TTIE CANADIAII SEED GKQiJERS' ASSOCIATION Ali

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U.B.C. LIBRARY

The Canadian

Seed Growers' Association

and its work

INCLUDING THE

CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS

AND

REGULATIONS

Edited by the Secretary, and

Authorized to be Printed at

OTTAWA, Feb.. 1912

The Canadian

Seed Growers' Association

and its work

INCLUDING THE

CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS

AND

REGULATIONS

Edited by the Secretary, and

Authorized to be Printed at

Ottawa. Feb.. 1912

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2010 with funding from

University of British Columbia Library

http://www.archive.org/details/canadianseedgroOOcana

CONTENTS.

Page

List of Officers of the C.S.G.A., 1912-13 . 7

Some considerations regarding the seed question : —

Quantity of seed used annually in Canada 8

Average yields of farm crops in Canada 8

Means of increasing production per acre 8

Good seed defined 9

Concerning Choice of Variety 9

Local trials of varieties 10

Concerning Choice of Seed of chosen variety 13

Treatment to prevent Loose Smut in oats 15

Treatment to prevent Bunt in wheat. 15

Treatment for barley Smuts . . 1(1

Regarding the changing of seed 17

Regarding degeneration in potatoes 18

Principles of Plant Improvement Hi

System of seed selection for the farmer. 19

Importance of continued mass-selection even in pure lines 20

Imporlauci" of liit;h cultural i-onditions for seed growing; 20

The Canadian Seed Growers' Association and its
Work : —

Origin and chief aim of the Association 21

Organization of the Association 21

Membership 21

The work of the Ass'n and its relation to that of the Gov't .... 21

Funds . . 22

General System of Seed Growing adopted by the Associa-
tion : —

Choice of variety 22

Production of '*EHte Stock Seed" of chosen variety 23

The special seed plot as a means of obtaining Elite Stock Seed . 24

Annual use of a special seed plot 24

Classes of agricultural plants considered 25

Process of producing "Elite Stock Seed" by selection in case
of:—

(a) Wheat, oats, barley, etc., (representing self-fertilizing

plants) 26

(b) Corn (representing plants which normally cross-fertilize).. . 27

(c) Potatoes (representing vegetatively reproduced plants) .... 31
Main purposes ser\ed by the special seed plot (summary) 34

Regarding the multiplication of "Elite Stock Seed" 35

Cultural conditions for seed growing 35

Maintaining purity 35

The cleaning and grading of seed . 36

Fanning Mill Firms . 37

5

Regarding the Registration of seed 39

Standards of quality and purity for " Registered Seed " 39

Weeds considered "Noxious" by Seed Control Act . 41

Percentage germination standards. . 41

Regarding the commercial handling of "Registered Seed" 42

Inspection of seed intended for registration 42

Sealing of packages or sacks of "Registered Seed " 42

Seed Catalogue and the disposal of seed . . 45

Seed Exhibitions 45

Advantages of affiliation with the Association 47

Definition of Terms used by the Association 48

Constitution, By-laws, and Regulations of the Association 49

List of references on the work of seed growing, plant im-
provement, etc. 55

6

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page
Fig. I. — Experimental and Breeding Plots, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont.. . . 23

Fig. II. — Special Seed Plot of Preston Wheat, grown from stock
seed obtained from the Central Experimental F"arm,
Ottawa, Ont 24

Fig. III. — " Hand-selected Seed Plot " and "Multiplying Field

of Wheat 25

Fig. I\'. — Diagrams showing variation in \ield of individual rows of

Corn grown on Special Seed Plot 29

Fig. V. — Types of corn from different latitudes in Canada 30

I"i(.. \'I. — Diagrams showing the variation in yield of individual

rows of potatoes grow^n on special plots 32

Fig. VII. — Twelve most productive varieties of Potatoes at the

Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, after 5 years' test 33

Fk;. Mil. — Certificate of Registration for " Registered Seed "... 40

Fig. IX. — Inspector examining a crop of Registered Seed Wheat

produced on a " Multiplying Field " 42

Fig. X. — Score Card used by Inspector in connection with field in-
spection of cereal grains 43

Fig. XI. — Front and back views of Registration Tags which are
attached by the Association to packages or sacks of
Registered Seed before these leave the premises of the
grower 44

Fig. XI 1. — Officer sealing sacks of Registered Seed Oats on the

premises of a member 45

Fig. XIII. — Part of Exhibit of Selected Seed grown in Ontario and

shown at the Winter Fair, Guelph, Dec, 1907 46

CANADIAN SEED GROWERS'
ASSOCIATION

Head Office: Canadian Building, Ottawa, Ont.

Officers, 1912-13.

President: James W. Robertson, C.M.G., Ottawa, Ont.

Vice-Presidents: Prof. C. A. Zavitz, Guelph, Ont.; G. A. Gigault,
Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Quebec; John Mooney, Regina, Sask.

Secretary and Treasurer: L. H. Newman, B.S.A., Canadian Building,
Ottawa, Ontario.

Executive Council: Dr. Jas. Robertson, L. H. Newman, Prof. C. A.
Zavitz, G. A. Gigault, Prof. L. S. Klinck, Macdonald College, Que.; Prof.
Jno. Bracken, Agricultural College, Saskatoon, Sask.; Prof. M. Cumming,
Agricultural College, Truro, N.S.

Directors: Prof. C. A. Zavitz; G. A. Gigault; Thomas S. Waugh, North
Bedeque, P.E.I. ; Jno. Mooney; J. O. Duke, Ruthxen, Ont.;\Vm. Thompson,
London, Ont.; Prof. M. Cumming; \V. \V. Hubbard, Deputy Minister of
Agriculture, Fredericton, N.B.; Prof. W. J. Black, M.A.C., Winnipeg, Man.;
Prof. Klinck; Prof. John Bracken; George Harcourt, Depui\- Minister of
Agriculture, Edmonton, Alta.; J. W. Wheaton, Toronto, Ont.; Donald Innes,
Tobique River, N.B.; Prof. C. C. James, Toronto, Ont.; \V. E. Scott,
Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C.; S. A. Bedford, M.A.C.,
Winnipeg, Man.; George Batho, Winnipeg, Man.; Theodore Ross, Char-
lottetown, P.E.I. ; W. R. Motherwell, Deputy Minister of Agriculture.
Regina, Sask.

Auditors: L.S. Klinck, Macdonald College, Que. ; Accountant. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont.

Note — Since the officers are elected b>- the .\ssociatioii annualh-, the
above list is subject to change.

SOME CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE SEED QUESTION.

Before discussing the work of the Association in detail, a few matters
of general interest regarding the seed question as a whole will be
considered.

According to the reports of the Census and Statistics Branch of the
Department of Agriculture, over forty million bushels of seed are required
annually in Canada to produce our ordinary farm crops, namely Spring
and Autumn wheat, oats, barley, pease, corn and potatoes. The amount
used in each Province is api:)roximately as follows: —

Alberta, 3| million bushels; Saskatchewan, 12| million bushels;

Manitoba, 3f million bushels; Ontario, llf million bushels;

Quebec, 5| million bushels; New Brunswick, 1 million bushels;

No\-a Scotia and Prince Edward Island, 800 thousand bushels each.

Notwithstanding the immense total production realized from the abo\e
sowing, an examination of the returns reveals the significant fact that the
a\"erage yield per acre is unnecessarily low as compared with that obtained
by our best farmers. Thus the a\erage >ield of Spring Wheat per acre for all
Canada is only about 19 bushels; that of oats 35 bushels, that of barley
about 28 bushels, and that of potatoes about 124 bushels. Many of our best
farmers grow from 25 to 35 bushels of wheat, from 65 to 100 bushels of oats,
from 40 to 50 bushels of barley and from 300 to 450 bushels of potatoes per
acre. From this it is e\'ident that the full producing power of the acre on the
average farm is seldom reached. The production per acre may be increased
in four ways, viz.: — (1) By the improvement of soil fertility; (2) by the
impro\emcnt in methods of cultixation and crop rotation; (3) by the pre-
vention of injury by weeds, insects and plant diseases and (4) by the use of
better seed. It is in the last of these various means of progress that the
Canadian Seed Growers' Association is directly interested, although, in the
prosecution of its work, the Association duly observes all of the essentials
of successful crop raising.

Much lias been said and written regarding the importance of good
seed. Numerous compilations from Kxperimental Station reports and else-
where showing the superiority of such seed ha\e been used in support of
these arguments and various means have been and now are being taken to
encourage the more general use of good seed throughout the country. It is
only necessary however to visit our local seed exhibitions or what is still
more convincing, to examine the contents of the grain drill at seeding time
on the average Canadian farm to find tangil)le e\idence of the fact that the
(|uality of seed which is still in common use is much inferior to what it
should be. The continued use of inferior seed is due to a variety of causes
but perhaps more especially to the failure of the a\erage farmer himself to
appreciate as fully as he should the part which the seed itself plays in
determining yield and ([uality in crops. The following elaboration of the

various attributes of "Good Seed" should serve to emphasize the great
importance, first of making a careful choice of variety and secondly of obtain-
ing the best quality of seed of that variety.

Good Seed may be defined as follows: —

I. Seed belonging to a variety which is superior in the following respects, Good Seez

defined.
VIZ. : — ■'

1. Suitability for the conditions under which it is to be grown,

2. Yielding power.

3. Purity.

4. Quality of product for marketing or feeding purposes.

5. Hardiness.

6. Strength of straw or stalk.

7. Ability to resist disease.

II. Seed which i7i itself is superior in the following respects, \iz.: —

1. Vital energy.

2. Size and development of kernels.

3. Uniformity of sample as regards size and development of kernel.

4. Maturity.

5. Freedom from disease.

6. Freedom from other damage of any kind.

7. Freedom from weed seeds.

8. Freedom from seeds of other culti\"ated kinds or \arieties.

I. — Concerning Choice of Variety.

1. The suitability of a sort for the conditions under n'liich it is gro'i-n is
a matter deserving of the most careful consideration. Certain sorts thri\e
better on clay soils than on soils which are lighter, and vice ^•ersa; some
thrive better on moist soils than others, while some may be less sensitive
to soil and climatic conditions than are other sorts. Marked differences
often exist between different sorts in regard to the number of days re-
quired to attain maturity. Under certain conditions early maturing sorts
are an advantage. Under other conditions they are practical!)- a
necessitN'. The choice of a sort for a given district must depend largely
upon circumstances. The great importance of choosing the best a\ail-
able sort suggests at once the desirability of testing in local centres a
number of those sorts which are most higliK- recommended b\- the
l^xi^crimental Stations before deciding which should be grown as a main
crop. Such tests ma>- be conducted on certain farms in the localit>',
either under the direct supcr\ision of an Fxperimental Station or by
farmers ihcmsches independeiuK-. When this choice has been made,
every effort should be put forth to iiniii the number of different

10

sorts grown in the district, since where many sorts are grown it is
extremely difficult to maintain the purity of any one of them. Where a
district is growing grain for seed, it will attain a reputation much more
quickly where the number of sorts is limited than where many are being
handled. The ability to purchase seed of any one variety in large
quantities in a single centre is also a matter which appeals to the large
buyer.

In order that local sort trials may gi\e best results, the following
points should be observed : —

(a) The plots should be laid out on as even and uniform soil as possible.

(b) They should be oblong in shape in order to equalize any varia-
tions in the character of the soil.

(c) Each plot should be at least loo-acre in size. A plot 73' x 6' is
slightly more than loo-acre in area, and is a convenient size to handle.
All plots must of course be the same size and shape.

(d) Each sort to be tested should be allowed at least two separate plots
which should be separated from each other by other plots. The im-
portance of testing each sort in two or more plots, and of locating these
some distance apart cannot be overestimated since experience shows that
a fair judgment is scarcely to be expected from a single plot in view of
inevitable differences which are to be found in the character of even our
best soils. Assuming that a grower wishes to test four different sorts and
that each sort is to be allow^ed as many as three different plots, these sorts,
in the absence of variety names, may be labelled I-II-III and IV and
the plots arranged in the following order: I-II-III-IV; I-II-III-IV; I-II-
III-IV. A fair expression of the yield of each sort may be obtained by
averaging the returns from the three series in each case.

(e) The plots should be laid across the furrow and a space of at least
two feet allowed between each plot.

(f) The sowing should be done with the greatest possible care. If pos-
sible, the seed, in the case of cereal grains, should be sown in drills as only
in this way can an even stand be obtained.

(g) During the growing period, careful notes should be taken on the
\arious points which are of interest in determining the value of a sort. The
dates of seeding, heading out, and maturing, together with the strength of
straw, presence of diseases and thickness of stand should all be noted.

(h) Each plot should be harvested as soon as it is thoroughly matured,
care being taken to avoid losses through shelling before the yield is deter-
mined.

11

(i) The product of each plot should be threshed by hand and the yield
computed with the greatest possible care.

(j) Sort trials should be repeated for at least two or three years before
drawing any conclusions as to the relative standing of the sorts tested.

2. Yielding Power: — Decided differences often exist between sorts in
yielding power. The correct judgment of a sort as regards yield is an im-
portant matter and one which can only be made after careful tests ha\e been
conducted for a sufficient number of years, in a manner such as that described
above. Many sorts have been discredited through unfair judgment; others
have obtained a wide distribution because of conditions which were purely
accidental. The enormous influence on crops of such agencies as season,
soil, manuring, cultivation and quality of seed used, demands that great
care be taken in the testing of sorts lest the results be incorrectly interpreted.
In any case only the average results over a number of years can be accepted
as a fair expression of the yielding power of a given sort. Comparisons
between sorts should, according to experience, be continued for about five
years. Since the average farmer can seldom conduct sort trials for this
length of time, he should obtain two or three sorts which enjoy the highest
reputation at his nearest experimental station, and test these for a year or
two at least. This comparison should enable him to make a fairly safe
choice.

3. Purity of variety: — The possible advantages of pure sorts over
those varieties which contain two or more different strains are worthy of
note. In pure sorts all plants require the same conditions for germination
and possess the same power of utilizing plant food; they exhibit likewise
the same attitude toward soil and climatic conditions and toward disease.
The result is that if the soil conditions are uniform, the growth is uniformly
even throughout the season and the maturity of all plants will take place
practically at the same time. Experiments conducted at different experi-
mental stations go to show that the largest yields are obtainable from seed
which is allowed to mature perfectly before cutting. If, therefore, the variety
contains a mixture of late and early strains, the best quality of seed cannot
be expected. Should harvesting be delayed in order to allow the latest
strains to mature, the earlier strains will be "dead ripe" and shelling out
before those which mature later are fit to cut. This may entail considerable
loss.

Pure sorts have another advantage over those whicii are mi.xed in that
their botanical characters are relatively constant and therefore are more
clearly defined and more easily recognized. This facilitates a much better
control over seed and enables a more accurate determination to be made in
regard to its genuineness. This is an important feature both for the seed
dealer and for the buyer, as well as for the judge at exliibitions.

12

Mixed \arieties, consisting as they do of a number of distinct strains
of varying practical \alues in regard not only to time of ripening but to
yielding power, stiffness of straw and resistance against disease, are likely
to give a product of less value than that of pure sorts. These varieties may
however, under certain circumstances, ha\e their ad\"antagcs. Thus a variety
may contain strains which differ from each other chiefly in their attitudes
towards different conditions of soil and season. They may be almost
identical in appearance, may ripen simultaneously, may possess the same
stiffness of straw and the same resistance against disease yet one may thrive
best on soils which are lighter, warmer and drier while another may give
better results on a heavier, colder and moister soil. Were a variety of such
composition sown on a field in which the soil is exceedingly variable, it is
conceivable that a better average might be obtained than from an absolutely
pure sort which demands more exact conditions. The difficulty of knowing
the real nature of the strains w^hich go to make up a mixed variety is such,
however, as to render it an unsafe practice to depend upon the possible
\irtues of a composite race.

4. Quality in a sort is a \er>' inii)ortant character and should be care-
fully considered when a choice of variety is being made. In wheats very
considerable differences exist between different sorts in regard to the quality
of fiour they produce. In oats the percentage of hull to kernel, which in this
case is the common measure of quality, differs to a marked extent in different
sorts. In fodder crops the quality of fodder produced by different \arieties
often exhibits marked differences. Determinations of quality on the basis of
general appearances are frequently misleading. Thus, size and plumpness
in oats often beguiles growers into introducing sorts which actually possess
a high per cent, of hull to kernel. A good example is afforded in the Tartar
King variety. In corn, ensilage varieties are too often judged on the basis
of total \olunu' rather than u])on the quality of ensilage produced.

5. Ilardiiiess. — In autumn sown crops, the matter of hardiness or
abilit\- to withstand the severe conditions of winter and early spring is an
important character. The differences between different autumn wheat sorts,
for example, in regard to hardiness is often very considerable, and should be
duly observed in making a choice of sorts.

G. Streni^th of Straw. — In cereals, strength of straw is an important
quaiitN'. The difference between sorts in this regard is noteworthy and
should be taken into consideration when making a choice of sort. On poorer
soils the danger from lodging is not so great as on soils in a high state of
fertility. In the latter case a stiff strawed sort is of special value.

7. The Ability to withstand or resist Disease is an important (luality.
Some sorts seem much more susceptible than others to such diseases as
rust, smut and blight.

13
II. — Concerning Choice of Seed of Chosen Variety.

1. Vital Energy. — High vital energy in seed or its power to germinate
and de\elop into a strong, vigorous plant is naturally a matter of the very
first importance. The fact that a seed may be able to germinate and at the
same time possess a low degree of vital energy renders it impossible by
means of germination tests to determine its ability to develop into a strong
vigorous plant. Germination tests are valuable however in showing the
percentage of seed that will germinate under fa\orable conditions and thus
in providing a clue as to its fitness to be used as seed. When the percentage
germination is high after the tests have been running for four days in the
case of cereals, clovers and many other kinds of seeds, the vital energy is
found to be higher than where the per cent, germination in four days is
low even though the final count after ten days shows a fairly high per cent.
The percentage germination may be easily determined by placing 200
kernels in soil or sand or between sheets of blotting paper and keeping them
moist and sufficiently warm for from 8 to 12 days or longer depending upon
the kind of seed under consideration. From the number which germinate,
the per cent, germination may be quickly reckoned.

In corn, each ear should be tested. This can be done by taking a sample
of six kernels from each ear and testing each lot separately. A convenient
device for this purpose consists of a box of sand on which is placed a cloth
marked off into squares in "checker board" fashion, with each square
numbered. The six kernels from ear No. 1 may be placed in square No. 1
and so on until all squares are filled. Another cloth is then placed over the
kernels and this in turn covered with sand and the whole kept moist and
warm. This arrangement makes it possible to locate and throw out all
ears of low vitality.

2. Seed should be plump and large for the sort. — Each seed consists of
a germ or embryo surrounded by reserve food. Under proper conditions
the embryo begins to grow and we have what is popularly known as germina-
tion of the seed. During the early stages of growth the necessary plant food
is obtained by the young plant from the rescrxe material contained in the
seed for this purpose. Should the conditions of soil or season be unfavorable
for early growth and should the seed be undersized or poorly developed, there
may not be sufficient food to give the young plant a proper start. I'nder
such conditions the development of the plant shall be weak from the
beginning. In^•estigation shows that plants, like animals, when stunted
at the start cannot attain their normal thriftiness — even though subse-
quent conditions be fa\ (irable. The experimental evidence obtained from
different sources as to tiie suptriorit\- of large, well-dc\elopcd seed is
abundant. This e\ idencc may be summarized in the following manner: —

(a) Plants from poorly de\ eloped seeds are likeh- to be less vigorous
and consequently less produc(i\c.

14

(b) Such plants usually require a longer time to develop and may
therefore mature later.

(c) They are more easily weakened or destroyed by insects and dis-
eases.

The size of kernel is of course a relative consideration since some sorts
naturally produce smaller kernels than do others. Gold Rain oats, for
example, produces a smaller kernel than does Li'^owo or White Prohcstier.
The size of kernel by which a sort is characterized has no definite influence
upon the ^alue of the sort as such. Certain large kernelled sorts of wheat
and oats, for example, are less productive than are other sorts which normally
produce a small kernel. The reverse may likewise be the case.

In the case of oats, the "secondary" kernels are usually smaller than
are the "primary". They have also a thinner hull. Investigations made
by the Association with difi"erent varieties has shown there to be approx-
imately seven pounds of hull less in 100 pounds of secondary oats than in the
same weight of primary oats. This fact provides two arguments in favor
of the severe grading of oats for seeding purposes. In the first place, the
removal of the smaller secondary kernels leaves a sample composed of the
larger primary kernels which on account of their size are likely to give better
results when used for seed. This does not necessarily imply that by
sowing better seed a lighter seeding is required per acre. In the second
place, the secondary kernels secured as screenings from the fanning
mill are more valuable for feeding purposes than are the primary kernels.
In some countries, indeed, a higher price is paid for secondary kernels
(screenings) for horse feed than for oats which have not been graded. By
the severe grading of oats, therefore, not only is nothing lost but two
positive gains may be realized.

Where it is necessary to use seed from a mixed variety containing, as
it may, large and small grained strains, it is considered safer practice to use
seed of average size rather than the very largest seed. In pure sorts, on the
other hand, the largest seed that may be obtained should always be sought
for.

3. The seed sown should consist of kernels which are as nearly alike as
possible as regards size and development. — Where the seed sown consists of
large, small and poorly developed kernels, the resulting crop is likely to
consist of a mixture of weak and strong plants. During the growing season
the weak individuals become more and more suppressed by the stronger
so that the stand becomes thinner than it should be. The strong plants,
moreover, mature as a rule, before the weaker, the result of which is that
not only is the quality inferior but the crop is likewise reduced.

4. Seed should be perfectly matured. — Perfect maturity is indicated by
the hardness, color and plumpness of the seed. Seed which is perfectly
matured before harvesting has been found to give larger yields when sown
than does seed taken from a crop which has been cut on the green side.

15

5. Seed should be free from disease. — In oats the most common disease
is Loose Smut. This may be prevented in the following manner: —

Use one pint of formalin (formaldehyde) to about forty gallons of Treatment to

water and sprinkle the solution on forty or fifty bushels of oats. Smaller ^'"^f"/ ^^^f
r -1111 1- smut in oat

quantities of grain should be treated in similar proportions. The forma-
lin can be obtained at any drug store at forty to fifty cents per pint.

The following method is the one most generally used and is simple and
inexpensive : —

During the afternoon or evening before the oats are to be sown, spread
the quantity you are going to sow on the barn floor five or six inches deep.
Prepare a solution of formalin in the proportions above mentioned (1 pint
of formalin to 40 gallons of water). With a sprinkling can or broom sprinkle
the water evenly over the oats which should then be shovelled over carefully
for ten or twelve minutes to insure thorough treatment. They should then
be shovelled into a long pile and covered with sacks or blankets to prevent
too rapid evaporation of the formalin. The following morning, the oats
should again be spread out and shovelled until they are dry enough to sow.
Oats treated in this way in the evening can be sown the following day.

Caution. — (a) Oats sown shortly after being treated will not feed so
easily in a seeder or grain drill owing to the dampness. Special care should
always be taken in regulating the seeder in order that the desired quantity
per acre be sown, otherwise there is danger of having a thin stand.

(b) Do not leave the piles covered with bags more than fifteen hours
as there is danger of injuring the vitality of the seed.

(c) Do not allow the formalin can to remain open, as this liquid is \-ery
volatile and evaporates quickly. For the same reason do not prepare the
solution until the oats are ready to be treated.

In wheat, Bunt or Stinking Smut (Tilletia foetans) is the most serious '0't'<^f»i<'>:
pest. This disease may be quite eft'ectively pre^•ented by an>- one of zcfuai.
several methods, of whicli tiie Blue-Stone Treatment and Formalin Treat-
ment are the two most common.

The Blue-Stone Treatment: — Dissohe one pound of copper sulphate
(Blue-Stone) in twenty gallons of soft water. Immerse the grain for
about 12 hours, stirring occasionally; then spread out in a thin layer and
dry rapidly. Sow as soon as possible.

The purest copper sulpiuue is sold in the form of crystals. These are
readily dissolved in a small quantity of hot water. After removing the grain
from the solution some recommeiui immersing it for five minutes in lime
water, made by putting one pound of good lime into ten gallons of water.

16

Formalin Treatment: — Use one pound of Formalin in e\ery forty
gallons of water. If the seed was from a crop which was infested with
smut, it should be inmierscd in the solution and stirred thoroughly, after
which the smut balls, which rise to the surface, should be skimmed off.
The seed should be left in the solution for two hours, after which it should
be remo\ed and spread out to dr\'.

If the seed is from a crop which was not infested with smut, it may
be treated much the same as in the case of oats, namely, by sprinkling
thoroughly in the pile and covering this with canvas or sacks. After
leaving in this condition for about two hours, the sacks should be removed
and the seed aerated.

Treatment In barley a " Covered Smut'' (Ustilago Hordei), resembling somewhat

SmiitT^'^' Bunt in wheat, sometimes occurs. For this species the Formalin treatment
recommended for wheat is advised.

The most common disease of consequence in barley is Loose Smut
(Ustilago nuda Jens). This may be prevented by treating the seed as
follows: —

Place the barley in cold water for about three hours, after which remove
and leave untouched for about ten hours. At the end of this time prepare
two barrels of hot water having a temperature of about 125 F. It is im-
portant that exactly this temperature be maintained. Place the barley in
a sack having an open mesh and dip first into one barrel and then into the
other, repeating this operation about twenty times occupying in all about
five minutes. After withdrawing the sack each time, hold it out of the water
only long enough to allow the water to run off. By using two barrels as
above, the proper temperature is more easily maintained. A small amount
of seed should be handled at a time, otherwise the grains on the inside will
not recei\e sufficient treatment. After treating in the above manner, spread
the seed out on the floor in a thin layer and allow to dry. This process may
be assisted by a frequent shovelling of the grain. The seed should be sown
as soon as sufficienth" dry.

Farmers Ii\ing near cheese factories can often arrange to utilize the
large metal milk tanks which are not in use in early spring, and have their
seed treated for a small fee. The facilities provided at these places for
maintaining an even temperature render the above plan a comparatively
simple and effectixe one.

6. Seed should be free from damage of any kind. — Injuries frequently
follow neglect to keep seed dry. Where this precaution is ignored moulds
frequently develop, causing a lowering of the growing power. Care should
also be taken in threshing seed in order to a\'oid breaking the kernel and
thereby injuring the germ. It is a dangerous practice to thresh severely

17

or by other means "clip" the kernels, a practice which is frequently followed
for the purpose of making the grain pack more closely in the measure,
thus weighing heavier per bushel. This is especially dangerous in the case
of barley which is very brittle and liable to break.

Regarding the Changing of Seed.

It has been claimed by some that seed should be changed every few
years, no matter under what condition it may have been produced. Others
claim that seed to be sown on light soils should be secured from a crop
produced on heavy soils and vice versa. Others claim that only under the
most exceptional conditions should seed be changed. While all of these
views cannot be correct in their entirety, yet there is a certain amount of
truth in each which is determined entirely by circumstances.

The question is when should a change of seed be made. There is no
doubt that considerable loss may sometimes result from using seed from
a given crop when such crop is poor or otherwise unsuitable.

Generally speaking, a change of seed should be made only in the
following cases; —

(a) When seed of better and more serviceable sorts than those now being
used are available. This can only be determined by carefully testing other
.sorts which seem to promise better than those now being cultivated. In
the meantime, the old sort should be continued until absolute proof is
obtained as to the relative standing of the new introduction. It may happen
that changed conditions on a farm may make a change of sort desirable.

(b) When a sort has become mixed with other sorts. — The desirability of
using pure sorts has already been pointed out (See page 11).

(c) When the crop becomes seriously damaged by reason of unfavorable
weather or other agencies. — ^The danger of using seed which is not perfectly
developed and which has been harvested badly has already been referred
to. It may happen, however, that seed of fair quality may be obtained from
a crop which is partially damaged, but in no case should such seed be used
until it has been tested for germination and growing energy.

(d) When seed has been damaged by threshing or by defective storing
methods.

(e) When suitable machinery is not available for cleaning seed properly. —
From what we ha\e already said regarding the superiorit>- of uniform and
plump seed, the necessity of thoroughly cleaning all grain intended for
seeding purposes is obvious. All seed should be run through a good fanning
mill at least three times. If this cannot be done, it is advisable to procure
seed of suitable quality and purity elsewhere.

18

Regarding Degeneration in Potatoes, and Change of Seed Tubers.

The problem of potato improxement by the selection of favorable fluc-
tuations or variations is intimately linked with that of "degeneration." That
potatoes degenerate or "run out" naturally is an idea commonly held by
the great mass of growers no matter where they may be situated. Many
believe that this is a natural phenomenon — something to be expected and
something which cannot possibly be avoided. A new variety comes into
circulation, remains in the foremost ranks for a few years or until it reaches
a period of old age or senility and then gradually declines. Such is the gen-
erally accepted idea of the life of a potato sort. That certain varieties do
appear to act in this peculiar manner cannot be denied. On the other hand,
experience shows that other sorts which have been under cultivation a great
many years do not appear to have lost in vigor or productive qualities during
this long space of time. A good example is afforded in the Swedish sort
known as Dala which is commonly grown in the Province of Delecarlia
(Dalarne). This potato is said to have been introduced about 150 years
ago, yet is one of the best sorts now grown in that Province.

The degeneration which is often noticed in potatoes is not regarded
by our best authorities as due to any natural or inevitable "running out"
of the sort, but rather to the effects of certain conditions which weaken the
vigor and invite disease. Potatoes seem to reach their highest state of devel-
opment under cool, moist conditions, seed tubers produced under such con-
ditions usually giving better results than those grown in hotter and drier
regions.* Where potato growing is prosecuted in these latter districts, it
would seem desirable to obtain seed frequently from districts which allow
the maximum development of vigor. Where this practice is not followed,
the vigor may gradually become weakened, resulting in a corresponding
depreciation in yield and quality. Similar results in any case may follow
neglect to discriminate between small, poorly developed tubers and those
which are well developed and sound. Too often all the good sound tubers
are sold or used for cooking while the poor, discarded and in many cases
diseased tubers are kept for planting. Where this practice is followed there
is bound to be a falling off in productiveness. The evidence at present
available goes to show that where suitable sorts are used and where suitable
tubers of these sorts are utilized for seeding purposes each year, the standard
of a variety may he maintained indefinitely under all favorable conditions of
soil and climate. Since some varieties are not adapted to certain conditions
it is quite possible that their power to resist disease may become gradually
reduced. This would seem to explain why certain varieties grown in com-
parison with others and under similar conditions for a number of years
seem to be more susceptible to blight and other diseases than do neighbor-
ing sorts. Obviously, the first consideration is maifitenance of vigor and
control of disease and this implies very careful selection of seed tubers, care-
ful cultivation, spraying and rotation of crops.

* See p. 73, Fourth Annual Report, Canadian Seed Growers' Association, for confirmatory evidence
by Mr. W. T. Macoun, C. K. Farm, Ottawa, Ontario.

19

Principles of Plant Improvement.

When single plants of the self-fertile class (wheat, oats, barley, peas,
etc.) are propagated separately in small isolated cultures (so-called pedi-
gree cultures) they breed relatively true from generation to generation
providing, of course, they are not the product of a recent crossing but are
constant (homozygous) in character. This fact, together with the dis-
covery of the composite character of many of our old varieties has caused
most specialists at breeding stations to adopt a system whereby the con-
stituents of these old varieties may be isolated and tested in large
numbers separately. By a process of elimination, based on yielding tests
and careful studies of each culture, both in the field and in the laboratory,
the number is gradually reduced until only the best remains. Further
progress is then usually sought by combining the desirable characters of the
best strains by means of hybridization.

While the above system is eminently suited to Experimental Stations, System of
where time and money are specially allowed for such work, yet the old fir the ^'^ ^^"
system of mass-selection may still be regarded as the most practicable one farmer.
by which the average farmer may annually obtain good seed on his own
farm. This system will be outlined in detail later. By means of this
method of selection a degree of purity may be maintained in large seed
cultures which is scarcely possible in any other way. This in itself is
sufificient to justify the application of the system. If applied to cross-
fertilizing crops such as corn, this method is full of promise of great gains,
as in this case it may actually produce a cumulative effect; if applied to
varieties of self-fertilizing crops which have become mixed, either through
the accidental introduction of foreign sorts or through other causes, it
provides a means of effecting improvements by at least separating out
the inferior strains and effecting an inclusion of the best.

Since selection, be il "pedigree" selection or "mass" selection,
according to most modern authorities, does not produce anything new but
simply separates out that which already exists, its value after a certain
point has been reached would, in the case of self-fertilizing plants, appear
negligible. In so far as being able to effect any accumulation of here-
ditary variations is concerned, this ma\- be quite true. On the other
hand, there are certain physiological factors or agencies such as soil,
climate, food and moisture supply which play an exceedingly important
part in the growing of crops and which merit the utmost attention.
These factors cause what are known as "fluctuating" variations, that is
variations caused by environment and which, according to most modern
breeders, are not hereditary. The selection of favorable Huctuatino
variations may not lead ihereforo. to an\- improvement in the race as such
but there is abuiulani cxidence to show that the superiority of the seed
from such \arialions — from plants which haw attained the most jx^rfect
development and maturity manifests itself in better crops for one genera-
tion at least. In other words, modifications produced by nurture may

20

not be hcredilar\- Init may be re-impressed on each generation by pro\iding
the proper cultural conditions.

The seed may be regarded as an unborn plant drawing its nourishment
from the mother. If the mother is poorh' nourished, the embryonic plant — -
the seed — is poorly developed. This is a simple case of malnutrition. Ex-
perience goes to show that such seed always produces plants of inferior
de\clopmcnt. This principle is exemplified in the runt of the swine litter.
Such an indixidual, as is well known, seldom reco\'ers that which has been
withheld from ii during the incubation or pre-natal ])eriod.

Iniportaiue
of continued
mass-selec
lion .

While seed from inferior thiciuations — from poorly developed and
immature plants — may often be cjuite efTectively excluded by the se\ere
screening and grading of the bulk sample, yet it is considered a better and
safer practice to select desirable plants in the first place, in order that the
said sample may contain as little poor seed as possible. This fact, together
with the fact that purity in a variety may be most effectixely maintained
trom \ear to year by the annual inclusion or selection of a sufficient quantity
of typical heads, panicles or pods to sow a small culture or plot the following
year as a base of supply, renders the system of mass selection exceedingly
useful and one which every farmer should include as a part of his regular
system of farm management.

Importance In view of the importance of obtaining seed from plants which are

cii/linal cou- Perfectly developed and matured, the aim of the grower should be to pro-
ditiotis for vide such physical conditions in both the surface and subsoil of his land as
irroo.'inc ^^'^^^ enable the plant to attain maximum development.

This fact suggests at once the desirability of every farmer setting aside
iii^ best patch of land each year as a seed producing centre or plot and that
he allow the crop produced thereon to mature perfectly before harvesting.
Another practice, and one which every farmer may follow to ad\antage, is
to locate, or mark off, the best patch or patches in his fields before harvest-
ing, and allow these to stand until thoroughly mature. They may then be
har\ested and threshed separately, the seed being kept apart for the follow-
ing year's seeding. A still better practice, however, is that followed by
members of the Canadian Seed Growers' Association and which is described
in detail in the following pages of this publication.

21

THE CANADIAN SEED GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
AND ITS WORK.

This Association is an outgrowth of what was known as "The Mac- Origin and
donald Seed Grain Competition," a competition in seed growing which /^"'cSG^^
began in 1900 and which continued for three years, extending over the entire
Dominion and including, in all, about 1,500 competitors. The object of this
competition was to stimulate an interest in the production and selection of
high class seed by proxiding \isible demonstrations as to the practical
advantages which may accrue from the use of such seed. At the close of
the competition, the Macdonald Robertson Seed Growers' Association was
organized with a view to promoting, through organized effort, a continued
interest in this question. The name of this Association was changed in
1904 to "The Canadian Seed Growers' Association," which name it still
holds.

The Association seeks to attain its object by enlisting as members,
farmers who desire to make a specialty of growing on their own farms, high
class seed of one or more kinds of crop under expert direction. In this way
is created a base of supply of pure seed of high quality which in turn is
multiplied under the Association's inspection and control and made avail-
able for seeding purposes to the general farming public.

The officers of the Association consist of a President, three \'ice-Presi- Organization
dents, a Secretary-Treasurer, an Executive Council and a Board of Directors
consisting of twenty members. The Directors are elected annually from the
different Provinces in Canada so that the work is entirely national in char-
acter and far reaching in influence.

The membership consists of Honorary and Acti\e members. Any person Membersh:
of good repute is eligible for membership as an active member providing he
conforms to llie by-laws and regulations of the Association.

Before being elected an active member in full standing, the Associa-
tion requires that each applicant make a hand-selection of seed in suthci-
ent quantity to enable him to sow a Hand-selected Seed Plot of the
required size, the following year. It also requires wherever practicable,
that his work be inspected and commended b\- an officer approved by the
Association.

No membership fee is at present required. Applications for admittance
should be addressed to the Secretary, Canadian Seed Groicers' Association,
Canadian Building, Ottawa, Canada.

The work of the Association may be said to be an extension of that Theu'orkt
Department of the Go\ernment service conducted by the Experimental ami iVj
Farms. The latter institutions ccMuluct work in original research with field fflaiim to
crops, test different \arieties obtained from diflerent parts of the world J,^.rl,i,^„.

22

and endea\or to en\ol\e, through a process of breeding and selection superior
strains for use on Canadian farms. They arc not, however, in a position to
control the multiplication and distribution of these sorts in a large way and
to best ad\antage among indixidual farmers. This important work can best
be done by a separate and independent organization for obvious reasons.
Were all seed of superior strains distributed direct to growers without the
exercise of any control o\-er its succeeding progeny, the greater part would
quickly lose its identity and eventually be either ruined by lack of proper
care in maintaining purit\- or completely lost. The conservation of all that
is good and useful in improved stocks, together with their judicious multi-
plication and distribution on an extensive scale and under efficient control
is therefore one of the main aims of the Association.

In the prosecution of its work the Association closely co-operates
with the Seed Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture. The
District Representatives of the Seed Branch do most of the field and
commercial seed inspection. This phase of the work will be referred to
later.

Futids. Although this important public service is executed by a voluntary

organization outside of the Government, yet, on account of the value of
such work to the country as a whole, together with the service which it is
possible for such an organization to render in preventing the dissipation of
improved stocks produced by experts, the necessary funds are obtained
annuallv from the Dominion Government.

General System of Seed Growing adopted by the C.S.G.A.

The general system of seed growing adopted by members of the Associa-
tion is briefly as follows: —

Choice of Having decided upon the crop or crops of which it is proposed to produce

anety. ^^^^ ^^ special quality each year, the member is urged to choose with great

care the variety with which to operate. If he is uncertain as to which variety
will do best on his farm, he is strongly advised to test two or three of the
very best known sorts in duplicate or triplicate plots in accordance with
the plan submitted on page 10. The great importance of this cannot be
over-estimated as no grower can afTord to work with an inferior or unsuitable
sort.

The desirability of limiting the number of varieties under general culti-
vation to as few as possible is fully recognized by the Association. With
this end in view, there will henceforth be accepted for registration in the
records of the Association only such varieties as are approved by a special
committee appointed for this purpose.* This committee consists of the

* See ■ Report of the Board of Directors," in the Eighth Annual Report (1911-12) of the C.S.C.A.

23

Superintendents of Experimental Stations, the Agronomists and Horticul-
turists of Agricultural Colleges, the District Representatives of the
Dominion Seed Branch, and the Secretary of the Association, who acts
as chairman. This arrangement implies that all new varieties must be
thoroughly tested and must prove their superiority to the satisfaction
of the committee before being recommended for Registration in the
records of the Association.

Having decided upon the variety, the next step is to procure a quantit\-
of so-called '^ Elite Stock Seed'' of that variety. By the term ''Elite Stock
Seed'' is meant seed which has been specially selected in accordance with
definite rules as herebelow stated, and which is regarded by the Executi\e
Council of the Association to be worthy of multiplication and distribution.
(See Definition of Terms, p. 48). This seed may often be obtained from
another member who has been operating for a number of years and who has
a supply of such seed on hand, or it may sometimes be had from an Experi-
mental Station. Where Elite Stock Seed or its immediate progeny can
be obtained in the beginning, the work of the new member is ver>-
much simplified, since his future concern will consist chiefly in keeping the
sort pure and multiplying it under the inspection and direction of the
Association. Seed obtained in this way will be accepted for Registration
in the records of the Association from the beginning and will be gi\"en a
certain standing.

Production of
' ' Elite Stock
Seed."

Photo by J. Buchanan.

Fig. I. — E.xpcriniental and breeding plots at the 0..\.C.. Guelph, Ont.. from which place
come many of our best foundation Stocks.

24

'^•.^Ht. ;'

Photo by S. W.

Fig. II. — Special Seed Plot of Prestcjn Wheat grown 1)>' S. Wheeler, Rosthcrn, Sask.
Stock Seed secured originally from the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont.

The special
seed plot as
means of
obtaining
Slock Seed.

Where this seed is not available the grower must produce it himself.
This may be accomplished by operating each year a special seed plol of the
chosen variety and selecting therefrom a sufficient quantity of typical heads,
I )a nicies, ears, pods or tubers, as the case may be, to give enough seed
(" Hand-selected seed") to sow another plot the following year. After three
or four years of careful selection there should ordinarily be produced a stock
of seed of sufficient pinity and quality to entitle it to be ranked as "Elite
Stock Seed." This practice assumes the presence of more than one strain
within the mother xariety and implies the desirability of eliminating all but
that or those which promise best. This is the system of mass-selection before
referred to and which is considered specially useful for the practical farmer
who seldom has time to undertake the more complicated and exacting
methods.

The " hand-selcclcd seed'' obtained in tlic al)ove manner is, in the case
of cereals and small seeds, threshed by hand and every precaution is taken
to keci) it pure.

Following the |)roduction of Elite Stock Seed the special seed plot 7)uist

Atniual use

Seed plot. iJot be abandoned but must be continued each year as a means of effecting
a possible further improvement in certain cases, but more especially as a
means of maintaining the purity and quality of the sort and of providing

25

a base of supply of high class seed each year. This plot may be controlled
in a manner which is ciuite impossible with the larger field areas and herein
lies its main advantage.

Photo by S. Wheeler.

Fig. III. — " Hand-Selected Seed Plot" of Wheat in the foreground producing "Elite S(ock
Seed;" " Multiplying Field" in the background producing " Registered Seed."

Since different classes of agricultural plants are considered by the Classes of
Association, the system of handling the seed plot and of producing Elite •^S'''^"'("''oi
Stock Seed in the case of each class will be dealt with separately. Four consideret^.
main classes of agricultural plants, as regards methods of reproduction,
may be distinguished as follows: —

(a) Those in which the seed is normalh- produced b\' the self-fertiliza-
tion of the flower; e.g. wheat, oats, barley, peas and beans.

(b) Those in which natural cross-fertilization between indi\"idual plants
is the common rule; e.g. corn, rye, and most grasses.

(c) Those in which cross fertilization beturen different individuals is
obligatory; e.g. Red Clover.

(d) Those which are reproduced in a vegetative livy; e.g. the potato.

26

Pedigree
Selection.

Mass
Selection.

The seed plot.

Amount of
seed to select.

Process of producing "Elite Stock Seed" by Selection in the

Case of Self-fertilizing Plants, such as Wheat, Oats,

Barley and Peas.

Plants which are self-fertiUzed, ordinarily breed true and seldom show
any hereditary variations by means of which an improvement over the old
race may be effected. Thus a strain (pure line) of oats, or wheat or barley
de\eloped from a single plant is found to remain practically constant in
type from generation to generation providing natural crossing, which even
in these crops may occasionally take place, does not occur. Modifications
in the character of a plant due to such external factors as a superabun-
dance of food, air, light or moisture are not generally believed to be re-
produced, in which case they need not be considered in connection with
any system which aims to effect permanent improvements.

In a mixed or composite variety which contains a number of distinct
strains, two ways are open for effecting a possible improvement, viz.: —

(a) By selecting a large number of individual plants, propagating
these separately in carefully arranged plots and comparing their progeny
with a \iew to isolating, if possible, a pure strain which will excel the mother
variety or

(b) By reducing the number of strains in the mixture by a process of
continuous mass-selection of heads, panicles or pods from plants which
correspond in all essential particulars with a chosen type. In three or four
years a relatively pure stock should result from this practice.

The latter system, as already explained, is the more practicable for
the average farmer and is therefore recommended to him by this Association.

In the practical application of this system the special seed plot before
referred to is employed and the following considerations duly obser\'ed: —

1. The seed plot should not be less than onc-qnarler of an acre in size,
and should be fertile, in a state of good cultivation, free from weed seeds
and sown at the regular rate of seeding and in the proper place in the
rotation.

2. At least thirty or forty pounds of heads, panicles or pods, which
are uniform in character should be selected by hand either from the standing
crop on this plot %vhen perfectly matured, or from the sheaves before thresh-
ing. Where practicable, it is advised that this selection be made from the
standing j^lants.

3. The selected heads or panicles should be threshed by hand and
the seed carefully cleaned so that a pure uniform sample will be available
for sowing the next year's seed plot.

4. The cr(;p on the seed plot should be allowed to mature perfectly
before harxesting.

5. All impurities should be remoxed from the aboxe i)lot before it is
har\ested. This is a matter which should ne\er be disregarded.

27

Process of Procuring "Elite Stock Seed" by Selection
in the Case of Corn.

{Representing plants which naturally cross-fertilize.)

The degree of purity which may be obtained in the self-fertiHzing
cereals after two or three years' selection is scarcely to be expected in the
case of open-pollinated plants such as corn. Here natural crossing between
different strains within the variety as well as between different varieties in
adjoining fields is exceedingly common, with the result that true hereditary
variations in the form of new combinations of characters are frequently
effected. The fittest of these combinations should be conserved by selection.
In selecting for specific purposes, such as earliness, nature assists greatly
in this process, since the stronger, more perfectly developed strains (com-
binations) will be revealed by the exigencies of soil and season, as w^ill also
those strains which are less suited to survive. A natural acclimitization
consequently takes place which may be assisted materially by further
elimination and selection by man. This applies naturally to those cases in
which the aim is to produce earlier sorts.

The operation of a special corn plot each year offers abundant oppor-
tunities, both for effecting actual improvements, as well as facilitating
the perpetuation of a relatively pure stock. The following considerations
should be closely observed in the operation of this plot: —

1. The plot should be isolated from other varieties in order to prei'ent
cross-fertilization. Unless otherwise protected, a distance of approximately
one-quarter of a mile should be allowed between different sorts, if possible,
as the pollen is known to carry this distance in the wind. Where buildings,
wood-lots or some other barrier providing a measure of protection inter-
venes, the above distance is not so necessary. A field of the same variety
as that planted on the plot, and situated between the latter and another
variety, pro\ides a fair measure of protection against inoculation b\- foreign
pollen.

2. The plot should consist of not less than twenty rows with fifty hills
per row. Both rows and hills should be at least '3\ feet apart. Plant
each hill with four or five kernels and subsequently thin the \oung plants,
when two or three inches high, to three plants per hill.

3. Each row in the above plot should be planted with corn from a single
ear. Tlie ears required to plant this plot should be as nearly alike as possible
in regard to the following particulars, viz.: — shape, length, circumference,
covering of butts and tips, shape of kernels, number of rows of kernels on
each ear, percentage of corn to cob and color of cobs.

A desirable ear of dent corn for Canada ma\- be described as follows: —

(a) Ccnerally cylindrical in shape with good full middle.

(b) From 9 lo 9.V' long but not longer.

28

(c) From 7 to 7h" in circumference.

(d) Well covered at the tip.

(e) Smooth and well rounded at the ])ult.

(f) With not more than 20 rows of kernels.

(g) Kernels broad, flat and wedge-shaped (not shoe-pegged or blocky).
(h) The rows of kernels straight and unbroken.

A desirable ear of flint corn may be described as follows: —

(a) Generally cylindrical in shape.

(b) No limit as to size.

(c) Well covered at tip.

(d) Smooth and even at butt.

(e) Kernels flatly o\'al.

(f) Rows of kernels straight and unbroken.

It is well to record quite minute details as to the peculiarities or char-
acteristics of each ear planted in the special plot. The recording of such
details necessitates a careful examination of each ear and assists in elim-
inating the danger of planting ears of different types. For this purpose
special blank forms are supplied each grower in early spring.

4. Test each ear for vitality. This is important, since a stand as nearly
perfect as possible is desirable in order that conditions may be uniform
throughout the plot. Where the stand is unev^en, certain plants may receive
an advantage over others and consequently produce ears which are ab-
normal. Such ears, when met with, should not be selected for planting on
the seed plot of the following year.

5. All undesirable plants in the plot should be detasselled. The tassels,
(male organs) which are situated at the top of the stalk, produce the pollen
which falls on the silks of the ear and effects a fertilization of the ovaries.
This is followed by the development of the kernel. Where pollen from a
strain which produces a large proportion of barren plants, or plants which
are inferior in other regards, falls on the silks of a good strain, the resulting
kernels may combine the characters of the good with the bad. In order
that only strong, \igorous, productive strain;- may be concerned in the
parentage of seed ears, the tassels should be removed from all inferior
plants in the jilot. This sliould be done as soon as these organs appear
and before the pollen has been shed; otherwise this oj^jcration will be with-
out value.

L'9

r<clj per
Lbs.

Number
of
nubbinj.

340

■-'

>

'

«

•)

vt

"

i;

i«

u

IS

16

'■

.» '"

M

SJO

:ii«i

200

•■>»)

1

2T0

260

/

?i<l

1

240

/

fflO

/

99(1

/

\

/

?10

1

f

\

'

1

1

1

\

JWI

^

1

/

"

/

180

/

170

\

/

irnl

IW

\l

140

"^

f—

VMI

\

I»0

\

'

11"

\

_.

an

SHOWING VARIATION ir

AND INDICATING NUM

FROM 01

YIELD OF NUBBINS PER ROV
3ER OF SEED EARS SCLECTCO

FFERENT ROWS:

W.

1".

/

L.

l\

i\

1

/

\-

A

\

/

\

t

w

/

i

s

\

/\

/

s

\

1

\

/

0

\

/■

v^

^

V

\'

^^

J

\

/

be of trrj

I fjri trlrdet /ro>»>
I'n^k rov tor az-xC
jronr'j j>/^.

Fig. 1\,

30

The solcction of seed ears for next >ear's breeding plot should be made
as follows: —

(a) Ascertain and mark from Fne to ten of the best rows out of the
twenty planted. This choice of rows should be based upon such characters
as \igor and productiveness with special reference to the absence of barren
plants and of plants producing nubbins.

(b) Fift\' or more of the best ears, and which approximate most closely
the desired type, should be chosen from the best plants in the best rows.
The 20 ears actually required to plant next year's plot should finally be
chosen, after careful examination, from among the 50 first selected.

(c) These ears should be thoroughly dried before danger of freezing
and subsequently stored in a dry, airy place and carefully protected
against mice, squirrels and other ^•ermin.

Photo by L. II. N.

I- in. \-

Types of corn from different latitudes in Canada. The further north corn is
grown, the shorter and smaller become both ear and kernel.

31

Process of Procuring "Elite Stock Seed" (Tubers)
by Selection in the Case of the Potato.

( Vegetatively Propagated Plants )

The potato tuber is simply a specialized part of the underground root
stem which is stored with starch and covered with buds which are commonly
called "eyes". When the tuber or a portion thereof is planted under favor-
able conditions, the buds begin to grow, the plant food being at first drawn
from the tuber itself but eventually from the soil.

While the peculiarities of the mother plant are ordinarily reproduced
by means of tubers without any apparent deviation, yet variations occas-
ionally occur. These are believed to arise either as a result of disease which
attacks certain plants and spares others or as a result of some sudden
change in the "life" of the tuber itself. Experience seems to show that both
agencies are active in inducing "tuber variation."

In accordance with the above point of \iew, the method of potato
improvement followed by the Association is based on the principle of con-
tinuous selection of desirable hills and tubers. In the practical application of
this principle, a special seed plot is used.

Assuming that the grower has decided upon the variety he wishes to
grow and that he has or will have, a plot or field of this variety during the
current year, the method of procedure is as follows: —

1. At harvest time, select and keep separate a suflicient number of
the most desirable hills to insure there being at least 25 sound hills remain-
ing to plant next year's seed plot. As a rule, ten or fifteen extra hills is ample
allowance as substitutes for discards.

2. The tubers from these special hills should be carefully preserved by
themselves over winter, special precaution being taken to avoid rotting
and sprouting.

3. At planting time, choose an equal number of tubers from the product
of each of the above 25 mother hills and plant each of these lots by itself
in a short row on the plot, the tubers being planted ichole. The number of
tubers used to plant each row will be determined b>- the hill having the
fewest number.

32

Carman No. 1 -Grown near Sussex, \.B.

ROWS

I Total nttmber

I of tubera iter row.

iSumber of
markelabie
lubtrs per tou:.

I Aumixr of
fdUeated tubers
1 Xumber of hSU uUciei
j /or nezt ytar'i plot
Total— 26.

Early Harvest— Grown near Albion, P.E.I.

•.■2 24 26

Tot'^l n^mbfr
of tubertper rou

J^nmhrr of
-marktiabte
tubers per raw.

1 Sumbfr of
di.'ieattd I'ubir.i per r,.,c.

dumber of hUU selvted

/or next year' t plot.

Total- 34

Fig. \'[. — Diagrams showing variation in yield of individual rows of Potatoes grown on

Special Seed Plots in 1909.

33

Photo by F. T. Sliuu

Fig. VII. — TwcKe most productivo varieties of Potatoes at the Central E.xperimental

Farm, Ottawa, after five years' test (Money Maker. Carman No. 1

and Dreer's Standard have the best shape).

34

4. The selected Uil)ers from each lot may be planted in either of
two ways, \iz.: —

(a) /;/ parallel rows, making a plot of 25 rows of from 5 to 8 hills each,
depending upon the number of tubers a\ailable, or

(b) In continuous rows, placed end to end and separated by stakes.

5. All hills and rows in this plot should be at least 30" apart each wa\-.

Either of the above arrangements permits the grower to determine
at har\'est time, first the best group or row of hills originating from a single
mother hill, and, secondly, the best individual hills within each of these
groups. Twenty-five or 30 of these best hills (plus the 10 or 15 extras
before referred to) are chosen for next year's plot, while the best of the
remaining tubers may be mixed together and used to plant the regular
"multiplying field."

A seed plot of the size described above (about 1-35 acre) should, under
ordinary circumstances and after the 35 or 40 hills have been taken out,
produce sufificient seed to plant a "multiplying field" of from f to | acre
where 2 oz. cuts are used and planted 14" apart, in drills which are 30"
apart. Where a larger multiplying field is desired, it is simply necessary
to increase the size of the seed plot from which the seed tubers are to be
secured.

Main pur- From the above discussion, it will be seen that the special seed plot, in

poses served ^^e case of all crops, serves three distinct purposes, \\z.: —

by the

special

seed plot (a) It affords a medium through which a relatixely pure stock of seed

(SiDuiiiarv). i- . ,. . , r . , .

ot sui^enor quality may be separated out oi a mixed variety.

(b) It provides a practical means of maintaining the purity of all
improved stocks from year to year.

(c) It provides the individual growler with a convenient and reliable sup-
ply of "Elite Stock Seed" of superior quality for use each year. This is of
value first of all in providing him with seed capable of giving larger and
better crops on his own farm and secondly in facilitating the production of
seed of a quality which is in demand each year for seeding purposes and for
which reasonably remuneratixe jjrices are readily offered.

35

Regarding the Multiplication of "Elite Stock Seed."

In the multiplication of "Elite Stock Seed" great care should be exer- Cultural con-
. . . .... J f • ,•, dttions for

cised in maintaining purity and in insuring a product ot superior quality, ^g^j growing.

This requires soil which is fertile, in good physical condition, properly
drained, uniform in quality and free from weed seeds. These conditions are
imperative w-here the grower intends to offer seed for sale for seeding pur-
poses. Uniformity of moisture content in the soil throughout the field is
especially essential to the production of seed of uniform quality and matur-
ity. Where the surface of the field is uneven, the depressions are almost
sure to be moister and thus to cause later ripening. This is especially
true in the absence of proper draining. These defects can often be remedied
to a considerable extent by levelling. Such work may appear more or less
impracticable, but experience has showm it to quickly pay for itself, not
only in better quality of crop but in increased yields.*

The practising of a suitable system of crop rotation is a matter of great
importance in seed growing. Indeed, the successful seed grower must, of
necessity, be one who is skilled in the cultivation of his soil and in arranging
his crops in proper sequence. In Eastern Canada, the best quality of seed
grain is usually obtained after a hoed crop, a crop which leaves the soil well
packed at a depth of four or five inches, yet loose on the surface. Where
the soil is light and loose, it is very important that it be thoroughly packed
before seeding. In the case of very light soils, it has been found good prac-
tice at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, to roll twice before seeding
and often once after seeding, finishing off after the roller with a light harrow.*

In growing seed grain after summer fallow, as is commonh- done in
Western Canada, investigations to date seem to indicate that the principle
of packing the soil firmly before seeding is quite as applicable as in other
cases. The extent to which quality as well as quantity of seed is dependent
upon soil conditions indicates that seed improvement and soil impro\cment
must go hand in hand. The aim of the seed grower should therefore be to
gradually improve his land. Members of this Association are strongh- urged
to study with care the question of soil cultivation and crop rotation. Their
success as seed growers will depend quite as much, if indeed not more,
upon a knowledge of the attributes of "Good Soil" as it will upon those of
"Good Seed. "t

The problem of maintaining purity in the progeny of "Elite Stock Maintam-.i
Seed " is an important and more or less arduous one. No matter how careful
the grower may be, it is only through eternal vigilance that weed growth

* See address entitled, '• Cultuial Conditions for Seed Growing'" by J. H. Grisdale. Eighth .\nnual
Report, C.S.G. Association.

t Members are referred especially to the following articles by Mr. J. 11. Grisdale. Director of Experimental
Farms, Ottawa, in the Second and Eighth Annual Reports of the Seed Growers' .Association respectively: —

1. "Some Common Principles which Underlie Improvement in .Animals and Plants."

2. " Cultural Conditions for Seed Growing."
Those engaged in Potato growing are referreil particularly to Bull. 40 (.li^n^)- l^V ^^- T. Macoun.

Horticulturist, C.E. Farm, on " The Potato and its Culture."

Puritv.

36

and the introduction of foreign varieties may be kept in check. An important
precaution which all members are urged to observe is not to grow more than
one variety of wheat or oats, or barley on the same farm. Growers producing
oats on a large scale for seeding purposes are also advised not to grow
barley on the same farm, and vice versa, providing their system of farming
will allow this. With the system of threshing and handling seed which pre-
vails in most parts of Canada, it is very difficult to maintain adequate
purity where the above precautions are not taken. Where the itinerant
threshing machine is used by members, they are urged to see that it is prop-
erly cleaned before entering their premises.

A practice which the Association strongly recommends as a safeguard
against the inclusion of impurities in cereals is to "rogue" their fields, that
is remo\-e all aberrant individuals by hand, before harvesting. A good plan
is to have someone precede the binder and pluck out all foreign varieties
which may be found within the Avidth of the swath. This plan obviates the
necessity of tramping the crop and is at the same time the easiest and most
effective. To do this work thoroughly, it requires about two persons, each
of whom may be held responsible for two sides of the field.

Allow the
cultures
to mature
thoroughly.

The importance of allowing all seed cultures to mature thoroughly
before harvesting has already been dealt with so need only be mentioned
here. Should a part of the field be ripe while another part is still green, the
latter should be allowed to stand until thoroughly matured, the former
being harvested first.

The cleaning
and grading
of seed.

The proper cleaning and grading of grain in order to produce a clean
uniform sample of the best de\cloped seed is one of the most important
phases of the seed business. On page 14 of this publication, special reference
is made to the double advantage of grading and screening oats so as to
reduce the proportion of secondary and poorly developed primary kernels
in the sample. It is but little less advantageous to effect similarly close
separations in the case of all grains. The smaller and more poorly developed
seed can always be used for feeding purposes with immensely greater profit
than for seeding. Such a statement has already been sufficiently amplified in
the preceding pages of this circular.

In order to separate the Seed from the Feed, a good fanning mill is
indispensible. Without such a mill no farmer can hope to become a suc-
cessful seed grower. This mill has been justly regarded as the most important
implement on the farm, yet it is astounding how lightly many farmers
regard its use. Indeed, comparati\'ely few farmers seem to have a clear idea
as to how it should be used, simply passing their seed through the mill once
or twice in a perfunctory sort of way, trusting Providence to make up for
any delinquencies on their part. If rightly used, this machine will pay for
itself on any farm in one year. Let us illustrate this: Properly graded seed
oats can very easily give 5 bushels per acre more than seed which is not
graded. The quality of the crop produced is also likely to be considerably

37

better. On an area of ten acres this would mean an increase of 50 bushels,
which, at the very moderate price of 55 cents per bushel, means a gain of
$27.50, the average price of a good mill. There are many good fanning mills
now on the market and agencies are to be found in most large towns and
even villages. We submit herewith a list of some of these: —

The Chatham Mill, manufactured bv the Manson Campbell Company, ^'f""'"-^

.1/1// riJ'j/i^^

Chatham, Ont.

The Perfection Mill, manufactured by The Templin Manufacturing
Company, Fergus, Ont.

The Clipper Mill, manufactured by A. T. Fcrreir& Co., Saginaw, \V.
S. Mich., U.S.A.

The Tara Mill, manufactured by \V. A. Gerolamy, Tara, Ont.

The Perfection Grain and Seed Separator, manufactured by The Western
Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Regina, Sask.

Most fanning mill firms publish excellent illustrated booklets explain-
ing clearly how the different screens should be arranged to remove different
impurities as well as all light, shrunken and poorly developed seed from
the sample. These booklets are sent free of charge to anyone who applies
for them and all growers are strongly urged to secure copies and to study
them with care.

Since the size of seed differs in different varieties and in different soils
and seasons, it is impossible to lay down any definite rules as to what
screens should always be used. The grower must do a little experimenting
each year on his own account in order to determine exactly how he may
arrange his mill so as to effect the best separation. A half-hour devoted to
testing different arrangements and different sieves will be quickly repaid
in the quality of work done.

Where the grower has trouble in removing certain impurities such as
barley in oats, he may send a small ounce sample to the firm whose mill he
is using and have them advise him as to how to overcome the difficulty.
The fact that each screen is plainly numbered enables the firm to advise
as to which to use. The abo\e ser\ice is done free of charge.

For those who use the Chatham Mill. Mr. John Fixter. late of the
Central Experimental Farm. Ottawa, has devised a special arrangement of
screens for the closer grading of grain. Mr. Fixtcr's plan of grading oats is
substantially as follows: Pass the oats through the mill at least three times.
The aim of the first cleaning is to remove lighter kernels, chaff, stems,
dirt and other waste matter. The second grading aims to remove still more
of the lighter kernels as well as the smaller kernels and weed seeds. The

38

third and final grading aims to separate out the remaining smaller kernels
and any wheat, barley, tares or other small seeds that may be in the sample.
In this case the sie\es are so arranged that the best oats pass over the riddle,
coming out at the back of the machine instead of in the usual place.

The arrangement of screens for each of the three cleanings is as
follows: —

First Cleaning.

Screen. Position in Mill.

No. 6 Next to hopper in upper shoe.

No. 12 Under Xo. 6 in upper shoe.

No. 1 Ratchet 1, Pin 1, with wide metal conductor —

Sheet of galvanized iron, about 6" or 8" wide,
placed on screen under hopper to carry the
grain further out on the screen and prevent
too much going through.

No. 9 In lower shoe, slope to suit.

Open wind blinds at side 20%.

Connecting rod in centre hole of shoe shaker, thus giving a medium

shake. Speed good.

Second Cleaning.

No. 12 In upper shoe with metal conductor under hopper.

No. 16 Ratchet 1, Pin 1.

No. 8 In lower shoe.

Open wind blinds 25% or more depending upon the weight of grain.

Shake and speed as in first cleaning.

Third Cleaning.

No. 12 I'nder hopper.

No. 15 With metal conductor as used with No. 12 in sec-
ond cleaning. Using Pin 1, Ratchet 2. In
upper shoe.

No. 11 Using Pin 2, Ratchet 4, upper shoe.

No. 10 Using Pin 3, Ratchet G, upper shoe.

No. S or y In lower shoe.

, Open wind blinds only 10% or not at all.

Connecting rod in hole of shoe shaker nearest the machine. Speed
medium.

In cleaning and grading most varieties of spring wheat, the final separa-
tion should be through a sieve having a mesh not narrower than \ inch.
Kernels of wheat which pass through a mesh of this width should not
ordinarily be used for seeding purposes.

39

In cleaning barley for seed, the sieves and riddles used will depend Cleaning
considerably upon the class of seed. In the case of two-rowed barley, the forseed.
kernels are usually thicker than in the six-rowed sorts, thus permitting the
use of sieves which have wider meshes. For our common six-rowed varieties,
the final separation should be through a sieve having a mesh not narrower
than I inch.

Regarding the Registration of Seed.

Seed of approved xarieties, which has been grown and handled by Cci-tificatc>
members in accordance with the rules of the Association, may be registered Registrati
in the records of the Association, and may receive certain public recogni-
tion in the form of Certificates of Registration. (See Sec. 31 of By-Laws
and Regulations). Two classes of certificates are issued. The first is for
''Elite Stock Seed" and the second for the succeeding progeny of such seed
up to and including the third generation descended therefrom. All seed
belonging to the latter category is designated "Registered Seed." (See
"Definition of Terms" p. 48). The certificate for "Elite Stock Seed"
certifies that the said seed has been produced in accordance with the regu-
lations of the Association and indicates in each case the origin of the seed
and, in the case of Stocks produced by mass-selection, the number of years
they have been hand-selected. The certificate for "Registered Seed"
likewise certifies that the seed has been grown according to regulations
and that it has been recorded as "Registered Seed" a certain number of
generations descended from "Elite Stock Seed."

While records are kept by the Association of all seed intended for
registration, and while full credit is given in the records for all work done
by each applicant, yet no Certificates of Registration are issued for any
seed grown by an applicant during his year of probation, i.e. the first
year. If the applicant qualifies for membership in the Association and is
elected a member at the end of his first year's work, any seed of any
kind of crop produced or selected by him during the succeeding years,
and which is otherwise eligible, will then be entitled to receive full recog-
nition through Certificates of Registration.

With the exceptions specified l)elow under Section II, no Registration Standards of
, ITT-.- J i-jii\ 9"<3'''v ond

Tags (Special tags attached to sacks of Registered seed as explained below) purity for

will be issued for an\- seed unless it be: — 'l^*'/'.^'^''''''

c>ecd

. adopted h\

1. (a) Pure as to \anel\-. the Assodn

tion.

(b) Free from an\- seeds of other cuhixaied pianis;

(c) Free from an\- seeds of weeds coming within the meaning of the
term "noxious weeds" as applied to the Seed Control Act and which are
considered by the ExecutiNc to be of a dangerous character. (See below for
list of "noxious weeds.")

40

.#

^

^

o

I

a

JO

JO

?N

^

O
^

5

"t: "^

-«

o

•M

C/5

Ua

e
R

^
-«

^ S;

■so

^ ;-

3

<3i"

-2 V

CO

I

~«

73
i/5

^

^

c'

?^

to

Di

U

41

(d) Free from, or containing not more than a total of one seed of other
weeds of minor importance, such as wild buckwheat, lamb's quarters, fox-
tail, etc., per pound of cereals and other seeds of like size and not more than
one per ounce of smaller seeds such as flax, grasses and clovers.

(e) Well matured, clean, sound, plump and of good color;

(f) Capable of germinating up to the percentage standard of vitality
recognized for good seed of the kind under the Seed Control Act.

II. EXCEPT at the discretion of the Executive Council when Registra-
tion Tags may be issued for: —

(a) Seed that will not germinate up to the percentage germination
standard for good seed (See below for percentage germination standards),
but not below two-thirds of the standard, or

(b) Seed that may contain only a slight trace* of the impurities pro-
hibited by (a), (b) and (d) of Section (I.)

PROVIDED that the seed is of good quality in other particulars and that
the percentage germination or the nature and extent of impurities contained, as
the case may require, is indicated on the tags attached to the packages or sacks
containing the seed.

The weeds coming within the meaning of the term "Noxious Weeds" List of Weeds
as applied to the Seed Control Act are: Wild Oats, Common Darnel, Docks. '^^A^ox-imfs''
Purple Cockle, White Cockle, Night-flowering Catchfly, Bladder Campion, by Seed Con-
Cow Cockle, Stinkweed, False Flax, Ball Mustard, Wild Radish, Wild Mus- ^'"^ '^''■
tard, and other Wild Brassica species, Hare's Ear Mustard, Tumbling :\Ius-
tard, Wild Carrot, Field Bindweed, Dodder in Alfalfa, Blue Bur or Stick-
weed, Blue Weed, Ribgrass, Ox-eye Daisy, Canada Thistle, Chicory, Sow
Thistles.

The percentage germination standards for good seed, recognized under

the Seed Control Act, are : —

Percentage Germination.

Cereal grains. Flax, Indian Corn and Millet 95 Percentage

Peas, Beans and Vetches 90 g^rmiiiation

Red Clover, Alfalfa, Alsike, White and other Clovers 95

Timothy, Cocksfoot and Meadow Fescue 90

All other Grasses gO

Mangel and Beet (160 Sprouts from 100 Balls) 90

Turnip, Swedes, Rape, Radish, Cabbage and Cauliflower 90

Spinach and Carrot 30

Celery, Parsnip and Parsle>- (35

Cucumber. Melon, Squash and other cucurbits 90

Onion, Leek and Tomato 90

Lettuce 95

* The maximum number of seeds allowed under the term "trace" as used in CI B.. Sec II i* fixed
each year by the Executive Council. While the aim of the Association is to give public recognition only
to seed which is absolutely pure, yet conditions during a given year may be such as to justify accepting seed
which may contain a trace of less harmful impurities, such as an occasional kernel of barle>- in oats etc

42

Regarding the Commercial Handling of "Registered Seed."

Inspection of In the commercial handling of Registered Seed, the Association exer-

se^d uiicvded ^j^^^ ^j^^ greatest possible care in insuring genuineness, purity and quality
'Registrdiion. to the purchaser. This is accomplished in the following ways: —

1. By having the growing crop inspected by an expert.

2. By requiring the grower to submit a representative sample of what
he is offering for sale for germination test as well as for analysis for purity.

Sealing of
packages or
sacks of
"Registered
Seed" offered
for sale.

3. By having the contents of each package or sack which has been sold,
inspected by an expert and, where necessary, compared with the official
sample, the vitality and purity of which is known.

4. By attaching to each package or sack which has qualified for regis-
tration as "Registered Seed" and which has been disposed of, a tag giving
the variety name, the number of the Registration Certificate and bearing
the Grower's Certificate over his signature as well as the signature of the
Inspector confirming the information given on the Tag.

o. By having the above sacks sealed by the Inspector with a metal
seal bearing the name of the Association.

Photo by I.. 11. N.

Fig. IX, — Inspector preparing to examine a Multiplying Field of Wheat grown by a

member in P, E. 1,

43

Canadian Seed Growers' Association

REPORT OF FIELD INSPECTION

(SPECIAL FORM FOR WHEAT, OATS AND BARLEY)

Name of Member
Address {P.O.)
Kind of Grain

Prov..

Variety.

General appearance considering: —

(1) Stand of crop....- -

(2) Vigor and uniformity of growth

(3) Type of plant considering strength

of straw, etc

Freedom from weeds

(Names of weeds found in each field: —

Freedom from smut, rust, blight and

insects — ;-

(Names of diseases or insects found in
each field: —

FIELD SCORES

Possible
Scot

Freedom from other varieties and other

kinds of grain.. -

(Names of other kinds and varieties of

grain found in each field: —

Apparent yield and quality of grain con-
sidering:—

(1) Proportion of well filled heads of

plump grain of good quality

(2) State and uniformity of maturity....

Total.

Size of each of the above areas (acres)

Amount of seed likely to be offered for
sale from each area --

Year in which the seed sown, in the cas^'
of each field, originated as the general
product of a hand selected Seed Plot'

Hand-
Selected
Seed Plot

10

10

20

score
Awarded

100

Multiplying Fields •

No. I.

Score
Awarded

Xo. II.

Score
-Awarded

Xo. III.

Score
Awarded

* Where more than three (3) Fields are devoted to the Multiplication of a given Strain a new Sheet should be
used, and the additional Fields numbered consecutively from and including .No. 1\ .

General Condition of farm

Remarks

Si fined:

Intffttor

Date of Inspection:

19.

Fig. X.— Score Card used by Inspector in connection with field inspection of cereal grams.

44

O

REGISTERED SEED

Kind Variety

Quantity in sack lbs.

CERTIFICATE NO. E

GROWER'S CERTIFICATE.

I hereby certify that the seed contained in
this sack was produced by me in the year 191
in accordance with the rules of The Canadian
Seed Growers' Association, that it constitutes

the generation descended from Elite Stock

Seed and that it conforms to the Standards of
purity and percentage vitality fixed by the
Association for Registered Seed, unless other-
wise indicated, as follows: Germination: —
per cent, below the Standard of 95'^^.

Minor impurities per lb. of seed: —

Signature of grower

P.O. Prov

Signature of Inspector confirming the above

information and sealing sack

(tear off here)

(over)

(NOTE: — Fill in following information before shipping, tear
off at above line and forward to Secretary' C.S.G. Association)

STATEMENT OF TRANSFER FOR
REGISTERED SEED

Certificate No. E

Quantity in sack lbs.

Second owner

(name)

Address (P.O.) Prov

O

a (Ji rt

CO y

< o o

^ s. s.

cro. ^ ^

rt> » ^

ti '^ c

CO >-. h^

C 3 6i

D ^ 5K

o --• X)
n a*^

^ V3

^ '^'

O o

^ I

(I c

g. a

r^ a*

o re

&3 >.

in cn

CO

O O

^ s*

ft

i n

O 3

^ 5'

55 ■*

;o O

<^ ct-

CO ^

C P

a

rt- o

c

==* ?

<c cro.

VI

so i

IT c»

Si ST*

»|

^ O

o3

- fD

a 5

•-« y

O o 1

D- 5. J5*

•-t fw

ft _ "^

O CO

^ ?d ^

O rD r^

5' ^. ^

^ ^* ^*

5' ^ ^

3 03 ^

Si o i^

:< O o

3 Si

ft CO T5

O
H

w

H
O

G
JO

C/3
C/5

FRONT

BACK

Fig, XI. — Front and Back views of Registration Tags which are attached by the Associa-
tion to packages or sacks of Registered Seed before these leave
the premises of the different growers.

45

Photo by L. H. N.

Fig. XII.— Officer sealing sacks of Registered Seed Oats on the premises of a member after

carefully examining the contents of each sack and comparing with official

sample previously examined and tested in the laborator>'.

The Registration Tags shown inTig. XI. can be clearly seen in the above illustration.

All seed which is grown according to the rules and which has passed the
necessary inspection of the Association to date is, if offered for sale, listed
in a seed catalogue which is issued by the Association and distributed widely
throughout Canada. This catalogue contains, among other things, a list
of the names and addresses of all growers who have seed to sell, the price
they are asking and the official germination test of each lot. By this arrange-
ment, prospective purchasers are able to locate those ha\ing good seed to
sell to the mutual benefit of both.

Seed
Catalogue.

Each grower who has an\- considerable quantity of seed to sell is also
advised to advertise it himself. Special price lists, ad's in agricultural and
other papers, correspondence with dealers, etc., are all useful for the above
purpose. Excellent ad\ertising facilities are also provided at the Annual
Seed Exhibitions which are held by the Association in each district or
province in Canada, and which last from two days to one week. Growers
who are able to attend these exhibitions themselves are often able to place
many orders from the sample they are showing. With the control which
the Association now has over'' Registered Seed it is reasonably safe to
buy from sample in the above manner.

Seed
Ex/iihitions

46

Photo by E. J. Zavitz

Imc,, XII!. — i'art of Ivxliiliit of Sflected Sfcd grown in Ontario and shown at the Winter

Fair, (".nclph, Dec, 1907, Similar exhibitions are held each year

in practically all provinces in Canada,

NOTE: — The terms at present used to define the different classes of seed are somewhat different from those
indicated on the sign in the above illustration. (See " Definition of Terms" for terms now used.)

47

Advantages of Affiliation with the Association.

While a grower may apply the above system of seed growing on his
farm quite independent of the Association, yet there are certain advan-
tages associated with an affiliation with this organization which are worthy
of considerati(ni. Briefly speaking, the Association is helpful in the following
matters: —

1. It enables the member to keep in touch with his fellow worker,
and thus to profit by the successes and failures of the latter.

2. Through its publications it keeps the members in touch with the
best thought of the times in all matters pertaining to crop raising.

3. It fixes approximate standards of registration for registered seed.

4. It makes a careful study of the results obtained by the different
members as well as by professional in\estigators, and offers direction and
guidance accordingly.

5. It keeps the records of all work done along these lines by members,
and issues certificates of registration.

6. It assists members in the disposal of their surplus stock of Regis-
tered seed.

7. It gives publicitN' to the work of worth\' growers who ha\e succeeded
in producing stock of real merit, and which might otherwise lemain un-
recognized.

8. It provides or obtains prizes for competition with seed produced
according to regulations by its members.

9. It gives the grower and his seed public recognition and affords
a valuable means of ad\-ertiscment.

10. It enables ihe member to ask a price commensurate with the
qualit>- of the goods offered.

11. It facilitates the wider distribution of high-class seed.

48

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED BY THE CANADIAN
SEED GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.*

1. B\- the term Hand- selected Seed is meant cleaned seed obtained
from heads, panicles, pods, ears, or, in the case of potatoes, tubers which
are uniform in character and which have been selected by hand from plants
which are sound, vigorous and normally developed.

2. By the term Hand-selected Seed Plot is meant a piece of land bear-
ing a crop produced directly from hand-selected seed.

3. By the term Elite Stock Seed is meant: —

(a) The general product of a hand-selected seed plot or other area
originating from hand- selected seed of at least three years satisfactory
selection and which is considered by the executive to be worthy of dis-
tribution, or

(b) A pure stock of seed originating from a single plant, the progeny
of which has been proven in plot or field tests (and by other means of exam-
ination) to the satisfaction of the executive to be worthy of distribution.
This seed musi ha\e been propagated exclusively by the originator or under
his sui)er\ision.

4. By the term Multiplying Field is meant a piece of land devoted to
the multiplication of Elite Stock Seed or the progeny thereof up to and
including the third generation.

o. By the term Registered Seed is meant the progeny of Elite Stock
Seed, up to and including the third generation descended therefrom when
such progeny has been grown and handled in accordance with the rules of
the Association and has been duly accepted for registration.

G. By the term Improved Seed is meant seed originating from hand-
selected seed but which is not yet entitled to public recognition as "Regis-
tered Seed."

* The terms here used were adopted by the Association at its Eighth Annual Meeting, all other terms
being revoked.

49

CANADIAN SEED GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Constitution.

1. The name of this Association shall be the Canadian Seed Growers'
Association; it may have a common seal and alter the same at pleasure;
may hold real and personal estate and receive grants and devices of the
same; may appoint general and executive officers and define their duties;
may receive, reject or suspend members; may establish branch associations
and may, from time to time, make rules, regulations and by-laws for the
government of the Association and the management of its affairs.

2. The members of this Association may form branch associations
for the provinces or districts for the purpose of assisting in carrying the
objects of this Association into effect, provided the organization of such
branch associations has been authorized by this Association, and their
constitution and by-laws have been submitted to and approved by the Board
of Directors of this Association.

Objects.

3. The object of this Association is to advance the interests of seed
growers and other farmers by: —

(a) Making regulations respecting the growing, selecting and preserving
of seeds of various kinds of farm crops for the guidance of its members;

(b) Causing records to be kept of the history of seeds produced by
members.

(c) Fixing standards for seeds that may be eligible for registration.

(d) Publishing information as to standards.

(e) Issuing certificates of registration to members by which hand-
selected seed or the product thereof may be distinguished from other seed.

(f) Such other means as may be expedient from time to time.

Officers.

4. The general officers of the Association shall consist of a president,
a secretary, treasurer, and ten directors, which body shall have power to
add ten other directors to its number.

5. The president and ten directors shall be elected each year at the
annual meeting of the Association.

50

6. Three vice-presidents shall be elected by and from the completed
Board of Directors.

7. The Secretary and Treasurer shall be appointed by the Directors.

8. The officers and directors of the Association shall form the Board
of Directors of the Association.

9. The Executive Council of this Association shall consist of the Presi-
dent, the Secretary and Treasurer and five directors to be elected by the
Board of Directors.

Membership.

10. The Association may admit as members any persons resident in
Canada who may choose to make seed growing a special branch of their
farming operations, and who conform to the by-laws and regulations of the
Association.

11. The Association may admit as honorary members persons who
may be directly or indirectly interested in agriculture in Canada but who
may not be producers of seed, and such honorary members shall be eligible
to hold office or otherwise enjoy all of the privileges provided for members
of the Association.

12. Applicants for membership in this Association may be admitted
by vote at any meeting of the Association or of the Executive Council.
Any applicant for membership shall become a member of this Association
when duly elected by vote of the officers and members or by vote of the
Executive Council.

By-Laws and Regulations.*
Notice of Meetings.

13. The Executiv'e Council shall cause notices of meetings of the
Association to be sent to each of the members at least twenty days prior
to the date named for holding the meeting.

14. The President shall cause a notice of any regularly held meeting
of the Board of Directors to be sent to each of the members of the said
body at least ten days before the date named for holding the meeting.

(b) The President shall cause a notice of any meeting of the Executive
Council to be sent to each of the members of the said body at least ten days
before the date named for holding the meeting.

* Sections 28 to 3.5 inclusive of the original By-Laws and Regulations were repealed by the Association
at its Eighth Annual Meeting, and Sections 28 to 33 inclusive, as here given, substituted in lieu thereof.

51
Meetings of the Association.

15. The Association year will commence on the 1st of April.

16. The Association shall hold at least one meeting each year, the
time and place of meeting to be named by the Executive Council.

17. If, from any cause, the Annual Meeting of the Association be
not held before the end of the Association year, or due notice thereof be
not given, the Executive Council shall cause a special meeting to be called
as soon after the end of the Association year as possible, for the purpose of
transacting the business of the Annual Meeting, and at such meeting all
matters may be dealt with and acted upon as if such meeting were in fact
the Annual Meeting of the Association.

18. The usual order of business for the Annual Meeting of the Associa-
tion shall be: —

The reading and disposal of the minutes of the last meeting.

The reading and disposal of communications.

Report of the Board of Directors.

Reports of the Committees appointed by the Association.

Report of officers.

Unfinished business.

Nomination and election of members of the Association.

Election of the Board of Directors for the ensuing year.

New business.

Meetings of the Board of Directors.

19. The Board of Directors shall hold meetings at such time and place
as may be deemed necessary by the President.

(a) The directors elected at the Annual Meeting shall, at their first
meeting thereafter, elect fi\e additional directors, receive the five directors
named by the President, and subsequently elect the three vice-presidents
and Executive Council.

20. The usual order of business for the regular meetings of the Board
of Directors shall be: —

The reading and disposal of the minutes of the last meeting.
The reading and tlisposal of coniniunic.itions.

52

Report of the Executive Council.

Report of the Committees appointed by the Board of Directors.

Unfinished business.

New business,

Ouorum.

21. Fifteen members of the Association shall constitute a quorum for
the transaction of business at any meeting of the Association of which due
notice has been sent to members as heretofore provided.

22. Seven members of the Board of Directors of this Association shall
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any regular meeting
of the Board of Directors.

Powers and Duties of the Board of Directors.

23. The decisions of the Board of Directors on any matters pertain-
ing to the workings of the Association or to branch associations shall be
final.

It shall be the duty of the Board of Directors to* —

(a) Direct the operations of the Association.

(b) Make recommendations regarding the revision of the constitution,
by-laws and regulations as they may from time to time see fit.

(c) Define the scope of work for this Association and for any branch
association that may be formed.

(d) Authorize, whenever they may see fit, the formation of branch
associations.

(e) Suspend or expel members who may be found guilty of violating
any provisions of the constitution, b}'-laws or regulations of the Association.

(f) Consider and decide upon any appeals that may be made from any
rulings of any person or bod}'' connected with this Association or any branch
Association.

(g) Consider any appeals or recommendations that may be made by
any branch association.

(h) Define the course to be followed in the keeping of records of seed
produced by members.

(i) Define the course to be followed in the issuing of certificates of
registration to members.

53

(j) Define the course to be followed in issuing catalogues or otherwise
advertising seed produced by members.

(k) Take such action as may at any time seem to them advisable in
the carrying on of the work of the Association, and in the encouraging of the
production and use of high-class seeds of any or all kinds of farm crops.

Executive Council.

24. It shall be the duty of the Executive Council to transact the
business of the Association between meetings of the Association and between
meetings of the Board of Directors.

President.

25. It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all meetings
of the Association and of the Board of Directors, and to give the casting
vote in case of a tie.

Vice-Presidents.

26. It shall be the duty of the vice-presidents to aid and assist the
President. In the absence of the President, his duties shall devolve on a
vice-president.

Secretary.

27. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to attend all meetings of the
Association, the Board of Directors and the Executive Council, and keep
correct minutes of the same; to send notices of meetings to members; to
issue all publications; to keep records of the seed produced by members and
to issue certificates of registration as directed b>- the Board of Directors.

Duties of Members.

28. Each member shall operate annuall>- a hand- selected seed plot
in accordance with methods approved by this Association for the purpose
of maintaining a constant supply of Elite Slock Seed.

Regarding the Registration of Seed.

29. This Association shall cause records to be kept of ^eed of wheat,
oats, barley, vetches, pease, beans, maize, millet, tlax. seed-potatoes (tubers^
and such other crops as the Association may decide to accept for registra-

54

tion when tlie said seed has been grown and handled in accordance with
the rules of the Association.

30. All plots and fields producing seed intended for registration,
together with the seed obtained from such plots and fields, are subject to
the inspection of officers duly authorized by the Association.

31. Certificates of registration may be issued to members for seed of
appro\ed \arieties grown by them or under their control in accordance with
the methods of the Association when such seed has qualified for recognition
as ''Elite Stock Seed" or as "Registered Seed'' as these classes of seed are
defined by the Association. (See Definition of Terms.)

32. When certificates of registration for which application has been
made by any member are withheld, the Secretary of the Association shall
issue a statement setting forth the reasons therefor, which statement shall
be sent to the said member by registered mail within ten days after the
receipt of his application for the said certificates.

33. The Executive Council shall cause blank forms to be issued in
duplicate at an opportune time each year to members and applicants who
shall fill them out as fully as possible with the information asked for and
attach their signatures thereto, thereby certifying their correctness. One
of these forms shall be returned to the Secretary-Treasurer of the Associa-
tion and the other may be kept by the member for future reference.

Inspection.

34. Members will at all times endeavor to assist the general officers
or any person or persons whom the Executive Council or the President
may appoint to enquire into or inspect the operations of members in the
growing, selecting, preserving or disposing of any seed intended for regis-
tration or for which certificates of registration are issued.

Head Office.

35. The head office of the Association shall be in the City of Ottawa,
in the Province of Ontario.

Auditors.

36. Two auditors shall be appointed to examine the accounts of the
Association, one of whom shall be appointed by the Department of Agri-
culture and the other bv the Board of Directors.

55

Classified List of Selected Articles and Publications which deal
in a practical or semi-scientific manner with the Work
of Plant Improvement, etc.

General.

Addresses by the President of the C.S.G.A., Dr. Jas. \V. Roberston,
at the annual meetings for 1905-12 inclusive. See C.S.G.A. Reports for the
years indicated.

Addresses by Hon. Sydney Fisher at the annual meetings for 1905-08
inclusive, also for 1910. See C.S.G.A. Reports for the years indicated.

Papers by the District Representatives of the Dominion Seed Branch
presented at each annual meeting. See Annual Reports.

"Scope of work of the Canadian Seed Growers' Association" by Mr.
G. H. Clark, Seed Commissioner, Ottawa. See 2nd Annual Report of the
C.S.G. Association, page 44.

"Some common principles which underlie improvement in animals and
plants," by J. H. Grisdale, B. Agr., Ottawa, 2nd Annual Report of the
C.S.G.A., page 92.

"The seedsman and the C.S.G.A." by S. E. Briggs, Toronto, See 7th
Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 96.

"Methods of giving publicity to the proceedings and achievements of
the Canadian Seed Growers' Association" by \Vm. Thompson, London,
Ontario. See 2nd Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 100.

Address, Hon. W. R. Motherwell, Minister of Agriculture, Regina.
See 3rd Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 51.

"The commercial value of good seed" by John Mooney, Regina, Sask.
See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 111.

"The educational value of a hand-selected seed plot for boys and girls"
by W. L. Ramsay, Bladworth, Sask. See 7th Annual Report of C.S.G.A.,
page 67.

"The commercial value of the work of the Canadian Seed Growers'
Association" by Geo. H. Bradshaw, Mordon. Man. See 7th Annual Report
of the C.S.G.A., page 69.

Address, by the Hon. Martin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture. Ottawa.
See 8th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.

56

Address, by Prof. C. C. James, Toronto, Ont. See 8th Annual
Report of the C.S.G.A.

"Vocational Agricultural Education for Boys and Girls" by Mr. Rufus
Stinison, Special Agent for Agricultural Education, Boston, Mass. See 8th
Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.

JThe annual reports of the American Breeders' Association, Sec, W.
M. Hays, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Member-
ship, including annual reports, $2.00 per annum.

Annual Reports of the Central and Branch Experimental F"arms,
Ottawa, Ont.

f Annual Reports of the Agricultural Colleges at Guelph, Ont., Truro,
N.S., St. Annes, Que. and Winnipeg, Man.

Addresses, Hon. W. R. Motherwell, Minister of Agriculture, Regina,
Sask. See 4th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 46.

"The Canadian Seed Growers' Association and the Farmer" by Leon
Gerin, Coaticook, Que. See 4th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 87.

"Conditions which effect the vitality and vital energy of seeds" by
George Michaud, Assistant Seed Analyst, Ottawa. See 5th Annual Report
of the C.S.G.A., page 63.

Addresses, Mr. Peter McKenzie, ex-chairman Standing Committee, on
Agriculture and Colonization. See 5th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 56.

"The seed plot as an educator," by Mr. J. W. Gibson, Ottawa. See
5th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 96.

"Some essentials for success in seed growing" by J. R. Oastler, Minis-
ter's Island, X.B. See 5th Annual Report, page 102.

"Cjleanings from field work in the inspection of seed plots of fellow
members," by Donald Innes, Tobique River, N.B. See 5th Annual Report
of the C.S.G.A., page 105.

Address by Prof. W. J. Black, Agricultural College, Winnipeg, Man.
See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., 'page 86.

Address by Theodore Ross, Charlottetown, P.E.I. See 6th Annual
Report of the C.S.G.A., page 87.

57

Seed Selection.

"Some results in horticulture from the selection of seeds," by Mr.
George Robertson, St. Catharines, Ont. See 8rd Annual Report of the
C.S.G.A., page 84.

"Some observations during several years of Seed selection," by Robert
MacKay, Millsville, N.S. See (ith Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 88.

"Some results from seed selection" by James Marchbank, New Annan,
P.E.I. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 89.

" Does it pay to operate a special seed plot? " by Richard Creed, Albion,
P.E.I. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 70.

"A means of increasing Agricultural production" by E. D. Eddy, Seed
Branch, Ottawa. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 91.

"The choice of foundation stock and its importance" by Chester
Nicholson, Mount Forest, Ont. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 96.

"Evidence of improvement in farm crops by selection," l)y Prof. C. A.
Zavitz, O.A.C., Guelph. See 2nd Annual Report, page 70.

"What can the farmer do to improve the yield and quality of his grain."
by H. Snyder, St. Anthony Park. Sec 2nd Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 77.

"The special seed plot vs. the general field as a source of good sted.
by W. A. A. Rowe, Neepawa, Man. See 5th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 108.

"Some results obtained from liu- careful selection of seeds," by: —

(a) Geo. Dow, Gilbert Plains, Man. 5lli Annual Report, page 109.

(b) T. Turnbull, Manitou, Man. 5th Animal Report, page 111.

"The scope open for ilie produition of highl>- l)retl seeil in Manitoba."
by John Moone\-, Regina, Sask. See 5lh Aiuuial Report of the C.S.Ci.A.
page 112.

"The \alue of iart>ful seed selection in maintaining the standard of our
crops," by A. Cooper, Treesbank. Man. See (Uh Annual Report of tiie
C.S.G.A., page 101.

58

"Plant breeding on the farm," by Seager Wheeler, Rosthern, Man.
See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 107.

"Nine years experience in seed selection in Saskatchewan," by F. J.
Dash, Hillesden, Sask. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 109.

"How I discovered and propagated an early strain of Red Fyfe wheat,"
by Geo. L. Smith, Saskatoon, Sask. See 6th Annual Report, page 110.

"Seed selection and the farmer," by Harry R. Brown, Wallace Bay,
N.S. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 47.

"Some essential features to be observed in the hand-selection of wheat,"
by John Mooney, Regina, Sask. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A..
page 66.

"Some essential features to be observed in the hand-selection of oats."
by George Dow, Gilbert Plains, Man. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.
G.A., page 72.

"Results obtained from hand-selected seed," by J. L. Henry, Beaver,
Man. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 79.

"The education and value of a seed plot," by Prof. E. S. Archibald,
Truro, N.S. See 7th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 45.

Re Wheat, Oats and Barley.

*" Wheat growing in the Canadian West," by Hon. W. R. Motherwell,
Regina, Sask. See 3rd Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 59.

"Quality in Wheat," Bull. 57 (51 pages), by Dr. C. E. Saunders and
Prof. F. T. Shutt, Dominion Experimental Farms, Ottawa.

"The quality of wheat as influenced by certain soil conditions," by
Prof. F. T. Shutt, Chemist, C. E. Farm, Ottawa. See 4th Annual Report of
the C.S.G.A., page 52.

"Observations on the breadmaking qualities of flour made from dilYer-
ent varieties of Ontario Fall wheats," by Prof. R. Harcourt, O.C.C., Guelph,
Ont. See 4th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 69.

"The influence of environment on the composition of wheat," by Prof.
F. T. Shutt, C. E. P'arm, Ottawa. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 69.

59

"Ten years experience in the growing of Spring wheat in Glengarry
Co., Ont." by Robert Mackay, Maxvilie. See 6th Annual Report of the
C.S.G.A., page 97.

*"Our common barleys and the field open for their improvement in
Canada," by Mr. A. P. McVannel, Perth, Ont. See 5th Annual Report of
the C.S.G.A., page 86.

"Grades of wheat," Bull. 60, 21 pages, by Dr. C. E. Saunders and Prof.
F. T. Shutt, Dominion Experimental Farms, Ottawa, 1908.

Corn.

"Corn breeding in the corn belt," by Prof. L. S. Klinck, St. Annes.
See 2nd Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 56.

*" Methods of storing seed corn," by Prof. L. S. Klinck, St. Annes.
See 3rd Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 91.

*" Improvement of corn in Canada," by Prof. L. S. KUnck, See 5th
Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 76.

"Some results obtained in the work of corn improvement and the
demand for high class seed corn," by L. D. Hankinson, Grovesend, Ont.
See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 92.

"Seven years' experience in selecting corn to meet the climatic con-
ditions of Manitoba," by E. R. James, Rosser, Man. See 7th Annual Report
of the C.S.G.A., page 74.

fAnnual Reports, Ontario Corn Growers' Association, Dept. of Agricul-
ture, Toronto.

fCorn breeding in Minnesota,— Bull. 107; Agricultural Experiment
Station, St. Anthony Park, Minn., 1908.

Selecting and preparing seed corn, — Bull. 77, Iowa State College,
Ames, Iowa, 1904.

"Growing and using corn for ensilage," — Bull. 65 (16 pages), by J. H.
Grisdale, B. Agr., Dominion Experimental Farms, Ottawa, 1910.

4. Potatoes.

*"The improvement of the potato," by W. T. Macoun, C. E. Farm,
Ottawa. See 3rd Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 77.

60

*"Thc selection of seed potatoes," by Harry Bnnvn, Wallace Bay, N.S.
Sec olh Annual Rcjiort of the C.S.G.A., page 103.

"Some experiences in crop raising; wilh special reference to the potato/'
by \V. H. Taylor, St. (;iles. Que. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G A.,
page 63.

"Some results obtained in the improvement of the potato," by Alfred
Hutchinson, Mount Forest, Ont. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G. A.,
page 96.

"Potato breeding in Manitoba and some results obtained," by Harold
Orchard, Lintrathen, Ont. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G. A., page 103

"The potato and its cultures," — Bulletin 49, Dec, 1910, by W. T.
Macoun, C. E. Farm, Ottawa.

t" Potato growing in Ontario," 1906 Report Farmers' Institutes for
Ontario, Department of Agriculture, Toronto, Ont.

t"The potato" — (Book), by Samuel Fraser, Cornell University, Orange
Judd Co., N.Y.,— 1905.

I" A study of the factors influencing the improvement of the potato,"
Bulletin No. 127, by Edward M. East, Urbana, 111., 1908.

5. Field Roots.

"Selection of seed of held roots and vegetable crops in Canada," by
Otto Herold, Waterloo, Ont. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page
72.

"The growing of turnip seed in the Maritime Provinces," by Richard
Creed, Albion, P.E.I. See 7th Annual Report of the C.G.S.A., page 49.

6. Seed Supply, Distribution and Control.

"Field crops at the Experimental Farm and the distribution of seed so
obtained," by Dr. William Saunders of the C. E. Farm, Ottawa. See 2nd
Annual Report of the C.S.G. A., page 81.

*"How best to encourage the dissemination of high class seed," by
W. L. Smith, Toronto, Ont. See 3rd Annual Report of the C\S.G.A., page 92.

"Some problems in seed control," by Geo. H. Clark, Seed Commis-
sioner, Ottawa. See 4th Annual Report of the C.S.G. A., pageJSo.

61

"The distribution of improved seed stocks in Europe," by L. H. New-
man, Sec.-Treas. of the C.S.G.A., Ottawa. See 7th Annual Report of the
C.S.G.A., page 100.

"The distribution of seed produced at Experimental Farms," by C. E.
Saunders, of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. See 8th Annual
Report of the C.S.G.A.

7. Insects and Plant Diseases, etc.

"The action of certain smut preventives on the vitality of wheat," by
Prof. F. T. Shutt, Ottawa. See 2nd Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page
47, also 3rd Annual Report, page 69.

"Insects and fungous enemies of cereal crops and their treatment," by
Prof. W. Lochhead, McDonald College, Que. See 2nd Annual Report of
the C.S.G.A., page 47.

"Address," by the late Dr. James Fletcher, C. E. Farm, Ottawa. See
2nd Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 103.

"The effect of exposure on solutions of formaldehyde." See 4th Annual
Report of the C.S.G.A., page 50.

"The treatment of grain for smut," by William Lewis, of Dunsford,
Ont. See 7th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 54.

"Insects injurious to grain, fodder corn, root crops and vegetables,"
Bulletin 52, by Dr. Jas. Fletcher, Dominion Experimental Farms, Ottawa.
Ont., 1905.

Soils, Fertilizers, the Effects of Culture, etc.

*"The relationship between soil conditions and crop improvement," by
Prof. R. Harcourt, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. See 3rd Annual Report of the C.S.
G.A., page 55.

*"Some effects in varieties of cereal crops arising from different con-
ditions of growth," by J. Buchanan, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. See 3rd Annual
Report of the C.S.G.A., page 74.

"Some soil problems for the grower of improved seed," by J. H. Gris-
dale, C. E. P'arm, Ottawa. See 4th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.. page 92.

"Soil cultivation and crop improvement," by \V. H. Moore, Scotch
Lake, N.B. See 4th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 96.

02

"Surface drainage \-ersus underdrainage," by W. H. Tayliir, St. Ciiles,
Que. See 7th Annual Rej^ort of the C.S.G.A., page 120.

"Cultural conditions for seed growing," 1)\- J. H. (irisdale, C. R. Fruiii,
Ottawa. See 8lh Annual Report of the (\S.(i.A.

t" Western prairie soils: Their nature and composition," Serial No. 6
(2") pages), by l?rof. F. T. Shult, Dominion Kxperiniental l-'arnis, Ottawa,

mm.

t" Preparing land for grain crops in Saskatchewan," Pamphlet No. 3,
i(\ Angus McKa\', Dominion Kx[)erimental Farms, Ottawa, 1!)()9.

8. Weeds.

"The place of the Canadian Seed Growers' Association in the campaign
against noxious weeds," by Dr. James Fletcher, C\ F. l",uin, ()ttawa, Out.
See 4th Annurd Rei)ort of the (".S.G.A., page 7().

"Farm weeds of Canada," 2n(l edition, li)()<), (Price $\A)()\ ap|)l\ to
King's Printer, Ottawa).

"The Seed Control Act, Mill, with regulations — Dominion Seed
Bianch, ( )ttawa. Out.

"Report of t lie Seed Commissioner, 1905-11 — Dominion Seed Branch,
( )ttawa. Out.

"Wild oats and false wild oats, their nature and distincti\-e characters,"
b\- Norman ("riddle, P)ulletiii No. S.7 Dominion Seed Branch, ()ttawa,
1912.

63

Selected List of Articles and Publications which deal with
the Science of Plant Improvement and Development.

"Pedigree or grade l)reeding," by J. H. Webber, Washington, D.C.
See 2nd Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 61.

"The science of plant breeding," by Dr. J. H. Webber, Washington,
D.C. See 2nd Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 79.

" Indixiduality in plants," by Prof. L. S. Klinck, Macdonald College,
Que. See 4th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 78.

"The work of plant improvement at home and abroad," b\- Prof C. A.
Zavitz, O.A.C., Guelph, Ont. See 4th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 42.

"The problem of breeding disease-resistant plants, — "Prof. W. Loch-
head, Macdonald College, Que. See 4th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 64.

*"The production of improved \arieties of cereals," b\- Dr. C. E.
Saunders, C. E. Farm, Ottawa. See oth Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 8L

*"The impro\'emcnt of farm cr()i)s i)y the selection of indi\idual plants,"
by Prof. C. A. Zavitz, Guelph, Ont. See 5th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 85.

*"How plants feed," by Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que.
See 5th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 9L

*"Some of the factors which influence the productiNC capacity of seed,"'
by George Bradshaw, Morden, Man. See 5th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A..
page 106.

"Hereditary in plants cUid its i)earing on agricultural prol)lems," b\-
Prof. C. A. Zavitz, Guelph, Ont. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 49.

" H> bridiziiit; ilu' C.l.uliolus," b\ 11. 11. Groff, Simcoe. Ont. Sec 6th
Annual Report of the C.S.C...\., page 52.

"Seed selection as jiractised in Lurope with wheal, oats and barlc\","
by G. H. Clark, Seed Conunissioiier, Ottawa. See 6th Annual Report of
the C.S.G.A., page 81.

DivScussion by Dr. C. E. Saunders, C. E. Farm, Ottawa. See 6ih .Annual
Report of the C.S.G.A., page 84.

64

"The importance of choosing suitable varieties as foundation stock,"
by Ira Rodd, North Milton, Ont. See 6th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.,
page 88.

"Plant breeding in Scandinavia," by L. H. Newman, Sec.-Treas. of
the C.S.G.A., Ottawa.

"The improvement of fodder plants by selection." by Dr. M. O. Malte,
Seed Branch, Ottawa. See 7th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A., page 100.

"The improvement of cereal grains at Macdonald College," by Prof.
L. S. Klinck, of Macdonald College. See 8th Annual Report of the C.S.G.A.

t"The relation of certain biological principles to plant breeding," —
Bulletin No. 158, Nov., 1907, by E. M. East, Ph. D., New Haven, Conn.,
U.S.A.

t"Menders Principles of Heredity" (Book), by Prof. W. Bateson,
late Professor of Biology, Cambridge University, Eng. Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 1909. Price $3.00.

f"Mendelism" (Book), by R. C. Punnett, Professor of Biology, Uni-
versity of Cambridge, Eng. The Macmillan Company, N.Y., 1911.
Price SI. 25.

Note: — Those publications marked with an asterisk (*) are not avail-
able for general distribution; others may be had on application. All
except those marked with a dagger (f) are printed both in French and
English.

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