr. F. B. Caulfield, so long an active member of this Society, and:in whose demise the Museum loses a warm friend and a zealous worker. For some time past Mr. Caulfield—I may say—had taken the entire charge of our ornithological collection; to his energy and ability are we indebted for its present classification and arrange- | ment, while the splendid condition of the specimens testify to the | faithfulness with which he performed this work. eS Donations to Museum Natural History Society. 199 In conclusion allow me to thank you for the confidence which you have shown in me during my administration. I feel that there is still much to be accomplished, indeed, there is always work in a museum for willing hands to do; other duties would prevent me giving the time which this important office requires eyen were you disposed to re-elect me, and in assigning to others the work which for the past four years has given me so much pleasure, I desire to assure you of my continued interest in the progress of the museum, and that I will gladly assist in any measures calculated to increase its usefulness. Respectfully submitted J. STEVENSON BROWN. Aon. Curator. MontTrEeAL May 30th, 1892. DONATIONS TO MUSEUM. Brown Thrasher,—Harporhynchus Rufus. Red Shouldered Hawk,—Buteo Lineatus. (nestling) Wood Thrush,—Turdus Mustelinus. Yellow Legs,—Totanus Flavipes. Golden Pheasant, Nest of Long Billed Marsh wren,—Cistothorus Palustris. Swallow’s Nests. Two large cases of Birds (various) Wood Chuck,—Arctomys Monaxz, (Black Variety) Land Crab,—Gecarcinus Lateralis. _ Rattle Snake skin, with rattle attached. Bivalve,—Ambronychia Radiata from Hudson River group. Collection of Insects. (various) Collection of Natural Products from Jamaica and St. Vincent. Leaden Plate, with inscription, found in 1867 while demolishing a- building owned by the late Joseph Tiffin senior, situated opposite Bonsecours Market. The building is supposed to have belonged to the French Government, and this plate is regarded as a relic of the former rule of France in this Country. By Purchase Greebe J. STEVENSON BROWN, Hon. Curator. 200 Canadian Record of Science. REPORT OF THE LIBRARY COMMITTEE. The following books and pamphlets have been received during the past year in addition to the exchanges. Dana’s Manual of Mineralogy from Mr. H. Martin. Laboratory Manual of Chemistry from American Book Com- pany. Illustrations of North American Grasses, from Department of Agriculture, Washington. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Report of Geological Survey of Canada. Report of U. 8. Geological Survey. Monographs of U. 8. Geological Survey. Geology of Illinois, 2 vols. The following were presented by the Authors :— Systematic Mineralogy, by Dr. Sterry Hunt. Our Trees, by J. Robinson of the Essex Institute. Old Memories, by Mrs. Macpherson. Notes on Parka decipiens, by Sir J. W. Dawson. Select extra-tropical plants eligible for naturalization, by Baron Von Mueller, Victoria, Australia. Polyzoa of the St. Lawrence, by Rev. T. Hincks. Mollusca, collected in Japan, By F. Stearns. Catalogue of British fossil Vertebrata, by Woodward & Sherborn. The Society has been enabled by the purchase of twelve of the earlier volumes of the German Geological Survey to make up what is believed to be the only complete set in Canada of that useful geological work. At the request of your Committee the Council have appropriated the sum of $100 for the purchase of Standard works on the differ- ent departments of Natural History, books which are so often en- quired for by the members. The following have already been re- ceived from the booksellers :— French's Butterflies of the United States. Say’s Entomology of North America, 2 vols. Coue’s Key to North American Birds. Ridgway’s Manual of North American Birds. Micrographic Dictionary. Scientific Papers of Asa Gray, 2 vols. Treasury of Botany, 2 vols. Text Book of Mineralogy, Dana. Compendium of Geology, Le Conte. = PS: = Report of the Library Committee. 201 Handbook of Canadian Geology, Sir J. W. Dawson. The Earth and Man, Guyot. Characteristics of Volcanoes, Dana. The Human Species, Quatrefages. The Primitive Condition of Man, Sir Jno. Lubbock. Fossil Men, Sir J. W. Dawson. Nearly one hundred volumes of exchanges have been prepared for binding, and as soon as the works in the French language have been selected and arranged, will be placed in the binder’s hands as directed by the Council. It has been thought fit for the information of members to pre- sent with this report a list, as complete as possible, of the publica- tions now received in exchange for the Record of Science.! In looking through this list it is seen that it requires revision, and on comparing it with the lists of other similar institutions, it is evi- dent that it might be much extended. It is therefore suggested that the exchange committee might be asked to take this matter in hand. The Hon. Librarian in concluding his report cannot but express his sense of the loss sustained by the death of the late Mr. F. B. Caulfield, who was for so many years a member of this Committee. He was for some time Librarian, and as he always took great in- terest in examining new books as they were added, was so well acquainted with the contents of the cases, that his knowledge and advice were at all times of the greatest assistance. Respectfully submitted, | E. T. CHAMBERS. ANNUAL FIELD DAY. The students of the different branches of natural history, organized under the name of the Natural History Society, have a good field for the pursuit of their specialties on Montreal Island, but with the view of extending the field of research,.the annual outing of the society is an established institution. This year, as last, their destination was the River Rouge, near Calumet, to which they flocked in large numbers on Saturday, June 4th. A special train under the courteous and efficient charge - of Abe KE. Wright, left the Windsor Depot at 9 o’clock. 16 eR bo 02 Canadian Record of Science. Three handsome Canadian Pacific Railway cars were com- fortably filled with the party, which was under the guid- ance of Mr. J. Stevenson Brown and Mr. J. 8. Shearer, who acted as an arrangements Commuittee, so to speak. The Rouge was reached about 12 o’clock, and family parties were soon discussing celd collations beneath the shade of forest pines and oaks. A large number of others accepted the invitation of Hon. J. K. Ward to partake of pot luck in the lumber camp. The dining room was a typical lumber- ing shanty and the bill of fare consisted of pea soup, made over a camp fire outside, pork and beans with potatoes, white bread and dried apple sauce, or molasses and tea a la Russe, but without the lemons. The plate was of tin and the service given by ‘‘Chef” Jean Baptiste Cadieux and his assistants excellent. Epicures who dine off turtle soup, oysters, etc., cannot appreciate the merits of pea soup when seasoned with the appetites a scientific exploring party possessed. The dinner was a novelty and a success. The different sections set out immediately after dinner and their expeditions proved most successful. The tumultuous cascades of the Rouge down which the logs were precipitated, was a constant source of enjoyment to many, and those who labored higher up the stream to the immense “ chutes” 60 feet in height, were amply rewarded. The timbers dived madly down them and on striking the river were immersed for a distance of at least one-twelfth of a mile. Large square timbers 30 feet in length were broken like pipe-stems on becoming crossed at the foot of the chute. These sights alone were worth going to see, and sketchers certainly did not lack for interesting subjects, “ Old Probs” also was kind to the party. He hung out portents of rain at one o’clock, but kindly deferred the exe- cution of his threats till all were safely returning home. The cloudiness only rendered the day cooler and more enjoyable. The courtesies extended by the Canadian Pacific Railway Annual Field Day. 203 authorities to the excursionists were much appreciated. On the return journey tea, coffee and sandwiches were handed round on the cars by assiduous waiters, and this course was followed by strawberries and cream ad lib. In return, when the depot was reached, the party assembled and heartily carried a vote of thanks to the con:pany, pro- posed by Mr. J. S. Shearer. Neither did the Hon. J. K. Ward’s hospitality go unrecognized, for before leaving camp, Mr. Henry Lyman and Mr. J. H. R. Molson, in brief speeches, expressed the gratitude of all for his kindness and courtesy. Mr. Ward made a sui‘able reply in which he invited the society to visit the Rouge again whenever they wished. The results of the competitions were as follows :-— GEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. [1] J. C. Saxe, 16 named. {1] R. B. Van Horne, 15 unnamed. BortanicAL SPECIMENS. [1] Miss A. Van Horne, 50 named. [1] Miss Jessie Brown, 51 unnamed. {1] Prize sketch, Miss Foudrinier. The leaders, and in such case the judges, of the different sections were: Botany, Messrs. J. B. Goode and James Gardner; geology, Messrs. W. E. J’eeks and Evans; en- tomology, Mr. A. F. Winn, and sketching, Mr. Henry Car- ter. In the sketching class several excellent oil and water color paintings were submitted for competition, but the prize fell to Miss Foudrinier for a pleasing and careful oil sketch of the Ottawa River as seen from the mouth of the Rouge. In the entomological section several good collec- tions were made, but there was no competition as the col- lections are mostly professional. Among those present were noticed :—Mr. and Mrs. Robt. Miller, Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Mills, Mr. and Mrs. J. H. R. Molson, Hon J. K. Ward, Mrs. Ward and Miss M. Ward ; Dr. Burgess, Superintendent of Verdun Hospital for the Insane; Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Shearer, Mr.and Mrs. J. Steven- 204 Canadian Record of Science. son Brown and family; Mr. EH. T. Chambers, of the British Canadian School; Messrs. A. W. Smith, A. Falconer, S. Carmichael, R. B Van Horne, Alfred Winn, C. B. Chisholm, and Alfred Griffin; Mr. Henry Lyman and Miss Lyman ; Miss and Mrs. A. Van Horne, Miss Boissvaian, Miss Turner, Miss Burland, Miss Reid, Miss Jessie Brown, Miss Smith and Miss Rankin, Mr. and Mrs. Albert Holden and family, Mr. and Mrs. James Gardner, Mr.and Mrs. Thos. H. Hodg- son, Mr. and Mrs. R. W. McLachlan, Captain R. C. and Mrs. Adams, Mr. John Fair and Mr. Harry McLaren, Mr. and Mrs. Walter Drake, Professor Fowler, ex-Ald. Shorey, Mrs. Stephenson, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Garth, Mrs. Hollis, Mrs. Elliott, Mrs. Campbell, Mrs. Pennell, Mrs. and Miss Bulmer, Mrs.and Miss Verner, Mr. J. F. Hausen, Mr. Wal- ter Le Rossignol, and Mr. and Mrs. Fredericks. Notices oF Books AND PAPERS. Lessons in Borany.? Part II, Flowers and Fruit, of Miss Newell’s book, is before us. As indicated by the title page, it is intended “for the use of teachers, or mothers studying with their children.” The object in view has been very successfully attained, and the book cannot fail to be useful to those for whom it is written. The style is simple and pleasing, and the facts are presented in a way to make them readily understood. One very commendable feature of the book, but one not usually made use of, is the relegation of the figures to separate plates closely associated with the corres- ponding text. Descriptions of the various species treated of will serve an important purpose in guiding the teacher to proper methods of treatment in the analysis of flowers. A simple but serviceable glossary completes the volume, which the publishers have put into a very readable form. 1 Tt is intended to publish a revised list in a future number. 2 Outlines of Lessons in Botany, for the Use of Teachers, or Mothers Studying with their Children, by Jane H. Newell. Part IL: Flowers and Fruit. Tlustra- ted by H. P. Symmes, Boston: Ginn & Heath. 8vo., pp. 393. 1892. \RCH, 1892. vel, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. | { Sky CLouDEDj | Ed In Tentus. [59] c S e. —-—__—____f .o 8) =. | 0 == ¥-L 9 = 0 = oe et ry Al ES =5 e.|4| 2/824 2 | ee | ee DAY. 3 oS |Z le Uso2| 37 cf | 3 tS =\e AY a=} D g 5.0|10| off 85 0.1 | 0.01 I 5-5 10 og 81 5 6 2 4.0 | 10} off 88 see | : 3 4.5 | 10 off 27 c\ 4 2.3 6 of 84 Sis 5 eet ts ° c 30 0.00 CoG cuslaeas SunDaAy | 5.2| 10] off 59 oe sere petals 7 | 8.3 | 10 | o Ooms iy alp sal ees 2ie | PORTO) 8 10.0 | Io } Io ° Inap. 1.3 0.13 9 Saou LON |co fo) F031 oes 5a kOs Toul TO 10,0 | 10 | Io fo) Inap. | 15.9 | 1-59 | 11 6.3 | 10 fo) 26 uae | on BSC tas 3 | stellate 96 areteve o000 peo Iie) podgapoueu SUNDAY 8.3 | 10 ° 34 Foc aietere ASO ele! 7.0 | Io fo} 72 sees sees 5 15 I.0 5 ° 74 ADOO ticele Baer (a5 66) 7.3 | 10| off 42 S600 510 OID Bereta | Ey 80] 10] o ° ene ROROM I OFO6) i178 853) |), 0) 10. ° Séc% 5-3 | 0.4t | 19 | Saad ea ° Weiinacis Wourzy | teommenseees SuNbay | Ose || SB 4) | >. Os G04 keeper eae Bes) |) ton Oy 53 odon Inap. | Inap | 22 10.0 | 10 | Io fe) 0.26 7-5 1.15 | 23 48|10]} o 73 600 ; Sooo ext \ ho | ar | OT} OP Vedoo BIG00 cooo |) es 0.0| 0} of 96 goad aK aod. Pee) | | fel[fwisn see) MOS: 2000 eisichs sade | ee cono dcooSWRIDADS GS5al) ro} ||| ong) 176 S100 Wit UNeten|as8 | 0.38 5 | of 96 E600 Bee sad |) 20) | 0.2 I og 96 noat aveters spool) So) ONS esulenOg OS s0d0 Sank sea || See | 5-3 pido. [exe 0.29 EVO |/; JoCLE SMS “sooo oocouosca 5 18 Years means for 6.1 . $146.8 | 0.93 25.6 | 3.46 and including this ; month, 0 sea-level and f mercury. ‘being 100. m the 28th and elow zero on the ture of 41.3 de- h. Coldest day was the 13th. Highest barometer reading was 30.526 on the 2nd; lowest barometer was 29.035 | on the 1th, giving a range of 1.491 inches. Maximum relative humidity was 98 on the 8th. Minimum relative humidity was 42 on the 28th. ; Rain fell on 5 days. Snow fell on 10 days. Rain or Snow fell on 10 days. Auroras were observed on 10 nights. | ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. Direction....-- S.E. 8 S.W. W. N.W. | Calm. * Barome'er readings reduced to sea-level and temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. § Observed. was the 13th. Highest barometer reading was 30-526 on the 2nd; lowest barometer was 29.035 on the 1Jth, giving a range of 1.491 inches. ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH, 1892. - Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. ee ene Sky CLoupepD, 5 z= a THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. | WIND. In Tenrus. J5 9) = Sh ‘ —— | — — + Mean jf aera 7 |. ost 2 aia || Be! | z pres-_ relative] Dew final = es; DAY. | | sure of |humid-| point. | General [ees ge. | 2| 27825 ee | Es AS DAY. P vapour ity. pened \ city 2) Edeonl s= | ¢8 | fe | Mean.| Max. | Min. | Range.J Mean. | § Max. direction. jin miles} © | = |S Jo 3 | (Ech 3 | | | perhouryy = cold lial AP l= | a Z | oes a Eee | = = eae =| ores <—. | 1 | 10.20 | 23.6 | 3.0 20.6 278 | 76.5 4.3 v. 39-5 5.0) 10} of 85 | Gar j A 8.85 | 163 } 1.3 14.8 Ib 15-3 2.7 N.E. 34-1 5.5] 10] of 8 3 || 13.68] 21.6 | 5-4 10.2 | 79.2 8.5 N. 25-2 4.0]}10| of 88 4 | 21-58 | 266 | 1.0 | 15.6 8r.3 | 17.0 SHAW, 12-8 | 4.5|10] of 27 5 | 26 38 | 45.0 19.3 15-7 -64 1127 | 78.2 20.8 Ww. 20.3 2.3) 6| of 34 SUNDAY-<5 wees -6)|| eever i] 35/0) || 2315) | axes | ceeeeee (I cavene | Ciemenn || Geeee Il Geen I}: cao ano S.W. PENI) case loo |)oo || © SUNDAY 7| 32.23 | 36.2 | 28.8 74 | 29.8435 1442 | 79.2 | 26.7 SW. 19.2 [| 5.2] 10] off 59 | 8] 3107 | 36.2 | 232 | 13.0 }| 29.6070 1508 | 86.7 | 27.3 S.W. 11.5 | 8.3|10| of o g | 34-35 | 36-2 | 338 2.4 | 29 3243 +1842 | 92-7 | 32.5 SW. 11.3 | 10.0| 10] 10f/ 0 10 | 35.02 | 39-1 | 33-0 6-1 || 29.5533 | 1675 | 82.3 | 300 SW. 16.0 | 8.3] 10] of o 1 | 19-45 | 25.2 | 31-3 | 13-0 | 29.2403 | 10962 | 87.7 | 16.2 S.W. 435-3 | 10.0] 10| 10f o 12| 10.37 | 16.4 42 | 122 | 29.7008 | 0503 | 72-5 3.0 S.W. 29.5 } 6.3]10| of 26 SUNDAY) =... -s13)|| -2-r-\) 0-5) |) 0-5 11.0 S208 tee sees eooo W. 3r5 J --.-]--]-- | 96 I3 ye oes Sunpay 14 7.22 ei 2.5 9.2 29.9445 | 0423 72.3 0.3 W. 24.6 8.3] 10] of 34 14 15 7-58 274 9-9 30.2248 | 0408 | 67.2 -1.3 Wis 17-5 7.0) 10| of 72 5 | 17 9-17 4 05 14.8 30-3767 0450 68.5, 1.0 S.W. 11.4 r.0| 5] off 74 1 | 16 | 16 23 7-6 | 15.3 | 30.2912 | 0662 | 720 9.0 Sw. 87 | 7.3] 10] of 42 17 | 18| 21 83 14.0 | 11.8 | 29.9203 oy77 | 82.3 | 173 N.B. 11.2 | Bo|10| of o 18 19 | 25 13 ‘ 19.5 9.3 | 29.2792 | 1238 | 90.7 | 22.8 Vv. 29.0 | 8.3] 10| of o 19 SunpAy........20| ..... | 24.0 1165 12.5 J ----- o | 2 |) es W- 082) [lente | eetedl | ers ° 20 ........ SUNDAY 21 | 1698 | 23.9 9.2 | 14.7 | 30-3367 0732 | 78.0 | 11.3 s.W. 244 | 0.5] 3] of 95 20 22 | 25.25| 315 | 15-4 | 161 | 30 aor2 1102 | 79.5 | 200 | SiR. 16.3 | 5.3|10| of sa aa 23 | 32.80} 35.4 28.0 7-4 29 8543 1637 Qr.2 30-5, 8.B. 209 [| 10.0 | 10| 10 ° 23 24 | 30 72] 35-4 | 27-3 8.x | 29.9638 1390 | 8r.o | 25.3 S.W. 20.7 | 48|10| of 73 24 25 | 31-43 | 36.8 | 27-9 8.9 ] 30-0240 1292 73-8 | 240 W. 10.0 | 8.3|10| off o 25 26 || 28.75) 34-2 24.4 9.8 29.9452 1243 73-5 23.0 Ww. 3:7 0.0] o| of 96 20 SUNDAY y sees 27) senee i) 3729) 23.0 14.9 scveee | veces | ceeeee | ceeee oaeee NE. 10.2 |. 95 27s SUNDAY, 4yo-8 | 29.4 | 11.4 | 29.8520 | 1220 N.W. 12.8 76 28 49-2 | 27.4 |-11 8 | 30.1360 1075 We 15.2 06 29 36-0 25-5 10.5 30 3157 0992 N. 8.8 96 30 +8 | 22.9 | 17.9 || 30.3230 1127 10h 6.2 a5 3r 19.1 13.9 29.9644 1026, W.10°S. } 19.2 50 Sums ... 18 Years means t 18 Years means for fer and inline 23.95 | 31-3 16.5 14-9 | 29.9669 | «...- oo -261 +1067 75-5 : q 6.1 }...-)... 4146.8 and including this this month..... 3 i s } month, Greatest mileage in one hour was 63 on the 11th. Greatest velocity in gusts, 70 miles per hour, on the llth. | Miles. 972 144 4816 |, 3987 Duration in hrs . 75 107 26 58 18 215 214 Mean velocity....| 20.9 20.6 9.6 16.7 8.0 22.4 18.6 Resultant mileage, 5203. Resultant direction, W. 10°S. ‘Total mileage, 14,250. t Pressure of vapour in inches of mercury. { Humidity relative, saturation being 100. 1 11 years only. The greatest heat was 40°.8 on the 28th and 3lst; the greatest cold was 0°.5 below zero on the 13th, giving a range of temperature of 41.3 de- grees. Warmest day was the 28th. Coldest day Maximum relative humidity was 98 on the 8th. Minimum relative humidity was 42 on the 28th. Rain fell on 5 days. Snow fell on 10 days, Rain or Snow fell on 10 days. Auroras were observed on 10 nights. Rime; 1IsO2: vel, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. Sky CLOUDED] q | ES) In TentHs. §S os| 8 s =: Gest Seles as B po29) =3 32 or Ber Sia | «@3® =—5 ol | Sal) GEIR al evsrsta al etsiic™ DAY. | Vig ALS) | eye eel a mn s} oO = = oun) s | go a si = HO, ~< | w > r | Z 3.2 | 10 oF 9g2 mie All I 5.0 | Io ° 41 0.10 0.10 | 6.5 | 10 ° gi Reikte . bac0 3 . SUNDAY g.2]1I0] 5 ° 0.07 | ste 0.07 4 Aa |] HO OTP ON Oe) Hi ans ||| Oseeh || G 4.2 | 10} off 83 --- | Inap | Inap.| 6 8.2 | to 5 92 S60 lcléoee tere 7 Io.o | 10 | Io 25 o.12 Siete 0.12 8 | $3))||-S6 fo) 0.03 | 3.6 0.39 9 | | g-8]|10| gf 18 Bod MN Coe lie) «sac onto SUNDAY 6.5 | 10 fo) 34 S06 O.L 0.01 11 5EO))|| ZO), Ko fo) 0.3 | 0.03 | 12 23ii|(210))|- 20) BY) (Ox a0 || Bo 50 13 2.2| 61 0 97 Ave) x He 14 10.0 | 10} 10 93 . . 5 15 Xs Dew 18 ; e an 16 | 4 6.2 | I0| of 25 oertnets aerated |aL Tee ea . SUNDAY Da) || Gf |} C1 | sts ¢ a0 |) 23} 0.3] 2; og 98 ie 5 Soon |) .249) 6.7| 10} Of 99 Pa vs 20 g.2| 10! 59 51 0.07 0.07 | 21 7-8 | 10) If 35 0.05 0.05 | 22 30 0 48 Q.02 5 lf) Oxee |) SR 0.0| O| Of or “15180 Vie er Mara Gade GUND IAT (O%0))||) 0) || 0 98 5100 25 | 42 to | oO 97 o | ere eco 8.3 | Io} o 76 F | ae Bo) 9) 8.0 | Io | #3 fo} 0.22 | ae 0.22 | 28 | 3y2)\|\)20) |) 10 fo) cao doe sca: || 29) a6 aig 80 Wamereters « | 30 | | 5-5 soa Wey I.O1 7.2 1.7.3) Sums pee qos : | | 18 Years means for | Ba@) |loonisced Mae TOD hi On Onalze 27, and including this | ! i \ | month, 0 sea-level and | if mercary. being 100. | the 22nd; the L, giving a range Warmest day e12th. Highest he 27th; iowest barometer was 29.453 on the 9th, giving a range of 1.059 inches. Maximum relative humidity | was 96 on the 5th. Minimum relative humidity was ]6 on the 20th. Rain fell on 9 days. | Snow fell on 5 days. Rain or Snow fell on 13 days. Auroras were observed on 7 nights. Lunar halos on 3 nights. Fogs on 2 days. Thunderstorm on the 5th. — - = = — yy Dh Pee | | | i Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea leyel, 187 feet. C. H. ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL, 1892. McLEOD, Superintendent. i. ae a r Sky CLoupeD) z ry THERMOMETER. = BAROMETER. WIND. In Tenras. [5 ,3) 5 a Sh ee u = ———————] + Mean | Mean| — see] ag | sg | 8s pres-_ |relative ew Bieta) ac ae d=) DAY. sure of |humid-| point. | General pea 2 /4l¢ 325 Be =e go DAY. Mean. | Max. | Min. |Range.J Mena. | § Max. | 3 Min. | Range. | Y#POUr ity. direction. jin miles] & | 3 I sha a a= |° 3 | perhour) = = ia a PA L ° 20.5 30-3598 | 30.455 242 1590 67-5 28.7 Sa 0.5 3.2|10| of o2 dar ooa|| a | +5 9:5 |) 30-9175 || 30.131 | 379 2243 | 79:3 | 37.3 S. 26.3 | ‘5.0 | 10 4x | o110 | .... | oo] 2 Sunpay..- . 45-3 0.3 a000 ec50 S650 S.W- ERE! || Ch] 2O)) O)) Cbs - SuNDay 37-2 | 15.1 108 2143 | 75.8 | 36.2 N.E. 1.2 | 9.2|10/ 5% o 35-3 22.7 419 2487 90.5 39-7 N.E. 17.6 Go || |] © @ 35.5 | 22.3 316 1915 | 68.5 | 33.2 S.W. 33-2 | 42] 10] of 83 33-4 165 247, 1787 59-2 31.2 S.W. 14.7 | 8.2] fo} 59 92 30-3 157 +123 2157 77-9 36.3 Ww. 11.5 10.0 | 10 | Io 25 33 8 5-3 249 1835 | 90.3 | 32.3 S.W. 20.4 - ° SuNDay.. 29.6 4 I : eee os. N.W. 2t.4 || 9-8|10] 9 18 8 9 186 1268 | 76.0 23.5 N.W. 28.1 6.5] 10) of 34 6 2 121 1192 | 74.2 | 21.8 N.W. 25.2) || 5-0) 10) (ol) fo 6 1 o88 i222 | 64.0 | 22.3 N.W. 183 | 2-3] 10) Of or 2 ° +206 1292 | 67.3 | 240 77, | 2.2] 6| of 97 | 5 9 157 1242 | 5t-0 | 23.3 15.2 | 10.0| 10| 10] 93 | 30:6 7 050 1067 | 52.3 19.8 VEL |} s000 || 20 |} cc {} 283 | SUNDAY. 4 13-7 . 30 15 2 6.2} 10} o 25 SUNDAY 33.5 110 147 1175 49.0 21.5 10.5 20} 7] of 38 | 2 20.6 230 1308 45.0 242 12.8 0.3] 2] of 98 9 | 19.2 147 1048 | 33.0 19 0 11.5 | 6.7| 10] of 99 | 5 20.5 438 1613 | 47.4 28.7 12.0 | 9.2| 10! 59 5r Lee 175 2935 72.8 44-7 15-4 | 7-8] 10] 1p 35 4 14.7 089 2163 | 65.2 | 36.5 AE| Fagaa || so loo || <3 Sunnay.... ... oon. || = Gadde S05 oy WwW. 0.0} Oo} of ox tus ..+.SUNDAY 2 Ut 1207 58.7 22.3 N.W 0.0] of] off o8 3 <092 1060 | 39.3 19.5 N. 42|10] of o7 30. 355 1373 | 42.8 25.0 i. 8.3|10| of 76 | 4 333 2478 | 73.0 | 39.8 Sh, 8.0] 10/3] 0 | 3 218 1563 | 53.0 | 29.0 N.W. 3.2|10| of o | 194 7 Ee eae RE 80 | 1 i; — = —— = | ceo Means 49:6 | 33.3 | 16.3 29 201 177) |sesi leo 54 I | means i : 18 Years mes for and including 39.84 | 48.30] 32.24] 16.05 | 29.9434 ois Maeey 202 1690 | 66.4 nonaos 5-9 |.--+...s852.2 | 1.6r 6.6 | 2.27 |4and including this thismonth."...-.)} © 1} rE) hc i ' month, ANAL | . ASE 2 YBIST Ox WIND RECORD. 2 * Barometer readings reduced to sen-leveland | barometer was 29.453 on the 9th, giving a range $ s ge | ee 3.W = temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. of 1.059 inches. Maximum relative humidity Direction... N. NE. B. SE. | Bb BW a Wie | N.W. | Calin. § Observed. was 96 on the 5th. Minimum relative humidity | Aton ax3 | 765 | 2x5 | 1064 2882 | 976 | s4o3 ate ‘ Wy. , | was J6 on the 20th. Raention i haa ESI = | t HOU of Ta in Haris of OTE Rninifelltontoldayes = ar t Humidity relative, saturation being 100. Showifelllon\bdayst fin velocity.. +. . 7 . : : . Mi semis ery Rain or Snow fell on 13 days. F . ip ") A The greatest heat was 63° on the 22nd; the Se] ig! Greatest mileage in one hour was 47 on the 6th. Resultant direction, N. 84° W. ea aaiahsioa BD?! onlthOUsth, eigine alranes Auroras were chaenyed on 7 nights. i Greatest velocity in gusts, 52 miles per hour, on ‘Total mileage, 12,721. Of Remnerntrs of 42 Wieerees ? Wher Gls? Lunar halos on 3 nights. the 6th. rf 71) Average velocity, 17.7 m. p. hy was the 22nd. Coldestday wasthe12th. Highest | Togs on2 days. Regultant milenge, 2340. barometer reading was 30-512 on the 27th; lowest | Thunderstorm on the 5th. | } | | | | | | | | q | | | | _——_—$——$ << \F MAY, 1892. 'e sea level, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. Sky CLouDED ND. In TENTHS. Mean melonity Fi eS aes - jin miles} © -|s perhour}! = | = | 7 9.2 Bo Io*4 7.5 | 10 I 16.6 10,0 | 10 | Io 29.8 3578 ||L0")|) 70 16.7 2.8 | I0] o II.0 Behl} BO] ©) 18.6 3.3} Io |] o | 15.1 Be Il o8 18.7 2.0) || 10} 0 9-5 2093) |) SIE © 12.6 10.0 | Io | 10 15.7 88] 10] 3 7-5 Bay |hirtey || 1) 10.8 1.8 3 ° TSG Al nay (SER ace 26 2 723) |/ 10 |/ 0 25.0 15097 HP ako) fo) 15.9 a0 ° fe) TAN Zee O25) 3) 0 Tea 83 ]1I0] o 13.8 10.0 | Io | 10 | 18.9 av a 17.6 g98|1I10] 9g 20.6 Io.o | 10 | Io 20.2 OVey ie) IW) 1) 11.9 |) OVI I5 3 | 10.0 | 10 J 10; I5.2 2.8 | 10) ||" 0 | 16.0 at 10.0 6.7 | 10] o } yee! 6.2 | Io fo) [a —— |e bei 15.3 5.87 oo08 (54) laood a Sia ° 8 A daz| 33 | 2 | ae oe] oS 3 Sea) =o | SS | 85 DAY. os! as EB g 3 BOM! a of | a8 a4 x mn ics oo | Inap. oo ||) @e@eh fe BB SunDAYy oo | Inap. | 0.00 | 2 15 Inap. : 0.00] 3 68 0.05 en | ROSO5 5/04. 76 se | eee b 5 43 | : eee 6 22 se z 5 Gi} 84 doo | || 6 ll adoo J ngdossooda SUNDAY 98 Noy 50 9 87 bo0 0 o06 || ae) 00 0.39 : 239 | 11 00 ,} 0.16 0.16 | 12 g2 were! : ¢ 13 g2 26 14 00 Nele 9 cece | T5 .-ceeeee -SUNDAY 3 0.05 0.05 | 16 73 500 soo-|| £4 58 cua. | cle 18 96 ae 19 05 fe nooo. || 22) oo 0.28 siele 0.28 | 21 00 0.05 Pan OZ OS Me22) eiteleeieietec( DUND Ay, 00 0.44 0.44 | 23 49 0.05 | 0.05 | 24 43°7, bg cone | 25 63 Inap. ... | 000 | 26 00 o 62 é o 62 | 27 gi 0.05 0.05 | 28 3 0.06 | te) | OPOGN N20 erie teietsiels, UND Any, 50 ares be silos) || 30 57 . 31 — ———— - —$—$—$ — ——— —____— 43 2.20 || 9 || Bote (SAS es obs lendan S38 | 18 Years means for M50.9 | 2.87 | 2.87 | 4and including this month, leduced to sea-level and enheit. } | inches of mercury. turation being 100. s 81.2 on the 3lst; the the Ist and 6th, giving a 47.2 degrees. Warmest day wasthe 23rd. Highest | -365 on the 9th ; iowest barometer was 29.435 o0n the 27th, giving a range of 0-930 inches. Maximum relative humidity was 96 onfive days. Minimum relative humidity was 20 on the ]8th. Rain fell on 15 days. Auroras were observed on 4 nights, the most brilliant display being on the night of the 18th. Lunar halos on 2 nights. Fog on the night of the 30th and morning of the 3lst. Solar halo with parhelic arcs on the 10th. ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF MAY, 1892. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet. C- H. McLEOD, Superintendent. THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. + Mean pres- sure of Tt Mean relative humid- Dew point. WIND. Sky CLoupeED; In TENTHS. § Min. vapour SUNDAY. SUNDAY. SUNDAY Sunpay,... Pua) DRoGw an 29-9137 30.2903 30.1233 29.7733 29,8388 30.1723 30.2010 29.8400 30.0152 30.0580 29.8995 29.9058 30.0735 29.6403 29.5888 29.6815 29.6503 29.4887 29.7825 3950073 30.1132 18 Years means and including ity. ma us Usa) = Manono: General direction. Mean velocity] in miles| perhour| Ons Osh Hw mH mona HHH Saaones oe 0) © EE o0000n | Min. hes. DAY. Possible Sunshine. melted. 1n¢! Per cent. of Rain and snow de! & Ee 3 a n Sunpay sees ++ +2 SUNDAY Oo NOntW yn -SUNDAY st tte eee) SUNDAY Seeeee ss SUNDAY Sums and including this } 18 Years means for 150.9 his month..... + ba zh f =] Fe | month, ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. SSS oe * Barometer readings reduced to sea-leveland | barometer was 29.435 on the 27th, giving a range rae = P E temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. | of 0.930 inches. Maximum relative humidity Direction. --. N. ND. E. SB s. S.W. Ww. N.W. | Calm. § Observed. was 96 on five days. Minimum relative humidity i 6 6: 822 6. 8 | 2 | was 20 on the J8th. Miles eeescnsssss [eee It S| | sca | cos oe | t Pressure of vapour in inches of mercary. Rain fell on 15 days Duration in hrs 125 127 50 2 76 47 113 152 2 Humidity relati i i F é pitas ae _—_—_|——|_—__|__ ——|— } Humidity relative, saturation being 100. Auroras were observed on 4 nights, the most Menn velocity....) 14.6 13.0 15.9 14-7 10.8 13.6 17.2 19.3 1 11 years only Greatest mileage in one hour was 46 on the 4th. Greatest velocity in gusts, 52 miles per hour, on the 4th. Resultunt mileuge, 3810, brilliant display being on the night of the 18th. | Resultant direction, N. 30° W. Total mileage, 11,366, Average yelocity, 15.3 m- p. hy The greatest heat was 81.2 on the 3lst; the greates! cold was 34.0 on the Ist and 6th, giving a range of temperature of 47.2 degrees. Warmest day wasthe3lst Coldest day wasthe 23rd. Highest barometer reading was 30-365 0n the 9th; lowest Lunar halos on 2 nights. Tog on the night of the 30th and morning of the Slst. Solar halo with parhelic arcs on the 10th. JUNE, evel, 187 feet. 1892. McLEOD, Superintendent. Sky CLoupDED) In TENTHS. Win. Nn 0 OD bow o oon oOo HONWWA BHI WO: 0000000 . NUTS 0) on: COUN ODDR: w®ornarvo: wo 6 > OH COW 000000 OO CO CU'GO4 NI OV 0) 0) 0) O- NON WOW: oo000 ne \I xu -NI 00 Nnuu oO Nh Oofnood of mercary. ln being 100. on the Ist; the } lOth, giving a erees. Warmest | sthe7th. Highest | of 0.868 inches. was 97 on four days. | was 34 on the 10th. CaH: iors We Seen pes s25| S56 Sa aaa) 5 | 23 Sos} As car Bem) “a = fa =) Nn gr site ae 19 0.35 55 3 5100 fe 36 0.03 we 00 1.35 D000 73 0.69 98 5 04 0.15 | 30 ORL, 4) 88 6 56 Ae 60 0.06 81 506 50 0.06 | 97 306 42 0.10 | 3 0.08 | 44 cee 00 0.94 | [ere) 2.14 60 0.02 5 58 0.0L : I4 0.06 3 so O 21 15 0.44 07 0.34 21 0.61 32 0.08 66 0.26 00 0.45 44 8.00 oe —_—| —_— | J-+.fM54.5 | 3-35 | Rain and snow melted. .06 .06 10 .08 94 Bier o2 or 06 21 44 34 Ot 08 20 45 8.00 BE35 Rain fell on 22 days. DAY. SuNDAY -OO an an PW WH co SUNDAY Re Ee l Gr Dnt WN Qo 00 Nd ca WNW DY mer WN . . SUNDAY Rk wBNN 0© OND wr (a) Sums 1 18 Years means for and including this month, to sea-leveland | barometer reading was 30.354 on the 4th; lowest _ barometer was 29.486 on the 28th, giving a range Maximum relative humidity Minimum relative humidity Aurora was observed on 1 night. Fog on 3 days. Thunderstorms on 9 days. ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE, 1892. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. Sky CLoupED], E THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. WIND. In Tentus. [S.9| 5 5 3 | ———————_] + Mean } Mean . —— eee sy | Se |= pres- _ |relative’ ew ae oy. ao sf DAY. sure|ofi aati point. | General La § x] 2] g g $3 Be a3 DAY. Menn.| Max. | Min. |Range.J Mean. |§ Max. | §Min. | Range. | Y°POUT | ty- direction. jin miles] § | S| | 5%! 3 | SA | ce perhoury = | ~ | ~ |& cs a ‘a i =] F fi 65.5 | 231 29.9865 29.887 200 11.6 J 5.0| 9] of ox aller Ai 38.8 | 27.8 29.9227 29.840 2155 18/8 | 9.3) 10] 7] 19 0.35 | 2 3 52.4 14.7 30 2165 40. 102 -197 12,0 7.3 |10] of 73 Rs 3 4 52.2 18.5 30.2852 30 233 -12T 12/2 3.2 /10] of 36 0,03 09 0.03 | 4 SuNDAy 5 54-2 10.0 opogoo0 || ot@ppD poop. Bboo 12)5 [\--.. ||.» || aif! oo || 1.35 1.35] 5 SunpDAY 6 57-0 22.5 29.8930 | 30.041 29.819 222 16,4 6.2])10}] of 73 0.69 0.09 | 6 7 49-0 18.3 30 1880 | 30.236 30.155 084 103 ao} o] of o8 3 tous 7 8 51.0 | 199 30.0810 | 30, 191 29.976 93 83 10] of of | ors o.15| 8 9 600 | 13.0 | 29.8872 | 29 043 29.821 y2 7:7|10| of 30 | 017 0.17] 9 10 48.2 18.9 30.0038 | 30.060 29.950 110 13.9 1.5] 5] of 88 ode 10 u 56.1 19 5 29-8737 | 29 977 29.792 +185 27.1 4:7] 10] of 56 ae I Sunpay “12 62.1 YY |] caonne 3900 onauan don: ||! Gaoea 15.9 pane|} oo 60 0.06 CHAD |] $2 soosancce SuNDAY Bg 68.0 | 19.6 | 29.7800] 29.868 29.700 -168 29.8 [| 6.0] 10] of 8x o8b noe || xa} iy 55.5 | 26.3 29.7422 | 29.939 29 574 365 19.1 | 6.2] 10] of 50 | 0.06 0.06 | 4 15 520 | 205 30.0233 | 30.074 29.988 .086 10.6 | 0.7| 2| of 97 NES oboe |] £65 6 55-1 | 2964 9 29-8987 | 29.073 29.811 162 14-4 5.2]}10] of 42 | 0.10 0 10} 16 17 52.8 18.3 30.1477 | 30.217 30.048 »169 14 5.8] 10] of 37 0.08 0.08 | 17 1B 52.8 | 19.0 30.1748 | 30.275 30.039 236 79 8.3] 10] of 44 was 18 Sunpay,,,. ...19 60.6 62 Sanne oo wees Pe ceeee s. 5.4 6000 || a2 |) oo 00 0.94 D 0.94 | 19 SuNDay oat 62.0 6.6 | 29.5482 | 29.497 102 W. 58 | 85/10) tr] oo | 2.14 ‘. | 2.24 | 20 2e 64.0 | x75 29.5747 29.535 .072 N.W. 16,8 6.0| 10] of 60 | 0.02 ... |oo2 | 2r 22 64.0 | 165 ff 29.6157 29.503 167 N.W. 14.8 | 68/10] of 58 | o.o o.or | 22 23 58.0 110 29.7820 29.650 242 N.E. 6.0 6.7|10] of xq 0.06 0.06 | 23 24 58.2 16.0 } 29.8790 29.824 127 8. 5:0 | 6.0] 10] of to | 0 21 o.ar | 24 25 58.3 | 16.7 | 29.8673 29.830 084 N. 6r | 7-7] 20] of xs | o.44 | 0.44 | 25 SUNDAY.,..-++ 26 56.8 PAG) || oogdo a ||. sebaae goa 26 . SUNDAY 2 54.4 | 16.0 | 29.8242 | 29.952 29.626 -326 27 A 6: 3 | 17.6 |} 29.5535 | 29.685 29 486 +199 28 29 60.0 17.3 29.8150 | 29.887 29.756 331 29 30 57°7 7:5 29.7980 | 29.877 29.720 +157 30 29.8985 169 Sums 18 Years means 18 Years means for for and including 64.57 | 73-32 | 55-99 | 17.32 29.8990 154 and including this this month......- month, ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. * Barometer readings reduced to sen-leveland | barometer reading was 30-354 on the 4th; lowest = temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. | barometer was 29.4860n the 28th, giving a range Direction. ..- N. | N.E f. S.E. Ss S.W. | W. N.W. | Calm & Ohs of 0.868 inches. Muximum relative humidity = 2 g BLU iar § Observed. | a aay a aes Miles ——| ee lmreze aaa areal aD earonlacaal| 5 was 97 on fourdays. Minimum relative humidity Milegs.s. 0-0... 2 2 3 222) anf ease fa Re —_ + Pressure of vapour in inches of mercary. was 34 on the J0th. Duration in hrs - 32 52 79 34 84 192 140 16 AN E ; ii see nes ——— t Humidity relative, saturatio); being 100. Rain fell on 22 days. Menn velocity....| 7.8 12,1 12.9 B.o 8.4 16.3 15.9 M11 years only Aurora was observed on 1 night. Greatest mileage in one hour was 40 on the 13th. Resultunt direction, N. 84° W. The greatest heat was 88.6 on the Ist; the Fog on 3 days. Grentest velocity in gusts, 44 miles per hour, on Total mileage, 9322. greatest cold was 48.2 on the 10th, giving a | the 18th. Average milenge, 12,95 m. per hour. range of temperature of 40.4 degrees. Warmest Thunderstorms on 9 days- Resultant mileage, 3808. day was the !3th Coldestday wasrhe 7th. Highest | THE CANADIAN RECORD OF SCIENCE VOL. V. OCTOBER, 1892. - NO: 4: DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PHYLLOCARID CRUSTACEA FROM THE MIDDLE CAMBRIAN OF Mount STEPHEN, B.C.' ‘ By J. F. Wuirnaves. ANOMALOCARIS. (Gen. nov.) Carapace and its appendages unknown or too obscurely indicated for their characters to be defined: body many jointed and consisting of not less than nine to thirteen seg- ments, exclusive of the caudal segment; ventral portion of each of the body segments bearing a pair of slender, nar- rowly elongated and acutely pointed, simple and probably branchial appendages, of the nature of uropods or foot gills: posterior terminal segment margined with three pairs of caudal spines, one terminal and the other two lateral,—the posterior pair of uropods represented in the wood-cut apparently belonging to a pre-caudal segment whose posterior boundary has been obliterated. 1 Communicated by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. a: & ag, ot. a Fe. | / Say Soe Ow 4 5 a ey ta’ —e * i. \e aS a ma Ss, (he + Op roars ¥ 206 Canadian Record of Science. ANOMALOCARIS CANADENSIS, Sp. NOV. — Anomalocaris Canadensis ——Outline of a specimen in which nine of the abdominal segments are preserved, besides the caudal segment. Natural size. Body. inclusive of the tail, elongated, slender, decreasing slowly in size from the anterior to the posterior end, rather strongly curved posteriorly and nearly straight anteriorly, the length of the portion preserved varying in different specimens from nine to ten centimetres (as measured at about the midheight and following the curve of each), and the height or depth at the imperfect anterior end, from twelve to seventeen millimetres, exclusive of the ventral appendages. Body or abdominal segments, which, in all the specimens collected, are abnormally flattened laterally, a little higher or deeper than long, broader above than below, the pair of ventral appendages proceeding from each, nearly equal in height or depth to the segment itself. These appendages are straight and prolonged downward at almost aright angle to the main axis of the body, for although there is a slight divergence in each pair, neither are directed distinctly backward nor forward. Between each pair of segments there is evidence of a wedge-shaped or very narrowly triangular lateral area or interval, which is broadest or widest below and does not seem to extend quite to the dorsal margin. At the posterior end the segmenta- tion is very obscurely defined. Caudal spines, which are A New Phyllocarid Crustacean. 207 simple, slender, longitudinally elongated and acutely pointed, averaging six millimetres in length by about one mm, in breadth at the base: the three pairs of spines about equal in length, though the two lateral ones are placed farther forward than the central and terminal pair. Surface mark- ings entirely unknown. This genus and species are based upon upwards of fifty specimens collected from a band of shale of Middle Cam- brian age, at Mount Stephen, near Field station on the Canadian Pacific Railway. Two of these specimens were collected by Mr. R. G. McConnell, of the Geological Survey of Canada, in 1888, and the remainder by Dr. H. M. Ami, of the same Survey, in 1891. ‘The species seem to have been somewhat gregarious in its habits when living, for upwards of twenty specimens of it are exposed on the surface of a large slab of shale collected by Dr. Ami at this locality, and fourteen upon that of another. It is associated with num- erous species of trilobites, brachiopoda, etc., most of which have been described by Dr. Carl Rominger and Mr. O. D. Walcott. All the specimens of A. Canadensis are crushed quite flat laterally and oceur as obscurely defined and ex- tremely thin impressions of the body segments, with the tail, the latter usually:a little twisted, on each of the surfaces exposed by splitting pieces of the shale. The generic name Anomalocaris (from av ojoros, unlike,— napis, a shrimp, 2.é., unlike other shrimps) is suggested by the unusual shape of the uropods or ventral appendages of the body segments and the relative position of the caudal spines. Only three genera of Phyliocarida have previously been recorded as occurring in the Cambrian rocks of Kurope or America, These are Ceratiocaris, McCoy (1848); Hymeno- caris, Salter (1853); and Protocaris, Walcott (1884). To these may now be added Anomalocaris, which differs from the other three genera of Cambrian Phyllocarids in the following particulars. In Ceratiocaris the caudal appendages consist of a median telson or style, and two lateral stylets. Further, although ventral appendages to the body segments 208 Canadian Record of Science. have been discovered in one species of Ceratiocaris, the C. stygia of Salter, yet these are represented as “ broad and paddle shaped,” not slender and acutely pointed as in Anomalocaris. In Ldymenocaris, according to Prof. H. A. Nicholson, the “hinder termination of the body is adorned with three pairs of unequal spines,” but in the woodcut of the type and only known species of that genus, the /Z. vermicauda, which is reproduced in so many paleontological manuals, all of these spines are represented as terminal, and the body segments as devoid of any ventral appendages. The first specimens of Hymenocaris, by the way, were collected by Dr. Selwyn in 1846, in the Lingula Flags near Doigelly, Merionethshire.' The Protocaris Marshii of Wal- cott, from the Middle Cambrian of Vermont, is described as having no fewer than thirty narrow segments “ between the posterior edge of the carapace and the telson,” and a telson ‘‘ which supports two caudal spines.” The wood-cut of Anomalocaris, is a copy of an original drawing kindly made for the writer by Mr. L. M. Lambe, F. G.S., the Artist to the Geological Survey of Canada. Ortawa, July 30th, 1892. THe Frora oF MONTREAL ISLAND. By Roperr Camppeii, D.D., M.A. For some years I have felt, in common with others inter- ested in our local Natural History, that it is a pity we have not a complete list of the plants growing on our own island, and when giving a paper in March, 1891, on the Summer Wild Flowers of Great Britain, I volunteered to do what I could personally to repair the want, an undertaking which the Natural History Society was pleased to approve. 1 See Proc. Brit. Assoc. 1852, p. 58. The Flora of Montreal Island. 209 Throughout the season of 1891, I kept my eyes open where ever I chanced to be on the island, in the prosecution of duty or in pursuit of recreation, and I succeeded in securing specimens of the following plants, which I have mounted and presented to the museum of the Natural History Society. After I had entered on my voluntary task, the Botanical Club of Canada was formed, during the sitting of the Royal Society in this city in 1891, and it has mapped out the Dominion for Botanical purposes, assigning each county or group of counties to certain well known natur- alists who are asked to take the oversight of the botanical research in their respective districts, securing the co-opera- tion of local workers in this department, cheering them on and directing their enthusiasm. Anything I can do in connection with this joint movement, I shall be glad to attempt, and if the results I reach can be utilized by the Botanical Club, I put them entirely at its disposal. On the other hand, as one person cannot be expected to fall upon everything that grows on the island, I crave the help of every botanist in the district in the eftort to secure as com- plete a catalogue as possible of our local flora. A well assorted cabinet of the plants growing around the city, placed in the museum of the Natural History Society, and thus put within reach of all among our citizens that are interested in this delightful science, would be a great boon; and the wonder is that an attempt to secure it has not been long ago made. I am not overlooking the Holmes’ collection, nor am I unmindful of its great scientific value. Dut it should not be forgotten that seventy years have elapsed since it was made, and very great and important changes must have come over the flora of the district in the interval. Besides, Dr. Holmes’ Herbarium did not profess to be solely a Montreal island collection, much less did it claim to present a com- plete catalogue of the plant-life of the island. The bulk of the specimens which he preserved for the instruction of later generations, as might be expected, were indeed gathered in the neighborhood of the city, picked up, many 210 Canadian Record of Science. of them, doubtless, while he was prosecuting his profes- sional work. To this extent, it may be taken as a complete Montreal collection, that it represents the island plants which came under Dr. Holmes’ notice, or of which he be- came possessed. Other places are credited occasionally as the habitat of the specimens embraced, but whenever a plant was found in or near the city, Montreal was invari- ably first mentioned among the localities in which it grew. When Montreal is not credited with a plant, it may there- fore be taken for granted that Dr. Holmes never came across the plant on the island. It will be interesting to note how far the flora of Montreal to-day corresponds with that of seventy years ago; and I have compared the collection I have so far made with the Herbarium of Dr. Holmes, with the object of finding out what changes, if any, have come about. Or rather I have taken the catalogue of the Her- barium, prepared by the late Prof. James Barnston, and published in ‘The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist,” for April, 1859, as the basis of comparison; and I shall assume that Prof. Barnston’s nomenclature is correct and in agree- ment with the classification of Gray, as it claimed to be. Clematis Virginiana, L.—Common Virgin’s Bower.— August. Mountain Park, south of Park Ranger’s house. (Holmes). Clematis verticillaris, DC.—Virgin’s Bower—Mountain above Ravenscrag and elsewhere. (Holmes’ Atragene Americana). June. Anemone Virginiana, Gray. — Virginian Anemone. — North end of mountain, and common on the island. June. Anemone Pennsylvanica, l.—Pennsylvanian Anemone.— (Holmes). June. Common. Hepatica acutiloba, DC.—Sharplobed Hepatica.—North end of Mount Royal. April and May. Hepatica triloba, Chaix.—Round-lobed Hepatica.—South end of Mount Royal, and Petite Cote Woods. (Holmes)— April and May. Seen ‘ i The Flora of Montreal Island. — 211 Thalictrum dioicum, L.—KHarly Meadow-rue.—Common. (Holmes). April and May. Thalictrum polygamum, Muhl., (‘T. Cornuti, Holmes),—Fall Meadow-rue.—Common. July and August. Ranunculus abortivus, L.—Smail-flowered Crowfoot. — Everywhere. (Holmes). April and May. Ranunculus sceleratus, L.—Cursed Crowfoot.—Wet meadow at Hochelaga. June. Ranunculus repens, L.—Creeping Crowfoot. — Common. July and August. (Holmes). Ranunculus acris, L.—Tall Crowfoot or Buttercup.— June, September. Common. (Holmes). Ranunuculus fascicularis.—Harly Crowfoot.—Hochelaga bank. May. Ranunculus septentrionalis, Poir.—Northern Crowfoot.— Prince Arthur street. May. Caltha palustris, li—Marsh Marigold.—May. Meadows, St. Cunegonde and Lachine. (Holmes). } Coptis trifolia, Salisb.—Three-leaved Gold Thread.—May, Mount Royal and Hochelaga banks. (Holmes). Aquilegia Canadensis, 11—Wild Columbine.—West side Mt. Royal, common. May and June. (Holmes). Aquilegia vulgaris—Common Garden Columbine.—Hs- caped from cultivation, St. Laurent road. May and June. Acta spicata, L., var. rubra. Michx.—Red Baneberry.— Common. May. (Holmes). Actea alba, Bigel.—White Baneberry.—Common. May. (Holmes). Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michx.—Blue Cohosh.—North end of mountain and elsewhere. May. Nuphar advena, Ait.—Common Yellow Pond Lily.—River St. Pierre. July. (Holmes). Dil Canadian Record of Science. Chelidonium majus, li.mCelandine.—Fletcher’s Field, com- mon. (Holmes). May. Sanguinaria Canadensis.—Bloodroot.—Common. April. (Holmes). Dicentra cucullaria—Dutchman’s Breeches.—Petite Cote woods. (Holmes’ corydalis cucullaria). May. Corydalis glauca.—Pale Corydalis. — (Holmes). June. Mountain. Nasturtium officinale, R.Br.—Water Cress.—Below bridge, near junction of cemeteries. July. Nasturtium palustre, DC. — Marsh Cress. — (Holmes’ sisymbrium palustre). June. Common. Nasturtium armorica, Fries—orse Radish.—Creek near Cote des Neiges. June. Dentaria diphylla, L.—Two-leaved Toothwort.—Mountain, common. May and June. (Holmes). Arabis levigata, DC.—Smooth Rock Cress.—Mountain, near Park Ranger’s house. June. (Holmes’ turritis levi- gata). Erysimum cheiranthoides, L.—Wormseed Mustard.—Flet- cher’s Field. June. Sisymbrium officinale, Seop.—Hedge Mustard.—Common. * June. Brassica sinapistrum, Bois.—Charlock.—Common. June. Brassica alba, L.—White Mustard—(Holmes’ sinapis alba). Common. June, Brassica nigra, L.—Black Mustard.—(Holmes’ sinapis nigra). Common. June. Draba arabisans, Michx.—Whitlow Grass.—Outremont, June. Capsella bursa-pastoris, Moench.—Shepherd’s Purse—Com- mon. May. (Holmes’ thlaspe bursa-pastoris). The Flora of Montreal Island. 213 Thiaspi arvense, Field Penny Cress.—(Holmes), Com- mon. July. Lepidium virginicum, L.—Wild Pepper Grass.—Common on streets. August. (Ilolmes). Lepidium campestre, L.—Peppergrass.-—Cote St. Louis. — August. Viola blanda, Willd.—Sweet White Violet.—Common. May. (Holmes). Viola cucullata, Ait—Common Blue Violet.—Common. May. (Holmes). Viola pubescens, Ait— Downy Yellow Violet.—Common. May. (Holmes). Viola Canadensis, .—Canada Violet—Common, May. (Holmes). Viola canina, L., var. Sylvestris, Regel—Dog Violet.— Hochelaga banks. May. Helianthemum Canadense, Michx.—Frost Weed.—Petite Cote. June. Hypericum perforatum, Iu—Common St. John’s Wort.— Common. July. (Holmes). Hypericum mautilum, L.—Small St. John’s Wort.—Hoche- laga banks. July. (Holmes’ hypericum parviflorum), Hypericum corymbosum, Muhl.—Corymbed St. John’s Wort.—Cote St. Paul. August. Elodes virginica, Nutt.—Marsh St. John’s Wort.—Bout de Lisle. August. Saponaria officinalis, u.—Bouncing Bet.—Park Avenue. August. Silene cucubalus, Wibel.—Bladder Campion.—Common. July. Silene Pennsylvanica, Michx.—Wild Pink.—Field near Hochelaga bank. September. 214 Canadian Record of Science. Silene noctiflora, L.—Night Flowering Catchfiy.—Flet- cher’s Field. July. Lychnis githago, Lam.—Corn Cockle-—Common. July. Stellaria media, Smith.—Common Chickweed.—Common. _ July. (Holmes’ alsine media). Stellaria longifolia, Muhl.—Longleaved Stitchwort.—June. Cote St. Antoine. (Holmes’ stellaria graminea). Cerastium viscosum, L.—Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed.— June. Common. (Hclmes). Cerastium arvense, L.— Field Chickweed.—July. Common. Cerastium nutans, Raf.—Nodding Chickweed.—Petite Cote. August. Portulaca oleracea, L.—Common Purslane. — August. Common. (Holmes). Claytonia Caroliniana, Michx.— Spring Beauty.—May. Common. (Holmes’ C. Virginica). Malva rotundifolia, L.—Round Leaved Mallow.—June. Common. (Holmes). Tilia Americana, .—Basswood.—May. Common. Linum usitatissimum, l.—Common Flax.—Cote St. Louis and elsewhere. Strayed from cultivation. August. Oxalis acetosella, .—White Woodsorrel.—July. Hoche- laga woods. (Holmes). Oxalis stricta, L.—Yellow Woodsorrel.—June. Common. (Holmes’ O. Dillenii). Impatiens fulva, Nutt.—Spotted Touch-me-not.—July. Common. (Holmes I. noli-me-tangere). Impatiens pallida, Nutt.—Pale Touch-me-not.—August. Common. (Holmes I. biflora). Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill.—Northern Prickly Ash.— April. Field near Petite Cote. (Holmes’ Z, fraxineum). Rhus typhina, U.—Staghorn Sumach.—Mt. Royal. July. (Holmes). Rhus toxicodendron, L.— Poison Ivy.—June.. Common. (Holmes). : : bs ; The Flora of Montreal - Island. 215 Vitis cordifolia, Michx.—Frost Grape.—June. Common. (Holmes’ V. riparia). Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx.—Virginia Creeper.— Mountain and along fences on island. July. (Holmes’ cissus hederacea). Celastrus scandens, l.—Climbing Bitter-sweet.—June. Common on fences over the island. (Holmes). Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.—Striped Maple.—May. North end of mountain. Acer spicatum, Lam.—Mountain Maple.—May. Common. (Holmes). Acer saccharinum, Wang.—Sugar Maple-——May. Lachine and elsewhere on island. (Holmes). Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart.—Silver Maple.—April. Com- mon. Acer rubrum, L.—Red Maple.—May. Common. (Holmes). _ Trifolium pratense, L.—Red Clover.—June. Common. (Holmes). Trifolium repens, L.—White Clover.—June. Common. (Holmes). ‘ Trifolium agrarium, L.—Hop Clover.—June. Hochelaga bank. Trifolium procumbens, L.—Low Hop Clover. — July. Hochelaga bank. Medicago lupulina, L.—Black Medick.—June. Hvery- where. Melilotus officinalis, Willd.—Yellow Sweet Clover.—June. Everywhere. Melilotus alba, Lam.—White Sweet Clover.—June. Com- mon. Robinia pseudacacia, L.—Common Locust.—June. St. Michel. Desmodium acuminatum, DC.—Tick Trefoil.—August. Mountain. (Holmes’ Hedysarum acuminatum). Desmodium Dillenii, Darling.—Tick Trefoil_—August. Northern part of Mountain. 216 Canadian Record of Science. Desmodium Canadense, DC.—Tick Trefoil—August. Park near north end of mountain. (Holmes’ Hedysarum Cana. dense). Vicia sativa, L.—Common Vetch.—July. Common. (Holmes). Vicia cracca, L.—Tufted Vetch—June. Everywhere. (Holmes). Aimphicarpea monoica, Nutt—Hog Peanut.—August. Overruns cemetery woods. (Holmes’ glycine monoica). Prunus Americana, Marshall.—Wild Plum. — Around mountain. May. Prunus Pennsylvanica, L.—Wild Red Cherry.—Common. May. (Holmes). Prunus Serotina, Khrhart.—Wild Black Cherry.—Pap- ineau Road and Petite Cote. June. Prunus Virginiana, L.—Choke-cherry.—Very common. May. (Holmes’ P. serotina). Spirea salicifolia, L.—Common Meadow-sweet.—Com. mon. August. (Holmes’ S. latifolia). Agrimonia eupatoria, L.—Common Agrimony.—July. Common. (Holmes). Poterium Canadense, Benth and Hook.—Canadian Burnet. —Savanne, St. Michel. September. (Holmes’ sangnis- orba Canadensis). Geum album, Gmelin.—White Avens—.June. Hochelaga woods. (Holmes). Geum strictum, Ait.—Yellow Avens.—June. Common. (Holmes). Geum rivale, L.— Purple Avens. — July. Common. (Holmes). Potentilla Norvegica, I.—Norway Cinque-foil_—July. Common. (Holmes). ; Potentilla Canadensis, L. — Canada Cinque-foil. — June. Hochelaga bank. (Holmes’ P. simplex). Potentilla anserina, L.—Silver Weed.—June. Common, (Holmes). : . : ee a ——— a es The Flora of Montreal Island. 217 Potentilla fruticosa, L.—Shrubby Cinque-foil.—Savanne, St. Michel. September. (Holmes). Fragaria Virginana, Khrhart.—Common Strawberry.— May. Common. (Ilolmes). Fragaria vesca, l.—Sharp Pointed Strawberry.—June. Common in woods. Rubus odoratus, L.—Purple Flowering Raspberry.—Moun- tain and elsewhere. June. (Holmes). Rubus triflorus, Richardson.—Dwarf Raspberry.—Hoche- laga banks and elsewhere. May. (Holmes). Rubus strigosus, Michx.—Wild Red Raspberry.—June. All over the island. (Holmes). Rubus occidentalis, li.—Black Raspberry.—East side of mountain. June. (Holmes). Rubus villosus, Ait.—High Blackberry.—North end of mountain. June. (Holmes). Rubus hispidus, i4— Running Swamp Blackberry.—Swamp between cemeteries. June. Rosa blanda, Ait.—Early Wild Rose.—LHast end of moun- tain. June. Rosa Carolina, L.—Swamp Rose.—Papineau woods. July. (Holmes). Rosa rubiginosa, L.—Sweet Brier.—Mountain, Outremont and elsewhere. June. (Holmes). Crataegus coccinea, Li.—Scarlet Fruited Thorn.—Moun- tain. May. (Holmes). Crategus tomentosa, L.—Black or Pear Thorn.—North end of mountain and elsewhere. June. (Hoimes). Crategus crusgalli, 1i—Cockspur Thorn.—North end of mountain. June. (Holmes). Pyrus arbutifolia, L.—Chokeberry.—Cote St. Paul. June. (Holmes’ aronia melanocarpa). Pyrus americana, D.C.—American Mountain Ash.—June, (Lolmes’ sorbus Americana). 218 Canadian Record of Science. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. rotundifolia, Torr and Gray. —Shadbush.—May. Mountain. (Holmes’ aronia ovalis). Amelanchier Canadensis, var. Botryapium, Torr and Gray. —Juneberry.—May. Hochelaga banks. (Holmes’ aronia botryapium). Ribes cynosbati, L.—Wild Gooseberry.—Between veme- teries. May. (Holmes’ ribes triflorum). Ribes hirtellum, Michx.—Small Wild Gooseberry.—J une. St. Michel. Ribes lacustre, Poir.—Swamp Gooseberry.—Hochelaga banks. June. (Holmes). Ribes floridum, l.—Wild Black Currant. May. Between cemeteries. (Holmes). Ribes rubrum, L.—Wild Red Currant.—May. Hochelaga banks. (Holmes). Parnassia Caroliniana, Michx.—Grass of Parnassus.—Sep- tember. Savanne, St. Michel. Saxifraga Virginiensis, Michx.—Harly Saxifrage—May. Mountain. (Holmes’ 8. nivalis). Mitella diphylla, L.—Two-leaved Mitre-wort.—Base of mountain. May. (Holmes). Mitella nuda, L.—Naked Stalked Milella——Hochelaga woods. June. (Holmes’ M. cordifolia). Tiarella cordifolia, L.—False Mitre-wort.—May. Base of mountain. (Holmes), Penthorum sedoides, Gronov.—Ditch Stonecrop.—Cote St. Paul. July. (Holmes). Circea lutetiana, L.—Enchanter’s Nightshade.—Hoche- laga woods. July. (Holmes). Circea Alpina, L.—Small Enchanter’s Nightshade.— Mountain. July. (Holmes). Epilobium angustifolium, L.—Great Willow Herb.—July. Hochelaga woods and elsewhere. (Holmes). Epilobium palustre, ., var. lineare—Epilobe.—August. (Holmes). PENS oe alt gk ae : 2 at ih The Flora of Montreal Island. 219 Epilobium molle, Torr.—Epilobe.—August. Cote St. Paul. Epilobium coloratum, Muhl. — Epilobe Swamp. — St. Michel. (Holmes’ E. tetragonum). (Enothera biennis, L.—Common Evening Primrose.— August. St. Michel and elsewhere. (Holmes). (Enothera pumila, L.—Small Evening Primrose.—Hoche- | laga bank. June. (Holmes’ (E. pusilla). Sicyos angulatus, L.—Star Cucumber.—Fletcher’s Field. September. (Holmes). Sanicula Marilandica, L.—Snakeroot.—June. Mountain. (Holmes). Daucus carota, L.—Common Carrot.—June. Road-sides. Heracleum lanatum, Michx.—Cow Parsnip.—Cote St. Paul and elsewhere. June. (Holmes). Pastinaca sativa, L.—Common Parsnip.—June. Road- sides. (Holmes). Conioselinum Canadense, Torr. and Gray.—Hemlock Par- sley.—Back River and elsewhere. ; Cicuta maculata, L.—Spotted Cowbane.—Cote St. Paul. July. (Holmes). Sium lineare, Michx.—Water Parsnip.—August. Pointe- aux-Trembles. (Holmes). _Carum carui, L.—Caraway.—June. Roadsides, in many places. Osmorrhiza longistylis, DC.—Smoother Sweet Cicely.— June. Mountain side. (Holmes’ Myrrhis longistylis). Osmorrhiza brevistylis, DC.—Hairy Sweet Cicely.—June. Mountain side. (Holmes’ cherophyllum Claytoni). Aralia racemosa, L.—Spikenard.—North end of mountain. July. (Holmes). : Aralia nudicaulis, L.—Wild Sarsaparilla—June. Moun- tain sides and elsewhere. (Holmes). Aralia quinquefolia, Decaisne. — Ginseng. — Hochelaga woods. May. (Holmes’ panax quinquefolia). iE.” : 220 Canadian Record of Science. Aralia trifolia, Decaisne—Dwarf Ginseng.—Hochelaga woods and elsewhere. (Holmes). Cornus Canadensis, L.—Bunchberry.—Papineau woods. June. (Holmes). Cornus circinnata, L’Her.—Round-leaved Dogwood.— Outremont road, June. (Iolmes). Cornus stolonifera, Michx.—Redosier Dogwood.—July. Common. (Holmes’ C. alba). Linnea Borealis, Gronoy.—Twin-flower. — Hochelaga woods and Cote Michel. July. (Holmes). Lonicera parviflora, Lam.—Small Honeysuckle.—June. Mountain. (Holmes). Lonicera ciliata, Muhl.—Fly Honeysuckle.—North end of mountain. May. (Holmes’ Xylosteon ciliatum). Lonicera oblongifolia, Muhl.—Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle.— Buchanan’s woods, St. Michel. August. (Holmes). Diervilla trifida, Mcnch—Bush Honeysuckle.—July. Mountain. (Holmes). Sambucus Canadensis, L.—Common Elder.—Mountain sides and elsewhere. June. (Holmes). Sambucus racemosa, lu. Redberried Hlder.—May. Moun- tain sides and elsewhere. (Holmes’ 8S. Pubescens). Viburnum opulus, Li.—Cranberry Tree—June. Back River road. (Holmes’ V. Oxycoccus). Viburnum Lentago, L.—Sheepberry.—Cote St Paul. June. (Holmes). Viburnum acerifolium, l.—Maple-leaved Arrowwood.— June. Monté between St. Michel and Back River. (Holmes). Lappa officinalis, All., var. Major, Gray.—Burdock.—June. Everywhere. (Holmes’ arctium lappa). Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop.—Common Thistle—August. Everywhere. Cirsium discolor, Spreng.—Tall Thistle—August. St. Michel. (Holmes’ Cuicus altissimus). The Flora of Montreal Island. 221 Cirsium muticum, Michx.—Swamp Thistle—August. St. Michel. (Holmes’ cnicus muticus). Cirsium arvense, Scop.—Canada Thistle-—August. Hvery- where. (Holmes’ cnicus horridulus). Aanthium strumarium, ., var. Hchinatum, Gray.—Com- mon Cocklebur. August. Common. (Holmes). Ambrosia artemisicfolia, L.Hogweed.—August. Every- where. (Holmes). Ambrosia trifida, L.—Great Ragweed.—August. Common. (Holmes). Tanacetum vulgare, L.—Common Tansy.—August. Road- side in many places. Artemisia vulgaris, L.—Common Mugwort. — August. Everywhere. (Holmes). Gnaphalium decurrens, lves.—Kverlasting.—August. Com- mon. Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michx.—Common Everlasting. —August. Common. Gnaphalium uliginosum, L.—Low Cudweed.—August. Common. (Holmes). Antennaria plantaginifolia, Wook.—Plantain-leaved Ever- lasting.—May. Everywhere. (Holmes’ Gnaphalium plan- taginifolium. Eupatorium purpureum, L.—Joe Pye Weed.—August. Mountain Park, Cote St. Paul. (Holmes’ E. verticillatum). EHupatorium perfoiatum, l:—Boneset.—August. Moun- tain Park, Cote St. Antoine. (Holmes). Hupatorium ageratoides, Li.—White Snakeroot.—August. ‘Mountain Park, Cote St. Michel. (Holmes). Senecio vulgaris, L.—Common Groundsel.—On all streets. July. (Holmes). Senecio aureus, L.—Golden Ragwort.—August. St. Michel. Solidago squarrosa, Muh]l.—Golden Rod.—Hast slope of Mountain. August. Solidago bicolor, L., var., Concolor—Golden Rod.—Moun- tain base. August. (Holmes). 18 2 > eames re ag ne SARE ° ‘ ¢ 222 Canadian Record of Science. Solidago latifolia, l1—Golden Rod.—Mountain _ base. August. (Holmes). Solidago Cesia, L., var. axillaris, Gray—Golden Rod.— Mountain base. August. (Holmes’ 5. livida). Solidago Canadensis, L.—Golden Rod.—August. Com- mon. (Holmes). Solidago lanceolata, L.—Golden Rod.—August. Mountain base. (Holmes). Aster macrophyllus, 1. — Starwort. — Mountain sides. August. (Holmes). Aster azureus, Lindl—Aster.—Cote St. Paul. August. Aster cordifolius, L. — Aster. — August. Everywhere. (Holmes). Aster sagittifolius, Willd. —Aster.— September. Very common. (Holmes). - Aster levis, L.-—Aster.—August. Mountain. Aster puniceus, L.— Aster.— August, Cote St. Paul. (Holmes). Aster multiflorus, Ait.—Aster—August. Cote St. Paul. Aster tenuifolius, L.—Aster.—August. Mountain base. Aster acuminatus, Michx. —Starwort. — Park woods. August. Erigeron Canadense, l1.—Horseweed.—August. Papineau Road. (Holmes). Erigeron bellidifolium, Muhl.—-Robin’s plantain.—July. Mountain. Erigeron Philadelphicum, l.—Common Fleabane.—June. ; South Mountain foot. (Holmes’ EH. purpureum). Erigeron strigosum, Muhl. — Daisy Fleabane. — June. Pointe-aux-Trembles. (Holmes). Hrigeron annuum.—Larger Daisy Fleabane.—Cote des Neiges. August. (Holmes’ HE. heterophyllum). Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam. — Oxeye Daisy. — June. Everywhere. (Holmes’ chrysanthemum). The Flora of Montreal Island. 223 Anthemis cotula, DC.—Mayweed.—May. Everywhere. (Holmes). Rudbeckia-hirta, L.—Coneflower.—Petite Cote. July. Helianthus divaricatus, L.—Wild Sunflower.—August. Cemeteries and Park. Helianthus tuberosus, L.—Jerusalem Artichoke. —August. Prince Arthur street. Bidens frondosa, L.— Common Beggar Ticks.—July. Fletcher’s Field. (Holme’s B. pilosa). Bidens Connata, Muhl.—Swamp Beggar Ticks.—August. Cote St. Paul. (Holmes). Bidens cernua, L.—Smaller Bur-marigold.—August. Long Pointe. (Holmes). Achillea millefolium, L.—Milfoil—June. Hverywhere. (Holmes). Cichorium Intybus, L.—Cichory.—July. Hverywhere. (Holmes). Hieracium Canadensis, Michx.—Canada Hawkweed.— August. Cemeteries. (Holmes’ H. kalmii). Hieracium scabrum, Michx.—Rough Hawkweed.—August. Papineau Road and elsewhere. (Holmes’ H. Marianum), Nabalus: albus, Hock.—White Lettuce —August. Com- mon. (Holmes’ prenanthes alba). Nabalus altissimus, Hook.—Tall White Lettuce.—August. North end of mountain. (Holmes’ prenanthes cordata). Nabalus racemosus, Hook.—Rattlesnake Root.—August. Mountain Park and Cote St. Paul. Common. (Holmes’ Prenanthes racemosa). Taraxacum dens-leonis, Desf—Common Dandelion.—May. Everywhere. (Holmes’ leontodon taraxacum). Laetuca Canadensis, L.—Wild Lettuce.—North end of mountain. August. (Holmes’ lactuca elongata). Lactuca integrifolia, L.—Wild Lettuce.—August. Ceme- tery swamp. (Holmes’ L. elongata). Mulgedium leucopheum, DC.—False or Blue Lettuce.— 224 Canadian Record of Science. North end of mountain. August. (Holmes’» sonchus leucopheus). Sonchus oleraceus, L.—Common Sow-thistle-—July. Com- mon. (Holmes). Sonchus Asyer, Vill.—Spring-leaved Sonchus. August. Fletcher’s Field and Park. Sonchus arvensis, .—Field Sow-thistle.—Cote St. Antoine and St. Michel. August. (Holmes). Tragopon pratensis, L.—Yellow Goat’s Beard.—July. Longue Pointe. Lobelia cardinalis, L.—Cardinal Flower.—August. St. Michel. (Holmes). Lobelia inflata, .—Indian Tobacco.—August. Plateau, north end of mountain. Common. (Holmes). Campanula Americana, L.—Tall Bell-flower.—Petite Cote and elsewhere on roadsides. August. Vaccinium corymbosum, L.—Swamp Blueberry. -Hoche- laga banks. June. (Holmes). Pyrola rotundifolia, L.—Wintergreen.—Mountain. July. (Holmes. ) Pyrola elliptica, Nutt—Shinleaf.—Hochelaga woods. July. (Holmes). Pyrola secunda, var. pumila, l1.—Wintergreen.—Hoche- laga woods. July. (Holmes). . Chimaphila umbellata, Nutt.—Prince’s’ Pine.—August. Mountain, west side near Cemetery and Buchanan’s woods, St. Michel, among pines. (Holmes’ pyrola umbellata). Plantago major, i.—Common Plantain.—August. Com- mon. (lolmes). Plantago lanceolata, L.—Rib-grass.—August. Common. Trientalis Americana, Pursh.—Star-flower.--June. Hoche- laga woods. (Holmes). Lysimachia Thyrsiflora, L.—Tufted Loosestrife.— June. Back River. (Holmes’ L. capitata). Lysimachia stricta, Ait.—Loosestrife—June. Cote St. Paul. (Holmes’ L. racemosa). The Flora of Montreal Island. 225 Lysimachia longifolia, Watt.—Loosestrife—August. St. Michel. Verbascum thapsus, L.—Common Mullein.—July. Com- mon. (Holmes). Veronica anagallis, L.—Water Speedwell. — Lachine. July. (Holmes). Veronica scutellata, L1.—Marsh Speedwell.—August. St. Michel. (Holmes). Veronica peregrina, L.—Neckweed.—May. Common. (Holmes). Veronica serpyllifolia, l1.—Thyme-leaved Speedwell.—May. Hochelaga banks. (Holmes, at Berthier). Linaria vulgaris, Mill.—Toad Flax.—July. Common on streets. Scrophularia nodosa, lu. — Figwort. — June. Common. (Holmes’ S. Marilandica), 'Chelone glabra, L.—Turtle Head.—August. St. Michel and between cemeteries. | Mimulus ringens, W.— Monkey Flower. -— Hochelaga. July. (Holmes). Gerardia tenuifolia, Vahl.—Slender Gerardia,—September. Savanne. St. Michel. Pedicularis Canadensis, L.— Wood Betony. — May. Mountain base. (Holmes). Verbena hastata, L.—Blue Vervain.—Hochelaga banks. June. (Holmes). Verbena urticifolia, L—Nettleleaved Vervain.—North base of mountain. August. (Holmes). Phryma leptostachya, Li.—Lopseed.—Savanne. St. Michel and mountain. August. (Holmes). Teucrium Canadense, L.—American Germander.—August. St. Michel. (Holmes, at Boucherville). Mentha viridis, L1.—Spearmint.—Petite Cote. August. (Holmes’ M. tenuis). Mentha piperita, L.—Peppermint.—Point St. Charles. August. 226 Canadian Record of Science. Mentha Canadensis, .—Wild Mint.—August. Common. (Holmes’ M. borealis). Lycopus Virginicus, .—Bugle-weed.—Hochelaga woods. August. (Holmes). Lycopus Europeus, li, var. Sinuatus, Gray. — Water Horehound.—August. Common. (Holmes). Nepeta cataria, l1.—Catnip.—July. Common. (Holmes). Nepeta glechoma, Benth.—Ground Ivy.—Fletcher’s Field and elsewhere, near houses. Lophanthus nepetoides, Benth.—-Giant Hyssop.—August. Mountain, near Cote des Neiges toll bar. (Holmes’ Hyssopus petoides). Brunella vulgaris, L.—Common Heal-All.—July. Every- where. (Holmes’ prunella vulgaris). Scutellaria galericulata, L. — Skullcap. — St. Michel. August. (Holmes). Scutellaria lateriflora, L.—Mad-dog Skullcap. Aust, St. Michel. (Holmes). Galeopsis tetrahit, L—Common Hemp-nettle.—August, Common. (Holmes). Stachys palustris, ., var. Aspera, Gray.—Hedge-nettle.— Fletcher’s Field. (Holmes, at Boucherville Island). Leonurus cardiaca, l.— Common Motherwort.—August. Papineau common and elsewhere. (Holmes). Lycopsis arvensis, L.—Bugloss.— June. Common. (Holmes). Symphytum officinale, L.—Common Comfrey.—East side of mountain, near Cote des Neiges Road. June. Echinospernum lappula, L. Lehm.—Stickseed.—June. Common. (Holmes’ Myosotis Lappula). Cynoglossum officinale, L.—Common Hound’s Tongue.— June. Common. (Holmes). Lithospermum hirtum, Lehm.— Hairy Puccoon.—May. Common, Lithospermum officinale, L.—Common Gromwell.—May. Common. (Holmes). The Flora of Montreal Island. 227 Myosotis palustris, Withering, var. laxa, Gray.—Forget- me-not.—Pointe-aux-Trembles. June. Myosotis arvensis, Hoffm.—Field Myosotis.—Cemetery Swamp. August. - Hydrophyltlum Virginicum, li.—Waterleaf.—June. Base of mountain and elsewhere. (Holmes). Calystegia sepium, R. Br—Hedge Bindweed.—St. Michel Road. August. (Holmes’ convolvulus sepium). Calystegia spithamea, Pursh.—Bracted Bindweed.—Back River. June. (Holmes’ convolvolus stans, at Three Rivers.) Convolvulus arvensis, li.—Bindweed.—July. Fletcher’s Field. Hyoscyamus niger, L.—Black Henbane.—St. Famille street, Fletcher’s Field and elsewhere. (Holmes). Datura stramonium, L.—Common Thorn Apple.—sSt. Lawrence suburbs. August. (Holmes). Gentiana Andrewsii, Griseb.—Closed Gentian.—St. Michel. August. Apocynum androseemifolium, L.—Dogbane.—June. Moun- tain. (Holmes). Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne—Common Milkweed.—July. Common. (Holmes’ A. Syriaca). Fraxinus Americana, L.—White Ash.—Between Petite Cote and St. Michei, along fence. June. (Holmes’ F, Epiptera). Fraxinus pubescens, Lam.—Red- Ash.—Same locality. June. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam.—Black Ash.—St. Michel woods. June. (Holmes). Chenopodium album, L.—Lamb’s Quarters.—July. HEvery- where. (Holmes). Chenopodium murale, i.—Pigweed.—August. Upper St. Urbain street. Chenopodium . hybridum, 1..—Maple-leaved (Goosefoot.— West side of mountain. August. (Holmes). 223 Canadian Record of Science. Blitum capitatum, LL.—Strawberry Blite.— Fletcher’s Field. August. (Holmes). Atriplex patula, L.—Orache.—July. Everywhere on streets. (Holmes). Amarantus retroflexcus, L.—Pigweed.—August. Every- where. (Holmes). Polygonum aviculare, L.—Goose-grass.—August. Hvery- where. (Holmes) Polygonum incarnatum, Ell.—Knotweed.—August. Cote St. Paul. {RE AL! Ng ae ne ap ee ae : i} eS . - ¥ y Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, L—Knotweed.—August. St. — Urbain street. (Holmes). Polygonum Persicaria, .—Lady’s Thumb.—July. Hvery- where. (Holmes). | Polygonum amphibium, var. aquaticum, L.—Water Persi- earia.—St. Michel. August. (Holmes). Polygonum hydropiperoides, Michx.—Mild Water Pepper. —August. Cote St. Paul. (Holmes). Polygonum acre, H. B. K.—Water Smartweed.—Petite Cote. August. Polygonum hydropiper, L.—Common Smartweed.—August. Common. Polygonum sagittatum, L.—Arrow-leaved Tear Thumb.— Mountain. August. (Holmes). Polygonum convolwulus, 4—Black Bindweed.—Grain fields. August. (Holmes). . Polygonum dumetorum, L., var. Scandens, Gray.—Climbing False Buckwheat.—Cote St. Paul. (Holmes’ P. Scandens). Rumex orbiculatus, Gray.—Great Water Dock.—St. Michel, Savanne. August. ftumex crispus, L.—Curled Dock. — July. Common. (Holmes). . Rumex obtusifolius, L.—Bitter Dock.—Cote des Neiges. August. (Holmes). Rumesx acetosella, .-—Sheep Sorrel.—May. Everywhere. (Holmes). The Flora of Montreal Island. 229 Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench.—Buckwheat.—Fletcher’s Field and elsewhere. August. Dirca palustris, L.—Leatherwood.—Petite Cote. April. (Holmes). Euphorbia hypericifolia, L.—Spurge.—August. Fletcher’s Feld and elsewhere. Huphorbia humistrata, Kngelm. — Spurge. — August. Fletcher’s Field. Euphorbia obtusata, Pursh. —Spurge.—St. Lawrence suburbs. August. Euphorbia platyphylla, l.—Spurge.—St. Lawrence suburbs. August. Euphorbia Helioscopia, 1u.—Sunspurge.—July. Every- where. (Holmes). Kuphorbia peplus, L.—Spurge.—August. Fletcher’s Field and mountain base. Euphorbia cyparissias, l.—St. Famille street and else- where. July. Acalypha Virginica, Lu.—Three Seeded Mercury.—St. Famille street. and elsewhere, very common. August. (Holmes’ A. Caroliniana). Ulmus fulva, Michx.—Slippery Elm.—April. Common. (Holmes). Ulmus Americana, L.—White Elm.—April. Common. (Holmes). Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. Taye. White Elm.—May. Along roadsides. Urtica gracilis, Ait.—Nettle. ace Along fences. (Holmes’ U. procera). Laportea Canadensis, Gandichaud. — Wood Nettle. — August. Back River. (Holmes’ Urtica divaricata). Cannabis sativa, L.—Hemp.—July. Common. Along roadsides. (Holmes). Juglans cinerea, L.—Butternut.—Mountain sides and Petite Cote. (Holmes). 230 Canadian Record of Science. Carya amara, Nutt—Swamp Hickory.—Petite Cote and mountain. May. (Holmes). Carya «alba, Nutt.—Shellbark Hickory.—West side of mountain. May. (Holmes). Quercus rubra, L.—Red Oak.—May. Mount Royal. (Holmes). Quercus macrocarpa, var Oliveformis, Gray.—Bur Oak.— May. St. Laurent and elsewhere. (Holmes). Fagus ferruginea, Ait.—American Beech—May. West side of Mount Royal. (Holmes). Corylus rostrata, Ait—Beaked Hazel Nut.—June. Base of mountain. (Holmes’ C. aneliana). Ostrya Virginica, Willd.—lron Wood.—May. Mountain. (Holmes). Betula lenta, L.—Black Birch—May. Hochelaga woods. Betula papyracea, Ait—Canoe Birch—May. Mountain. (Holmes). Betula populifolia, Ait—Gray Birch.—Petite Cote. May. (Holmes). Alnus incana, Wiild.—Speckled Alder.—April. Mountain foot, Common. (Holmes’ A. serrulata). Alnus viridis, DC.—Green Alder.—Between mountains. May. (Holmes’ A. undulata). Salix humilis, Marshall.—Prairie Willow.—Hochelaga bank. May. Salix discolor, Muhl.—Glaucous Willow.—North base of mountain. Salix petiolaris, Smith.—Petoiled Willow.—Savanne, St. Michel. August. Salix livida, Wahl., var. occidentalis, Gray.—Livid Wil- low.—All over the island. May. Populus tremuloides, Michx.—American Aspen,—May. All over the island. (Holmes). Populus balsamifera, L.—Balsam Poplar.—May. Common. The Flora of «Montreal Island. 231 Populus monilifera, Ait.—Cottonwood.— Upper St. Famille street. May. (Holmes’ P. angulata). Populus monilifera, Ait., var. Candicans, Gray. pain of Gilead.—May. St. Famille street. Populus alba, L.—White Poplar.—Cote St. suitor and elsewhere. May. Pinus strobus, Li—White Pine.—May. Savanne, St. Michel. (Holmes). Pinus Banksiana, Lambert. — Serub Pine.— Mountain. May. Abies balsamea, Miller.—Balsam: Fir.—Hochelaga woods. May. (Holmes’ pinus balsamea). Picea nigra, Link.—Black Spruce.—Petite Cote. May. Picea alba, Link.—White Spruce.—St. Michel. May. Tsujga Canadensis, Carr-—Hemlock.—Hochelaga woods. May. Larix Americana, Michx. — Tamarack. — Petite Cote Swamp. May. Thuja occidentalis, 1.—Cedar.—May. In all swamps on island. Juniperus communis, L.— Common J uniper.—Between mountains. August. Taxus Canadensis, L., var. Canadensis, Gray.—Ground Hemlock.—Mountain. May. (Holmes). Arisema triphyllum, Torr.—Indian Turnip.—June. Moun- tain swamp. (Holmes’ Arum. triphyllum). Calla palustris, L.—Marsh Calla.—Petite Cote Swamp. June. Typha latifolia, eae Cat Tail—Pointe-aux- Trembles and elsewhere. July. (Holmes). Typha angustifolia, LL.—Narrow-leaved Cat-'Tail.—Pointe- aux-Trembles. June. Sparganium simplex, Hudson, var. Angustifolium, Gray.— Bur Reed.—June. Back River. selene elie eee ee a en — ves: weet oe ne nt a ne oe ees 232 Canadian Record of Science. Alisma plantago, L., var. Americanum, Gray.—W ater Plan- tain.—July. Cote St. Paul, (Holmes). Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm.—Arrowhead.—July. Com- mon. (Holmes’ S. sagittifolia). Habenaria tridentata, Hook.—Rein Orchis.— Woods near cemetery gate. June. Habenaria orbiculata, Torr. — Rein Orchis.— Between cemeteries. July. Spiranthes Romanzoviana, Chamisso.—Ladies’ Tresses.— Savanne, St. Michel. July. Cypripedium pubescens, Willd. — Large Yellow Lady’s Slipper.—West side of mountain. June. (Holmes). Cypripedium acaule, Ait.—Stemless Lady’s Slipper.—June. Hochelaga woods. (Holmes’ ©. arietinum). Tris versicolor, li.Larger Blue Flag.—June. Common. Sisyrinchium anceps, Cav.—Blue-eyed Grass.—June. Com- mon. (Holmes). Smilax herbacea, ..—Carrion Flower.—St. Laurent. June, Trillium grandiflorum, Salisb.—Large White Trilltum,— May. Very common. (Holmes). Trillium erectum, L.—Purple Trillium.—Mountain, Hoche- laga woods and elsewhere. (Holmes). Trillium erythrocarpum, Michx.—Pointed Trillium.—May. Hochelaga woods. (Holmes). Medeola Virginica, L.—Indian Cucumber Root.—June. Hochelaga woods. (Holmes). Uvularia grandiflora, Smith.—Bellwort.—Papineau Road and mountain. May. (Holmes). Uvularia sessilifolia, L.—Wood Daftodil—May. North end of mountain. (Holmes). Olintonia borealis, Raf. — Clintonia.— June. Mountain marsh and MHochelaga woods. (Holmes’ convallaria — borealis). Streptopus roseus, Michx.—Twisted Stalk —May. Moun- The Flora of Montreal Isiand. 233 tain and Hochelaga woods. (Holmes’ convallaria’ poly- gonatum), p rN Smilacina racemosa, Desf.—False Spikenard. North end of mountain. August. (Holmes’ convallaria racemosa). Smilacina stellata, Desf—False Solomon’s Seal.—Lachine and elsewhere. (Holmes’ convallaria stellata). Smilacina bifolia, Ker., var. Canadensis, Gray.—False Solomon’s Seal.—June. Mountain and Hochelaga woods. (Holmes’ convallaria bifolia). Polygonatum biflorum, Hll.—Smaller Solomon’s Seal.— May. West side of mountain. (Holmes’ convallaria angustifolia). Erythronium Americanum, Smith. — Yellow’ Adder’s Tongue——May. Mountain and elsewhere. (Holmes’ H. dens-canis). Polypodium vulgare, i4—Polypody.—North end of moun- tain. June. (Holmes). Adiantum pedatum, L.—Maidenhair.—June. Mountain. (Holmes). Pteris aquilina, I. — Brake. — August. Common. (Holmes). Asplenium filix femina, Bernh.—Spleenwort.—Mountain base.—June. (Holmes’ A. angustifolium). Aspidium thelypteris, Swavtz.—Shield Fern.—Mountain base. (Holmes’ athyrium thelypteris). Aspidium Noveboracense, Swartz._-_Wood Fern.—Mountain foot. June. Aspidium marginale, Swartz. —Shield Fern. — Mountain base. July. (Holmes). Onoclea sensibilis, L.—Sensitive Fern.— August. Hoche- laga woods. (Holmes). Osmunda_ regalis, L.— Flowering Fern. — Hochelaga woods. (Holmes). Osmunda Claytoniana, L.—Osmunda.—Angust.—Hoche- laga woods. (Holmes’ O. interrupta). 234 Canadian ‘Record of Science. Osmunda Cinnamomea;.L.—Cinnamon Fern.—August. Hochelaga woods. (Holmes). Botrychium Virginicum, Swartz.—Moonwort.—July. Nerth end of mountain. (Holmes’ B. Gracile). i Equisetum limosum, 1i.—Horse Tail.—May. Hochelaga, (Holmes). Hquisetum arvense, L.— Common Horse Tail.—May. Hverywhere. | (Holmes). Hquisetum hyemale, L.—Scouring Rush.—June. North base of mountain, Equisetum variegatum, Schleicher.—Horse Tail.—June: Cote St. Paul. Equisetum scirpoides, Michx.—Horse .Tail.—Mountain base. July. Lycopodium dendroideum, Michx. Gs ound Pine. Aarate Hochelaga banks.: (Holmes). Lycopodium clavatum, 1.—Club Moss.—August. | Hoche- laga woods. (Holmes). Lycopodium lucidulum, Michx.—Club Moss.—Savanne, St. Michel. August. (Holmes). THE Utica TERRANE IN CANADA. By Henry M. Am, M.A, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of Canada. (Continued from page 183.) In the vicinity of Pointe aux Trembles, above Quebec, the following species were noted in a collection made by Sir Wm. Logan and his staff in 1852 (?) :— . Diplograptus pristis ? Hisinger. . Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall. . Climacograptus bicornis ? Hall. . Ptilodictya (?) sp. . Anazyga recurvirostra, Hall. . Modiolopsis sp. . Calymene callicephala, Green. t NYO TPR WN The Utica Terrane in Canada. 235 From Cape Santé, the following species have been identified from a coliection placed in the writer’s hands in 1882 :— . Cyathophycus reticulatus, Walcott. . Orthograptus quadrimuneronater, Hall. . Dendrograptus sp. . Leptobolus insignis, Hall. % 8p. Leptxna sericea, Sowerby. ' . Pterinea insueta, Conrad. . Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. . Triarthrus Becki, Green. Om DO OD bo From a small collection of fossils labelled ‘‘ Grondines,” north side of the St. Lawrence, the following three forms were Observed :— 1. Climacograptus bicornis ? Hall. 2, Diplograptus pristis ? Hall. 3. Leptobolus insignis, Hall. From a collection of fossils from St. Antoine de Tilly— made by Mr. Weston—in 1887, there occurs several por- tions of Triarthrus Becki, Green, in good state of preserva- tion, and from along the “ Gréve de Beauport.” L’Abbé Laflamme sent a slab of shaly rock to the museum of the Geological Survey, on which there were seen :— 1, Climacograptus sp. 2. Leptobolus insignis, Hall. 3. Triarthrus Becki, Green. whilst on a similar slab, which from Charlesbourg, Que., Prof. Laflamme collected, the following forms occurred :— 1. Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall. 2. Leptobolus insignis, Hall. 3. Triarthrus Becki, Green. West of Pointe-aux-Trembles, near Quebec the Utica shales have not been observed to crop out from beneath the the overlying till, or from under the overlying Hudson River terrane, except in the vicinity of Montreal. Here, this formation, as well as most of the Cambro-Silurian or Ordovician strata occurring in the neighbourhood, have 236 Canadian Record of Science. suffered ‘or been subjected to consideraable elevation, and consequent denudation, on account of the volcanic masses occurring at this locality. At Joliette, or “Industry Vil- lage,’ however, a small collection of fossils was made in 1852 by Sir William Logan, and contains the following species, which point clearly to the presence of or decided close proximity to the Utica terrane, whence these speci- mens were collected. They are:— . Strophomena alternata, Conrad. . Leptena sericea, Sowerby. . Orthis testudinaria, Dalman. . Asaphus Canadensis, Chapman. Co bo as From an interesting collection made by Thos. Curry, of the Redpath Museum in connection wlth McGill Univer- sity, at the northern extremity of the Victoria Tubular Bridge, Point St. Charles, Montreal, the following species were identified by the writer :— p= . Climacograptus sp. . Leptograptus flaccidus, Hall. . Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall. . Diplograptus sp. - Orthis testudinaria, Dalman. . Leptobolus insignis, Hall. . Cornulites immatuum, Hall. 8. Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. bo HI DS) Ot BOO The shales in which the above were found are dark grey and bituminous, somewhat more calcareous than the shales of the Utica usually are, and somewhat indurated or altered, on account of the presence of the numerous dykes of syenite and trap which occur in this district. Not only near the above mentioned locality, but at the upper or western extremity of St. Helen’s Island, opposite Montreal, the Utica is seen to crop out with its characteristic fossils. Amongst the most recent additions to the knowledge of the Utica and its fauna about Montreal is the occurrence of a series of shales seen at low water last season (1891), which yielded the following forms :— 1. Dendrograptus simplex, Walcott. 2. Reteograptus ? Eucharis, Hall. Th ae. Sf eo ae ie The Utica Terrane in Canada. 937 3. Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall. 3. Climacograptus Scharenbergi ? Lapw. 5. Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. 6. Triarthrus Becki, Green. The Utica is alsoseen to crop out at and above Longueuil and then sweep round to the south by Laprairie, and is then overlaid by the Hudson River shales of Chambly, St. Hya- cinthe, &c. Its measures have been examined by Dr. Ells in the 4th Range, near Clarenceville, Que., during the summer of 1891, who made an interesting collection, in which the following fossils were detected :—Cyathohhycus reticulatus, Walcott, Climacograptus sp., Orthograptus quadri- mucronatus, Hall, E’ndoceras proteiforme, Hall, and Triarthrus Becki, Green. Near Lacolle, Que., one-eighth of a mile west of the Richelieu River Bridge Dr. Ells also obtained Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall, and Triarthrus Becki, Green, which serve Clearly to show that the Utica proper is here developed. About half a mile east of this village, however, and in the river alongside the road to Grand Trunk Station, the same gentleman has brought in a suite of specimens which yielded the following forms on examination :— . Clumacograptus bicornis ? Fall. . Diplograptus cf. D. mucronatus. Hall. . Leptzna sericea, Sowerby. . Triarthrus Becki, Green. South of here the belt of the Utica crosses the international boundary line, as stated above, and curving south, west and then trending north crosses the waters of Lake Ontario to reach the Province of that name—forming a belt of several miles in breadth—whose strata are almost horizontal with a gentle almost imperceptible dip to the southwest. Along the line of the Grand Trunk Railway, in some low cuttings, as well as in a number of localities between the lake and the track where openings were made for quarry and other purposes the Utica may be seen. About Oshawa and Bowmanville, the black bituminous and brittle shales of this terrane are evident and fossiliferous. 19 woh aS 238 et Wee en ey ee Wee : “a Ws bake ith tag Canadian Record of Science. An interesting collection was made by the writer in 1883 at Whitby on a farm and lot, the property of Mr. Yerex, south of the G.T.R. track close to where a bore hole was put down by a company many years ago in order to find coal or petroleum. It was in spite of Sir Wm. Logan’s assertions and statements regarding the strata in this neighbourhood not being coal-bearing or “ carboniferous ” that the com- pany sank the hole and found that as soon as the bituminous shales capping the Trenton were traversed, the limestones formed a compact and solid thickness of rock beneath. It is almost needless to state here that neither coal nor petroleum were “struck” at this point, and furthermore that neither of these substances occur in this region. Ex- cept the very small percentage of oil which can be extracted from the more bituminous shales of the Utica here as else- where—no reservoir of petroleum or occurrence of that mineral oil can be obtained in the rocks of this age. The fossil remains found at the pit or quarry, close to the bore-hole, Whitby, belong precisely to the same geological horizon as the shales in the vicinity of the Rideau Rifle Range, Ottawa, or as the shales at Collingwood to be described later on. The species recorded from this locality are:— — OO OMI QD OP CO be Bee Co be . Leptograptus flaccidus, Hall. . Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall. . Leptobolus insignis, Hall. . Lingula sp. . Leptzxna sericea, Sowerby. . Zygospira modesta, Say. . Lyrodesma pulchellum, Emmons. . Trocholites ammonius, Emmons. . Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. . Primitia Ulrichi, Jones. . Asaphus Canadensis, Chapman. . Triarthrus Canadensis, Smith. . Triarthrus Becki, Green. 14. Crustacean, ? (cf.fragment of Echinognathus Clevelandi, W.) Then, following northward the belt of Utica crosses the Province of Ontario and is covered by a great deal of drift The Utica Terrane in Canada. 239 or superficial deposits belonging to glacial, inter-glacial and lacustrine deposits so as to cover it almost totally, reappears in the vicinity of Nottawasaga Bay, near Collingwood and Windsor, where it can be easily recognized by its lithologi- cal characters and fossils. The list of species collected by Mr. A. S. Cochrane, of the Geological Survey of Canada, at Collingwood, in 1887, and determined by the writer com- prises the following forms :— 1. Obscure Graptolite, probably a Diplograptus cf. D. pristis, Hisinger. . Lingula Progne, Billings. sp. . Orthis testudinaria, Dalman. Leptxena sericea, Sowerby. . Strophomena alternata, Conrad. . Rhynchonella increbescens ? Hall. . Iyrodesma nulchellum, Emmons. . Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. 10. Primitia Ulrichi, Jones. 11. Beyrichia sp. | 12. Triarthrus Becki, Green. 13. Asaphus Canadensis, Chapman. The absence of Leptobolus in this list is almost phenome- nal, inasmuch as the JL. insignis of Hall occurs in large numbers, as a rule, in rocks of precisely the same horizon in other parts of Canada. In the northern portion of Lake Huron and the Manitou- lin Islands, where the Utica again crops out after disappear- ing beneath the waters of Georgian Bay, or where the shales, soft, friable, and easily denuded, have been carried away along the line of a great pre-glacial river, it is seen on St. Joseph’s Island, in the islands north of Maple Cape, and along the shores of the Shequenandod Bay and Islands. At the last mentioned locality—Shequenandod Bay and Islands—the following fossil remains have been determined by the writer :— ( ID TN i 9 bo 1. ? Dendrograptus simplex, Walcott. 2. ? Climacograptus bicornis, Hall. 3. Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall. 4, Leptobolus insignis, Hall. 240 Canadian Record of Science. 5. Primitia, Ulrichi, Jones. 6. Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. 7. Triarthrus Becki, Green. The above forms occur in a rather poor state of preserva- tion in a somewhat indurated and calcareous black bitumin- ous shale, From the islands north of Maple Cape the following species were determined by the writer in 1882 :— . Sagenella ambigua, Walcott. . Ptilodictya? sp. . Monticuliporide. . Leptobolus insignis, Hall. . Streptorhynchus filitectum ? Hall. . Rhynchonella increbescens, Hall. . Lingula Progne, Billings. . Primitia Ulrichi, Jones. . Triarthrus Becki, Green. 10. HY Canadensis, Smith. OMmONooPpwWrwre Amongst the specimens of Triarthrus Canadensis, Smith, found in this collection, one specimen is especially worthy of note. It exhibits the two characteristic spines attached to the freecheeks, the glabella, and eight body segments attached to the head. Several pygidia also occur in the collection, which may properly belong to this species. From a second collection of fossils examined from Colling- wood, evidently collected by the late Alex. Murray early in the fifties, during his examination of the geographical distri- bution of the Lower Silurian formations belonging to the New York and Ontario systems, there are nineteen species found, as follows. The collection is labelled ‘‘ Nottawasaga Bay, Collingwood, Ont.” :— . Diplograptus pristis ? Hisinger. . Dictyograptus vel. Dictyonema sp. . Crinoidal fragments. . Lingula obtusa, Hall. “ Progne, Billings. quadrata, Kichwald. . Leptobolus insignis, Hall. . Orthis testudinaria, Dalman. . Streptorhynchus filitextum, Hall, 66 OoOIDPMPWNeE The Utica Terrane in Canada. Q41 10. Strophomena alternata, Conrad. 11. Leptena sericea, Sowerby. 12. Pleurotomaria sp. 13.. Conularia Hudsonia, Emmons. 14. Orthoceras lamelloum, Hall. 15. Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. 16. Primitia Ulrichi, Jones. 17. Asaphus platycephalus, Stokes. 18. ie Canadensis, Chapman. 19. Triarthrus Becki, Green. On the “west side St. Joseph’s Island,” Lake Huron, a number of specimens thus labelled, probably collected by Mr. Murray also, indicated the presence of Leptobolus insignis, Hall, and Orthis testudinaria, Dalman, the latter being unusually large, and resembling a form which approaches O. emacerata, Hall. The above localities and lists of fossils from various por- tions of Quebec and Ontario present the leading character- istics of the Utica as it is seen to crop out along the con- tour or edge of the archean continent—in contact with it at times, and then overlapping the older members of the Ordovician system; at’ other times occurring as a more or less narrow belt of black bituminous strata lying interme- diate between the Trenton and the Hudson River, but throughout an almost uninterrupted belt of continuous . strata from Anticosti to the Manitoulin Islands. As can readily be seen the notes and remarks above made are from a paleontological staadpoint, and show the distribution and continuity of existing forms of life during Utica times as the shales were being deposited in the old Ordovician sea. Besides the above localities occurring along this con- tinuous belt or zone of Utica, there are two well-known paleeozoic basins, that of Lake St. John and Ottawa in which this terrane is well developed and in which there are numerous and varied forms of animal life entombed. This points clearly to the fact that in Utica times and in these two isolated and quite separate basins, similar conditions of deposition, sedimentation and conditions under which life existed were present in those early days similar to the con- ditions outside of these basins. ) D Paige ~< Cat Pe ; : 242 Canadian Record of Science. LAKE St. Joun BAsIn. From the Lake St. John and Upper Saguenay district the explorations of Sir Wm. Logan, James Richardson, Scott Barlow, Dr. Selwyn, Prof. Laflamme, Mr. F. D. Adams, Mr. D. N. Saint Cyr and others have afforded a considerable quantity of material wherewith to ascertain by means of the fossils to what age or precise geological horizon the dif- ferent strata there met with belonged. As early as 1829, in a report by Captain F. H. Baddeley, addressed to the Legis- lature of Quebec, the black bituminous schists of the Utica were recorded in this Lake St. John or Upper Saguenay district. From the collections made by Mr. Richardson, Billings described the Triarthrus glaber of Lake St. John as a new and undescribed form. ‘This trilobite is the largest one of the genus yet known, and the specimens obtained by Mr. Adams in 1883 and 1884 show that its dimensions vary greatly, and even surpass those mentioned in the type specimens. From the “‘ Mouth of the Ouatchouan River,” Lake St. - John, Mr. Adams obtained the following species in a rusty weathering somewhat indurated black bituminous shale :— 1. Orthograptus quadrimucronatus, Hall. 2. Leptobolus insignis, Hall. 3. Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. 4. Triarthrus glaber, Billings. Amongst the specimens of 7. glaber, collected by Mr. Adams, we find that the occipital or neck segment is fur- nished with a small somewhat depressed linear tubercle about the centre, a character which had not heretofore been noted in this species. The fact that it is destitute of genal spines, of spines along the median axis of the body or attached to the occipital segment as in T. spinosus, and that the body segments of this species (‘T. glaber) are destitute of the tubercules along the median axis of the body, is quite sufficient warrant to retain the designation glaber for this Lake St. John species, although it does possess one occipital tubercle as single ornamentation visible. The Utica Terrane in Canada. 248 It would thus appear that all the known Canadian species of Triarthrus possess this tubercle on the occipital segment, viz.: T. Canadensis, Smith; T. Becki, Green; T. Fischeri, Billings; 7. glaber and T. spinosus, Billings and T. Billingsi, Barrande. It was from the Lake St. John district that the Utica slate graptolites: Graptolithus flaccidus, Graptolithus quadrimu- cronatus, and fReteograptus ? Eucharis, were described by Hall in 1865, ‘‘ Canadian Organic Remains,” decade IL., pp. 143-147 (supplement.) The precise locality given is Blue Point, Lake St. John. A peculiar organism occurs in the collection made by Dr. Selwyn, whose affinities are still doubtful. In some re- spects it has the character and structure of Megalograptus (Miller), and in others of a peculiar crustacean type. Further collections may afford better examples of this form whose affinities still remain unknown. THE OrtrawaA OUTLIER. In the Ottawa Paleozoic Basin the Utica terrane is fairly well developed, and-numerous as well as interesting ex- posures may be seen, especially in the vicinity of Ottawa city. In the townships of Plantagenet and Alfred two outliers of the Utica are recorded by Sir William Logan, No fossil remains have been seen from these outliers by the writer, but the Utica terrane about Ottawa has afforded him an excellent opportunity of studying its character and facies, as the outcrops are numerous and varied. Be- sides the natural exposures along the banks of the Rideau River, from the village of New Edinburgh up to near Bil- lings’ Bridge, along the Montreal Road and by the Beech- wood Cemetery, as well as underlying almost the whole of Centre and Upper Town west of the canal and south of Sparks Street, with a slight dislocation along Bank Street, which brings the Utica shales in front of the Supreme Court buildings, and south of Rochesterville, as already cited, the Utica was examined by the writer along numerous pits and in excavations made by the city engineer or contractors of (ae et 244 Canadian Record of Science. public buildings, throughout the city. From the lower, middle and upper divisions of the Utica, fossil remains have been found, most of which have already been recorded in scattered pages and pamphlets published by the writer since 1882. I shall not attempt to describe at length the various out- crops as they were examined by me and recorded about Ottawa. Suffice it to state that Rideau Ward, Cummings’ Bridge, the Rideau Rifle Range, the Montreal Road, exca- vations along Albert, Kent, Bank, O’Connor and Maria Streets, have afforded numerous collections of fossil re- mains, many of which were hitherto unrecorded or altogether new to science. The following is a condensed list of the species of fossils from the Utica of Ottawa and its vicinity :— Uvrica FOSSILS FROM OTTAWA AND ITs ENVIRONS. Hyprozoa. Leptograptus annectans, Walcott sp. i flaccidus, Hall. Diplograptus mucronatus ? Hall. pristis 2 Hisinger. tas putillus, Hall. quadrimucronatus, Hall. Sagenella ambigua, Walcott. BryoZoa. Stictopora acuta, Hall. BRACHIOPODA. Leptobolus insignis, Hall. % occidentalis ? Hall. Siphonotreta Scotica, Davidson. Lingula Daphne, Billings. “ obtusa, Hall. ‘« Progne, Billings. quadrata, Eichwald. Orthis testudinaria, Dalman. “ emacerata, Hall. Schizocrania jilosa, Hall. Leptena sericea, Sowerby. iT3 The Utica Terrane in Canada. 245 Strophomena aiternata, Conrad. Zygospira Headi, Billings. LAMBLLIBRANCHIATA. Lyrodesma pulchellum, Hall. Modiolopsis modiolaris, Hall. Orthodesma parallelum, Hall. Pterinea insueta, Conrad. ye Trentonensis, Conrad. PTrpROPODA. Conularia Hudsonia, Emmons. a Trentonensis, Hall. GASTEROPODA. Bellerophon bilobatus, Sowerby. Murchisonia Milleri, Hall. Pleurotomaria subconica, Hall. CEPHALOPODA. Trocholites ammonius, Conrad. Endoceras proteiforme, Hall. e var. tenuistriatum, Hall. Orthoceras amplicameratum, Hall. 3 coralliferum, Hall. or lamellosum, Hall. ANNELIDA. Serpulites dissolutus, Billings. CRUSTACEA- Asaphus Canadensis, Chapman. “ platycephalis, Stokes. Calymene senaria, Conrad. Cheirurus pleurexanthemus, Green. Triarthrus Becki, Green. “ glaber, Billings. fe spinosus, Billings. Leperditia cylindrica, Hall. as per “ Classified List of Cambro-Silurian and Post-Tertiary ks Fossils from Ottawa and Vicinity,” published by the writer in 1884, To the above may be added :— 1. Stephanella sancta, Hinde. 2. Batostonella erratica, Ulrich. 246 Canadian Record of Science. . Arthronema sp. . Lingua elongata, Hall. “ Cobourgensis, Billings. . Pholidops sp. . Discina Pelopea, Billings. . Anazyga recurvirostra, Hall. . Zygospira modesta, Say. . Modiolopsis anodontoides, Conrad. . Metoptuma sp. . Cornulites immaturum, Hall. . Beyrichia oculifera, Hall. . Primitia Ulrichi, Jones. i mundula, Jones. . Turrilepas Canadensis, Woodward. _ SOMID OS — = Se ee ee DOB 09 to Appended to this is a classified table of the genera and species characterizing the Utica of Canada, giving also a series of localities in the United States, typical localities as Utica, Eolland Patent, &c., for comparison.' From the same and the foregoing it will clearly be seen and naturally deduced that the so-called Utica or Hudson River shales of Quebec city, Cape Diamond, of the Marsouin River beds, of Norman’s kiln and ‘“Coenograptus ” shales in general do not occur anywhere in Canada where the Utica shales are found in their natural and undisturbed position between the Trenton and Hudson River terranes. These belong to a district and separate terrane—the Quebec terrane of the writer—and are characterized by a fauna whose affinities are more closely related to Lower Ordovician (Levis) faunas than to an upper member of the Ordovician system. 1 This portion of, the paper will appear in a subsequent issue of the Can. REc. OF SCIENCE.—EDITOR. wots * i Notes on Cambrian Faunas. 247 Notes ON CAMBRIAN FAUNAS. BY G. F. MATTHEW, ST. JOHN, N.B. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FAUNA OF BAND 0 IN THE ACADIAN DIVISION (Div. 1) OF THE ST. JOHN GROUP. In Kastern Canada, asin many other parts of the world, the earliest paleozoic rocks have comparatively few and they, scattered relics of the life which existed on the world when these rocks were formed. Hence we find in the geological literature of fifty years ago, when the sequence of faunas in the so-called transition rocks had not been established, the assumption that the rocks which contained few fos- sils were Cambrian, and those in which remains of an abundant life existed were assumed to be Silurian. A problem of a similar kind awaits, or rather exercises, the paleontologist of the present day, for while the Sequence of faunas in the Paradoxides beds and above, where fossils are comparatively abundant, is well under- stood, some confusion and uncertainty surrounds the effort to determine accurately the succession of animals in the Cambrian rocks below that horizon; an uncertainty largely due to the scarcity of organic remains in the older sediments. As regards the fauna of Band 6 (Pre-Paradoxides beds) in this region, some information had been obtained and will be found on record chiefly in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada’, but in view of the fact that no unquestionable representative of the genus Olenellus had been found in these beds, | embraced an opportunity to send my son, W. D. Matthew, to make further explorations at Hanford Brook, where Band 6} is exposed, for examples of this genus of trilobites. Although unsuccessful in find- ing Olenellus he made other discoveries which are perhaps of more value in broadening our knowledge of the faunas which preceded Paradoxides, than the discovery of that 1¥For reference to this information consult the page references in the explana- tion of the plates of vol. iii. sec. iv. p. 81, vol. v. sec. iv. pp. 126 and 129, vol. vii. sec. iv. reference at p. 161. 248 Canadian Record of Science. genus would have been, and thus are of value to the paleontologist. Perhaps the most important of these. was the finding of material representing an interesting and, | think, hitherto unrecognized generic group of trilobites, whose species seem to have given some difficulty to the geologists who discovered them. These species have been referred with doubt to three several genera by the authors who described them, but in none of the three do I think they can be in- cluded. The writer proposes first to describe the new genus and two species of another genus of this Band, and then endea- vour to correlate the forms with those of other regions. PROTOLENUS! Matt. (Natural History Society of New Brunswick, Bulletin X.) Head-shield semicircular, moderately vaulted, outer part of the cheek movable, prolonged at the genal angle into a spine. Middle piece of the head more or less quadrate. Anterior margin wide and having a narrow distinct fold at the rim. Glabella conical, or cylindro-conical, prominent, marked by furrows on the sides. Occipital ring distinct, separated from the glabella by a furrow. Fixed cheek of variable width, bordered by a long, continuous or nearly continuous eyelobe. Extension of the dorsal suture, both in front of the eye and behind it, more or less direct to the margin. Movable cheek regularly curved, area wider than the dis- tinct fold, spine usually long. Thorax of many joints, pleure grooved for a part of their length, slightly geniculate, curved backward in the outer part, extended into points or spines. Pygidium in the Canadian species unknown (smail ?), in the Sardinian species like that of Paradoxides. This genus belongs to the family of Olenide, and its most obvious features are the long conical glabella, the long con- 1 Protos first, olenus as one of the Olenidx. Notes on Cambrian Faunas. 249 tinuous or nearly continuous eyelobe and the olenoid pleure. It differs from Olenellus by its free cheeks, from Para- doxides, Olenoides and Zacanthoides by its conical glabella, from Olenus by its continuous eyelobes, from Anomocare by its narrow rim and numerous thoracic segments, from Solenopleura by its less tumid cheeks, depressed anterior margin, long eyelobes and olenoid pleure, from Conoce- phalites (sens. strict.) by its long eyelobe, short posterior extension of the dorsal suture and its olenoid pleure. Two Acadian species (P. elegans and P. paradoxoides) of this genus are known and are described in Bulletin X. of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. (See also figures 1 a-b and 2 a-d, with this paper.) HLLIPSOCEPHALUS (Zenker). This genus has long been known in Europe, but on this side of the Atlantic, except a broken head-shield found near the base of Band 6 of the St. John group, and provisionally referred to this genus, it has not been recognized, As limited by Linnarsson to its typical forms it has but a nar- row range in the lowest Cambrian beds. Its latest species appears to be H. Hoffi (Fig. 6), of Bohemia, found there with Paradoxides (P. Bohemicus). Another species, 1. poly- metopus, is found with the oldest type of Paradoxides in Sweden (P. @landicus), which is also the oldest type in Eastern Canada (P. lamellatus.) A third species (LH. Nordenskjoldi) is found in Europe (Norway and Sweden) with the Olenelloid trilobite, Holmia Kjerulfi. From these facts we gather that the range of the genus (sens. strict.) is in the top of the Olenellus zone and the lower half of the Paradoxides zone. The genus has not been recognized in America anywhere west of the Acadian region. ELLIPSOCEPHALUS GALEATUS, Dn. Sp. Figs. 4 a-e. Head shield subelliptical, with rounded corners, strongly vaulted, the front slope nearly at right angles with the posterior part of the shield. 250 Canadian Record of Science. Middle piece of the head shield subquadrate, rounded in front. Anterior margin greatly depressed, and bordered by an inconspicuous fold, front area very wide and long. Glabella cylindrical, somewhat expanded and curved down- ward in front, faintly impressed at the sides by four pairs of furrows, of which the anterior is short and sometimes obsolete. Occipital ring convex, curved forward at the ends, and separated from the glabella by a strong furrow. Fixed cheeks convex, sloped downward at the sides and depressed before and behind ; ocular fillet slender, extending from the dorsal furrow to the eyelobe, which is moderately arched. Dorsal suture directed outward and forward in front of the eyelobe, but behind it extends direct to the posterior margin. Posterior fold and furrow distinct. Thorax of 11+segments; rachis prominent, pleura shorter than the ring, obtuse at the ends, crossed by an oblique furrow. Sculpture. Under the lens this is seen to consist of numerous, minute granulations. Size. Length of the middle piece measured parallel to the axis of the body 11 mm.; measured around the curve of the head shield, 14 mm.; width, 14 mm.; Length of the movable cheek, 7 mm.; width, 2 mm.; length of asegment of the body, 13 mm.; width, 2 mm. Horizon and Locality. The gray sand stones of 1, 0, °*, at Hanford Brook, St. John Co., N.B. A variety, agrauloides has a flatter shield, and an area, narrower and less bent downward in front. EXLLIPSOCEPHALUS ARTICEPHALUS. Matt. Agraulos (?) articephalus. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., Vol. ILI. Sec. IV. p. 75. pl. VII. figs. 14 a& 6. Of this species originally described as Agraulos (?) articephalus much better examples have been found than were known when the species was discovered, and the description of the species is here restated.’ 1 Where the characters are at variance with the original description the words are in italics. Notes on Cambrian Faunas. 251 “The cephalic shie'd between the sutures is oblong-sub- quadrate. Glabella large, long ovato-cylindrical somewhat pointed in front, marked by three pairs of furrows, which are directed backward. Fixed cheek rather narrow, eyelobe distant from the glabella about two-thirds of the width of the latter, beginning opposite the third furrow; the cheeks are depressed in front of the eyes, and are united in front of the glabella; the united cheeks descend and are depressed toward the anterior margin, and there is a low marginal fold. “The facial suture is parallel in its general course to the longitudinal axis of the shield ; it cuts the margin obliquely, curving inward slightly between the margin and the eye- lobe * * * it then curves outward along the eyelobe and returns again and cuts the posterior margin as far from the glabella as the space from the ocular fillet to the front of the head-shield.” ‘The thorax tapers regularly toward the base; only the first seven segments are known; the axis is wide and high, and the rings strongly arched; the pleure appear to be shorter than the ring, they are strongly arched, and bent downward at the extremity.” ‘The pygidium is unknown.” Sculpture. The surface is smooth over most of the crust, but the area in front of the glabella is traversed by branch- ing and anastomosing raised lines. Size. The specimen originally described was a young, incomplete head. The following is given as the dimensions of the adult: Head shield between the sutures, length, il mm.; width, 12 mm. There are other features of the surface contour of this species worthy of notice; there are distinct furrows about the front and sides of the shield unusual in species of the genus Ellipsocephalus; beside the dorsal furrow, which is distinctly impressed around the front of the glabella, two furrows branch on each side from the anterior lateral angles of the glabella and extend, the one along the front of the ocular fillet and the other along the back. of it, the latter 252 Canadian Record of Science. quite around the outer margin of the cheek; a lighter furrow crosses the ocular fillet diagonally causing the fillet to assume in some examplesa tubercular form. There is also a minute tubercle on the occipital ring. The ocular lobes were wanting in the specimen on which the original description of this species was founded, and it was not recognized as an Ellipsocephalus, and even now that the head is completely known, the agrauloid features of the glabella are remarkable; this part of the head is slightly conical, is somewhat angulated in front and has furrows, all of which are directed strongly backward. The posterior glabella furrow, in well preserved examples, shows a thread-like extension, which turns backward and outward and reaches the occipital furrow: the second fur- row is prolonged backward until the two parts almost meet on the axis of the glabella at an acute angle. There is considerable variation in the surface markings of this species ; sometimes the raised lines on the front area are absent, the glabellar furrows are obscure and the sur- face of the test generally smooth. This may have been caused by the wear of the crusts as they lay scattered on the sandy bottom ; for as the heads of different species are found packed within each other, they seem to have been rolled or washed about on the bottom of the sea before entombment. Comparison with other species—Protolenus. Under the name of Olenus, Prof. G. Meneghini some years ago described two species of trilobites from the Cam- brian rocks of Sardinia, which resemble the species the writer here places under the generic name Protolenus. Although referred by Meneghini to Olenus, in many re- spects these species of Sardinia differ from that genus, yet both are evidently of the family of the Olenide. Their long eyelobes associate them with the Acadian species described above; one (O. armatus) is rather imperfectly known, but the other, O. Zoppii (Fig. 3), is well shown by various figures es ig Notes on Cambrian. Faunas. 253 and one or two complete examples.’ To the writer it appears that the latter species, if not both, belongs to Protolenus. The eyelobes in the Sardinian species are not so continuous as in the Acadian, but this may indicate merely a later de- velopment of the type, similar to that which occurred in Paradoxides, whose earlier species, and also whose embryo- nic forms show more continous eyelobes than the later species and the adult forms. Under the names of Solenopleura (?) Harveyi and S. (?) Howleyi*, Mr. C. D. Walcott has described two species of trilobites from Newfoundland, which are evidently closely allied to Protolenus elegans. In fact S. (?) Howleyi appears to differ only in the more advanced position of the eyes, the peculiar occipital furrow, and the absence of spines at the ends of the pleure. The spines of the pleure in this species may have been overlooked, for in the Acadian species, P. elegans, they are quite slender. There can be no doubt but that S. (?) Howleyi is a Protolenus. Under the name of Olenellus (?) Forresti, Etheridge, Jr.,° Mr. A. H. Foord has described a Cambrian trilobite from Western Australia, which also apparently may be included in the genus Protolenus. This, like the Acadian species, has a conical glabella and continuous eyelobes, but the eye- lobes are close to the glabella, leaving a very narrow fixed cheek. 'The eyelobes and margin of the middle piece of the head-shield are well defined, and give no reason for suppos- ing that the outer cheek was fixed, without which the reference to Olenellus is inadmissable. In fact the author who described the species implies that the outer cheeks were free. The pleure figured by Mr. Foord is evidently one belonging to an olenoid trilobite. 1“ Fauna Cambriana—Trilobiti,”? In memoirs of Geological Commission of Italy, vol. iii. pt. 2nd. 2 Fauna of the Lower Cambrian or Olenellus Zone, p. 657. N.B.—There is an error in indexing the Plate xcvii, in which this species is figured; the description in the text shows that Fig. 7represents S. Howleyi and Fig. 8 S. Harveyi. Re- verse also the page references. 3 There is an obvious error in the description of this species, where at the sixth line ‘‘ widening ”’ should be narrowing. 20 a 254 Canadian Record of Science. In the later of the two Acadian species of Protolenus (P. paradoxoides) there is a narrowing of the fixed cheek and prolonging of the glabella (as compared with the earlier species, P. elegans), which, carried further, would. give rise to a trilobite similar in the form of the head to O. (?) Forresti. It appears to the writer therefore that this species should also be included in Protolenus. Ellipsocephalus. As already remarked no species of this genus has hither- to been satisfactorily shown to exist in America, and it is necessary to look to the Old World for species which may be compared with those existing in Eastern Canada. In the Holmia Kjerulfi beds of Sweden are two trilobites which have many points of resemblance to the two LEllipo- cephali described in this article. It is true that one of these species is referred to Arionellus, but it possesses an extended eyelobe and in other respects does not fully accord with that genus; the points of departure are all in the direction of Ellipsocephalus, and thus it appears to cor- respond with H#. articephalus, only it has a much wider glabella. Similarly the other species is a counterpart in many respects of H. galeatus only the Swedish form has not so wide a front margin, nor the cylindrical glabella, bell shaped in front, of a typical Ellipsocephalus. Still these two trilobites not inadequately pee esent the,two Ellipsocephali described above. It may be mentioned in this connection that Mr. Walcott has described a new genus of Cambrian trilobites under the name of Avalonia, which by the form of the glabella and fixed cheek is allied to Ellipsocephalus, if indeed it be not a sub-genus of that group.’ It will be observed that the species EH. articephalus has a furrow across the shield in i 1 Ae RE Paradoxides lagren, Stockholm, 1883, p. 20, tab. iv. figs. 1, and 2 The eyelobes on the figure appear to have been introduced by the artist, as they are not mentioned in the description of the genus. Notes on Cambrian Faunas. 255 front of the glabella, similar to that of Avalonia, and also a similar furrow inside of the eyelobe. Correlation of Faunas based on these four species. A visual representation is often an important aid to the memory, and as preliminary to remarks under this head, I may here introduce a section of the Band 6. of Division 1, in which the Ellipsocephali and Protoleni have been found. The section is enlarged from one which appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 1889, and is presented for the purpose of showing the position of the fossiliferous layers discovered by W. D. Matthew. Section of the Band 6 of Division 1 of the St. John group at Hanford Brook—Scale, 80 feet to an inch. * Hipponicharion Kos, Ellipsocephalus (?) c. f. polymetopus, ete. + Protolenus elegans and Beyrichona tinea. _{ Protoienus elegans, Ellipsocephalus grandis, Beyrichona, ete. + Ellipsocephalus galeatus, Acrothele, etc. ++E. galeatus and E. articephalus, Protolenus paradoxoides Conocephalites (?) Beyrichona tinea, etc. @Beyrichona tinea and B. papilio. OAcrothele, Acrotreta, Linnarssonia, etc. Fossiliferous horizons of Band } of the Acadian Division (Div. 1) chiefly as determined by W.D. Matthew. The section shows also the relation of Band 6 to the Paradoxides beds above (c—d) and to the barren sandstones or quartzites (a) at the base of the St. John group. It is enlarged from one at page 139, Vol. VII. (1V.) Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., where further relations of the St. John group are exhibited, and where, at page 142, the original description of this section is given. 256 Canadian Record of Science. Protolenus (P. elegans) is first found in the middle of the shales of 2 (see section) but it becomes more abundant in the upper third of this number of Band 6, and is accom- panied by an ostracod, Beyrichona tinea, which also occurs in the next two numbers, 3 and 4. Near the top of the “2” shales, Protolenus is accompanied by an Ellipsoce- phalus, not, however, the species of the sandstone number 3, but a larger species HL. grandis, (M.S.) In the sandstones the Protolenus has disappeared and these beds in the lower part have yielded no trilobite. But about the middle of the sandstones Hilipsocephalus galeatus comes in and toward the top there is a somewhat diversified fauna of trilobites including H. galeatus, H. articephalus, and Protolenus paradoxoides. On account of the abundance of the Ellipso- cepli in the sandstones of 3, this member may be regarded as the zone of Ellipsocephali.’ And as Protolenus elegans is the characteristic species of | the shales which constitute 2, these shales are to be regarded | as the zone of Protolenus—-a new horison between the two sandstone numbers 1 and 3, whose faunas have already . been to some extent known. In conclusion a synopsis may here be introduced, suggest- ive of the bearing of these discoveries on the probable chro- nological relation of several species of the genus Olenellus, as inferred from their companion species (of which repre- sentative species occur in the subfaunas of the Band 2.). Acadian Species. Eastern Species Olenelli. Band 63. —‘Ellipsocephalus § Ellipsocephalus { Holmia. galeatus. Nordenskjoldi. Kjerulfi. Band b 2. Protolenus Protolenus { Holmia. elegans. Howleyi. Broggeri. : Mesonacis. BHINOL 1 E Y 1" sicko 1 Band b hag already been spoken of as the zone of Agraulos [=Ellipsocephalus] articephalus. See Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. vol. viii-iv. p. 129. Notes on Cambrian Faunas. 957 258 Canudian Record of Science. REFBHRENCH TO PLATH. N.B. The reader should notice that numbers are not always nearest to the figures they designate. Fig. 1.—Protolenus paradoxoides—a, Middle piece of the head- shield—b, Movable cheek. Both natural size. Fig. 2.—Protolenus elegans—a, Middle piece of the head-shield— b, Movable cheek—c, A pleura—d, Head-shield in profile. All natural size. Fig. 3.—Protolenus Zoppii (Olenus Zoppit Meneghini.) Fig. 4.—Ellipsocephalus galeatus—a, Middle piece of the head- shield—b, Movable cheek—c, Middle piece in profile— d, A pleura—e, var. agrauloides head-shield in profile. All magnified 2. Fig. 5.—Ellipsocephalus articephalus—a, Middle pice of the head- shield—b, Same in profile. Both magnified 2. Fig. 6.—Ellipsocephalus Hofi. Barrande. THE FoLK—LORE SOcIETY. The first meeting of the winter course of the Montreal Branch of the American Folk-Lore Society, took place on the evening of Monday, the 10th inst., at the house of Mrs. L. Fréchette, 408 Sherbrooke Street. The attendance was fair, and several new members gave their names to the Secretary. Professor Penhallow, first Vice-President, took the chair in the absence of the President, Mr. Beaugrand. He gave a brief account of his visit to Boston during the summer, and of the doings and plans of the Society in that city. Arrangements had been made for the holding of a Folk-Lore Congress at Chicago, under the auspices of the American Folk-Lore Society, and of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science. One of the latest movements for the collection of popular usages is a scheme for taking the street cries and criers of the large cities by means of phonograph. Efforts are being simultaneously made in Boston, Philadelphia, New Orleans and Chicago, to this end, and the task in Montreal has been undertaken The Folk-Lore Society. 259 by the Ladies’ Committee of the Branch, who so far have had satisfactory success. The Secretary, Mr. Reade, gave the substance of corres- pondence that he had had, since last meeting, with the Societies of New Orleans, Boston and Chicago, with which he had, at their request, promised to exchange reports of proceedings. The chairman than called upon Mr. Reade to give his paper on “ Opportunities for the study of Folk- Lore in Canada.” The essayist introduced the subject with a brief sketch of the history of Foli-Lore organization and study in Great Britain, the continent of Europe, especially France, the United States and Canada, and mentioning a number of periodicals that were entirely devoted to this branch of research. The Montreal Branch of the American Folk-Lore Socicty was the result of a movement begun by Prof. Penhallow and a few others, last February, the formal inauguration of the branch taking place in April, Mr. W. W. Newell, Secretary of the general Society, coming to Montreal for the purpose. Mr. Reade, having shown the relations of Folk-Lore to ethnology and mythology, char- acterized it as the stored-up knowledge of the folk or people, consisting largely of survivals of habits of thought or social and ceremonial customs of a more or less remote past. It included the whole vast background of popular thought, feeling and usage, out of which, and in contrast to which had been developed all the individual products of human activity that go to the making of history. The essayist then gave a succinct statement of the racial con- stituents of Canada, pointing out that every one of the various groups that composed our complex nationality had its own myths, tales, traditions, superstitious beliefs, ballads, dialects, etc., so that no matter where one lived between the Atlantic and the Pacific, in town or country, among French or British or German or Aborigines, des- cendants of U. E. Loyalists or people of old country stock, he was at no loss for interesting and valuable data. From Ferland’s history and other sources, including the censuses, from those of the 17th century to the last, Mr. Reade 260 Cunadian Record of Science. showed in what way Canada had been settled and where the folk-lorist had the best opportunities with regard to each race or nationality. He next gave a summary of what had already been done in the way of Folk-Lore research by Abbé Petitot, Mr. H. Hale, Dr. F. Boas, Mr. A. F. Cham- berlain, Abbé Maurault, Dr. G. M. Dawson, Mr. James Deans, the late Dr. Rand, Mrs. W. W. Brown, the Rev. John McLean, Father Lacombe, Rev. E. F. Wilson, Mr. Fréchette, Mr. R. G. Haliburton, Mr. Beaugrand, etc. He also referred to the colonies of Norsemen, Russians, Hun- garians, Roumanians, Chinese, etc., settled in Western Canada, all with strongly marked racial features in their social, religious and industrial life. Finally, the essayist called attention to the mass of virtually forgotten lore to be found in the works of Champlain, the Jesuits’ Relations, Charlevoix, de Gaspé, the writings of travellers, Nor. Westers (including the Hon. Mr. Masson’s excellent series) Mr. Canniff Haight’s ‘‘ Country Life in Canada,” the writ- ings of Messrs. LeMoine, Sulte, F. de Saint Maurice, and numerous other works of the past and present. After a short discussion, Mr. Fréchette read a paper, entitled “‘ La Corriveau,” based on a double murder and two-fold trial—the latter of which took place in the year 1763, near the close of the Réegne Militaire, and was a strik- ing illustration of the legal barbarism of the time. It was, however, in the superstitions that gathered around the un- hallowed spot where the murderess was hanged in chains and enclosed within an iron cage, that the interest of the story for folk-lorists mainly consisted. We would gladly give a fuller account of Mr. Fréchette’s thrilling paper, which was read in excellent English, had not the author expressed a wish that it should not be published—the publication of it being already arranged for. After music, conversation and refreshments, the meeting separated, with the understanding that the Society should meet again at a place to be designated by the Ladies Com- mittee, on the second Monday in November, when Prof. Penhallow would read a paper on ‘‘ Epitaphs.” RS LY: 18 92. feet, C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. DAES i; = an. b > SuNDay.. A i) ie) slo 5 ° Salo: >} .9 SUNDAY a8 ° te} }| 2 o ° o SunvDay..| | °° ° ° ° Oo fo) fo) SuNDAY..| | °° Oo 1 fe} ° ° ° SUNDAY... oe 18 Years ( for and ini’|**-- this month L258) 4 sea] S38 m= 2 i) orn O38] as san 8 ath aS 77 76 82 | 0.99 61 0.30 96 Boys 99 sa go 500 40 On2T | 00 0.58 | 77 ‘| Inap 67 Seas ol 56 sean 5] 35 | Inap. | 97 2 o8n 79 0 02 | 16 0.12 .] 79 | Inap. | 97 660 20 | Inap 100 O.OL 98 FOO) |} 58 0.04 | 98 spc || 26 | Inap. | 65 0.14 | go | Inap. | 65 | Inap 33 O.tr | 36 0.43 | 97 cdo. | 61 S50¢ 68 2.95 Ms9.r | 4-13 Snowfall in inches, | | - ° a. Tiers aoe} AS DAY. sa ‘a & ‘ I < 2 0.99 3 SUNDAY 0.30 4 ys 5 6 coe 7 0.21 8 o 58 9 naps | Groner ae SUNDAY S000 || Tm ie I2 Inap.} 13 se 14 0.02 | 15 0.12 ) 16 In'aips 7 SUNDay opon. || 3h Inap.} 19 0.Oor 20 eee O 04 | 22 oo |} eR Tivalps|s2eee wee SUNDAY, O 14 | 25 Inap.| 20 Inap.} 27 0.11 | 28 0.43 | 29 sino «|| 3) Be soogooodoc SUNDAY DoW SUNS: Seo5cocne noes. . 18 Years means for 4-13 | 4 and including this month, and Direction. Miles.... Duration1 Mean velc the Greatesg a 11th and 1 he Greates the 12th. Pth. st Highest barometer reading was30-522 on the 7th 5 lowest barometer was 29.512 on the 16th, giving a range of 1.010 inches. dity was 98 on the 15th and 25th. Maximum relative humi- Minimum rela- tive humidity was 35 on the 27th Rain fell on 18 days. Rain or snow fell on 18 days. Auroras were observed on 6 nights. Solar halos on the Ist and 2nd. Thunderstorms on 3 days. Fog on 3 days. ABSTRACT FOR TH E MONTH OF JULY, 1892. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet, C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent: 2 Sky CLoupDep| E THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. WIND. In Tentas. [5.9] 3 5 3 —— ———— —— —— ——- —— ——_] —_ —— ——_————] ft Mean Escag 7" — sae 24 Sq |) BES pres- relative) Dew Blmaa| ves ao | vo DAY. sure of |humid-| point. | ‘ eee z],| 2/828] 46 | £3 | ss DAY. a A vapour | ity. deneral velocity] 3] 3) Stace) ao Pa les Mean.| Max. | Min. | Range.J Mean. | § Max. | § Min. | Range. direction. jin miles} 2 | >| [> 3 p= |} perhour] = | |= [¥ = an & (=| 1| 60.13] 67.5 | 55-2 | 12.3 | 29.9988 | 30.036 | 29.937 099 3628 | 69.5 | soo W. 184 | 65|10| x] 77 iy elias 2| 65.73| 72-8 54-4 18.4 3c.0205 | 30.080 29 960 120 3753 59-7 510 Ww. 17.8 5-7|10| of 76 2 SuNDAv.. ...... 3] --.-. || 64.5 560 8.5 gasqeon || coscec ||| sccdge eee " 4.0 = 82 SuNDAY 4| 58.22] 66.5 | 52.0 | 14.5 | 30.0050] 30.205 29-790 415 3258 12.0 || 6.0/10] of 6r 5] 58.73 | 68.3 47-2 arr 30 3153 | 30.358 30.266 092 . 3188 5-4 3-7] 10] of 96 6} 64.05] 73.5 | 51-4 | 22 4 | 30.4542 | 30.482 30.409 +073 3550 6.5 1.0] 3] Of 99 7| 6995] 777 | 600 | 177 J 30.4330 | 30 522 30 335 187 +4753 11.5 J 2.0] 8] of 96 8| 71.00] 82.5 | 620 | 20.5 | 30.1808] 30.320 30.069 251 «5060 155 | 7-2|10] of 4o o| 6753| 748 | 6¢8 | 13.0 | 30.0207] 30 084 29.978 “106 5632 12.7 | 9-7] 10] 9] 00 SUNDAY (QQ) caocs 828 64.4 s/| | =o0005 Banoo oonan eose || fi ewaao 15.8 ooo || od |} cs 17 Tnap.| to . -SuNDAY t1| 75 17] 84.8 | 64.8 | 200 } 29.9903 | 30 043 29.936 +107 ~5935 13.4 J 2.8] 8] of 67 Boon lice 12] 75.70| 84.6 | 65.3 | 193 | 20.8547 | 29-945 29 771 “174 .6173 18.9 | 3.2] 10] of 56 1. | 13 | 76.25] 85.2 72 14.0 29-7443 | 29 797 29.702 +095 6493 16 5 57] 10] 29 35 Inup.} 13 14 74-52 83.6 67-5 16 1 29-8990 | 29.439 29 842 +097 «5910 10.3 o.5 3] 0° 97 nace || i 15 | 74-65 | 22.7 | 64.5 | 18.2 | 29.7578 | 29.902 29-535 367 7630 125 7.8| 10] of 79 0.02 | 15 46 57-77 75 2 51.9 23.3 2y 8037 29.959 29.512 -447 -3525 22.8 72) 10} o 16 0.12 ) 16 Sunpay ... ... || ceca BAW goG |} 26 |) oscese |} cease 3 ceo |] 20000 20.3 see fee fee P79 Inap.| 17 SUNDAY 1B] €9.47| 78.3 | 59.2 | 19x ] 29-9357 | 29.970 | 29.899 ofo 6272 242 [| 4.3|10| of o7 Bases pees 19} 69.55] 73-5 649 86 29.8560 | 29.970 20.779 19 6357 18.9 8.0] 10] off 20 Inap.| 19 20 | 6405| 72.4 | 55.2 | 172 | 29.9812] 30.029 || 29.907 122 -5123 18.7 | 00] o| of 100 0.01 | 20 21 | 69.65} 79.2 57-8 21 4 30.0032 30.063 29.937 ~126 4583 23.0 3-3] 7) Of 98 oven || OR 22) 71.92 | 78-7 63 4 15 3 29.8568 | 29.910 29 B14 096 5463 25-4 43)10) of 58 0 of | 22 23 | 74-90] 83.3 | 65.6 | 177 | 2y.8725| 29-891 | 29.847 1044 -5647 1.9 J 2.3] 9] of 98 | ... Poa lisse aa SUNDAY......,.24 ast 82.3 62.5 TYG I! csade5 558 a 0 22.3 eels 26 | [nap. Tap.) 2¢ . SUNDAY 86 3 2.0 | 13-2 | 29 8493 | 29.879 | 29.802 077 7523 2015 | 65|10| of 65 | o.ry o 14 | 25 86 5 72 4 16.1 29.8352 | 29.855 29 B12 43 6973 19 8 4.3 | 8] 1] 90 | Tnap Tnup.| 20 87-5 | 692 | 18.3 | 29 8630] 29.897 29.820 69 5323 16.9 f 4.8] 10] of o5 | Innp Inap.| 2 797 | 67.0 : so4e 5710 160 | 8.3) 10] of 33 | ovr our | 28 88.5 | 620 179 6480 16.7 | 4.8]10| of 36 | 0.43 0.43 | 29 76-5 | 61-2 d80 = 4608 11.0 [| 20] 8] of o7 ane = || 30 79-3 | 62.0 ash aie 12.8 Sant) ool soy [|| cbace pat lia denne RS UNDA ...Means| 69.81 | 78.4 | 61 x 145 5371 16.06 [| 4.7 |---|... ] 68 | 2.95 Pal |larostl Sumstes then: fae see 18 Years means a a 18 Years means for for and| including’ | 68.89 | 77-3 | 60.8 | 16.5 | 29.8924| .... | ... 143 s00r | 70.9 Sealeee Mso.x | 4.23 4-13 | Jand including — this this month..... : | month, ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD: * Barometer readings reduced to sea-ievel and | Highest barometer reading was30:5220n the 7th ; == = = ———] temperature of 32° Fahrenheit lowest barometer was 29.512 on the 16th, yiving w Direction. S.W. WwW. N.W. | Culm. range of 1-010 inches. Maximum relative humi- § Observed. i p a 356 3650 et dity was 98 on the 15th and 25th. Minimum rela- Dae h — — t Pressure of vapour in inches of mercary. Hvelhumiditenrasiostonither2ich jaro = uke 32. e32 t Humidity relative, saturation being 100. Ruin fell on 18 days. ean velocity.... 11.9 15-7 I 11 years only Rain or snow fell on 18 days. s ; = ee . = The greatest heat was 88.5 on the 29th; the | Auroras were observed on 6 nights. Fetes in one hour was 28 on the 8h, Resultant mileage, 9105. greatest cold was 50.6 on the 17th, giving a Soliahnlostontihenlenantends Baa Rol 4 F Greatest velocity in gusts, 26 miles per hour on Resultant direction, N. 56° W. range of temperature of 37.9 degrees. Warmest Thunderstorms on 3 days. the 12th. Total mileage, 11946. day was the 27th. Coldest day was the 16th. Fog on 3 days. _~._ ECE ee SS cube liriatia | Faull ONT laa 8 Vaeanateg y ¥ mat ——— eee SE Meteorological Observations, ABSTRAC McGill Colles DAY. Mean.| Max. Del 7ee 20 cone 2 66.85 71-5 3 7o.12 78.6 4| 69.02 | 77.2 5 | 64.43 | 73-8 6 | 63-75 | 73.8 SUNDAY... ....- “7A |lnaietersters 75-3 8 74-23 8332 9) 72 39) 792.3 To | 70.67 | 82.5 LI 65.42 71.8 L2H Ms SaSsni |i ozis 13] 58.35 | 63.8 SUNDAW eres SLAM eee 70.6 £5), 68.23 |) (7542 UE) Ny aunty eV Xo)A(6) D7 7 Zis5on OLS: 18 | 71.82 { 78.3 Ig} 71.28) 86.2 20 | 61.98 | 77.6 SUNDAY........ 2 Aa 74.6 22 | 64.50| 72.3 23) |/1636079\) 72/08 24 | 66.20] 73.7 25 60.75 66.4 26} 62.72 | 69.8 27 56.60 | 63.7 SUNDAY....... S20) | Wraenetece 70.9 29 | 64.57 | 75-8 30 | 67.93 | 79-9 31 63-37 70.8 Sebo Moods Means} 66.37 | 74-7 _ 18 Years means for and including 66.91 | 75-2 this month. ... Min. a fon fon on Bs opsae DbHOKnKHO OK RF DOHOO OOO OND a ° . wPounnnow wn _ . Nhon On Xo) O° THERMOMETER. Range. 16 2 6.8 I4. 14. 17. Loe cowo N CO 22 2a. Io. 17. II HW w hOWWAW HD OWNNUNA H w wm CON DW W 16, 4 “BAI Mean. | § Max 29.9963 30.02: 29-9783 | 30.006 29-9400 | 29-973 29 8545 | 29.90: 29.8780 | 29.94: 29.7960 | 29.93¢ 29.8427 | 29 973 29-7378 | 29.82c 29.8692 | 29.92¢ 29.8548 | 29.90. 29.9260 | 29.94¢ 29.8715 29.87% 30.0323 | 30.06 30.0680 | 30.11% 30.0268 | 30.06. 30.0560 | 30.08% 29.9968 | 30.12¢ 30.0388 | 30.12 30 1040 | 30.19 30.2132 50.28 30 0797 | 30.14¢ 29 3968 | 29.95: 30.0893 | 30.16: 30.1815 30. 20( 30. 0903 30-14 29 9543 | 30-07 29 7737 | 30-81 29.9680 29.9425 ANALYSIS OF WIND RECC( Directions NOG Miles ne 778 | 3596, Durationin hrs..| 109 | 103. licen cole 74 | a IT.03 Greatest miiecage in one hour was 41 on the 12th. Greatest ve ocity in gusts, 50 miles per hour on the 12th. Resultant mileage, 3005. Resultant ¢ Total milea Average ve a, ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST, 1892. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Cauada. Height above sea level, 187 feet, C- H. McLEOD, Superintendent. Sky CLoupED THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. WIND. Ix Temas. [5, 3| = é ———$— — — —- — — } —_ — ——— + Mean |} Mean —_—_ _——_|———. patel) 22 ea | EES prerae relative) Dew Mean Beis 22 es | ss EF ri < ; c as te = . DAY. F gure of | unui point. General |velocity] = | 4 | 3 238 5| ae 23 8 3 DAY. és Mean.| Max. | Min. | Range.J Mean. | § Max. § Min. Range. | S direction. |in sally fils S S D 3 i @ | jperhour} = A Ps} 1] 71.20] 80.8 | 64.6 | 162 9] 29.9963 | 30-020 | 29.969 1051 35 | 55 | 10] 0° ar 2} 66.85 | 71-5 64.7 6.8 29-9783 30.006. 29.944 .062 3-5 10.0 | 10 | 10 3| 7o.12| 78.6 | 638 | 14.8 || 29.9400] 29.97 29.903 .068 9.8 | s.c| 10] 0 4| 69.02} 77.2 63.0 14.2 29 8545 | 29.905 29.806 -099 12.9 5-5] 10] 0 5 | 64.43] 73.8 559 17.9 29.8780 | 29.942 29.816 -126 6.0 5.5| 10] 0 6} 63.75] 73.8 | 58-0 | 15.8 | 29.7960) 29.930 29 731 =199 15.2 | 6.2|10| o SUNDAY... -...-+7 3000 75-3 29) 22 4 oonnes oaccod |} Soccc6 goo a9 ate 8.7 gana |} ac |] o Mala siacies SunDAY 8 | 74.23 | 83.2 | 620 |.21.2 | 29.8427] 29 o71 29.757 214 5243 | 62.3 | 60.0 121 |} 10.0 | 10 | 10 gore |t 3 9| 7230] 79.3 68 8 10.5 29.7378 | 29.820 29.701 119 6942 87.5 68.3 8.9 8.0] 10} 3 004] 9 10 | 70 67| 82.5 | 64.8 | 17.7 9] 29.8692 | 29.920 29.822 107 6497 | 86-5 | 66.3 4.0 || 9.0] 10] 4 0.61 | 10 11 | 65.42 | 71.8 | 60.1 | 1x7 9 29.8548 | 29.904 29 813 ogr -5075 | 94.7 | 63.8 7.1 10 0| 10] 10 1.04 | 11 12| 58.83] 62.3 | 58.2 4-1 || 29.9260] 29.940 | 29.898 1042 +4560 | 91-8 | 50.3 32.1 | 10 0| 10 | 10 0.75 | 12 13 5 63.8 549 Bo 29.8715 | 29.878 29,868 010 4632 04.5 57.9 14-5 9-7| 10] 8 0.13 | 13 SUNDAY. .......14 70.6 | 57.0 | 13.6 pane: | Bccngi ma llcoosead eee Shee BS a. PHch [gee | calle 0.0r | 14 ....eeeees SUNDAY 15 75.2 58.5 17.3 30.0323 | 30.066 29.989 +077 4757 69.8 57-7 8.9 5.31 9] ° sees | 15 16 v0.6 | 58-2 | 22.4 p 30.0680] 30.rx2 40.026 -086 15218 | 68.8 | boo 16.0 | ra} 4] 0° oo WO 17 5 66.2 | 15.3 30.064 30.002 062 5672 712 | 62.5 19-8 | 3.0] 10] 0 nav || 29 18 65.0 13:3 30.088 30.032 056 6330 81.3 65-5 T4e5 oo] of] o elexs) 19 59-3 | 20.9 30.120 | 29.gox 1.219 6278 | 813 | 65.0 11.3 | 3.5 | 10] © uono |] 56) 20 54-2 134 30.121 29-957 +164 3792 68.5 51-3 In.y 3-5 || 10} 0 = a Sunpay.... .. -21 53-3 213 5 e000 on coe (0) || ope ||!0 4] 98 +. | 2n ........ .SUNDAY 22 59 0 13.3 29-994 3692 64.2 50.3 6.6 4{0)|/-20))|) °° p |) ee 23 54-2 18 6 30.147 4060 71.2 53-2 6.3 4-5| 8] © wees | 23 24 60.5 132 30.012 4985, 78.2 58.7 7-3 95] 10] © 9.02 | 24 25 59-5 6.9 29 861 5022 940 59.0 rr.6 4.2] 10} 5 205 | 25 20 57 0 12.8 29.960 +4452 78-3 56.0 126 5.5 | 10] © + 20 27 532 | 20.5 30.102 -3335 73.0 | 477 8.6 | 6.8] 10] o 27 Sunpay........28 51.2 19-7 9 3 6 28 ..........SUNDAY 29 54.0 21.8 30-143 .098 «4655 9 sess | 29 30 57-5 | 22-4 || 29 9543) 30.077 “239 -5682 ur : 30 31 38.7 | 12.1 || 29 7737 | 30.813 1065 4658 12 0.33 | 3x aap Means| 66.37] 74-7 | 59.0 | 15-7 [| 29.9680 Sea 116 5078 5.24 |Sums . © Years means)| Thee wes i ae 18 Mears means for or and includin, 66.91 5 8.8 | x6, 29.942 oon 132 - 4824 2. 5eq [eves]. - fl 59.6] 3.30 +.» | 3-30 | jand including this vinnie a Sele als i ee ets month, ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. Se * Barometer readings reduced to sea-level and | Highest barometer reading was30.282 on the 23rd; ee | x temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. lowest burometer was 29.701 on the 9th, giving » Directiun...- N. | N.E. EE. S.E. Se S.W. Ww. N.W. | Calm. SOL en range of 0-581 inches. Maximum relative humi- es | ee eee 3 b A are Miles 778 | 1596 218 361 240 772 1994 Peer fall boca dity was 99 on the 11th and 12th. Minimum rela- : ee + Pressure of vapour in inches of mercary. tive humidity was 46 on the 8th 70 164 165 2 as . : 5 FT ara —— { Humidity relative, saturation being 100. Rain fell on 13 days. ean velocity. 7-14 15.20] 5.89 7-68 5.33 XX.03) |) x27 10.47 5 11 yeara only Re ecencerrentont(atdnye! 5 The greatest heat was 86.2 on the 19th; the | Auroras were observed on 3 nights. Greatest mileage in one hour was 41 on the 12th. Resultant direction, N. 46° W. greates’ cold was 51.2 on the 28th, giving a Fog on 3 days. Greatest vevcity in gusis, 50 miles per hour on Total milenge, 7686. range of temperature of 35-0 degrees. Warmest the 12th. Average velocity 13.3 m. per hour. day was the 8th. Coldest day was the 27th. Thunderstorm on 1 day. Resultant milenge, 3005. Sl mee Coto poe t, C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. |DED, z= is. [5.0 = S aces] ee fig = = = Sea Ge | 28 | 38 27°28] ae EO air DAY. = fran ae cf | 38 = ia D a a=) j ° 63 . | on I oO ff 100 4 2 o 96 a 3 SuNDav.. 67 oe og \K.oee Mie ieiels cristae SuNDAY ° 89 0.09 eee | 0.09 5 fo) 85 O.IL vee [OOenaE 6 ° 93 see .- . 7 of 94 oe 608 : 8 ° 99 5c 9 ° 52 60 10 SUNDAY... 48 650 eters See oee We Roc ctnobrateetaere SUNDAY fe) 68 5000 Sooo. |) 2 bo) oo 0.16 0.16 | 13 fo) 15 0.82 0.82 | 14 of 52 | Inap. - |Inap.| 15 ° 37 Dee HoomAy 3te) Oull (94a eeees | 17 | Sunpay.., 95 esl Dols Hes ESys sae sets SUNDay fe) 40 oO 42 0.42 | 19 ° 97 as 360 20 ° 386 Sa00 Ag ae 2I 8 00 0.08 4 0.08 | 22 of oo 0.04 : 0.04 | 23 of 29 0.03 0.03 | 24 SuNDAY... Io | he FR Soodsenons SUNDAY 20 1.17 ae I.17 | 20 43 ae cee | 27 94 site| ae go avers 29 73 ee | 30 62 2.92 es Pee ozal' Sums) seytsiictefeicteereoere 18 Years means for . 8150.6 | 3.19 5 3.19 | {and including this this month.) month, ee ind Highest barometer reading was 30.442 on the 8th; lowest barometer was 29.341 on the 26th, giving a Dueckiun.| range of 1-101 inches. Maximum relative humi- Miles ....- dity was 98 on the 24th and 25th. Minimum rela- Duration ii tive humidity was 45 on the 2nd and 29th Mean velo Rain fell on 10 days. Tae te Auroras were observed on 3 nights. Caer ne Lunar halo on 1 night. the 27th. 3th. Thunderstorm on 1 day. Resulta ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER, 1892. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Cauada. Height above sea level, 187 feet, C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. SEY CLloupED, THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. WIND. In Tents. [5,3] 2 5 3 + Mean jane » - |_—__—. 38) = i = | aes pres-_ jrelative ew Bas] a ao GB} DAY. sure of }humid-| point. Mean Seq SS | Sa | BS DAY i it vapour ity General |velocity | Cee] Ae Ee |s 3 : Mean.| Max. | Min. | Range. Meun. | § Max. | § Min. | Range. o direction. jin miles | Sua) 3 g- | 8 perhour rs! ce a 3 L ee aS peepee eee eee —— Sat | & 49-2 131 30.0220 | 30.204 29.834 370 3127 70.2 12.3 | 63 I 44.7 | 16.1 30.3112 | 30.359 30 284 -075 .2632 || 65.2 7.3 | 563) 5 48.8 | 26.7 || 30.2157 | 30.285 | 30.161 124 +3928 | 68 5 11.4 | 96 3 | SuNDay.. ....- 58.0 eB cesses | weeeee | se eaee cee sees rete 8. for 1] unos |.. | 67 ote aes SunDAY 58.2 ; 29.674 273 4865 J 76.3 | 58.3 BE. 11.3 38] i0| off 8 5 49.2 29. 788 +267 3490 || 80.3 | 48.3 S.W. 11.7 | 5.3|10/ off 85 6 475 29 943 +392 2988 75 0 45.0 W. g.t 3.7 | 10 off 93 7 42.0 39-368 2074 2945 73°5 44-7 S.W. 6.3 o.0{ Oo] of 94 8 47-7. 30. 320 -086 3300 68.5 47-5 SiW. 6.3 0.2] 1 | off 99 9 50.2 30.256 084 3947 76-0 52.2 £, 9-7 6.5| 10] 0 2 10 | SUNDAY....... 58.2 | seeee Rey seeee 2ADO fa S.E. SCrciw| Hocca: lad (lool) favt3 tO accisouee Sunpay 55-0 jo 023 140 4633 77-8 56.8 S.E. 11.2 45] 10| off 68 12 609 29.740 +286 4725 J 76-2 | 57.3 Sh. 9.7 |. 100] 10| 10 ff) 00 3 61.5 29 572 128 +4732 81.8 | 57.2 5.W. 18.1 6.5|10| of rs 14 54-3 29.700 115 3745 78.9 51.0 S.W. 159 8.0] 10 | o 2 15 49-0 29.877 +239 3038 70-8 | 45.5 S.W. 13.3 J 3.5| 10) off 87 16 46.5 30.136 -085 3103 720 46.3 S.W. 16.4 2.3 8) 0 94 iS 17 SuNpay..,..... 48.7 oo. ff.|)- © "enna | |) = SegpD Boao tee S.W. 23.3 30 | +. | os IS ets SUNbay 47.0 29.882 2949 72.5 2 N.W. 13.5 15 | 10} off 4o 19 43-5 | 30.278 2612 J 088 | 4r.5 8. oe |)oal ell oll cy 20 43.3 39-197 3267 | 77.0 3 Ss. 5.9 J 1-2) 3| off 86 21 52 3 30 223 4225 | 83.0 2 Ss) 7-9 | 9.5 | 10] 89 00 22 59-3 30.176 +5428 92.0 3 S. 9.4 8.3 | 10) off oo 23 62.0 30.067 +5923 || 90.5 7 Si 44 | 35] 10| of 29 24 SUNDAY.......- 25 spona || Bs5 60.2 ENE) |) codon eae eee ando 9000 Ss. 76 pod thce |eo 10 25 .... .....SUNDAY 26| 54-77] 68.5 50 2 18.3 29-4542 | 29.571 29 340 230 3632 83.8 49.7 Ss. 20.3 8.7 | 10} 2] 920 20 2 r.68 | 57.2 | 452 | 12.1 | 29.6455 | 29.694 | 29.393 Tor 3182 | 82.2 | 46.3 S.W. 26.8 | 6.8] 10) of 43 27 2 53-77| 585 | 48.6 9-9 29.9602 | 30.155 29.706 +349 2502 59.8 42-7 S.W. 13.8 1.2] 3] Off 94 28 29 44.50 52.2 39.3 12.9 30.3015 30.366 30.240 «126 1815 62 3 31-7 S.W. 10.3 2.0|10; 0 go + | 29 30 | 59. 70.0 43-3 26.7 30 0108 | 30.203 29.807 396 3583 67.5 48.8 S.W. 20.4 7-2|10 39 73 + | 30 | —_——_- ——— —— | ———_ : Means} 57.42 50.8 16 2 30.0613 Q 18 Years means 18 Years means for for and including}| 58.66] 66.77| so.g6| 15.81 30.0180/ ..... | ...... .178 erry | lire |limetne i (uecsecen 5.6 |...-|,...1150.6 | 3.39 3.19 | Jand including this this month....... | | month, ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD * Barometer readings reduced to sea-level and | Highest barometer reading was 30-442 on the 8th; Directiun....-... N. N.-E. E. S.BE. | S. S.W. Ww. | N.W. | Calm. | temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. lowest barometer was 29.341 on the 26th, giving a [SS |— ———_ | —_ _—_—_ | | x range of 1-101 inches. Maximum relative humi- r | § Observed. Miles 9 23 539 | xoor | 1451 | 3943 799 | 1068 |... PPreears oF anne? : dity was 98 on the 24th and 25th. Minimum rela- Duration in brs .. 4 3 44 86 171 278 5I 82 I ee ner ee Te tive humidity was 45 on the 2nd and 29th ee eS eS SS SS Se =| t Humidity relative, saturation being 100. ; Mean velocity....| 2.25 7.66 | 12.25 | 11.64 8.48 Rain fell on 10 days. 14.18] 13.90 | 13.02 |... Greatest mileage in one hour was 36 on the 27th. Greatest velocity in gusts, 40 miles per hour on the 27th. Resultant mileage, 5146. Resultant direction, S. 35° W. Total mileage, 8743. Average velocity 12.1 m. per hour. | | | 1 11 years only. | The greatest heat was 78.8 on the 4th; the | Greatest cold was 39.3 on the 29th, giving a | Tange of temperature of 39.5 degrees. Warmest day was the 24th, Coldest day was the 2th. Auroras were observed on 3 nights. Lunar halo on 1 night. Thunderstorm on 1 day. THE CaN A DIAN WE CORD OF SCIENCE. VOL. V. APRIL, 1893. NO. 6. NoTES ON THE GASTEROPODA OF THE TRENTON LIMESTONE OF MANITOBA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF ONE NEW SPECIES.’ By J. FE. Wuitnavezs. According to the latest researches of the officers of the Canadian Geological Survey, the Trenton limestone of Lake Winnipeg and the Red River valley in Manitoba consists “at the bottom of a mottled buff and grey ‘lolomitic lime- stone, found at Big and Swampy Islands, etc., and probably also at Hast Selkirk, above which are other horizontal evenly bedded limestones and dolomites, amounting in all to a few hundred feet and all more or less rich in fossils.””* In the present communication the words Trenton limestone will be used to designate all those rocks which intervene between the white quartzose sandstone which is supposed to be the local representative of the St. Peter’s sandstone of Wisconsin, etc., and the Hudson River formation, thereby including all those rocks in Manitoba which have previously been referred to the Galena limestone. 1 Communicated by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. ? Tyrrell, Trans. Roy. Soc., Canada, for 1891, vol. rx, sect. 4, p. 91. 318 Canadian Record of Science. The specimens to which these notes refer are, with very — few exceptions, in the Museum of the Geological Survey at Ottawa, and in the enumeration of the different. species it has not been thought either necessary or desirable to quote all their synonyms and references, but only such as are most likely to be useful to Canadian students. RAPHISTOMA LENTICULARE. Pleurotomaria lenticularis (Sowerby) Hall. 1847. Pal. St. N. York vol. 1, p. 172, pl. xxxviii, fig. 6. us if sf Owen. 1844. Geol. Rep. Iowa, Wisc. and Minn., p. 86, pl. xviii, fig. 6. Pleurotomaria Americana, Billings. 1860. Can. Nat. and Geol., vol. v1, p. 164, fig. 7. Pleurotomaria lenticularis (Sowerby) Nicholson. 1875. Rep. Palzeont, Prov. Ont., p. 19, fig. 7d. Raphistoma lenticularis, Whitfield. 1882. Geol. Wiscons., vol. Iv, p. 214, pl. vi, figs. 4 and d. Lower Fort Garry, D. Dale Owen, 1848. Cat Head, Lake Winnipeg, T. C. Weston, 1884: one specimen. Birch Island, Kinwow Bay, Lake Winnipeg, T. C. Weston, 1884, one specimen, and Messrs. Dowling & Lambe, 1890, two specimens. One or two specimens of this species, also, were collected by Messrs. Dowling & Lambe in 1890 and 1891, at the Dog’s Head and at Commissioners (or Cran- berry), Snake, and Little Tamarack islands, Lake Winnipeg. All the specimens collected at these localities are badly preserved casts of the interior of the shell. They are obviously conspecific with the fossils from the Trenton lime- stone of the States of New York and Wisconsin, which Professors Hall and Whitfield have identified with the Pleurotomaria lenticularis of Sowerby. Similar, but some- times better preserved specimens, are common in the Tren- on limestone of Ontario and Quebec, and in the Hudson- River formation of the Island of Anticosti. Salter, however, in 1859, expressed the opinion that the Trenton Gasteropoda of Manitoba. 319 American fossils which had then been referred to P. lenti- cularis, Sowerby, are distinct from that species, and in the following year H. billings maintained that three species, which he then described and figured under the names Pleurotomaria Progne, P. Americana and P. Helena, had been mistaken for the true P. lenticularis. 'The specimens so far collected in Manitoba are too imperfect to be identified with much certainty, but they all appear to belong to the form which Billings proposed to distinguish as P. Americana. Lindstrém, on page 108 of his valuable monograph “on the Silurian Gasteropoda and Pteropoda of Gothland,” states that the shell which Conrad figured as P. lenticularis, Sowerby, in 1848, in Emmons’ Geological Report of the Third District of the State of New York, is P. qualteriata, Schlotheim, and that it is “quite different” from thé P. lenticularis of Hall. PLEUROTOMARIA SUBCONICA. Pleurotomaria subconica, Hall. 1847. Pal. St. N. York, vol. 1, pp. 174 and; 304, piss xxxvil, = figs) Shc XxXxvili, fig. 3. «“ « Billings. 1863. Geol. Canada, p. 180, fig, 174. Me & Whitfield. 1882. Geol. Wiscons., vol. 1v. p. 216, pl. vi, fig. 1 _ The Dog’s Head (two specimens), and Stony Point (one specimen), Lake Winnipeg, T. C. Weston, 1884. PLEUROTOMARIA MURALIS. Pleurotomaria muralis, D. D. Owen. 1852. Rep. Geol. Surv. Wisc., Towa and Minn., p. 581, pl. ii, fig. 6. “Lower Fort Garry, Red River of the North,” Owen (op. cit., p. 626). A natural mould of the exterior of the est of the upper portion of a specimen, collected by Dr. R. Bell, in 1879, at the Limestone Rapid 100 miles up the Nelson River, Keewatin, and a very badly preserved speci- men collected by Mr. Dowling, in 1891, at the Dog’s Head, Lake Winnipeg, are both possibly referable to this species. 320 Canadian Record of Science. MURCHISONIA MILLERI. Murchisonia bicincta, Hall. 1847. Pal. St. N. York, vol. 1, p. 177, p. XxXxviil, figs. 5a-h. But not MM. bicineta, McCoy, 1846. fs a Salter. 1859. Geol. Surv. Can., Org. Rem., Dec. 1, p. 19, pl. iv, figs. 5 & 6. Murchisonia Milleri, Hall,1877. In Miller’s Am. Pal. Foss., ed. 1, p. 244. Pleurotomaria bicincta, Lindstrom. 1884. Sil. Gastr. and Pterop. Goth- land, p. 106, pl. viii, figs. 15-25. Elk Island, Lake Winnipeg, Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, 1872: one imperfect and badly preserved specimen. Snake Island (near the Dog’s Head) in the same lake, Messrs. Dowling and Lambe, 1890: a well preserved mould of the exterior ‘of the shell. MURCHISONIA GRACILIS. Murchisonia gracilis, Hall. 1847. Pal. St. N. York, vol. 1, p. 181. pl. xxxix, figs. 4, a, b, c. st oh Salter. 1859. Geol. Surv. Can., Can. Org. Rem., Dec. 1, p. 22, pl. v, fig. 1. i fi Billings. 1863. Geol. Canada, p. 183, fig. 178. as si Nicholson. 1875. Rep. Pal. Prov. Ont., p. 18, fig. 7e. Snake Island, Messrs. Dowling & Lambe, 1890: four casts of the interior of the shell. MURCHISONIA BELLICINCTA, Var. TERETIFORMIS. Murchisonia teretiformis, Billings. 1857. Geol. Surv. Can. Rep. Progr. 1853-56, p. 298. a os 1886. Cat. Sil. Foss. Isld. Anti- costi, pp. 18 & 55. Murchisonia bellicincta, Whiteaves. 1880. Geol. Surv. Can., Rep- Expl. and Surv., 1878-79, pp. 47c, and 48c. Cfr. also Murchisonia major, Hall. 1851. In Foster and Whitney’s Rep. Geol. Lake Super. Land Distr., p. 209, pl. xxvi, figs. 1 a-e. ‘s “Whitfield. Geol. Wiscons., vol. tv, p. 244, pl. ix, fig. 4. Trenton Gasteropoda of Manitoba. 321 One of the most abundant species of gasteropoda in the Trenton limestone of Manitoba is a large Murehisonia which the present writer has identified with the WM. major of Hall, but which does not seem to differ materially from M. belli- cincta exceptin size. Specimens of this Murchisonia (which had previously been collected at two localities on the Nelson River in Keewatin by Dr. R. Bell in 1879), were obtained by Mr. Weston, in 1884, at Hast Selkirk and Lower Fort Garry, at Elk, Big and Deer Islands, Big Grindstone Point, the Dog’s Head, and Jack Fish Bay, Lake Winnipeg > by Mr. Tyrrell in 1889 at Berens (or Swampy) Island; and by Messrs. Dowling & Lambe in 1890 at Black Bear, Snake, Little Tamarack and Jack Head islands, in Lake Winnipeg. All the specimens from these localities, like those of MM. major from Wisconsin, are mere casts of the interior of the shell, which are imperfect at both ends but especially so at the larger end. They rarely exceed four inches and a half in length and not more than six volutions are preserved. Not a vestige of the surface ornamentation can be detected on any of them, and indeed Professor Whitfield has ex- pressed the opinion that the fossils from the States of New York and ‘Wisconsin, which have been described as M. belli- cincta and M. major,avé not true Murchisonias, as, so far as he has observed, ‘none of them show any evidence of having been marked with a revolving band.” In regard to the typical form of M. bellicincta it may be remarked that Ferdinand Roemer has figured a Kuropean specimen of it, in which the spiral slit-band, and backwardly divergent growth lines are clearly shown on each of the volutions, on Plate v, fig. 7, of the Atlas to the first volume of the . Lethxa Geognostica, published in 1876. In 1890 Messrs. Dowling & Lambe collected, at Berens Island, Lake Winnipeg, two specimens which throw quite a, new light on this point and upon the characters and affini- ties of this large variety of I. bellicincta. One of these is upwards of seven inches and the other fully eight inches in length, and nine volutions can be counted in each. The shorter of the two has the test preserved on the last two 322 Canadian Record of Science. volutions, though the whole of the specimen has obviously been subjected to abnormal and lateral compression. Its surface markings consist of a broad, flat and nearly central, spiral slit-band, to which the growth lines on each side con- verge obliquely backward. Apart from its abnormal com- pression, this specimen is essentially similar in size, shape and surface markings, to the specimens from Gamache Bay, Anticosti, which Mr. Billings refers to his J. teretiformis (op. cit., p. 55) and upon which he bases the statement that ‘this species has a wide flat band about the middle of the whorl and appears to be a large variety of M. bellicincta, Hall.” It would thus appear that WM. major, Hall, and M. tereti- formis, Billings, are most probably synonymous, the former having been based upon very imperfect casts of the interior or the shell, and the latter upon more perfect and at least partially testiferous specimens. The name teretiformis is here used ina varietal sense, on the ground that it was the first prefixed to a sufficiently accurate diagnosis of the characters of the shell. Bucanta (TREMANOTUS ?) BUELLII. Bucania Buelli, Whitfield. 1878. Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Wiscons. for 1877, p. 76. Bucania (Tremanotus ?) Buelli, Whitfield. 1882. Geol. Wiscons., vol. iv, p. 224, pl. vi, figs. 12-14. Lower Fort Garry, Dr. R. Bell, 1880, one specimen, and Commissioners, formerly called Cranberry Island, D. B. Dowling, one specimen, both of which are badly preserved casts of the interior of the shell. BUGANIA SULQATINA. Bellerophon sulcatinus, Emmons. 1842. Geol. Rep., 2nd Distr. N. York, p. 312, fig. 4. Bucania sulcatina, Hall. 1847. Pal. St. N. York, vol. 1, p. 32, pl. vi, figs. 10, 10 a. Bellerophon sulcatinus, Billings. 1863. Geol. Canada, p. 146, fig. 96. A single specimen of this species was found loose, on Trenton Gasteropoda of Manitoba. 323 Reindeer Island, by Mr. Dowling, in 1890, but no specimens have yet been collected, in place, in the Trenton limestone of Manitoba. BucANIA BIDORSATA. Bucania bidorsata, Hall. 1847. Pal. St. N. York, vol. 1, p. 186, pl. xl, figs. 2 a-g. Birch Island, Kinwow Bay, Lake Winnipeg, Messrs. Dowling & Lambe, 1890: one specimen. CYRTOLITES COMPRESSUS. Phragmolites compressus, Conrad. 1838. Ann. Rep. N. York St., p. 119. Cyrtolites compressus, Hall. 1847. Pal. St. N. York, vol. 1, p. 188, pl. x1, figs. 2 a-f. Lower Fort Garry, Dr. R. Bell, 1880: one small but well preserved and very characteristic specimen. Hast Selkirk, A. MacCharles, 1884: a large cast of the interior of the shell. EUNEMA STRIGILLATUM. EHunema strigillata, Salter. 1859. Geol. Sury. Can., Can. Org. Rem., \ “Dee. 1, p. 29, pl. vi, fig. 4. i se Billings. 1863. Geol. Canada, p. 145, fig. 88. Lower Fort Garry, T. C. Weston, 1884: one nearly per- fect and well preserved specimen. HELICOTOMA PLANULATA, Helicotoma planulata, Salter. 1859. Geol. Surv. Can., Can. Org. Rem., Dec. 1, p. 14, pl. ii, figs. 5-7. Hast Selkirk, A. MacCharles, 1884: one good specimen, with the test preserved. TROCHONEMA UMBILICATUM. Pleurotomaria umbilicata, Hall. 1847. Pal. St. N. York, vol. 1, pp. 43 and 175, pls. x, figs. 9 a-b, & xxxviil, figs. 1 a-g. Trochonema umbilicatum, Salter. 1859. Geol. Surv. Can., Can. Org. Rem., Dee. 1, p. 27, pl. vi, fig. 3. a a Billings. 1863. Geol. Canada, p. 145, fig. 92. 324 Canadian Record of Science. The Dog’s Head, Lake Winnipeg, T. C. Weston, 1884: one specimen. Snake Island (one specimen) and Berens Island (one specimen), Lake Winnipeg, Messrs. Dowling and Lambe, 1890. Commissioners Island (one specimen) and Reindeer Island (one specimen, loose), Lake Winnipeg, D. B. Dowling, 1890. MaAciturREA MANITOBENSIS Maclurea Manitobensis, Whiteaves. 1890. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vol. vit, Sect. 4, p. 75, pls. xii, & xiii, figs. 1 and 2. Maclurea Manitobensis.—Inner side of an operculum, supposed to be that of a large specimen of this species, from Jack Fish Island, Lake Winnipeg. Natural size. Trenton Gasteropoda of Manitoba. 325 All the localities at which this species had been found, up to the close of 1889, are enumerated in the paper in which it was described. Since then it has been collected by Messrs. Dowling and Lambe in 1890 at Berens Island, at Sturgeon, Snake and Black Bear islands, Lake Winnipeg; by Mr. Lambe in 1890 at the Dog’s Head; and by Mr. Dowling in 1891 at Commis- sioners, Little Tamarack and Punk Islands, also at Grind- stone Point, Lake Winnipeg. It is one of the most abun- dant and characteristic fossils of the Trenton limestone of Manitoba, and according to Messrs. Weston, Tyrrell, Dow- ling and Lambe, it always occurs with the flat side upper- most in the rock. In 1890 Mr. Lambe collected an operculum, which is pro- bably that of a large specimen of this species at Jack Fish Island, Lake Winnipeg. This operculum, which is represented in outline in the wood cut on page 324, isa little more than four inches in height or depth, and not quite three inches in its maximum breadth. Its outer sur- face is completeiy buried in the matrix, the inner surface only being exposed.: In the woodcut, the side indicated by the letter A clearly corresponds to the outer side of the shell, and the concave side opposite,—B,—to the inner or columellar side. The side marked C corresponds to the ~ flattened spiral side of the shell, and that marked D to the inner wall of the umbilicus. The margins of the sides C and B, whose junction forms the ‘nuclear angle,” are thickened, but the edges of the other two sides are very thin. This thickening of the sides C and B is immedi- ately followed by a shallow depression in the nuclear region, but the inner side of the operculum is otherwise nearly flat. The surface markings of this side consist of numerous concentric raised lines of growth, but there are no clear indications of any “internal projections for the attachment of muscles.’’? Although the opercula of M. Logani, Salter, and M. crenulata, Billings, are known to be provided with well developed muscular processes on the inner side, this is by no means always the case in other 326 Canadian Record of Science. species of the genus. On page 238 of the first volume of the “Paleozoic Fossils” of Canada, H. Billings distinctly states that there are no muscular processes on the inner side of the operculum of his J. oceana, and on page 243 of the same volume he figures opercula of two other species of Maclurea, from Cape Norman, Newfoundland, in which there are no muscular processes on that side. In the Museum of the Geological Survey at Ottawa, there are two opercula from the Calciferous of the Mingan Islands, which were referred by E. Billings, with some doubt, to the MZ. matutina of Hall. There are no processes on the inner side of these opercula. LOXONEMA WINNIPEGENSE. (Sp. nov.) Shell large, attaining to a length of upwards of five inches, terebriform, elongated and nearly three times as long as broad: spire, as measured on the dorsal side, occupying not quite two-thirds the entire length: apical angle 27°. Volutions ten, allowing for the apical one, which is broken offin all the specimens collected, increasing slowly in size and obliquely compressed, the later ones slightly constricted above and moderately inflated below, those of the spire much broader than high: suture dis- tinctly compressed: outer or last volution a little higher than broad, moderately convex but scarcely ventricose in the middle and narrowing abruptly into the somewhat pointed base. Surface of the spire nearly smooth, that of the last volu- tion marked only with a few flexuous lines of growth, which curve gently and concavely backward above, and still more gently forward below. Four fine large specimens of this species, each with nearly the whole of the test preserved, have been collected at as many different localities on or in Lake Winnipeg. Two of these specimens were collected by Mr. Weston in 1884, one at Stony Point and one at Jack Fish Bay; one by Mr. Tyrrell in 1889 at Berens Island; and one by Mr. Dowling in 1891 at the “ Dog’s Head.” ~I Trenton Gasteropoda of Manitoba. 32 Loxonema Winnipegense.—Dorsal view of a specimen from Stony Point, Lake Winnipeg; in outline only, and of the natural size. 328 Canadian Record of Science. Nine volutions are preserved in the most perfect of these specimens, the slender apex of each being broken off. In the perfect shell there must have been at least ten and prob- ably as many as eleven volutions. The species is of considerable interest on account of its strikingly close similarity to some of the most typical Jurassic species of Pseudomelania. FUSISPIRA VENTRICOSA. Fusispira ventricosa, Hall. 1871. Twenty-fourth Rep. N.Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 229, pl. viii, fig. 6. sf fe Whitfield. 1882. Geol. Wiscons., vol. rv, p. 245, pl. ix, fig, 2. a ee Miller. 1889, N. Am. Geol. and Palzont., p. 405 fig. 676. Abundant at many of the limestone exposures on the western shore of Lake Winnipeg and on the islands in that lake. It has been collected by Mr. Weston in 1884 at Lower Fort Garry; at Bull’s Head, the Dog’s Head, Big Grindstone Point, Big and Elk Islands: by Mr. Tyrrell in 1889, at Berens Island; by Messrs. Dowling and Lambe in 1890, at Berens, Snake and Black Bear Islands; by Mr. Dowling in 1890 at Commissioners and Punk Islands; and by Mr. Lambe in the same year at the Dog’s Head. Orrawa, March 22nd, 1893. SomME MIscoNcEPTIONS CONCERNING ASBESTOS. By J. T. Donatp, M.A. (Abstract of a paper read before the Natural History Society, Montreal, Feb. 27th, 1893.) During the past decade the uses of asbestos have become widely extended, and been consequently brought to the know- ledge of the great majority of those who live within range of our industrial centres. As a result of the wide applica- tions of this substance and of the interest excited in the minds of many by a ‘‘stone”’ which may be teased out into “Pe ian te Some Muasconceptions Concerning Asbestos. 329 a fluffy mass resembling silk or cotton, there has arisen a somewhat extensive literature of asbestos, ‘This is scat- tered through geological, chemical, technical and even reli- gious publications, and there have appeared one or two not unpretentious volumes devoted entirely to this mineral. In this literature there are frequent statements which clearly indicate that some of the writers entertained serious mis- conceptions concerning asbestos, and to call attention to a few of these is the object of this paper. I. There is a misconception as to the mineralogical character of asbestos, and this has arisen from the use of the name in asomewhat genericsense. Dana in his “ Miner- alogy,” says that asbestos is a finely fibrous form of horn- blende, but much that is so-called is fibrous serpentine. This statement seems to divide many of our writers into two camps, the one calling the mineral a variety of hornblende, the other proclaiming its serpentinous character. The Canadian Province of Quebec produces, it is esti- mated, about 85 % of the world’s supply, the balance coming principally from Italy. The products of these two coun- tries are known the world over as asbestos, and it is not unreasonable, therefore, to ask that they be allowed to appro- priate the name, even though they be of other composition than the mineral to which mineralogists originally applied the term, and that other minerals, if such there be, used for - similar purposes be otherwise designated. The asbestos of commerce is a hydrated magnesian sili- cate of the same composition as ordinary serpentine rock ; in other words, it is fibrous serpentine. It is curious to note, however, that the Canadian miners working continu- ally among serpentine and nothing else, have fallen upon the word hornblende and apply it to very coarsely: fibrous and polished serpentine, such as is often met with along lines of faulting. II. The second misconception is in reality but a special case of the first ; it is to the effect that Canadian and Italian asbestos are different minerals. In the early days of the asbestos industry, Italy was the only source of supply, and. ee ee SS Se eae eee 330 Canadian Record of Science. immediately prior to the discovery of the Canadian deposits a powerful company had been formed and had succeeded in bringing under one control the numerous small mines of the Italian district. Under the circumstances it is not to be wondered at that the Canadian fiber found no favor in the eyes of the owners of the Italian mines. The Canadian mineral was declared to be far inferior to the Italian; the latter, it was main- tained, is true asbestos, while the former is only fibrous serpentine. As a matter of fact the two minerals are prac- tically of the same composition, as is shown by the follow- ing results of analysis of fair samples recently made by myself :— ITALIAN. CANADIAN. Silica ee Pere Holst aiereaisistes AOS OP Silica Hee eee sen eee 40.57 MagneSia...-----.2eceeece 43.387 Magnesia....+e.....0+eee 41.50 Ferrous Oxide »-.......+. .87 Ferrous Oxide....+...... 2.81 PAUL UinMAIMatsretateleleloleioteraleselsictels 5) Ba IN hibothboey 646000, 00000 000¢ 90 WATER ee eliesors elcvetereuuns airieltre IB \WWONIIRG bdo choGoan ao do0aC 13.55 UNG Gal lWorevotonereteletelelielcietare - »-100.53 NGO talevreieeaeteretersietete cove II.00 Canadian asbestos has largely displaced the Italian, not because of difference in composition, but by reason of the greater ease with which the former can be wrought into the various forms required in the arts. Il. The third misconception is that asbestos is in nowise affected by heat. This is set forth in such statements as “temperatures of 2,000° to 3,000° are easily withstood,” and ‘a mineral which has been successfully exposed to a heat of 4,500° to 5,000° Fahr.” Now, what are the facts of the case? It is true that asbestos is infusible except at very high temperatures, but it is equally true that only a very moderate degree of heat, heating to low redness in a platinum crucible for instance, is required to entirely destroy the flexibility of the fibre and render it so brittle that it may be crumbled between thumb and finger as readily as a piece of biscuit. In this connection one is reminded that the ancients are said to Some Misconceptions Concerning Asbestos.. 331 have possessed asbestos napkins which they cleansed by means of fire, and that Charlemagne in like manner cleansed his tablecloth to the delight of his warrior guests. It is not improbable that these statements are to a large extent mythical; certainly, if true, the articles in question were not made of asbestos, the HYDRATED magnesian silicate. IV. The fourth misconception is that asbestos is pos- sessed of non-conducting qualities. This is perhaps the gravest and most widely spread of the several misconcep- tions and is held by many who should know better. As an example of the manner in which this last misconception is set forth, | may cite the following from an address of a well known geologist : “ Among the most important pro- perties of asbestos is that of non-conductivity or its power of resisting the action of heat.” Here we have the miscon- ception clearly stated ; it is that because asbestos is infus- ible it-must of necessity be a good non-conductor. The truth is that asbestos itself is a very poor non-conductor, as any one may prove by placing a vessel of water on a sheet of asbestos. cardboard and applying heat from below, or more simply still by placing a piece of wood or a sheet of asbestos millboard on a hot stove. If, however, asbestos is teased out and worked into a fluffy mass we then obtain a non-conducting material, but it is the air inclosed by the fibres that is the real non-conductor, the asbestos serving simply to entangle the air. The use of asbestos in the manufacture of non-conducting coverings for boilers, etc., is due to its fibrous texture and its infusibility. ‘The latter property gives it a decided advantage over hair and other fibrous materials which char under continued exposure to heat, while the exceeding flexibility of its fibres gives it a like decided advantage over mineral wool and other fibrous but brittle mineral substances. The removal of the misconceptions to which attention has been called, will in no respect tend to decrease the uses of asbestos, for the mineral has a sufficiency of good quality of its own to maintain and increase the demand; while, on the other hand, a true conception of its nature and proper- B02 Canadian Record of Science. ties will prevent its use under conditions where only disap- pointments can follow; a circumstance which in the end would tend to bring discredit upon a most valuable mineral. THE FoLK-LORE oF PLANTS. By Carri M. Dericr, B.A. The subject of plant-lore has been so admirably treated by Thistleton Dyer and others, that it would be difficult to present anything fresh in a paper such as this, without more time for investigation than the writer has at her dis- posal. Some pains, however, have been taken to arrange in brief form bits of follk-lore distinctively American as of especial interest to Canadians. The early settlers seem to have been too much occupied _ with the practical side of life to weave new fancies about the primeval forest. Therefore, while some of our fables are indigenous, the majority of our common plant names and superstitions are heirlooms from our European ancestors. But there is a rich field for discovery awaiting the patient investigator, in the beliefs of the American Indians and the poetic fancies of the French Canadian people. “To the Indian the material world is sentient and intelli- gent. A mysterious and inexplicable power resides in inanimate things. In the silence of a forest, is a living majesty, indefinite but redoubtable. Through all the works of nature nothing exists that may not be endowed with a secret power for blessing or for bane.”’ The Indian, in common with other uncultured men, observing that plants as well as man possessed the phenomena of life and death, endowed each with a soul like his own, and regarded it with simple reverence. So, we learn, that the Ojibwés hesitated to cut down trees lest they should hear them wailing in their suffering. Closely allied to this idea of spiritual vitality was the wide-spread belief that plants were the homes of deities. Schoolcraft. mentions an Indian tribe who fancied they 1 Parkman’s The Jesuits in North America. Rd: The Folk-Lore of Plants. 393 heard, on calm days,.a sound like the voice of a spirit speaking to men, issuing from the recesses of a certain tree. They, therefore, thought it the abode of a powerful divinity and held the tree sacred. The influence of the doctrine of the transmigration of souls long continued in the notion that the spirits of the de- parted took up their abode in plants. Classical and medieval literature furnish many beautiful illustrations, and a similar idea prevailed among savage nations. Thus, “some of the North-Western Indians believed that those who died a natural death would be compelled to dwell among the branches of tall trees.” ‘‘ Among the Virginian tribes, red clover was supposed to have sprung from and to be coloured by the blood of red men slain in battle.’ ! In certain parts of Canada, it is still thought that wherever Sanguinaria canadensis grows in the woods an Indian has been buried, and that the red juice of the plant is the dead man’s blood.* The Ojibwé legend of Mondamin, which has been beautified and extended by Longfellow, furnishes another illustration. Mondamin comes from the sky as a handsome youth in garments green and yellow, and strug- gles with Hiawatha at his “ fast of virility.” At last Mondamin is overcome and laid in his grave. “ Day by day did Hiawatha Go to wait and watch beside it, Kept the dark mould soft above it, Kept it clean from weeds and insects, Drove away with shouts and shoutings, Kahahgee, the king of ravens. Till at length a small green feather From the earth shot slowly upward, - Then another and another, And before the summer ended Stood the Maize in all its beauty, With its shining robes about it, And its long, soft, yellow tresses.” 1 Dyer’s Folk-Lore of Plants. ?Ghost Worship and Tree Worship, by Grant Allan. Pop. Sci. Monthly, Feb., 1893. 26 334 Canadian Record of Science. A wide spread superstition among the Algonquins, due to such superstitious ideas as the above, is that the tales must not be told in summer, since “at that season, when all nature is full of life, the spirits are awake, and hearing what is said of them, may take offence, whereas in winter they are fast sealed up in snow and ice, and no longer capable of listening.” ! As a natural consequence of this animistic theory, which endowed trees with souls, or of the once wide-spread custom of ancestor worship, in the agricultural stage of all primitive peoples, plant worship was an important feature of religion. Grant Allan says, at the dawn of history, men poured libations and scattered fruits upon the graves of their dead. As a result the barrows displayed a most luxuriant vegetation. Knowing nothing of the cause of fertility primitive man attributed it to the spirits of the dead, and transferred the worship of the ancestor to tree or flower. Formerly, according to Charlevoix, “ the Indians in the neighborhood of Acadia had in their country, near the sea shore, a tree extremely ancient, of which they relate many wonders, and which was always laden with offerings. After the sea had laid open its whole root, it supported itself a long time, almost in the air, against the violence of the wind and the waves, which confirmed those Indians in the notion that the tree must be the abode of some powerful spirit. Nor was its fall, even, capable of undeceiving them, so that as long as the smallest part of its branches appeared above the water, they paid it the same honour as whilst it stood.” There has ever been in men’s minds the idea of the antagonism of good and evil. So plants were supposed to be the abodes, not of beneficent beings only, but of demons. Sometimes, poisonous or repulsive plants were thus devoted, but no rule seems to have decided the matter. Many of our common names at the present day associate certain plants with his Satanic Majesty. In the Hastern Townships, 1 The Jesuits in North America. The Folk-Lore of Plants. 335 Nigella Damascena is called devil-in-a-bush, and certain species of Lycoperdon are his snuff-box. Along onr coasts Laminaria longicruris supplies the devil with aprons, and in various parts, Clematis virginiana is known as devil’s darning- needles. Mrs. Bergen says that in Ohio and New England children call Aplectrum hyemale ‘‘ Adam and Eve.” When this somewhat rare plant has been found, they immediately begin to look around for the “ devil,” as they call the third leaf which is frequently seen near by, it probably being a new plantlet sent up from a root stock." Much prettier are the superstitions which associate flow- ers and fairies. Their dainty brightness seems foreign to the Indian character, but in our country districts children still adhere to many of the fanciful ideas of their fora tnee Bright green rings of grass are to them “ fairy rings,’ within which “ the little folk” hold midnight revels, feast- ing on fairy cheeses, (Malva rotundifolia) off mushroom tables, the company having been summoned by the gay jingle of ‘“ fairy bells,” (Oxalis acetosella.) The belief in the supernatural character of plants is fast dying out, but, even in this rational age, some are considered effective charms and are consulted in playful divination. Children, especially, have quick eyes for the marvellous, and accept, readily, any notion once formulated. In Clarenceville, P.Q., children pull a dandelion, which has gone to seed, and blow the feathery head to see if their mothers wish them to go home. They also tell the hour by counting the number of times it is necessary to blow the dandelion before removing all the achenes. This is referred to in: “ Dandelion with globe of down, The school boy’s clock in every town, Which the truant puffs amain To conjure lost hours back again.” A favorite amusement in every place, is to hold a butter- cup under the chin to see if one “ loves butter” or no. 1The Animal and Plant Lore of Children, by Mrs. Bergen. Pop. Sci. M., vol. 29. 536 Canadian Record of Science. Love-charms have a never-failing interest for many. The formula repeated, while the charm is used, being more essential than the flower chosen. In New Brunswick, on St. Agnes Eve, rosemary is placed under the pillow with these words :— “St Agnes, that’s to lovers kind, Come ease the troubles of my mind.” The lovers of the girl, trying the charm, will then appear to her ina dream. The well-known Huropean practice of ascertaining a lover’s sincerity by plucking, one by one, the rays of a daisy, at the same time repeating a rhyme, has a slight variation in New Brunswick. The usual formula being often replaced by :— “He loves me, he don’t, He’ill have me, he won't, He would if he could, But he can’t.” Bad English does not .interfere with the efficacy of a charm. “ Peascod wooing” is practised in various parts of Canada. If when shelling peas, the cook chances to find a pod containing nine, she places it over the door. The first man who enters will hear the same name as her future husband. In Campbellton, N.B., it is customary for a girl to gather three or four heads of thistle, cut off the purple tips, assign to each head the name of an admirer, and place them under her pillow. The next morning, the thistle which has put forth a fresh sprout will show which is the truest of her lovers. Among North American Indians, dreams and trees have a close connection. The Ojibwés believe in a mysterious tree or vine which forms a link between earth and heaven. Upon it, spirits habitually pass up and down; but in dreams only, were men enabled to climb it and gain an insight into the future. * The weather, apart from its physical effects, was sup- posed to have a great influence over plants. Hach was ! Dorman’s Primitive Superstitions. The Folk-Lore of Plants. 337 under a certain “sign.” Hven yet, in rural districts, respect is paid to the phases of the moon, when planting and sowing crops. Root crops, which have their edible portions beneath the soil, should be ‘“‘put in during the wane of the moon or ‘in the sinking sign, in contradis- tinction to ‘the rising signs’ which were those of the rising orb.” “ Plant corn when the little moon, i.e. the new moon, points down, the ears will then grow low on the stocks and be heavy.” “ All Fridays are good days for planting things that hang down, like beans or grapes, ice. stringy things, for Friday is hangman’s day.” ! The study of the popular names of plants is most fruitful and interesting. ‘The fascination of plant names has its origin in two instincts, love of nature and curiosity about language. Plant names are often of the highest antiquity, and more or less common to the whole stream of related nations. Could we penetrate to the original suggestive idea that called forth the name, it would bring valuable information about the first openings of the human mind towards nature.’’* Though several have been noticed in other connections, a few of our popular American plant names may be mentioned, as illustrations of how much there may be in a name. Many flowers have, at some time, been dedicated to heathen divinity or Christian saint, and still bear their names. The Virgin Mary has been especially honoured, and various plants, from more or less fanciful resemblances, furnish her with an extensive ward- robe. For example, two flowers, the cypripedium and Impatiens fulva supply the slippers, the fuchsia blossoms are her ear-drops, while the campanula is her looking-glass. The Puritan element is evident in several names of flowers, Aquilegia canadensis being sometimes called “ meeting- houses,” and Houstonia cerulea, “ quaker-ladies.” 5.8 W. 21.7 3-5 | 10} off oo | 7 Sunpar....... 9 || cocco |) 2 Pees lore N. seu vil | Coos! | lon 66 Gl. . Sunpay 9 |— 0.90 71 ) Bios (= aa N. 10.0 10.0 | Io }| 10 | co i 9 10 |— ore 9-3 ee = Pos Wee go. 8.8 19 3 ce | 10 11 |—12.63 |—10.0 7-5 |—150 : 300 3-5]10] off 76 iI ra |— 8.53 |— 1.8 | Bio [=13.5 W. 75 | 3.21|| (7)|| of 38 | O 13 |— 0.10 4:3 63.5 |—19.2 Ww. 12.2 03 2 ° 74 | 3 14 0.60 4.2 81.3 =a Ww. 9-3 2.8]10| off 68 14 Sunpay,.,, ...15 | «..-- 5.0 "Bada hill cance W. GAG Fioeoo | [ices 42 eprooniofio SuNDay 37 23 —42 W. 14.7 || 4.5 | 10] off 30 16 o7, 177 \— 3-3 N 43 | 6.2|10| off oo 9 2.6 | 835 |— 6.5 SNC 8.5 7-0 | 10] 0 oD 13 are | 89.5 | 5 8 N. Vis 9-7 | 10} 8 ag 19 : | 792 | 2. N.W. 22.0 6.7} 10] off 22 20 as 75-0 |--35 Ww. 182 | o3| x| of oo | ay 10.8 etal tess W. 10.2 | ....| 28 |) eetenidl tesa |Paahsce stare Sunpay 11.4 868 | 3.8 NL. 8.2 8.7 | 10 | 2 | oo | 0.4. | 0.03 | 23 17.3 gr.8 | 10.8 NE. 3.8 |} 10.0 | 10] 10 ff 03 | 06 | o.02 | 24 27.8 92.0 | 19.8 S.E. 14.6 | 6.7] 10| off o0 3.2 | 0.40 | 25 23.5 86.0 | x1.2 SW. 19.2 [100] 10| 10] 00 | Inap. |Inap.| 20 19.0 762 |— 0.8 N.W. 11.2 6.7} 10} off 58 | oan see | 27 $16 86.3 [18 NE, 18.5 10.0] 10| 10] 00 | 25 | o.ge | 28 40.7 ee | 00 S.W. 23.4 56 00 | 31-7 88.0 | 102 S.W. 21.7 | 3-3| 10] off 93 12.7 80.5 4.2 W. 7.6 | 5.0|10| off 73 12.29 8x/3))|)) o:06)| Wa 13° Si) 44°8) fl se7 se 18 Years means | 18 Years means for for and including$} 11.72 | 20.16 | 3.80 | 16.4 ] 30.0532] ..... 80.9 GA Mg2.0| 0.82 | 29,9 | 3.65 | Yand! including this this month....... | ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. * Barometer readings reduced to sea-level and | Maximum relative humidity was 97 on the 25th. temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. Minimum relative humidity was 53 on the Sth. Direotion........) N. | N-E. Eye} Sees [0 St) | SswWer | aves Nave Calm. § Observed. Rain fell on 1 day. Mil —_—_—— — ioe ——| + Pressure of vapour in inches of mercary. Snow fell on 15 days. es reveal 1852 863 |_ pees 2B 1496 41430 1735 t Humidity relative, saturation being 100. Rain or snow fell on 16 days. Duration in hrs . . 183 79 27 39 20 68 220 106 A T 12 years only. | Auroras were Observed on I night. a — —_— — o 5 Lunar halos on 3 nights. enantio l| HR tos G A The greatest heat was 41.7 on the 29th; the | A Z Soa Bay ae greatest cold was —16.4 on the llth, giving a range | g.40 | 22.00] 18.83] 16.37, Greatest mileage in one hour was 62 on the 29h. Greatest velocity in gusts, 72 miles per hour on the 29th. Resultant mileage, 5,350. Resultant direction, W. 13° S. Total milenge, 11,004 Averige velocity 14.8 m.p.h. of temperature of 58.1 degrees. Warmest day was the 2nd. Coldest day was thellth. Highest barometer reading was 30.637 on the 28th ; lowest barometer wus 28.943 on the 2nd, giving a range of 1.694 inches. NC. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. Wiis E fee] as | 22 | 22 DAY.5 28 ag Bg ae) DAY. sum) “a ge | 38 4 fa mM a a=] a a | Se fora) 0.4 | 0.05 I 63 S305 Sone 2 00 Ba) Oss) |) g2 che ies eeu 4 SuUNDAV.. ..00 SAG | biSete nietere Gi Guigneoo5do SUNDAY 2 0.27 2.8 0 59 to) 30 1.6 0.12 7 84 ae 50 8 25 Inap 9 17 0.08 2 0.56 | 10 84 ie II SUNDAY... ..47 Mager. |UbaB ho )I"So00 Hl 13 sniicsadsee SUNDay 00 vetfovsl O00 od 13 46 | Inap stare oe 14 3r 0.07 650 0.07 | 15 61 Inap an 16 39 sees as 217 00 0.8 0.08 | 13 SuNDAY.,,./00 Rae Dar Nes aX6) || HS) Bondoonone SUNDAY 41 ee | 20 25 sido |e Sor) awos 29) \1o.25) i) 22 82 S008 500 es 46 24 83 25 SUNDAY...» 75 Ficteve sued babe LES cdnnsia og SUURNOVAS 95 Sobol es 18 Ho) || Cigats) Pe 4s) oe 29 30 50 31 Bereietene vecvcracis {40 0.42 Pr Zor SUMSHAel cise nero ie 18 Years 18 Years means for for and inclyo 8 | 0.86 23.1 3.07 and including this this month. month, barometer was 29.296 on the 20th, giving a range bf 1.570 inches. Maximum relative humidity was 96 on the 6th, Direction. -)th and 10. Miles.... .. Minimum relative humidity was 45 on the 15th. — Rain fell on 4 days. Duration iD sow fell on 12 days. Mean veloc Rain or snow fell on 14 days. Auroras were Observed on 3 nights. Greatest 1 Hoar frost on 1 day. Greatest | Lunar halos on 2’nights. the 20th. | Fog on 1 day. a ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY, 1898. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. F SKY CLoupKD, Ee THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. WIND. In Tantus. JS ¢] 3 S ee een EB Cant | enn —— —| E38) 2. Ey pres- jrelativel Dew Mean Bic a3 Pa) DAY. ; Bauteiot Eunice point. | General |velocity] $ | 4] ¢)°2S5| 82 Be DAY. Mean.| Max. | Min. | Range.J Mean. | § Max. | 5 Min. | Range. pour: @ direction. |in miles} 8 | S| = p5™2| 3 el perhoury! = | ~ | = J& (= is i r| 4.15 | a0 |—0.4 | 12.4 [| 30.2943 | 30.435 | 30.224 | o.2tr | 0.0478 | 85.3 | 1.3 NEL 12.1 J}10.0| 10] 101 o9 | ... orall a 2] 8.67] x42 2.0 | 12.1 30.5268 | 30.602 30.381 0.221 o510 | 78.2 3.2 W. 14.6 5.2] 10] off 68 aeltee 3| 3-07] 2.0 |— 6.6 8.6 30.1010 | 30.423 29.945 © 478 0315 | 84.7 |— 7.0 N. 26.1 75|10| xf 00 0.75 | 3 4 7.22 3-5 |— 9:8 13.3 30.6338 | 30.866 30.272 0.594 0235 77-3 |\—12.8 Ww. 31.2 1.8 | 10 | of! 92 ; 4 Gir Maw Socee 5 9 |=12.7 908) i csseenecill estes caller aai| Nereeeas oe Bar Br | toad lies 00 G Risunony 6 .3 |— 8.0 40.3 29.9407 | 30.386 29-592 0.794 . 1012 go.5 15.0 aA 8.3 | 10] o 2 0° 59 bo 7 22 |= 2-7 |) 30.9 30-0728 | 30 481 29.703 0.718 0715 | 82.8 7-2 +o ff 53] 10] of 30 o.12| 7 8 .8 |— 6.1 13.9 30.5455 | 30.589 29.522 0.067 0397 83.0 |— 2.0 va 2.5] 7| of 84 oom |} 1B 9 3 6.4 17.9 30-3947 | 80.591 30 045 0.546 0847 90.0 14.0 -6 9-8} 10} of 25 soon |] & 10 8 22.7 18.1 29.5713 | 29-852 29.358 05494 5 1787 90.5 363 o f{ 10.0 | to | x0 f 17 0.56 | 10 Ir -o | 13-0 | 17,0 30-17 30-345 29.931 0.44 °737 78-7 IL-7 8 2.5| 8) off 84 oo |] see SUNDAY . ...,.12 anans 23.7 14.0 9-7 Foceeeeee | veces | creeee see oo 2 oo we |e 47 1 00. cbonpad SUNDay 13 | 18,18) 23.7 13.9 9-8 30.303 ° 3° ad 10.0 | 10 | 10 00 13 14 | 27-33] 35-2 | 19.8 153 29.772 : 5 | 22.8 7 §-3 | 10) off 46 14 15] 31-75] 39.2 21.9 17.3 29.669 ° 258 2 247 7 7-8|10] off 3c es 15 16 | 14.45| 24.7 1.7 23.0 29.942 0.377 8 3-8 5-9 5.0 | 10] off 6r Tnap- 16 17 0.33 5.8 |—5.0 10.8 30 063 0.413 3 |— 8.3 -9 7-9 | 10 ° 39 . Boo BY 18 4.50 | 10,2 |— 2.3 12.5 29.559 0,306, 2 0.7 u7. 9-5] 10] 3 ff 00 sue 0.8 13 Sunpay........19 | -.... 2 7-7 PCy | |) oueEooe |) coodge |]! So000D Oc.4| | sisdoo 30 4000 ° aad os 00 Sunpay 20 3-85 +2 |— 0.3 13.5 29.5883 | 29.851 29.296 9.555 0355 69-5 |— 4.2 I 6.2} 10} o 4I 21 3.43 .o |— 7.4 19.4 29.9815 30.070 29.877 0.193 0428 80.7 |— 1.2 3 5.9| 10} o 25 22| 14.62 4 75 14.9 29.5978 | 29.799 29.483 0 310 0668 79 5 9-5 2 8.3] 10] off oo 23) 13-92 9] 10.1 12.6 29.7000 | 29.746 29.643 0.103 0680 82.5 9-7 9 3:7) 10] off 82 24 | 9.00 5 3-3 13.2 29.6712 | 29.793 29.596 0.197 0558 | 84.5 5.2 I 5-7| 10] off 46 25 | 13.32 “5 5-0 14.5 29.8023 | 29.823 29.772 0.051 0653 Bo.5 8.5, 7 Ch || Bi] @ 83 SUNDAY......-+ 26] .e..e 23.1 13.6 Gas || scon0bu"|) coocse || socnoe |} ovcos Beto do 75 600 ee | Merten | 20th een SUNDA) 19.2 11.9 30.3712 o. 12.2 10 | 0 . 6 8.5 20.8 30.0342 oO. 5:5 io} o 4.29 | 15-5 |] 30.06rr 0.365 | 0690 | 80.8 6.9 eed go 18 Years means 18 Years means for for and including 15.57 | 23.94 6.90] 17.0 30.0454 0.322 0822 73.8 sooo ||} se0ces Sood 59 408 | 0.86 23.I | 3.07 |4and including this this month ..... month, ( barometer was 29.296 on the 20th, giving a range ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. * Barometer readings reduced to sea-level and | of 1,570 inches. : temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. Maximum relative humidit: 5 y was 96 on the 6th Direction E. S.W. | W. | N.W. | § Observed. 9th and 10. aaiGn Seebllxan Ti csees oe |" 3284 aces t Pressure of vapour in inches of mercary. Minimum relative humidity was 45 on the 15th. = | a | — | t Humidity relative, saturation being 100. Rain fell on 4 days. 2 .. Duration in bra ede3h) eee ea etal sy eae eer 5 1 12 years only. Snow fell on 12 days, ‘ Mean yelocity. 17.3 10,5 17.6 17.8 19.4 | 19.9 19.5 The greatest heat was 40.8 on the 10th; the | Rain or snow fell on 14 days. greatest cold was —12.7 on the dth, givinga range | Auroras were observed on 3nights. ; Greatest mileage in one hour was 49 on the 20th.| Resultant mileage 5513. of temperature of 53-5 degrees. Warmest day | Hoar frost on 1 day. Sa Greatest velocity in gusts 56 miles per hour, on| Resultant direction, S. 71° W. was the 15th. Coldest day was thel7th. Highest | Lunar halos on 2:nights. the 20th. Total mileage, 12,720- barometer reading was 30.866 on the 4th; lowest | Fog on 1 day- a 3. MeteoH. McLEOD, Superintendent. \ Moraes [Rausi zZ lor ee r= a. See) ree hc z ee| es | 8 | ee DAY. |Z& ag | ES ao DAY. usa} a |S ad x | ow a a] 54 . | Inap I 3L erecta. 2 39° 3 9x | 4 Sunpav.. ..21 soon: tbo Iiodos odassoode SunpDay ‘ 53 ate aaae ro) 74 7 48 8 14 oe 9 15 Ue 10 ele) 0.18 0.18 | 11 | SuNDAY . ..30 0.65 | sees 0.65) || 1252: =... 1. SUNDAY D0 ZA AG ODMl|' jes) DO ON23 i |lers 0.23 | 14 dO Re | Ba} 0.24 | 15 38 0.2 o o2 } 16 37 |) 0) 2a POSO2 ar7, DL 13 Sunpay ... 53 yea | ear oe seh AIORe eee EEE UN DIAL. 30 I ipianeke mone, | 20) 91 i 15 0.20 | 21 49 ae 0.2 | 0 02 | 22 ple) apes 09 | 9.08 | 23 D4 0.21 0.21 | 24 34 o.o1 0.01 | 25 SUNDAY..... 7i | a ZO Lyaieien: . SUNDAY 96 a0 27 56 | #6 28 Bo | 50 29 ste) a 30 30 | o 08 | 0.11 | 31 Bacon ure x Tee Sel enon TAQ 7;4| SUMS eee terete reer Nees 1g Years mi 19 Years means for for and inclué 3 | 0-94 24.5 | 3.38 |4and including this this month . | month, Ylaximum relative humidity was 98 on the 14th, d 24th. Direction..-Vinimum relative humidity was 33 on the 4th. 5 ain fell on 5 days. MAO opi “*“tnow fell on 9 days. Duration in Rain or snow fell on 14 days. NiGanuc aloe n Aurora was Observed on 1 night. doar frost on 6 days. lunar halo on 1 day. Greatest munar coronas on the 20th and 22nd. Greatest y'og on 1 day. the isth. solar halo on 19th. Resultant vightning on 23rd. Greatest mileage in one hour was 58 on the tsth- Greatest yelocity in gusts 64 miles per hour, on the 1sth. Resultant mileage 5820. Total mileage, 14,604. Average mileage per hour 19 6. ' barometer reading was 30.633 on the 23rd ; lowest barometer was 29.441 on the 24th, giving a range of 1.192 inches. ————. = = —$$<$<_____ ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH, 1893. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. SKY CLouDKED, THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. WIND. In Tentas. [= | a |& —— — —_ = t Mean Meee __——_— |__—__. SOE Se | Ze || BS pres-_ |relative) Dew eee] 27 ao 2 DAY sureof |humid-| point. | q Mean ges] Ss | 002, .12)|) 0 se. |) 40.5 35.8 4-7 booked sos 6006 oes! Peupeana 00 a00 S.W. 20.1 90} op 00 .f GHAB |} 2 00 oscobon SUNDAY 13] 28.65] 37.4 25.1 12.3 30.0883 | 30 136 30 oor 0.135 1.1387 87 2 25.5 S.W. 7.4 1o| of oo are oo |} 28} 14 | 30.30] 35.8 23.1 127 29.8253 | 30.052 29 710 0.34¢ 1520 89.2 257 NE. 8.6 to | off co 0.2 0.23 | rq 15 | 19.55] 36.5 7.6 28.9 29.7163 | 29.862 29.617 0 244 1025 87.7 16 7 S.W. 35.5 10 | of oo 0.24] 15 16 11.52] 16.8 6.4 10.4 30.0900 | 20.179 29.924 0.255 0467 64.2 r.5 Sw. 32.3 to} o 88 cS 0 02 | 16 17| 20.77| 279 12.7 15.2 30-0857 | 30.143 29.959 0.184 0892 79-5 15.5 S.W. 22.7 10 | o 87 0.02 | 17 18 6.78{ 17.0 |—0.3 17-3 30.2307 | 30.262 gO. 202 9.069 0385 66.5 | —2.7 N. 160 1] of ot ano {| = | Sunpay .. ... [Po noone |] BAAS 6.9 Wt |} cosoe es seeeee see Oo 56 tee Sod 9900 S.W. 93 oe 53 obo 9000 «+ ] 19 .......... SUNDAY 20] 25 18| 33.4 10.7 21.7 30.2700 | 30.395 30 042 © 353 1185 83.2 20.7 S.B. 12.1 10 | off oo | ase | 20 21} 34-50] 40.2 29.4 10.8 29.8801 | 30,039 29.710 © 329 1702 85.3 30.5 S.W. 25.8 io | 10 J or I.5 | 0.20] 21 a2} 16.75] 34.5 10.6 239 30.4680 | 30.587 go 18: 0.406 0702 70.8 9.8 N.E. 13.8 io} of 49 0.2 | 0 02] 22 a3| 18.08 | 29 6 5.6 240 30.3470 | 30.633 29.917 0.716 1025 79 8 16.5 N.E. 16.3 10 | of oo oe 09 | 9,08 | 23 aq | 37-50] 42.9 26.4 16.5 29.5352 | 29.869 29.441 0.428 2022 88.8 34-5 S.B. 212 10 | 10} 04 0.21 +1 | o,2r | 24 25 | 34.37] 42.0 26.9 15.1 29.8790 | 30 109 29.620 0.489 1450 715 20.2 soy. 200 10} 79 34 o.or | o.or | 25 \ | Sunpay........26] ..... | 32.5 18.6 r€}0) | | <9000 3 =nacgo tees 00003 J 23 N. 15.3 aaalioc qt 26... ... ,.SUNDAY 2 26.37| 33.2 19.1 14-1 30.2957 | 30 367 0.103 -1123 77.8 212 N. 16.6 I} of 06 27 a 21.63 | 25.7 14.5 112 30.4737 | 30.512 0.068 0765 66.5 12.2 N. 16 8 1o| of 65 28 2g | 27.03] 33.6 20.5 13-1 30.4280 | 30.543 0 298 1168 777 21.3 SW. 16.8 7} of 80 29 30} 22.75] 33.7 26.5 7.2 29.8103 | 30.148 0. 478 1618 86.3 29.3 s. 24.3 io} 9] oo 30 31 | 35.10] 386 28.7 9.9 29.8553 | 29 gir 0.124 -1587 76.8 29.0 Ww. 18 7 to} 1 30 31 5 saoshieend| 25 || cau | cepa ence | |) saeco vs | 9269) czz50 | 77:5 | 19.4 |S) 467 W.| 1016 (Pee Stmeleneeeeiten 3 19 Years means | fies, 19 Years means for for and including} | 24 02 | 31.36] 16.sr| 14.8 | 29.9694 Pee wie 0.261 1071 | 75.6 - sages ste tevese 463] 0.04 | 24.5 | 3 38| and including this this month ..... ee eee | aE Cronth as ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. * Barometer readings reduced to sea-level and | Maximum relative humidity was 98 on the 14th, temperature of 32° Fihrenheit. and 24th. S.E. So S.W. Ww. N.W. § Observed. | Minimum relative humidity was 33 on the 4th. eee gait 6381 1507 647 % t Pressure of vapour in inches of mercary. Rain fell on 5 days. |] t Humidity relative, saturation being 100. Snow fell on 9 days. 66 17 294 76 36 1 12 years only Rain or snow fell on 14 days. Mean velocity, ot 78 BS | a 8 eee 2t7 9.8 Aaah The greatest heat was 42. on the 24th; the | An Aurora Was observed on 1 night. greates! cold was —0.3 on the 18th, giving a range Hoar frost on 6 days. Ree direction, 8. 46° W. of temperature of 43.2 degrees. Warmest day Lunar halo on 1 day. STU CEA bn Sh : was the 24th. Coldest day was the 18th. Highest | Lunarcoronas on the 20th and 22nd- Fog on 1 day- Solar halo on 19th. Lightning on 23rd. $$$ D3. L McLEOD, Superintendent. Is é 3 ei | 4a : a Fl es | 28 | 22 Day. 6/ 8S | Ee | so DAY. Q| 3 on qa oa | ce ‘a a ae. 0.40 0.40 | 1 SuUNDAY.. .. tee . 0.12 Zieleatecieietaiele SUNDAY otee Lede KOsra) yes O.14 | os > 4 seven vets 5 eateree | 55 |p @neeil @ 0.13 0.8 O.14 7 0.14 | as ab 8 SUNDAY... .. eee | @) 35) Gacador SUNDAY Uisiete aad Io cee | eae ie It Inap. | .- {Inap.| 12 0.04 ae 0.04 | 13 eaieu|| os cose | 24 . 5-4 | 0.54 | 15 SUNDAY..... pie soee soe [416 220-500 SUNDAY ; tals ie shes eke, 3 0.01 0.8 | 0.14 | 13 bysteys C pope. | uo) Inap Inap.| 20 Onxoa| c 0.18 | 21 Beil . sere 22 SUNDAY....4 | 9:08 . 0208) ||| 23) ascc.25 se SUNDAY. soe e| ejern 24 vee | coe || a Maar Bao || er 1s) 0.20 re 0.20 27 Inap . |Inap.| #8 S06 ; dodg. | 2o SUNDAY....- Bacio is Bloke 30 «+00... OUNDAY a) Wheecicana pee eae eri ae ease 2-320 WG o4)|p2i38 a SUMSie ek ereeer toe : 19 Sica m | 19 Years means for for andinclu | 1-59 6.7 | 2.26 |4and including this month, this month. ., | ze of 1.376 inches. —_____tvas 97 on the Ist and 3rd. Direction. - | Miles... .,/i2 fell on 12 days. ow fell on 4 days, Duration in a * 4 i Moan velod” or snow fell on 14 days Maximum relative humid- Minimum rela | humidity was 24 on the 20th. ________roras were observed on 3 nights. Greatest Knar halo on 4nights. Greatest nar corona on the 26th. the 8th. | ry heavy thunderstorm on the 7th. ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL, 1898. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet. ©. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. Sky CLoupKD * BAROMETER. WIND. In Tantus. (5 5 a 5 + Mean vile = ——_— — ——_] ——_ —]; ag ae || BES pres-_ |relative ew M ar a 36 | 33 \ e 5 a SS sureof |humid-| point. | General ralonity a jal e 3 ‘ae Ese | as DAY. Mean. | § Max. § Min. Range. |Y 2? 0ur. ity. direction. jin miles} © 3 S}s ‘37 oe aa perhoury! = | ~ | = |& mo Qa a Es: <<} 29.4060 | 29.685 | 29.204 -481 -1918 | 80.0 | 33.0 || S.W. 2912) | 8:0 ||x01|) 3 J) 00] | longoml|| as.uullosgol| and un Peicsnill coset) eee Ba Sec ae of +. S.-W. Fail Heseau ee 86 5 Ss saree || seve. || cack 466 sore, || Gey || seus S.E. ag 1) Gq ||sal) @|| ca ese 29.4985 | 29.904 | 29.272 632 1593 | 83.2 | 28.2 S.W- 2x4 | 10.0| 10] 10] oo 30.0313 | 30.226 29.780 446 0847 50.5 15-7 S.W. 26.5 4-7] 8] of 70 30.5173 | 30.580 30 377 203 0857 | Bo.o | 14.8 N. 12.8 9 o.2] xr] of 86 30.2522 | 30.517 29-870 647 1318 | 86.3 | 23.8 S-E. 20 4 || 8.3| 10] of oo 29.6483 | 29.769 29.438 33 2118 | 75.8 35-3 5-H. 30.5 7-0 | 10) of 09 4060000 || csocoe” ||" co00 30 O00 peode ate N.W. FHA || sone |) oo 97 SUNDAY 30.2073 | 30.243 40. 165 073 1483 | 65.0 S.W. 62 9 s.o]10] of x4 30.3418 | 30.380 30.246 134 1472 57-5 26.8 A 6.3 Fae 1 yal od fe} 30.2223 | 20.379 | 30.070 309 1342 || 42.5 | 24.5 ‘Ss arg | 7.0] 10] of so 29.7978 30.007 29.623 379 2505 76 2 39-8 fs) 26.3 7.2 | 10} 0 2 0.04 29.9418 | 30.015 29.902 113 1435 | 62.7 | 26.0 8. 18.5 |} 6.7|10| of o8 29.8725 29.967 29.774 193 »1352 87.0 25.0 N. 30.5 8.3} 10} off oo coeds || asdqn0- ||) bceoro Gob 839 ocd agoo N.W. Qs |} ocv0 || oo 00 .SUNDAY 40.1202 | 30.224 29 982 242 1480 | 67.8 | 27.0 S.B. 11.6 | 6.2 | 10] of 86 7 29.8748 | 29.941 29.794 147 1655 | 73.2 29.3 N.W. 18.0 || 6.8|10] of 28 18 30.0267 | 30.163 29.902 206 1182 | 61.5 | 21.7 Ww. 2r.6 | 0.2| x| of 95 19 30.1417 | 30.28) 29.940 347 1175 51.2 21.8 N. 24.6 6.7 | 10} o 5r 20 29.7915 | 29 866 29.707 159 1805 74-8 3r.5 §.E. 15 1 ff 10.0 | 10| 10 f oo 21 29.6537 | 29.690 29.622 063, 1942 750 33-8 5.W. 17-1 97|10| 8} x0 : 22 Bee eeonl Wes soso al fcascre . stein be eanods lence Ww. Frain (dlood fas 318 | 0.08 23 -ss0.e. .,SUNDAY 30.1278 | 30.199 30.051 143 1260 55.3 23.0 5.W. 10.4 5-7|10| of 76 20 24 30.1175 | 30.405 29.992 413 1388 | 63.7 24.2 N.W. 16.2 4-8 | 10| of 67 25 30. 4635 30.552 30.340 212 1163 56.7 20.5 9-4 I-7 | 10] o O4 a6 30.0035 | 30.216 29.870 346 1887 | 76.2 | 32.8 26.3 fl 10.0|10| 10] 44 | 0.20 27 29.8907 | 29.926 49.852 074 1593 52.7 23.8 255 6.3] 10} of oo | Tnap 23 29.9123 | 29 952 29.864 088 1475 50.5 27.2 13.9 5.5|10| of 78 are 29 9.2 74 30 + + »+SUNDAY 30.0005 AoC) 274 1494 8 18.1 €.2 42 1.32 STW Seo5occ00007 06 5 el 19 Years means for 29.9464 | ....- 600 206 1680 66.52 Spon | {| eoonpe Boe 5-9 5r.3 | 1-59 6.7 | 2.26 |4and including this month, WIND RECORD. \ THERMOMETER. Diy. Mean.| Max. | Min. | Range. 44.8 30.0 34-5 12.2 28.5 | 20.4 45-5 19.7 42.4 24.0 27.8 11.9 34-0 | 19.7 60.8 | 34.0 By 30.7 458 || go Sur 31.7 55.8 | 35.6 60.8 40.5 44-3 31.8 3t. 27.7 39-0 | 31-9 42.9 | 27.3 45-6 32.2 40.8 | 27.0 48.6 27.3 47-7 33:4 48.7 34.0 SUNDAY....-.- FK51) sa000 50.4 36.2 46.4 29.4 44.6 92.5 44.3 | 21.0 42.2 36.4 50.8 39-9 53-5 | 34-8 54-9 | 37-4 45-0 29.0 19 Years means ae for and including 39.68 | 48.15 | 32.07 this month ..... ANALYSIS OF Direction. N. N.E. E. 8.E. Miles 1032 1086 513 3055 Duration in hrs. . 64 58 34 166 Mean velocity...| 16.1 18.7 15.1 18.4 s. | sw. | we | NW. 419 3522 1718 1679, 3r 171 103 93 13-5 20,6 16.7 18.5 Greatest mileage in one hour was 53 on the 8th. Greatest velocity in gusts 64 miles per hour, on the 8th. Resultant mileage 2855. Resultant direction, S. 43° W. Total mileage, 13,024. Ayerage velocity, 18.1 m. per hour, * Barometer readings reduced to sea-level and temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. § Observed. t Pressure of vapour in inches of mercary. t Humidity relative, saturation being 100. J 12 years only. The greatest heat was 60.8 on the 8th and 13th; the greatest cold was 11.9 onsthe 6th, giving a range of temperature of 48,{) degrees. Warmest day wasthe 13th. Coldest day was the 6th. High- est barometer reading was 30.580 on the 6th ; low- Maximum relative humid- Minimum rela range of 1,376 inches. ity as 97 on the Ist and 3rd tive humidity was 24 on the 20th. Rain fell on 12 days. Snow fell on 4 days, Rain or snow fell on 14 days. Auroras were observed on 3 nights. Lunar halo on 4nights. Lunar corona on the 26th. ‘est barometer was 29.204 on the Ist, giving a Very heayy thunderstorm on the 7th. THE GNA DIAN iRHCORD OD 3s) (Ole INC O18, VOT ee JULY, 1898: NOs ARE THE GREAT LAKES RETAINING THEIR ANCIENT LEVEL 2 \ By Staff Commander J. G. Boutton, R.N. (Read before the Association of Dominion Land Surveyors at Ottawa, 16th February, 1892, and now published for the first time.) This question is not easy to answer definitely, from past experience, because, as far as | am aware, there are no con- tinuous records of the movements of lake wators farther back than thirty years. During this period careful records have been kept, and the question would have been better put in this form: Are the great lakes likely to maintain the mean level of the last thirty years? Or it might be put thus: Have we any reason to fear that the lakes are being slowly but surely drained? I was led to make a few remarks on this subject because of the unprecedently low stage of water at the present time on all the lakes except- ing Lake Superior. I have’ no theory to propound as to the future movement of the lake waters. My object has been simply to collect and give the Association what in- formation I can upon the present and past condition of the inland seas, and invite opinions on the likelihood of their future movements. 29 aS es a ee * a GWE gC LE Timrein PA wie ele isle ayola eo oie Latour, Dr. C. H Lavallée, Rev. M.C..... Leacroft, J. W Lemoine, J. M Lee, Dr. J. C Macoun, Prof. J..... Sesb66 60050C Mars his plerofsdea Wis screleis: of Bohemia. * Dr.. Holm .devotes considerable. space to the geo- graphical distribution and vertical range af the different species of Hyolithes. Systematic ahd complete tables are given of the occur- rence of species in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Russia, Great Bri-, tain, Bohemia, Canada, United States and other countries. . Also a 1 Russia and the Ural Mtns, 1845, 2 Systéme Silurien de la Bohéme; Vol; ILI- : ; Pees, 3 Genera of Paleozoic Brachiopoda, Part I, 1892. Swedish Cambrian-Siberian H. and C. 439 list of all described Cambrian and Silurian (Upper and Lower) species, with synonyms. The total number of species of Hyolithus, including those of the Devonian, Cambrian nnd Permian, are stated by Holm at178. He gives a list of species-names suppressed as being synonyms or wrongly applied; also an historical outline of the literature of the genus in Sweden, aise an “Attempt at a Natural Grouping.” ' This scheme or table for a natural grouping, intended to: show the derivation and supposed genetic relations of the several sec- tions of Hyolithes will interest biologists. Dr. Holm finds that the only species outside of Scandinavia which can be used for a pur- pose of this kind are those of Bohemia and North America, others are few in number, or imperfectly described or based on defective material. The oldest forms known at.the base of the Cambrian show already |wo ‘stem forms,” viz., the two sub-genera of Hyo- lithes, which Dr. Holm recognises represented by several species ; hence he infers that tha Lower Cambrian Hyolithes of necessity must have sprung from some older, and to us unknown fauna. _ About sixty-three pages of the work are devoted to descriptions of the numerous Swedish s;ecies, most of which are herein for the first time described. CONULARIID As. The Conularias form a less important feature of this work than the Hyolithide, the species of the former genus being. somewhat scarce in Sweden, and the work not treating of any later species than those of Silurian aze. But the description of the group has been carried out with the same completeness and assiduous atten- tion to detail which marks the part relating to the Hyolithidee. Bohemia still stands forth as “ par excellence” the region of the Conularias, with twenty-four species, unearthed and described chiefly by the illustrious Barrande. Sweden presents sixteen species described chiefly by Holm and Lindstrém, while the United States has eighteen species, nearly half of which have been described by Jas. Hall. The only species known, older than the Lower Silurian, is one described by Walcott from the Upper Cam- brian. As with Hyolithes so in this genus Dr. Holm gives a tentative natural grouping of the species. He divides them as follows: 1. Leves. Shell smooth, only having growth lines, which appear as wrinkles. Segmental line indented. 2. Longitudinales. A preponderating sculpture of longitudinal elevated lines. Segmental line elevated. 3. Monilifere. Sculpture obliterated by cross threads beset with 440 Canadian Record of Science. tubercles, without any fine threa ds connecting the former, or of tubercles only, arranged in trans verse rows. 4. Cancellatx, Sculpture a lattice work of transverse coarse main ribs, always plainly and sharply bent at obtuse angles; also finer and lower small ribs connecting th e former. The forms are further classified under these general heads by more minute variations of sculpture, as in the case of the Hyo- lithidee, so that the whole scheme forms an excellent key to the identification of species. About sixteen pages of the work are devoted to the description of the Swedish species of Silurian (Upper and Lower) Conulariidee. TORELLELLID®. Gen. Torellella Holm. Under this heading is described two small slender organisms which Dr. Holm separates from Hyolithes, chiefly because the shell is composed of calcium phosphate (66 per cent.) He regards them as probably allied to the worms, One is from the Lower Cambrian the other from the Lower Silurian, and as regards the former he expresses surprise that no related species has been found in the Lower Cambrian of North America. It has been collected from the Lower Cambrian of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark. He suggests that Hyolithes elongatus Barr. and Coleoprion bohemi- cum Barr. and C. Sandbergeri Barr. may belong to this genus. Dr. Holm’s work is illustrated by six excellent plates showing in detail the characters of all the species treated of in his memoir, which is one of the series of works published by the Geological Survey of Sweden, and one of the most meritorious, in that it in- troduces order into the chaos of species heretofore passing under the name Hyolithes, Theca, &c. G. F. MATTHEW. Sky CLoupED | In TentTxHs. apes BS CPN iar = = |= james | ene | a yo-.o | 10 | Io 0.0 | Io | Io ~o.0 | 10 | 10 0.0 | 10 } Io to.0 | Io | Io | 8.8 | 10 3 | 4-3 | 10 fo) |7-5 |. 10 2 }2.5 Io oO ie) o {00} o |3.2 | 10 oO |\7.8 | 10] o 7-0 | 10 fo) lo.o | 10 | Io \p.0 | Io,| Io {0 Oo | I0 |] Io 7-8 | 10 ° 5 oO | Io ° 5 5 | 10 ° 7-7| 10 ° 19-0 | Io 5 BV 2)\|| LOU .0 |7 2] Io oO 6.7] 10| o Per cent. of Possible Sunshine. Rainfall in inches. | Snowfall in inches. » 9000000 res Ww 999000 le} B iS | Dees ts a0 DAY. ad 3 fa 0.15 1 0.47 2 9 03 3 ° 94 4 0.23 5 0.09 6 ate 7 -+ +.....,. SUNDAY 8 9 giao 10 Sao |p ous ove 12 O.or | 13 CO Ih) tigoudo SUNDAY 0.16 | 15 0.05 | 16 0.18 | 17 0.23} 18 0.04 | 19 O.Or 20 BH Sodeacic . SUNDAY ee 22 0.14 | 23 see | 24 O 31 | 25 aoe. ors) oO O7 27 o 11 | 28 .......... SUNDAY ono |) 2e) © og | 30 seq) |) SG 31530) |SUMSPeeacieeesetas ae s tg Years means for 2.89 | ¢and including this month, (23rd and ; h, giving a Warmest ith High- est barometer reading was 30.261 on the 8th ; low- est barometer was 29.245 on the 1/th, giving a Maximum relative humid- ity was 97 on the 2nd and 16th. Minimum rela- tive humidity was 23 on the 12th. range of 1.016 inches. Rain fell on 19 days. Auroras were Observed on 2 nights. Solar halo on the 9th Thunderstorm on 4 days. a MAY, 1898. ], 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. | ce eA ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF MAY, 1898. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal Cauada. Height above sea level, 187 feet. C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. DAY. Per cent. of Possible Sunshine. Rainfall in inches inches. Rain and snow melted. | Snowfall in . SUNDAY 14 ssa... SuNDAY BR oo c6ew . SUNDAY ik coorcaa .. SUNDAY 19 Years means for and including this month, Sky CroupEp| THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. WIND. Iy Tenrus ism — _— —___ —_ —] t+ Mean Meat D ————— a pres- relative ew M : - uD DAY. “ eureiof pum DOUIE General jyelocity}! = | =| « Meun.| Max. | Min. |Range.} Mean. | § Max. | § Min. | Range. . Me direction. jin miles} © | 5 |= perhour] = SiGe i t| 43-47| 48.9 | 410 | 27-9 | 30-1173] 30.210 | 29.070 1240 rea) || Gao 16.7 || yo.o | 10 | 10 2) 42.30] 456 | 39-7 5.9 29.9585 | 30.036 29.881 +145 2587 96.0 13.9 | j0.0| 10 | x0 3] 43-40) 49-4 | 38-4 11.0 | 29.9697 | 30.021 29 924 +097 2613 92-7 9-3 |] yo.0 | 10 | to 4| 40-52] 45.3 37-2 8.1 29.5512 | 29.895 29.368 527 2480 O1.7 299 fo.0 | 10 | 10 5} 42.12 | 47-7 34-9 12.8 29.5605 29.689 29.418 -271 2313 86.8 12.3 fo.o | 10 | 10 6} 43-53 | 48-7 38.2 0.5 } 29.8533 | 29.999 29 730 +269 2077 78.8 9-0 8.8} 10} 3 Sunpay.. ..... 7 Bowe 59-0 42.3 16.7 reodces || aoa0da || neanode 0008 900 138 p00 8| 53.33 | 62.8 | 45.6 | 17.2 ] 30-2175 | 30.261 30.178 .083 1872 ff 45-5 tor | 4.3] 10| 0 9| 58.78 | 68.0 | 47.5 | 20.5 } 30-1830] 30.252 30.121 2331 2063 || 42.3 193 | 7-5 | 10] 2 10 62.78 75.6 49.6 26,0 30.1200 30.146 30.094 +052 2540 45-0 29 4 2.5] 10} o t1| 68.40] 78.8 56.5 | 22.3 30.0313 29.970 +135 -3137 45-3 22.0 | 00/00) o 12| 71.02 | 34.4 56.3 28.1 29.8553 29-741 +253 3207 43-3 13-5 BE |) Ol} ©} 13] 60.45} 73-3 502 23.1 29.7365 227 3168 62 0° 22.4 7-8] 10] o SuNDAY. ......14 sevon || byt 2s 47-7 6.4 3 a > b 2 5 12.5 4 baal ies 15 | 52.00] 61.5 | 44.9 16,6 } 29.8018 +065 3462 89.2 81 7-0] 10] o 16] 51.70] 59-6 44-3 15.3 29.7072 +285 3612 92.8 13.7 1o.0 | 10 | 10 17| 55-65 | 63.5 51-5 ete) 29.3203 29.245 247 4013 89.7 15.9 f 1p.0 | 10,| 10 18 | 50.33 | 58-0 | 44.5 13.5 29.3632 29.287 244 3190 86.7 9-9 }} 100] 10 | 10 19 | 48.65] 56.7 | 42.5 | 14-2 29-7753 29.570 373 2508 71.8 16.8 7:8 | 10} © 20] 5) 45] 70-8 454 25 4 29.8033 29.727 302 2780 56.3 18.0 50] 10] o SUNDAY etre dels 200) | Wieetetets au | 75) 55 6 15.9 G e008 ag ee 295 noe |loood 22] 58.57] 710 50.2 25.8 29.7602 29.696 145 2845, 58 2 15.2 55|1t0| 0 23 | 65.37 | 84.8 54.6 30.2 29-4700 29.349 129 4068 65 5 18.9 7-7,| 10| 0 24 | 50.40] 57-5 | 442 13.3. | 29-9047 29.700 +283 2120 58.2 28.8 | 9.0] 10] 5 25 | 52.67} 67.5 44.0 | 23.5 29.8538 29.665 +340 2683 69.5 21.0 32]10] 0 26 | 50.65 | 60.2 | 39.8 | 20.4 | 30.0245 30.00r 1070 -21sa ff 58.5 13.8 | 72] 10| 0 27 | 52.20} 63.5 40.3 22.2 29.8655 29.637 435, =2647 69 0 10 3 6.7] 10] 0 SUNDAY........28 Seda 60.1 47-5 12.6 qaaasOw cconwe it) sosa05 © on Bae) 213 Hal ee Ieee 29 | 58.03} 71.5 47-0 24.5 61.7 13.4 30] 56.40} 70.8 47-3 23.5 14-2 11.7 31 | 62.23] 72-5 || 52.5 | 20.0 74.2 1218 +»Means} 53.87] 63-3 | 45.9 | 17-4 : 69.7 16.6 19 Years ing ae el | for and including} | 54 34| 63.57 | 45-37 | 18-20] 29.9327 5 167 2823 || 6 ‘ 2 this month .... : a serilliee oo 9 || 78 ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. * Barometer readings reduced to sey-leve[ and ha | temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. Directior i, || 82, || Ss | w. | mw. Orn S@RNeasct Miles ... ese] 672 2337 720 1347 445 3102 | 2755 943 { Pressure of vapour in inches of mergary. Durationin hrs .| 63 129 55 92 40 147 | 159 re 4 | ft Humidity relative, saturation being 100. 18.1 13.1 14.6 It.1 21.1 | 17.6 lsarere = 1 12 years only The greatest heat was 84.8 on the 23rd and ; Greatest mileage in one hour was 48 on the 23rd. Greatest velocity in gusts 60 miles per hour, on the 23rd. _ Resultant mileage 2522. liesultant direction, S. 65° W. Total mileage, 12,321. Average velocity, 16. 6m. per hour. the greates! cold was 34.9 on the 5th, giving a range of temperature of 49. degrees. Warmest day wasthe 12th. Coldest day was the4th High- est barometer reading was 30.261 on the 8th ; low- est barometer was 29.245 on the 17th, giving a range of 1.016 inches. Maximum relative humid- ity was 97 on the 2nd and 16th. Minimum rela- tive humidity was 23 on the 12th. Rain fell on 19 days- Auroras were observed on 2 nights. Solar halo on the 9th Thunderstorm on 4 days. Ez 18938. feet.C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent? eee z 2 lleedeh £ Bs 2285) SS 34 sae] as | 28 | zs i ~fo@2s ae EO iw DAY. S OES ears =| S & = Gem) a on ad =| = la (ae) G ‘a ==] 10 fe) 49 ae EA 1 I0 | 10 07 0.06 0.06 | 2 to | 5 14 0.68 ais 0.68 | 3 oe o7, 10235 sag6 (pests ||. 2) Sere ineleabtapers SUNDAY Fa\. 93 : Io | 7] oo 0.46 ee |zOs40) 1p O to | o 71 ie 0 ce 7 | 8 fo) 3 Oo afore 8 8 ° 84 50 9 IO 4 83 06 wae “10 sere ate 00 0.43 0 43] 11 ...... .. SUNDAY o] of 14 0.07 see | BOLO TAL aE2 fo of 77 Bets fees AeA (ikss | 2 ° 88 Sado eichare slave Xd iio: Oo gI svaleie A650 eaetets 15 wo | of 17 Inap S000 Inap | 16 i 6 35 0.32 Noda 0.32 117 be) fo) 85 0.08 ae OyNols} | |ist3 SC OHBAGE » SUNDAY 10 ° 69 0.06 he 0.06 | 19 7 o 85 fates wes ae 20 9 oO 88 eee eee ese 21 10 6 00 0.07 etefate 0.07 | 22 10 4 00 0.52 Goo 0.52 | 23 Io | 0 15 0.49 6 0.49 | 24 Sodh oo ||) So aOGC ‘ saa0 || BX Boooodoucs SUNDAY Io | 1° oo 0.40 bon © ||) ct) ||) 75 1o| 8 2 ae a see | 27 6| of 89 a Bini Aeeed ioe 8| 0 72 eee Soo \\ Ee) 6| of 96 Brelets é 6 30 3r a 50 4-99 Seats OM SUIS ee evavete . 2S reeset ee re 476 Canadian Record of Science. cooling vessels where the fluid, by remaining for some time before suffering further compression and consequent heating in the next cylinder, can part with some of its heat. Thus, by the action of the inter-coolers, the pressures against which the piston in the second and third cylinders have to act, are lower than they otherwise would be with a high temperature of final delivery into the mains. Any heat which the air entering the mains may possess above the temperature of the atmosphere will obviously be lost during the long journey to the distributing pipes and motors. The less heat, consequently, that is generated during the process of compression, the more economical in power that process will be. Every means for keeping the air cool that can with advantage be used, such as jacketing the cylinders with cold water, injecting water into the cylinders as a fine spray, and in the case of compound compressors the adop- tion of inter-coolers, is consequently resorted to. The air finally delivered by the compressor must, if it has been subjected to spray injection, before it passes into the mains, be deprived of all particles of water suspended amongst it. This is done by passing it through reservoirs containing baffle plates, which separate out the water particles from the air by the action of the surface film on the little drops, and by gravity. Air Mains.—The pipe for conveying the compressed air from the source of power to the locality where it is to be distributed is preferably as smooth in its interior as possible, If large enough to be a riveted structure, the heads of the rivets inside should be countersunk, so as to offer no pro- jections to increase the resistance. The joints which con- nect together successive lengths of pipe, must be flexible to some extent, so as to allow of the pipe line yielding to lateral movements of the earth which surrounds it. They must at the same time be and remain so tight that the loss of air by leakage is inappreciable. These conflicting conditions are perfectly capable of a satisfactory simultaneous fulfilment. In the mains of Paris, On Central- Station Power Supply. ATT which has a large pneumatic system of power distribution, the loss due to leakage was less than half a pound per square inch of the working pressure in one mile of main ; and the joints which produced these good results have been found satisfactory in every other respect. The loss of power due to friction in the pipes proved also unexpectedly small, as was shown in the experiments of Professors Riedler and Gutermuth. . Satisfactory results can certainly be obtained when the distance of transmission is as great as fifteen or even twenty miles. Distributing Pipes.—The same remarks regarding tight- ness and efficiency, when transmitting a supply of air under pressure, apply to the distribution pipes. And it should be further mentioned that the depth at which such pipes need be laid is much smaller than is required for water or gas mains. This is a very obvious advantage, especially in large cities. Motors and Pre-heaters—The pressure of the air in the distributing pipes is owing to friction and leakage, less than that at which it was delivered by the air-compressors. It ought, however, still to be higher than the greatest pressure to be used in any of the air motors of the system. The air has also lost ail superfluous heat above the temperature of the atmosphere it may have possessed on its entrance into the mains. The reader will perhaps remember that during the pro- cess of compression the air was unavoidably heated by the working pistons. He will then readily understand that during the process of expansion and abstraction of work from the compressed. air in the air motors a considerable fall of temperature will take place. So much is this the case that in many air motors working in mines the exhaust pipe becomes eventually choked up by the accumulations of frozen vapour in the escaping air. In the attempt to remedy this by heating the air before its entry into the cylinders of the motor, it has been found 478 Canadian Record of Science. that a higher degree of heating than is necessary merely to keep the exhausting air at atmopheric temperature is very conducive to economic working, as it can be effected at an insignificant cost. The pre-heaters used in Paris for this purpose are tiny little stoves, requiring an insensible amount of fuel and almost no attention. Notwithstanding this, the air delivered to motors, although at the same pressure, is 80 much increased in volume and temperature that all the losses due to leakage, friction and inefficiency of the operating machinery can be entirely wiped out at an additional expenditure almost infinitesimal, and without increasing the complexity or working diffi- culties of the system. . The air motors may be simply old steam engines, no alteration being necessary except the putting of them in good repair. lf the motors are specially designed for use with air, instead of steam, better results will, of course, be obtained ; and this is above all the case with the smallest sizes. For the larger sizes, however, a consumer who wishes to change from steam to air has only to discard his boiler, discharge his fireman, and couple his. steam pipe to the compressed air main. Turning to the commercial feasibility of a scheme for the supply of power by means of compressed air in a large in- dustrial centre, the author has estimated that a Centrat Station Power Supply Company could, in a city like Mont- real, supply to consumers, whether large or small, sufficient air to generate one horse power on their motor-brakes for $24.00 per annum; and secure at the same time 10 per cent. interest on their capital outlay. The price now paid for power by small cousumers ranges froin $60.00 to $120.00 per annum, and is never less than $50.00. Reference may now be made to many advantages, apart from the question of cost, which attend the adoption of the pneumatic system. In the first rank we may place the elimination of 95 per cent: of the smoke which now renders manufacturing centres a a A On Central-Station Power Supply. 479 so obnoxious from an esthetic point of view, and.of the dan- gers and responsibility attending the use of steam boilers by unskilled persons: these being done away with or re- moved from the more crowded parts of the city. The pos- sibility of running air motors in the centre of the city, where a supply of water for condensing or even feed is extremely expensive, is an obvious advantage. The extreme handiness of the working medium and its suitability for use by technically unskilled attendants may be adverted to. In this respect the air motor bears away the palm frem the electric motor, the gas engine, and even the much-enduring steam engine, all of which require a certain modicum of knowledge or experience. The repair also of such a machine requires only a knowledge of per- fectly well understood mechanical details. The use of the exhaust for either refrigeration, ventil- ation or even heating renders the rejected air a beneficial by-product instead of a nuisance, as the exhaust from a steam engine certainly is in summer. The suitability of compressed air for the working of lifts ought not to escape mention; a cheapening of the first cost by at least 10 per cent. and of running expenses at the rate of 75 over other systems can be easily attained. Tram cars worked by compressed air are now in use in Nantes, Brussels. Chester and other places; they have there proved both serviceable and economical, in spite of the fact that the power they use is generated in small compressing stations. A reservoir capacity with air at perfectly safe pressures can be obtained with an ordinary sized car to do a return journey of five miles without any intermediate charging station; and the consequent removal of a danger- ous overhead wire, such as is used on the electric trolly system, is not to be despised in a populous city. The difficulty of snow could be overcome by having a car devoted to clearing the tracks alone; but this will be pre- ferably effected by having a light overhead railroad, as the ruts in the streets caused by keeping a clean tramroad in 480 Canadian Record of Science. winter are extremely unpleasant, not to say dangerous, to occupants of vehicles. Other advantages of the adoption of a scheme for power distribution by means of air under pressure might be dis- cussed. Enough has been said, however, to warrant the assertion that the great technical advances recently made in this matter are sufficient to place the pneumatic system | in the forefront as a realizable scheme. The practical success it has met with in Paris, where 13,000 horse power are now at work, is an instance on a large scale of the possibility of the distribution of power by means of compressed air. THE WORLD’S GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS. By Henry M. Amz, M.A., DSc. As an auxiliary of the World’s Columbian Exposition, the World’s Geological Congress was held at Chicago during the week commencing Monday, the 21st of August, 1893. It had Leen thought desirable “ that there should be an exposition and comparison of the progress which the vari- ous countries have made in the delineation of their geolo- gical formations,” and, accordingly, the committee ap- pointed by the Congress Auxiliary to prepare a programme for the Geological Congress submitted the following themes for discussion and consideration : I. On geological progress. II. On cortinental growth and international relations. III. On paleontological and archeological geology. IV. On physical, structural and pettontaphica) geology. VY. Ou economic geology. VI. Miscellaneous, There was a fairly good representation of geologists from the United States and Canada; but very few Europeans were present, a circumstance much to be regretted. Yet these latter sent papers, which were read and formed an interesting part of the work in the sessions. The World’s Geological Congress. 481 The first three days of the Congress were devoted to geological work and papers by women, during which time the following papers were presented : Methods of Teaching Geology—Miss Mary Holmes, Ph.D., Rockford, Ill. Physical Geology—Miss Mary K. Andrews, Belfast, Ire. Chemical Geology—Miss Louise Foster, Boston, Mass. Granites of Massachusetts and their Origin—Mrs. Ella F. Boyd, Hyde Park, Mass. Artistic Geology—Mrs. 8. Maxon-Cobb, Boulder, Colo. TheGeology of Ogle County—Mrs. C. M. Winston, Chicago, The Fossils of the Upper Silurian—Mrs. Ada D, Davidson, Oberlin, Ohio. Crinoidea and Blastoidea of the Kinderhook Group as Found in the Quarries ncar Marshalltown, lowa—Jennie MeGowen, A.M., M.D., Davenport, Iowa. The Evolution of the Brachiopoda—Miss Agnes Crane, Brighton, England. The Mastodon in Northern Ohio; Post-Glacial or Pre- Glacial—Miss Ellen Smith, Painesville, Ohio. Paleontology—Miss Jane Donald, Carlisle, England. Glacial Markings—Miss Thompson, Newcastle, Kngland. On the 24th, 25th and 26th of August the Congress met in the Art Institute of Chicago, under the presidency of Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, Prof. J. Le Conte and Prof. James Hall, respectively. As representatives of Canada, Dr. Selwyn, director of the Geological Survey, Dr. Bell and Dr. Ami read papers at the Congress, all of which elicited interesting discussions. Be- sides these the following Canadian geologists registered . Dr. G. T. Kennedy, Nova Scotia, Messrs. N. J. Giroux, H. P. Brunnell, L. M. Lambe and E. D. Ingall, of the Geolo- gical Survey Staff. The following is a complete list of the other papers presented at the Congress, whose sessions were held in the morning in order to give the members an opportunity of visiting the fair grounds in the afternoons, special 482 — Canadian Record af Science. prominence being placed on the Mining Department build- ing. Thursday, August 24. The General Geology of Venezuela—Dr. Adolph Ernst, special delegate from Venezuela so the Columbian Hx- position. Pre-Cambrian Rocks of Wales—Dr. Henry Hicks, Lon- don, England. The Classification of the Rock Formations of Canada, with special reference to the Paleozoic Era—Dr. Henry M. Ami, Geological Survey of Canada. The Cordilleran Mesozoic Revolution—Dr. A. C. Lawson, University of California. The Oil Shales of the Scottish Carboniferous System— Henry M. Cadell, late of the Geological Survey, Scotland. The Pre-Paleozoic Floor in the Northwestern States— Prof. C. W. Hall, University of Minnesota. Distribution of Pre-Cambrian Volcanic Rocks along the Hastern Border of the United States and Canada—Prof.: George H. Williams, Johns Hopkins University. They were followed by a special discusston on the ques- tion: “Are there any Natural Geological Divisions of World-wide Extent ?” Introduced by Prof. J. Le Conte. Friday, August 25. Huronian versus Algonkian—Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, Geo- logical Survey of Canada. On the Migration of Material during the Metamorphism of Rock Masses—Alfred Harker, St. John’s College, Cam- bridge, England. Wave like Progress of an Epeirogenic Uplift—Warren Upham, Geological Survey of Minnesota. Zur Nereiten Frage—Dr H. B. Geinitz, Dresden. Genetic Classification of Geology—W. J. McGee, Bureau of Ethnology. Precious Stones and their Geological Occurrence—Dr. George F. Kunz. The World's Geological Congress. 483 The Extent and Lapse of Time Represented by Uncon- formities—Prof. C. R. Van Hise, U. S. Geological Survey. The Phylogeny of the Classes of Vertebrates—-Dr. O. Jaekel, Berlin, Germany. Restoration of Clidastes (illustrated )—Prof. 8. W. Willis- ton, University of Kansas. Special Discussion. ‘‘What are the Principles and Criteria to be Observed in the Restoration of Ancient Geographical Outlines ?’—by Dr. W. J. McGee. Saturday, August 26. Glacial Succession in the British Isles and Northern Europe—Dr. James Geikie, Geological Survey of Scotland, Glacial Succession in Sweden—Hjalmar Lundbohm, (eo- logical Survey of Sweden. Glacial Succession in Switzerland—Dr. Albrecht Heim, Zurich. The Succession of the Glacial Deposits of Canada—Dr. Robert Bell, Canadian Geological Survey. Glacial Succession in the United States—Dr. T. C. Cham- berlin, University of Chicago. Pleistocene Climatic Changes—Warren Upham, Geolo- gical Survey of Minnesota. Evidences of the Diversity of the Older Drift in North- western Ilinois—Frank Leverett, U.S. Geological Survey. The presence of the venerable Prof. Hall at the Congress was the signal for a hearty welcome ae tendered him as he entered the hall. In the discussion which followed the reading of Dr. Sel- wyn’s paper entitled “ Huronian versus Algonkian,” Prof. Van Hise stated that the term Algonkian was only a pro- visional one. Prof. T. C. Chamberlin advocated the use of the term Proterozoic in the place of Algonkian, inasmuch as the termination of the letters is not uniform with such terms as Paleozoic, Mesozoic, ete., to which the term Algonkian is alleged to be comparable. 484 Canadian Record of Science. Following the first special discussion on ‘‘ Natural Divi- sions in Geology of World-wide Extent,” Prof. H. S. Wil- liams pointed out the réle which the “cuboides zone” played in this respect, whilst Dr. Ami pointed out the world-wide extent of certain graptolitic zones and the rea- sons which probably led thereto. Dr. Le Conte considered at length the present Human Period. OBITUARY NOTICE. Dr. Joun Raz, F.RS., F.R.GS. In the death of Dr. John Rae, Canada and Natural Science have lost a warm friend, and the world loses one of the most active and energetic of geographical explorers. Dr. Rae was born at the Hall of Clestrain, Orkney Islands, on September 30th, 1813, and died at No. 4 Addison Gardens, London, on July 22nd, 1893, having nearly attained the age of 80 years. The following notice is from the Cana- dian Gazette : At the beginning of April last Dr. Rae was seized with a violent attack of influenza followed by congestion of the lungs, and although at times during the interval he seemed to be getting better, he never permanently recovered. Three weeks before his death his conditton seemed so greatly improved that arrangements were made for him to leave his bedroom for the first time since April, and Mrs. Rae had even gone so far as to contemplate his removal to’ the seaside. On July 13th, however, he had a sudden and severe relapse, though hopes were still entertained of his recovery when he passed away last Saturday. Up to the very last he was perfectly conscious, his robust physique seeming to defy even the ravages of time, and on the morning of his death he read through the whole account of the Bisley meeting, taking an especial interest in the doings of the Canadian team. The remains are to be conveyed to Kirkwall, Ork- ney, and will be interred in the cathedral burial ground by the side of those of his old friend and companion, Dr. Bakie, the African traveller. Dr. Rae was popularly known as the discoverer of Sir John Frank lin’s remains. He was born at the Hall of Clestrain, Orkney Islands, on September 30th, nearly eighty years ago. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, and in 1833 was appointed surgeon to the Hudson’s Bay Company’s vessel which annually visited Moose Factory on Hudson’s Bay. In June, 1846, he set out on his first voy- age of exploration on behalf of the same company, and so success- vl > ase ¢ oy Dr. John Rae. 485 fully was this accomplished that he was offered and accepted, in 1848, the place of second in command of the expedition under Sir John Richardson to search for Franklin. This expedition was un- successful, but in the spring of 1849 Dr. Rae was appointed to com- mand another search party to the Arctic coast. In order to utilize the time before navigation opened, he, accompanied by two men, made a journey along the shores of Wollaston Land, traversing over 1,100 miles, he himself dragging his sleigh. The average day’s jour- ney was about twenty-five miles, and the whole shore was minutely examined, including Victoria Strait, in which, as it afterwards ap- peared, Franklin’s ships had been abandoned. Continuing the exploration, he and his party, with the aid of snowshoes, marched continuously, at the rate of twenty-seven miles a day, to Fort Garry, now the city of Winnipeg. In about eight months they travelled 5,380 miles, 700 miles of which was newly discovered territory. For his services in this connection, and for the survey of 1847, Dr. Rae was awarded the Founder’s Gold Medal of the Royal Geograph- ical Society. There being still a considerable portion of the Arctic coast unexplored, Dr. Rae in 1853 took command of an expedition organized by the Hudson’s Bay Company to trace the west coast of Boothia, and, from information obtained from the Esquimaux, he succeeded then in placing beyond all doubt the fact that Franklin and his men had perished from exposure and hunger. On this occa- sion he purchased from the natives a number of relics of the ill-fated party. Returning to London in the latter part of 1855, he found that he was entitled to £10,000, which the Government had offered for the first news of Franklin, a fact unknown to him while conducting the expeditions. In 1860 Dr. Rae took the land part of a survey of a con- templated telegraph line to America via the Faroe Islands and Ice- land. Greenland was next visited, and in 1864 he took a leading part in a telegraph survey from Winnipeg across the prairie and through the Rocky Mountains. Subsequently some hundreds of miles of the most dangerous parts of Fraser River were run down in small dug- out canoes without a guide—a most perilous undertaking, but suc- cessiully accomplished. i But though Dr. Rae travelled much, and saw much of unknown parts, covering in his time some 1,500, if not 1,800 miles of previously ~ unexplored ground, he wrote little. His reports to the Royal Geo- graphical Society are on that account all the more valued, as are his short papers on the Hsquimaux and other subjects; and in 1850 he published a ‘*‘ Narrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea in 1846 and 1847.” He was a frequent and welcome attendant at the meetings of the Royal Geographical Society, where his record of travel, his genial manner, and graphic powers of description were often in request. During the latter years of his life he maintained a keen interest in coloniai matters. He was an active member of the Royal Colonial Institute, and with Sir Henry Tyler he represented Ontario on the executive of the Imperial Institute. As one of the 486 Canadian Record of Science. first directors of the Canada North-West Land Company, and as director of other commercial enterprises in Manitoba and British Columbia, he evinced his belief in the future of the new West, and that belief he was never slow to attest in his communications to the columns of this and other journals. Dr. Rae leaves no children. Mrs. Rae, to whom he was married in 1860, nursed her husband with devoted care during his long illness. her watch being shared py her sister, Miss Skeffinton Thompson, and they will have the sympathy of many friends in Canada and this country and of all who came into association with the deceased in his many activities, The following, relating more especially to the scientfic value of his labours, is from Nature : In 1845 his true career as an Arctic explorer began in his under- taking the leadership of a small expedition to explore a considerable extent of the coast line ef the Arctic Sea. In June, 1846, he set oul on this expedition from York Factory, coasted along the west side of Hudson Bay, and wintered on the shore of Repulse Bay. Harly in 1847 he made an extensive land journey to the north and west, with the result that 700 miles of new coast were surveyed, almost filling the gap between Ross’s work in Boothia and Parry’s at Fury and Hecla Strait. In 1859 Dr. Rae published an account of this ex- pedition in the form of a book of 250 pages. This was, curiously enough, his only permanent contribution to geographical literature, his subsequent journeys being recorded merely in formal reports published in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. After this journey Rae came to London, but was almost immediately in- duced to join the first land expedition sent to seek for Sir John Franklin, under the leadership of Sir John Richardson. The expe- dition was unsuccessful as to its primary purpose of finding traces of Franklin, but it effected a satisfactory survey of the whole coast between the Mackenzie and Coppermine rivers. In 1851 Rae re- ceived the command of another boat expedition for the Hudson Bay Company, in the course of which he thoroughly explored and mapped the south coast of Wollaston Land and Victoria Land, still search- ing vainly for traces of Franklin’s party. On his return from this arduous undertaking, which he conducted throughout with con- spicuous daring and sagacity, he had to travel on snowshoes, and himself dragging a sledge, across the whole breadth of Canada from the Arctic Sea, through Fort Garry (now Winnipeg) until he reached United States territory. His total walking on this expedition was 5,000 miles, of which 700 miles were traversed for the first time. On returning to England in 1852 the gold medal of the Royal Geograph- ical Society was presented to him by Sir Roderick Murchison, in a speech the cordial terms of which showed how fully Dr. Rae’s genius for Arctic travel with the minimum of equipment and an infinitesi mal expense was appreciated by the highest authorities, In no wise Dr. John Rae. 487 deterred by the hardships of his earlier campaigns, Rae left England early in 1853 to continue his work in the far north ; the Hudson Bay Company equipping an expedition on condition that he would lead it © personally. He completed the survey of King William’s Land on this occasion, proving it to be an island ; 1,100 miles of sledging were accompiished in the process, of which 400 miles were new discovery. But the really important result of this expedition was Dr. Rae’s meeting with the first evidence of Sir John’s Franklin’s fate, from the story of a party of wandering Eskimo. The tribe encountered were in possession of many personal relics of members of that ill- fated expedition, which Rae secured and brought home. When he returned to England with the news so long searched for and so anxiously awaited, the Admiralty, which had spent large sums in fitting out successive expeditions, concluded that the fate of Frank- lin was decided beyond a doubt, and accordingly awarded to Dr. Rae the sum of £10,000 offered by Government to the first who- brought back decisive information. The justice of this award was at the time strongly objected to by Lady Franklin, and, although no further action was taken by Government, she continued to organize private expeditions, which, while proving in effect the correctness of Dr. Rae’s information from the Eskimo, served in no small degree to advance the geographical survey of the polar area. In all his expeditions Dr. Rae made collections of characteristic plants and animals as well as physical and meteorological observa- tions. The material, described. by other workers, went to swell the sum of our knowledge of the general conditions of climate and life in the Arctic basin. In 1860 and subsequent years Dr. Rae made a series of intaresting journeys in Iceland, Greenland and North America with the object of exploring and arranging routes for telegraph lines. His later years were spent in this country, where he made himself conspicu- ous by his zeal in forwarding the volunteer movement, being him- seif an excellent shot. The feeling which grew upon him to a pain- ful extent as he became older, that his brilliant explorations were not adequately recognized and acknowledged on the Admiralty charts, unfortunately somewhat embittered his last years. But to the end he took the keenest interest in Arctic travel, and was ever ready to take part in discussions bearing on the region in which he lived so long and suffered so much. He was a regular attendant at meetings of the Royal Geographical Society and Colonial Institute, and for many years attended the gatherings of the British Associa- tion. 488 Canadian Record of Science. Notices of Books AND PAPERS. “THE FosstL INsEcts oF NORTH AMERICA, VOLS. I AND II, BY Pror. S. H. ScuppER ; MAcMILLANn & Co., New.YorxK, 1890,” WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CANADIAN SPECIMENS. Having had oceasion to look into Prof. Scudder’s recent monograph of ‘‘The Fossil Insects of North America‘’ it has occurred to me that for students of Canadian geology, it might not be uninteresting to write a few notes on that part of this admirable work which affects them more particularly, and give a condensed list of the forms therein described with a view of ascertaining what has been done to date. VOLUME I. The first paper or portion of this volume which refers to Canadian insects, is one entitled: ‘‘On the Carboniferous Myriapods pre- served in the Sigillarian stumps of Nova Scotia,’ with supplement- ary page and cut, pp. 21—31. Full descriptions of the following species are therein given :— MYRIAPODA. 1. Xylobius sigillarize, Dawson. 2 ef similis, Scudder. oh Sf fractus, Scudder, 4 a Dawsoni, Scudder. 5. Archiulus xylobioides, Scudder. Then comes the chapter on *“‘The Devonian Insects of New Brunswick,” with a note by Sir William Dawson, pp. 154-194; and elaborate descriptions of six species from the Devonian rocks of New Brunswick, as follows: ; 1. Platephemera antiqua, Scudder. Gerephemera simplex, Scudder. Dyscritus vetustus, Scudder. Lithentomum Harttii, Scudder. Xenoneura antiquorum, Scudder. Homothetus fossilis, Scudder. Oe wb These belong to the family of the Ephemeridé, whose structure and affinities are discussed at great length, whilst a summary of facts regarding fossil insects is given, which may well be presented here in a condensed form :— Prof. Scudder’s conclusions regarding early fossil insects are these :— (1.) *“‘ That the general type of wing structure has remained un- altered from the earliest times. (2.) These earliest insects were Hexapoda. (3.) They were all lower Heterometabola, Scudder’s Fossil Insects of North America. 489 (4.) Nearly all are synthetic types of a comparatively narrow range. (5.) Nearly all bear marks of affinity to the Carboniferous paleo- ictyoptera. (6.) On the other hand, they are often of more and not less com- licated structure than most paleeodictoptera. (7.) With one exception, they bear little special relation to Car- beniferous forms, having a distinct facies of their own. (8.) The Devonain insects were of great size, had membranous wings and were probably aquatic in early life. (9.) Some of the Devonian insects are evidently precursors of existing forms while others seem to have left no trace. (10.) They show a remarkable variety of structure indicating an abundance of insect life at that epoch. (11.) The Devonian insects also differ remarkably from all other known types, ancient or modern ; and some of them appear to be even more complicated than their nearest living allies. (12.) We appear, therefore, to be no nearer the beginning of things in the Devonian epoch, than in the carboniferous so far as -either greater unity or simplicity of structure is concerned. (13.) Finally, where there are some forms which tosome degree bear out the general derivative hypothesis of structural development, there are quite as many which are altogether unexpected, and can- not be explained by that theory, without involving suppositions for which no facts can at present be adduced.” Sir William Dawson’s note is entitled : ‘‘ Note on the Geological relations of the Fossil Insects from the Devonian of New Bruns- wick,” in which a section of the rocks taken at the ‘‘ Fern ledges” is presented and no less than eight * plant-beds” are enumerated and the various forms found in each recorded—the total thickness of the beds embraced in this section ‘‘ being” 440 feet, 11 inches. FosstL COCKROACHES. Then comes ‘‘ The species of Mylacris, a Carboniferous genus of Cockroaches” with reference to a form described from the coal measure of Sydney, Cape Breton under the following designation :— 1. Mylaeris Bretonense, Scudder. The other paleeozoic cock- roaches known from Canadian rocks were described by the same author in a preceding chapter, viz : ‘‘ Paleeozoic cockroaches, a com- plete revision of the species of both worlds, with an essay toward their classification.” These are described in the monograph, pp. 43-154, and are from the Acadian coal field. They include Sydney, Cape Breton, 1. Mylacris Bretonense, Scudder. 2 oy Heeri, Scudder. 3. Petroblattina sepulta, Scudder. 6 3 490 Canadian Record of Science. Pictou. Nova Scotia, 4. Archimylacris Acadicum, Scudder, from the ‘‘ shale overlying roof of main coal seam,” East River, Pictou. In another chapter on ‘“‘ The earliest winged Insects of America,” Prof. Scudder gives to the scientific public the result of his ‘ re- examination of the Devonian Insects of New Brunswick, in the light of criticisms and of new studies on other paleeozoic types,” pp. 275—282. ; Gerephemera is here referred to the order Protophasmida and Homothetus is taken from the order Odonata, whilst the relations of the Devonian forms to Carboniferous more akin than at first supposed are given. The criticisms made by Dr. Hagen on Prof. Seudder’s works and writings are here treated in the kindly spirit of searching for light and finding it. VOLUME II. Volume II contains notes on and descriptions of the Tertiary insects of North America, and it is of special interest to students of Canadian Geology and Paleontology, inasmuch as it throws much light upon the structure and affinities of fossil specimens from two principal horizons in the stratigraphical- sequence, viz.: (1) the Miocene rocks of British Columbia, and (2) the Interglacial beds of Searboro, in the Province of Ontario. In this volume no less than sixty-seven Canadian species of insects are described in full and figured. They belong to the orders Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera, which are here appended in tabular form, so as to make them easy for reference. Notes on the localities where these fossil insects are found are here inserted from the large monographs, and will no doubt prove interesting. These writings of Prof. Scudder will shortly be sup- plemented by description and figures of fossil insects from British Columbia, and from the Leda clay of Green’s Creek, near Ottawa. “The discovery of the different localities for fossil insects in British Columbia by the Geological Survey of Canada, has been due entirely to the investigations of Dr. George M. Dawson. On the left bank of the Fraser River, at the town of Quesnel, he discovered a Series of clays, sands and gravels, their upturned edges covered by the valley deposits, in one of which series (a stratum of fire clay éight or nine inches thick) insects and plants were found, the beds being exposed on the river bank at a low stage of the water. Nearly twenty species of plants were met with, mostly of apetalous families, in the neighborhood of the Cupuliferze, such as the beech, walnut, oak, birch and poplar, and a considerable number of insects. Such of these as are included in the present report consist of twenty-five species, nearly all Hymenoptera and Diptera, and especially the latter, and, what is very unusual, only a single beetle. Sir William Dawson, who determined the plants, regarded them as to a gorat Scudder’s Fossil Insects of North America. 491 extent identical with those from the Miocene of Alaska, but adds: ‘““ Whether the age of these beds is Miocene, or somewhat older, may, however admit of doubt.” Apart from an uncharacteristic egg cocoon ofa spider, none of the insect remains can be regarded as identical with any found elsewhere. The other localities at which remains of insects have been found, though in smaller numbers, lie at no great distance apart to the south of Quesnel, and south of the Canadian Pacific Railway, near our own border. One of these localities is upon the Nicola River, two miles above its junction with the Coldwater, at the base of a series of beds containing coal. Another is on the north fork of the Similkameen River, three miles from its mouth; the beds here, on the bank of the river, “‘ include a layer of lignite about a foot thick, which rests on black, rather earthy, carbonaceous clays, and is over- lain by fifteen feet or more of very thinly bedded, almost paper like, yellow gray siliceous shales,” which contain plants and insects. The third is on Nine Mile Creek, flowing into Whipsaw Creek, a tributary of the Similkameen, where a small section of hard, laminated clays occurs with layers of softer arenaceous clays : Seven Species were obtained from the first named locality, five from second and four from the third. The Nicola locality is remarkable for yielding only Coleoptera and one of Hemiptera; while the Similkameen locality like Quesnel, affords us Hymenoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera—three species of the last—but no Coleoptera. There can be no doubt, Dr. Dawson informed me, “‘ that the specimens from the North Similkameen and Nine Mile Creek represent de- posits in different portions of a single lake. A silicifying spring probably thermal, must, however have entered the lake near the first named place, as evidenced by the character of some of the beds, in which fragments of plants, with a few fresh water shells, have been preserved.” The insects of each locality are specifically distinct from those of any of the others. As to their age, Dr. Dawson, the only geologist who has studied them, remarks that we shall ‘‘ probably err little in continuing to call the Tertiary deposits of the interior as a whole Miocene, and in corelating them with the beds attributed to the same period to the southward, in the basin lying east of the Sierra Nevada.” FOSSIL INSECTS FROM ONTARIO. *“Tnthe vicinity of Toronto and along the shore of Lake Ontario, Mr. George J. Hinde has discovered vegetable and animal remains in thin seams in clay beds which he regards as interglacial, lying as they do upon a morainic till of a special character and overlain by till of a another and quite distinct kind. His account of the locality and the reasons for his conclusions have been given by him in full.! 1 Canadian Journal, New Series, vol. xv; 1887, pp 338-413. oc see. 492 Canadian Record of Science. ‘* Among the material found by him was a considerable number of the elytra and other parts of beetles, an assemblage indeed larger than had ever been found in such a deposit in any part of the world. and they are mostly in excellent condition. Twenty-nine species have been obtained, some of them in considerable numbers. Five families and fifteen genera are represented ; they are largely Cara- bide, there being six or seven species each of Platynus and Ptero- stichus and species also of Patrobus, Bembidium, Loricera and Elaphrus. The next family of importance is the Staphylinide, of which there are five genera, Geodromicus, Arpedium, Bledius, Oxyporus, and Lathrobium, each witha single species. The Hydro- philide are represented by Hydrochus and Helophorus each with one species ; and the Chrysomelide by two species of Donacia. Finally, a species of Scolytide must have made certain borings under the bark of juniper. Most of these are described and figured in the present volume. Looking at them as a whole, and noting the dis- tribution of the species to which they seem to be most nearly re- lated, they are plainly indigenous to the soil, but would perhaps be thought to have come from a somewhat more northern locality than that in which they are found; not one of them can be referred to existing species, but the nearest allies of not afew of them are to be sought in the Lake Superior and Hudson Bay region, while the larger part are inhabitants of Canada and the Northern United States, or in the general district in which the deposit occurs. In no single instance were any special affinities found with any character- istically southern forms, though several are most nearly allied to species found there as well as in the north. A few seem to be most nearly related to Pacific forms, such as the Elaphrus and one each of the species of Platynus and Pterostichus. On the whole, the fauna has a boreal aspect, thought by no means so decidedly boreal as one would anticipate under the circumstances.” : Table giving list of Fossil Insects from Canada, described by Prof. S. H. Scudder, in his work, ‘“ The Fossil Insects of North Am- erica,” 1890 : Name. Locality. Formation .| Collector, ete. HEMIPTERA. e HoMoPTeErEa. - Geranchon petrorum, Scudd.|Quesnel, B. C...... Miocene. |G. M. Dawson. Sbenaphis Quesneli, Ssudd CST ake ete ee OU a se : Planophlebia gigantea, Scudd|Similkameen Riv., BUG ia). . Celidia Columbiana, Seudd.. Similkameen Rly., on fm wre . Cercopis Selwyni, Scudd..... Nine, Mite Creek, HETEROPTERA. 6. Telmatrechus stali, Scudd...|N. F, Similkameen ., B. C.-........|Miocone. ..|G. M. Dawsor. 7. Telcoschistus antiquus,Scudd'Quesnel, B. C...... i ue Peete. Scudder’s Fossil Insects of North America. 493 Name. | Locality. Formation.} Collector, ete. COLEOPTERA. | Scolytide. | 8. Hylastes ? squalideus, Scudd. Interglaci’l/G. J. Hinde. Tenebrionide. Chrysomelidx. 10. Galerucella picea, Scudd 11. Donacia stiria, Seudd 12. Donacia pompatica, Secudd. Scarabxediz - 13. Trox oustaleti, Seudd........ Buprestide. 14. Buprestis tertiaria, Scudd.... 15. Buprestis saxigena, Scudd. . 16. Buprestis sepulta, Seuda....| Elateride. 17. Cryptohypyus ? terrestris, Seudd.. 18. Cryptophynus ? planatus, Le Coute 19. Hlateridz ? sp.-.--.7........ Nitidulide. 20. Prometopia depilis, Seudd. Staphylinide. 21. Bledius glaciatus, Scudd 22. Oxyporus stiriacus, Scudd... 23. Lathrobium interglaciale, Scudd Hudrophilide. 24. Cercyon ? terrigena, Scudd.. 25. Hydrochus amictus, Scudd.. 26. Helophorus rigescens, Scudd. Casabide. 27. Platynus easus, Scudd....-... 28. Platynus Hindei, Scadd. .... 29. Platynus Halli, Scudd 30. Platynus dissipatus, Scudd. 31. Platynus desuctus, Seudd.... 32. Platynus Harttii, Seudd*.... 33. Pterostichus abrogatus,Scudd 34. Pterostichus dormitaus,Scudd 35. Pterostichus. destitutus, cudd.. Pterostichus fractus, Scudd.. Pterostichus destructus, cudd Pterostichus gelidus, Seudd.. Patrobus gelatus, Scudd..... 33. 37. 38. 39. |Scarboro, Onteeeese Nine Mile Creek, ie BaG eae \Searboro, Ont...... Nicola R., BCax: v3 Nicola R., B.C ... “ ‘e Quesnel, B. C.?.... tse eee Nicola R-, Bo Cz... Searboro, Ont wee ‘ec eee eee -|Miocene .. ) Interglaci’l G. J. Hinde. Miocene Bon Miocene A ‘ ‘ce Miocene -.. “ec “ee Miocene,.- Miocene. .. G. M. Dawson. G. M. Dawson. | ... |G. M. Dawson. ai ((E M.. Dawson. “ce G. M. Dawson. “ec f¢ G. M. Dawson. Interglaci’l G. J. Hinde. 6 Miocene. ..1Gs% M. Dawson. Interglaci’l Gooe Hinde. Interglaci’l G. J. Hinde. ac “ec 6. se sé 494 48, 49, 50. 66. 67. . Sciara deperdita, Scudd . Trichonta Dawsoni, - Brachypeza abita, Scudd.... . Brachypeza procera, Scudd.. . Boletina sepulta, Scudd...... - Bracon; sp Canadian Record of Science. Name. Locality. Formation. Collector, ete. - Bembidium glaciatum, Sendd . Bembidium fragmentum, cudd.. - Nebria paleomelas, Seudd... . Loricera? glacialis.Scudd . - Lorieera? lutosa, Seudd . Hlaphrus irregularis, Seudd DIPTERA. Loncheide. - Lonchea senescens, Scudd... . Palloptera morticina, Scudd. Ortalide. Lithortalis picta, Scudd..... Sciomyzide. Sciomyza revelata, Seudd ... Helomyzide. Heteromyza senilis, Scudd. . Anthomyide. . Anthomyia inanimata, Scudd . Anthomyia Burgessi, Seudd.. Asilide. ASIN Ge SPesismiietsics ty cle cress Bibtonide. . Plecia Similkamena, Scudd. Mycetophilide - Scudd... HYMENOPTERA. Braconide. . Calyptites antediluvianum, Scudd eee eee eee ee Iehneumonide. . Pimpla saxea, Seudd. ....... Pimpla senecta, Scudd. ..... : Pimpla decissa, Scudd. ..... Myrmicide. . Aphzenogaster longeva,Scudd Formicidse Hypoclinea obliterata, Scudd ormica arcana, Scudd. Ottawa, 1893. oe Nicola R., B.C..... Scarboro, Onteeree be Quesnel, B. € Quesnel, B. C Y Quesnel, B. C Quesnel, B. C Quesnel, B. C oy a \Wnsodgao ado lay oy 2. sewer deeece OG eeooa- Quesnel, B.C wpececr Quesnel, BO anne Quesnel, B. C Quesnel, BS Crawcetts |Miocene ... sé 66 “cc Miocene ... Intergraci’l a 6 Miocene... Miocene... |Miocene ... Miocene Do9 Miocene... oft Miocene 50 [7 Miocene aon i ce oe is Miocene i Miocene. oe “e Miocene... Miocene .. *¢ AG. G. ; M. Dawson. . M. Dawson. . M. Dawson. . M. Dawson. 3 M. Dawson. c 5 M. Dawson. . M. Dawson. ee . M. Dawson. te ; M. Dawson. “ M. Dawson. - M. Dawsen ‘ H. M.. Amr. A Text Book of Botany. 495 GUIDE TO THE STuDY OF COMMON PLANTS; AN INTRODUCTION TO BoTaANyY; BY VOLNEY M. SPAULDING, Boston. D. C. HEATH & Co., 1893. 8vo., pp. 246. When all the attendant conditions are fully considered, the ques tion as to how modern botany may be taught in the best way, is one which does not admit of ready solution in such a manner as to meet the requirements of even the majority of cases, yet there seems to be a fairly general agreement upon one point, and that is laboratory work—a living, practical acquaintance with the object to be studi- ed—must in the future more completly replace the old text book ~ methods. The little book before us has methods from a recognition of these facts, and an attempt on the part of the author to outline what, to him, appears to be a desirable method of proceedure for students who are pursuing a high school course, or a course preparatory to the university or college. A chapter of advice to the student contains many hints to the student, which are beth opportune and valuable, while upon the teacher is impressed the idea that for the proper study of modern botany, the subject must be pursued from a practical point of view and with plenty of simple laboratory appliances. And here the author gives the real way to the discipline of students, whom he shows that to get a pupil thoroughly interested in an important line of work, where hands, eyes and all the faculties are fully en- gaged, is to secure a discipline that can be attained in no other way—a result which alone more than compensates for the expense “of equipment. The subject matter of the book deals with the plant from the standpoint of its life history—the idea of development being the leading one. The absence of illustrations is to be regretted, but notwithstanding this, itis likely to prove a useful manual in the hands of a competent teacher. If it accomplishes no other object than to give an impetus to the establishment of laboratories for elementary biological work in our various schools, it will have done well. The fact that it was written in response to inquiries from teachers preparing pupils for university examinations is significant. DP es BovraANICAL LABORATORY, McGill University, Oct. 1893. A READER IN Botany. PARTII. FLOWER AND FRUIT. SELECTED AND ADAPTED FROM WELL KNOWN AUTHORS BY JANE H. NEWELL, Boston. Giun & Co., 1893. 8vo., pp. 179. Int. The structure of the flower and its many remarkable adaptations fo the visitation of insects, and the purposes of cross fertilization, is a subject that has always been invested with special interest for 496 Canadian Record of Science. the amateur as well as for the professional botanist, and nowhere has the subject been presented in a more attractive form, than in the charming little volume from the pen of Miss Newell, who, ina well arranged summary, gives some of the more important results reached by well known investigators. The book lays no claim to originality, yet it is evident from the context, that the authoress has herself been a close observer of many of the phenomena she deals with, and therefore she speaks of things of which she has personal knowledge. The excellence of the illustrations adds much to the attractive manner in which the facts are presented. For those who have not the time or opportunity to gain a more extensive acquaintance with the subject, this little book will prove a most useful and reliable guide to some of the most remarkable of Nature’s processes. DE ae BoTANICAL LABORATORY, McGill University, Oct. 1893. INDEX. ApAMs, (FRANK D.) Ph. D. :— Erosion in the Desert of the Little Colorado...........6. Ami, (H. M.), M.A., D.Se. :— Descriptions of some new Species of Fossils from the Cam- bro-Silurian Rocks of the Province of Quebec.........-.. 96 Heal -combholooi cal WNOLES fcc s-daclels cinonsie ccc eee cae sens ete eee OS: MineswWiticaLerranenn: Camadiaicn.4. <1 cic tes oe ee 166, 234 The World’s Geolozical Congress... me Uae Bosco () Book Notice. Scudder’s Fossil Thsects oF Nortli America. 488 Bett, (Ropert), B.A.Se., LL.D. :— Alexander Murray., Memoir... <..2-.2.........- eee Riess UG Boutton, (ComMANDER J. G.) :— Are the Great Lakes retaining their Ancient Level ?....... 381 CaMPBBLL, (Rozertr), M.A., D.D. :— Supplemental Notes on the Flora of ee Spey lc 38 The iora of Montreal Island.. er SEE Se cncs (7A: Changes in the Flora of Montroal islands 294 Car yp, (W.A.) M. A., Se. :— Manganese, its uses, Ores and Deposits...... 65 A Visit to Lake Superior Mines 286. Notes of.a Great Silver; Camp... . 9 2....0.04.... 525. ee 403: CHAPMAN, (FREDERICK ReEvANs) :— Notes on the oe of the Fur-Seal in the Southern Seas . eee EON a Paige att mts 446. CoLEMAN, ( A P. ) Ph. D.: — Some Laurentian Rocks of the Thousand Islands........ 127 The Rocks of Clear Lake, near Sudbury......- 343. Dawson, (Sir J. W.):— The late Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt... Pa set ee Bas The late Dr. eee ee soanencSneae Mego smcn irae se Stun eres 340: Geological Notes. . dpe Sees 386 AOS aes Canadian Recora of Science. ae Derick, (ARRIE M.), B.A. :— See Mhe Polk-Lore of Plants.<.:.00-¢:--2-2.-50 5 . Niet Sis 2 aa Donatp, (J. T.), M.A. :— i a Note on Magnesite from near Black Lake, P. Q......... Sag RT Seana The Waters of Two Artesian Wells in the Eastern part of BER % the City of Montreal,-......-...... OAC n asec sc A 2 137 | Some Misconceptions concerning Asbestos .--...-....0:..-. 329 _ Drummonp, (A. T.):— Some Lake and River Temperatures......-- Pre. 1S ae The Physical Features of the Environs of romanian, Ont 1LOSte The Colours of Flowers in relation to Time of Flowering.. ee lOS Ses Memphremagog, a Cold Water Lake. ...............--.-.:28 — 351 a4 Some Notes on the Ridean Canal; thecSources of ifs: Waters ane ee ena Supply; and: its: Barly Jbistorys...)2 0-2-0 ok). ee) : Eis, (J. B.), and Dearnuss, (J.) :— . New Szecies of Canadian Fungiz::... .-.- 1.2. :...:5..5-- ee 200 a ue Goopwin, (PRoressor W. 8.) :— The Water Supply of the City of Kingston, Ont.............. Notes on an Old Indian Encampment....,....---- weer Notes from the Laboratory, Queen’s University.............. Reclaiming Bog in Westmoreland County, New Brunswick Hausen, (J. F.) :— List of Coleoptera collected in the vicinity of St. Jerome, IPAQ) tins sisted spobtio se cda lets cla ee che eden st oce meee. pace een Hemmacker, (R,) :— Discovery of Platinum in Place i in the Ural Mountains... i INGALL, (Eurric Drew), :-— On the Cherts and Dolomites of the Tegan a Thunder Bay, Lake Superior....-...- eee -Girae egusiv's's Sys eaeaee Jack, (Rogsrr L.) :— ; ; Sich The Tin Deposits in Queensland... 0.2. 2c. see eas ueseee Jounston, (Wyatt), M.D. :— : On the Collection of Samples of Water for Bacteriological ISOS ORABIOD Hho oie onpcison wal Neil sascak ec aeitels 6. ate aa eae (J. M.), F.R.S.C. :— ; tas ay The Birds of Quebec..5-0.-.e 0.04520 vse ees cqereess eciet The Nickel Deposits of Scandinavia..............32. Index. 499 PAGE. Marruew, (A. F.), M.A., F.R.S.C. :-— Notes on (Camiorian rons: Mopelstateieicsis cinparars steleietsleteiare ELAR AZ, Trematobolus. (An Articulate Bracivonos of the eee Cullater@nder irc latscte -ucis) lorena eeascevsle «sass Wanelareleuara stare mie MeOrG Is the Fauna called “ Primordeal” the most Ancient MAUNA eee lse eee Ss Si Vac UaUR REL AL Sa ne LE SCO a 348 On some New eae: eries. in tine Cambrian Beds of Sweden.. SAL Tray MER aN Fede DR TC 351 “Swedish-C sue ian Neate ae siihiae. and ( Ceaiae: CI OA REE ae Ne ple vice eal Aaa UN en GA EoD AIAN Ty ha ea AOAC 433 MclLacuian, (R. W.) Delegate to the Royal Society. Report..................... 297 McLeop, (Prorgssor C. H.) ecemtyAunonale Disp layiSee. set ereiieencs opaie.ch tarsi eee ne seals The Determination of Longitude...................... 393 MicroscoricaL Socrery :— ROCC GOINGS cee) ve voa rie see eiaiaieaee eos c Os LAN OOo SiiTaol .NaturaL History Socinry :— Proceedings........-.-- veieiees sah OA LOO) LOO ea OMa ai Anes? Do aan Presidential Address. - 184 Do Annual Meeting (May 30th 1892)... : 191 Do Annual;Field Day (June 4th, 1892).......... 201 Do Do oe ard, Sar Hee MAD Do List of the Members.. Tenis Sess a) LIAS Notices of Books and Papers..65, 142, 2 me 11, Bley 379, 33, 488, et SOQ ve ccce cee ees core 1 ewes cers cece eevee Ain bAsobONtiooReS Nicorson, (Proressor J. T.,) B.Se., (Edin.):— On the Political and Economic Significance of the Small Ihachosinamas,, Goo odéeseca0d cos Map ancpete Rees .. 364, 472 Opituary Novice :— Dr. John Rae. F.R.S., F.R.G.S..... PER Ser tape R RE DING Nal (alert Me a 484 Oswa pb, (W. A.) :— The European House.Sparrow... 163 PBHNHALLOW, (PRoFEsSoR D. P.) :— Additional Notes on Devonian Plants from Scotland..... il The Experimental Farms of Canada....... Petes 119) Book Notices.... 494 Voart, (Prorrssor’J. H. L.) :— ee Grails 2 500 Canadian Record of Science. PAGE. Wuitsaves, (J. F.) €.R.S.C. :— Description of a New Genus and Species of Phylicener Crustacea from the Middle Cambrian of Mount Stephen, Bic.: bieyaye) are eizcis aveaiaileretieetetelio 205 Notes on cae. eon of the Trenton Limestone of Manitoba; sete sti. s6-35oschs as ito sie oe Spee a eee 317 Descriptions of two new Species of Ammonites from the Cretaceous Rocks of the Queen Charlotte Islands...... 44] Wosny, (A. F.):— ARMM Orn Bly 25/,aercnalets elniene's e[efate dere ceils ta 2 ee ee 272 Wihite Variety. of Fireweed.-<. cs). scien lle ee 300 Woop, (Hxrvert R.) :-— MreGabineteAntaclinalescrieiente eee eee ene 261 WAHENG ie ones 1, 187 feet.C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. ~ 3KY CLOUDED f S In Tentus. [3 , s| 8 ss iS | Pon Hes en ee apse | Bia) aS eo a2 | ¢ |a/ 2/885) ge | Ss | as DAY. | S | S|. [aaa] a7 of | a8 Ss |2/2 fh a D ‘3 [a= | 6.2 | 10 | o 67 90 1 Sui: See 83 sforelotl BL 2uretaioctersioe SUNDay go]1I0} 2 II 0.26 0.269 3 7.7) 10) | 48 50; 0.23 aN) ORE ane g.2 | 10 5 00 0.24 0.24 5 Te Si |e OueOn mi Q7, 86 50 0 3.7 8 ° 67 dnd G) 8.2 | 10) || 0 16 0.91 4G) Ml aks 8 SS Udeleteier|leretere!| rene 67 sales sfarer Goo6 ©) Saoba40a0 SUNDAY Ge Sie TO) | 30m 67; , 10 2.2 | 10 ° 85 Se II 5.0] 10] of 98 3000 5600 tees [12 ase LON|O 62 0.04 coud 0.04 | 13 2.0} 5 | of ot oe . 14 8.0 Io} of o7 0.18 aejeet | NOsZOn EELS Sut---- doc|ioc 86 BAee efeiete eral. MELO rlaaorad ae SuNDAY 7.2 |10]| © 17 5-36 |bL02|e10 18 ASS |) Ci @ 19 1.7 tJ ee) 20 Aa7a| Ono 21 8.7 | 10] 4 22 Suteewieuleente FE) ononaoooNd SUNDAY 6.2 | Io fe) 24 8.3 | 10 3 25 8.0] Io 4 26 5-2 | Io] o 27 0.8 | Io | o 28 8.3 | 10] 4 29 Sunseietul|oietaalinee 8) oa00Dd coor SUNDAY 728))| LON sO BE pa b-07, 4 SOAP SUMS) Aerclceisiicieteieeveres 1 19 Years means for for 5.5 and including this this J month, ea-level and ), est barometer reading was 30.136 on the 20th: low- | est barometer was 29.530 on the 22nd, giving a Dir range of 0.606 inches. Maximum relative humid- Mibreacy ity was 99 on the 26th. Minimum relative humi- aa2| i dity was 41 on the 18th. Dut 100. Rain fell on 16 days. Ist; and Auroras were Observed on 3 nights. ath, giving a} Thunderstorms on 7.days. - Warmest the2oth. High- M | Baee| ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF JULY, 1898. Meteorological Observations, McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 feet.C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. z Sky CLoupsD) i E THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. WIND. In Tentus. 15 ,3| 5 | S ee es | ee — —| + Mean i wticean " ———— —— seal =g | se Ee pres-_ jrelative ew Mean Bieicl as ao 38 DAY. ; | atin of Biri point. General |yelocity) € | 4 | ¢ 2 Ey ag Be a3 DAY. Mean.) Max. | Min. | Range.| Meaa. | § Max. § Min. | Range. JY#POUr- ve direction. jin miles} © | 3 | 5 Buco! “a ao | 8 perhour| = 4 Cs a 3 7 «| 74-47 | 87.1 63.7 2304 29.9805 | 30.047 29.920 127 5385 64.7 60.8 S.W. 8.3 6.2} 10} of 67 Blo SUNDAY.. ... oe 24 eeene 85.5 64.5 Bit) || coosone || codq |} on0000 5 |} osoe8 see 600 Ss. WHS |] pooo + | 83 Hoos teve | eee f| 2oes «.ce0es SUNDAY 3 | 68.72 | 77-5 63.6 13-9 29.7745 | 29-800 29.759 +O4T +5653 81.3 62.3 11.8 9° 2] 1 3 4| 67.23 | 76.8 60.8 16.0 29,8403 | 29.872 29.813 +059 +5100 76.8 593 10.3 77, 4] 5° 4 5 | 64.93] 75-2 60.0 15.2 29.8018 | 29.867 29-735 -132 4908 80.3 58.5 119g 9.2 5] 0 5 6| 68.42] 79.5 58.0 | 21.3 29.9270 | 29.995 29.827 -168 4507 | 66.3 56.0 8.7 1.8 of} 97 r) 7) 71.52] 81.0 61.5 19.5 30.0008 | 30.063 29.918 «145 ~4838 63.3 57-8 67 3-7 of 67 7 8] 71.57] 85.2 64.0 21.2 29.7163 | 29 go5 29.546 +359 .5702 75-3 62.7 14.9 8.2 of 16 8 SUNDAY........ 9 ss» | 09.8 54.0 £3 1) coovean |} gaos00. |f aosscc So0a' || osd00 6000 2340) || baoo | «| 67 G) coctHDeD6 Sunpay 63.68 | 72.5 55-1 17.4 29.9950 | 30.017 29 951 .066 33960 66.5 51.8 W. 13-7 6.5 | 10] 3] 67 10 67.20] 77.0 56.5 20.5 30.0293 | 30.067 29.992 -075 4430 67.8 55-3 S.W. 21.5 2.2|10| of 85 Ir 60.00 | 76.5 58.8 17-7 29.9725 | 30.041 29.907 134 4730 74-3 57-5 5,W. 17.1 5:0] 10| of 98 12 64.73 | 75-2 57-8 17.3 29.8972 | 29.912 29.883 029 4317 2.8 54.8 N.E. 4.8 7-3 | 10] of 62 13 69.23) 790 57-1 21.9 29.8915 | 29.940 29.840 +100 4755, 67.5 57 5 §.B. 1.7 | 2.0] 5] of or 14 71.73 | 80.0 63-5 16.5 29.7057 | 29.855 29.573 282 6315 81.3 65.5 S.E. 11.6 8.0] 10| of o7 15 on500 82.5 67.3 15.2 Ba0a00 ||" co00an Saan00 900 ona0D S000 9000 S.W. SEL) || Bono || ond] as || HS 16 ....... ..SUNDAY 17 | 67-95{ 79-4 61.1 18.3 29.7682 | 29.828 29.619 ~209 4952 74 2 58.7 N. 1.3 7-2 |10| of 56 17 18 | 68.03] 77.8 61.0 16.8 29.8982 | 29.925 29.869 056 5075 11-5 59-5 S,W. 53 5.3] 10] of 54 18 19 | 66.10| 75.5 | 58.0 | 17.5 | 30.0460] 30.087 | 29.986 tt 3840 | 6r.8 | 52.0 N.W. 9-5 | 2.8] 9] of 77 19 ao | 68.89) 77.5 56.6 20.9 jo.0428 | 30.136 29.903 +233 3857 553 51.7 S.W. 12.7 1.7 | 8| of 95 20 21| 73-83) 85.0 64.0 21.0 29.7812 | 29.884 29.655, 221 5540 66.5 61.7 5.W. 25.2 4-7) 9| Of 76 2 22 |_ 66.85 | 78 x 60.8 17.3 29 5687 | 29.638 29.508 +130 5380 80.5 60 5 S.W. 18.5 8.7] 10| 4] 30 22 SUNDAY eeee00123| ee eee 67.3 53:5 PEELS. | | Pgooddod4| |foodeo5. alll -odacda 500 90000 noe odo N.W. 16.7 | ssse |eose] -- | 34 23 ssssss4es «SUNDAY 0. 52.0 35 34 2. 57-0 04 25 0. SBS 55 26 0. 56.2 79 7: 59.8 58 2 62.0 28 29 635 96 Sunpay 62.0 66 59-73 | 17.66] 29.8624 58 19 Years means Ta 19 Years means for for and including >} 68.83] 77.28 | 60.73] 16.55 | 29.8908| ..... | ws. 40 4995 | 71-0 a || Scdoac a0 5-5 59.3 and including this this month ..... month, ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. * Barometer readings reduced to sea-level and ), est barometer reading was 30.136 on the 20th; low- temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. est barometer was 29.530 on the 22nd, giving a Direction........| N. N.E. BE. S.E. 5. S.W. w. N.W. Cay. § Observed. range of 0.606 inches. Maximum relative humid- Miles p f amtenchesvofl ity was 99 on the 26th. Minimum relative humi- a t Pressure of vapour in inches es mercury. dity was 41 on the 13th. i Humidity relative, saturation being 100. Duration 1n hrs. . tae z i 2 F Rain fell on 16 days. Mean velooity...| 8.1 2.9 1.7 9-7 | 10.5 | 35-4 | 14.7 14.4 EEO NSIS s The greatest heat was 87.1 on the Ist; and Auroras were observed on 3 nights. P 4 P the greatest cold was 52.0 on the 24th, giving a Q days. Greatest mileage in one hour was 33 on the 2ist. | Total mileage, 9,486. G BO a eSaPSS daar ean Thunderstorms on 7-days Greatest velocity in gusts 36 miles per hour, on| Average velocity, 12. 73m. per hour. ANSI? ORO ESTO Gs Cbs AL ITIS - the 2st. On the 26th between 4.5 hrs. and 6 hrs., 1.60 in-| day wasthe Ist. Coldest day was the 25th. High- Resultant mileage 6544. ches of rain fell. Kesultunt direction, S. 70° W. ainbows were observed on the 4, 17. Ee s © Sd 1893: el, 187 teet-C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. Sky CLouDkD ; 3 In TentHs. [5 o| = = iS — eerie | ale Son abe Sae| s5 | 28 | 23 é “| _¢/235) as Ses) ao DAY. S | el pean ao cf |] aé =S\= Be & 3 = ou BD g fa 7-5 |10| 6] .78 0.03 on00° || ee} I TRS 4-5 9| of .89 Aree ast ia8 2 BG) |) We) GS 565 3 0.8 5} 0 93 asoc S srelais 4 3.3 | 10 | of .87 0.06 0.06] 5 AGGoulGmodksonal (ker 0.07 OL OZAMe ONAtate my oaee SuNDay 6.8 | Io of .25 0.29 0.29 7 I.0 5 of -9r : ae 8 “5 3 fo) -93 we. 9 .o| o}] of .94 Ae 10 8 3 o | .86 Bhetats IT 8 0] Io fo} fete) 0, 02 0.02 f 12 wileeaig 98 506 Deere SuNDAY 2.7 | 7-\ Of -95 . 14 73) | 10 ° 60 ote 15 7 8 | 10 4] -53 ae os 16 g8}|10| 9 15 0.02 0.02 I 17 9.8 | 10} 9 05 0 05 0.05 j 18 9-7 | 10 8 oo 0.09 ae 0.09 | 19 aod cll asics | | set) ao00 56600 Soa Meek aaskBS . SUNDAY 10,0 10 10 oo 0.71 (eo) 7t 2 3'.3) [10 1h tof! 376 0.05 0 os | 22 mB ip eh © | cele ng 23 9-3.| 10 | 6] .09 2.20 2.20 | 24 4.8 | 10 of -49 0.02 0 02 |} 25 2.2 6 ° 79 yaad aha ninoo| tLe) ‘ sy -44 Inap owe 4Ldieyy | |'297- aeshe ...- SUNDAY 7-8 | 10} Of .43 0.40 0.40 | 28 10,0 | 10 | 10 J .0o a) &{o) 3.36 | 29 AG Bi GH botsit | 30 40. |) 7-)0;8 383 58 3 Gon) pease] Westie Iie vesk, anes 7 37 {Sums 1g Years means for Zo ip ao pio 551 3-52 eee 35 2 and including this ; ‘ month, sea-level avd | range of 1.045 inches. Maximum relative humid- ity was 99 on the 2lst. and 29th. Minimum relative humidity was 37 on the 13th. per caty: Rain fell on 15 days. ng 100. " Auroras were Observed on 4 nights. e llth; and Lunar halo one the 23rd. SUug EE 2 Thunderstorms on 3 days. Lightning without p Se Varna st thunder on 4 nights e 30th. High- = the 4th; low- 2nd, giving a ABSTRACT FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST, 1898. Meteorological Observations McGill College Observatory, Montreal, Canada. Height above sea level, 187 teet-C. H. McLEOD, Superintendent. En Sky Cioupxo} = THERMOMETER. * BAROMETER. WIND. In TENTHS. o| = 5 S ee ——_———_——_—| + Mean |f Meau —— —|—_—_-. Ell Sp =. || AS pres- |relative| Dew Meun 24) 25 23 | 38 Days : ee bumid-| point. | General |yelocits] 3 | 4| eos] BE | ES 3 DAY. Max. | Min. | Range.J Menu. | § Max. | § Min. | Range. MOS Ye direction. jin miles] © | = | ain & E- | 8 perhour] = Bie D 2 ? 77-5 | 62.3 | 15.2 | 29.8132 | 29.942 | 20.760 “182 .5185 | 74.0 | 59.8 S.W. 116 | 7.5| 30) 6] .78 | 0.03 iat 72.5 | 56.0 | 16.5 | 30-0855 | 30.143 30.013 1130 239°7 | 64.0 | 520 Siw. 133 | 4.5| 9| of 89 | .. 23 3 61.0 17.3 30.0877 | 30.154 30.017 137 4785 68.0 57-8 S.W, 15.3 3-5| 7| of 96 845 62.0 42.5 29.9300 30.015 29.862 153 «5200 64.2 59 8 S.W 14.0 0.8 5 ° 93 84.0 63 2 20.8 ay.8328 | 29 gob 29-735 “371 -5385 67.8 8 Ss 12.0 3-3 | 10 | of .87 SUNDAV.. ...- + | 75.0 | 63.0 a9 || sovss0d Babe, Gel aracaer | eee] Ie ance Benn N.E BPOM)| ereteran|| sees| eaten! #02 SuNpay 74-9 63.0 Ir.0 29.8287 | 29.862 29-795 067 5607 85 2 62.3 N.W. 11.2 6.8 | 10] of .25 0.29 79.6 | 64.6 | 15.0 | 29.9610} 30.022 29.924 098 5252 | 66.3 | 60 3 S.W. 14.5 | ro] 5| of .or Br.5 | 64.5 | 17.0 | 30.0768] 30.113 | 30 048 065 s517 | 68.8 | 61.5 SW. 169 +5] 3] of -93 87.6 65-0 22 6 29-9812 | 35 058 29.808 170 6450 67.0 660 Se 10.5 o}] o} of .94 go.o | 68.0 | 220 | 29.8300] 29.yo8 | 29 740 168 6305 | 65.2 | 65 7 Ss. 8.7 8] 3) ofi-86 | .. 79 3 56.5 22.8 29.8433 | 30.029 29.757 272 5523 19-7 61.2 S.W. 17-0 80] 10} of .co 0,02 SUNDAY. 79.9 51-5 (EHR |} Scacods || eoboodal|® aacaae a0 ba N. WLS || poco |esed «98 000 Sunpay 75-5 55-5 20.0 30.0600 | 30.169 29 948 221 3798 58.0 51.0 NW. 9-6 2.7| 7) of .95 ee 14 75.6 | 58.0 | 17.6 9.9333 | 29 987 | 29.899 088 2842 | 57.8 | sr.5 SB. 9.9 | 73] 10| of .60 “ 15 72-5 57-9 14 6 29.9623 | 30.014 29 916 098 4545, 75-8 563 N.E. 76 78) 10) 4] -53 see wee | 16 7x0 | 54.7 | 16.3 | 29-7905 | 29-880 | 29 724 162 4903 | 80.2 | 58.7 N.E 5-7 | 98]10] 9] -15 | 0.02 0.02 I 17 68.5 58.0 30.5 29.7780 | 29.813 29-757 056 4772 87.7 575 -NE. to 8 | 9.8] 10/ 9} -05 | 005 0.05 | 18 08.5 | 56.8 | 11.7 | 29.8620| 29.816 | 29.850 036-| .4855 | 87.2 | 582 N.W. 6.2 | 9.7] 10] 8] -00 | 009 0:09 | 19 SUNDAY .., ...20] ..... 72.5 60.2 +6) ey) || || sashes 25 425 18.4 29.8163 | 30.02% 29.619 26 38.5 16.7 30.2277 | 30-312 30.092 27 45-1 12.3 30 2627 | 30.300 30.233 28 42.0 17.0 30.1432 | 30.237 30.c60 29 44.0 12.1 32-1605 | 30 212 30.105 30 39.0 19.4 30.1478 | 30.235 30.079 62.57 | 46.83 | 15-74] 29.9760 I —| 19 Years means i for and including}| 58 46) 66.55 | so.74| 15-81] 30.or58| .... | ..... 178 3799 this month ... ANALYSIS OF WIND RECORD. Direction sz} s. | s.w. | w. | nw. Cara Mile 1070 352 | 4012 79 | 1417 ae Duration in hrs. . 52 67 10 110 39 252 50 96 44 Mean velocity...) 9.3 1x,8 2.5 9.7 9.0 15.9 13 6 14.8 Greatest mileage in one hour was 31 on the 16.h. Greatest velocity in gusts 48 miles per hour, on the 16th. Resultant mileage 3702. Resultant direction, S. 60}° W. Total mileage, §827- Average mileage per hour, 12.3 m. per hour. ‘The mean temperature for September, 04.83 is the lowest that has been seen here since a record has been kept; the one which approaches it the nearest| was in 1875, when it reached 55,19. * Barometer readings reduced to sea-level and | temperature of 32° Fahrenheit. | § Observed. t Pressure of yapour in inches of mercary. | ft Humidity relative, saturation being 100, | 1 12 years only | The greatest heat was 76.5 on the 18th; and | the greatesi cold was 38.8 on the 26th, giving a | Tange of temperature of 35.0 degrees. Warmest | day wasthe 15th. Coldest day was the 26th High- est barometer reading was 30.3340n the 12th; low- est barometer was 29.415 on the 16th, giving a range of .919 inches. Maximum relative humid- ity was 100 onthe 19th. Minimum relative humid- ity was 36 on the 4th. Rain fell on 12 days. Auroras were observed on 5 nights. Luna halo on one evening. Lunar corona on the 26th and 29th. Fog on one day. Rainbows were observed on two afternoons. Solur halos on two afternoons. ‘thundered on two days without lightning. & Hou poy Hanae uh \h THOM 29 i Gar HU anica 5 00 il kK Boi i New ‘5i | =D =: = = ‘ - s TINGE : 4