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A, BIENKOWSKl.
A^S^CON, C^IS^ALi ZO:NrE AND PANAMA, R. P,
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CANAL ZONE PILOT
GUIDE TO THE
REPUBLIC OF PANAMA
A:Nr>
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY
EDITED BY
WILLIAM C» HASKINS
L »
PUBLISHED BY
A- BIENKOWSKI
Ancon, Canal Zone and Panama, R. P.
PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED
1908
THE STAR & HERALD Co.
PANAMA.
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CX>PrRIORTKO 1907 IN THE Republic or Panama AVI. "rill- I SITKI* STATES BY A. BlENKOWSKI. |
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FubUtked, F9bryary. 1908. |
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I Mr. hAK'f
IBRARY
WHAT THIS BOOK CONTAINS.
Page.
The Castle of Gold , 1.
The Raids of the Buceaneei-s 17.
Capture^of Porto Bello 25.
The Fall of Old Panama 38.
The Fall of Old Panama. (Poem.) 110.
The Foundinsc of Xew Panama — 116.
The Isthmian Bubble of 1698 121.
Ti-ouble with Indians, 1710-1790 124.
.Independence Ifrom Spain, 1821 125.
The Isthmus in the Days of '49 128.
Lola Moutez "of Par i.** and Panama." ., 132.
Ocesius liinked by Steel Ribbons, 1855 135.
Night of Horror in April, 1856. 158.
Attempts to Pierce Isthmus , 170.
DeLesseps — His Great Scheme 172.
Mutterings of Separation 204.
In the Thi-oes of lie volution '. 207.
'\Ringing the Belles." 215.
Polyglot Panama. 221.
Story of the Youngest Republic , 223.
The Canal in American Hands 261.
Xot by a Dam Site 276.
Taking No Chances 284-
IIowJAbout it To-day? 293;
The King Pin of th« Canal , 333.
Panama's MoiTils In the '70s 340.;
Beyond the Chagi*es {Poem) ..-,,. 343.
Uncle Sam's Isthmian Domain 844.
Teaching Canal Zone Youth ■...» 350*
'The Isthmian Water Supply ,..-. ;153.
Revenue End of the Zone • ..•••>••. «»• 358.;
The Guardians of the Zone .,...; 362.
The Pearl Industry of Panama 366.
M. Th««N'««wPiitacraiid Thmtn :?70.
■k T Miicrlmn ItallnMid ,,... .Ttl.
M. \ •ipkttiiMUr i'uriM. •»... {Tft.
17. 1 «>iii» in>iii itui ihiiMinm • . r78.
H CNBetel IlMml ttf Uh- I. r. 4* .— .. ■ dW.
flk TiMt (lull III MiM^tif th<> Zone :«a.
40. lioiMld tlWiw.i . mb.
41. I*lpln«(>ll \crtmi iKthmus. AM.
4L IViuuiMof till' Tn'Nfiit ItNy. :W.
{u, — rulilli* Ijimt UiMs 114.
«h> — MInlnir liitwK..... UK.
41 TourlitU' I)i>|iiirtwcttU UH
44. f" ^.tcirUtiinuatTlultN iM.
4fic • iC«>|>. of l*MiiMiiui, I. < M\. uod P. R. K. ....,: *r.
<•. ' >«.....v |ii»- <.>r> of |*iinaina. 477.
47. < . iifftilon 504.
4R. I 5ia.
40L Ontnp biiUitt... , „ SIR.
aOL Addcndu , fan.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
^ Page.
ProotlMpleoe—- PivMent iHthmian Canal CommiMsion.
L BulDsofSauto Domingo Church 21.
i. Tlie Bella of rru«« 27.
t. Group of Native Belles M.
4. Market Htn>ct, l^inaina 41.
6. Entrancv to I*iinHmu C/emeteries 47.
«. Count r>- St vne In Panama Republic 56.
7. C«thwlr«l I'ark, Panama .... «J7.
& Santa Ana Park, I^nama Ti.
9. Hceneon Beach, Colon 80.
10. Panorama of I>aiiama City 91.
IL Taboga Villajfe 04.
12. Chlnene Vegetable (iarden, Panama . 102.
IS. l*alm TircM at Amvin IIW.
14. Early Hcsene on Heawall, Panama , 118.
15h View of Hhlpping, Colon „..,.,. I'JS.
U. l%nama Policemen .,' , i.'jo.
17. Ancon HoNpital i;ff.
Mw Sbippinx BananaJtat Bohlo 144.
19. I. C. C. Hanitarlum, Taltoga iNland '. 153.
ao. Tbwerat David, K. P 155.
21. Blr(l»«3re Vi«wor Calnbm(l) IflO.
Pilot and Guide. m
Page.
22. Scene on Panama Railroad in '55 164.
23. Ancon Hospital Entrance 167,
24. Corozal , 174.
25. Birds-eye View of Culebra (2) 181.
26. American Quartei-s, Culebra 188.
27. Old Atlantic Entrance to Canal 192.
28. Pacific Entrance to Canal 193.
29. View of (Torgona . 199.
30. I.e. C. Hospital, Colon 206.
31. Before the Trenches in Panama 210.
32. Sinking of theLautaro 214.
33. General Alban Entering Colon 217.
84. General Perdomo 220.
35. P. R. K. Station at Empire 222.
36. Scene in Colon in '55 230-
37. Plaza Bolivar, David, Chiriqui 236.
38. President and Mrs. Amador 245.
39. Jos6 Domingo de Obaldia 249.
40. Scene on the Fiquene River, Darien 253.
41. Mapofthe Isthmus 267.
42. President Roosevelt and Hotel Tivoli 271.
43. Old Administration Building, Panama 278.
44. Administration Building, Culebra 286.
45. Trains Hauling Excavations 294.
46. Bas Obispo Cut 302.
47. Army Engineers 301.
48. A Canal Dredge 311.
49. Steam Shovel Ixxuling Train 320.
50. A Scene on the Chagres River....; 334.
51. Inauguration of Water Works System, Panama 356.
52. Canal Zone Post-oflace, Cristobal 361.
53. Police Station, Cristobal 364,
54. New l*alace and Theatre 371.
55. Diplomatic Corps 378.
56. Alejandro Dutaiy 395.
57. J. F. de laOssa 400.
58. Tableau of Nations 427.
50. Donaldo Vela.sco, Author, " The War on the Isthmus" 444.
60. Dr. Facundo Mutis Duran 472,
61. United States Marines at Camp Elliott 519.
62. StarAHerald Building 522.
m PUBLISHEe'S ANNOUNCEMENl
In submitting this, the first edition of the Pilot and Guide, the pubhsher does so, with the finn behef that it will meet with the approbation of its readers. He has departed somewhat from the beaten path of this class of books for the express purj)0se of meeting an insistent public demand, that of a work that will enable people in- terested in Panama and the Isthmian Canal to gain a clear and adequate conception of what has occurred, and is now taking place. Books have been published, and some of them very good ones, on various phases of Isthmian his- tory and events, but the publisher has tried and believes that he has succeeded in massing more "'meat of the Isth- mian cocoanut," than has ever before been printed between the covers of a book whose title page bears the well known name of "Panama."
To accomplish this end has been no small task. It has been a case of book-building from the ground up. Information and facts had to be hunted out of musty
nooks and comers^ and as much of the information could be obtaine<l only from tS|)anish )>r>oks and documents, care- ful translation wuh neceHsai^. Whci-e jwssible, tlie workei-s on this book bavo gone back to thu times when the histor- ical incidents were in tlic making:, and in the c^ise of hitcr eTents, to kco and talk >vith i>eo|)lc who were on tlio spot and knew |)ersonally of the otrurrences related. Mistakes may hare crept in; a book covering a scopo of four hun- dred yeai-s would l»e a ixisilive wtwider without any, yet the publiRlier lK»lieves that the authenticity in general of the information herein contained will stand the test.
The workei-s on this volume realized that its readers will embrace many different classes, therefore anecdotes and incidents, all strictly true, have been introduced to illustrate a little of the humorous, and also, of the tragic side of Isthnn'an history. Another earnest effort was made to bring tlie book down to the year of Our Lord, 1908, and the work in this respect sj^eaks for itself. It is the only publication now in print that covers the recent and veiy important change in plans at the Pacific end of the canal, and of the decision to widen the canal locks: it is the oidy work that contains a continuous narrative of the great Isthmian waterv.ay since it has been in American hands, and it is the only book that gives the story of the circmnstances leading up to. and rulniinating in the seces- sion of Panama from the Republic of Colombia from every point of view. There has been no attempt to '-throw cold water," or disparage, but rather to present the information in a wholly dispassionate and matter-of-fact way. The publisher and his assistants however, believe that in re- viewing the past three years of canal history, supported
by facts and figures, and by a personal knowledge of the general situation, the book will serve a purpose in dispell- ing and dismissing many a doubt and delusion that may have existed, or may still exist in the minds of some, regarding the extent and progress of the canal undertaking.
A work of this kind necessarily involves considerable outside assistance. The publisher takes this occasion to thank the many who have contributed to the book by af- fording all information that lay in their power. He is especially indebted to the members of the Isthmian Canal Commission, Panama Railroad officials, Mr. W. G. Tubby, Mr. H. G. Prescott, Don Jose Augustin Arango, Don Ri- cardo Arango, Don Ricardo Arias, Don Melchor Lasso de la Vega, Don E. T. Lefevre, Don Samuel Boyd, Senor Donaldo Yelasco and others. He is also indebted to The Star & Herald Co., Mr. J. Gabriel Duque, its Director, Mr. Carl von Lindeman, its Manager, and its staff of em- ployes for the excellent typographical work on the book, as well as to the management for the opportunity for research afforded by the early files of the paper. Cordial thanks are also extended to Senor Guillermo Andreve and Senor Don- aldo Yelasco for the loan of several half-tone illustrations appearing on the pages of the Pilot and Guide.
Just a word to the advertisers. Your confidence was invited, and although you made it known to the publisher that you had often been fooled in the past, notw^ithstand- ing the prospectus of the present work attracted your at- tention. The publisher believes he has kept faith with you in every respect. It is seldom that a w^ork of this kind opens its pages to advertisers, in fact, had such an oppor-
JV
tniiity been afforded in the United States, advertising agencie<% would hav«» tiiken every available inch of space. T%e publiaber thanks you for your patronage and trusts that the 1909 edition will see you again i*epit^sent(Ml.
jAe ^af,/is/,
er
THE CASTLE OF GOU.
The famed Cathay of Cokimbiis' dreams led that daring, but disappointed navigator to make a fourth and final attempt in the year 1502, to discover a short sea route to the East. After being buffeted about for days by contrary winds in the Caribbean Sea, his small and leaky boats threatening to go to the bottom at any moment, he at last sighted land in the vicinity of Cape Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua. Doubling this cape on the 14th of September, in the year above-mentioned, he landed and explored a region to which ho gave the name of Cerabora. Here he ran across numerous specimens of gold ore, and by questioning the Indians, ascertained that the precious metal existed in large quantities in a district to the east of there called Veragua. He secured num- erous ore samples, and obtained a rough description of the mines.
Continuing his voyage, he sailed along the coast of what is now Costa Rica, and Panama, passing on his way the famous Chiriqui Lagoon in the Province of Bocas del
PUol owrf Gtiifle
Toro, called by the Indians. Ahiircnia, and which quite d(H:eivcd T* ' ' ^ for a time into hohcving that he had at hist di- tho mucli sought for jmssagc. While
voyaging down the coast ho encountei-od numc»*ous stonns whicli imi>crilcd his boats, and on one occasion forced him to seek shelter at a small island. Hei-e he found fiiiits. fish and game in abundance, whi(h led him to give the place the nnmo of Puerto <le HMstimento. meaning a place of supplier
After a lew aa^b rest ai liiis poim, C«'linnl>iis or- ganized a small expedition, and on the 2:Jrd of Noveml)er left tiie haven, but was obhged to ))nt in to the coast again throe, days later owing to a temi)e8t which narrowly came to stamping his ships. This place he aptly termed Retrete. meaning a place of retreat. Here he stayed until the 5th of December, when he decided to turn back over his course. He kept a westerly direction for fifteen days, which bi-ought him on the 7 th day of January, ir^O.'J, to the moufh of a river c^'illed in the Indian tongue Quiebra, hilt to wliich Columbus gave the name of Belen. This river torday forms the natural boundaiT line between the PltJvince of Colon, and that of Veraguas. Towards the interf(»r could be seen a broken mountain range which Coiumbus named San Cristobal. Near this spot, a short while later, the Adelantado D. Bartolomo Colon, founded the fii*st establishment on Isthmian soil, but it did not eirdare long, being destroyed by the Indians under a chief named Quibian.
At this point Columbus again changed his plans and sailed back toward the. east, stopping at the present site of. Porto Heljo (1), and going as far as the islands in the Mulatto Archipelago, which lie in the Gulf of San Bias. After som ^ further journeyings back and forth, ever on the look-out for a natural opening in the barrier before
\'iiriou8ly spoiled Puerto Belo, Portobelo, &nd Porto Bello.
Castle of Gold.
him, he decided to return, the bad state of his ships, making such action imperative.
History credits Columbus as having first set foot on the soil of what is now the Repubh'c of Panama, on November 2nd., 1502, somewhere in the vicinity of the Chiriqui Lagoon. Thus we have two important dates in Isthmian history nearly coincidental as to the day and month; the discovery, and the declaration of independence of the Republic of Panama, Nov. 3rd., 1903.
''In the Name of God."
Accounts of the newly discovered countrj^, and the samples of gold having in due time reached the court of Spain, the fanciful name of Castilla del Oro, or Castle of Gold was conferred upon all that region extending from Cape Gracias a Dios, to the Gulf of Uraba, and in the year 1510, Diego de Nicuesa was sent over from Santo Domingo to govern it. He took along with him colonists to the number of 700, but during the voyage a tempest arose, wrecked some of his ships, and caused the loss of 400 of his men, while the others were in desperate straits. In the tempest the ships became separated and some of them reached the coast near the mouth of the Belen Eiver, while others l)rought up at the mouth of the Chagres River. After collecting his men, Nicuesa left the Belen River and went to the port of Bastimcnto, and when he had doubled Manzanillo Point, he shortly landed and said: "We will remain here in the name of God." This was the site of the town of Nombre de Dios, called into prominence at the present time chiefly from its having been one of the earliest settlements on the Isthmus, and ono of the most unhealthful spots in Panama. In this enterprise Nicuesa perished miserably along with the bulk of his followers.
Before Nicuesa's time, two other hardy navigators had added considerably to the store of knowledge concern-
PUot ancf Gttidr.
ing Spain's new possessions. One of these, Rodrigo de
l^juitida. hcadotl an cx|)cditioii tint visited various parts of tho Spanisli Main, and discovorcd in I'lOl, a year in ad- vance of the arrival of Columlms, that part of the coast lying between CajK* Tiburon. on the (iulf of Trabil and tJie poit of H^tivte. The other, Alonso de Ojeda, ex- plored the whole northern coast of South America, and gave the country adjacent to the (iulf of Traba, the name of Nueva Andalusia, He founded a town in tho eastern part of the Gulf, naming it San Sebastian. He grew tii-ed of the iTsistaiice (•ffei-ed by the neighboring tribes of Indians and very soon abandoned the c(»lony. leaving his lieutenant, Francisco Pizarro, afterwards famous as tho conqueror of tlie Inca empire, in possession of the pi ce. Ojeda later distinguished himself as the founder of several places in Venezuela.
The Story of Balboa.
Many a cliild at scliool has fiillen down on a hard history lesson, but rarely a dullard so great as to fail in the recital of Balboa*s exploit History accords it but a brief mention, allx?it it is entitled to second place in the New Wor'd discoveries. Ball>oa fibred forth adventuring at a comi)aratively early age. At 2o he voyaged with Bastida to the Spanish Main, and on his return to His- paniola, the Hayti of the present day, he took up the pursuit of agriculture. His bent did not at all lie in this direction, and his principal harvest was a lot of bad debts. To escape these, and an occupation distasteful to him, he concealed himself one night in a ciisk, and bribed some of the crew erf a ship lying in the harbor to take the cask on board. This ship happened to belong to an expedition commanded by one Bachiller Enciso, then fitting out for a voyage to the South American coast. Balboa was at this time a man of very pleasing appearance, and later, when at sea, his presence on board became known, he
The story of Balboa.
made such an earnest appeal to the Commander, that the latter reversed his earlier decision to throw him overboard. Balboa's representations of the richness of the country, and the fact that he had beev there before in company with Bastida, led Enciso to head his course for the Gulf of Uraba, and the colony of San Sebastian. Before reach- ing the mainland one of his ships became wrecked and through this accident, lost all the horses and pigs he had brought with him. Still greater misfortune awaited the expedition, for on its arrival, the town of San Sebastian wps found to have been burned by the Indians, and the colonists that were there scattered.
Balboa, nothing daunted, promised Enciso that if he would acconipai\y him, he would take him to the western shore of the gulf, where another town could easily be founded, and where the Indians did not use poisoned arrows. The offer was accepted, and together with their men they marched into the territory of an Indian chief named Cemaco, whom they defeated and took prisoner. At the town of this chieftain, they founded Santa Maria la An- tigua del Darien, in honor of the celebrated image at Seville, Spain. This place is noted for its having been the site of the first Episcopal See, and the oldest church on the American continent. Enciso was at the head of this new colony, but it did not last long owing in a large measure to an interdict received from the Crown of Spain pro- hibiting the traffic of gold with the Indians. About this time, too, Balboa and Enciso had a falling out, and the former, gaining the ascendancy, sent his fellow-explorer back to Spain in irons.
Balboa Seeks the Temple of Gold.
The whole country of the Castilla del Oro was now in Balboa's charge, and one of the first of his acts was to despatch Pizarro to explore the interior. About the same time he sent out a company of men to collect the sur-
Pilot attd (imdt.
\ vivors of the ill-fated town of Nombre do Dios. He then took the ti/ld against \\\3 Iiidiauis tirst capturing and im- prisoning the chieftain Cuaivca along with his family, and afterwards pillaging the lands of an Indian chief named Ponca. This '• ' liim and his men to tlio territory of £notiier Indian n named Comagre, at that time
probably the most powerful chief in the entire Darlen region. Comtigic lived in a state of magniHccnce, and had the mummies of his ancestors enshrouded in rich cloths, adorned with jn'mls, precicms stones, and ornaments of gold. Although ho had .'J.OUO warriors at his call, he re- ceive<l Balboa peaceably, and gave him the freedom of his domain. C.'omagre's eldest son named Pa nqm'aco became very friendly witli Balboa, and besides presenting him with 4,000 ounces of gold, and ()0 women slaves, taken prison- ers in battle with neighboring tribes, gave him the in- formation that back of the line of niountiins that reared
- their tops in the dim distance, was a nation very rich and powerful, having ships with sails like the Spaniards, and using vessels of solid gold. He also told him of a temple of gold called Dabaibe, situated forty leagues from Darien, on the banks of a great river, emptying into the Ciulf of Uraba (1). In the aboriginal belief, Dabaibe was the mother of the Deity, which dominated the elements, and created the sun, moon, stu-s, and all things good.
Balboa's cupidity was greatly aroused by these tales, and returning to Santa Maria, prepared for an expedition in search of the golden temple. It is evident that at this period Balboa placed some credence in the Indian's tale of *^ ships with sails," but had more faith in the existence of a temple of gold. It is (juite likely tiiat this temple had reference to tlie treasure house of tlie Inca emperoi*s at Cuzco, an account of which, more or less distorted, might easily have passed from tribe to tribe until it reached the Darien.
(1) The At rato River.
Balhoa SeeJts the Temple of Gold. ~^ :
His expedition in tvini^ Balboa entered the moutbrof ': the Atrato, and passed up it until he reached the 'Rio: ;■ Negro, or Sucio, as it is. commonly called on account of the color of its waters. Ascending this tributary he finally arrived at the lands of an Indian chief named Abibeiba^rf without having seen any indication of the object . of his"' quest. He left here a company of 80 men. to guard ,=. the :: place, and then returned to Darien, On arriving he. found that the Indians under Ceraaco, and five other chiefs, witfe • a force of 5,000 warriors, and 100 canoes, had planned ' an attack on the colony, which plot was disclosed by one^^- of their number named Fulvia. Balboa at once took the - initiative, surprised and defeated the -Indians, and left - Cemaco dead on the field.
In Q,uest of the South Sea.
About this time there were internal dissensions' in ' the colony, but Balboa succeeded in pacifying all parties, '- so that by the time reinforcements arrived fro^ti Spain ' bringing to him the title of Captaiu-General de la Antigua, he was ready to set out on an expedition inquest of the South Sea. He sailed from Santa Maria on the 1st. of September, 1513, taking with him 190 of his own men, some Indians, and a number of dogs. A short dis- tance on his way, the Indian chief, Cuareca, who had been baptized by the Spaniards, gave him guides, some Indian^ auxiliaries, and on the 6th of September, after attending mass to ask the blessing of God on his mission, het^"too&^= the road to the mountains.
On the 8th of September, Balboa arrived at the home of the Indian chief, Ponca, mentioned in a previous '■ expedition. Here he was the recipient of the first really credible information concerning the great sea to the South. Ponca informed him that the ocean would open to view after passing certain mountains, which he w^onld show him. He also gave Balboa some curious, but handsomely^
Ptht «tMf Gmid^.
fomed gokl omameiits, which the Indian Raid came from places on tliu ocean of wliich he spoke.
On thi< 20th of September ho continued his march. Tbo surface of tiie giound was so rough and hmken. and there were ho many small streams to crass, that in four daySf he only covered thirty miles. At the end of this march, he came to the territon- of the lielli^'erent chief- tain, Cuaracua. who gave him a hard H^lit. The Indian was tiiuUly overcome, and p^^rished in conip:niy with iiOO of his men. The town of Cuaracua where he now was, laid, he was told, at the foot of the last mountani remaining to Ik* surmounted, heforc his eyes could rest on t]ie ohject of his long ami tedious march.
Balboa Discovers the Pacific.
On the 2()th of September, a little after ten o'clock in the morning, the Spaniards discovered from the top of the mountain^ the mighty watei-s of the Pacific. The priest of the cxi)edition, Andres de Vara, intoned the Te Deum, and all those in the company f«*ll on their knees around him. They afterwards laised at this poiiit a cross nnule of the trunk of a ti*ee, braced up by rocks, and upon which they wrote, as well as on various trees in the vicinity, the names of the rulers of Spain. On his descent to the beach, Balboa and his men had to j)ass through the lands of an Indian warrior named Cheapes, who tre;»ted thom kindly, and made them a present of 500 pounds of gold. Reacliing the wat^M-side, Halboa waded out knee-deep into tlie sea, and witli the banner of Spain waving in his hands, proclaimed the vast ocean, and the coasts adjoining it, the proi)crty of his King.
Find Pearls of Fabulous Size.
Shortly after the discovery of the South Sea. as the Pacific was for a long time aften^ards called, Halboa set
IQ Pilot and Otiide*
about making arrangeiponts to explore the vicinity. The ocean at tliis point on tlic coast forms a ^uJf to whith Balboa gavo tiio naniQ.jof ^au Miguel in lionor of his having arriw^c^ there oin the day tlie Catholic church cele- brates this ^u»t, whicl> name it beai*s at the present time. He despatchei one of ''liis mc»n named Aloni?o Martin at the hejul oftt small cOiy^iWiy of Spaniards and Indians. to explore tlie* coast iij-^^r'iTiVxN while he hiihself embarked and went iS^ island* iuliabited by a chief named Tumaco. Martin, leaN-wi^ first, lin5"ili(H credit of being the first Euroi)ean tg^.navi/jate ilie watei-s of the Pacific. The isftuid Balb(ja^and('d ^^l(|iis one ^f many, and to the groft^ hg gave the nam^*^^ the ) Archicpelago de las^ Perlas, or the^earl .'^hipelago. ; To the largest island' in^the grou^he gave the njjme of Isla ^ica, oi:"." Rich Is^dy on account of the rjiiantitios of pearls hia found there, ^ome of which ^-ere erf greid size. Balboa's papers rel^ how ftfitt the canoes of Chief Tumaco had their oars Iricmstei- with pear^, so plentiful Were they at this period Son^e^time after this, an expedition under Pizarro andr3A)rale^ t\^ of Balboa's lieutenants, was sent against the..iWrl Iannis. Tliey crossed tbe Isthmus by* a .J.ess difficult route^than Birlbo»s4iad done, and arrived at the isl&sds without Incident. After foik' different battles with th^Miief ^ftoBa they ffeuncmji possession of Isla Rica, the lattei^ Jfinall^. surrendei;e(i,H^nd as peace offering presented Pi^farro an(f Morales ^\;Uk a- basket 'full of very fine pearls, one~of which weighed ^tT^a'^ats, and afterwards sold for 4,000 ducats, equivalent to $9,120.00, veritably a prince's ransom. ^ -•.»..
Origin of the "Bloody Shirt."
After collecting air'the gold and pearls ho could lay hands on, Ball/oa returned to Darien, the only not^ible incident of the backward journey being iho^ execution of a native chief named Ponera, together wit^ thi:ee of his as-
B
Origin of the ''Bloody Shirr. j |
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sociates, accused of certain vicious practices. These men, Balboa caused to be devoured alive by the savage dogs which he carried with him.
.The year following, 1514, there arrived at Antigua, a colonel of infantry named Pedro Arias Davila, commonly called Pedrarias, who had been named by the Spanish Crown as Governor of Darien. It is related that Pedrarias was the father-in-law of Balboa, but history does not ap- pear to be fully clear on this point. He commanded a brilliant expedition consisting of 2,000 picked men, which had originally been raised and equipped for w^ar in Italy, under the orders of Grand Captain Gonzalo de Cordova, Cavalier of Spain. About this time La Antigua had been elevated to a metropolitan city of Castilla del Oro, and Friar Juan de Quevedo was named as the first bishop, while Caspar de Espinosa was ch(»sen as the first Alcalde. Shortly after the arrival of Pedrarias, Balboa made another and last quest for the mythical temple of gold, resulting in the usual failure. Then followed several months of Indian fighting. Tumanama, one of the most powerful chiefs of the mountains had long been at enmity with the Spanish invaders, and securing allies in a num- ber of other tribes commenced a war of extermination against -the Conquistadores. The Indians carried a flag in their fights made out of the bloody shirts of the Spaniards they had killed, which is the first mention History
12 ^'«< ond Guide,
makes of that since famous tocsin. The victories gained by the Indians caused f^reat alarm at I^a Antigua, and the mint and other public buildings were closed. However, after several desperate engagements, Tumanama and his warriors were put to i-out, and a peace pact was entered into.
Balboa's Last Expedition.
Upon the cessation of Indian hostilities, Pedrarias consented to an expedition plamied by Balboa, to explore the Sou til Sea. This involved the construction of the shi|)s necessary for navigating the Pacific, on the Atlantic side ot tlie divide, and their transportati<on, knocked-down, across the Cordillera to some point on the south coast The work of cutting trees and preparing the parts of the ships was performed after several months of arduous toil, and then commenced the long and wearisome journey across the Isthmus. The native Indians were utilized as carriers, and History records that upwards of two thousand of them weakened and died under their heavy burdens. In making the passage, Balboa showed poor judgment. Instead of journeying by a known route, he started across an unexplored part of the Isthmus, discovering the Rio Balsas on his way, which stream he utilized as far as he was able. Reaching the south coast, he put his ships together, and after visiting the Pearl Archipelago, navigated across the Gulf of San Mi- guel, and to a point about two leagues farther on. Here t\w crews of his ships became alarmed at a school of whales, whom they took to be reefs in the ocean, and induced Balboa to put about. Reaching the coast again the entire expedition was brought to a sudden stop, by orders received from Pedra- rias, the Governor, authorizing Balboa's arrest and imprison- ment, under the charge of being a traitor to the Crown.
Balboa, a Victim of Jealousy and Hate.
Up to the time of the last ill-planned expedition, fortune had always smiled on Balboa's enterprises. At
Balboa, a victim of Jealousy and Hate.
this period of his life, however, the fickle goddess turned her back upon him forever. Pcdrarias, the Governor of Daricn, had long been jealous of Balboa's successes, and this feeling culminated into one of intense hate. While fearing to withhold his consent to the South Sea expedi- tion, he was busy phmning the while how to frustrate it. The news of a great Indian empire far to the south had filtered through to the Spanish camp, and stirred Balboa to accomplish what his able but unprincipled lieutenant, Francisco Pizarro, later carried out. Pedrarias was well aware of Balboa's ambitious plans, and this knowledge did but serve to put an eilge to his jealousy and hate.
With but a farce of a trial, and condemned of being a traitor to the Crown on evidence of purely an ex parte character, Balboa, in the year 1517, in the forty-second year of his age, met death by the headsman's axe, and thus ended the life of one of the greatest explorers of the New World. Balboa maintained his imiocence to the very last, defying his accuser and murderer, Pedrarias, who occupied a wintlf»w only ten feet distant from the scaffold where the execution took place.
In view of Balboa's great achievement, history has passed lightly over his faults, among Avhich avarice and cruelty were the most prominent; but taking into account the general customs of the age in which he lived, the difficult and exasperating circumstances and emergencies
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he hail to contend with and overcome, it cannot bo gain- said hut that he was an exception*!! man: an intrepid, cunning and resourceful warri<»r whose ultimate success and wonderful disc<»vcrv ((Mxiuored for him a lasting place in the world's history. Hrsides. his latter sufferings, im- prisonment and doatii on tlie scaffold on an unjust charge, were, no doubt, ample atonemnit for his sins.
Founding of Old Panama.
Pedrarias, incom])ctent, treacherous, and crnol, con- tinued in liigh favoi with the king whose coffei-s he kept well supplied with gold and treasui-e wrung from the en- slaved and oppressed natives who died by the thousands on accoumt of nc»t being physically adapted to the work. It was this terrible decimation of the Indians that prompt- ed some time later a prominent Catholic bishop to suggest the imi)ortjition of negroes from Africa, thus saving the Indian from complete extermination, but at the same time inauguniting the system of slavery that afterwards spread over the gicatest part of two continents.
In l')!.'), Diego de Albites and Tello de Ouzman fonned part of an expedition that crossed to the Pacific side of the Isthmus and arrived at a hut of a poor Hsher, at a point called by the Indians Panama, from the abun- dance of fish and sea shells found there. Here in 1519, Pedraiias founded the city of Old Panama, giving it the Indian name. In 1521. by order of Emperor Charles V., the title of ^'Muy noble y muy leal" was bestowed on the place, and the government, bishopric and colonists of Santa Maria la Antigua del Darien removed thereto. This was only accomplished after great privation and suffering, it l)eing estimated that no fewer than 40.000 Spaniards i)er- ished in this trans-Isthmian hegini during tlie ensuing thirty years. The court-of-arms given to the new city consisted of a yoke, a bunch of arrows on a gilded field, with two ships underneath, a star, castle and lions: The
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PANAMA, E^
city becume the Heat of tlie Hrst court of the Kcil Aii- diencia^ which obtained in the .Spanisli possessions in America from 1535 to 1752.
In 1525, a Catholic priest named Hernando Luquc celebrated polemn mass in the Cathedral at Old Panama, taking communion with two Spanish explorers and men-at- arms, Francisco Pizarro and Diego Almagro. He l)n»ke the holy bread into tln*ee pieces, taking one, and giving the other pieces to the two men. The significance of this act was no other than the solemnization of a contract lietween all three to conquer the countries to the South. They shortly afterwards manned several vessels and sailed down the coast, reaching at last the "golden" Peru. Pizarrro's flag used in his conquest is a treasured relic to- day in the archives at Bogota.
Early Trans-Isthmian Routes.
Some time after the settlement of Old Panama, an attempt was m:ide to establish land communication from Nombre de Dios, at that time the principal port on the Atlantic, to the new city on the Pacific A road was finally constructed between the two places, which crossed the Chagres River at Cruces. For a pail of the way the road was paved, evidences of which remain to this day. Later small vessels commenced to sail from Nombre de
Earhj Tmns-Isthin'uui Route.
I"Z
Dios to the mouth of the Chagres, then up that stream to Ci'uces, where tlio cargoes weie transferred to the hacks of mules. Nombre do Dios was ahaudoued at the end of the sixteenth century in favor of Porto BeHo, known to be one of the best havens on the entire Isthmian coast, south of Chi- riqiii Lagoon, to wliich even the steamers of the present day resort when an unusually strong norther is blowing at Colon. Nombre de Dios had long been known as a graveyard for the Spaniards, and its decay was of little moment.
After the conquest of Peru, aiul the development of the gold mines in the Darien, Old Panama sprang rapidly into prominence, All the golden treasure of the West Coast v\as poured into her lap to be sorted for shipment
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F ii^ IST -^ 1^ -A. .
to the mother country. Porto Bello likewise became an im- portant post, and was the scene of great fairs uj) to the time of its capture by tlie Pirates under Henry Morgan.
THE EAIBS OF THE BDCCAffiESS.
The attack and pillage of Porto Bello, the capture of Port San Lorenzo at the mouth of the Chagres liiver.
13 ^*»^f o<M« itnUk.
And lastly and chief of all, the sack and burning of Old Panama. |)crha|>s at the time the most opulent city in all New Spain. l>y Henry Morgan and his hand of seven- teenth (vntury Iniccanoors. pirates and sea rovei-s, furnishes one of tlie mOst thrilling chapters in tlio early history of tJie Spanish Main, and some of the most noUihle events in the piratical record of the West Indies, not only from the bcl.: id intrepidity of tlio attack, but for the gallant
del well.
ToKlay, nearly three hundiwl and fifty years after, crumbling ruins mark the spots where tliese occurrences took place, though as the late Mr. James Stanley Gill^crt has iRTitten in his famous work, "Panama Patchwork":
" Cloud-crested San Lorenzo guards
The ChaRTes' entrance still, Tho' o'er each stone dense moss has grown,
And earth his moat doth fill. His bastions, feeble with decay,
Steadfastly view the sea, And sternly wait the certain fate
The ages shall decree. **
To the Americans employed on the Isthmus and tho tourists that are coming in ever increasing numboi*s, tho sites of these early Spanish centers of Western civilization have a considerable charm, as is evidenced by the numer- ous excursions made thereto, especially during the dry season. Of them all Old Panama, perhaps, possesses tho greatest attraction. It is easily accessible from the present city, and really interesting, although unfortunately many visitors merely ride over, take a look at the tower and the old bridge, and then come back with the idea that they have seen everytliing wortli while. The tower and bridge are near to the beach, and easily seen, but tho dense vegetation with which tlie greater part of Old Panama is overgrown makes sight-seeing failher in more difficult There is the old Cathedral, the roof of which has fallen
The Ranis of the Buccaneers. |Q
in, but the walls of which are still standing. This church is mentioned in Esquemeling's narrative of the sack and burning of Old Panama, written in 1678, and reprinted herewith, as the only one left standing after the fire, the which was used for a hospital for the wounded of the buccaneers. The interior of this church has been used in recent times, and is still being used, I understand, by the natives living in the vicinity for a burying place for their dead. Nearby to the church is the Catacumbas, or tombs, upon the roofs of which great trees are now growing vigor- ously. As one proceeds farther landwards, sections of the ancient city's walls may be seen in various directions, some being only held up by the gigantic roots of trees which have twined aiid intertwined in and about the stones in such a manner that now it would be difficult even for a pry to dislodge them. Large open wells curbed with stone are scattered about the place, and in these, numerous relics have recently been found, such as parts of copper kettles, pieces of firearms, money, articles used in the churches, etc. If all were cleaned out, no doubt many interesting and perhaps valuable relics could be recovered, inasmuch as the tradition has been handed down, and history in a measure supports it, that the inhabitants of the place in their fright and excitement sought to hide their valuables, and as a last resort threw them into the wells of the city. Be that as it may, the site of Old Panama furnishes a point of interest well worth visiting.
The tower at Old Panama, which figures so promi- nently among Isthmian photographs, and which may be seen on a clear day from high elevations in the new city, formed a part of the castle of St. Jerome. In the papers of a Spanish engineer of that time occurs the following description of it: " This fortification was an excellent piece of workmanship, very strong, being raised in the middle of the port, of quadrangular form, and of very hard stone. Its elevation or height is 88 geometrical feet, its walls being fourteen, and its curtains, seventy-five feet in diameter.
20 ^'^^ <"^ (iMidc.
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It was built at the expoiise of soveral private pei-sons, the Governor of tlie city furnishing the principal part of the inoney^ so that it did not cost His Majesty any sum at all."
The fragmentary and often innccurate accounts of Old Panama has not tended to give readers a clear con- ception of this and attendant events. Nothing has ever appeared in print more truthful and interesting concerning the capture of Porto Bello, and the burning of Panama, than is to be found in John Esquemeling's narrative pub- lished in 1G78, seven years after the events actually oc- curred. Esquemeling was a member of the pirate band, and therefore an eye witness of the incidents related. Altliough not definitely known, the author of this narrative is thought to have been a Hollander, inasmuch as his ac- count first appeared in the Dutch language* It wjis after- wards translated into Spanish, and in recent years into English, the latter translation appearing Jis a part of the
S2 POoimid Owkh.
book called **Tho Huccaiiccni of America," published by Sv - M Si Co.. of I^ondon. The author's
at" i.iphic aud pidures<]ue, in which he in-
variably figures in the third iK^i-son. With the exception of a few instances wheiv he s|H»ak8 of Uie extraoixlinary exploits of the English under Morgan, as mattei's of course, he has taken no sides, and is as prone to criticize his leader, as any individual on tJie op|)Osite side. Tiie worst criticism to Ik* made of his nanative is his tendency to magnify the importance of certain places and things. Hence. fi*om his description of Old Panama, one would bo led to believe it a much larger and iniportant place than it really was. He refers to there having been five thousand houses in tlie place at the time of its fall. This would indicate a population of 40,000, or 50,000 souls. Even in a much more extensive area than the site of Old Panama, it would have been impossible to comprehend so many
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The Hauls of the Buccaneers 23
buildings, aiid there is iiotliing to-day to indicate it. I have thoroughly explored the site, and cannot see possibly where more than 10,000 or 15,000 souls could have been gathered together. Ringrose, a member of the pirate band of Capt. Sharp, says in his narrative of their expedition which visited New Panama in 1G80, that the latter place then wns larger than Old Panama ever was.
The expedition against Old Panama w^as Henry Morgan's crowning achievement, and his action toward his men after their return to the Fort of Chagre, as Esque- meling terms San Lorenzo, marked the beginning of the end of his career as the greatest pirate of his time. He was a man of quick impulse, one good act being almost invariably offset by an evil one. He cared not for con- quest for conquest's sake, but he was out for the coin of the realm, which in his time was figured in pieces of eight. One of the most astonishing moves in his wdiole career w^as his attitude towards piracy after his ascendancy to the post of Governor of Jamaica, not long after his return from the Panama expedition. To him, more than to any one man, is probably due the ridding of the pirates from the waters and islands of the West Indies.
The Panama expedition was not as successful as Morgan had figured on in the matter of booty. The escape of the Spanish galleon with the plate and church valuables robbed him of the best of his expected treasure. Local tradition has it that he left with as high as 1,200 mule loads of loot, w-hile a biography of Morgan puts it at thirty-seven. Esquemeling gives it at 175 mule loads, which is probably about the correct figure.
We are giving the reader Esqueraeling's account of the capture of Porto Bello, and the fall of Old Panama in the writer's ow^n picturesque language, which cannot fail but to add spice to the narrative — Editor.
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Capture of Forto Bello, 1668. 25
Capmre of Porto Bello, 1666.
Capt. Morgan, always communicated vigor with his words, and infused such spirits into his men as were able to put every one of them instantly upon new designs; they being all persuaded by his reasons, that the sole execution of his orders would be a certain means of obtaining great riches. This persuasion had such influence upon their minds, that with inimitable courage they all resolved to follow him. The same likewise did a certain pirate of Campeche, who on this occasion jointed with Capt. Morgan, to seek new fortunes under his conduct, and greater ad- vantages than he had found before. Thus Captain Morgan in a few days gathered a fleet of nine sail, between ships and great boats, wherein he had four hundred and three- score military men.
After that all things were in a good posture of readiness, they put forth to sea, Capt. Morgan imparting the design he had in his mind to nobody for that present. He only told them on several occasions, that he held as indubitable he should make a good fortune by that voyage, if strange occurrences altered not the course of his designs. They directed their course towards the continent, where they arrived in a few days upon the coast of Costa Eica, witli all their fleet entire. No sooner had they discovered land than Capt. Morgan declared his intentions to the Captains, and presently after to all the rest of the * com- pany. He told them he intended in that expedition to plunder Porto Bello. and that he would perform it by night, being resolved to put the whole city to the sack, not the least corner escaping his diligence. Moreover, to encourage them he added: This enterprise could not fail to succeed well, seeing he had kept it secret in his mind w^ithout revealing it to anybody; whereby they could not
2© f*ifot itMd GtiMf.
have noliro of his coming. To this proposition some made answer: Tliey had not a sufficient nundicr of men whei-e- with to assault so strong and gi-eat a city. But Captiin Morgan replietl: 1/ ottr niimhrr in nmaU our heartn are tfrrtit And the frircr peraouH irr are the more uniou, and ^nrett irv nhaU harv in the npoiL Hereupon, being K'd with th<» and)ition of those vast riclies they promised themselves from their goo<l success, they unani- mously concluded to venturt» upon that design. But, iiow, to Uie intent my reader may l)etter comprehend the in- cx)ni 1»o1(1moss of this exploit, it may he necessary
to > .thing he forehand of the city of Porto Bello.
The city which l)eais this name in America is seated in tlie Province of Costa Rica (1), under the latitude of ten degrees North, at the distance of fourteen leagues from tJie Gulf of Darien, and eight westwards from the port called Xomhre de Dios. It is judged to be the strongest place that the King of Spain jmssesses in all the West Indies, excepting two, that is to say, Havana and Carti- gena. Here are two castles, almost inexpugnable, that defend tlie city, l>eing situated at the entry of the port; so that no ship or boat can pass without permission. The garrison consists of throe hundred soldiers, and the town constnntly inhabited by four hundred families, more or less. The merchants dwell not here, but only reside for awhile, when the galleons come or go from Spain; by reason of the unhealthiness of the air, occasioned by certain vapom*s. that exhale from the mountains Notwithstanding, their chief warehouses are at Porto Bello, howbeit their habitations be all the year long at Panama, whence they bring the plate upon mules at such times as the fair begins and when the ships, belonging to the Company of Negroes, airive here to sell slaves.
i ) The nume generally applied to the Caribbean coast at that time from Cape Qracioa 4 Dio8 to the Chagres River.— Editor.
2& KM md Omfe.
GRAN FABRICA NACIDNAL DE TABACDS
3La Jlar del Istmo.
U wjor J b Mj puk ^ ktsli koj se lit rslalilecido e« hmi.
Los CigarroK, PicadorAft y CiR«rrnio8 elnl)oratlo8 en e«ta FAbrifji, koh »U1
MKJoK MAT«^ '•' " f"-' —.-ha on Inn vejpiH tie Chiriquf y Bubi.
Todoh (O do PanuniH ((ue ok tan buono
r<' .no vii'iir a la Ki'publica.
Protejer i las Industrias Nacionales, es protejerse uno i si mismo. E, MORRIS y Cia.
TCUCFONO aO. AVENIDA CENTRAL., NUMERO 307
rUM^N NVESTROS PRODUCT OS 6 NO FUMEN. Arrival of the Buccaneers.
Capt Morgan, who knew very woll all the avenues of this city, as also all the neighhoripg coasts anived in the dusk of tlie evening at the place called Puerto de Naos, distant ten leagues toward the wost of Porto Bello. Being come to this place, they mounted the river in their ships, as far as another harhour called Puerto Pontin; where they came to an anchor. Here they put themselves immediately into boats and canoes, leaving only a few men to keep them and conduct them the next day to the port Al>out midnight they came to a cei-tain i)li^co called Estera longa Lemos, where they all went on shore, and marched by land to the first posts (if the city. They had in their company a certiiin Englishman, who had been formerly a prisoner in tliose parts, and who now seived them for a guide. To him, and tliree or four more, tliey ga?e commission to take the sentry, if possible, or kill him
Arrival of the Buccaneers. 29
upon the place. But they laid hands on him and appre- hended hi in with such cunning, that he had no time to give warring with his nmsket, or make any other noise. Thus they brought him, with his hands bound, to Captain Morgan, Avho asked him: IIoiv things went in the city, and what forces they had: with many other circumstances, which he was desirous to know. After every question, they made him a thousand menaces to kill him, in case he declared not the truth. Thus they began to advance towards the city, carrying always the said sentry bound before them. Having marched about one-quarter of a league, they came to the castle that is near the city, which presently they surrounded, so that no person could get either in or out of the said fortress.
Being thus posted under the walls of the castle, Capt. iVIorgan commanded the sentry whom they had taken prisoner, to speak to those that were w^ithin, charging them to surrender, and give themselves up to his discre- tion; otherwise they should be aU cut to pieces, without giving qnaiter to any one. But they would hearken to none of these threats, beginning instantly to fire; which gave notice to the city and this was suddenly alarmed. Yet, notwithstanding, although the Governor and soldiers of the said castle made as great resistance as could be performed, they were constrained to surrender to the Pirates. These no sooner had taken the castle, than they resolved to be as good as their words, in putting the Spaniards to the sword, thereby to strike a terror into the rest of the city. Hereupon, having shut up all the soldiers and officers as prisoners into one room, they instantly set fire to the powder (whereof they found great quantity), and blew up the whole castle into the air, with all the Span- iards that were within. This being done, they pursued the course of their victory, falhng upon the city, which as yet was not in order to receive them. Many of the in- habitants cast their precious jewels and moneys into wells and cisterns, or hid them in other places underground, to
30 '*»'o' «*^ OHide,
excuse, as much as wore possihKv their boiii^? toUiIly rdbbod. One party <»f tlu* Pinitoi* hoing assipiod to tins purpose, rail iuinuHli.itely to the cloistoi-s, atul took as many re- ligious men and wouioii as tlicy could find. The Governor of the city not heiuf? able t(» rally the citizens, through the huge confusion of the town ivtired to one of tlie cas- tles remaining^ and thence l)egan to fire incessaidly at the Pirates. But these were not m the least negh'gent either to assault him or defoiul tli ' with all tlie courage imaginable. Thus it w.is ol.. that, amidst the horror
of tlie assault, they made very few shots in vain. For aiming witli git»at dexterity at the mciutlis of the guns, tlie Spaniards wei-e certain to lose on.^ or two men every time they charged each gun anew.
Assault on the Castle.
The assault of this aistle where the Governor was, con- tinued very furious on both sides, from break of day until noon. Yea, about this time of the day the case was very dubious which party should conquer or be conquered. At last the Pirates, perceiving they liad lost many men and as yet advanced but little towards tlie gaining either this, or the other castles remaining, thought to nuike use of fireballs, which they threw with their hands, designing, if possible, to burn the dooi-s of the castle. But going about to put this into execution, the Spaniards from the wall let fall great (piantities of stones and earthen pots full of powder and other combustible matter, wliich forced them to desist from that attempt. Capt. ^lojgan seeing this generous defence made by tie Spaniards, began to despair of the whole success of the enterprise. Hereupon, many faint and calm meditations came into his mind; neither could he determine which way to turn himself in that straitness of affairs. Being involved in these thoughts, he was suddeidy aiiimated to continue the assault by seeing the English colours put foiUi at one of the lesser Ciistles,
Assault on the Castle.
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then entered by his men, of Avhom he presently after spied a troop that came to him, proclaiming victory with loud shouts of joy. This instantly put him upon new resolu- tions of making new efforts to take the rest of the castles that stood out against him; especially seeing the chief citi- zens were fled to them, and had conveyed thither great pait of their riches, with all the plate belonging to the churches, and other things dedicated to divine service.
To this effect, therpfore, he 0)'dered ten or twelve ladders to be made in all possible haste, so broad th^t three or four men at once might ascend by them. These being finished, he commanded all the religious men and women whom he had taken prisoners to fix them against the walls of the castle. This much he had beforehand threatened the Governor to perform, in case he delivered not the castle. But his answer was: He would never sur- render himself alive. Capt. Morgan was much persuaded that the Governor would not employ his utmost forces,
32 Pifot and Guide.
seeing religions women and ecdesiasticai persons, exposed in the front of the soldioi-s to the greatest daiigei-s. Thus the ladders, as I have SJiid. were put into tlie liauds of rehgious persons of l)otli sexes; and these were forced, at the head of the companies, to raise and a])ply them to the walls. But Capt Morgan was fully deceived in his judg- ement of this design. For the Governor, who acted like a brave and aanageous soldier, refused not, in performance of his duty, to use his utmost endeavours jtc destroy who- ever came near the walls The religious men and women ceased not to cry to him and to heg of him hy all the Saints of Heaven that he would deliver the castle, and hereby spai^ both his and their own lives. But nothing could prevail with the obstinacy and fierceness that had possessed the Governor's mind. Thus many of the religious men and nuns were killed before they could fix the ladders. Which at last being done, though with great loss of the said religious people, the Pirates mounted them in great numbers, and with no less valour; having fireballs in their hands, and earthen jiots full of powder. All which things, being now at the top of the walls, they kindled and cast in among the Spaniards.
Refused duarter Despite Wife's Tears.
This efforj; of the Pirates was very great; insomuch as the Spaniards could no longer resist nor defend the castle, which was now entered. Hereupon they all threw down their arms, and craved quarter for their lives. Only the Governor of the city would admit or crave no mercy; but rather killed many of the Pirates with his own hands, and not a few of his own soldiers, because they did not stand to their arms. And although the Pirates asked hini if he would have quarter, yet he constantly answered: By no means: I had rather die a valiant soldier than he hanged as a coward. They endeavoured, as much as they could, to take him prisoner. But he defended himself so
Refused Quarter Despite Wife's Tears. 33
obstinately that they were forced to kill him; iiotwithstand^ iiig all the cries and tears of his own wife and daughter, who begged of him upon their knees he would demand quarter and save his life. When the Pirates had possessed themselves of the castle, which was about night, they en- closed therein all the prisoners they had taken, placing the women and men by themselves, with some guards upon them. All the wounded were put into a certain apartment by itself, to the intent their own complaints might be the cure of their own diseases; for no other was afforded them.
This being done, they fell to eating and drinking after their usual manner; that is to say, committing in both these things all manner of debauchery and excess. After such manner they delivered themselves up to all soil of debauchery, that if there had been found only fifty cou- rageous men, they might easily have retaken the city, and killed all the Pirates. The next day, having plundered all they could find, they began to examine some of the prison- ers (who had been persuaded by their companions to say they were the richest of the town), charging them severely to discover where they had hidden their riches and goods. But not being able to extort anything out of them, as thoy were not the right persons who possessed any wealth, they at last resolved to torture them. This they performed with such cruelty that many of them died upon the rack, or presently after. Soon after, the President of Panama had news brought him of the pillage and ruin of Porto Bello. This intelligence caused him to employ all his care and in- dustry to raise forces, with design to pursue and cast out the Pirates thence. But these cared little for what extra- ordinary means the President used, as having their ships near at hand, and being determined to set fire to the city, and retreat. They had now been at Porto Bello fifteen days, in which space of time they had lost many of their men, both by the unhealthiness of the country and the ex- travagant debaucheries they had committed.
# Hansom Placed on Prisoners. 3^ 5
Ransom Placed on Prisoners.
Hereupon they j3repared for a departure, carrying on board their ships all the pillage they had got. But, before all. they provided the fleet with sufficient victuals for the voyage. While these things were getting ready, Captain Morgan sent an injunction to the prisoners that they should pay him a ransom, for the city, or else he would by fire consume it to ashes, and blow up all the castles into the air. Withal, he commanded them to send speedily two persons to seek and procure the sum he demanded, Avhich amounted to one hundred thousand pieces of eight. To this effect, two men Avere sent to the President of Panama, who gave hin\ an account of all these tragedies. The President having now a body of men in readiness, set forth imme- diately towards Porto Bello to encounter the Pirates before their retreat. But these people, hearing of his coming, instead of flying away, went out to meet him at a narrow passage through which of necessity he must pass. Here they placed an hundred men very well armed; who, at the first encounter, put to flight a good party of those of Panama. This accident obliged the President to retire for that time, as not being yet in a posture of stiength to proceed any farther. Presently after this encounter he sent a message to Capt Morgan to tell him: That in case he departed not suddenly with all his forces from Porto Bello, he ought to expect no quarter for himself nor his companionsi ichen he should ialie them^ as he hoped soon to do. Captain Morgan who feared not his threats, knowing he had. a secure retreat in his ships which were near at hand, made him answer: He uwuld not deliver the castles, before he had received the contribution-money he had demanded. Which in case it were not paid down, he tcould certainly burn the whole city, and then leave it; demolishing beforehand the castles^ and Mlling the prisoners .
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Morgan's Threat against Old Faitama. 3J"7
Morgan's Threat Against Old Panama.
The Governor of Panama perceived by this answer that no means would serve to mollify the hearts of the Pirates, nor reduce them to reason. Hereupon he deter- mined to leave them; as also those of the city, whom he came to relieve, involved in the difficulties of making the best agreement they could with their enemies. Thus, in few days more, the miserable citizens gathered the contri- bution wherein they were fined, and brought the entire sum of one hundred thousand pieces of eight to the Pirates, for a ransom of the cruel captivity they were fallen into. But the President of Panama, by these transactions, was brought into an extreme admiration, considering that four hundred men had been able to take such a great city, with so many strong castles; especially seeing that they had no pieces of cannon, nor other great guns, wherewith to raise batteries against them. And what was more, knowing that the citizens of Porto Bello had always great repute of being good soldiers themselves, and who had never wanted courage in their own defence. This astonishment was so great, that it occasioned him, for to be satisfied herein, to send a messenger to Capt. Morgan, desiring him to send him some small pattern of those arms wherewith he had taken with such violence so great a city. Capt. Morgan received this messenger very kindly, and treated him with civility. Which being done, he gave him a pistol and a few small bullets of lead, to carry back to the President, his Master, telling him withal: He desired Mm to accept that slender pattern of the arms whereivith he had taken Porto Bello, and keep them for a twelvemo7ith; after ivhich time he promised to come to Panama and fetch them away. The Governor of Panama returned the present very soon to Capt. Morgan giving him thanks for the favour of lending him such weapons as he needed not, and withal sent him a ring of gold with this message: That he desired him not to give himself the labour of coming to Panama as he had done to Porto Bello; for
38 ff>^ a<^ Onide,
he did not certify to hiirtj he should not sjyeed fio well here as he had tlone then
Departure of the Pirates.
Aitor thoM* transactions, ('apt. Mor^'a?i (having? pro- vidwl his rioct with all nrct'ssarics, and taken with him the best guns of tho castles, nailing the rest which he could ii(»t carry awav) set sail from Porto Bello with all hi« 8hi|»s With these he arrived in few days at the Island of Cuha. when* he sought out a place wherein with all «|uiet and repose he might make the dividend of the 8|K»il they had got. They found in ready money two hun- dreil an<l fifty thous;ind pieces of eight, (1) hesides all other merchandizes, as cloth, linen, silks, and other goods. With this rich hooty they sailed again thence to their comuioii place of rendezvous, Jamaica. Being arrived, they passed here some time in all sorts of vices and debauchery, according to their connnon manner of doing, spending with huge pr(»digality what others had gained with no small labour and tnil.
THE FALL OFJ^PANAMi 1671.
Upon the conclusion of a treaty of j)eace in 1070 betwwn Kngland and Spain, which confirmed the former ill her pr»s8essions in tho West Indies, hut forbade her suhjects to trade to any Spanish port without a license; a pHK-lamation was issued in j)ursuance of such arrange- ment which greatly exasperated the freebooting community, and the direct result ol which was an assemblage of the largest fleet ever brought txjgether by tlie buccaneers, amounting to 37 ships of all sizes, manned by more than
(1) Tho coin " piece of eight" had the value of eight Spanish reals. Equivalent to 40 eenta gold.— Editor.
The Fall of Old Panama , 1671. 3Q
Sii!?i^©gi®^aa S^B^Sli
Venta de Pieles de Venado, de Tigre, de Culebra y de muchas otras clases.
EXISTENGIfl DE FRUTHS GONSTflNIEMENIE. VERDORIIS DE TODllS GLflSES.
AVENIDA NORTE, NUMERO 157.
Hipolito de la Oliva.
2,000 pirates. They met in December, 1670, at Cape Tiburon, Gulf of Uraba, and held a council to decide whether their forces should be directed upon Cartagena, Vera Cruz, or Panama. The last was chosen as being the richest, and Morgan was elected Admiral.
Capt. Morgan perceived that fortune favored his arms, by giving good success to all his enterprizes, which occa- sioned him, as it is usual in human affairs, to aspire to greater things, trusting she would always be constant to him. Such was the burning of Panama; wherein fortune failed not to assist him, in like manner as she had done before, crowning the event of his actions with victory, how^- beit she had led him thereto through thousands of difficul- ties. The history hereof, I shall now begin to relate, as being so very remarkable in all its circumstances that per^' adventure nothing more deserving memory may occur to be read by future ages,
Not long after Capt. Morgan arrived at Jamaica, he found many of his chief officers and soldiers reduced to~ their former state of indigence through their immoderat<3 vices and debaucheiy. Hence they ceased not to importuiio-
FHot tmd Gtude. ^Q
him for new inYauons and exploits, thereby to get some- thing to exi>ciul anow in wine, as they had ahvndy wasted what wan 8i»cuitHl so little lx»fore. Capt. Morgan being willing to follow foiluiie while she called him, beivupon stopped tiie mouths of many of the inhabitants of .lamaic^i, who were creditors to his men for largo sums of money, with the h<»|>es and promises be gave them, of greattn* achievements than ever, by a new expedition bo was going about This being done, he needed not give himself much trouble to levy men for this or any other enterprize, his name U^ing now so famous tlnx)Ugb all those islands, that that alone would readily bring him in mow men than he cottkl well employ. He undertook therefore to equip a new lleet of ships: for which puipose he assigned the south side of tlie isle of Tortuga, as a place of rendezvous. With this ix'Kolution. he wrote divers letters to all the ancient and rx|)ei-t Pirates there iniiabiting, as also to the Ciovemor (»f said isle, and to the plantei-s and huntei^s of Hispaniola (Hayti), giving them to understand his inten- tions, and desiring their appearance at the said place, in case they intended to go with him. All these people had no sooner undei-stood his designs than they Hocked to the place assigned, in huge numbers, with ships, canoes and Iwats, being desirous to ol>ey his commands. Many, who had not the co? venience of coming to him by sea, travei-sed the woods of Hispaniola, and with no small difficulties ar- riTed there by land. Thus all were present at the place assigned and in readiness, against the 24th day of Octo- ber, 1070.
Pirates Go A-Foraging.
Capt Morgan was not wanting to be there accord- ing to his punctual custom, who came in his ship to the same side of the island, to a port called by the French, Port Couillon. over against the island. Do la Vaca, this being a place which he had assigned to others. Having
Pilot and Guide.
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^,^ fHot and Gntde,
now gatliercd the gix?atcRt part of his fleet, he called a council, to deliberate al)Out the means of finding provisions sufticient for so many people. Here they concluded to send four ships and one boat, manned with four hundred men, over to tlie continent, to tlie intent they should ritlo some country towns and villages, and in these get all the corn or maize they could gather. Thoy set sail for the continent, towards the river, De la Haehn, with design to assauh a small vilhige called La Hjinrlieiia, where is usually to be found the greatest quantity of maize of all these parts thereabouts. In the meanwhile ('apt. Morgan sent anotlier party of his men to hunt in the woods, who killed iJien* a huge nunil>er of beasts, and saltfd them. The rest of his companions remained ni the ships, to clean, fit and rig them out to sea, so that at the return of those who were sent abi-oad, all things might be in readiness to wieght anchor, and follow the course of their designs.
The four shijjs above mentioned, after they had set «ail fi'om Hispaniola, steered their course till they came within sight oi the liver, Oe lu Hacha, where they WTre suddenly overtaken with a tedious calm. Being thus within sight ot land becalmed for some days, the Spaniards in- habiting along the co.ist who had perceived them to l)e enemies, had sufticient time to prepare then)selves for the assault, at least to hide the best part of their goods, to the end that, without any care of preserving them, they might be in reaidness to retire, when they found them- selves unable to resist the force of the Pirates, by whose fi-equent attempts upon those coasts they had .•• heady leanit what they had to do in such cases. There was in the river at that present a good ship, which was come from Cartagena to lade maize, and was now when the Pirates came almost ready to depart. The men belonging to this .ship endeavoured to escape, but not being able to do it; both they and the vessel fell into their han<ls. This was a fit booty for their mind, as being good part of what they came to seek for with so much care and toil.
Pirates Go A-Foraging. ^3
The next morning about break of day they came with their ships toward the shore, aiid landed their men, although the Spaniards made 'huge resistance from a battery which they had raised on that side, where of necessity they had to land; but notwithstanding wdiat defence they could make, they were forced to retire towards a village, to which the Pirates followTd them. Here the Spaniards, rallying again, fell upon them with great fury, and maintained a strong combat, which lasted till night was come; but then, per- ceiving they had lost a great number of men, which was no smaller on the Pirates, side, they retired to places more occult in the woods.
The next day when the Pirates saw they were all fled, and the town left totally empty of people, they pur- sued them as far as they could possibly. In this pursuit they overtook a party of Spaniards, whom they made all prisoners and exercised the most cruel torments, to dis- cover where they had hidden their goods; some were found who by the force of intolerable tortures confessed; but others who would not do the same were used more bar- barously than the former. Thus, in the space of fifteen days that they remained there, they took many prisoners, much plate and movable goods, with all other things they could rob, with which booty they resolved to return to Hispaniola. Yet not content with what they had already got, they dispatched some prisoners into the woods to seek for the rest of the iiihabitants, and to demand of them a ransom for not burning the town. To this they answered, they had no money or plate, but in case they would be satisfied with a certain quantity of maize, they would give as much as they could afford. The Pirates accepted this proffer, as being more useful to them at that occasion than ready money, and agreed they should pay four thousand hanegs, or bushels, of maize. These were brought in three days after, the Spaniards being desirous to rid themselves as soon as possible of that in- human sort of people. Having laded ' them on board their
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Rhips,. together with all the I'est of tlieir l)ooty, they rotui iied to tlie Island of Hispaniola, to give ac count to their leader, Capt Morgan, of all they had performed.
Preparations for Departure.
They had now heen absent five entire weeks, about the commis.sion aforementioned, wliich long delay occasioned Capt Morgan almost to despair of their return, fearing lest they had fallen into the hands of the Spaniards, es- jjecially considering that the place whereto they w^ent could easily be relieved from Cartagena and Santa ^farta, if the inhabitants were at all careful to alarm the country; on tlie other side he feared lest they should have made some great fortune \\\ that voyage, and with it escaped to some other place. But at last seeing his ships return, and in greater number than they had departed, he resumed now courage, this sight causing both in him and his com- panions intinite joy. This was much increased when, being arrived, they found. them full laden with maize, wliereof they stood in great need for the maintenance of so many people, by whose help they expected great mattei*s through the conduct of their commander.
After Capt Morgan had divided the said maize, as also the flesh which the hunters brought in, among all the ships, according to the numl)er of men that were in every
Preparations for Departure. ^^ ^
vessel, he concluded upon the departure, having viewed beforehand every ship, and observed their being well equipped and clean. Thus he set sail, and directed his course towards Cape Tiburon, where he determined to take his measures and resolution, of what enterprise he should take in hand. No sooner were they arrived there than they met with some other ships that came newly to join them from Jamaica. So that now the whole fleet consisted of thirty-seven ships, wherein were two thousand lighting men, besides mariners and boys; the iVdmiral hereof was mounted with twenty- two great guns, and six small ones, of brass; the rest carried some twenty, some sixteen, some eighteen, and the smallest vessel at least four, bes'des which they had great quantity of ammunition and lire- balls, with other inventions of powder.
Proposed Division of Spoils.
Capt. Morgan finding himself with such a great num- ber of ships, divided the whole fleet into two squadrons, constituting a Vice-Admiral, and other officers and com- manders of the second squadron, distinct from the former. To every one of these he gave letters patent, or commis- sions, to act all mamier of hostility against the Spanish nation, and take of them what ships they could, either abroad at sea, or in the harbours, in like manner as if they were open and declared enemies (as he termed it) of the King of England, his pretended master. This being- done, he called all his captains and other officers together, and caused them to sign some articles of common agree- ment between them, and in the name of all. Herein it was stipulated that he should have the hundredth part of all that was gotten, to himself alone. That every captain should draw the shares of eight men, for the expenses of his ship, besides his own: That the surgeon, besides his ordinary pay, should have two hundred pieces of eight, for
4^6 nioi atuf Guide,
his cliest of mcdicAiuoiits: And every carpenter, above his common salary, shonld draw one hundred pieces of eight. As to I'ccompcnces.they were i-egiilated in this voyage mucli more than usual. Thus, for the loss of both legs, they assigned one Uiousand live hiuidred pieces of eight or fifti'en slaves: for ono leg. whether the right or left, six bu!idn'd pieces of eight or six shives; for a hand, as much as for a leg« and for the loss of an eye, ono hundred pieces of eight or one slave. I^iistly. unto him that in any Imttle should signalize himself, either by cnteriitg the tii*st any castle, or taking down the Spanish colours and setting up the Engli.sh, they constituted tifty pieces of eight for a rowanl. In tlie head of these articles it was stipulated Uiat all these extraordinary salaries, rccompences and re- wanls should be paid out of the first spoil or ))urchase they should take, according as every one should then occur to be either rewarded or paid.
This contract being signed. Capt Morgan commanded his Vice-Admirals and Captains to put all things in order, to go and attempt one of throe places, either Cartagena, Panama or Vera Cniz; but the lot fell upon Panama as being believed to be the richest of all three; notwithstand- ing this city l)eing situated at such distance from the Northern sea, as they knew not well the avenues and entries necossiiry to approach it, they judged it necessary to go beforehand to the isle of St. Catharine, there to tifid and provide themselves with some pei-sons who might serve tliem for guides in this enterprize; for in the garrison of that island are commonly employed many banditti and outlaws belonging to Panama and the neighboring places, who are very expert in the knowledge of all that country. But before they proceeded any farther, they caused an act U» l>e published through the whole Heet, containing that in case they met with any Spanish vessel, the tii-st captiin who with his men should enter and take the said ship, should have for his reward the tenth part of whatso- ever should be found within her.
Pilot and Guide.
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^8 '^^ <»Mf Guide,
Attack Isle of St. Catharine.
Capt. Morgan and his companions weighed anchor from the Capo of TihuiiSn, tlje Kitli day of Decenil)or in the year 1(»70. Four days after they arrived within sight of the Isle of St. Catharine, (1) which was now in pos- session of tJie Spanianis again, and to which they commoidy banislied the malefactors of the Spanish dominions in the West Indies. In this island are found huge quantities of pigeons at certain seasons of tlie year, it is watered con- tinually by four rivulets or brooks, whereof two are always dry in the summer season. Here is no manner of trade nor commerce exercised by the inhabitants, neither do tliey give themselves the trouble to plant more fruits than what 18 necessary for the sustentation of human life; howbeit, tlic country would be sufficient to make very good planta- tions of tobacco, which might roiulor coiisidorablo profit were it cultivated for that use.
As soon as Capt. Morgan came near the island with his fleet, he sent before one of his best sailing vessels to view the entry of the river and see if any other ships were there who might hinder him from landing; as also fearing lest they should give intelligence of his arrival to the in- habitiints of the island^ and they by this means prevent his designs.
The next day before sunrise, all the fleet came to anchor near the island, in a certain bay called Aguada Grande: upon this bay the Spaniards had lately built a battery, mounted with four pieces of cannon. Captiin Morgan landed witli a thousand men, more or less, and disposed them into squadrons, beginning his march through the woods, although they had no other guides tlian some few of his own men who had been there before when
(1) Also known hk Santa Katalina or Old Providence, an island in the Caribbean Sea, 100 miles from the Mosquito Coast, now belong- ing to Venezuela.
Attack Isle of St. Catharine.
4Q
Mansvelt took and ransacked the island. The same day they came to a certain place where the Governor at other times kept his ordinary residence: here they found a bat- tery called The Platform, but nobody in it; the Spaniards having retired to the lesser island, which, as was said before, is so near the great one that a short bridge only may conjoin them.
Pirates in Serious Straits.
This lesser island aforesaid was so well fortified with forts and batteries around it as might seem impregnable. Hereupon, as soon as the Spaniards perceived the pirates to approach, they began to fire upon them so furiously that they could advance nothing that day, but were con- tented to retreat a little, and take up their rest upon the grass in the open fields, which afforded no strange beds to these people, as being sufficiently used to such kind of
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FACTORY, Ho. 54, WEST I6TH STREET.
Soden'a Ffancesa,
I. B. COEROLI y Cia.
Se fabrican toda clase de Aguas Gaseosas y Siropes.
I*r6ximamente llegaia un lico- rista graduado para hacer toda clase de lieores desinfectados.
Se atienden pedidos a do- micilios.
C&LLE 16 OESTE, NUMERO 54.
50 J^iM amd Outde.
rt»iKiso; wliat most afflicted them was hunger, having not eaten tJie leait tiling that whole day. About midnight it liegan to rain so hard that those miserable people had much ado to i-esist ho much hardship, the greatest part of them having no other clothes than a pair of seamau's trousers or biveches. and a shirt, without eitlier shoes or stockings. Thus finding themselves in great extremity, they began to pull down a few thatched houses to make fires withal; in a word, they were in such condition that one hundred men. indiffeit?ntly well armed, might easily that night have torn them all to pieces. The next morning about break of day the rain ceased, at which time they began to dry their arms, which were entirely wet, and pro- ceed on their march. But not long after, the rain com- menced anew, rather harder than before, as if the skies were melted into waters, which caused them to cease from wlvancing towards the forts, whence tlio Spaniards con- tinually fired at the Pirates, seeing them to approach.
The Pirates were now reduced to great affliction and danger of their lives through the hardness of the weather, their own nakedness and the great hunger they sustained. For a small relief hereof, they happened to find in the fields an old horse, which was both lean and full of scabs and blotches, with galled back and sides. This honid animal they instantly killed and flayed, and. divided into small pieces among themselves as far as it would reach, for many could not obtain one morsel, which they roasted and devoured without either salt or bread, more like raven- ous wolves than men.
A Threat and the Answer.
llie rain as yet ceased not to fall, and Capt. Morgan perceived their nn'nds to relont, hearing many of them say they would return on boaid the ships. Amongst these fatigues both of mind and body, he thought it convenient to use some sudden and almost unexpected remedy; to this
A Threat and th« Answer. ^|
effect he commanded a canoe to be rigged in all haste, and the colours of truce to be hanged out of it. This canoe he sent to the Spanish governor of the island with this message: That if icithin a few hours he delivered not himself and all his men into his hands, he did by that mes. senger sicear to him, and all those that tcere in his company, he icould almost certainly put them all to the sivord, tcithout granting quarter to any.
After noon the canoe retrirned with this answer: That the Governor desired ttvo hours time to deliberate with his officers in a full council about that affair; trhich being past, he would give his positive answer to the message.
The time now being elapsed, the said Governor sent two canoes with white colours, and two persons, to treat with Capt. Morgan, but before they landed, they demanded of the Pirates two persons as hostages of their security. These were readily granted by Capt. Morgan, who de- livered to them two of his captains, for a mutual pledge of the security required. With this the Spaniards pro- pounded to Capt. Morgan, that their Governor in a full assembly had resolved to deliver up the island, not being provided with sufficient forces to defend it against such an armada or fleet. But withal he desired that Captain Morgan would be pleased to use a certain stratagem of war, for the better saving of his own credit, and the repu- tation of his officers both abroad and at home, which should be as follows: That Capt. Morgan would come with his troops by night, near the bridge that joined the lesser island to the great one, and there attack the fort of St. Jerome; that at the same time all the ships of his fleet would draw near the castle of Santa Teresa, and attack it by sea, landing in the meanwhile some more troops, near the battery called St. Matthew; that these troops which were newly landed should by this means intercept the Governor by the way, as he endeavoured to pass to St. Jerome's fort, and then take him prisoner, using the formality, as if they forced him to deliver the said castle;
S2
Piht amd Gnide.
and that ho would lead the English into it. under the fraud of Inking his own troops: that on one side and the other tJierc should he continual firing at one anotlier. but without bullets, or at least into the air. so that no side might receive any harm by this device; that thus having obtained two such considerable forts, the chief of the isle, ho need not care for the I'est, which of necessity must fall by course into his bands.
A Mock Surrender.
These propositions, eveiy one. were granted by ('apt. Morgan. uj)on condition they should see them faitlifully observed, for otherwise they should be used with all rigour imaginable: tliis they promised to do, and hereupon took tlieir leave, and returned to give account of their negotiation to the Governor. Presently after, Capt Morgan commanded the whole fleet to enter the poi-t, and his men to be in readiness to assault that night the castle of St. Tei*ome. Thus the false alarm or batt'e began with in- cessant firing of great guns from both the castles against the .ships, but without bullets, as was said before. Then the Pirates landed, and assaulted by night the lesser island, which tliey took, as also possession of both the fortresses, forcing all the Spaniards, in appearance, to fly to the church. Before this assault, Capt. Morgan had sent
Tienda de "San Jose" ' "San Jose" Store.
Al cnta4o de la i{lesia del nisno aombre
(Ivcnida A. No5. 133 i- 141. [ose c^ngej ^Iftvera, Prop.
••nIaliltH-iiiiiiaito nTient«'nii'ii-
1"
V.i,. Pi-nmii.
Adjacent the Church of the sane laaie.
I.oza, « rii»l;il<rui. »•!<
HnviiiK n't-*'ntlv rewtwkHl my »tor»<. I now ofttT to till- piiblir a rooi^tlct*^ iiikI f,v\vvX »nrtortiin-iif of Pnivisjons Wiiifsaiid Li<|UorH. Prr^tt-rvrH, ( 'huimh! kimmIh. HlsciiUii.- <ilH«Kuan*. Crwkery. i'rrf Hint's, etf.. vU\. at tncMlcrato prioon.
Jose Angel Rivera, Prop. N08.D3-I41 AVENUE (1.
A Mock Surrender. S3
word to the Governor he should keep all his men together in a body, otherwise it" the Pirates met any straggling Spaniards in the streets, they should certainly shoot them. The island being taken by this unusual stratagem, and all things put in due order, the Pirates began to make a new war against the poultry, cattle and all sort of victuals they could find. This was their whole employ for some days, scarce thijiking of anything else than to kill those animals, roast and eat, and nmke good cheer, as much as they could possibly attain unto. If wood was w^anting, they presently fell upon the houses, and pulling them down, made fires with the timber, as had been done before in the field. The next day they numbered all the prisoners they had taken upon the whole island, which were found to be in all four hundred and fifty persons, between men, women and children, viz., one hundred and ninety soldiers belonging to the garrison; forty inhabitants who were married; forty-three children; thirty-four slaves belonging to the King, with eight children; eight banditti; thirty-nine negroes belonging to private persons, with twen- ty-seven female blacks, and thirty-four children. The Pirates disarmed all the Spaniards, and sent them out im- mediately to the plantations, to seek for provisions, leaving the women in the church, there to exercise their devotions.
Fortifications of St. Catherine.
Soon 'after they took a review of the Avhole island, and all the fortresses belonging thereunto, which they found to be nine in all, as follows: the fort of St. Jerome, nearest to the bridge, had eight great guns of 12, 6 and 8 pound carriage, together with six pipes of muskets, every pipe containing ten muskets. Here they found still sixty muskets, with sufficient quantity of pow^der and all other sorts of ammunition. The second fortress, called St. Matthew, had three guns, of 8 pound carriage each. The third and chief among all the rest, named Santa Teresa, had ^venty
5^ i^< omI Otiide.
great guns, of 18, 12, 8 and 6 pound cnniage, with ten pipes of muskets, like those we said before, and ninety muskets remaining, betides all other warlike amnuinition. This castle was built witli stone and mortar, with very thick walls on all sides, and a large ditch around about it of twenty foot dcptli, which although it was dry was very hard to get over. Here was no entry but through one door, which corresponded to the middle of the castle. Within it was h mount, or hill, almost inaccessible, with four pieces of cannon at the top. whence they could shoot directly inU) the |)ort. On the sea side this castle was im- pregnable, by reason of the rocks which surrounded it and the sea beating furiously upon them. In like manner, on the side of tlie land, it was so commodiously seated on a mountain that there was no access to it, but by a patli of three or four foot bmad. The fourth fortress was named St. Augustine, having three guns, of 8 and (> pound car- riage. The tifth, named La Plattaforma de la Concepcion, had only two guns, of eight pound carriage. The sixth, by name San Salvjulor, had likewise no more than two guns. The seventh, being called Platbiforma de los Ar- tilleros, had also two guns. The eighth, called Santa Cruz, hatl three guns. The ninth, which was called St Joseph's Fort, had six guns, of 12 and 8 pound carriage, besides two pipes of muskets and sufficient ammunition.
In the storehouse were found above thirty thousand pounds of powder, with all other soils of ammunition, which were transported by the Pirates on board the ships. All the guns were stopped and nailed, and the fortresses demolished, excepting that of St Jerome, where tlie Pirates kept their guard and residence.
Pirates Start for San Lorenzo.
Capt Morgan enquired if any banditti were there from Panama or Porto Bello, and hereupon three were brought before him, who pretended to be very expert in
Pirates Start for San Lorenzo. 5S
all the avenues of those parts. He asked them if they would be his guides, and show him the securest ways and passages to Panama; which, if they performed, he promised them equal' shares in all they should pillage and rob in that expedition, and that afterwards he would set them at liberty, by transporting them to Jamaica. These proposi- tions pleased the banditti very well, and they readily ac- cepted his proffers, promising to serve him very faithfully in all he should desire, especially one of these three, who was the greatest rogue, thief and assassin among them, and who had deserved for his crimes rather to be broken alive upon the wheel than punished with serving in a gar- rison. This wicked fellow had a great ascendancy over the other two banditti, and could domineer and command over them as he pleased, they not daring to refuse obedience to his orders.
Hereupon Capt. Morgan commanded four ships and one boat to be equipped and provided with all things necessary, to go and take the castle of Chagre, seated upon a river of that name. Neither would he go himself with his whole fleet, fearing less the Sj^aniards should be jealous of his farther designs upon Panama. Li these vessels he caused to embark four hundred men, who went to put in execution the orders of their chief commander Capt. Morgan, while he himself remained behind in the Island of St. Catharine, with the rest of the fleet, expecting to hear the success of their arms.
The Castle of Chagre (San Lorenzo).
Capt.: Morgan sending these four ships and a boat to the river of Chagre, chose for Yice-Admiral thereof a certain person named Capt. Brodely. This man had been a long time iji those quarters, and committed many rob- beries upori the Spaniards when Mansvelt took the Isle of St. Catharine. He, being therefore well acquainted with those coasts, was thought a fit person for this exploit, his
Castle of Chagre. {San Lorenzo). S7^
actions likewise having rendered him famous among the Pirates, jind their enemies the Spaniards. Capt. Brodely being chosen chief commander of these forces, in three days after he departed from the presence of Captain Morgan, arrived within sight of the said castle of Chagre, which by the EngHsh is called St. Lawrence. (1) This castle is built upon a high mountain, at the entry of the liver, and surrounded on all sides with strong palisades or Avooden walls, being very well terrepleined, and filled with earth, which renders them as secure as the best walls made of stone or brick. The top of this mountain is in a manner divided into two parts, between which lies a ditch, of the depth of thirty foot. The castle itself has but one entry, and that by a drawbridge which passes over the ditch aforementioned. On the land side it has four bas- tions, that on the sea containing only two more. That part thereof that looks towards the south is totally inaccessible and impossible to be climbed, through the infinite asperity of the mountain. The north side is surrounded by the river, which hereabouts runs very broad. At the foot of the said castle, or rather mountain, is seated a strong fort, with eight great guns, which commands and impedes the entry of the river. Not much lower are to be seen two other batteries, whereof each hath six pieces of cannon, to defend likewise the mouth of the said river. At one side of the castle are built two great store-houses, in which are deposited all sorts of warlike ammunition, and merchandize, which are brought thither from the inner parts of the country. Near these houses is a high pair of stairs, hewn out of the rock, which serves to mount to the top of the castle. On the west side of the said fortress lies a small port, which is not above seven or eight fathoms deep, being very fit for small vessels and of very good anchorage. Besides this, there lies before the castle, at the entry of
(1) English rendition of the Spanish, ''San Lorenzo.'
58 ^^< «^ Oi*^.
the river, a groat rock, scarce to be perceived above water, unless at low tide.
Attack on the Castle.
No sooner bad Uie Spaniards perceived tlie Pirates to come than they began to fire incessantly at them with the biggest of their guns. They came to an anchor in a small port, at the distance of a league more or less from the castle. The next morning very early they went on shore and marched tJirough the woods to attack the castle on that side. This march continued until two o'clock in tlie afternoon, before they could reach the castle, by reason of tlie difficulties of the way, and its mire and dirt. And although their guides served them exactly, notwithstanding they came so near the castle at first that they lost many of their men with the shot from the guns, they being in an open place where nothing could cover nor defend them. This much perplexed the Pirates in their minds, they not knowing what to do, nor what course to take, for on that side, of necessity they must make the assault, and being uncovered from head to foot, they could nOt advance one step without great danger. Besides that, the castle, both for its situation and strength, caused them much to fear the success of their enterprize. But to give it over they dared not, lest they should be reproached and scorned by their companions.
Doomed by a Burning Arrow.
At last, after many doubts and disputes among themselves, they resolved to hazard the assault and their lives after a most desperate manner. Thus they advanced towards the castle, with their swords in one hand and fire- balls in the otlier. The Spaniards defended themselves very briskly, ceasing not to fire at them with tlieir great guns and muskets continually crying withal: Cojne on, ye
Pilot and Guide.
5Q
Fabrica de Baules
A VAPOR
IDE
GuillermoLeblancw)
Gaffe- 16 ©c^te, 9Xo. 55.
Dispone de maquinarias para toda clase de trahajos en madera.
Se fabrican catres^ me-- sas, lavados, sillasy etc., etc.
Panama Trunk Manufactory.
We turn out at our factory all classes of work in wood, trunks, cots, tables, washstands, chairs, etc., ete. We have a complete equipment of machines for this purpose, operated by STEAM I»OWER.
It will pay you to get prices from us before investing in ready made articles of this kind.
Guillemo Leblanc, (SON.)
9^o. 55 W.16t4 Street. F^ANAIS/IA.
ini lUNEMIIM.
Eotre las falles B y 14 Oeste.
PANAIVIA,
GUILLERMO LEBLANC, (hijo.)
Entierros Completos a Pre-
cios M6DIC0S. Elegantes Carrozas de Pri-
mera, Segunda y Tercera. Ataudes Americanos, Alema-
nes, Franceses y del PaIs.
SeMcio Diurno y Nodumo*
Uniiertaking Establishment.
Complete Service for Funer- als AT Moderate Prices.
Elegant Hearses of the First, Second and Third Class.
American, German, French and
Panamanian Coffins and
Caskets.
DAY AND NIGHT SERVICE.
GUILLERMO LEBLANC, (son.) Between B St. and V. 14th.
GO POot and Gmide.
EnfjIUk doffKj eHcnnet to Ood and our King; let your com- pttnioHM that art brkind come on ttto; ye shall not go to Panama tki» bont. After the Pirates had made some trial to climb up tlie walls, tliey were forced to retreat, which they accordinjjiy did. resting tJiemselves until night. This Inking c(une. they n»turned to the assault, to try if hy the help of their lire-halls they could overcome and i)ull down the pales liefore the wall. This they attempted to do, and while they were about it there happened a very remarkable accident, which gave them the opportunity of the vi<'tory. One of the Pirates was wounded with an arrow in his back, which pierced his body to the other side. This in- stantly he pulled out witli great valour at the side of his breast, then taking a little cotton that he had about him, he wound it al)out the said arrow, and putting it into his muskets shot it back into the castle. But the cotton being kindled by the powder, occasioned two or three houses that were within the castle, being thatched with palm leaves, to take fire, which the Spaniards perceived not so soon as was necessary. For this fire meeting wnth a parcel of jiowder, blew it up, and thereby caused great ruin, and no less consternation to the Spaniards, who were not able to account for this accident, not having seen the beginning
Brave Resistance by Defenders.
i'hus tlie Pirates, perceiving the good effect of the arrow and the beginning of the misfortune of the Spaniards were infinitely gladdened thereat. And while they were busied in extinguishing the fire, which caused great con- fusion in the whole castle, having not sufficient water wherewitlial to do it, the Pirates made use of this oppor- tunity, setting fire likewise to the palisades. Thus the fire was seen at the s<ime time in several paits about the castle, which gave them huge advantage against the Spaniards. For many breaches were made at once by the
Brave Besistance by Defenders.
fire among the pales, great heaps of earth falling down into the ditch. Upon these the Pirates climbed up, and got over into the castle, notwithstanding that some Spaniards who were not busied about the fire, cast down upon them many flaming pots, full of combustible matter and odious smells, which occasioned the loss of many of the English. The Spaniards, notwithstanding the great resistance they made, could not hinder the palisades from being en- tirely burnt before midnight. Meanwhile the Pirates ceased not to persist in their intention of taking the castle. To which effect, although the fire was great, they would creep upon the ground, as nigh unto it as they could, and shoot amidst the flames against the Spaniards they could per- ceive on the other side, and thus caused many to fall dead from the walls. When day w\is come, they observed all the movable earth that lay between the pales to be fallen into the ditch in huge quantity. So that now those within the castle did in a manner lie equally exposed to them without, as had been on the contrary before. Whereupon the Pirates continued shooting very furiously against them, and killed great numbo's of Spaniards. For the Governor had given them orders not to retire from those posts which corresponded to the heaps of earth fallen into the ditch, and caused the artillery to be transported to the breaches.
Castle Surrenders— Heavy Losses.
Notwithstanding, the fire within the castle still con- tinued, and now the Pirates from without used what means they could to hinder its progress, by shooting incessantly against it. One party of the Pirates w^as employed only to this purpose, and another to watch all the motions of the Spaniards, and take all opportunities against them. About noon the English happened to gain a breach, which the Governor himself defended with twenty-five soldiers. Here was performed a very courageous and warlike re-
^2 * ^^ <"^ ^^*'^'
sisUooe by the SpanianU, both with miiskots, pikes, stones and swords. Yet notwitlistiuuling, through all these arms the Pirates forced and fought their way, till at last they gained the castJe. The Spaniaixls who remained alivo cast themsekes down from Uio castle into the sea, choosing rather to die precipitated by their own selves (few or none surviving the fall) than ask any quarter for their lives. The Governor himself retreated to the corps du (fanJe,hGfore which were pimped two pieces of cannon. Here he intended still to defend himself, neither would he demand any quarter. But at la^t he was killed with a musket shot, which pierced his skull into the brain.
The Cxovernor being dead, and the corps du garde surrendered, they found still remaining in it alive to the number of thirty men, whereof sciirce ten were not wound- ed. These informed the Pirates that eight or nine of their soldiers had deserted their colours, and were gone to Panama to carry news of their arrival and invasion. These thirty men alone were i-emaining of three hundred and fourteen, wherewith the castle was garrisoned, among which number not one officer was found alive. They were all made prisoners, and compelled to tell whatever they knew of their designs and enterprises. Among other things they declared that the Governor of Panama had notice sent him three weeks ago from Cartigena, how that the English were equipping a fleet at Hispaniola, with design to come and take the said city of Panama. Moreover, that this their intention had been known by a person, who had run away from the Pirates at the river De la Hacha, where they provided their fleet with corn. That, upon this news, the Kaid (Tovernor had sent one hundred and sixty-four men to strengthen the garrison of that castle, together with much provisions and warlike ammunition; the ordinary garrison whereof did only consist of one hundred and fifty men. So that in all Ihey made the number aforementioned of three hundred and fouileen men being all very well anned. Besides this they had declared that the Governor
Castle Surrenders. — Heavy Losses.
63
Pablo lT}eivotti
SocesorfleiooniiouoGflSQMeoolimnos.
Plaza de Santa Ana, PANAMA
Fiiico importador del afania^lo Tipper Cnmt Whiskey. Ini})ortaci6n directa de las niejores niarcas de Vinos y Conser- vas de Francia, Italia, Espaiia, Alema- nia y Estados Uiiidos.
PRECIOS SIN COM PETE NCI A.
Pablo PJeivottf
SUCCESSOR TO MENOITI BROTHERS.
No. 178 Central Ave., Panama
PLAZA. SANTA ANA.
I import direct all the best brands of Wines, Preserves, Canned Goods of France, Italy, Spain, Germany and the United States.
NO ONE CAN COMPETE with MY PRICES.
of Panama had placed several ambuscades all along the river of Chagre, and that he waited for their coming, in the open fields of Panama, with three thousand six hun- dred men.
The taking of this castle of Chagre cost the Pirates excessively dear, in comparison to the small numbers they used to lose at others time and places. Yea, their toil and labour here far exceeded what they sustained at the conquest of the Isle of St. Catharine and its adjacent. For coming to number their men, they found that they had lost above one hundred, besides those that were wounded, whose number exceeded seventy. They com- manded the Spaniards that were prisoners to cast all the dead bodies of their own men down from the top of the mountain to the seaside, and afterAvards to bury them. Such as were wounded were carried to the church belong- ing to the castle, of which they made a hospital, and where also they shut up the women.
Morgan Starts for San Lorenzo.
Capt. Morgan remained not long time behind at the Isle of St. Catharine, after taking i:he castle of Chagre of which he had notice presently sent him. Yet notwith- standing, before he departed thence, he caused to be em- barked all the provisions that could be found, together with great quantities of maize or Indian wheat, and
6A '^^ «*^ ^*'^
CMsaTa, whereof in like manner is made bread in those parts. He commanded likewise great stoi-e of provisions should be transported to the garrison of the aforesaid casUe of Chagre. from what parts soever tliey could he got At a certain place on the island they cast into the sea all tho guns belonging thereto, with a design to return and leaTe that island well garrisoned, for the perpetual possession of Pirates. Notwitlistanding, he ordered all the houses and forts to he set on fire, excepting only the castlo of St Teresa, which he judged to he tho strongest and securest wherein to secure liimself at his return from Panama, He carried with him all the prisoners of the island, and thus set sail for the river of Chagre, where he arrived in tlie space of 'eight days. Here the joy of the whole ileet was so great, when they spied the English colours upon tlie castle that they minded not their way into the river, which occasioned them to lose four of their ships at the entry thereof, that, wherein Capt. Morgan went being one of the four. Yet their fortune was so good as to 1)0 able to save all the men and goods that were in the said vessels. Yea, the ships likewise had been preserved, if a strong northerly wind had not risen on that occasion, which cast the ships upon the rock above mentioned, that lies at the entry of the said river.
Capt Morgan was brought into the castle with great acclamations of triumph and joy of all the Pirates, both of those that were within, and also them that were newly come. Having understood the whole transactions of the conquest, he commanded all the prisonei-s to begin to v.ork and repair what was re essary, especially in setting up new palisades, or pales, round about the forts depend- ing on the castle. There were still in the river some Spanish vessels, called by them chatten, which serve for the transportation of merchandize up and down the said river, as also for going to Porto Bello and Nicaragua. These are commonly mounted with two great guns of iron and four other small ones of brass. All these vessels they
Morgan Starts for San Lorenzo. . Q^
seized oil, togetlier with four little ships they found there, mid all the cnuoes. In the castle they left a garrison of five hundred men, and in the ships within the river one hundred and fifty more. These thingp; being done^ Captain Morgan departed toward Panama, at the head of one thousand two hundred men. He carried very small pro- visions Avith him, being in good hoi)es he should provide himself sufticiently among the Spanic^rds, whom he knew to lie in ambuscade at several places by the way.
Pirates Set Forth for Old Panama.
Capt, Morgan set forth from the castle of Chagre, towards Panama, the 18th day of January in the year 1G71. He had under his conduct one thousand two hun- dred men, live boats with artillery, and thirty-two canoes, all of which were filled with the said people. Thus he steered his course up the river towards Panama. That day they sailed only six leagues, and came to a place called De los Bracos. Here a party of his men went on shore, oidy to sleep some few hours and stretch their limbs, they being almost crippled with lying too nmch crowded in the boats. After they had rested awhile, they went abroad, to see if any victuals could be found in the neighbouring plantations. But they could find none, the Spaniards being fled and carrying with them all the provisions they had. This day, being the first of their journey, there was amongst them such scarcity of victuals that the greatest part were forced to pass with only a pipe of tobacco, without any other refreshment.
The next day, very early in the morning, they con- tinued their journey, and came about evening to a place called Cruz de Juan Gallego. Here they were compelled to leave their boats and canoes, by reason the river was very dry for want of rain, and the many obstacles of trees that were fallen into it.
The guides told them that about two leagues farther on the country would be very good to continue the journey
Q^ i*iM OMd GMid0,
by land. Her. tiiey left some companies, being in all
one hundiXMl . men, on board the boats to defend
tbciu, Willi intent Uiey migbt serve for a place of refuge, in case of necessity.
Tbe next nioniing, being tlio tliird day of their journey, they all went ashore, excepting tJiose abovenien- tiontnl who werc to keep tlie lioats. Tu tliesc Capt. Morgan gave very strict onlors, under givat penalties, that no man, upon any pretext whatsoever, shoukl chiro to leave the boats and go ashoi-e. This ho did, fearing lest they should be sui prised and cut off by an ambuscade of Spaniards, that might chance to lie thei-eabouts in the neighbouring wooils, which appeared so "thick as to seem almost im- luiu'trable.
Having tliis morning begun their march they found tiie ways so diily and irksome, that Capt Morgan thought it moi*e convenient to transport some of the men in canoes (tliough it could not be done without great labour) to a place farther up the river called Cedro Bueno. Thus they i"e-end)arked, and the canoes returned for the rest that were left behind. So tliat about night they found tliem- selves altogether at tlie said place. The Pirates were ex- tremely desirous to meet any Spaniards, or Indians, hoping to till their bellies with what provisions they should take from them. For now they were reduced almost to the very extremity of hunger.
On the fourth day, the greatest pail of the Pirates marched by land, being led by one of the guides. The rest went by water, farther up witli the canoes, being con- ducted by another guide, who always went before them with two of the said canoes, to discover on both sides of the river the ambuscades of the Spain'ards. These had also spies, who were very dextrous, and could at any time give notice of all accidents or of the arrival of th<' PIr.M.s. six hours at least Ixjfore they came to any place.
This day about noon they found themselves near a post, called Torna Cavallos. Here the guide of the canoes
63 ^'<»' 01'' G"^' '
lM*f^in u» cry aloud ho |)«'iTcivcHl tin ainlnisciido. His volco cause iiiHnito joy 1<> all the Pirates, as pei^suading tht'iu- selvcs tlioy should Hiid souio provisions wherewith to
sattifi' t^i'Ii- liiiiHM'iv u]il.'li wis; vnv t;re;«t
Pirates Feast on Leather Bags
Hiin^' come to the place, tliey found nobody in it, the Spaniards who were there not long before being every one fled, and leaving nothing behind unless it were a small number of leatlier bags, all empty, and a few ciumbs of bread scattered u|K)n the ground where they had eaten. Being angry at this misfortune, they pulled down a few little huts which the Spaniards had made, and afterwards fell to eating the leather bags, as being desirous to afford something to the ferment of their stomachs, which now was grown so sharp that it did gnaw their very bowels, having nothing else to pn^y upon. Thus they m<ade a huge banquet upon those bags of leather, which doubtless had been more grateful unto them, if divers quarrels had not risen con- cerning who should have the greatest share.
By the circumference of the place, they conjectured five hundred Spaniards, more or less, had been tliere. And these, finding no victuals, they were now infinitely desirous to meet, intending to devour some of them rather than |)erish. Whom they would certainly on that occasion have roasted or boiled, to satisfy their famine, had they been able to take them.
After they had feasted themselves with those pieces of leather they quitted the place, and marched farther on, till they came about night to another post called Torna Munni. Here they found another aml)uscade but as barren and desert as the former. They searched the neighbouring woods, but could not find the least thing to eat, the Spaniards having lieen so provident as not to leave behind them anywhere the least crumb of sustenance, whereby the Pirates were now brought to the extremity aforementioned
Pirates Feast on Leather Bags. 69
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HerQ again he was happy, that had reserved since noon any small piece of leather whereof to make his sup- per, drinking after it a good draught of water for his great- est comfort. Some persons, who were never out of their mothers' kitchens may ask how these Pirates could eat, swallow and digest those pieces of leather, so hard and dry. To whom T only answer: That could they once ex- periment what hunger, or rather famine, is, they would certainly find the manner, by their own necessity, as the Pirates did. For these first took the leather, and sliced it in pieces. Then did they beat it between two stones, and rub it, often dipping it in the water of the river, to render it by this means supple and tender. Lastly, they scraped off the hair, and roasted or broiled it upon the fire. And being thus cooked they cut it into small morsels, and ate it, helping it down with frequent gulps of water, which by good fortune they had near at hand.
T^O ^**^^ ^'^ Guids,
Food Continues Scarce.
They oontiuaed their march the fifth day. and about noon came to a place called Barbacoa (1). Hero likewise they found traces of another ambuscade, but the place totally as unprovided as the two preceding were. At a small distance were to be seen several plantations, which they searched very narrowly, but could not find any pei-soii, animal or other thing tliat was capable of relieving their extreme and ravenous hunger. Finally, having ranged up and down and searched a long time, they found a certain grotto which seemed to bo but lately hewn out of a rock, in which they found two sacks of meal, wheat and like things, with two great jars of wine, and certain fruits called Platanos (2). Capt Morgan knowing that some of his men were now, through hunger, reduced almost to the extremity of tlieir lives, and fearing lest the major part should be brought into the same condition, caused all tliat was found to 1)^ distributed amongst them who were in greatest necessity.
Having refreshed themselves with these victuals, they began to march anew with greater courage than ever. Such as could not go well for weakness were put in the canoes, and those commanded to land that were in them before. Thus they prosecuted their journey till late at night at which time they came to a plantation where they took up their rest. But without eating anything at all for the Spaniards as before, had swept away all manner of provisions, not leaving behind them the least sign of victuals.
On the sixth day tliey continued their march, part of them by land through the woods and part by water in the canoes. Howbeit tliey were constrained to rest themselves
(1). To-day known as Barbacoas, near where the P. R. R« crosses the Chagres.
(2). Plantains, one of the chief products of the Isthmus to-day.
Food Continues Scarce. "71
very frequently by the way, both for the ruggedness thereof and the extreme weakness they were under. To this they endeavoured to occur, by eating some leaves of trees and green herbs, or grass, such as they could pick, for such was the miserable condition they were in. This day, at noon, they arrived at a plantation, where they found a barn full of maize. Immediately they beat down the doors, and fell to eating of it dry as much as they could devour. Afterwards they distributed great quantity, giving to every man a good allowance thereof.
Traces of Indian Ambuscades.
Being thus provided, they prosecuted their journey, which having continued for the space of an hour, or there- abouts, they met with an ambuscade of Indians. This they no sooner had discovered, than they threw away their maize, with the sudden hopes they conceived of finding all things in abundance. But after all this haste, they found themselves much deceived, they meeting neither Indians, nor victuals, nor anything else of what they had imagined. They saw notwithstanding on the other side of the river a troop of a hundred Indians, more or less, who all escaped away through the agility of their feet. Some few Pirates there were who leapt into the river, the sooner to reach the shore to see if they could take any of the said In- dians prisoners. But all was in vain for being much
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more nimblo o» their feet than the Pirates, tliey easily baft1e<i their eiuleavours. Neither did they only bafHo them, but killed also two or three of tlie Pirates with their armws, shouting at them at a distance and crying: Jfa; prrros, a la savana^ a la narana. Ha; ye doffs^ go to the plain ^ go to the plain .
This day tliey could advance no farther, by reason they were necessitated to pass the river hereabouts to con- tinue their march on the other side. Hereupon they took up tlieir rejiose for that night Howbeit their sloop was not heavy nor profound, for great munnurings wore hoard tliat night in tlie camp, many complaining of Oapt. Morgan and his conduct in tliat enterprize, and being desirous to return home. On the contrary, others would rather die there than go back one step fi*om what they had under- taken. But othoi-s who had greater courage than any of these two parties did laugh and joke at all their discourses. In tlie meanwhile they had a guide who much comforted them, saying: It would not be long before iheg met tcitli people, from whom they should reap considerable ad- vantage.
Arrive at Cruces.
The seventh day, in the morning, they all made clean their arms, and every one discharged his pistol or musket, without bullet, to examine the security of their firelocks. This being done, they passed to the other side of the river in the canoes, leaving the post wliore thoy had rested the night before, called Santa Cruz. Thus thoy i)n)C(^odocl on their journey till noon, at which time they arrived at a village called Cruz (1). Being at a great distance as yet from the place, they perceived much smoke to arise out of the chimneys.
(1) Now called Crucf g, head of navigation on the Chagres for parties bound for Panama.
7^ rOoi and Ouide,
The sight hereof afforded tliem great joy and hopes of finding people in tlie town, and afterwards what they most desired, which was plenty of good cheer. Thus they went on with as much haste as they could, making several arguments to one anotlicr uiM)n tliose external signs, though all like castles built in the air. Fori said tliey, there is smoke coming out of ever if houfte, therefore they are ffMking good fires, to roast and boil irhat ire are to eat. With otlier things to this purpose.
At length they an-ived there in groat iiaste, all sweating and panting, hut found no pei*son in the town, nor anything that was eatahle wherewith to refresh them- selves, unless it were good fires to warm themselves, which they wanted not. For the Spaniards before their depar- ture, had every one set fire to his own house, excepting only tlie storehouses and stibles belonging to the King.
Tliey had not left behind them any beast whatsoever, eitlier alive or dead. This occasioned much confusion iu their minds, they not finding the least thing to lay hold on, unless it were some few cats and dogs, which they immediately killed and devoured witli great appetite.
At last in the King's stables they found by good fortune fifteen or sixteen jars of Peru wine, and a leather sack full of bread. But no sooner had they begun to drink of the said wine when they fell sick, almost every man. This sudden disaster made them think that the wine was poisoned, which caused a new consternation in the whole camp, as judging themselves now to be irrecov- erably lost But the true reason was, their huge want of sustenance in that whole voyage, and tlie manifold sorts of trash which they had eaten upon that occasion. Their sickness was so great that day as to cause them to remain there till the next morning, without being able to prosecute their journey as they used to do, in the afternoon.
This village is seatisd in the latitude of 9 >* degrees '.• and 2 minqtes, north, heing distant from the river of
Arrive at Cruces. "7S
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Chagre twenty-six Spanish leagues, (1), and eight from Panama. Moreover, this is the last place to which boats or canoes can come; for which reason they built here store- houses, wherein to keep all sorts of merchandize, which hence to and from Panama are transported upon the backs of mules.
Here, therefore, Capt. Morgan was constrained to leave his canoes and land all his men, though never so weak in their bodies. But lest the canoes should be sur- prized, or take up too many men for their defence, he resolved to send them all back to the place where the boats were, excepting one, Avhich he caused to be hidden, to the intent it might serve to carry intelligence according to the exigence of affairs. Many of the Spaniards and Indians belonging to this village were fled to the planta- tions thereabouts.
Hereupon Capt. Morgan gave express orders that none should dare to go out of the village, except in whole companies of a hundred together. The occasion hereof was his fear leet the enemies should take an advantage upon his men, by any sudden assault. Notwithstanding, one party of English soldiers, stickled not to contravene these commands, being tempted with the desire of finding victuals. But these were soon glad to fly into the town
(1) Evidently refers to distance from mouth of river.
y^© Pilot and Cii«fo,
again being assaulted with great fury by gome Spaniards and Indians, who snatched up one of the Pirates, and carried him away prisoner. Thus the vigilance and care of Capt, Morgan was not sufticient to prevent every acci- dent tlmt might hapi)en.
Resistance Offered by Indians.
On tlie eighth day, in the morning, Capt Jlorgan sent two luindi-od men befoiv the body of his anny, to discov^'r the way to Panama, and see if they had hiid any ambuscades therein, especially considering that the places by which they weixi to pass were very tit for that purpose, tlie patlis being so narrow that only ten or twelve persons could march in a file and oftentimes not so many.
Having marched about the space of ten hours, they came to a place called Quebrada Obscura. Here, all on the sudden, three or four thousand arrows were shot at tliem, without being able to perceive whence they came, or who shot them. The place whence it was presumed they were shot was a high rocky mountain, excavated from one side to the other, wherein was a grotto that went through it, only capable of admitting one horse, or other beast laded. This multitude of arrows caused a huge alarm among the Pirates, especially because they could not dis- cover the place whence they were discharged.
At last seeing no more arrows to appear they marched a little farther, and entered into a wood. Here they i)erceived some Indians to fly as fast as they could jMissilily licfor-? them, to take the advantage of another post, and thence observe the march of the Pirates. There remained notwithstnuling one troop of Indians ujkju the place, with full design to tight and defend themselves. This combat they j)erformed with huge courage, till such time as their captain fell to the ground wounded, who although he was now in despair of life, yet his valour being greater than his strength, would demand no quarter.
Resistance offered hy Indians. "7*7
but, endeavouring to raise himself, witli undaunted mfnd laid hold of his azagaya, or javelin, and struck at one of the Pirates. But before he could second the blow, he was shot to death with a pistol. This was also the fate of many of his companions, who like good and courageous soldiers lost their lives with their captain, for the defence of their country.
"A la Savana, Perros Ingleses."
The Pirates endeavoured, as much as possible, to lay hold on some of the Indians and take them prisoners. But they being infinitely swifter than the Pirates, every one escaped, leaving eight Pirates dead upon the place, and ten wounded. Yea, had the Indians been more dex- trous in military affairs, they might have defended that passage and not let one sole man to pass. Within a little while after they came to a large campaign (champaign) field open, and full of variegated meadows. From here they could perceive at a distance before them a parcel of Indians, who stood on top of a mountain, very near the way by which the Pirates wer9 to pass. They sent a troop of fifty men, the nimblest they could pick out, to see if they could catch any of them, and afterwards force them to declare whereabouts their companions had their mansions. But all their industry was in vain, for they escaped through their nimbleness, and presently afterwards showed themselves in another place, hallooing to the English, and crying: J, la savana, A la savana, cornudos, perros Ingleses; that is, To the plain ^ to the plain, ye cnch, oldsy ye English dogs . While these things passed, the ten Pirates that were wounded a little before were dressed and plastered up.
At this place there was a wood, and on each side thereof a mountain. The Indians had immediately possessed themselves of one, and the Pirates took possession of the other that was opposite to it. Capt. Morgan was persuaded
"73 ^*^' ond Gnitfe.
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Paints and V«rni»lie».
Coffin Trimniinga, Etc., Etc., Etc.
that in the wood the Spaniards had placed an ambuscade, ai lying so conveniently for that purpose. Hereupon he sent before two hundred men to search it The Spaniards and Indians perceiving the Pirates to descend the moun- tain, did 80 too, as if they designed to attack them. But being got into the wood, out of sight of the Pirates, they disappeared, and were seen no more, leaving tlie passage open to them.
About night there fell a great rain, which caused the Pirates to march the faster and seek everywhere for houses wherein to preserve their arms from being wet. But the Indians had set fire to every one thereabouts, and transported all their cattle to remote places, to the end that the pirates, finding neither houses nor victuals, might be constrained to return homewards. Notwithstinding, after diligent search, they found a few little huts belong- ing to shepherds, but in them nothing to eat. These not being capable of holding many men, they placed in them
A la Savana, Perros Ingleses. 7^9
out of every company a small riumber; who kept the arms of all the rest of the army. Those who remained in the open field endured much hardship that night, the rain not ceasing to fall until the morning.
The End of the March.
The next morning about break of day being the ninth of this tedious journey, Capt. Morgan continued his march while the fresh air of the morning lasted. For the clouds then hanging as yet over their heads were much more favourable to them than the scorching rays of the sun, by reason the way was now more difficult and labor- ious than all the preceding. After two hours' march they discovered a troop of about twenty Spaniards, who ob- served the motions of the Pirates. They endeavoured to catch some of them, but could lay hold on nojie, they suddenly disappearing, and absconding themselves in caves among the rocks totally unknown to the Pirates.
At last they came to a high mountain, which, when they ascended, they discovered from the top thereof the South Sea. This happy sight, as if it were the end of their labours, caused infinite joy among all the Pirates. Hence they could descry also one ship and six boats, which were set forth from Panama and sailed towards the islands of Tovago and Tovagilla, (Taboga and Taboguilla). Having descended this mountain, they came to a vale (the Sabanas of the present day), in which they found great quantity of cattle, whereof they killed good store. Here while some were employed in kiUing and flaying of cows, horses, bulls and chiefly asses, of which there was a very large number, others busied themselves in kindling of fires and getting wood wherewith to roast them. Thus cutting the flesh of these animals into convenient pieces, or gobbets, they threw them into the fire, and half carbonadoed or roasted, they devoured them with incredible haste and appetite. For such w^as their hunger that they more resembled cannibals
so
Pilot ami Gii«le
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The End of the March.
than Europeans at this banquet, the blood many times running down from their beards to the middle of their bodies.
Having satisfied their, hunger with these delicious meats, Capt. Morgan ordered them to continue the march. Here again he sent before the main body fifty men, with intent to take some prisoners, if possibly they could. For he seemed now to be much concerned that in nine days' lime he could not meet one person who might inform him of the condition and forces of the Spaniards.
About evening they discovered a troop of two hundred Spaniards, more or less, who hallooed to the Pirates, but these could not understand what they said. A little while after they came the first time within sight of the highest steeple of Panama. This steeple they no sooner had dis- covered than they began to show signs of extreme joy, casting up their hats into the air, leaping for mirth, and shouting, even just as if they had already obtained the victory and entire accomplishment of their designs. All the trumpets were sounded and every drum beaten, in token of this universal acclamation and huge alacrity of their minds.
Thus they pitched their camp for that night with general content of the whole army, waiting with impatience for the morning, at which time they intended to attack the city. This evening there appeared fifty horses, who came out of the city, hearing the noise of the drums and trumpets of the Pirates, to observe, as it was thought, their motions. They came almost within musket-shot of the army, being preceded by a trumpet that sounded mar- vellously w^ell. Those on horseback hallooed aloud to the Pirates, and threatened them, saying: Ferros! nos veremos. that is, Ye dogs! we shall meet ye. Having made this menace, they returned into the city, excepting only seven or eight horsemen w^ho remained hovering thereabouts to watch what motions the Pirates made.
32 PHot and GMide.
Imm(ydiaU»ly after, tlie city began to fire and ceased not to play with their biggest guns all iiiglit long agniiist the camp, but wiUi little or no harm to the Pirates, whom they could not conveniently reach. Alwut Uiis time also the two hundred Spaniards wnom the Pirates had seen in the afternoon appeared again within sight, making re- semblance as if they would block up the passages, to tJie intent no Pirates might esca|>o the hands of their forces. But tije Pirates, who were now in a manner besieged, instead of conceiving any fear of their blockades, as soon as they had placed sentries about their camp, l)egan every one to open their satchels, and without any preparation of napkins or plates, fell to eating very heartily the remain- ing pieces of bulls' and horses' flesh which they had reserved since noon. This benig done they laid themselves down to sleep upon the grass with great repose and huge satisfac- tion, expecting only with unpatience the dawning of the next day.
Preparations for Attack.
On the tenth day betimes in the morning, they put all their men in convenient order, and with drums and trumpets sounding, continued their march directly towards the city. But one of the guides desired Capt Morgan not to take the common highway that led thitlier, fearing lest they should find in it much resistance and many ambus-
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Prejyarations for Attack, 83
cades. He presently took his advice, and chose another way that went through the wood, although very irksome and difficult. Thus the Spaniards, perceiving the Pirates had taken another way, which they scarce had thought on or believed, were compelled to leave their stops and bat- teries, and come out to meet them. The Governor of Panama put his forces in order, consisting of two squad- rons, four regiments of foot, and a huge number of wild bulls, which were driven by a great number of Indians, with some negroes and others, to help them.
The Pirates, being now upon their march, came to the top of a little hill, whence they had a large prospect of the city and campaign (champaign) country underneath. Here they discovered the forces of the people of Panama, extended in battle aiTay and when they perceived them to be so numerous, they were suddenly surprized with great fear, much doubting the fortune of the day. Yea, few or none there were but wished themselves at home, or at least free from the obligation of that engagement, wherein they per- ceived their lives must be so narrowly concerned.
Having been some time at a stand, in a wavering condition of mind, they at last reflected upon the straits they had brought themselves into, and that now they ought of necessity either to fight resolutely or die, for no quarter could be expected from an enemy against whom they had committed so many cruelties on all occasions. Hereupon they encouraged one another, and resolved eitlier to con- quer, or spend the very last drop of blood in their bodies. Afterwards they divided themselves into three battalions, or troops, sending before them one or two hundred buc- caneers, which soit of people are infinitely dextrous at shooting with guns. Thus the Pirates left the hill and descended marching directly towards the Spaniards, who were posted in a spacious field, waiting for their coming.
As soon as they drew near them, the Spaniards began to shout, and cry, Viva el Bey ! God save the King! and immediately their horse began to move against
Q<^ Pilot and OiOdt,
the Pirates. But the field heing full of quags and Tery soft under foot, they could not ply to and fro and wheel about, as they desired. The two hundred buccaneers who went before, every one putting one knee to the ground, gave them a full volley of shot, wherewith tlie battle was instantly kindled very hot
Wild Bulls Used in Battle.
The Spaniai-ds defended themselves very courageously, acting' all tliey could possibly perform, to disorder the Pirates. Their foot, in like manner, endeavoui'ed to second the horse, but were constrained by tlie Pirates to separate from tliem. Thus finding themselves frustrated of their designs, they attempted to drive the bulls against them at their backs, and by this means put them into disorder, but the greatest part of the wild cattle ran away, being frightened with the noise of the battle, and some few that broke through the English companies did no other hann than to tear the colours in pieces, whereas tlio buc- caneers shooting tlicm dead, left not one to trouble them tliereabouts.
The battle having now continued for the space of two hours, at the end tliereof the greatest part of the Spanish horse was ruined and ahnost all killed. The rest fled away, which being perceived by the foot, and that they could not possibly prevail, they discharged the shot they had in their muskets, and throwing them on the ground, l^etook themselves to flight, every one which way he could run. The Pirates could not possibly follow them, as being too much harassed and wearied with the long journey they had lately made. Many of tliem, not being able to fly whither they desired, hid themselves for that present among the shrubs of the sea-side. But very un- fortunately, for most of them being found out by the Pirates, were instantly killed, without giving quarter to any. Some religious men were brought prisoners before Captain
Wild Bulls Used in Battles. 8S
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Morgan, but he being deaf to their cries and lamentations, commanded them all to be immediately pistoled, which was immediately done.
Soon after they brought a captain to his presence, whom he examined very strictly about several things, par- ticularly wherein consisted the forces of those of Panama. To which he answered: Their whole strength did consist in four hundred horse, twenty-four companies of foot, each being of one hundred men complete, sixty Indians and some negroes, who were to drive two thousand wild bulls and cause them to run over the English camp, and thus by breaking their files put them into a total disorder and confusion. He discovered more, that in the city they had made trenches, and raised batteries in several places, in which they had placed many guns, and that at the entry of the highway which led to the city they had built a fort, which was mounted with eight great guns of brass, and defended by fifty men.
CapUin Moigan. having heard this inform atiop, gavo orders instantly they should march another way. But before setting forth, he made a review of all his men, wheroof ho found iK^tli killed and wounded a considerable number, and much gi-eater than had l)een believed. Of the Spanianis wei*e found six hundred dead upon the place, besides the wounled and prisoiiei-s. The Pirates were nothing discouraged, seeing their number so much diminished, but rather filled with gi-eater pride than before, perceiving what huge advantage they had obtained against their enemies. Thus having rested tliemselves some while, they pirpiired to march courageously towards the city, plighting their oaths to one another in general they would tight till never a man was left alive. With this courage they recommenced their march, either to conquor or be conquered, carrying with them all the prisoners.
They found much difficulty in their approach to the ■ city. For within the town the Spaniards had placed many great guns, at several quartei-s thereof, some of which were charged with small pieces of iron, and othei*8 with musket-bullets. With all these they saluted the Pirates at their drawing nigh to the place, and gave them full and frequent broadsides, firing at them incessantly. Whence it came to pass that unavoidably they lost, at every step they advanced, great numbers of men. But re ther these manifest dangers to their lives, nor tlie sight of so many of their own men dropping down continually at their sides, could deter them from advancing farther and gaining ground every moment upon the enemy. Thus, although the Spaniai*ds never ceased to fire and act the best they could for their defence, yet notwithstanding they were forced to deliver the city after the space of three hours' combat
The Pirates having now possessed themselves tliereof, killed and destroyed as many as attempted to make the least opposition against them. The ir.habitants had caused the best of their goods to be transported to more remote
Wild Bulls Used in Batiks. Q'y
and occult places. Howbeit they found within the city as yet several warehouses, very well stocked with all sorts of merchandize, as well as silks, cloths, linen, and other things of considerable value.
As soon as the first fury of their entrance into the city was over, Capt. Morgan assembled all his men at a certain place which he assigned, and there commanded them under very great penalties that none of them should dare to drink or taste any wine. The reason he gave for this injunction was, because he had received private intelh- gence that it had been all poisoned by the Spaniards. Howbeit it was the opinion of many that he gave these prudent orders to prevent the debauchery of his people, which he foresaw would be very great at the beginning, after so much hunger sustained by the way, fearing withal lest the Spaniards seeing them in wine, should rally their forces and fall upon the city, and use them as inhumanly as they had used the inhabitants before.
Morgan Sets Fire to the City.
Capt. Morgan, as soon as he had placed guards at several quarters where he thought necessary, both within and without the city of Panama, immediately commanded twenty-five men to seize a great boat, which had stuck in the port for want of water at a low tide, so that she could not put out to s^a. The same day, about noon, he caused certain men privately to set fire to several great edifices of the city, nobody knowing whence the fire pro- ceeded nor who were the authors thereof, much less what motives persuaded Capt. Morgan thereto, which are as yet unknown to this day. The fire increased so fast that before night the greatest part of the city was in flame.
Capt. Morgan endeavoured to make the public believe the Spaniards had been the cause thereof, which suspicions he surmised among his own people, perceiving they reflected upon him for that action. Many of the Spaniards, as also
Pilot and GirM0.
some of the Pirates, used all the means possible either to extinguish the flame, or hv blowing up houses with gufi- powder, and pulling down otlicrs, to stop its progress. But all was in vain for in less than half an hour it consumed a whole sti^eet.
The Wealth of Old Panama.
All the houses of this city were built with cedar, being of very curious and magnificent structure, and richly adorned within, es|)ecially with Iiangings and paintings whereof part was already transportel out of the l^irates' waj, and another gix»at part Mas consumed by the voiacity of the fire. There belonged to this city (which is also the head of a bsbopric), eight monasteries, wliereof seven were for men and one for women, two stat'ly churches and one hospital. The churches and monasteries were all richly adorned with altar-pieces and paintings, and huge (piantity of gold and silver, with other precious things all of which the ecclesiastics had hidden and concealed.
Besides the above ornaments, here were to be seen two thousand houses of magnificent and prodigious liuild- ing, being all or the greatest part inhabited by merchants of that country who are vastly rich. For the rest of the inhabitants of lesser quality and tradesmen, this city con- tained five thousand houses more. Here were also a great numl)er of stables which served for the horses and mules that cany all the plate, belonging as well to the King of Spain as to private men, towards the coast of the North Sea. The neighbouring fields belonging to this city are all cultivated with fertile plantations and j)leasant gardens, which affonl delicious prospects to the inhabitants the whole year long,
The Genoese had in this city of Panama a stately and magnificent house belonging to their trade and com- merce of negroes. This building likewise was commanded by Capt Morgan to be set on fire whereby it was burnt
The Wealth of Old Panama.
SQ
to the very ground. Besides which pile of buildings, there were consumed to the number of two hundred warehouses, and a great number of slaves who had hid themselves therein, together with an infinite multitude of sacks of meal.
The fire of all the houses and buildings was seen to continue four weeks after the day it began. The Pirates in the meanwhile, at least the greatest part of them, camped some time without the city, fearing and expecting that the Spaniards would come and fight them anew. For it was known that they had an incomparable number of men more than the Pirates had. This occasioned them to keep the field thereby to preserve their forces united, which now were very much diminished by the losses of the preceding battles, as also because they had a great many wounded, all of which they had put into one of the churches which alone remained standing, the rest being consumed by the fire. Moreover, besides these decreases of their men, Capt. Morgan had sent a convoy of one hundred and fifty men to the Castle of Chagre, to carry the news of his victory obtained against Panama.
They saw many times whole troops of Spaniards cruize to and fro in the campaign (champaign) fields w^hich gave them occasion to suspect their rallying anew. Yet they never had the courage to attempt anything against the Pirates. In the afternoon of this fatal day Captain
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Moigaii re-entered again Uio city with his troops, to tlio intent that every one might take up his lodgings, which now tliey could hardly find, very few houses having es- caped tlio desolation of the f\n\ Soon after tliey fell to seeking very carefully among the ruins and ashes for utensils of plate or gold which iH»radventuiti were not quite wasUni hy tlie flames. And of such things tliey found no small number in several places, csiMJcially in wells and cisterns where the Spaniards had hid them from the covetous search of the Pirates.
The next day Capt Morgan despatched away two tit)opi\ of Pirates, of one hundrod and fifty men each, being nil very stout soldiers and well .umed, with orders to seek for the inhabitants of Panama who were escaped from the hands of their enemies. These men, having made several excni'sions up and down the cinipaign (champaign) fields, woods and mountiiiis, adjoining to Panama, returned after two days' time, bringing with them above two hun- dred prisonei-s, between men, women and slaves.
Escape of the Treasure Galleon.
The same day returned also the boat above mentioned, which Capt Morgan had sent into the South Sea, bring- ing with it three other boats which they had taken in a little while. But all these prizes they could willingly have given, yea, although they had employed greater labour into the bargain for one certain galleon which miraculously C8cape<l their industry, being very richly laden with all the King's plate and a great quantity of riches of gold, pearls, jewels and other most precious goods of all the best and richest merchants of Panama. On board of this galleon were also the religions women, belonging to the nunnery of the said city, who had embarked witJi them all the ornaments of the church consisting of a large quantity of gold, plate and other things of great value.
Q2 ^^< «^ ^T**^*
Ino-porter of
ISTo. 39 KPS-Oisrx SXR-EEIT:,
Goloi), I^epablic of Par^ama.
The strength of this galleon was nothing considcrahle as having only seven guns and ten or twelve muskets for its whole defence, being on the other side very ill-provided of victuals and other necessaries, with great want of fresh water, and having no more sails than the uppermost sails of the main mast This description of the said ship, the Pirates received from certain persons who had spoken with seven mariners belonging to the galleon, at such time as they came ashore in the cock-boat to take in fresh water. Hence tliey concluded for certain they might easily- have taken the said vessel had they given her chaso and pursued her, as tliey ought to have done, especially con- sidering the said galleon could not long subsist at sea.
But they were impeded from following this vastly rich prize by gluttony and drunkenness, having plentifully debauched themselves with several soils of rich wines they fcund there ready to their hands. So that they chose rather to satiate their appetite with the things above-
Escape of the Treasure (ralle<ni, 93
mentionecl, than to lay hold on the occasion of such a huge advantage, although this sole prize would certainly have heen of far greater value and consequence to tJiem than all they secured at Panama, and other places thereabout
The next day. repenting of their negligence, and being totally wearied of the vices and debaucheries afore- said, they set forth to sea another boat well armed, to ])ursue with all speed imaginable the said galleon. But their present care and diligence w^as in vain, the Spaniards who were on board the said ship having received intelli- gence of the danger they were in one or two days before, while the Pirates were cruizing so near them, whereupon they fled to places more remote and unknown to their enemies.
Take Prizes at Taboga.
Notwithstanding, the Pirates found in the ports of the islands of Tavoga and Tavogilla (Taboga and Tabo- guilla), several boats that were laden with many sorts of very good merchandize all of w^h'ch they took and brought to Panama where, being arrived, they made an exact re- lation of all that had passed while they were abroad to Capt Morgan. The prisoners confirmed what the Pirates had said, adding thereto, that they undoubtedly knew whereabouts the said galleon might be at that present, but that it was very probable they had been relieved before now from other places.
These lelations stirred up Capt. Morgan ane>y to send forth all the boats that were in the port of Panama, with design to seek and pursue the said galleon till they could find her. The boats aforesaid, being in all four, set sail from Panama and having spent eight days in cruizing to and fro and searching several ports and creeks, they lost all their hopes of finding what they so earnestly sought for.
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Pitot and Guide.
Take Prizes at Taboga. Q5
Hereupon they resolved to return to the isles of Tavoga and Tavogilla. Here they found a reasonably good ship that was newly come from Payta, (Peru), being laden with cloth, soap, sugar and biscuit, and with twenty thousand pieces of eight in ready money. This vessel they instantly seized, not finding the least resistance from any pei*son within her. Near to the said ship was also a boat, whereof in like manner they possessed them- selves. Upon the boat they laded great part of the mer- chandize they had found in the ship, together with some slaves they had taken in the said islands. With this pur- chase they returned to Panama, something better satisfied of their voyage, yet withal much discontented they could not meet with the galleon.
The convoy which Capt. Morgan had sent to the castle of Chagre returned much about the same time, bringing with them very good news. For while Captain Morgan was upon his journey to Panama, those he had left in the castle of Chagre had sent forth to sea two boats to exercise piracy. These happened to meet with a Spanish ship, which they began to chase within sight of the castle. This being perceived by the Pirates that were in the castle, they put forth Spanish colours, thereby to allure and deceive the ship that fled before the boats. Thus the poor Spaniards thinking to find refuge for them- selves under the castle and the guns thereof, by flying into the port, were caught in a snare and made prisoners where they thought to find defence. The cargo which was found on board the said vessel consisted of victuals and provisions that were all eatable things. Nothing could be more opportune than this prize for the castle, w^here they had begun already to experience great scarcity of things of this kind.
Torture of Prisoners.
This good fortune of the garrison of Chagre gave occasion to Capt. Morgan to remain longer time than he
Q^ Pilot and Guide
had determined at Panama. And hereupon he ordered sevenil new excui-sions to l>c mado Into the whole country round about the city. So that while the Pirntos at Pan.itnn were employed in these expeditions, those at Cliagr ' wen* busied in exercising piracy upon the Noilh Sea.
Capt Morgan used to send forth daily parties of two hundred men to make ini*oads into all the fields and coun- ti7 theit»about.s and when one party came back, another consisting of two hundred more was ready to go forth. By this means they gathered in a short time a huge riuan- tity of riches, and a no lossei number of prisoners. These, Wing bmught into the city, were presently put to the most exquisite tortures imaginable to make them confess both other |)eople's goods and their own.
Here it happened that one poor and miserable . wit^tch was found in the house of a gentleman of great quality, who had put on, amidst the confusion of things, a pair of taffety breeches Wlonging to his master with a little silver key banging at the stiings thereof. This being perceived by the Pirates they immediately asked him where was tlic cabinet of the said key. His answer was: Ho knew not what was become of it, but only thnt finding those breeches in bis master's house, he liad made bold to wear them. Not being able to extort any other confession out of him they first put him upon the rack, wherewith they inhumanly disjointed his arms. After this they twisted a cord about his forehead, which they wrung so hard that his eyes appeared as big as eggs, and weic ready to fall out of his skull. But neither with these torments could they obtain any positive answer to their j demands. Whereupon they soon after hung him up, giving ; him infinite blows and stripes while he was under that in- i tolerable pain and posture of body. Afterwaids they cut ' off his nose and ears and singed his face with burning straw, till ho could speak nor lament his misery no longer. Then losing all hopes of hearing any confession from his mouth, they commanded a negro to run him through with
Torture of Prisoners. 9 "7
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a lance, which put an end to his life, and a period to their cruel and inhuman tortures. After this execrable manner did many others of those miserable prisonei-s finish their days, the common sport and recreation of these Pirates being these and other tragedies not inferior.
They sparged in these their cruelties, no sex or con- dition whatsoever. For as to religious persons and priests, they granted them less quarter than to others, unless they could produce a considerable sum of money, capable of being a sufficient ransom. Women themselves were no' better used, and Capt. Morgan, their leader and com- mander, gave them no good example on this point. For as soon as any beautiful woman was brought as a prisoner to his presence, he used all the means he could, both of rigour and mildness, to bend her to his pleasure, for a confirmation of which assertion I shall hare give my reader a short history of a lady, whose virtue and con- stancy ought to be transmitted to posterity as a memorable example of her sex.
Morgan and the Constant Lady.
Among the prisoners that were brought by the Pirates from the islands of Tavoga and Tavogilla, there was found a ^(Mitlc- woman of good quality, as also no less virtue and chastity, who was wife to one of the richest merchants in all of those countries. Her years w^ere but few, and her
Q3 ^i^^ 0**^ Guide,
beauty 80 great as poradventure I may doubt whetber in all Europe one could be found to surpass her j)erfeotions either of comeliness or honesty. Her husband at that pi'escut was absent from home, IxMug gone as far as the kingdom of Peru, about great concerns of commerce and trade, wherein his employmenta did lie.
This virtuous lady, likewise, hearing tlmt Pirates were coming to assault Panama, had absented herself thence in the company of other friends and relations, tliereby to presene her life amidst the dangers which the cruelties and tyrannies of tliose haixl-hearted enemies did seem to menace to every citizen. But no sooner had she appeared in tlie presence of Capt. Morgan than he commanded they should lodge her in a certain apartment by herself giving her a negress, or black woman, to wait u|)on her, and that she sliould be treated with ail the respect and regale due to her quality. The poor afflicted lady did beg with multitude of sobs and tears she might be suffei-ed to lodge among the other prisoners, her relations, fearing less the unexpected kindness of the commander might prove to be a design upon her chastity. But Capt. Morgan would by no means hearken to her petition, and all he commanded, in answer thereto, was she should l)e tix^ated with more particular care than before and have her vic- tuals carried from his own table.
This lady had formerly heard very strange reports concerning the Pirates, before their arrival at Panama, in- timating to her, as if they were not men, but, as they said, heretics, who did neither invoke the Blessed Trinity, nor believe in Jesus Christ. But now she began to have better thoughts of them tlian ever before having ex- perienced the manifold civilities of Capt Morgan, especially hearing him many times to swear by the name of God, and of Jesus Christ, in whom, she was persuaded they did not believe. Neither did she now think them to be 80 bad. or to have the shapes of beasts, as from the re- lations of several people she had oftentimes heard. For
Morgan and the Constant Lady. ©Q
as to the name of robbers or thievcaj which was commonly given them by otliers, she wondered not much at it seeing, as she said, that among all nations ot' the universe there were to be found some wicked men, who naturally coveted to possess the goods of others.
Conformable to the persuasion of this lady was the opinion of another woman of weak understanding, at Panama who used to say, before the Pirates came thither, she desired very mucli and had a great curiosity to see one of thoso men called Pirates for as much as her hus- band had often told her that they were not men, like others, but rather irrational beasts. This silly woman at last happened to see the first of them, and cried out aloud saying: Jesus bless me! these thieves are like ns Spaniards .
This false civility of Capt, Morgan wherewith he used this lady was soon after changed into barbarous cruelty. For three or four days being past, he came to see her and the virtuous lady repulsed him with all the civility imaginable and many humble and modest expressions of her mind. But Capt. Morgan still persisted in his disorderly request, presenting her withal with much pearl, gold and all that he had got that was precious and valu- able ill that voyage. But the lady being in no manner willing to consent thereto nor accept liis presents, and showing herself in all respects like Susannah for constancy, he presently changed note and began to speak to her in another tone, threatening her with a thousand cruelties and hard usages at his hands.
To air these things she gave this resolute and posi- tive answer, than which no other could be extorted from her: Sir. my life is in your hands; but as to my body^ in relation to that which you would persuade me to, my soul shall sooner be separated from it through the violence of your arms than I shall condescend to your request No sooner had Captain Morgan understood this heroic resolution of her mind than he conunanded her to be stri])pod of the best of her ap- parel and imprisoned in a darksome and stinking cellar.
lOO ^o' <»*'<^ Guide.
Here she li.ul allowed her an extremely small quantity of meat and (!rink, >vhei*e>vith she had much ado to sustain life for a few days.
Under this hardship the constant and virtuous lady ceasiHl not In pr:iy daily to (4od Almighty for constancy and patience against the crueltirs <»f ('apt. M(»rg:in. Hut he heing now thoroughly convinced of hf»r chaste resolu- tions, as als > desimup to conceal the cause of her con- finement and hard usage, since many of the Pirates, his companions, did compassionat*; her condition, laid many false accusiitions to her chargo givini( to underst-uul she held intelligence with the »Spaniards and cori-esponded with them by lettei-s nbusiug thereby his former lenity and kindness.
1 myself was an eye witness to these things here related, and could never have judged such constancy of mind and virtuous chastity to he found in the world, if my own eyes and eai-s had not informed me thereof. But of this incomparable lady I sh.ill say somothing moi-e here- after in its proper place, whereupon 1 shall leave her at pi^sent to continue my history.
Preparations for Departure.
Capt. Morgan having now been at Panama the full space of three weeks commanded all things to be put in oixler for his departure. To this effect, he gave orders to every company of his men to seek out for so many l)easts of carriage as might suffice to convey the whole spoil of the city to the river where his canoes lay.
About this time a great rumour was spread in the city of a considerable number of Pirates who intended to leave Capt. Morgan and that, by taking a ship which was in the port, they determined to go and rob upon the South Sea till they had got as much as they thought fit, and then return homewards by the way of the East Lidies into Europe. For which purpose, they had already
PrcparaUons for Departure. j Q |
gathered great quantity of provisions, which they had hidden in private places, with sufficient store of powder,' bullets, and all other sorts of ammunition, likewise some ; great guns, belonging to the town, muskets and other j things where with they designed not only to equip the said • vessel but also to fortify themselves and raise batteries iiV : some island or other, which might serve theiir for a place ^' of refuge. -^
This design had certainly taken effect as they in-! tended, had not Capt. Morgan had timely advice thereof; given him by one of their comrades. Hereupon he instantly ! commanded the mainmast of the said ship should be cut ' down and burnt, together with all the other boats that ; were in the port. Hereby, the intentions of all or most of i his companions were totally frustrated. After this Captain \ Morgan sent forth many of the Spaniards into the adjoin- J ing fields and country, to seek for money wherewith to' ■ - ^^____^^^___— — ^_— _^_^-___^__^______^_^^_________^_ ^
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ransom not only themselves but also all the rest of the prisoners, as likewise the ecclesiastics, both secular and regular. Moreover he commanded all the artillery of the town to be spoiled, that is to say, nailed and stopped up. At the same time he sent out a strong company of men to seek for the Governor of Panama, of whom in- telligence was brought that he had laid several ambuscades ill the way by which he had to pass on his return. But those who were sent upon this design returned soon after, saying they had not found any sign or appearance of such ambuscades for, a confirmation whereof they brought with them some prisoners they had taken, who declared that the said Governor had had an intention of making some opposition by the way, but that the men whom he designed to effect it were unwilling to undertake any such enter- prize so that for want of means he could not put his design in execution.
Prisoners Held for Ransom.
On the 24th of February of the year 1671, Captain Morgan departed from the city of Pananui, or rather from the place where the said city of Panama did stand; of the spoils whereof he carried with him one hundred and seventy-five beasts of carriage laden with silver, gold and other precious things, besides six hundred prisoners, more or less, between men, women, children and slaves. That day they came to a river th^t passes through a delicious campaign (champaign) fiekl, at tlie distance of a league from Panama.
Here Capt. Morgan put uU his forces into good order of martial array in sudi manner that the prisoners were in the middle of the camp, surrounded on all sides with Pirates. At which present conjuncture nothing else was to be heard but lamentations, cries, shrieks and dole- ful sighs, of the many women and children, who were per- suaded Capt. Morgan designed to transport them all and carry them into his own country for slaves. Besides that,
lO^ ^^< «fM2 CMde,
among all those miserable prisoners there was extreme hunj^er and tln'rst endured at that time, which hardship and misery (.^ipt Morgan designedly caused them to sus- tain, with intent to excite them more earnestly to seek for money wherewith to ransom tliemselves according to the tax he had set upon every one.
Many of the women begged of Capt. Morgan upon their knees, with infinite sighs and tears he would permit them to return to Panama, there to live in company with their dear husbands and children, in their little huts of straw which tlu-y would erect, seeing they had no houses until tlie rebuilding uf the city. But his answer was: He came not hither to hear lamentations and cries, but rather to seek money. Therefore they ought to seek out for tliat in the fii*st place, wherever it were to be had and bring it to him, otherwise he would assuredly transport them all to such places whither tliey cared not to go.
The next day when the march began, those lament- able cries and shrieks were renewed in so much as it would have caused compassion in the hardest heart to hear them. But Capt Morgan, a man little given to mercy, was not moved therewith in the least. They marched in the same order as was said before; one party of the Pirates proceeding in the van, the prisoners in the middle, and the rest of the Pirates in the rear-guard, by whom the miserable Spaniards were at every step, punched and thrust in their backs and sides with the blunt end of their arms to make them march the faster.
Morgan Punislies Treachery.
That beautiful and virtuous lady of whom we miide mention heretofore for her unparalleled constancy and chastity, was led prisoner by herself between two Pirates who guarded her. Her lamentations now did pierce tlie skies, seeing hei-self carried away into foreign captivity, oft«n crying to the Pirates, and telling tliem: That she had
Morgan Punishes Treachcri/. I OS
given ord'.r to two religions persons^ in whom she had relied, to go to a certain place and fetch so much money as her ran. 8om did amount to . That they had promised faithfully to do it, hut having obtained the said money, instead of bringing it to her, they had employed it another way to ransom some of their own and particular friends.
This ill action of theii^ was discovered by a slave, who brought a letter to the said lady. Her complaints, and the cause thereof being brought to the ears of Capt. Morgan, he thought fit to enquire thereinto. Having found the thing to be true, especially hearing it confirmed by the confession of the said religious men, though under some frivolous excuses of having diverted the money but for a day or two, within which time they expected more sums to repay it, he gave liberty to the said lady, whom otherwise he designed to transport to Jamaica. But in the meanwhile he detained the said religious men as prisoners in her place, using them according to the deserts of their iFicompassionate intrigues.
As soon as Capt. Morgan arrived upon his march at the town called Cruz, situated on the banks of the river Chagre as was mentioned before, he commanded an order to be iiublished among the prisoners, that within the space of three days every one of them should bring in his ran- som, under the penalty aforementioned of being trans- ported to Jamaica.
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In tlie meanwhile he gave orders for so mnch crie and niuiz(> to l)0 rollectcHl thcivahouts as was necessary for the victuallinf; of all his ships. At this place sonio of the prisoners weit* ransomed hut many others could not hrinp in their moneys in so short a time. Hereupon he continued his voyage, leaving the village on the Mh day of March next following, and carrying witli him all the spoil that ever he could transjwrt
From this village he likewise led away some new prisoners who wei-e inhahitnnts of the said place. So that these new prisoners were added to those of Panama who had not as yet paid their ransoms, and all transported, i But tlie two i*eligiou8 uhmi who had diverted the money belonging to the la<ly, were ransomed three days after their • imprisonment hy other pei-sons who had more compassion | for their conditi(>n than they had shown for hoi's. •
Pirates Searched for Valuables.
About the middle of the way to the castle of Chagre, : Capt. Morgan connnanded tliem to be placed in due order according to their custom, and caused ever>' one to be ! sworn that they had reserved nor concealed nothing pri- i vately to themselves, even not so much as the value of a i sixix»nce. This being done, Cai)t. Morgan having had ■ some exi)erience that those lewd fellows would not much I stickle to swear falsely in points of interest, he commanded every one to be searched veiT strictly, both in their clothes | and Kiitchels and everywhere it might be presumed they i bad reserved anything. Yea, to tlie intent this order ! might not be ill taken by his companions, he permitted j himself to l)e searliced, even to the very soles of his shoes, f To this effect, by common consent, there was assigned ' one out of every company to be the searchers of 'all the ; rest !
The French Pirates that went on this expedition { with Capt. Morgan were not well satisfied with this new I
U
Pirates Searched for Valuables. \0'7
custom of searching. Yet their number being less than that of the English, they were forced to submit to it as well as the others had done before them. The search being over, they re-embarked in their canoes and boats, which attended them on the river, and arrived at the castle of Chagre on the 9th day of the said month of March. Here they found all things in good order, eye -Opt- ing the wounded men, whom they had left there at the time of their departure. For of these the greatest number were dead, through the wounds they had received.
Division of Spoils.
From Chagre, Capt. Morgan sent presently after his arrival, a great boat to Porto Bello, wherein were all the prisoners he had taken at the Isle of St Catharine, de- manding by them a considerable ransom for the castle of Chagre, where he then was, threatening otherwise to ruin and demolish it even to the ground. To this message .those of Porto Bello made answer: They would not give one farthing towards the ransom of the said castle, and that the English might do with it as they pleased. This answer being come, the dividend was made of all the spoil they had obtained in tbat voyage. Thus every company, and every particular person therein included, received their portion of what was got, or rather what part Capt. Morgan was pleased to give them. For so it was, that the rest of his companions, even of his own nation, complained of his proceedings in this pailicular, and feared not to tell hira openly to his face that he had reserved the best jewels for himself. For they judged it impossible that no greater share should belong to them than two hundred pieces of eight per capita, of so many valuable booties and rob- beries as they had obtained. Which small sum they thought too little reward for so much labour and such huge and manifest dangers as they had so often exposed their lives to. But Capt. Morgan was deaf to all these
I06 root and Oitide,
and many other complaints of this kind, having designed in his mind to cheat them of as much as lie could.
Morgan Takes French Leave.
At last Capt. Morgan finding hi nisei f obnoxious by many obloquies and detractions among his people, began to fear the consequences thereof and hereupon thinking it unsafe to remain any longer time at Chagre, he command- ed the ordnance of the said castle to be carried on board his ship. Afterwards he caused the greatest part of the walls to be demolished, and the edifices t») be burnt and as many other things spoiled and ruined as could con- veniently be done in a short \Yhile.
These orders being pei-formed. he went secretly on board his own ship, without giving any notice of his de- parture to his companions, nor calling any council as ho used to do. Thus he set sail and put out to sea, not
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1 1 0 ^'o' <"•<' Gniife.
bidding anybody adieu, being only followed by throe or four vessels of tlie whole Heet. These were such (as the French Pirates believed) as went shai*cs with Capt. Morgart iowaixls tlie best and greatest part of the spoil wliich had been concealed from them in tlie dividend.
The Frenchmen could very willingly have revenged this affront u|>on Oapt. Morgan and those that followed him, had they found themselves with sufficient means to encounter him at sea. But they were destitute of most things necessary thereto. Yea, they had much ado to find sufficient victuals and provisions for their voyage to Jamaica, ho having left them totally unprovided of all things.
4e c/m/e/^/a (Q/i^
( Written by the late Mr. James Stanley Gilbert of Colon, and pnbliithe4
bg kim in " Panama Patchwork.** Reprinted through the kind
permisaioH given the publisher of this book, by the author,
prior to his death.) i
His Catholic Majesty, Philip of Spain,
Ruled o*er the West Coast, the Indies and Main;
His ships heavy laden with pesos and plate,
Sailed o'er the South Sea with tribute of state.
From Lima and Quito his galleys pulled forth
For Panama pearls and gold of the North;
And cargoes of treasure were sent overland
^VTiile his soldiers kept guard from the gulf to the strand.
From Panama Bay to the port '* Name of God"
Long freight trains of slaves thro' the dense forests trod;
Then, some through the straits and some from the main,
King Philip's good ships sought their owner again.
The Fall of Old Panama.
On England's gi*and throne great Elizabeth reigned,
And on sea and on land her power maintained;
O er the hearts of her subjects, o'er the conquests they made,
O'er their lives and their fortunes her sceptre she swayed,
But her title of ' ' Queen of the Seas '" to dispute
King Philip essayed from the land of the lute;
And velvet-clad Dons cast their love-songs aside
To battle the English, and wind, wave and tide.
In many and moi-tal affray they engaged.
And bravely and fiercely the struggle they waged.
But the men of old Devon— -those stout hearts of oak— -
As often successfully parried each stroke.
The Drakes and the Gilberts, the Grenvils and Leighs,
The Oxenhams, Baleighs— -the props and the stays
Of England's first greatness — were the heroes of old
Who helped Britain's queen with the Spanish king's gold.
They robbed the arch-robber of ill-gotten gain,
And brought England the glory they wrested from Spain.
His galleons they captured, his treasure trains seized —
Outfought him abroad and with zeal unappeased.
At home they defeated the Armada's great fleet.
And laid a world's spoil at Elizabeth's feet.
Alas, that such deeds should grow dim with the years! Alas, that such men should have trained buccaneers! That from such examples — so noble, so true— - A race of marauders and ruffians grew! That friends such as Morgan should follow the wake Of men like John Oxman and Sir Francis Drake, Who swore by the oak, by the ash and the thorn, God helping them always, to sail round the Horn To fair Panama and the placid South Sea, Which they saw one day from the top of a tree ! For old England's glory their standard to raise. To cruise the Pacific and its isle-dotted bays.
Four miles from where Ancon looks down on the Ne^r, Stood Old Panama, whence Pizarro once drew
112 ^''o' «»"' Guide,
The bmvent of followers Peru to obtain
And her Iiicas subject to the power of Spain;
There onoe stood cathedrals and palaces fair,
Whoso altars and vessels and tapestries rare
Were the pride of the p«»ople whose opulen<«e then
Was the envy of kinj:^, and the lonpin^of men;
Where once stately streets to the plains stretched away,
And warehouses skirteil the vessel-lined bay;
\Vhere plantations and fCAr<lens and flowering trees
Once perfumed the tropical eveninjf breeze—-
Stands naught but a ruin half hitlden from view,
A pirate's first gift to his blood-thirsty crew !
From sacked Porto Bello redhanded they came,
All bloodstained from conquest unworthy the name,
To the mouth of the Chagres, where, high on the hill,
San Lorenzo kept guard, to plunder and kill
Its devote defenders, who courageously fought
For homes, wives and children, accounting as naught
Their lives held so precious, so cherished before,
Could they drive the fierce pirates away from their shore.
Three days they repulsed them, but to find every night
The foe still upon them in ne'er-ending fight.
Their arms could not conquer the powers of hell !
San Lorenzo surrendered — ingloriously fell !
Burned, famished and bleeding from many a wound,
They lay while their stronghold was razed to the ground.
On, on, up to Cruces the buccaneers sped.
But to find it in ashes, its inhabitants fled.
Yet on and still on, with Morgan ahead,
They pressed down the road that to Panama led.
Nine days through the forest unbroken they tramped,
And at last on a mount near the city encaTuped.
Before them the ocean for leagues away rolled:
Below them the islands lay bathed in the gold
Of the sun that, just setting, looked mournfully down
On the last day of life of the ill-fated town;
Pilot and Guide.
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While ftronnd them the plains with grroves of bright trees 8helt««d eftttle and fountains their wants to appease. The famed "golden cup** lay fiUwl at their hand, And to drain it at sunrise tlie buccaneers planned. "Oh ho, for the morrow ! " quoth Morgan the bold. "Oh ho. for tin* dHv aixl tin- fnl.. to )m. told !"
The dawn's faint purple had scarce 'gan to light
The peak of Ancon. erst hid in the night,
When the blare of the trumpet and l>eat of the drum
Made known that the day of the struggle had come.
In the eamp of the pirates "To arms ! " is the cry;
"Press forward, my hearties, our treasure is nigh !
Avoid the main road~-there are ambuscades there —
Push on through the forest, your firearms prepare ! ^
Now out on the hill, still called the "Advance,**
The buccaneers over their enemy glance.
B<'fore them they see in the full light of day
The Spaniards drawn up in battle array.
Two squadrons of horse, four thousand of line.
With bullocks and peons their forces combine.
And then, were it safer for them to retreat.
Would Morgan have ord ered the signal to beat?
Too late it is now — it is triumph or die !
Though desperate to battle, 'twere folly to fly !
Tis useless to falter ! On, onward my men !
We have won against odds, we shall win once again !
And "On!** cry the Spaniards, shouting " Vim el licy /"
Our numbers are greater ! Ours, ours is the day !
Our bullocks will rout them ! Huzza for old Spain !
The gore of the thi<»ves shall enrich the plain ! *"
Alas, for the hopes so sadly mispla ced.
For never before such a foe had they faced !
No Indians now, but trained men of might,
^Vho had learned in stern schools to die and to fight.
Two hours they fought 'neath the tropical sun.
Then threw down their muskets and — Morgan had won !
The Fall of Old Panama. \ 1 5
The verdant savanna like a great river runs With the blood of six thousands of Panama's sons ! ' ' On^ en to the city ! " cries Morgan the bold ! "Oh, ho 'tis the day, and the tale is soon told !
"Fire, pillage and slaughter ! " the order goes round Till palace and cottage are burned to the ground; Till cathedral and warehouse no treasures contain. And in the whole city no gold doth remain; Till mother and daughter are captured and chained With father and brother, or ransom obtained. Monasteries and hospitals — down with them all ! Leave not a stone standing on yon city wall ! "Oh, ho, 'tis the day ! " quoth Morgan the bold ! "Oh, ho, 'tis the day, and the tale is now told ! "
O demon insensate ! O offspring of hell !
What pen may thine awfid enormities tell !
How picture the cruelties, useless and vain.
Upon the march back through the forest again !
Old men tottering feebly 'neath Time's hoary crown,
Frail women in chains and with burdens borne down.
Fresh youth and grown man and the child but just born,
Scourged pitilessly on with the lash and the thorn.
While sobs, lamentations and shrieks of despair
Unceasingly freighted the soft summer air !
The ink turns to tears and corrodes the sad pen
O'er the torture at Cruces repeated again.
There, under the shade of the broad mango trees—-
'Mid anguish that nothing may ever appease—-
Are parents and children and husbands and wives.
Condemned without mercy to horrible lives !
Then back down the Chagres the buccaneers hie To where ships near the castle awaiting them lie; And embarked with his slaves, his treasure and gold, Onee again for Port Royal sails Morgan the bold!
11^ ntot and Guide
THE FOIMG OF NEff PMAMi
When the news of the destruction of Old Pnnnmii reached the eai*s of the Conde de Leinos, then Viceroy of Peru, he was so deeply chaj^rined over the affair, that he immediately took steps resulting in the removal of the de- feated governor, Don .Fuan Perez de Guzman. At the same time he i*epn»sented to the Queen Regent of Spain, Mana Anne of Austria, the necessity of issuing a decree provi- ding for tlie rchuilding of the city on a new site.
Between tlie Imrning of the old city and the build- ing of the new, nearly two years elapsed. During this time the survivore had erected temporary homes on and around the old site, which were thrice visited and destroyed by conflagrations before the removal to the new town took place.
Up to the year 1905, the exact date of the founda- tion of the present city had been lost sight of, all the Span- ish histories being at fault on this important point. On March 28, 1005, the President of the Municipjil Council of Panama, Giro Ij. Urriola, acting under official instruc- tions of that body, addressed letters to the Director of the Archives of Simancas; to the Director of the Archives of tlie Indias at Seville, and to the Director of the National Library at Madrid requesting information as to the exact date the new city was commenced. After an exchange of communications covering some months, the certified copies of two documents were submitted by the Director of the Archives of the Indias, Pedro Torres Lanzas, together with plans of the old and new cities. The documents were:
1. Cedula providing for the fortifications of the new city, dated October 31, 1G72.
2. letter treating of the change of the city, and outlining same, accompanied by the acts of the (Council upon said change and delineation , and allotting sites for public buildings.
The Founding of New Panama. \ {"^
The signing by the Spanish Queen of the decree auth- orizing the changing of the site of Panama on October 81, 1672, has been adopted and is now observed as the anniversary of the founding of the new city, although the document rehiting to the plan and lines of the town shows that the inauguration ceremonies in connection with the estabhshment of the new site were actually held on the 21st of January, 1673.
The important task of supervising the building and fortifying of the new town was confided to Don Anto- nio Fernandez de Cordoba, a Spanish cavalier of high rank who reached the Isthmus in 1672, with the title of Go- vernor of the Province of Tierra Firme, and President of the Real Audiencia. Cordoba only saw the work of recon- struction commence, his death occurring the year following his arrival.
The Queen's cedula or decree on the fortifications of the new city refers to the site of Ancon, as "Lancon", evidently an error or misprint, as the correct sjielling ap- pears in documents of a little later period.
In this cedula is set forth the necessity of first pro- viding the city with adequate defenses, making them as strong as possible, but not to start the general work until the plans had been submitted to the Crown for consideration and approval.
As to the question of means, the Queen wrote, "Ad- vise the Viceroy of Peru, with an estimate of the cost, that he may with this notice get the means in conformity with this order". Continuing the document reads, "I charge you (Cordoba) with much care that I have sent you to this place to apply the means furnished for this work, with- out diverting it to other things. To this end form in the city a Council, in which you will be present, with two judges, a treasurer, two of the oldest secular representatives, and the attorney general of the city who with the help of the officials of the Royal Treasury, will allow the expense and employ the rents remitted you by the Viceroy of Peru,
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with who4n you will commun cale very frequently on these points I liopc that } our experience, prudence, act- ivity and faithfulness, which you have always shown, will conduce to the service of the king, my son, and to these Bubiect8,and that you work in everything as it ought to be doue".
The Founding of New Panama.
IIQ
Avenida Central Nos. I38 y 140.
SE KECIBES PENSIOXISTAS. COMIDA," CAFE. ETC.,
ATODASHORAS BEL DIA.
SI n\BL4 INOIES Y CASTfLUNO.
JUAN FARRE, Prop.
Nos. 138-140 Central Avenue.
FIRST CLASS TABLE BOARD. MEALS, COFFEE, ETC.,
AT ALL HOURS OF THE DAT. SPtgNQlB SERVICE. -Roasoaa.a'bl':? Prices. ENOllSn AND SPANISH SPOKEN.
JUAN FARRE, Prop.
In a decree drawn np by the attorney general of tlie city and signed jVIarch lOtii, 107'], it appears some opposition had developed on the part of those who had already commenced to rebuild their ruined homes at Old Panama, to the change to the iiewsiteat Ancon. He wrote rcfiuesting that someone be sent to the Isthmus without delay with plenary powers to execute the change, and to compel the inhabitants of Old Panama and vicinity, "without ex- ception", to move to tl e new site.
He suggested as an inducement to persons of stand- ing an exenii)tion from taxes, upon their agreement to commence building their houses and offices on the new site within two months from the date of this decree, and to occupy them within the year.
He urged forced compliance as to removal in order as the document reads, "That the point which is now pop- ulated (Old Panama) may be razed to the ground on ac- count of the risk of enenn'es coming in the meantime and taking possession, thereby putting a stop to commercial traffic. This demolition will not only help in the new foundations, but will furnish convenient material with which to build the new houses, and at the same time will put a stop to all points of doubt that might delay the execu- tion of the decree".
The decree also prohibited the use of lamps, or rath- er censers, as they were then knoAvn, in the houses at
I20 ^P^^ «<Mi Guide,
Old Panama, thei-ebv avoidiiifr daiiger of future conHagra- tions fmm whidi they liad suffered frecjuently since Morgan's raid. It further provided that just rents sliould ])e paid u}» to the time of the change, and that the people could not be deprived of tJieir homes until four inontlis succeeding the announcement of tlie decide. The original of this rare document l)ears the signature of Cordoba, the attorney general. Don Luis de Ix>ssada QuiHones, Don Andres Mar- tinez de Amileto, and the Secretary, Don Diego Juan A- randa Grimaldo.
The signatures were attested by Augustin de l^rrutia, with his rubica. and hia signature and identity attested in turn by tliree othei-s, each with his rubica.
The ceremonies in connection with the inauguration of work on tlie new city, held Januar}* 21, 167ii. were participated in by Governor Cordoba, and all the notables, civil, military and secular. AVith the assistance of the mil- itary engineer, the (xovernor indicated the lines on which the principal plaza should be laid out, the location of the Cathedral, and the cemetery alongside. The cemetery was abandoned many years ago, but tlie old Cathedral still rears its twin towei-s skyward, and is as solid an editice : today as when it was first built In connection witli the ' cemetery, it might be interesting to Jiote that while the water works force was excavating on Sosa Street in 1905, they ran across and unearthed a great many bones of the early settlei*s.
The inaugural cei*emonies were conducted with all the pomp and ritual common to the Catholic Church at that time. The Bishop and his assistiints pronounced a blessing on the Cathedral and cemetery site, and put one large and two small, crosses in the center of tlie plaza. The Governor likewise indicated the site for the convent, now occupied by the store of D. Cardoze and the government telegraph office on Avenue B. Capt Juan Hidalgo Balcera, Mayordomo of the convent, took occasion to call attention to the fact there was a quantity of building tim-
The Founding of New Panama. 1 2 1
ber already available near the site, and that furthermore a ship had just entered the bay with a load of building ma- terials, urging that it would be a good thing to commence work on the convent first, so tliat this constituted the first building of consequence to be erected in the new city.
The Queen's injunction to build the new city's forti- fications strong and well were heeded as evidenced by the huge wall of masonry that today extends around a large section of the shore front of the city. These walls com- menced in Cordoba's time were not completed until many years afterward under the government of Alonso ]VIercado de Yillacorta. The fortifications are estimated to have cost upwards of ten million dollars in money, principally furnished from Peru. This does not take into account the forced labor employed in their construction. The story has been handed down how a sovereign of Spain was seen standing at a window of his palace one day looking toward the west with a disturbed expression on his fea- tures. A courtier made bold to inquire what he was look- ing at. "I am looking", replied the King, his face relax- ing into a grim smile, "for those costly walls of Panama. They ought to be visible even from here".
Tl ISTHIAN BUBBLE OF 1696.
The Darien region was the scene of the first attempt by Europeans, other than subjects of Spain, to obtain a commercial foothold on the Spanish Main. For some time prior to 1695, William Patterson, one of the founders of the Bank of England, had been nourishing a project of commercial expansion of considerable magnitude. It was his idea to establish colonies in various parts of the
122 PHot and OitMe,
i1i,.CMg STUBTO.
No. 194 Central Avenue,
p^rr^iidc A..
Tlie -A-rxierican Fliotogrrapliers -A.ma.te.ui.r "WoriU: a Spe^cialty.
Orient, as well as the Occident, to build np a trade be- tween these points and liis country, Scotland. I'nder royal charter, a company was fonned, and in the year 1698 five vessels with more than a thousand Scottish emigrants on board set sail for the Isthmus. From returning buc- caneers Patt**rson learned what a key to the trade of the South Sea the Isthmus really was, and induced him to send his first colony to tliat point.
The colonists landed at a place on the north coast of Darien, known to day as Puerto Escoces. Here on a small bay which they named Caledoniii, the immigrants founded the settlement of New Edinburgh, located about 75 miles to the norili-west from Cape Tiburon on the Gulf of Ura))d. They built some fortifications, establish- ing two batteries of 52 cannons each. Only a few months elapsed however, before the effect of the tropical climate and its fevers became apparent on the hardy men of the north, and before the end of the first year arrived only a remnant of the original colony remained. In the mean- time other emigrants had been sent out from Scotland, but they fared even worse than the first comoi-s. About this time the Spaniards learned of the full scope of Pat- tei-son's designs toward the South Sea trade, and de- termined to frustrate it. An expedition was sent against the colony at New Edinburgh and met with but little re- nstance. The captured survivors were tliereupon deported.
12^ ^^< o»<i Chude.
Patterson did not give up his plan without a further ef- fort, and endeavored to plant another colony, this time on the Pacific Ocean and away from Panama, hut acting under orders fi-om Spain, Lieut General D. Juan Diaz Pimiento, Captiiin-General of the province, took the necess- ary 8te;>s to prevent it
TROUBLE fflTH llliS, 17101.
The period from 1710 to 1790 was principally marked by frequent battles between the Spaniards and the In- dian tribes of tlie Darien. Early in the centuryi Catholic missionaries from Spain founded several places in this re- gion, but in 1719 the savages rose and destroyed them all. In 1740, Lieut General D. Dionisio Martinez de la Ye- ga entered into a treaty of peace with the Indians, and soon after the Viceroy of Santa Fe, Don Sebastian de Es- lava, and the Governor of Panama, acting in conjunction sent out four .Jesuit priests, two to the north, and two to the south, in the Darien region, and these founded Yavi- za, a town located on the (.'hucunaque River, the largest affluent of the Tuira, or Tuyra, the principal river in the Darien emptying into the Pacific. Yaviza to-day is an outpost on the forbidden frontier of the Darien fndians. To this point travelers can go with safety, but a further journey inland would be exceedingly risky. Although Ya- viza is located fifty miles or so from the coast, tide water does not end for several miles past the town.
Notwithstanding the efforts of the Jesuit priests to obtain a foothold in this region, it was not long after before the Indians planned an uprising and the missionaries had to flee for their lives. In 1784, forts were established
Trouble with Indians, 1710-90. 125
on the Sabana, Chucunaque and Tuira Rivers; also on the coast of the Gulf of San Miguel, but six years later upon conclusion of another treaty with the Indian chiefs, these were abandoned. Since then the Indian tribes of that region have been more or less independent, the Gov- erinnent of Colombia having exercised only a nominal rule over them. The Republic of Panama to date has also been content to leave them to their own devices. On one occasion the Colombian Government sent a force of 500 men against them, but this expedition was defeated.
The only other incident in Isthmian history during the eighteenth century worth relating, was the landin<g^ of a band of desperadoes and cutthroats on the Caribbean coast, near Porto Bello, made up of the scum of several nations. These at once commenced assaulting and robbing wherever possible, and finally crossed the Isthmus to the Pacific, where they were hunted down and scattered. Some were taken to Cartagena and executed; others died at the hands of the Indians, and still othei*s sought refuge in the caves of San Bias, where they subsisted by fishing. A few of these later started plantations, but they were a restless lot ever keen for desperate deeds, and they soon got into trouble with the Indians who rose against them in 1758, and killed ninety of them. The rest left the country immediately after.
1.
The provinces of Panama and V'eraguas that com- posed the Isthmus from 1719 to ]821, and which formed a part of the Yirreinate of Santa Fe, were among the last to be emancipated from the power of Spain, despite
126
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Hotel Centrally Located and convenient for the traveling public.
the fact that the decisive battle of Boyaca, which made an end forever to Spanish dominion in Colombia, had been fought and won by Simon Bolivar over two yeai-s before, namely. August 7, 1819. This was due to the large armed force maintained by Spain on the Isthmus. The forts of San liorenzo and Porto Bello were well garrisoned, >vhile the city of Panama was at all times kept in a state of perfect defence.
To the little town of Los Santos, capital of the province bearing the same name, belongs the honor of making the first open manifestation for libert3\ and this wa.s brought about in the following way: In 1810, ji small club was formed in Panama, consisting of influential citi- zens, for the puipose of carrying on a secret revolutionary propaganda. Agents were sent to the interior towns to organize otlier societies for the fomenting of a revolution- ary sentiment among the population. The little society at Los Santos became so enthusiastic that it boiled over, and
Independence from Spain, 1821. 12^
one day the members turned out en masse and made a public demonstration in favor of freedom.
Early in 1821, Gen. Juan de la Cruz Murgeon ar- rived at Panama, having been appointed by the Spanish Government to the post of Captain-General and President of Quito. Ho was further promised the post of Viceroy of Santa Fe, if he could recover control of two-thirds of the Virreinate. This he very soon saw was impossible, and on October 22nd of the same year embarked for Quito to exercise his title of President, leaving in com- mand of the provinces on the Isthmus, Lieut-Col. Jose de Fabrega, whom he then promoted to the grade of Colonel.
Col. Fabrega was Isthmian born, and when he saw that he was to be the arbiter of the fate of the Isthmus, he resolved to throw in his lot with his liberty-aspiring countrymen. Thereupon, a general meeting of all the civic corporations, military and church organizations in Panama was called, and on November 28, 1821, before a large and enthusiastic crowd, the independence of the Isthmus from Spanish mis-rule became an accomplished fact. Fabrega himself, was an interested spectiitor of this event.
Some of the Spanish troops still remaining loyal to the Crown, debated amongst themselves their future course of procedure, but realizing the helplessness of their posi- tion, without a commander, with enemies on every hand, and without hope of reinforcements, they decided prudence the better part of valor, and laid down their arms. Thus was independence gained Avithout the shedding of a drop of blood. Isthmian history came near to repeating itself eighty-two years later when the independence of the Re- public of Panama was attained, with the loss of but one life, that of a Chinaman.
The same year that the Isthmus threw off the yoke of Spain, Simon Bolivar termed " The Liberator" sent over a force under Gen. Montilla from Cartagena to assist the local patriots, but upon their arrival found that the
128 root and O^dde.
Isthmian people had already secured thoir indcpetulence through favoring circumst^mces.
THEISTEMSIKTHEDAYSOFI
The discovery of gold in California, and the lack of a safe and rapid transcontinenUil means of getting to the desired goal, induced many tliousands of treasure hunters to seek the Isthmian transit During the seven or eight years succeeding the first find of gold on Sutter's Creek, it is estimated that not less than $40,000,000 in gold, S12,- 000,000 in silver, and 25,000 passengere were annually ti-ansported across the Isthmus on pack-mule trains. By 1853 the rush was on in earnest, and according to official figures the output of gold in California for that yearriached the highest mark in its history, namely, $66,000,000.
The sudden development of the pack-mule train business on the Isthmus by reason of the discovery, attracted to the country a large number of Chileans, Peruvians, In- dians and mixed breeds, many of whom came not to engage in an honest business, but to i)lunder, rol) and murder. A rich field was at once opened to them on account of the demand for pack-mule trains, a business in which the majority of them were expert. The Panama newspapers of those days are filled with stirring accounts of assault and i-obbery, and many pathetic incidents of people who had reached Panama successful and happy only to be robbed and frequently murdered in making the transit to the other side.
Often ships would anive from California with from one to two millions of dust and bullion on board, and with half as much again probably secreted about the person, or
The Isthmus in the days of '49. I2Q
in the baggage of passengers who trusted nobody but themselvesj not even the ship's strong box. On one occa- sion several boxes of gold arrived at New York, apparently intact, but when opened it was discovered that from forty to fifty per cent, had been stolen. The rifling was accom- plished by the aid of a certain shaped boring apparatus that would bring out as much as desired of the contents of the boxes, and fill in again with sand, until the original weight was reached. The holes in the boxes were then plugged and sealed so neatly that they could not be de- tected, except upon close examination.
As a usual thing however, this method was too laborious, and bands of armed men made open attacks on pack trains, assisted by confederates acting as guards, or drivers. In January, 1851, the S. S. Northerner ar- rived from 8au Francisco Avith .1^2,600,000 in gold dust and treasure on board, and carrying 500 passengers. Many of the latter had their newly gained wealth concealed in their baggage. Immediately after the steamer's arrival, preparations began for the pack across. The start was made, and at a i)lace called Cardenas, about one day's journey from Panama by mule back, the passengers were attacked in broad daylight by a large body of armed men. In the fight that followed some few of the passengers succeeded in withdrawing with their pack trains unobserved, but the robbers managed to capture two mule loads of treasure, amounting to about §120,000.
During the fight, the leader of the band, a Chilean, was shot and killed. Tbe affair had hardly terminated when reinforcements arrived to the aid of the passengers. The robbers thereupon fled into the woods, but were promptly pursued. Some were killed, others taken prison- ers, while several boxes of gold were recovered in the nick of time, the thieves being come upon just as they were about to bury the treasure in the ground.
One of the pathetic incidents of the period was the case of seven men returning from California, who started
I30
rHot and Guide,
m
1 :
II
)
'^'•9'
The Isthmus in the Days of '49. 1 3 1
PANAMA. CULEBRA. EMPIRE. GORGONA. COLON.
viBeri & Dixon.
Panoma Newb Aoancy.
Newspapers Cigars Souvenirs
Magazines Tobaccos Kodaks
Stationery Smokers' articles Kodak supplies
Powell's Candies The Waterman Ideal Fountain Pen.
^o. 32, :fifth Street J^ext to Ccincit SSuUcling,
across the Isthmus in company, to take ship on the other side. They were not heard of again until one day a man came across some hodies half-devoured by the buzzards. An investigation was started, and it was conclusively proven that the seven men had been waylaid and murdered. The men were artisans on their way home, and had with them a chest of tools. This chest from its weight and appear- ance led one of the numerous gangs of robbers to believe that it contained treasure. They offered themselves as pack-train men, were accepted, and at a certain point on the road the travelers were set upon and killed. Among the effects of the dead men were found a master mason's apron, and other emblems of the order, which increased the desire to run the guilty parties to earth. This was shoi-tly accomplished. The pack-train men were arrested, confronted with the evidence, and confessed. Subsequently they were all taken to Panama and shot.
These and similar occurrences aroused the authorities to take some decisive action toward putting down the out-
32 i^o< OHd Oiridf,
ragM. All that were caught in robberies were given short shrift Usually, if fouiul fiuilty, they were immediately shot. Then too, the returning Califomians, l)eing previously ad- Tised of the insecurity of the tninsit, provided themselves against these emergencies, as the rohl)er hands found out to their cost. In one case, a pack-train carrying British bullion from South America was attacked on the trail. Tlie party put up so stiff a defense that several of the thieves were killed, and the remainder put to rout.
The record of those times go to show that many a returning treasure seeker never reached home and loved ones again, hut left his liones to 4)leach on the Ciiices ti-ail. A couple of yeai*s ago, a native living near the trail ran across a quai\tity of coins, discoloi-etl with age. He bi-ought them into Panama and showed them at a local hank. Many of the coins wei*e gold, and all bore dates of the period when tJie Cruces trail was the main traveled i*oad of the gold huntiMs of California. They had evidently formed a part of some i*obl)er's hoard.
Lola Momez "of Paris anfl Panaia."
Among the many thousands of pei-sons that passed over the Isthmus from all j)arts of the world in the mad rush for California, none attracted greater attention on the streets of Panama than I>oIa Montez, in the zenith of her world-wide fame, and owninpf to the distinction of being the most wonderful dancer of her day.
The fair Lola, known in private life as the Countess fjandsfield, left Paris in December, 1851, on an American tour. On the eve of her depai-ture the Paris press said of her:
Lola Moutez ^'of Paris and Paua}»a^\ 133
"Lola Montez is bidding us farewell, and leaves us for America. Whoever ye be, young or old, rich or j>oor, it is im- possible for you not to have heard of Mme. Comtesse Landsfield, the buttertiy known as Lola Montez. The laurels won by Fannie Elssler and Jenny Lind has driven sleep from her eyes. She too wishes to conquer. Farewell then, Mme. Comtesse, may America be propitious to you. If a handful of adventurers under Cortez effected the conquest of Mexico, why should not Lola Montez triumph over the New World. "
The writers in the Paris press in acknowledging her pecuh'ar and fascinating beauty, said that dancing was not an art with her, but natural, like the singing of a bird.
In touring the United States, Loa caught the gold fever, and arrived on the Isthoius on her way to California in May, 1853. She appeared on the streets of Panama in men's clothes, and armed with a riding whip, presented a picturesque and striking figure. On one occasion, a young man of the town had the temerity to pull the tail of her coat. She turned upon him in terrible anger, and raising her whip struck the offender a sharp blow in the face which left its mark for many a day.
Love Me, Love My Dog.
While at Gorgona on her way across the Isthmus, she ordered the hotel keeper to fit up a cot in the room she had engaged for the night, for her dog, which was her inseparable companion. The host remonstrated stating that all of his cots were occupied and that many of his guests had to content themselves with sleeping on the floor. "I think Madame," he said, • that your dog can sleep very well for one night on the floor." "Sir," replied the Countess, removing a Havana iVom her pretty lips, "I do not care where or ho^v your L^-'iests sleep, but I w^ould have you to know that my dog lias slept in palaces. Get me the cot immediately and hpv no more about it." The now frightened hotel keeper obeyed, and the next morning
fS-^ /*«'«' "»•'' Guide.
chai-getl five doIlai*s in tlio bill for the d(>g*s bod. To this the (Countess ohjectcHl, and on the laiidloixl insisting that the bill should be paid, she pnlled out her pistol, and threatened to settle not only tiie bill., but the hotel keeiKT as well, for extortion. There was no further argument.
A represcutiUive of the •^Panama Star'' interviewed Uie artiste on May t>. l«r)3, at the Cocoa Grove Hotel and wrote an account of it as follows:
"luttead of raeetiu^ a giaiit«88 in Rppearauce, and u i»er8on of mASealiiic nmnuerfi ah whs expected, we were most a{<r©eably aurprised when on presentation to the CouuteHs, to fin«l her a lady of onlinary stature, and of rather delicate frame, )K>Kse8sinf; the most regrular and haudKonu' features, with a jmir of brilliant and expressive eyes, and witlial au exceedingly winning address. We were still more surprise<i when on ext^^nding her hand, to find it so diminutive.*'
"During an hour's conversation with the Countess, we could observe no jweuliarity al>out her, l>eyond what "we would desire to see in any well educated woman, possessing a degree of as- surance peculiar to j»eople who have traveled much, thus en- abling her to give expression to her thoughts without any of that simpering mock modesty which makes many people appear ridiculous. "
"It wa« not until after dark, and as we were al>out to take our leave, that we had a fair opportunity to judge of the courageous daring of this remarkable woman. One of the guests of the hotel who had been taking a walk about the grounds was attacked and an attempt made to shoot him. Lola Montez immediately went to wher« it was going on and rendered what aid possible, returning with the guest to the house. In all the excitement, there was no desire to faint, or expression of fear ou her part. She cross-questione<l the guest thoroughly, but the affair re- mained a mystery. **
The stay of Ix>la Montez on the Isthmus was not of long, duration, but she expressed great pleasure over lier visit, and it was many a day before the memory of her and her queer attire was forgotten.
Oceans Linked by Steel Ribbons, 1855.
35
OceaosLitedliyMllionUSSS.
The possibilities incident to the construction of a raihoad across the Isthmus early attracted the attention of capitahsts and others. The first move in this direction was made in 1835 when, pursuant to a resolution offered in the United States Senate by Henry Clay, President Andrew Jackson appointed Charles Biddle a commissioner to visit the different routes on the continent of America best adapttd for interoceanic communication, and to re- port thereon with reference to their value to the com- mercial interests of the United States. Mr. Biddle came to the Isthmus and accompanied by Don Jose Obaldia at that time a member of the Colombian Congress, la'ter visited Bogota where, after repeated delays, he secured from the government a decree giving him the right to build a railroad across the Isthmus. He returned to the United States in 1837, but died before he was able to make a report.
In 1847, a French syndicate headed by Mateo Kline obtained an option on the proposed undertaking from the Government of New Granada which, however, was permitted to lapse the following year. The rush of the goldseekers
Santiago Rozo
lasaTver.
Diploma of the Kational ITniversity of Bogota, Colombia.
Offers his Professional Servi- ces to the Public
REFERENCES: Paoama Bank'g. Co., Ist. Bank'f. C«.
Office: Xo. 36. Fifth Street, Fanaroa.
Santiago Rozo
ABOGADO.
Con Diploma de la TJniversidad Kacio. nal de Bogot&, Colombia.
Ofrece sus Servlcios Profeslo- hdles.
REFERENCIAS: Paaama Bank't. ۥ . Int. Bank's. Co.
Oficina, Calle 5a. No. 36, Panama.
136 ^^^**^ ^'^^ Guith,
to California in '40 f^nd the lack of a safe and rapid means of transit across the Istlinnis, about which much complaint was made at the time, induced a group of American capitahsts to intei-est tliemselves in the project In this year a company was formed by William H. As- pinwalK John li. Stephens and Henry Chauncy of New York City under the name of the Panama Raihoad Com- pany. This company secured a concession from the Re- public of New (iran.ida giving it tlie exclusive privilege of constnicting a railroacl on the Isthmus in wliich w^as in- corpomted a provision that no negotiations looking to the building and operation of a ship canal could he concluded witJiout the consent of the railroad. The concession was made for a period of forty-nine yeai-s dating from the completion of the road. The time given for completion was six years fi-om the date of signing the contract In 1867 when the name of the Republic of New Granada was changed to that of Colombia the concession was ex- tended for a period of ninety-nine years, thus making the entire term of the grant 118 years from the date of com- pletion. At the expiration of this time, the concession pro- vided that the railroad and appurtenances should be turned over to the Colombian (jovernment in fee simple, with no rights for ceding or selliiii^ tq any foreign govern-. ment
When the French canal company sought from the Colombian Government a concession to construct a canal : across the Istliraus^ it found that the consent of the j Panama Railroad was necessary, and after some negotia- j tions concluded to buy the railroad, and in that way to [ secure the advantage of Its concession, rather tliaii to un- j dertake to purchase its consent which would have to be ' approved by the Colombian authorities, After repeated ; effoils they tinally, in August LS81, secured possession of { sixty-eight seventieths of the stock, paying S'ioO per share, * and in addition permitted the American stockholders to strip tlie company of all the cash atxl aocumulated- sur-^
133 ^^^ onA Gtiide.
plus, 80 that the actual amount received by the American sharcholtiers was ahout $291 per shitre for stock the com- mercial value of which at tliat time was only a little ahovo par. When the I'nited States bought the property of the French canal company, among its nsseta were the sixty- eipht seventieths of the stock of tlie Panama Railroad.
Road Pays $260,000 Indemnity Yearly.
The railroad has been bonded for various amounts since 1851. In 1897 however, all bonds were retired and a new issue of 4,000 first mortgage 4 1/2 per cent twenty year gold bonds of §1,000 each was made. Of these ix)nd8 3,,'{74 were sold and 626 wei*e retained in the treasury of the company. At the time tlie property waK acxjuired by the United States (rovernment 1,002 of the outstanding bonds had been redeemed.
Under the terms of tlie concession the railroad was compelled to pay to the Colombian Government an annual indemnity of §250,000. The railroad therefore, has not only been required to pay from its earnings interest on its bonded indebtedness, and its operating expenses, but also the animal indemnity of more than §5,000 per mile. In 1880 the railroad company at the request of the Colom- bian Government convt»rted this indemnity into bonds for a period of twenty-seven and one-half years. These bonds were aftei wards sold by the Colombian Government to private capitalists, so that this indemnity is now l>eing, and will continue to be until 1908, paid to the pur- chasers of these bonds. After that or in 191H as the treaty under which the canal is being constructed stipulates, that amount will be paid by the United States Govern- ment to the Republic of Panama.
In preparing for the work, the company engaged tlie services of two eminent American engineers, George H. Totten and John C. Trautwine, lx)th of whom had l)een previously employed on important engineering undertakings
Road Pays ^250^000 Indemnity Yearly. I3Q
both at home and abroad. One of these was the con- struction of a canal from Cartagena to the Magdalena River in Colombia by which they acquired some knowledge of the Spanish language, and an insight into the manner of working the native laborers.
Active work on the road began in the fall of 1849. The first three months were devoted to establishing a depot at Gorgoua for material and supplies, it having been the original intention to build the section of the road from Gorgona to Panama fii-st. This plan necessitated the transfer of all material from ocean steamers to smaller crafts and the voyaging of the latter around Point Toro to the mouth of the Chagres and up this stream to Gor- gona. So many difficulties at once developed to this method that it was shortly abandoned and Aspinwall (1) made the northern terminus of the line.
One Way of Getting a Job.
The laborers employed in the construction of the road came from every part of the world. There were natives, East Indians, West Indians, Chinese, Europeans and Americans, as motley a crowd as ever assembled under the sun. The trial given the Chinese proved a dismal failure.
One of the leading spirits of 'the time was James L. Baldwin, a civil engineer to whom, by common consent, the early completion of the road was largely due. Baldwin was a good judge of men, and he knew as if by intuition just what he could do with the worse than Falstaffian mob with which he was surrounded. His tact was seconded by an off-hand manner of utter fearlessness and personal daring.
One day he had a difficulty at Frijoles with an im- mense Irishman whom he had previously placed in charge
(1). Former name of Colon. Named after W. H. Aspinwall, one of the founders of the P. R. R.
I-^O
Pilot and Gnitle,
PANAMA. EMPIRE. COLON.
IBIXX X>o«itlxs.s. lElxxXlotlxxM.
Commercial Sign fainting.
NO. 01. FiyTH 8T?.y.FX PAITAI.IA.
of tliat station in which lajignage fro(|uontly and j)ainljilly fi-ec was used. The snhordinate was well skilled in the art of self-defence and was always ready to come to the scratch. The irate cliief though headstrong had reached tlie years of discretion, and the matter passed up for th(^ time heing.
Baldwin went to Colon the mornint^ following to in- spect a detachment (►f em[)loyes newly arrived. His (piick eye picked out a man of a thick-set stature, dark com- plexion and hull-dog look, and calling lii:n hefore him this dialogue ensued: —
Can you read and write?
I can.
Do you want a good ea.sy joh with good pay?
I do.
Have you ever been in a prize fight?
One, or two.
Were you whipi)ed?
Not much.
One Way of Getting a Job. 141
Do you think there is any one in these parts that can do it?
Ijet them try it.
^'Then," Baldwin said, 'M want yon to go to Frijoles Station, get in a row with the track master, give liim a rough heating and kick liim out. You can then have his joh." The offer was at once accepted.
On the following morning the new arrival found himself at Frijoles, and met tlie hy-no-means courteous and reiined charge d'affaiies. The latter was ready to pick a quarrel with the newcomer, and soon hoth got warm and agreed to fight it out in accordance Avith the rules of the ring. Tiiey staked off the ring, and dispensing with the seconds went at it. After several rounds in which both showed signs of heavy punishment, the stranger gained the victory and expelled his antagonist from the p!ace.
This occurrence is perfectly true and illusti-ates some of the rongh and ready events of those tinges on the Panama R;\ilroad As an afterword we might add that the hero of this affair was Tom Sharp who later fought his way to success in the railroad world.
From start to finish the company Avas beset with labor troubles. The laborers that were bi ought to the Isthmus under contract would melt away in the stream of people bound for the California gold-fields. In February 1851, the work was brought to a stop by a wholesale desertion of these men, but Avith the assistance of the Colombian authorities a large number were apprehended aiid kept in jail until they signified their readiness to return to work. Another factor in the labor question Avas the Isthmian fevers Avhich at times made severe inroads on the men and gave rise to the report that '-The Panama Railroad cost a man for every tie."
WITHOUT " F=»A-.NC:>F^-IVIA„"
Why are all that live outside the city like orphans ? Because they are Avithout Pa-nor-ma.
1^2 ^«'o( and Qukie.
The Black Swamp.
Probably tbe birgest obstacle met with in the con- struction work of the road was the sti-etch tlu*ough the swamps l)otwcen Colon and Ciatun, and particularly over the famous ^Black Swamp". This swamp is located l)etween Lion Hill and Ahorcit I^agaito and has l)een giving trouble at intervals ever since the ofjening of the ix>ad. The constnictoiN dumped thousands of tons of rock^ wood and other material into the swamp befoi-e a foundation was se- cured firm enough to Ikj used for the passage of trains. During the i>eriod of the French canal companies train service was fitH]uently interrupted at this point and on each occasion tons of machinery and scrap were dumped into the place. The IsUimian Canal Commission has twice experienced trouble during the past year from the '*lx)ttom falling out" in this locality. The last occurrence waS in September. 1907, when sixty feet of track sank out of sight soon after a passenger train had passed. The Com- mission has adopted the method of driving piles as a sup- jX)rt to the track and where this has been done no further ti-ouble has resulted. It is the intention however, to build a "gauntlet" track around the spot to avoid a i-ecun-ence of this nature.
First Train Into Panama.
The company had trains ninning from Aspinwall to Oatun in 1H52, and to Barbacoas bridge in ISo.'J. On January 28, 1855 the fii-st train reached Panama and the Star d' Herald two days later writes of the event as fol- lows:
"The whistle of the railroad engine has at length woke up the slumbering echoes of Panama, away through tin; hills and dales, over the quiet bay and amidst the ruins of the ancient city, the first wild shriek has gone foilh proclaiming the advance of commerce and civilization on the Pacific coast of South America. The great coiniccting
First Tram Into Panama. 1 4 3
ffilathedrall Brai mmm
ARTURO KOHPCKE.
No. 73 Central Avenue, Panama.
Thi2 Qi^BEiT Bhfg Stoke i^ the Oitx.
Importer of Drugs, Chemicals, Patent fledicines ai^d Perfumery.
Prescriptions Carefully Prepared by Skilled
and G^mpetent German Pharmacists*
Erjglish, French, ©errgar) and Spaniel] Spoken,
link of the Atlantic and Pacific is completed, the Pana- ma Railroad is finished, and the first train has made its appearance amongst us, opening up a new era of prosper- ity for the people of the Isthmus of Panama".
'*0n Sunday afternoon about half past three o'clock thousands of people gathered along the line to witness for the first time the appearance of the iron horse as it rattled over the tracks to the station, and many were the expressions of surprise and wonder at its appearance, and the facility with which the wild creature was managed. Mules and pack saddles are now forever supplanted by the steam engine, and the mud of the Cruces trail is ex- changed for a comfortable seat in a railroad coach. The twenty -five cents per pound charged for transporting freight across the Isthmus is now reduced to a mere nominal cost, and the long tedious journey over the Isthmus has been transformed into a pleasure trip of a couple of hours".
First Train Into Panama. l-^-S
'•'What will follow the opening of the railroad it is hard to foretell, but we can sec great things looming up in the distance for Panama. Doubtless there are those that will suffer a temporary loss in their business by the open- ing of the railroad, but this must be expected as a natu- ral consequence and will be of short duration. Far away to the confines of the Pacific the opem'ng of the Panama Railroad will be hailed with delight. From north to south; from east to west of this mighty ocean will its beneficent influences be felt. From Cape Horn to Oregon, from Kamschatka to Japan, the Panama Railroad will tend to- arJ commercial development. Australia and all the isles of the sea are brought by it into immediate contact with the old world, and the colonies will now look upon Panama as a bridge over which the traffic Avith their mother country must pass".
'^But what British money and French ingenuity could not accomplish in upwards of a quarter of a centur}^, Yankee enterprise has undertaken and carried through in five years, and has given to the world an enduring monu- ment of what a few determined spirits of the United States can do''.
"The names of AVilliam H. Aspinwall and his associ- ates who headed this great scheme of Col. Totten, and those who with him carried out the work, are worthy to be immortalized, and it is to be hoped that such men may long be spared to witness the benefits which they have conferred on the Avorld by their indefatigable zest and unflinching determination in building the Panama Rail- road".,
In November, 1866 the Legislative Assembly of Pa- nama adopted a resolutio'n honoring the builders of the railroad, and authorized the placing of a portrait of each in the reception room of the government palace in Pana- ma, the expense thereof to be paid out of the public treas- ury. :.:..■.
\^Q root and Guide,
With the oi>ening of the road, a heavy traffic soon (leveloped, which with the cxti-emely high rates charged for pjissengcr and fivight hauls, made large profits for tlie stoi-k holders. After a time these excessive charges became the subject of complaintii which came to the notice of the Colombian Government A head tax on each passenger carried over the ix)ad was thereupon ordered, and in addition a large numl)er of government employes, politicians and influential citizens were instructed to l>e placed on the free list. This resulted in an exchange of uotes l>etween the American Minister resident at Bogota, and the Colombian Government, and a compromise was finally effected by which the head tax was to be removed upon the railroad company inaugurating a lower i)assenger tariff. The steamship combinations constituting in effect a monopoly were not changed until after the purchase of the road by the United States Goverinnent.
Panama Not What it Used To Be.
Thiit the railroad would benefit the Isthmus was not immediately apparent. Six months after the opening of traffic the Star cfc Herald prints the following article signed ''Traveler":
"Panama is not what it used to be; it is not the Panama of 1849-54. Then the California travel afforded a lirge business to the storekeepei-s, muleteers, transporta- tion agents, hotels, bankers, baggage smashers, gamblers and thieves. The completion of the Panama Bailroad en- ables passengers and freight to pass through from Califor- nia without delay. Now all is changed. The grass grows in the streets and on the Plaza, where once busy crowds thronged. A large number of business houses have bro- ken up or changed to a more prosperous location. It looks to me more like a deserted graveyard than the Pana- ma of old. It is quite clear that the railroad has not ben- efited the Isthmus, but rather the reverse'\
B
BailrofHl Concession Extended. | ^~^
MILLINERY AND DRESSMAKING ESTABLISHMENT
CDT^
C C* S» Du Bois & Co,
8
B n
J
Ladies trhn haitc sewing io be done, or an\j txrorb j (j in nitr line trill da treU ta call on its. i j i
WORK PROMPTLY AND CAREFUllY EXECOIED AI REASONABLE PRICES. I \ |
Railroad Concession Extended.
AVith the extension of time given by the Colombian Govermnent in 1867. an agreement Avas entered into where- by tlie railroad company consented to extend its hive to one of the islands in the harbor, or to a point where the wharves could be reached at all times by large sea-guing vessels. The company took no steps to commence this work and in 1877 the matter was made the subject of considerable correspondence between it and the Colombian Government. The railroad company took the stand that the agreement could be complied with at any time during the years of extension, while the Bogota authorities main- tained that it meant from the date of the extension. The point however was lost sight of, or allowed to pass in the more important canal negotiations that came up about this time.
Investigating Traffic Complaints.
The traffic arrangement fomerly in vogue between the Panama Railroad Steamship Company, and the Paci- fic Mail Steamship Company w^hereby tlie latter had the exclusive privilege of issuing through bills of lading on freight from San Francisco to New York became the
(44.8 i^< <nMi Gtiide.
subject of official action in 1005, and on June 12th of that year the contract with P.M.S.S.Co. was aholishtMl. Previous to this it was the practice of the Panama Kail- road Company to i-ecognizc no through hills of lading except those issued from its own office in New York. Thus goods brought to the Isthmus hy competing steamship hues were 8ul)jected to the current local freight nites in shipping across. Complaints i-egarding this situa- tion l)ecame so numerous that in lilO') Joseph W. Bristow was commissioned to investigate the entire matter, which he did by visit ng the Isthmus and going over the route to San Francisco. His i*eport which followed con- tained many important recommendations among them being:-
Cancellation of the existing exclusive contracts with the Pacific Mail 8. S. Co., and the Pacific Steam Navigation Com- pany.
Continued maintenance of the Panama Railroad Steam- ship line by the I'uited States Government.
Kstablishment by the Government of a line between ]>ort8 on the Gulf and Colon in case private capital refused to take it up.
Establishment by the Government of a line between Panama and San Francisco, in case the Pacific Mail Steam- ship Co. decided to iiiscontiuue its service, aud no other com- jKiny entertKl the field.
Double-tracking the Panama Railroad.
The contracts with the other steamship companies were cancelled June 12, 1905.
The Panama Railroad Steamship Company is still being maintiiined hy the Govennnent as a part of the oper- ations of the Panama Riiilroad Company. It possesses ^\e steamers, viz., the Panama, Colon, Advance, Finance and Allianca. The last named was in dry dock during the last half of 1907, and has been enlarged to a boat of the Panama class.
The maintenance of weekly sailings by the United Fruit Company from New Orleans to Colon furnislies a better senice than former! 3^, and covers in part the; third;
Investigating Tra^ Complaints. 14-Q
recommendation mentioned above. The boats cover the distance of 1400 miles in five days, but the passenger ac- commodations are Hmited.
The Pacific Mail Steamship Company at the present time is again the subject of official investigation. Charges are reported to have been made by the Panama Railroad Company and the Isthmian Canal Commission that the Pa- cific Mail S.S.Co. has been rendering inadequate and unsatisfactory service between Panama and San Francisco, thus proving an injury to business. Mr. Bristow has once more been selected to investigate the situation and make a report, which will be ready early in 1908.
The double-tracking of the Panama Railroad is prac- tically an accomplished fact At the Panama end the double track begins at the La Boca "Y", about one-half mile from the city passenger station and continues to Pedro Miguel. From here to Culebra but one track is used. From Culebra to Gatun there is an uninterrupted stretch of double-track. From Gatun to Mount Hope but one track will be used, and from Mount Hope to Cristobal there is a network of tracks, comprising the Cristobal yards.
The New Main Line.
Work on the new main line of the Panama Railroad, as it will be when the canal is completed was begun in Tune, 1907. The new line was made necessary on account of the low level of the old track, a great part of which will be submerged when the Gatun lake is filled. By the end of October, 1907, over three and one-half miles of this new track had been laid. One of the largest railroad embankments in the world, and probably the largest in point of average height to length, wmH be located at Gatun on the new line. It crosses the valley of the Gatuncillo river at an average height of about eighty-two feet, is one and a quarter miles long, and will contain over 2,600,000
I50 Pilot and Omde,
CENTI\AL AVENUE^ FRONTING ANCON BOULEVAF^D.
STRICTLY FIRST CLASS AMERICAN RESTAURANT
FOR LADIES AND GENTLEMEN.
MKALS, TABLK D'HOTE: $1.50 SILVEK.
A la Carte Service at All Hours of the Day or Night.
Steaks* Chops, Oysters, Chicken, Squabs, Lobsters, Game, and EVERYTHING IN SEASON.
SI=»H:CIA.L Pi.ft.TES TO 3PE:Fil><IA.lTEl^T OXJEISTS.
C. S. BUTTRICK, Proprietor.
cubic yards of material. Owing to the great height and length of this fill it will be necessary to build it in three sections. A trestle, thirty feet high and running the entire length of the fill, will first be built, from which material will be dumped by the construction trains. When the dirt reaches the top of the trestle another 30-foot trestle will be built on the dump thus formed, and the operation will be repeated until the final grade of the railroad is reached. The fill crosses an arm of the lake that will be formed by the Gatun dam and an opening will be left at the bottom of the fill in case it ever becomes necessar}' to drain the lake. In order to allow passage for boats a drawbridge of the Bascule type, about 100 feet long, is being considered.
The new bridge over the Chagres river near Gamboa, will be 1,320 feet long, consisting of fourteen 80-foot througli-girder spans and one 200-foot through-truss span. The contract for the steel work has been let to the Penn
The New Main Line. \5\
Bridge Company and will cost $60,000. The fifteen spans will rest on fourteen piers and two abutments all of which will be built of concrete on pile foundations. It is esti- mated that the masonry work will be finished about July, 1908.
There will be a tunnel at Miraflores, the first on the Isthmus, about 600 feet long. Et will be a single track tunnel and will be lined its (mtire length with con- crete.
It is estimated that before the new line is completed 10,000,000 cubic yards of fill must be made. All these fills are being made with excavated material from the canal cuttings.
Plans have been prepared for a modern terminal yard at Panama of nine tracks, The tenninal at Colon has already been brought up to date. A new $50,000 modern passenger station is all that Panama now lacks in the matter of railroad facilities.
Some Comparisons as to Rates.
It is interesting to note the difference between the first passenger and freight tariff of the Panama Railroad which went into effect February 15th, 1855, and that of the present day. The following table will give some idea of the changes that have taken place: —
1903, 1907.
Faro Panama to Colon, 1st, class, Fare Panama to Colon, 2d. class, Charge for baggage. Freight Rate, 1st. class, • Freight Rate, 2d. class. Freight Rate, 3d. class.
|
$2,5 00 |
$5.00 |
$2.40 |
|
Not quoted. |
2.25 |
1.45 |
|
.10 per lb. |
.02 per lb. |
.02 per lb. |
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3.00 per c\rt. |
.40 per en. ft. |
.50 per cwt. |
|
2.00 per cwt. |
1.20 per cwt. |
.44 per cwt. |
|
1.00 per cwt. |
.80 per cwt. |
.32 per cwt. |
All the rates mentioned in the above table were payable in gold. While the fare from Colon to Panama was at the rate of over 50 cents gold per mile, in those days it was not considered excessive, in fact, travelers
I5S FOotmid €Mde.
cougratulated themselves upon getting over the Isthmus 80 easily and cheaply. Children under twelve years of age were charged half fare, or $12.50, while the rate to residents on the Isthmus was commuted to the flat amount of f50.00 per month. A large number of articles at that time did not come under the general classification, ai\d carried special rates. One quarter of one per cent of its value was charged for the transportation of gold across the Isthmus. Silver was charged one-half of one [Mjr cent; jewelry and precious stones one- quarter of one per cent; indigo and cochineal, 2 cents per pound; coffee and cocoa 1 cent per pound; coal in bulk $9.00 per ton of 2240 pounds; coal in bags $7.00 per ton of 2240 pounds, iron in pigs $7.50 per ton; rolled iron $10.00 per ton; white pine lumber $18.00 per thousand feet; yellow pine lumber $20.00 per thousand feet, and oak at $22.00 per thousand feet Horses, mules and cattle were transported at owners* risk. The rate on hoi*ses was $40.00 each, mules $20.00, and cattle $7.00. All bills for freight had to be paid in advance, but the manageuient in its first schedule made the consoling announcement that as soon as the business of the road would warrant, some of the above rates might be materially reduced.
The baggage charge was a feature the traveling public did not like, especially inasmuch as the management rated overcoats, umbrellas and the like under this head. So much "kicking" resulted that about three monllis after the fii^st rates were put into effect, the company permitted passen- gers fifty pounds of baggage free.
The first-chiss passenger rate between Colon and Panama at the time the United States took the railroad over was $5.00 gold. On the first of Angust 1904, the rate was reduced to $4.00. I^ter it came down to $2.80, and again to $2.40 where it stiiids at the present time.
Passenger traffic over the railroad during the pjist year or so has shown an enonnous increase. This is in part due to the constmt accessions in the ranks of the
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15^ PHat and Gidde,
Gardoze HernQar^os.
Corner of Avenue B and Stli^Street,
F^AN AIV/1 A.
' Varied Assortment of
^i^Tsr o-ooiDS
Always on Hand-
Sole Ape; for the SINGER SEWING MACHINES.
Commission employes on the Isthmus, and in part to tlie great hl)erality with which these were formerly treated in the matter of passes. Inasmuch as the Isthmian Canal Commission pays to the Panama Railroad Company a cer- tain sum monthly (said to be $5,000 at the present time) for passenger transportation, the increase or decrease of such sum being dependent upon the amount of travel, it be- hooved the former to curtail these privileges to some extent Notwithstanding, gold employes are allowed a courtesy pass once a month, while the privilege of half rates is extended to all classes of employes and their families at any time. Most of the freight is now hauled across the Isthmus at night. The completion of the Tehuantepec Railway does not appear to have had any appreciable effect on the trans-Isthmian business to date, while the local business is constantly increasing in volume. The freight traffic is generally heaviest during the months of .January and
Some Comparisons as to Rates.
I5S
February when the coffee crops of Ecuador and Central America are moving.
Some Railroad Earnings.
Tlie railroad paid dividends on its capital stock every year from 1853 to 1892. The smallest dividend during this entire period was two per cent, in 1885, and the largest 44 per cent, in 18G8. In 1865 the capital stock was increased from |5.000.000 to $7,000,000. In 1881,
TOWER AT DAVID, PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUJ.
COURTESY OF G. ANDREVE.
IS© Pilot and Guide.
the last year that the raih-oad was owned by American capitahsts, a dividend of 52 1/2 per cent, was declared. This however, not only repi-esented the earnings of that year, but inchided tlie assets on hand at the time the road was sold to the French canal company. The average annual dividend paid from earnings of the company from 1853 to 1881, was a fraction less than five per cent. The road had always been a financial success, and while under the control of the American stockholders, exceeding- ly protitable.
The original cost of the Panama Railroad was a little over $8,000,000. During the first ton yeai*s of its operatiou it ti*ansported over §700,000,000 worth of specie and 300,000 bags of mail, aiid it is said that not! a dollar of the specie nor a bag of mail was ever lost during this period. '
Future of the Railroad.
In the investigation of the Panama Railroad Com- pany made ; by a committee of the United States House of Represenfa^v^^s in 1905, the following question wafe asked by Mr. John J. Esch, Representative from Wiscoiisin: —
Wlien the canal is finally eoraplet?d, the railway line will be devoted almost wholly to local traffic, will it not ?
Mr. William Nelson Cromwell, the railroad's' counsel, then under examination, replied: —
** That is a very interesting question Mr. Esch, and one upon which tniflHc men differ ..... I do not share the opinion that the Panama Kailroad will Iwciouie valuel«*ss at that'timt'. No mau can judge what will be ^'conditions ten years liencc, with the new traflSc eleiiaeiit (the <waial) as a practical 'thing l»efore it— not a theory as to-day. The railroad will probably
then be operated by eleetric power generated
at one of the gi-cat water-power points.
Electricity will be inexpensively produced on the line of the canal by water-power, and the rjiilroad muy
Future of the liaihoad. 15/^
be operated iu thr.t way, thus greatly reducing tho cost of operation. At that time too, we will have paid off the first mortgage out of eariiiugs and our (ixed charge will thus be re- duced; the local business will be active, aiul Panama and Colon will be far more im[)ort.iut than they are to-day. Neyrly every passenger approachiug tiie canal by steamer will disembark at one or the other ttrniiui, and takii:g the quiet railroad transit across the Isthmus, will visit the cities and observe the inter- esting sights during the day, while the steamer is passing through the canal. The steamer will enter the canal at simrise at Colon, say, and will make its exit at Paiuima at sun- set, and the passenger in the meantime will have passed over the electric railroad and be amusing himself in either city while the steamer is moving through the caiuil. The local traffic will have grown to importance; the country will have developed, and business will have sprung up along the line of road, thereby furnishing local traffic. "'
Dock Facilities.
A I Coluii, the Panama Kailroad Compauy has three wooden wharves, and one tine new dock completed in 1906 (Dock 11), at which all of its steamers now land. There are two other wharves at this point, one owned by the Royal Mail Steamship Co., and the other, now out of re- pair, by the Pacitic I\lail S. S. Co. The port and terminal at La Boca was completed and opened to commerce on
SPLENDID LINE OF CHINESE AND JAPANESE SILKS.
Toorisis 00(1 visilors !o ifie isifimiis ore Gordioiiy MM lo iospeci Our Goods.
WE ALSO INVITE ATTENTION TO
0\ir» Ooinplet© Stools of Fiaae Liiquors.
58 •''♦'**' <""' Omtfc,
Jaiuiaiy 1, 1901, nt a cost of S2,l'IS.:K)n. This incliuUHl the stcol pier which cost tlie in.MJor portion of this smii. The pier is l)(»0 feet long, and the dcptli of water alon^^- side is 20 feet at low tide. In 1JK)5 it was found nccessiiry to make a considcrnl»le extension for the nnloadin«L!: of hunl)er and lieavy materials destined for tlio Istlnnian Canal Commission. The pier is e«juip])cd with electric cniiies and other ap))aratus for rapid unh»adintr, while the wooden hunher dock was so huilt that it enables the un- loading of as much as 200.000 feet of lumber in a single day.
NIGHT OF flOPlR IN APBIL '56.
AVlien the Panama Railroad was opened in iSoo, it threw the men engaged in the pack-train business out of a job. At that time the criminal element formed a con- siderable constituent of the population, their number being augmented by the idle pack-train men, who finding nothing profitable to do turned to ways dark and devious. In addition, many were openly antagonistic to .the railroad wliich had taken from them their means of livelihood. All of this led up to the occurrences herein related. It should be undei-stood that the bettcir class of piivate citizens had no part in the affaii*. although the authorities were charged with woful laxity. Afterwards, the best ])eople of the town took the initiative and helped rid it of the lawless element. — Editor.
A feai-ful night in Panama was that of the Mth of April, 185C. The vesj)er bells had just sounded from the towers of the Cathedral, but instead of the usual Ave
yight of Honoy in April, 1856. 159
Maria, the calm of that inooiih'ght evening was broken by distant cries and the noise of many feet rushing through the streets. The church bells outside the walls tolled the signal of lire, but unconsciously they rang an alarm of a more terrible nature thnn that, an alarm that spelled rob- bery and murder and sent more than a dozen to an un- known grave.
Shouts of '• To the Cienaga." were heard on evei
■»•
y
hand, and the rush concentrated itself in that direction. The Cienaga was a district of the town, then outside the city proper, wdiere were located the passenger station, of- tices, and wharf of the Panama Railroad Company. The same buildings are standing to-day, practically intact, and are now known as the old passenger station, and the American AVharf. In I80G there was a cluster of cheap hotels and eating houses in the vicinity of this station. These have since disappeared.
On the afternoon of April loth, 970 passengers ar- rived at Panama from New York, bound for the California gold fields. They had expected to embark immediately on the steamer John L. Stephens^ but the tide being out, they were detained on shore. Some of the passengers were gathered about the station waiting to get their tickets registered, w^hile others went to the hotels and eating houses. Shortly after six o'clock one of the passengers said to have been under the intiuence of liquor, became involved in an altercation with a negro fruit vendor over the settlement for a piece of watermelon. The negro made a hostile demonstration with a knife, whereupon the pas- senger drew his revolver and fired. A commotion innne- diately ensued. The passenger sought refuge in the Ocean Hotel, along with some of his companions.
Here the crowd assembled, and inside of fifteen minutes an attack was made on the Ocean Hotel, McAl- lister's store, and the Pacific House, the latter situated to the left of the railroad depot. Capt. McLane, agent of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, and Mr. William
Night of Horror in April, ISoG.
Sombrerer a de
M, ENDARA,
CoiieooJumeroeejrenleoMofliiro-LuplCo,
PANAMA.
ESMERO T PUN TU ALIDAD EX EL TKABAJO. Especialista en vonla <le Sombreros de Panama.
ENDARii, The Hatter.
fio.69jintliSt., FronloiMQduro-LupiCo.
PANAMA.
MY WORK IS STRICTLY FIRST CLASS.
ALL ORDERS &IVEN PROMPT AmNTION.
If YOU aro Tliinkiiig of Buying a
PANAMA HAT
SEE ME FIllST. I AM A SPECIA- LIST IN THIS LINE.
Nelson of the railroad company were not far away when the outbreak occnrred, and quickly sent for Col. Garrido, and the police. IMeanwhile some of the passengers had started down to the wharf to embark, while others clamored for guns and ammunition to go to the rescue of the women and children in the hotels. iVU the arms in the railroad office at the time consisted of a double-barreled gun, brace of pistols, a sabre and fourteen old flintlock muskets. After some delay these guns were given out and loaded for defence, but a sentry was stationed at the door to prevent any from going out and joining in the fight. While this was going on, Mr. Centei, another of- ficial of the railroad, succeeded in getting the women and children removed from the Ocean Hotel.
Col. Ward, the American consul, and Mr. Sabla, his secretary, arrived on the scene at this juncture, and endeavoured with other cooler heads to restrain the male passengers from mixing in the fray. An old cannon be- longing to the railroad company was dug out of the sand and loaded with rivets, but Col. Ward and Mr. Center gave positive orders that it was not to be fired unless an advance was made by the mob. The consul then sent his secretary to see if the police were coming, but as he did not return, (having been shot in the leg), the consul and Mr. Nelson went forward to see how matters stood. They had uot advanced beyond the Pacific House when a crowd of natives came from amonff the cane huts. Mr.
1^2 ^^^* <"^ Ouide,
Nelson cnllod to th'iii not to tiro, hut tlioy (lisn^njnrdnl the onler niul \oi off a mnnlKT nf shots, some of whicli liit Col. Wnnl's hoi-se. Mr NcImhi oxpostulMtrd with tho |)Ooph\ hut thoy XM him to kfop out of tho w.iy h\h\ not to f?o hack to the statiou. unl« ss ho Nvantod to ho killotl. Mr. Nolsoii peiNistoJ in his rourso towMid the station and finally r^'arlunl ihoro in satVty.
In the meant i.uc most of the passen^ors ;md pe>sons at the station liad ^ot ii'sidj' the company's fiiice and sheltered tliemsehes as \v«dl as possihh» from the hidlet^ that now tlew thick and fast. The moi) had maintained a reguhir liif cm the huilding. kiihn.i? several and woui:din^ others A report was then spit ad that the natives were changing their positions and everyon" felt a little easier, l)elieving that when Cd. Garrido arrived with the police, the affair would ho speedily tirmin.ite'. Soon after the hugle (»f the police was heard, hut instead of charging on the rioters, they joined issue with tliom. and comnienceil tiring on the depot. By this time the natives had reached the freight house and were husy pdlaging it.
Col. Ward, with sonn of the others tlien returned to town fcu' the purpose of inducing the (Trovernor to come and stop the massacre. On iheir way up they were lialted by a party of armed nativv^s, hut were hnally i)ennitted to pi*oceed. Arriving at the Governor's house, they found him away, hut there was a crowd of men alK»ut the place car- rying guns and demanding powder and hall. After some further seaic'i, the (governor was located in anoth<'r street. He agreed to acconijiany the American party hack to the station, hut st^itcd he had already heen theie. and got :i hullet through his hat.
lV'*iching the scene of the troulde once more, they found the natives still p'.nnJeiing the Ocean Hotel, and McAllister's stoje, while a man on the heach had a can- non loaded and pointed at the steamtr TnhiKja lying near hy. It was with some difliiidty that he was induced not to fire. Here too they learned that Col. (iarrido of the
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Xitjilt of Horror |
in April, 1856. |@3 |
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•*Thc Best Bread in Panama" |
Verdict of the American Colony, . KAICEI^Y \ |
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I^AXAOERIA |
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f{0.8iW.I2lll8IJ0eDl0CH(f0ll]SlQ.ll00P0fl( ] |
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Z^anama-, |
IPanama- ^ |
I^ANA1>E1^IA IlK
Jose Gibert & Co.
BALBINA CiSIS, Gerente.
2C1-205 Callc D Estc, Panama.
SICIRS VI. Avenlda Central, No. 200. Tres Panaderias en Panama de Jose Gibert.
'El Mejor Pan en Panama.'
OAICKRY OF
Jose Gibert Sc Co.
BALBISACilSIS, Manager.
Nos- 201-205 E 15th St. Pauan\a. BR4NCn at No. 200 Central Avenue.
r.carin niiiid you can g«'t (1F[5F;RT'S BlvEAl) at any of tliese tlnv«' plan-s.
La Decision de Todo el Pueb!o.
police had gone on board the Taboga, disarmed the pass- engers and removed the ship's gun.
While the other officials were al)sent on the ahovo errand, Mv. Center who had remained behind started to take a look about the depot. He found the freight I'oom filled with men, women and children, all trying to screen themselves from the firing, then very brisk, and in a state of the wildest excitement. From here he entered the office where he found a group of men trying to keep the outer door closed. He proceeded to assist them, and while doing so saw a man killed before his eyes. On the floor of the office Iny four or live of the dead and wounded.
Leaving the scene of the slaughter he next managed to get a plank over tlie })eams of the freight door, and looking out upon the Ciennga, he distinctly saw the police outside the depot firing deliberately into it, Col. Garrido with his sword drawn cheering and urging them on. Pro- ceeding from here to one of the rooms in the uppei' story
ie-4.
Pilot and Guide,
of the station. Mr. Centor discovci-ed two of the passonfrci-s trying to hold a door shut. Even as lio approached them, thoy wore l)oth shf»t, one dyin*:; instantly and tho otiior in a fow houi-s. Thr> nativos finally forced a passage into tlio fi-eight i-oonu and comnienced to rifle and i)l under carpet hags, aiul trunks, while the frightened passengers coiigi-egatiMl here, cried for mercy.
Night of Horror in Ajml, 1S56.
les
4i
m f irio"
£U mace IV be ^lovcbabcd \i dtltctifoi hi eFciiila^Ma.
91tctcaitcia:> (Eo»idtaittemeit-
•te oHc novabai por i^obo^ fo^ *^apotc^.
Sipcciafibab cii Gencro^ pa- ia ScHorci^ tj Ca6afrcro5.
REPRESENTACIONES y C0NSI6NACI0NES. Avenida Norte No. 129
Bajada del {Icrcado, Panania,
I6NACI0 RUIZ GARCIA.
a
m ffiici*"
We beg to call the attention of the READERS of this BOOK
to OUR SPLENDID AND COM- PLETE LINE OF NOVEL- TIES AND FANCY ARTICLES.
Every Incoming Steamer Brings Us Something New.
See our Specialties in Clothes FOR Ladies and Men.
We Represent Companies and Handle their Consignements.
No. 129 Norm Avenue, near the Morket.
IGNACIO RUIZ GARCIA.
When Mr. Nelson aiifl Capt. McLaiio reached the station after leaving the Governor, they found the police outside in a very excited state. They claimed they had hoen fired upon from the upper story of the depot, and Avero desirous of retaliating in the same manner. Upon Capt. ]\rcLane promising investigation, Col, Garrido ordered further demonstrations upon the part of the police to cense, and together they went to the room upstairs in the depot from which the shots were alleged to have come. This room they found filled with women and children, the few men there declaring they had never fired a shot.
x^hout this time the authorities had ohtained the as- cendancy over the mob. and as soon as possible the re- maining women and children were conveyed on board the steamer. Some of the passengers had taken to the bushes in the outskirts of town, and a search party was sent out to round them up. One was met who said he had been robbed by men calling themselves policemen.
166 PHot and Guide,
All examination of the rnilroad office after the riot, n'vcaletl a tPirible sight. The deail and wounded lay about the door. $f>iiu' of tlio fornior honihly nnitilj.tcd. All Iho iHitiks. |ia}>(*is and funiitnn' (d' the conipany wore destroyt»d. An atti'nipt had I)cimi made to break open tlic larj^'e iron s^ife, a holt* having; actually i>een made throu«5h the exterior plat^. ()ut.sido, some of tlie cai-s had been damaged, rails tak<Mi up. and the telegraph wires cut. The attempt to iiw the depot providentially failed. The streets approach- ing tJie stati(ni were strewn with cut open trunks, and dis- carded material from the sacked buildings.
The lives of sixtiHMi Americans are known to have l»een Jost in the riot, all but two. passengers of the steanu'r lUiiiois froui XcAv York. Of these, only four or live were identified. The wounded numbered about fifty. Among the victims of tlie tragedy was Nathan Preble, a descend- ant of Connnodore Preble, the noted American naval of- ficer. (0
The r. S. Ship, St. Mary, airivcd in Panama Bay oil the *J.-Jd, following the occurrence, and the '^Panama Star k Her. 1 f of April 29th, isr)(), contains th^ following cor- resj>ondence between its connnander, (^ipt. T. Bailey, and the Governor of Panama, with reference to the affair: —
'' U. S. Ship, St. Mary, Har))(»r of Panama,
April 'i:u\, innc.
\\\v. VjXi'vWmoy, Dou F. «lo Ftt]>rpj?a,
(iov«'rnor of l*jiiiania.
Sir: —
(Ml tho lilth inst., Rcvcnil oitizons of tho United States, Franoc, aiul (Jreat Britain wer*' njassacrcMl; otlici-s wc ro soriows-
(I). Tlu* oci^-urrrTH'Os lionMn n»l:it»'«l are ])as«><l \\\um deposit ions nuwle by Mr. ContiT ami Mr. \\ in. Nelson of the Paoianm Kuilr«m«l Com- pany, ami stHtenient nnyh* by ("apt. MeLane of I'. M. S. S. Co., pub- lUhed iu tilt' Star *J- Ifiraht of April lUth, 1H.'>(5. — Editor.
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168 i^ol and Gmule.
Ijr wounded and ontngod, and a laige amount of Ameriean proi>crty was pliuidered by the police and inhabitantn of Pana- ma and vicinity.
These outmK<'<^* robborios and ranrderf) were for the most part conmiitttHl ui>on innocent and unarmed men, women and childr(>n, who were peacefully endeavoring; t-o pass this (jreat hif^hway of nations. It is my chief duty to employ foree under my command for the prompt protection of the lives and prop- erty of American citizens. An early explanation therefore, of the cause of this eatastroplie, as well as some evidenee of your Kxcellency's inclination and ability to prevent such occurrences, is desirtnl by me in determining? the necessity of my immediate interference for the protection of the persons and jiroperty of the citizens of the Ignited States, until specific orders from my Government shall be received.
I am Sir,
Your Obedient Servant,
T. Bailey, Commander, U.S.N.
The Governor replied in a lengthy statement reciting the origin of the affair, setting forth that he had snfficient force at his disposal to prevent a repetition of such oc- currences, and enclosing depositions from Jose Manuel Luna who was concerned in the row with the American, and two from natives of the United States, one T. B. Williams, .*>.'{ years old, a native of Georgia and an em- ploye of the railroad company, who gave testimony against the passengers.
The statement evidently did not afford satisfaction to the American officer for two days later, on the 'i'lth of April, a second representation was made to the (lovernor, as follows: —
** Sir:— I have the honor to aeknowledjje receipt of your re- plies to my communications of the 2.'U1. and 24th inst. Apart from the announcement of the restonUion to the owners, of the cannon and arms ille^lly taken from the steamer Tuhofia, I must confess they affurd me little satisfaction. I liad exi)ected
Niyht of Horror in April, 1S56. [©9
SALVADOR ClARAMUNT,
No. 260, Central Avc/Panania.
Fine Line of Watches, Jcicehij and Novelties.
WE HANDLE THE
CALL and INSPECT our GOODS.
SALVADOR CLARAMDNT,
MENIDA CENlRm, NUMERO 260. PAIIIIMII.
/Surtido compleio de lielojcs, Ar- ticulos de Joyeria y Xovcdades.
Solicitamos que inspeccione
Nuestro Establecimiento,
when asking for information as to tlie causes of the frightful occurrences of the 15th inst., that apart from the immediate origin of the tumult, you would have deemed it due to yourself as the Chief Magistrate of this community to state why and wherefore you undertook the fearful responsibility of ordering your police to fire upon ray countrymen, women and children, and to state what steps you have taken to punish the guilty and restore the plunder. "
" Ten days have elapsed since the catastrophe, and I have yet to learn that a single criminal has been arrested, or that any portion of the immense amount of valuables taken from the passengers and railroad company lias been restored. I have yet to learn tliat your '' Conciencia de mis deberes y la inteligencia de los grandes intereses que se ligau a la conservacion de esta linea transito universal," extends any farther than to order an indiscriminate massacre of the passengers over this transit. I have yet to learn that when a riot or a collision shall take place here between foreigners on one side, and natives on the other, that you recognize any higher obligation on your part than to protect and assist the latter, and disarm, maltreat and plunder the former. "
" The deduction, I regret to state, affords me little assur- ance of the safety of the transit for the future, unless your Ex- cellency shall devise some most speedy and efficacious method for rendering these unfortunate elements less ' homogenous' hereafter." The le tter concludes with the information that the whole matter had been referred to Washington.
The affair brought the governments of the United States and Colombia, at one time, to the verge of open
\ya
PihU tlHfl fiHiilc.
ruptuix?. but wi.v. n |n*cvnil(Hl. and settlement lu'ought
ahfMit tlintu,i;li tlu» pnymont l)v (*'olonil»ia of Die Rum of $IOO.UOO ^<»l(l intleniiiity for property destniyetl, «imI tlio assunuire on her part tliat no further oceiinxMRCti of tJio kind would take phico.
ATTEMPTS TO PIERCE ISTHMDS
Tlie ii\y>i recorded recognition given the possibility of n canal through the Jsthnius appears on an ohl map in the bbniry at Xurendierg, Germany, drawn by «)oh»nneH Schoner. Tliis map is dated l')]'^ and on it is a rough outhne of tlie American continent witli a clear h'ne marked
tin-ongh tlie Jsthmus of Panama, n pr<»i>l»e(\.
This might be taken as
The first actual survey was made in the year loSl by Ant(»nio Pereira. but nothing came of it. In 1(J20 Diego de ^Mercado sidnnittcd a lengthy repent on the sub- ject to Philip ir, but tlint n)onarch silenced further dis- cussion, saying that tlic will of (Jod was made manifest by the fact that He had created an isthmus instead of a strait and that it w(»uld be imi)iety for man to attempt to unite the waters of the two oceans that ({od had sepai'- ated. Through Pere Acosta, a religious decree was prom- ulgated declaring the ]>m]ec.t sacrilegious, and this was followed by an edict forbidding any one under penalty of death from considering such an enterprise.
In ls27, d. A. Lloyd acting under the authority of Himon Bolivar, President of the Granadine Confederation,
Attempts to Pierce Lstlunits. \y\
9Io.>. 199-201 eciilcaf ducntic, '^ancixna.
American Bar and Restaurant. Dining Saloon, Furnished Rooms, First Class Service, Cnlsiue on tlie European aiid American Plau. Eleg;aut Batlis.
llmmis WellveutilatiHl iiiul Ligliteil tliroughoat witli Electric Lights. Travelers ac- oomnuM lilted at moderate rates.
made a study of the Isthmus route with a view to estab- hshiiig a combined rail and water route. His report favored a canal from a point on Liiuon Bay to the Chagres lliver, and the use of the latter stream to a i)oint where railroad communication could be effected the most easily from the Pacific coast. He suggested either Panama or Chorrcra as the southern terminus.
In 1838, a French company headed by Baron Thierry obtained a concession from the Government of New Granada, and endeavored to enlist the aid of the French Government in the enterprise. The company's report was so favorable that the Government was induced to send Napoleon Garella to the Isthmus as its special represenbi- tive to ascertain the truth of the company's claims. The promoters reported that a sea-level canal could be con- structed without going to a greater depth than i]l feet. Garella's findings failed to cori'oborate the company's claim in this particular, and the enterprise fell through.
In the year 180(5 the United States Senate reipiested from Secretary AVelles of the Navy Department for in- formation bearing upon the topography of the Darien region of the Isthmus, with a view of establishing the fact whether or not tliis part of the country would be suitable for canal exploitation. In a report on the subject made
17^2 t**^»^ 'i'^ Guide.
by Admiral Chas. H. Davis tlic following year, the latter decried the idea of constructing a canal at this point owing to natural obstacles. By using the Atnito Kiver, the arti- ficial part of the route would 1k5 materially sluutened, but it would be necessary to tunnel through the Coitlillera.
In 1875, the Isthmian route was ag^iin surveyed, this time by Commander Edward P. Lull and A. Ci. !Menocal. Their line ran from Limon Bay to the f'hagres River, and along its valley to high land, and fiom thence follow- ing the valley of the Rio (Jrande to the Pacific, practically the same route as subseipiently adopted by the French company. Alx)ut this time Commander Selfridge was also making additional explorations in the Darien region.
While the various Isthmian routes were being con- sidered from different points of view, the scheme for con- structing a canal across Nicaragua was also commanding a good deal of attention, and a immlK^- of surveys were made. These have however but little bearing on the main }>oint at issue — the Panama Canal.
DE LESSEPS-HIS GEEAT SCHEE
Two powerful intluences worked to interest tlui people of France in the idea of cutting thiougli the Isth- mus. One was the successful completion of the Suez Canal, and the other was the personal poj)ularity and magnetism of its promoter. Count Ferdinand de l^esseps. The Suez Canal was begun in 1850, and comjjh^ted without encountering any serious (bstacles, ten years later. This achievement gave De Ijesseps a reputation as a canal builder, and made it easy for him a few years afti^rward
De Lesseps and His Great ScJieme. I'T'S
to step into the new field of canal operations and the con- fidence of the French nation. He was not an engineering expert of the present day definition, but he had a vast in- tellect at his command, and an unusual facility for or- ganization. That he was over-sanguine cannot be doubted, and that this fault led to his making serious mistakes none deny. On the other hand he was in earnest in his enthusiasm for the success of the project, and fundamentally honest in his purpose. This cannot be said of all those he had under him. As one of his countrymen once re- marked, "Of all the men high in authority engaged with De Lesseps on the enterprise, he was about the only one whose chief endeavor was not to feather his nest.'' Can it be wondered that a fabric built upon a foundation so faulty should be doomed to failure ? At the inception of canal operations and for several years afterwards De Lesseps was practically idolized both in France and on the Isthmus. His advent at Panama was heralded as a greater event than that of a conquering general returning home.
Agitation in France in favor of constructing the Isthmian waterway was begun in 1875, and resulted in the formation of a company under the directioji of Gen. Turr for the purpose of entering upon negotiations with Colombia to obtain the necessary concession. In May, 1876, Lucien N. B. Wyse, a lieutenant of engineers in the French army, and a brother-in-law of Gen. Turr was delegated to visit the Isthmus, conclude negotiations and map out a feasible route. The right of way was secured, with the proviso that nothing in the contract should be construed to interfere in any way with the grants given the Panama Railroad under a concession to an association of American capitalists entered into in 1849. The con- cession with " a string tied to it" like this was not entirely satisfactory to the company Wyse represented, which was organized for promotion purposes only, so an enlargement
WA-
Pilot ami GuUk,
\i
De Lesseps-His Great Scheme.
175
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IHre^t all Inquiries lo FRANCISCO fiSCAMIIiLA, Barafiano's Drug Store, No. 116 Central Avenue.
of privileges was sought, and on March 20th, 1878, a new contract was entered into with the Colombian Government which gave the association of promoters the right to cross the territory occupied by the Panama Railroad Company, providing an amicable agreement could be arrived at with the latter corporation. tJnder the terms of this agreement the promoters were given the exclusive right to construct and operate a maritime canal across the territory of Colombia, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, for a period of 99 years from the day it was wholly, or in part opened to public service, or when they should commence to collect tolls on transit and navigation.
It was agreed that the general route of the canal should be determined by an international commission of individuals and competent engineers, and upon settling on a route, the promoters were to be allowed two years to form a joint stock company, which company was required to finish the canal and put it into service in twelve years. All public lands necessary for the route of the canal, and stations, wharves, moorings and warehouses incident to its construction were ceded gratis. This provision also contained the grant of a zone of land about 1,400 wide the entire length of the waterway.
It was further stipulated that the canal should main neutral for all time to the end that in case of war merchant vessels and individuals might enjoy its use and
feet
re-
advantag»r.s unmolested. For these rights and privileges
176 Pilot and Oitide,
the QoTemment of Colombia was to be entitled to a sbare in the gross income of the canal from all sources on an increasing scale of from five to eight per cent, dating from the seventy-sixth year after its opening, to tlie termination of the concession, four-fiftlis of which was to go to the Republic of Colombia, and one-Hftli to tlie State of Panama, the company controlling the enterprise to guarantee how- ever, that the Government's shai-e should not be less tlian $250,000 each year.
The right to transfer these privileges to other capi- talists or companies was conceded, but an absolute pro- hibition was made against cession or mortgaging to any foreign government
The international commission of individuals and en- gineers, known as the International Scientific Congress met in Paris on May 15, 1870. There were present 135 delegates, most of whom were French. Nearly all European countries were represented however, the contingent from the United States numbering eleven. The conference was presided over by Count De Lesseps, and continued in session for two weeks. The net result was the reaching of a decision that a sea-level canal should be constructed from Limon Bay to the Bay of Panama.
This important point settled, the canal concession was transferred to La Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceaniqe de Panama, commonly known as the Panama Canal Company, an organization chartered under the laws of France. De Lesseps was given control and one of his first steps taken was to purchase a controlling interest in the Panama Railroad Company which involved the changing hands of about §18.000,000.
Arrival of De Lesseps.
The 30th day of December, 1879, will be forever memorable in the history of the Isthmus, says the Star dr Herald in its is.sue of January 1, 1880. At 3 o'clock in
Arrival of Be Lcssfp.s-. | /'"^
the afieinooii of that day the French steamer Lafayette with Count Ferdinand de Lesseps was signalled at Colon, and soon afterwards entered the harbor. The steamer came immediately alongside the wharf where the reception committee appointed by the Government, the delegation from the State Assembly, and a large number of invited citizens were collected to welcome the illustrious engineer and the other members of his party.
A little past 4 p. m., the landing stage was put on board and all repaired to the spacious saloon of the Lafaifette where a formal address of welcome was made by J. A. Cespedes, Chairman of the reception committee, which was responded to in a brief but hearty manner by M. de Lesseps. Then followed short and appropriate ad- dresses by Messrs. Andreve and Prestan of the State As- sembly. Mr. Pike, consul for Denmark, and Mr. S. W. D. Jackson on behalf of the English-speaking residents of the Isthmus. To all of these the distinguished guest replied with great urbanity and cordiality, and in all his utterances conveyed the unmistakable impression of his earnestness in regard to the projected canal. An hour or more was spent in convivialities appropriate to the occasion, after which the crowd dispersed. During the reception the line band from Panama played several soul-stirring airs. Tn the evening many houses in town were illuminated, and there was a tine display of fireworks at the ice house, the usual headquarters for such festivities. Later, M. de Lesseps came on shore and took a walk in the beautiful mooidight, attended by a few friends and surrounded by an enthusiastic crowd of people.
On the morning of the l»lst., M de Lesseps and the distinguished engineers of his party made an examination of the harbor front, and inquired into the direction and force of the northers. By the aid of a carefully prepared chart he maiked the location of the necessary breakwater, as well as the probable entrance to the great Isthnn'an Canal. In all and on every point M. de Lesseps declared
» - . ^'.
I "73 Pilot ami Guide,
AFTER THE OPERA, GO TO THE
IREIIIRE SQUARE. NO. 19 GENIRAl AVENUE. NEAR NEW NATIONAL THEAIRE.
Stylish Pi^cbin a Sfyush Ia>cation. Uim' of tlu- N.raf»*»1. ('wl»sl ami in..>*t Af ♦ riMTtlv.- Kifn»liiiM>nt ri:i.M.i» in All Panama. Firtt-Clatut Wiues^ Lutuort and i'othtt JH*pm*fd. Li'jht Lunehet .Srrrwi. Llglit Mwl Frwh Pantry Ma«le by nu Kx|M'rieiitHU jt;iki-r AlwMVf. oil Hand.
\ (ortllRl 1ii\ltHtioM 111 (;iv(M llir Public To VUlt Vn.
his great satisfaition at the apparent practicability of the git»at undertaking, and more than once became cntlnisiastic in si)eaking of the prospect. *' There are,' he said. '• only two great difticulties to be overcome, the ChagresKiver, and the deep cutting at the summit The first am be sur- mounted by turning the headwaters of the river into another channel, and the second will disappear before the wells which will be sunk and charged with explosives of sufiicient force to remove vast quantities at each discharge. The existence of the raihx)ad will greatly facilitate the "work on the canal, and unless closer exannnation, for which the present visit has been machN should prove un- favorable, a result that is in nowise anticipated, there is no doubt but the work will be begun in earnest and without material delay.''
The utmost good order v.as maintained, and the most profound respect was shown to M. de Lesseps by all classes, while the enthusiasm knew no bounds. The flags of all nations were displayed, with the notable exception of that of the I'nited States, and the reception may be said to have been a decided success.
On the .31st, at 11 a. m., the party left Colon' for Panama. The train was met at Barbacoas bridge by the President of the State, and the party was safely transferred to another train by which it arrived in this city at 5:30 j). m. A tine lunch was provided on the train, with wines, which gave entire satisfaction.
Arrival of Dc Lesseps. I'ZQ
III Panama considerable preparation had been made to do fitting honor to the great impressario. At the station an open tent was placed in which the representative of the State, Mr. Manuel J. Diez, accompanied by Lieut.- Col. Montufar, Gen. Gonzalez, the secretaries of the Government, and other prominent military and civil officials extended him a hearty greeting in the name of the sov- ereign State of Panama. The party was conveyed in car- riages to the Grand Hotel, the battalions of the 3d. and 11th Co'ombian Guard forming a guard of honor the en- tire distance. The houses in the Calle Real (the former name of Central Avenue), and other leading streets were profusely decorated with flags in which the French and Colombian colors predominated.
Flag staffs had been erected at convenient intervals along the line displaying the flags of the two Republics. Each staff bore a shield with the name of one or the other of the promoters and engineers of the different ex- plorations and projects for the canalization of the Isthmus. They were of every country and every walk of life; the bold discoverer, the hardy buccaneer, naval officers of various nations, and civil engineers following the peaceful routine of ordinary duty. There were the names of Balboa,-1513; Dampier-1549; Patterson- 1698; Donozo-1761, Ariza-1788; M. Wagner, date not shown; Lloyd-1829; N. Garella and Courtines-1843; Totten-1849; Trautwine and Hughes-1853; Harrison-1867; Lull and Selfridge-1870; and the Wyse- Reclus-Sosa-Verbrugghe-Bixio-Lacharrae-Musso and Brooks expeditions of 1877-8. These names were principally dis- played hi the Plaza, a notable group to whom the world is largely indebted. Among the several arches w-as one at Plaza Santa Ajia reading " Colombia salutes Ferdinand de Lesseps," and on one other, "Panama congratulates her illustrious guest, Ferdinand de Lesseps." A banquet ter- minated the day's doings, which passed off pleasantly.
Among the De Lesseps party was his wife and three of is children. "M. De Lesseps is now 77 years of age", says
I30 ^''o' "*"^ Gnide.
:i runvut nowspaijor aiticio ami his so<«(uul Avifo was hut 'J I when he inanied hi-r. Tlii-y have seven ehihlren. The Afadamo is of citiule urif»iii. her heaiity heing tlio type (»f that ehiss, enhaneed hy a pair of nia;;niHeeiit l)latk eyes. Her form is the admiration of Uie divssmakers of tho Fi*eneh capital, and a tii;ht-fittinp dress sets off lier tifxnrc to |HMfeetion. There is a ^real tenderness on the part of tho distinguished enj:j:ineer toward his little ones. They are l>erinitted to do pretty much as they choose either in the Sjdoon, or out of it. It was this sort of paternal manhood that prompted De liCsseps to escort the Kmpress Kup:enie and her ill-fated son from the moh that threatened the Tuilerios close on to twenty years ago."
Others in the Count's party were Lieut. Wyse, J. Dirkc, Engineer-in-Chief of the ciinals of Holland, M. Boutan. mininj^ engineer of France. M. Dantaz and M. AlU'i't. engineers of Holland waterworks and canals. Messrs. Verbnigghe. C'ouvrenx, HIanchet and Fontan. civil engineers, and Messrs. niniinc. (\ Wiener. (I.ill.i\ and Dauprat, secretiiries.
The Canal Inaugurated.
M. De Lesseps has kept his promise, and l!ie 1st of January, ISSO has witnessed tho tonnal inauguration of the work of completing and ))erfecting tho surveys for the Panama Canal, says the ^Sfnr d' Herald in its issue of January .'). ISSO. The exhaustive dvxuments furnished to the Paris Congress were amply sufficient to prove the superiority of the Panama route over all others.
On the 1st inst., a lavge party of ladies and gentle- men went on the steamer '-Tahoguilla " to the mouth of the Rio Grande about three miles west of Panama. Here it was intended to land and witness the turning of the first sod, a task which was a:ssigned to Miss. Fernanda de Ties8ep.s, which was to mark the beginning of the w(»rk that was to end in the union of the Atlantic and the
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132 i^'<»< ond Owidt,
Pacific Oceans. On acc<»iint nf tin* hdeness of tlio hour at which the steamer left the wharf, it ^vas iinpnssihh^ to carry out the program in its entirety without dolayinj^ the return to the citv. AVith the entrance of the "TalK)|^uilhi" into the mouth of the river (the first occnsion in which a steamer had ever been seen in that place), it was consid- ered as a beginning of the surveys (mark the faihire at the start), and the i-omainder of the program was then proceeded witli.
An address was made by M. de I^esseps in which lie announced the fulfillment of his promise to begin practical work on the great canal enterprise on January 1. 1N80. He further i-emarked that his laboi-s had now l)egun un- der the authority of the United States of Colombia, with the benediction of Monseignor, the Bishop of Panama, and with the assistance of the members of the Technical Com- mission charged with the definite studies for the Universal Interoceanic Maritime Canal.
He expressed his entire confidence in the enterprise and its success, to which, he said, he consecrated the clos- ing yeai-s of his life, and had no hesitation in counting upon the assistance of the financial world for means to open another highway to the commerce of the world. His Grace, the Bishop then formally bestowed his benediction upon the enterprise, and the blessings of the Universal Church upon the laboi-s of science for the l)enefit of com- merce. Other addresses were delivered after which the steamer proceeded to the islands and then returned to the wharf, landing its distinguished i)assengei-s who were unani- mous in their delight over the trip.
Grand Banquet to De Lesseps.
The public demonstrations in lionor of De TjCS- seps* arrival came to a close on Sunday, .January 4, 1S80 with an ela)K>rate banquet tenderetl him by Dr. Antonio Ferro, the representative of the rviombian ('Invonnnent.
Grand Banquet to De Lessei)s. iQ3
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One hundred and forty invitations were issued, and among those present were notable men from the United States and every part of Europe. M. de Lesseps proposed a toast to "The Press'', stating, "That it was the representa- tive of pubhc opinion, and the greatest force of the epoch. With its assistance the greatest commercial interoceanic highway of the world would be made on Colombian terri- tory, mider the protection of the Colombian Government and the great powers of the world."
Later he again took the floor and announced that the Liternational Commission had been comi)letely organ- ized, and that it would be divided into five sections. Lieut. Wyse afterwards proposed a toast to the health of the humble laborers, " AVithout distinction of race or nation- ality who, in the future may be the useful and modest in- struments to carry to completion the greatest work of the age".
First Blast at Culebra.
A numerous party accompanied M. de' Lesseps> on the morning train of Saturday, January 10, 18S0, to
I8A ^ffot mtd Guide,
witness tlie (lisf)iar;je of the iirst blast on the Cerro Cu- lebra. M. do r>»s»sfps was accompanied by a nnnibor of cngiiieei*s c»f the siirveyinj^ party: Dr. Form, Oolombinn Delep4te: His Gra*-*'. Bishop Paul; Don Dnniaso Cervera. President of Panauia; M. Lo Brun, the Fronch Consul, and various residents of the city. With him also was his seven-year old dau.5hter. Miss Fernand.i de lies.-jops who was to apply the (-1 rtric spark whirh was to discharge the first blast in the niij^hty operation ut canal construction.
The mine had been carefully laid in an exceedingly hanl and compact fc.rmat ion ofbas;ilt, at a few feet below tin* summit, and charged with thirty kilofrranis f.f powerful explosive. The 0|>eration was perfornuMJ with coni|>lcte succes.s, an innnense mass of solid rock being hurh'tl fioui its original foundation.
The party n»turned to Panama on tll^ 11 a. in. train exceedingly pleased and enthn.-.iastic over the tirst practical experinient in canal building on the Isthmus.
American Press on De Lesseps.
"The arrival of De Lesseps and his party at (.Vlon/' said the New York Herald of , January 9,ISS0. gives assurance that this able engineer is quite in earnest in his desire to add to his great fan.e as the constructoi- of the Sue/ Canal, the greater fame of opening a navigable way be- tween the two principal oceans. He wishes to sat'sfy him- self as to the practicability of his proposed route by pei-sonal inspection. It is not likely that any of the ob- stacles will escape the observation of so trained and com- petent a judge. If he concludes that none of them are unsurmountabie, the world will naturally put faith in his opinion. He has with him H. Dirke, the famous Dutch engineer whose practical achievement in canal making rniks next to the Suez. If the two most celebrated engineers of the age concur in ihv, belief that a ship canal at Panama is practicable at the sea level, capitalists will b(»
American Press on De Lcssex)s. \ Q 5
likely to have confidence enough to furnish the means for the undertaking. If the belief ot: De Lesscps in the feasibility ot Ihis route should not be shaken, his energy and alertness ^vill have given him a decided advantage in advance of the advocates of the Nicaragua route."'
Organization of Finances.
The first canal company was capitalized at §00,000,000 divided into shares of §100 each, and §20,U00,000 worth of stock was disposed of without elfoit. Do Lesscps went to the United States immediately after his first visit to the Isthmus, and made a tour of all the principal cities in the interest of the undertaking. Ho was given an ovation everyw here and succeeded in ar-'using a great deal of enthusiasm. He then made a similar tour of Europe. At a banquet in Antwerp, a composition was impi-nvised for the occasion reading- Do Ticsseps de sa main forte A Sue/ oiivrit la porte Df r Oeeuleiit vers 1' Orient: Par sa force et son eonrage II va ereer le passage De r Orient vers 1' Oeeident,
The innnediate result of his missionary Avovk was the prompt taking of the remaining stock offering of §10,000,000 with as much again bid for. The prelimiiuuy budget of expenses, including the cost of the concession footed up to nearly §1M)00,000, and was paid out of the earlier subscriptions. One of the most important items of this budget was the profit-taking on preliminary expenses by the organizers of the company. Under the artif.'les of incorporation, the organizers Avere entitled to certain cash payments, and fifteen per cent, of the net i)rofits. The latter arrangement consisted in the setting aside for the
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Fiiot and Gvide.
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MaJufo-Lupi Compani
[INCORPORATED.!
Eighth StrEBt and North Avehub, F .ific i<r -^ liv^ -A. ,
91loat (^oMttno^toud ^cpattniciit Store
On tfi« a.^rfiiHK^. Telopliones N'os. T"© £Lncl TQ.
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benefit of the organizers of some 1300 blocks, or "fonnders parts'', amounting to 5,000 francs each, and constituted a speculation pure and simple. These blocks later sold all the way from 80,000 to 300,000 francs, the profits there- on accruing to the original holders.
Cost of Canal.
The Scientific Congress estimated the cost of the canal at $214,000,000, while the Technical Commission, on which were two American members, G. M. Totten and W. AV^. Wright, after personally going over the route. formulated a report on February 14, 1880, estimating the total cubic meterage to be excavated at 7r>.000,00() and the cost of doing it $1(58,000,000. On February 20, of the same year, De licsseps in a letter on the subject lowered the estimate to §131,000,000, on the ground that he l>elieved certain figures named by the Commission wore
Cost of Canal. 1 8 "7
too high. He cut down the items of the diversion of the Chagres, and the Chagres dam by |19,000,000, in which judgment he erred as shown by later developments.
Speaking before a meeting of the Society of Amer- ican Engineers at New York on March 1, 1880, De Lesseps stated that vessels would be able to go from ocean to ocean after the expenditure of $120,000,000. Referring to the type of canal at the same meeting he said:—
'^ If the committee had decided for a lock canal, I should have put on my hat and gone home. Locks are very good for small vessels, but they would not do for large ships. There is a ship now on the stocks 520 feet in length, and it would take a very long time to take a ship through a canal of this length with a single lock, and with a system of double locks, it would be much more expensive than any deep cutting on. the route. "
It is interesting to note in this connection that the ship De Lesseps spoke of is something of a pigmy com- pared with the floating palaces Limtania and Maitrefania of the present day, whose length exceeds the 1880 vessel by more than 200 feet.
The Era of Activity.
During the first three years the company devoted its energies principally to the work of preparation and getting material to the Isthmus, although by the end of February, 1883, .^)00,962 cubic meters of earth had been excavated, and a working force of about 3,000 men established. At the very beginning the laborers struck for higher wages. They went to work for 90 cents silver per day, but made a demand for »f 1.20 per day, claiming that the cost of living had increased, and that the day laborer in Panama was getting §1.00 per day (I). The demand was granted,
(1). Wages of laborers in lS8o were figured in Colombian piastres, worth 84 cents gold each. Therefore tJie laborer was actually getting 8 4 cents gold for the day's hire.
Tlte Era of Activit;/. I8Q
and iater the rate of Avage rose to §1.50 silver per clay. The purchase of material was not confined to France, but came from every industrial nation. In \HS2 three dredges were purchased of a Philadelphia firm for §J 00,000.
In February; IHKt. M. Dingier assumed control of the works as Director General. From this on an impetus was given to operations, and the work jinjceedcd along more systematic lines. Closely following him came Ch. Aimc de Ijesseps, son of the elder De I.esseps who later became interested as a silent partner in nearly all the large canal contracts, and derived considerable protit thereby. The original plan under which the work was let to contractors failed to meet the c;)mpany's expectations. The contracts were too small and the work did not go on quick enough. Later on the woik was let out in large contracts, most of the smaller contractors prior to this time becoming sub- contractors Imder the new system.
The route of the canal began at Folks Eiver, Cristobal- Colon, followed approximately the valley of the Chagres to Eas Obispo, then crossed the Cordilleras through Culebra M(juntai!i, and descended through the valley of the Rio (Ttrandc to its mouth, the hue ending two miles out in Panama Bay. The water depth of the canal was to be oO feet, and the bottom width about 72 feet. The problem of crossijig the Chagres was to be stdved by the construc- tion of a great dam at or near Gandjoa. from which the surplus water would escape in another direction by means of diversion channels.
With the inception of canal operatiojis, an era of vast expenditure began. Contracts were placed without due regard to economy, and by 1885 it was ai)parent that all the estimates made both as to cost and length of time in building would be exceeded. About this time too the investors became alarmed at the ruinous manner in which the vast establishment was being run. The press also took it up and soon a strong undercurrent of adverse public opinion became manifest. De Lesseps essayed to stem the
IQO ^fot and Gmde,
di
99
|_A RRENSA
CRim DINRiO DE INFORMACIOII MCOdO POT Ifl IIPOGRAFIA MODfRNA. Aveni CenKQl, NO 37.
CN INGLES Y ESPANOL. EL MEJOR PARA AVISOS.
Extensa Circulaoic$n en la Zona del Canal.
Pmrm ii^ormft jf condiciotut, desdf el I" dt Jinero de liN)8, lUrigime a
c«bie."iioDERNA'. ji GUILLERMO AHDREYF, A,mrt«.io dr
TeMiino N». 178. I i>iio:«Tti!{ im<(Mmk.t.\kh». <orr«M» Sv. 54.
"THE f=re:s©"
I SPLENDID Dllir OF IKFORMIITIOII PMMd Dy IIPOGRIIFIII MODFRNI. NO. 37. CenllOl KeniK
PRINTED IN ENGLISH AND SPAN ISH. - BEST ADVERTISING MEDIUM.
Large circulation in the Canal Zone.
For information ami fenit$. tm ami after ,I<iini<inj 1, 1908, aildrcsn
Cable: •'MODERNA". I GUILLEflMO ANDREYE, II PctOftlceBox,
Telephone No. 178. MAN.XiiEH am> i'h<»pkikt<)k. || No. rtt.
tide of opposition sentiment and in 18N5 applied to the French Govennnent for permission to Cbtabhsh a lottery branch by which he ho])ed through the issuance of bonds, U\ provide funds for carrying on the work. The Chamber of Deputies voted the desired permission, but the proposi- tion was later held up pending a report on actual condi- tions. To this end the French Government despatched Annand Rosseau, an eminent engineer to the Isthnms to go over the situation in detiiil.
Rosseau's report was discouraging. He declared that a sea level canal could not be carried through to comple- tion with the means in sight, and recommended the chang- ing of the plans from a sea level canal to a canal with locks jis an immediate expedient. Gthers connected with the enterj)rise coincided with this view, and De Lesseps in the end i*eluctantly gave his consent to the change. This plan made no change in the line of the canal, but the surface of the canal at its summit was to be fort)'-niiie meters, or about 160 feet ahose sea level.
The Era of Activity. jQj
The new line of action decided upon, the lottery bonds were issued, the limit being put at $160,000,000. Each bond represented a value of $80, but were put on the market at §72.00. They were to bear 4 per cent, inter- est, and be redeemed by amortization. The investing public, although the bait was attractive, refused to do more than nibble, and a second attempt likewise proved abortive.
All the Good Things of Life.
Economy was an unknown factor in the administra- tion of affairs of the tirst company, and extreme generosity characterized its treatment of its white employes who in the main were from France. The average pay of a clerk was $125 per month, and of a chief of division from $200 to §;>00 per month. Two years' service entitled the em- ploye to o months' leave of absence, and travelling ex- penses l)oth ways. Quarters were furnished free as well as everything necessary to fit them up, furniture, bedding, lamps, kitchen utensils, etc. All the head offices were in Panama, and the officials all resided there. The section of the city surrounding San Francisco Park was the head- quarters of the French colony in those days. There was no system of accounting in vogue, and employes were per- mitted to draw household articles upon requisition about whenever they liked. In a multitude of cases this laxity was taken advantage of and quite a business in the buying and selling of company's furniture, etc., was secretly car- ried on. iVfter pay days money fiowed like wine, and it was not an uncommon occurrence to see the street around Cathedral Park filled with seats for the accommodation of officials and employes bent upon having a good time. In the offices a day's work consisted of seven hours, from 7 a. m. to 11 a. m. and from 2 p. m. to 5 p. m.
Convalescents at the Taboga Sanitarium were cheered back to healtti ^vith truffles, mushrooms, spinach, wines
Pilot and Guide,
Q3
IQ^ pool and OwiOe,
•and aH thr delicacies of the French markets. In four years tlie items of pillows, holsters, and oUier hed linen pur- chased from one Paris firm aggregated §.'^0,000, and this 'iras only one of several firms furnisliing this class of inaterial. Tlie purchases of stationery in six months from one firm alone amounted to $15,000 per montli. In 1904, the writer mw more than a ton of pen points that Inid become rusted and useless, thrown away. Verily the ma- terial contracts were a good tJiing for the dealei-s, but What of tlie poor peasant who invested his savings in canal 3hare8 on a rising market?
"Dingler's Folly'' (Folie Dingier.")
Standing on a handsome terrace on tlie western slope jOf Ancon Hill is a building that readily commands at- tention from 1)assersl)y via. either the old or new La Bocii }rosLds. It was the prospective home of M. Dingier, one pf the foremost Director Generals of the French company, but he never occupied it*, Work on tlie niai>sion was started shortly after he came to the Isthmus in February, 1883, and tke cost including the grounds is estimated to have been nearly §50,000. For many years it has been known among the French people of Panama, as '* Folie Pingler," or " J>iiigler « Folly." At the time the American Grovernmont took possession tlie place had fallen greatly into decay, but needed repairs were made, and for the past three years it has been used by the Department of Sanitation jis a quarantine detention station.
The experience of M. Dingier on the Isthmus is, perhaps, the most pathetic in canal history. Stories of the fatal effect the climate of the Isthmus was said to bave "on foreigners reached France, but Dingier scoffed at these reports. " I am going to show them," he is reported to have said^ " that only drunkards and the dissipated take the yellow fever aad die there." He brought with him kis wife^ son and a daughter. His son who was made
'Dingler's Folly" ("FoUe Dimjler")
1Q5
"EllRIANGOLOBOJO
Constante Existencia flo Articiilos para Seuora^s. Un coniploto aiirtido de Encajes y Letin.';s tinos; Pasamaneria.s; Lindo siirtido de Peinetas y Adornos para el pelo; Cintiiroiu^s de Todas Cla- ses y Colores. So presta Esp;»cial Aten- cion al Bello Sexo.
Avenida Norte No. 80, Entre Maduro-Lupi Co. y F. C. Herbruger. PANAMA.
"TIEeEDTRIAIiGlE''
The only store in Panama exclusivelj- devoted to ladies' novelties. We carry a largo and complete assortment of laces, hair ornaments and belts of the latest mode. We invite the American Ladies to Call and Look over our line.
No. 80 North Avenue, Near Madiiro-Lupi Co. 6- P A N A M A . -^
Chief of Posts, shortly contracted yellow fever and died. Dingier subsequently returned to France on leave of ab- sence and upon the reappearance of himself and family on the Isthmus, his daughter fell victim to Yellow Jack. On the return from a second vacation his wife also sick- ened and died from the same fatal disease. Dingier after- wards went back to France a broken-hearted man. Later he became insane and died in a mad house.
The Collapse and its Results.
The closing days of 1888 marked the end of the De Lesseps regime. In December of that year the company went into hquidation, and on February 4, 1889, a receiver of its affairs was appointed by the Civil Tribune of the Seine, with authority to transfer all, or any portion of its assets, to a new corporation. On the Isthmus the work was not definitely suspended until March 15, 1889, although but little work had been accomplished for three months prior to this event.
The suspension of operations threw a small army of laborers out of a job, and an immense amount of suffer- ing resulted. Nine-tenths of the men employed on the canal works were from the West Indian islands. Living only v.pon what they earned day by day the stoppage of work brought them at once to the verge of destitution. The Jamaican Government however took cognizance of
IQ6 Fiht tmd OmUI§,
their condition, and through their Minister Resident ap- pointed thirteen agencies at different ]>()int,s on the lino to carry on the work of repatriation. Those agencies had up to May 7th, 1889 sent back over 6,000, wliile 4,000 more went back on their own account Of tlio bahmce of the 20,000 laborera at work on the canal when tlie crash came, some remained on Uio Isthmus and the rest migrated to the other West India islands. The work of repatriation cost the Jamaican Government $5.00 per head, or a total of about $30,000. The Chilean Government seeing an op- portunity at this time to secure immigrants granted 10,000 free passages from Panama to Valparaiso to all classes except colored people and Chinese, and for several months every mail steamer south took away from 400 to 600.
The report of the receiver showed that the total ex- penditures made by the canal company on the Isthmus amounted to $156,654,687, and the total expenditui-es in Paris, $78,140,330, a grand total of $234,795,017. Of the items of disbursements at Panama, salaries and expenses of management footed up $16,540,883; rents and mainte- nance of leased property, $3,301,070; material and supplies, $29,722,856; buildings, $15,397,282; construction and en- gineering expenses, $89,434,225; land purcliiises, $950,655, and medical and religious attendance, $1,836,768.
"Coming Events Cast Shadows Before."
"It is time that we of the southern nations'* Siiys El Porvenir of Cartagena in an article published in' April, 1889, commenting on the canal collapse, ^'should rely on no other assistance for the spread of our industries and to restrain the tendencies of European governments, save that which can be given by our brothers of the North who are interested with us in seeing that orjiy American interests should prevail throughout the length and breadth of the
land Let us undeceive ourselves. If
the nations of South America yet require a tutor to free
"CoNUHf/ Events Cast Shadows Before^'. IQ'Z
Sombrcrcriii trt C. ^matron f uph
Avenida Central, No. 143, Panama.
MAS DE CIEN FORM AS DIFEKENTES I)E SOMBKEllOS T)E FIELTKO, DE PAJA Y DE LANA PAKA CABALLEPvOS Y ININOS.
Iiuportacidu Directa tie las Mejorcs Fabrlcas clc Kurbpa.
UNICA CASA QUE SS OCUPA CON ESPECIALIDAD DE ESTE RA.YO.
NO. 143 GENIRIIL flVENOE. i-an a ma. C. IIMIIDEO LUPi, P[OPfielOr.
MOPvE THAN ONE IIUXDKED DIFFEP.EXT STYLES TO SELECT FROM. Felt Hats, Straw Hats, aud Wool Hats, For Men and Cliildreu.
I IMPORT DIRECT FROM THE BEST EUROPEAN MANUFACTURERS.
THE ONLY HOUSE IN 'PANAMA 8MAKING A SPECIALTY OF THIS I LINE.
them from deceit and to promote their well-being, that tutor should not be and cannot be other than the Govern- ment of the United States, which is directly interested in seeing that the map of America should register no other natiojialities. It is our opinion that the Panama Canal will be opened owing to the necessity felt by the commer- cial world for that cheap and commodious route, but in truth we must say that no other country save that of North America can carry to a happy conclusion that great work, since only that country possesses the requisites Avhich are necessary to finish it. and which are: An abundance of money, fitting machinery which cannot be found in other countries, and habits of work united to reasonable economy in expenditures."
The Star d; Herald in an editorial in its issue of May 17th, 1889, under the caption of ^'Future of Panama," takes a philosophic view of the situation and urges the Isthmian people to bestir themselves and develop the rich possibilities that lie between the two oceans.
tQ8 ^ot and Gnide,
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\ - ^lilU'ta at rui.iloin. l;<li<. Moiii.l, Cul.'bra. Kiium, Uolnn <i,i,l < ,.v>/. ./-../
BIENKOWSKI & SPERLING, Proprietors.
The Second, Or New Company.
The history of the new company docs not record any sUirtling achievement in the amount of work accompHshed. in fact, tlie rather desult-ory manner in which the work was carried on lends color to the hehcf that it was org- anized primarily at least, to protect the assets of the old company, and to make a sale when the opportune moment airived. Compared with the amount of money exi)cnded however, it made a much hetter showing than the old com- pany. With a working capital of less than Si:{.000.000 it excavated some 10.000,000 cuhic meters of material, as compared with about 50,000.000 cuhic meters excavated hy the old company at a cost of upwards of § 2r)0,000,000. In this connection consideration must he given the fact that with the new company plant and material was ready at hand, so that the expense on this account was compaiativcly small. It was also the expect^ition that at the end of three or four years' work the investing public* would have their con- fidence ill the undertaking restored, and provide more funds for the purpose, hut this expectation did not materialize.
In 1S<)0, the services of I.ieut, Wyse were again brought into j)lay and on December 10th of that year he sccuretl a new agreement with Colombia granting a ten ye.ir extension for the completion of the work. The delay
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200 ^'^^ «*^ Guide,
Hotel Coatiaeata^L
Central AvenuB, in front of PassEngBr Station.
Good Restaurant. Ouick Meals. First flass Bar.
(I flost agreeable and Convenient Place To Valt for the Train.
Billard Parlor and Barber Shop in Connection. OXJR, FR.IOESS -A.R,E3 R,H3-A.SON -Al BL.H3.
LISARDO MENES M., Prop.
in organizing the new company made it impracticable to comply with the above time limit, and negotiations with Colombia were reopened. On April 4, 189.'}, another ex- tension was granted which provided for the resumption of work on a permanent basis by October 31, 1.S94, and the completion of the canal within ten years from that date. Toward the close of the nineties it was manifest that the concession would expire before the work could be tifiished, so in April, 1900 a third extcMision was ananged which stipulated that the canal should be completed by October 31, 1910. In passing it is just to observe that the Col- ombian (lovernment exercised a remarkable degree of patience in this connection.
A Stupendous Undertaking.
The organization of the new company was a stupen- dous undertiiking in the face of the fact that the mere men- tion of "Panama" to a French investor was lik(j Haunting a red rag in front of a bull. Visions of graft Hi^d extrav-
J Stupendous Under kiking. 20
agance floated ever before his niiiid. However, in October, 1894, the "New Panama Canal Company" was finally launched upon the troublesome waters of canal endeavor, with a capital stock of 05,000,000 francs (-$13,000,000), divided into shares of 100 francs each. Under the agree- ment 50,000 shares fully paid up were at once set aside for the Colombian Govermnent The receiver of the old company became a party to the new orgainzation and trans- ferred all the property and assets of the old company, real and personal, whether in France or Panama, iiicluding the grants from the Colombian Government; also the rights of every nature in the Panama Railroad, which had been ob- tained through arrangements entei-ed into between the com- pany and the holders of railroad stock. The receiver also subscribed in his official capacity for about one-foui-th of the stock of the new company.
Under the terms of the transfer the new company had a title to the whole property, but the rights of those interested in the old company were not entirely extinguished. The latter were under no further obligations to con- tribute toward the auxiliary works, ])ut its successful com- pletion and operation would be of advantage to them to some extent, inasmuch as under the terms of the sale sixty per cent, of the surplus income after payment of expenses, charges and stipulated dividends was to be appropriated by the receiver for distribution among Ihein. While there might be little or nothing left for the proposed distribution, the existence of this right in favor of the; shareholders in the old company made concurrence obligatory in case of a sale of the property.
Should the construction have gone by default on Oc- tober 31, 1910, the concession would have lapsed, but through its railroad contract the company would have exclusive control of the territory through which the line extended un- til 19GG, but being absolutely prohibited the while from selling to any foreign government, it was manifest that even if the privileges of the company could have been purchased.
202 POot and OttitU.
the conditions would not have permitted of any other government exercising its rights of ownersln'p in connection with the construction of the canal.
The receiver according to the terms of transfer was clothed with authority to appoint a commission of engineers to rectify previous surveys, inspect i)rogross made and to supervise expenditures, and one of the iii-st stops taken was to organize the Oomite Technique, consisting of seven French engineers. This committee made in all three dif- ferent reports. Th? first proposed a lock canal at an im- practicahle height; th? second provided for a lock canal, the l)ottom of which should he 20.7') meters, or ahout OS feet ahove sea level. The locks according to this plan would he five in numher, one eaoh at liohio and Bas Obispo on the Atlantic side of the divide, and one each at Paraiso and Miiatlores, with a tidal lock near MiraHores on the Pacific side. The third plan comprehended a canal the bottom of which would bo about 'A2 feet above sea level, and with but three locks, one at Bohi(^, another at or near Pedro Miguel, and the third at ]\Iirailores.
. Net Results.
The committee's ))lan for regulating the Ohagres Riv- er, and to obtain therefrom the requisite amount of water to operate the canal at all times, consisted in the construc- tion of a dam at Bohio of 'JoOjOOO.OOO cubic meter capa- city, and of another dam farther uj) the river at Alhajuela, capable of storing 150,000,000 cubic meters of water. With the lake at Bohio, and the reservoir at Alhajuela, it was estimated that there would be no difficulty as to a suffi- cient water sui)ply at any i)eriod of the year. The old com|)any engineers proposed the site of Gamboa for a dam after it took u]) the lock canal pro|)osition, but the Comite Technique considered this site as entirely unsuitable. The Gatun site of the present day never entered into the cal- culations of the French engineers.
Net Itcsiilfs. 20 3
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The Comite Technique left as a heritage a vast oniouiife of valuable papers bearing upon surveys and chartings which have been used to good purpose by the Isthmian Canal Commission. Apart from these, the results of the efforts of the new company were small. The actual con- struction work was confined principally to excavating in Cu- lebra cut, and work at the Pacific entrance to the cannl. Not to exceed 8,000 men were on the company's pay rolls at any one time, as compared with the maximum numbin- of 25.000 in the best days of the old company.
The amount of excavation done by the two French companies during the active period of their existence is shown by the following data:
Hijrliost cli'vatioii at ("nlcbra before work Itejfan 312 ft.
Hijihest elevation at Has ObisiK. before work bejjan 2r{:j ft.
Greatest <lei>tli of cxeavat ion by the Freiuli at Ciilebra 161ft.
Greatest depth of «;xeH\ atioii by the Freiuli at Bas Obis|M> 14H ft.
Total excavation by the French including diversion channel 70.000,000 Cu. Yds.
204 ^*^* <>«*<' Ottide,
MDTTEPiiGS OF SEFARiTIOK.
Talk of separation Ixihhcd to tho surface i-cpoatodly (luring tho interval of ei«,'lity or more yeai-s between Pa- nama's imiependence from Spain, and tho socossion move- ment of \\)i):\. Tho tie (hat honn*! hor to tin* (iranadino Confederation, and later to ('o|(>ml)ia had always I>e(>n a galling one. It was contimially a game of give ami take, with Panama in the eharity role.
The people of the Isthmus were not long in sizing up the situation, and jus early as 1S27 started a sepaiation movement which had for its aim annexation with (jreat Britain. The prime movei-s of this, set forth the fact that the commercial relations of I'anama with the interior de- partments of Colombia amounted to but little: natural bar- riers preventing free interc uuso, and complaiiKMl that tho inhabitants of the southern part of the republic treated the people of the Isthmus as forcM^i^niers and preyed on their commerce. Before the nuvement had j^ained u)uch head- way however, the patriot. Bolivar stepped into the breach and pacified the secessionists.
The next attempt at separation occurred on Xovem- l)er 18, 1840 when the people of the city of l^manui, under the leadership of Col. 'J^om.is Herrera arose en masse and proclaimed their indepeiuleiice. Inasmuch as the civil head of the Isthmus, Dr. Carlos do Icaza, was himself in sympathy with the moveniont, no opposition was offered by tlie authorities.
Dr. Rufino Cuervo, at that time Minister of Cohnn- bia at Quito, hearing of what was going on in Panama 8ent Col. Anselnjo Pineda and Dr. Ricardo de la Parra there with the object of discouraging the movement and to reincorporate the Jsthiuus into tlu; (iranadiiu^ (Confedera- tion. The commissioners promised a much better adminis
Mutter ings of Separation.
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tration of affairs in which Panama was concerned, and full amnesty for those connectetl with the separation plot. In view of the fact that these promises were backed by guar- antees from Dr. Cuervo, Gen. Juan Jose Flores, and the President of Ecuador, the people of tlie Isthmus entered into a new treaty on December )>1, 1841, by which Pr.na- raa once more became a member of the New Granadian League.
In March 1842, Domingo Caicedo, then Vice-Presi- dent of New Granada, repudiated this treaty, claiming that Dr. Cuervo and Dr. Parra had exceeded their powers, and in the same year the Granadian Congress repudiated the law granting amnesty to the Panamenos. Many of the latter to avoid persecution were forced to expatriate them- selves.
Another agitation for independence was started in 1860, fostered by Jose de Obaldia, then Governor. At this period New Granada was badly disorganized, having just been racked by civil war, whicli resulted in the pro-
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claiming of Tomas Cipriaiio Mosquera, dictator. Obaldia thought the time propitious and announced his intentions to the Bogota Government, advising tliat it was proposed to set Tip an estabh'shment under tlie protectorate of either the United States, France or England. At this juncture, Obaldia was succeeded by Santiago d9 laGuardia, as Gov- ernor, and the latter neglected to follow up the advantage. Mosquera by this time had gotten his political affairs str.'.ightened out somewhat, and turned his attejition to the Isll mus. In 18G1, he sent a deputy to Colon to meet the Isthmians and arrange a new treaty which provided for more pnmiises and guarantees, but in less than a year Mosquera saw fit to repudiate the agreement.
On Feb. 27, 1855, the Government of New^ (^ranada conferred on the Isthmus, the title of ''State of Panama," and the rights and privileges of a sovereign state, a distinc- tion not shared in by the other provinces of the Kepublic. It is doubtful however, if this act ever resulted in any ben- efit, direct or indirect, to the people of Panama.
i THE THROES OF BE? OLDTIOI.
The political history of the Isthmus is marked by many a wo ind and many a scar, but its troubled waters has been stirred so often in times j)ast that the breaking out of a revolution ceased to excite more than passing- comment abroad. JVIany of these internecine struggh s were insignificant in their uature and of short duration, but the war of 1900 to 1902 was of an entirely different character and cor.stituted the most sanguinary epoch in the annals of the Isthmus.
The trouble first started in the interior of Colombia, and before hostilities were finally suspended, the flame of
208 ^^f (utd Ouidt.
revolt had spread the length and breadth of Uie coantry. For more than tifteen yeai-s the ruling party in Colombia had l>een the Conservative* or clerical |)arty as it was some- times called. In 18})S this party loft the reins of govern- ment thi-ough a deriection fi'om it« ranks of a group of men calling themselves Nationalists. The. Nationalists fav- oi-ed a milder course toward tlio Liberals and elected Dr. ^fanucl Sanclcmcnte, President. Meanwhile the Conserv- atives were not idle, and the following year succeeded in having Sanclemente deposed by **golpe do cstado " (I). This brought the Consenative party back into j)ower with Jos«' M. Man-o<piin, Vice-President undci" Sandemcnto. at its head. The Liberal party at this period is said to have con- stituted aliout seventy per cent, of the entire population, exclusive of the uncivilized Indians. Many yeai-s before when in iK>wer, this party had incurred the enmity of the church by expelling the Jesuits and confiscating church pro|>erty for the use of state and education. Since then, t<» check the party's growth and to stamp out liberal ten- dencies, it is alleged that the offices of the church were fi-ecpiently used. Many are said to have been excomnni- nicated: the marriage service and rites of burial refused, and their cliildren denied admission to the schools. Further- more they were not entitled to the priviN^ges of the courts, and often awoke in the morning to find tlioir pr(»perty con- fiscated and an order of arrest confronti)ig them. They were permitted no representation in local or federal offices, nor in Congress, with the notible exception of Gen. Ka- fael I'ribe-Uribe, a man of .uncommon intelligence and a natural b(»rn leader whose personal following was too strong to Ik? easily thrust aside.
Disaffection Reaches Panama.
It only needed a decided incentive at this stigo to plunge tlie country into a civil war, and the incentive was
(1) A Kuddoii act p<»rforme(l by tlio 8tat« for state roasona.
Disaffection Beaches Panama. 209
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furiiisliPtl by the deposing of Sanclemciito. The strife tliat followed lasted three years, and according to official reports cost the lives of over 50,000 men. The information that had been coming to Panama, sometimes false, sometimes true, had the effect of stirring up a bitter political feeling which came out openly upon the landing of a revolutionary expedition from Nicaragua on the coast of Chiriqui in April, 1900. This expedition consisted of 110 men under the command of Ge'ierals Emlhano Herrera and Belisario Porras. With this small force they attacked and captured the garrison at David, the capital of Chiriqui Province, and then commenced a march on Panama.
Gen. Herrera having a personal knowledge of the coun- try and people through which he was passing succeeded in securing numerous recruits, so that at Bejuc^, where he encountered the first serious opposition to his progress, he was able to defeat Gen. liozada at the head of GoO men of the Colombian Line. The revolutionists continued their advance upon Panama and were practically unopposed until they arrived at Corozal, three miles from Panama. Here he was again met by the govei'Jiment troops who, after giving battle, retired to the- city. By this time Gen. Her- rera had under his command about 1500 men.
Attack On Panama.
Upon the withdrawal of the government troops, Gen. Herrera proceeded to occupy a position commanding the
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Attack on Panama, 211
city of Panama. He thori domandecl through the foreign consuls the capituhition of the town without fighting in order to avert Joss of life. The consular representatives labored earnestly to come to some understanding, but the negotiations which o cupied two days' time completely failed. In the meantime the goveriniient forces had been working day and m'ght strengthening the defenses and preparing for the attack, while many of the townspeople took advantage of the temporary lull in hostilities by be- taking thcjnselves to a place of safety. Many took refnge on board the British cruiser ''Leander'' at anchor in the bay. His delay in j^ushiiig the atta(^k subjected Gen. Her- rera to severe ci\tic!sm on the part of his subordinate offi- cers who claimed that but for these dilatory tactics which enabled the goverimient forces to form theii" plan of de- fense and dispose their men to the best advantage, the victory at Corozal could very easily have been dnplicated at Panama. Looking at it from a ))urely humanitarian point of view however. Gen. Herrera's act appears com- mendable.
The attack on the city commenced from three sides and continued day and night for seventy-two hours, with only an occasional intermission to allow the removal of the Avounded. This was effected in j)art by an ambulance corps of one hundred men from the. "Leander" who voluntarily placed their services at the disposal of the authorities.
The fighting was very fierce and at times hand to hand U\ the trenches and behind the barricades. The operations were principally confined to that part of the town known as Pueblo Nuevo, San JMiguel and Caledom'a, now directly overlooked by the Botel Tivoli. On the second night of tlic battle the government troops were reinfoiced by the arrival of several hundred men of the Colombian Line from Colon, '^Jider the command of Gen. Sarria. He also brought word that still more troops were being despatched from Co- lon by the Governor of Panama. Gen. Campo Serrano.
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The nbovo sjcws ((uijjIihI witli tlu' iletcnuiiied iTsist.-mc-e offered by the j^overmncMit forces, and a sliort^ij^c ofamniu- iiitioii discouraj^ed the rcvcdutiom'sts. and at the tcrnn'Ma- titin of the three days' fi«»htinix. a truce wns arranged. This resulted in the rev(»lutionisls accepting the offer t)f (jen. All»an. the uiihtary and civil chief of Panama, to sur- ixMider with honor and Ik? placod on parole.
The trenches and outskirts of the city picsiMJted a terrible sight after the l)attK». The streets and fields were sti-c>\n with the unburied dead, among them being some of the best of Panama's young men who had espoused the cause on both sides.
From this date until the cessation of hostilities, the city of Panama, being used as the head niilitary post of the Colondiian government on the Isthmus for troops and supplies, was kept in comparative peace and (juiet, although the ensuing two yeai-s witnessed continual fighting in other pails of the country. At one time the revolutionists weixj in possession of every important jHunt and post, with the exception of the city of Panama. The United States Gov- ernment at the request of the authorities at Bogota finally landed a force of n:arines to keep the transit open. Fight- ing was thereupon stopped along the line of the railroad, and to insure further the preservation of order, from three to four warships rode at anchor iu the harbor.
Tlie SinUng of the "Laittaro''' SI 3
The Sinking of the "Lautaro".
The naval battle in the bay of Panama on January 20, 1902, which resulted in the sinking of the Colombian gunboat LantarOj and the death of Gen. Carlos Alban, the government's chief military representative on the Isthmus, afforded one of the most interesting spectacles connected with the revolution. A few days previous to this engage- ment the Lautaroj a boat belonging to the Chilean steam- ship line, had been impressed into service by the govern- ment authorities without waiting for the consent of the head of affairs at Bogota. Guns were mounted and the boat otherwise put in readiness to go in search of the rev- olutionary vessel Padilla, and to relieve the garrison at Aguadulce which at that time was being hard pressed by the Liberals.
On the night before the Lautaro met her fate, Gen. Alban with several of his officers went on board and dis- covered the Chilean crew had broken into the spirit room and were committing drunken excesses, one being the let- ting of all the fresh w^ater out of the tanks. Finding it useless to try and discipline them, the general retired and was awakened in the morning with the information that a vessel was steaming into the harbor showing no distinctive colors, xlfter passing inside of where the American cruiser, Philadelphia lay at anchor, the boat which proved to be the Padilla, opened a well-directed fire on the Lautaro dismounting one of its guns at the first shot, and killing Gen. Alban and several other men at the second fire.
In the meantime the small Colombian gunboat Chueuito with Gen. Esteban Huertas and Gen. H. 0. Jeffries on board came up from La Boca and steamed to within five hundred yards of the Padilla. The Chueuito immediately opened up with a light rapid-fire automatic gun which however, made no impression on the revolutionary steamer. The latter continued to hammer away at the Lautaro un- til the vessel caught fire and sank slowly out of sight
21-^
Pilot and Guide.
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SINKING OF THE "LAUTARO'
(courtesy of donaldo vklasco.)
The Sinking of the "Lautaro'\ 21 S
I. L, MIDUBO lr„
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beneath the watei^ of the bay. The noise of discharging cannon and the blowing up of the powder magazine \ on the doomed boat as the fire reached it, performed a fitting requiem over the dead body of the military chief, \ Gen. Alban, which w^ent down at the same time.
The upper part of the masts of the Lautaro may be readily seen to-day at low tide sticking out of the water. A year or so since there was some talk of dynamiting the clearing away the spot, but no action in regard to it has yet been taken, ThQ Padilla remained in the hands of the revolutionists until peace was declared. It was then turned over to the Colombian Government and renamed the 21 de Noviemhre^
''RINGilNGi THE BEL.I
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Because it is the greatest place in the world for ringing the (belles) bells.
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The Siege of Agiiadiilce.
In .laiiuary, 1902, (ion. Herrora, the Liberal loader, with his Indian ijllies under Victoriano Ix)renzo appeared before the town of Aguadulce in the province of Cocl(S. The town was garrisoned by a government force of about 1,300 men under the command of Gen. Castro. The Liberal general demanded the unconditional surrender of the gar- riaon, at the same time conveying the information of tlio loss of the Lautaro upon which the government troops had depended for supplies. The demand was refused, and on Januar}' 23d, the Liberals commenced the attack. After twenty-four hours* fighting tlie government forces were defeated, Gen. Castro and 350 of his men escaping to Panama. In this engagement some 750 men were killed and wounded on both sides, while the Liberal leaders re- ported the capture of 700 prisoners.
In June, 1902, the government despatched a force of 1,200 men to retake Aguadulce. The troops arrived at the town on June 20th and were immediately surrounded by a superior force of Liberals. The latter invested the place so closely as to cut off the besieged entirely from obtaining supplies. The government had provided the gar- rison witli five hundred cattle, but these were mysteriously run off one night leaving the besieged practically without food. Such straits were they in that they were compelled to kill and eat their horses, and later on other animals, including the dogs. Decayed fruit, and pieces of palms and shrubs were also utilized to sustain life. The garrison continued to hold out until August 21, 1902, when it capitulated, over 1,000 prisoners and a large amount of ammunition falling into the enemy's hands. During the siege the garrison suffered the loss of some two hundred men through sickness and starvation.
Another revolutionary expedition organized in Nica- ragua landed near Chame, Province of Panama, on Sep- tember 1, 1902. The party consisted of about 120 men.
The Siege of Jfjuadiilc.
217-
sixty of whom were experienced veterans, aiul had for their leader Gen. Domingo Diaz of Panama. At Chanie the expedition was met by Papi A.izpuru, Secretary of Victo- riano Lorenzo, with 800 Indians. The force marched to Bejuco where at a conference of the Liberal officers, Gen. Diaz Avas made the military and civil chief of the Liberal forces on the Isthmus.
GENERAL ALB AN ENTERING COLON.
(courtesy of donaldo velasco.)
The story of Victoriano Lorenzo.
The Indians of the" Province of Code have been more or less independent as far back as history has knowledge of. It has been their custom to select a governor from among their number to whom all tribal differences are referred, and in whose leadership implicit confidence is placed
2 13 i**'^^ ond Gnide.
The Panama Government has given them the right of suffrage, but they have never evinced much of a desire to take a hand in mattei's political, an 1 are content to till their fields and to carry on their a:n:Ul tr.idin;^ operations. In the revolution of 1900-^02 however, they constituted quite a factor in the warring elements, but it is doubtful if they would have taken a part in it, but for the peisonality of their Governor and leader, Victoriano liorenzo, wlio, nu)ved by a spirit of revenge joined issues with the rjiberal for- C3swd^ mid3 a general and afterw.irds assisted greatly in the victories of that side. One of th3 commodities in which these Indians deal largely is salt, and in securing their support to the revolutionary movement, they were led to believe that if the Liberals were successful, they would be permitted a free trade in it.
About the time the revolution broke out, Victoriano Lorenzo had a large farm and was attending strictly to his own affaii*s. He had one annoyance and that was the constant nagging of a petty official. Lorenzo finally gave the latter to undei*stand that if he was troubled any further he would take steps to stop it. The official paying no attention to this warning, Loren/o abducted him and took him into the mountains. The government hearing of this summary action sent trooj)s to Lorenzo's home where they committed various sorts of depredations. This coming to the knowledge of Lorenzo, and believing himself an out- law, he proceeded to revenge himself in ln<lian style by per- forming savage atrocities on the prisoners he captured. On ono occasion he killed a Spanish priest.
By this time he had enlisted quite a following and tinng of the outlawed existence which he led, he joined the Liberal forces and carried on a guerrilla warfare. On joining the revolutionists he ceased committing acts outside the pale of civilization, and conducted himself more in accordance with the usages of war. When hostilities ceased, a general amnesty was declared whereby the adherents of the Liberal cause without exception were allowed to
The Storif of Victoriam Lorenzo.
2IQ
DROGAS PURAS
COMPLETO SLTIITIUO DE MEDI. OIXA.-J do PATENTE^rEDIDAS DIRECT AM EXTE si lt;s FA BlilCAS. DESPACHOS DE RECETAS ESME R AD AMENT ATENDIDO .
PRECIOS Mod-
O M P L E T E ASSORTMENT Op PATEN^T MEDICINES RECEIVED DIRECT from the MANUFACTURERS . PRESCRIPTIONS CAREFULLY AND PROMPTLY COMPOUNDED
2JI.OZ3T.ATj1
either leave tlie country, or return to their homes UMino- lested. Lorenzo beheving himself secure under this proc- lamation made no effort to hide, or flee the country. By the authorities however, he was regarded as an unsafe man, and later through the efforts of (^en. Benjamin Herrera he was apprehended and turned over to the Colombian officials.
He was held a prisoner for some months during which time on one occasion he made his escape only to be recaptured the same day. It is believed by some that the escape was "arranged" in order that an additional charge might be secured against him. In 1903, after the country had become tranquil again, a commission was des- patched from Bogota with orders to execute Lorenzo. On May 14, 1903 he was condemned to be shot for commit- ting robberies and assassinations, and performing acts con- trary to civilized warfare. Moved probably by a spirit of
azo
PUot ami Oukle,
fair pla\% the Governor, foreign consuls niul protninout cit- izens endeavored to secuiv a niitii^aliun of the sentence, but the Bogota commission dochireil they wero acting un- der specific oixlers to have him executed, and he was accord- ingly shot in the Phiza de Annas on May l'>, IDO.i.
Sign Treaty of Peace on ''Wisconsin".
In April, 1902, the Archhishop of Hogotji issued an encyclical under tlie authority of the Catliolic Church of
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Colombia, in which it was stated that in order to show a christian spirit, avoid further bloodshed, and to end the bit- ter struggle that was ruining the country, the Liberals would
Sign Treaty of Pence on "Wisconsin''. 221
be granted immunity and forgiveness, provided they would lay down their arms and agree to peaee. They were also promised equal rights, representation and personal freedom without prejudice to their opinions. This letter did not have immediate effect in bringing hostilities to a close, but later in the year after an exchange of immerous commu- m'cations between the Liberal and Government leaders, a satisfactory understanding was arrived at, and on the 21st of November, 1 902, a treaty of peace was signed on board of the United States battleship ''Wisconsin", Capt. Casey Commander, in Panama harbor. In bringing these nego- tiations to a conclusion, Gen. B. Herrera represented the Liberals, while Gen. Victor ^I. Salazar, then Governor of Panama, Gen. Alfredo Vasquez Cobo, and Gen. Nicolas Perdomo, the latter being the special envoy from Bogota, represented the side of the Government.
Applied for Annexation.
Under date of November 28th, 1899, before the rev- olution had broken out on the Isthmus, the IStar dd Herald printed the following AVashington dispatch: —
''Panama has applied for annexation, but in view of the fact that Panama in not an independent republic, the authorities deem it advisable not to jeopardize the friendly relations of the Bogota Government with this country, and the application has been filed. "
F=Ol_V<3l-CD-r F^ANAIVIA.
From the day of discovery until now the Isthmus has only been a landing place and porterage for those that came and went, and who wished most heartily it had been an open sea instead. Captains of ships all the way from the dinky old galleons to the floating palaces of the present day have found it an interposition of Divine Providence, in their opinion uncalled for. Panama hav-
222
Piht a»*l Gntth
story of the Yoiiii</c.sf lifpuhlic. 2235
With Some Side Lights on the Historic Drama
of 1903 f in which the Interests of three
Countries Were Involved*
Altliongh four years liavc elapsed since the Republic of Panama took its jilace in tlie ranks of the world's free and independent nations the dramatic events that led up to and surrounded the secessionary movement have never been cleai'Iy understood. Links have been missing, and some perhaps are still missing, in the chain of circumstances, the forging of which began with the negotiations for a canal treaty between the United States and Colombia; reached the white-heat stage in the revolutionary incidents of 1903, culminating in the tempered and finished period of the
ing a cosmopolitan ])opulation peculiar to itself is not strictly speaking a sea-faring community. The linguistic accom- plishments of its people has often been reuiarked. It is rare to tind among the educated classes a person whose means of expression is confined to one tongue or language. It is not unusual, to hear half a dozen languages used at once in any chance crowd, (libraltar with its "rock scor- l)ions'' has a world-wide reputation for a Babel of tojigues, while large cities like London, New York and Paris em- brace widely different races, but we venture to say for its size there is no successful rival in this small world of ours equal to the polyglot city of Panama. — From the Panama ''Star and HeraJd'', January 20, 1877, at that time edited in three languages.
224 ^•'<'' <"»^ OuuU.
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present as represented by the impending treaty with Colombia, in which amiciible relations between Panama and the motlier country bid fair to be restored. Mr. F. L. Kockwood who has furnished The Pilot and (juide with much information in connection with this article, was a resident of the Colombian Capitid while these events were taking place, and speaks of the situation tliere from per- sonal knowledge. The plot and the cast have been at hand. The dramatization only has been lacking. —Editor.
Why the Colombian Treaty Failed.
It is necessary to take a (li>|)a>Miina'K- \k\\ imni botli sides to underst<ind the events that put in action the separation from Colombia, and made the Kepui)lic of l*aiiama a reality. When the United States undertook to negotiate a canal treaty with Colombia in the earlier part of 100.*], one of tlie important and leading figures of the latter coun- try, of whom there is very little known outside, was Dr. Jose M. Marroquin, a man then about 07 years of age, of excellent character and reputation, and by profession a doctor of laws. The sudden retirement of President San- claraente brought Marroquin into the i)residency as a rep- resentative of the Conservative party, otherwise known as
Why the Colomhian Treaty Failed. 225
the Clerical party from its deference to the Church in af- fairs of state and administration of laws. The government at the capital at the time of Marroquin's ascendancy was dominated by an unprincipled political faction whose policy was rule or ruin, and paved the way for the long and wasteful three years' war. With the return of peace and the assembling of Congress, the government found itself still dominated by this faction in both branches, which was worse than the open revolutions of the Liberal party.
It is but just to state that the Colombian Congress contained many patriotic and high-minded men who en- deavored to act for their country's good, but the factional element was for getting the government into their hands at any cost and incidentally the control of the $20,000,000 national annual income, compared to which the Isthmus and the canal cut but a secondary figure. They had as their leader Gen. Velez, who was slated for the presi- dency if a change could be effected.
At the time when the war of the revolution was in full swing on the Isthmus, President Marroquin appealed for help from the United States Government tn preserve order there in favor of his government, especially along the line of railroad, promising in return that when the revolution was over, he would sign a canal treaty, thereby pledging the word of his country as its president. The United States landed troops and thereafter until the cessa- tion of hostilities kept the transit clear.
Then came the assembling of the Colombian Con- gress for the discussion of the proposed canal treaty, and President Marroquin was informed that he would not be allowed to comply with his word unless authorized by it, despite the special powers that had previously been conferred upon him for this purpose, in which the honor of his country was compromised.
The Colombian Congress was duly put on notice con- cerning action on the treaty as evidenced by the following
226 i^< ^«<i Gfiide.
niemomndum presented by tbe United States Minister at Bogota to the Colombian (iovernment.June 18th, 1903: —
Sir: — I have rtn't'iveU instruotions from my jfovernment by cable to the effect that the Ooveriimeiit of Colombia, by all ap- pearances, does not fully appreciate the gravity of the sitmitioii. The negotiations for the sale of the canal at Tunama were in- itiated by Colombia, and were nrifently solieitod from my p»v- emment for many years. The pro|)ositionH i)reKentcd by Colombia, with a few modifications, were finally adopted by the United States. In virtue of this agreement our Congress revoked ita previous decision, and <lecided for the Panama route. If Colombia now rejects the treaty, or unduly delays its ratificati n, the amicable relations existing between tlie two countries will be so seriously compromised that our Congress in it« next session may adopt measures that may l>e regretti'd by all friends of Colombia.
This evidently had no impression on tho dominant faction in the Colombian Congress, as indicated in tli(» fol- lowing cables to the Panama jSt4fr iC Herald:
Bogota, July 7, 1003.
Gen, Velez, leader of the opposition said, "My countrymen ai-e opposed to (he treaty as it now «tands, as they do not lliink that the Unit'Cd States has been generous enough in tlic terms offered,
Bogota, July «, lOO.'l.
About President Marroquin signing the canal treaty, the Minister of Foreign Affairs in a much applauded speech an- swered all of Caro's arguments, finally convincing the Senate tha'y THKV must approve the canal treaty before the President's signature.
Tt was apparent to President Marroqnin tliat tho factional element was using the canal question to place him out of pov.er and bring their follo\ving into control of the government, and that to attain this <)])ject they were ready and perfectly willing to sacrifice the canal treaty.
Why the Colonihian Treatij Failed. '2.'2.~7
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DT AMOlSrnS ^^ SPECIALTY MADE OF Tt
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After two months or more of debate in both houses the treaty came to a vote in the lower branch of Congress and was endorsed by that body. It then went to the Senate where Yelez and his following had made all preparations to fight it to the last ditch. The result appears in the cable herewith: —
Bogota, August 12, 1903.
The Hay-Herraii canal tveaty was defeated iu the Colomljian Senate to-day.
Immediately the result became knoAvu, President Mar- roquin adopted a course which had for its object the placing of the dominant political faction in the Colombian Senate in a corner at any cost. He made up his mind that as president of the country his word would be complied with indirectly, if it could not be directly, and accordingly appointed Don Domingo de Obaldia, who was pronounced and outspoken in the interests
228 ^'o* «»<' Ottide.
of Panama, to be its governor. This raised a stonn of protest, and showed that :i pohtiral move was on the bonixl that had not hecn th(»nglit of, hnt with all the criticisms of the Colombian press on this appointment, none denied but that Ohahlia was a man of hi^h cliaractor and ability. It was this fact tliat stirred thcni up the most
From the Colombian Ministcn- at Washin'Tton, and from individuals and companies in the United Stjites and Europe, having commercial interests in Colombia, came cable after cable concerning the movement.s and j)urported plans of the revolutionary agents of Panama. These cables were sent principally over the lines touching Venezuela, and from there transmitted by telegraph to Bogota, it being considered unwise at this juncture to send them in the usual manner tlirough Panama. Many of the cables urged tlie massing of troops on tlie Isthmus in order to forestill the rumored change in political ties. So well informed was the Colombian Goveriunent md even private parties at Bogota, that it was a matter of public comment on the stiXKJts at this period why no action was taken looking tC' the despatch of troops to the Isthmus. In the meantime the faction who had defeated the canal treaty gave oj)en expression to the belief that this turn of events would bring its adherents permanently to the front, and its leader into the presidential chair.
There were at that time in Bogota mxcu thousand troops of the Colombian Line, and another ten thousand within reach, all well-drilled and armed, and officered by men on whom the government could depend, yet no move was made to mobilize them in any way, or any indication given that they were to be despatched to the coast Presi- dent Marroquin had amj)le time to place all the troops needed on the Isthmus, and when an anxious merchant asked him why he did not do so after so much warning, the President replied " What for?" The merchant then
Whi/ the ColomUan Treaty Failed. 22^Q
went on to state that according to advices he had re- ceivedj there was a revohitionary junta working in New York and Washington, and it was apparent there would be trouble at Panama. The President replied to this in a say- ing that "Sometimes the unexpected happens."
It was the general belief of those who knew Presi- dent Marroquin intimately as well as the circumstances surrounding the Panama affair, that he allowed the seces- sionary movement to proceed without taking any decisive steps to stave it off, not altogether to revenge himself for the slight put upon him by the Velez faction, but as a les- son for the betterment of his country, and to avoid a re- petition of the occurrences that characterized the revolution of 1899 to 1902. The manner in which events shaped them- selves is now accepted in Colombia as one of the best things that could have happened for the reason that the affairs of Panama have always proved a fruitful source of dissension in Colombian politics, while its secession has operated to re- move this discordant factor, thereby turning the thoughts of its people into wiser and broader-minded channels. Ex- President Marroquin to-day has the respect of all in the Colombian capital, whereas it' it was thought that he had perpetrated a grievous wrong on his countr}^, his presence would not have been tolerated for a moment.
The defeating of the canal treaty does not appear to have met the will or the wishes of the people of (Colombia as a whole, but was brought about through the scheming of a political clique that had been drawn together by the possibility of getting the reins of government into its hands. The excuse used by Velez and his champions in blocking favorable action on the treaty ni the Colombian Senate was that the United States did not offer enough for the priv- ileges sought for and that it would be prejudicial to the integrity of the Kepublic to permit the American Gov- ernment to exercise supreme control over the canal strip, this despite the fact that the lower house ratified the trea-
i^SO
Pilot and Oitide.
ty without question. iMoreover, tlie amount of $10,000,000 tliat would have clianged hands upon tho succossful ; issue of the treaty was j far more liberal than any i)n)j)Osition
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Why the Colombian Treaty Failed. 231
theretofore made the Colombian Government in connection with the canal undertaknig. Then too, Velez was an avowed enem}^ of progress and his antipathy to foreigners and foreign enterprises was notorious.
After Congress adjourned, the action of the Colom- bian Senate in turning down the canal treaty crystallized public sentiment against Velez, and it is extremely prob- able that could the matter liave come up again a few^ months later, the result would have been decidedly different President Roosevelt's reference to the defeat of the treaty in his message to Congress states: —
''During all the years of negotiation and discussion that preceded the conclusion of the Hay-Herran treaty, Colonibia never intimated that the requirenient by the United States of control over the canal strip would render unattainable the con- struction of a canal by way of the Isthmus of Panama; nor were we advised, during the months when legislation of 1902 was pending before the Congress, that the terms which it embodied would render negotiations with Colombia impractic- able. It is plain that no nation could construct and guaran- tee the neutrality of the canal with a less degree of control than was stipulated in the Hay-Herran treaty. A refusal to grant such degree of control was necessarily a refusal to make any practicable treaty at all. Such refusal therefore squarely raised the question whether Colombia was entitled to bar the transit of the world's traffic across the Isthmus. . . Colombia, after having rejected the treaty in spite of our jsrotest and warnings when it was in her jiowerto accept it, has since shown the utmost eagerness to accept the same treaty if only the status quo could be restored. One of the men standing highest in the official circles of Colombia on November 6, 1903, ad- dressed the American Minister at Bogota, saying that if the Government of the United States would land troo^is to preserve Colombian sovereignty and the transit, the Colombian Govern- ment would declare martial law, and by virtue of vested con- stitutional authority, when public order is disturbed (would) approve by decree the ratification of the canal treaty as signed; or, if the Government of the United States prefers (would)
232
PHot and Guide.
Ciese and laoanese Bazaaf.
IHE UnCESI mo most IMPOSIlNr llll ihe isihmus.
dtitpottci of V^Tihic^e cllt^ dapattc.^e ^iffid, £tncM, ^Mtt&toi-
bitic» aub ^zawn ^Votfi. 9i3oru, SatMinia
•^Vatc, oV^tonrc> viiiv* 5orccfai^.^.
A. Splenciici Stoolc To Seleot I^rorxi.
fancy drtkles and Novelties Constantly Arriving froii\ Ghina and Japan
iQall and Sco '\^s Bofurr Binjiny Elsoiuhorc.
Kum Sing CI)ong, Cjong lice & €0.,
POSI OlllCe BOX. NO. I I ; PA N A M A II NOS. 197199 EOSl 131(1 SI.. COf. Hi B.
call an extra session of the Congress— with new an«l friendly members— next May to approve the treaty. Having tliese facts in view, there is no sliadow of a question that tlio (Jov- emment of the United States propose<l a treaty tliat was not only just, but generous to Coloni})ia, which our people regaril- ed as erring, if at all; on the side of overgenerosity; which was hailed with delight by the people of the immediate locality through whicli the canal was to pass, who were most concerned as to the new order of things, and which the Colombian au- thorities now recognize as being so good that they are willing to promise its unconditional ratification if only we will desert those who have shown themselves our friends and restore to those who have shown themselves unfriendly, the power to untio wluvt they did. I pass by the question as to what a.s8urance we have that they would now keep their ple<lge and not again refuse to ratify the treaty if they had the power; for of course, I will not for one moment discuss the possibility of the United States committing an act of such basenost) as to abandon the new Itepublic of I'anama. ''
Whi/ the Coiombian Treaty Failed. 233
111 1904, Gen. Velez the leader of the anti-canal faction Avas a candidate for the Colombian presidency against Gen. Keyes, but he was overwhelmingly defeated an(l died shortly afterwards. AVhen Gen. Reyes assumed the chair he found the same anti-canal faction v/orking against him and he iH'Oceeded to eradicate it by radical measures. Over four hundred, including men of wealth and ability, w^ere arrested and deported to the military pc^nal colony of Macoa on one of the branches of the Amazon, two months' journey from Bogota, from where prisoners seldom return. President Reyes in explaining his action stated that the riddance of this faction w^is made necessary for the maintenance of peace and prosperity. Others fled the country and are now living abroad. The measure appears to have been successful for Colombia has been enjoying an era of peace unusual in its history.
The Secession Pot Begins To Boil.
That the Hay-Herran treaty would never be ratified by the Colombian Congress appears to have been regard- ed by the people of the Isthmus as a foregone conclusion. :In his clever little book in Spanish on the "Independence • of the Isthmus," Don Jose Augustm Arango, who was a member of the original junta of separation and who had beeji prominently identified with the jnovement since its inception, states, "I was a senator in the Colombian Na- tional Congress of 1903, but I refused to attend as I was completely convinced that the treaty would Jiot go through, and could see no other way than a separation from Colom- bia to save the Isthmus fiom ruin." The Colombian Senate was to have adjourned on Sept. 22, 1903, but a month before that date the opinion was generally shared in that no favorable action would be taken.
In the fore])art of August, 1903, a number of prom- inent citizens of Panama came together and earnestly dis- cussed the chances for success in a movement looking to
234 ■'*'''»< ♦»»'' GHiffe.
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the sowrnnco of iH^liticMl i'ws with C^olfniihia. The ivsult was tlio nann'iig r>f a junta (•onsistin^ (►f Messrs. Jose Aii«;ustin Arango, Fockrico Koyd, Kicanlo Arias, Xicanor A. de Oharrio. ^famiol Espinosa B., and Dr. ^laniH'l Amador Guerrero, tlio latter now President of the Republic. Plans wci-e laic^, and to Dr. Amador was entrusted tlie delicate mission to visit the Tnited States to ascertain hy means of interviews how the moveme) t would he looked upon there. Ill this connecticui Dr. Amador was to have the aldi^ .issiF- tiinco of Capt. Beers, formerly freif^ht agent for the Pana- ma Railroad.
During the last days of August a meeting was held in New York City attended hy Dr. Amador, Amadeo Aro- semena, Tracy Robinson, formerly witb the Panama Rail- road Company at Colon, J. Gabriel Duque of the Pana- ma "St^ir i^- Herald", and G. Lewis, also of Panama. The New York World said of this meeting and its results: —
"They went over the whole situation in detail ami figured out the stroni?tli of the unnod force they conlil raise as coinimred with the CohiniMan army on the Isthinus, and decid«Ml tlnit the revolt shouhl take place 8epteniV>cr 22, on the day the Colombian Congress was to adjourn. It wasaiTanj^ed that Pa- nama and Colon should be seizeil simultaneously, and the new Republic proclaimed throughout the Isthmus. Resistance was only expected at Colon and Panama, and as the jjarrisons at both places w«*re small, it was thought they couhl be easily overthrown. It was imported to the committee that the Unite<l States would view the revolt with favor, and would take an
The Secession Pot Bcyins To Boil. 235
indirect hand In it by at once landing marines to keep the Isthmus open for traffic, and wonld permit no fighting along the line, or at either end of it. The revolutionists appreciated that thif< attitiuie would be of immense advantage to whoever was in control at "Panama and Colon, and it was decided to center all their energies at these points. "
"J. Gabriel Duque was selected to visit Washington and acquaint the administration conti<l<-ntially Avith the plans. He went there at once and on September o had a long talk with Secretary Hay in which he unfolded tlie whole Panama scheme. Mr. Hay had heard of it before and was interested chiefly in the date set for the revolution, and the exact nature of the plans. Mr. Hay did not offlcially countenance the revolution. His remarks were perfectly proper; it was what he did not say, rather than what he did say that encouraged the re vol u tiouists and caused them to change their plans. "
"You are much too hasty", said Mr. Hay when he was t ^Id of the date set tor the revolt. ''Colombia should be giv-^en a chance to re[)ent. If she should show no signs of rei)entance within a reasonable time, you would of course, be free to take any action you saw fit, as you are now, but it seems to me it Avould look much better to wait si.x. weeks or so. Of course you understand that if there is a revolution the United States will keep the Isthmus open and allow no fighting Jiear the railway. If there is to be any fighting it will have to be donu before our marines get there. *'
]\rr. DiiqiK' ri^tiiriK'd to New York, told of tlio ic- Hult of liis visit, whemipon it was decided that the new gov- eriunent shoidd not be set up, or proclaimed until the tth of Xoveniber.
Colombia Gets The News.
AV'ithin a few days after the conference with Mr. Hay, Dr. Hen-an the Colombian Minister cabled his gov- ernment full information concerning the revolutionary move- ment, setting forth that it was seiious, and that the gar-
236 Pitot and GuUie.
risoiis at Paiinma and Colon shouhl ho strengthonod at once. Ho was infoiined that liis advice had hoon followed, and that theix? weix^ 2.000 picked nion at Panama, whereas the gairison nundn'i'cd only ahont ^00. When it was too late Colonihia acted upon Dr. Henan's suggestion, for it was not until Novondier .'{, the day the now republic was ])ro- claiined. that a Cohunhian gunboat and a cliaitored steamer arrived at Colon from Cartagena with iJOO troops on boMnl of one, and 200 on the other.
The letting of the cat out of the bag created some commotion in tiie revolutionary camj). and led them to be extremely cautious in their future movements. Dr. Herran wrote the i*epresentative of the French canal company to the effect that he would hold them responsible for what
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^LAZA UOLIVAH. ^ DAV ID, R. OF P j
(courtesy of a. andrkvk.)
Colombia Gets the N'ews 2.'3'7'
transpired in this case. After this occurrence the cable only was used for the transmission of instructions.
No Coal for Colombian Boats.
"We thought it best,'' writes Don Arango in his Notes "to let Col. J. K Shaler, Superintendent of the Panama Eailroad Company, know of our plane through Capt. Beers, so one day when both were in my office Capt. Beers ex- plained what we intended doing. Among the things that came up was the supplying the Commanding General of the Colombian military forces with 200 tons of coal, which t,he General asked through the Governor at first, then di- rectly of the railroad company. It was explained that this coal was urgently needed for the Colombian gunboats Pa- dilla and Bogota, which were under hurry orders to go to Buenaventura, and bring the troops that were there ready to embark for Panama. As this would have been fatal to our plans. Col. Shaler consulted with me as to the best way of evading delivery of the coal. The only way we could see was to put off the request from day to day by telling the General that the coal was in Colon, although there was a great quantity in Panama, and some of it had already been sold to the different steamship companies."
"Supt. Shaler gave me authority to look after this matter, and I was able to put off the Commanding Gen- eral in spite of the notes which he sent me to supply the two vessels named. I had talked with Gen. Varon, com- manding the Padilla, and ascertained that he was in sympa- thy with our cause, and afterwards Dr. Amador had a clearer understanding with him. We then advised that the Padilla could receive coal, and after a talk with Col. Shaler over the telephone about it, the supply was furnished. We also offered to supply the Bogota, but mentally had no intention of following up the offer. I advised Col. Shaler to take the matter in hand directly in case the Commanding General was not satisfied with my promises.
238 ^fo* «««' Guide.
but ho replied that this Wiis under my tluirgo entirely, as 1 was the one tiiat attended to the supplying of tiio gov- ernment by the company/'
Gen. Huertas Casts in his Lot
On the return of Dr. Amador from Now York, prep- arations were at once set under way for the crucial |)eriod. It was deemed advisable to inform the people of the impending event, and Gen. Domingo Diaz, Dr. Eusebio A. Morales. Don Carlos Clement, and Don Pedro A. Diaz were selected for this mission. (Jen. Diaz was appointed in charge of the day fixed for the l)rcaking of relations. The date set was November 4, but as has been previously stated, the news of the despatch of troops from Cartagena induced the junta to advance it a day.
*' Before we knew that it was necessai;) im prepare at all points," writes Don Arango, " we found occasion to talk with Gen. Huertas, chief of the troops of the garrison. -He expressed himself that whether in the position ho oc- cupied, or out of it, he was a Panamanian at heart, and was with us. We told him that we did not want to seo him separated fiom the command of the Battalion, etc., but knew that the many years ho had been among us had gained for him our consideration and affection. Afterwards we had many confidential convei-sations relative as to what was best to do in executing the secession movement"
"Owing to the foresight of Col. Shaler, the troops comprising the Colombian battalion '-Tiradores" from Car- tagena were left at Colon, and that he could not say the day he eould furnish a special train to bring them over to Panama.'' The officers of the battalion, Gens. Tovar and Amaya, came over on the forenoon of the 3d. to tiike command of the Panama garrison.
"AVe had fixed the hour of rt p. m.'' writes Don Arango, ** as the time to imprison the officei*s, but General Hueitfis thought it better to i)ostpone this step until S p. m.,
Gen, Hucrtas Casts in Bis Lot. 2 39
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at which time a serenade would be given in front of where they were lodged. Dr. Amador sent my son to advise Gen. Domingo Diaz that the hour had been changed, and found him at the head of the people in Santa Ana Plaza. This chief answered through his brother Pedro Diaz that by no means ought we to postpone the arrest, and advising that he would put himself at the head of the populace aiid march to the Ouartel. With great foresight General Huertas who knew that the affability which the officers had shown him since their arrival was but covering a tem- pest that might at any moment' burst over his head, re- solved to end the suspense, and ordered Capt. Marcos A. Salazar to put himself at the head of thirty men and im- prison the generals. This was quickly accomplished in the presence of Gen. Huertas himself."
"I^ater Governor Obaldia was also arrested and con- ducted to the police station. From there, accompanied by
2^0 ^<»< ^'^ Omith.
Commander Valdes, and Col. J. A. Arango, he was escorted to the home of Dr. Amador Guerrero, his friend, niid loft there as a prisoner.'*
Gen. Tovar's Arrival in Panama.
Writing of (ien. Tovar's reception in Panama, the Colon Starlet of December 17, 1903, said: —
**He was received by the garrison with the Colombian stand- ard, the military band, and the populace. As the General drove through the streets, there was not lacking any evidence of the best of intentions on the part of the people. But the separatist plot had reached a very striking point by the very presence of the General. It was to nip in the bud, if possible, the secession, that the General had been hurried to the Isthmus, with the first contingent of troops. It was supposed that the Republic would have been declared on the 28th of November amidst the festivi- ties, so the General thought himself in the enemy's camp, and that any atte^mpt at a revolution could be easily crushed. But before the sun had gone down that evening behind the silent sentinel of Mount Ancon, Colombia's rule on the Isthmus ha<i forever ceased. Tovar who had been welcomed that morning under the Colombian flag amid strains of the national hymn of his country, was in the evening a prisoner under the flag of Panama. No wonder that bitter remorse filled his breast as he reflected on the 500 troops he had left behind him at Colon. But whether he had gone over to Panama or not, or whether he had had his troops with him, Colombia must have had to lose Panama, even though there was a sacrifice of blood. "
The "Bogota" Pays Its Compliments.
At 8 p. ni., about three hours after the imprisonment of the generals, the Paymaster of the Bogota, wlio had assumed temporary command of that boat, by official note advised the Chief of PoHce that unless tlie generals were set at liberty inside of two hours from that time'^he would proceed to shell the city. No attention being paid to tlie
The '^Bogota'''' rays lU Comjyliments. 241
demaiul, at the expiration of the time mentioned, he com- menced firing. The battery on the Bovcdas rephed at once, and the Bogota retired hastily after firing but two shots, one kilh'ng a Chinaman, the only casualty in the entire revolution. The Chinaman was struck while walking along Salsipuedes Street and immediately ceased to take an interest in earthly things. The ball that killed him is DOW in the possesssion of Mr. H. G. Prescott, having been presented to him by the Minister of War of the Provisional Government.
'^Without Hatred and Without Joy.
The manifesto issued by the provisional junta on the eve of separation recites the reasons for the act in the following language:
The transcendental act wliich by a spontaneous movement the inhabitants of the Isthmus of Panama have ju<t executed is the inevitable consequence of a situation which has become graver daily.
Long is the recital of the grievances that the inhabitants of the Isthmus have suffered from their Colombian brothers,but these grievances would have been withstood with resignation for the sake of harmony and national union, had its separation been possible, and if we could have entertained well founded hopes of improvement and of effective progress under the sys- tem to which we were subjected by that Republic. We have to solemnly declare that we have the sincere and profound con- viction that all hopes were futile, and all the sacrifices on our part useless.
The Isthmus of Panama has been governed by the Republic of Colombia with the narrow-mindedness that in transpore was applied to their colonies by the European nations; the Isthmian people and territory was a source of fiscal resources and nothing more.
The contracts . nd negotiations regarding the railroad and the Panama Canal, and the national taxes collected on the Isth-
242 '*»'<»' <""' fittiifr.
miw have uottwl to ColoniUia tnMiicrnlotis sums wliich wc will not dt'tail. not wiHliiiifj: to appisir in this exj^OMition whioh will go liown to iM»st«^rity, hs Win^r luovedhy a inerrtMiary spirit, I which lU'vcr has Im-ch, nor is now our i>uri>o»o. Of the»e large
' 8unui the Isthmus has not ret-eivtHl the lK»nef\t of a bri<lgi» for
(any of it« numerous rivers, nor the eonstruetion of a single road l>etween its tow^ls; or a public building, or a single col- lege, and has neitlier seen any interest displayed in advancing r its industries, nor has the most infinite part of those sums ever
ibeen applieil towanls its prosju'rity. A very recent example of what we have related above is j what has occurred with the negotiations of the Panama Canal
; which, when taken under consideration by Congress was rejected
[ in a summary manner. There were a few jmblic men who ex-
I . pressed their adverse opinion on the gi-ouud that the Isthmus of
I Panama alone was to be favoivd by theo])ening of the cana! by
j \irtue of a treaty with the United States, and that the rest of
j Colombia would not if'ceive any direct benefits of any sort by
; that work, as if that way of reasoning, even though it wei-e eor-
rc-ct, would justify the irreparable and perpetual <lanuige which would be caused to the Isthmus by the rejection of the treaty in the manner in which it was done, which was ecjuivalent to closing the dooi"s to future negotiations.
The people of the Isthmus in view of such notorious causes
have decided to recover their sovereignty, and begin to foi-m a
part of the society of the free and intlepeudeut nations, in order
j to work out its own destiny, to insure its future in a stable man-
I ner and discharge the duti. k which it is called to do by the situa-
' tion of its teiritory and its immense wealth.
! To that, we the initiators of the movement eflfected aspire,
and have obtained an unanimous approval.
We aspire to the formation of a true republic where toler- ance will prevail, where the law should be the invjiriable guide, of those governing, and of those governed; where effective peace >H? establishe<l whi^-h consists in the free and harmonious play of all interests and all uctivities, and where finally, civilization I and progress will find jM^rpetual stability.
j At the commencement of the life of an independent nation,.
w« fully appreciate the responsibilities that State means, but
Without Hatred and Without Joy. 243
Di-. J. C^UEVA CSiAFROIA,- LAWYER, (Graduate.)
COLON. PANAMA. GUAYAQUIL, ECUADOR.
J?^fct»racis to Collections^ tTutciisiial !^ij«.sine;ss, Txa.rxsls.— tiora o£ UDocuimeirTts B^rad. X-essil IJ'oxms.
HPKCIALTV Ol^ 3PATENTS AXD TRADE MABKS.
we have profouud faitli iu the good sense and patriotism of the Isthmian people, and Ave possess sufficient energy to open our way by means of hibor to a happy future without any wory or any (Rangers.
In separating from our brothers of Colombia, we do it without any luitred and without any joy. Just as a sou with- draws from his paternal roof, the Isthmian people in adopting the lot they have chosen, have done so with grief, but in com- pliance with the suprem and inevitable duty they owe to them- selves, and that of their own welfare.
We therefore, begin to form a part among the ree nations of the world, considering Colombia as a sister nation, with which we shall be whenever circumstances may require it, and for whose prosperity we have the most fervent and sincere wishes.
(Signed.)
Jose Augustin Arango,
Federico Boyd,
ToMAs Arias.
The formal declaration of independence was made by the Municipal Council of the city of Panama at 4 o'clock of the afternoon of November 4^ in Cathedral Plaza, and the provisional junta, took upon itself the direction of af- fairs until the establishment of the provisional government.
The Show of Fight at Colon.
The news of the arrest of Gens. Tovar and Amaya did not reach the cars of Col. Toi'res and his force of Col- ombians until the train reached Colon on the forenoon of
24>4- I*ifot and GuMe,
the Ith. Ho immo(li:itoly notified United Statos Consul Oscar Malnux)S tlinm^'h the Colon loral aulhontics that unless the imprisoned oftieei-s wei*o set at lihei-ty by 2 p. in., ho would open lire (»n the town and kill every American in it. This threat was conveyed to Panama hy the follow- ing telegram caught fnnn the wire while going thi-ough: —
'•Troops ii'fust' to ncfont iiroposal and say uiiIckh Tovar idid AiiiHva an' rt'l«*a*HHl by '1 p. in., they will Imrii the town and kill every AiiH'vicnn it it; that Col. want}< him to gut in communicativii with tho Junta and sve what fan la* done, if necettfuir}'. "
At this time the only American warship in the harl>or at Colon was the gunboat Nashville, .lohn liubbard, com- manding, and with 102 men on board. The Nashville was onlered to proceed to Colon on Otober .'lOth and arrived at its destination on Xovendirr 2d. The consnTs first step was to apprise Commander Hnbl)ar(l <»f Cnl. Tnires' threat. and the action the Contmander tf>nk is covcMvd in his official report of the incident, as follows:-
'* U. S. S. Nushvillf. Third Kate. ('«>l(»n, U. S. Colombia, November .'», U>'03.
** Sir: -Pending; a complete report of the oecunvMioes of the last three days at Colon. Colombia, I mowt respeetfully invite the Department's attention to thos*' of the date of Wednesday, Xovember 4, whieh amounted to practieally the making of war ag.iinst the Cuited^tates by the officer in comnuind of the Col- ombian troops in Colon. At 1 o'clock p. m., on that date, I wiu* Hummoned on shore by a preconcerted signal, and on landing met the Unite<l States consul, vice constd, and Col Sli:il.r, i1m. general sujH'rintendent of the Panama liailrojid. "
"The consul inform<Ml me that he had received iiotiir frouj the of!i<MT commanding th«' Colombian troops, Col. Torres, through the prefect of Colon, to the elT.'ct that if th»» C<»]ombian officerH, (ieus, Tovar aud Amaya, who had been seized in Pa- nama on the evening of November 3, by tho independent*, an<l held as prisoners, were not releaned by *1 o'clock p. m., he, Tor-
Pilot and Guide.
2-45
She iPrcsideaf and^rs^ianucl c^mador Guetro.
2^6 i^< <"*<! 0*1^^^'
res, would open Are ou the town of Colon niid kill every Unite<l States citisen in the plHce, and niy a4lvice an<l action wt're re- quested. I adviMMl ihat all tlu* Uhit<*<l States i-iti/.ons nIkmiUI take refujre in the shed of the Panama Kailntnd Company, a stone building; suHceptible of )>eing put in a good state for de- fence, and that I would immediately land 8Ucdi l>ody of men, with extra arms for iirmiiifrthe citizens, as the complement of the ship would permit."
"This was agre«'<l \o, an*l I immediately returned on lK)ard, arriving at 1:15 p. nu The order for landing was immediately given, and at 1:30 p. m., the Imats left the ship with a party of forty-two men umlor the command of Lieutenant-Commander H. M. Witzel. with Midshipman J. P. Jackson as second in command. Time bein^ prossinj^, I gave verbal onlers to Mr. Witzel to take the buildinj^ referred to above, to put it into the best state of defence jwssible, and protect the lives of the citi- stens assembled there, not tiring unless Hrod up<ui. The women and children took refuge on the German steamer Marcomania and the Panama Railroad steamer ('ity of Washington, both ready to haul out from dock if necessary. "
"The Nashville got under waiy and patrolled along the water-front elosein and ready to use either small arm or slirajv nel fire. The Colombians surrounded the building of the rail road company almost immediately after we had taken possession and for about one and a half hours their attitude was most threatening, it being seemingly their purpose to provoke an attack. Happily our men were cool and steady, an<l while 'he tension was very great, no shot was fired.*'
"At about o:15 p. m., Col. Torres came into the building for an interview and expressed himself as most friendly to the Americans, claiming that the whole afTair was a misjipprehen- sion, au<i that he would like lo send the Alcalde of Colon to Pa- nama to see Gen.Tovar and have him direct the discontinuance of the show of force. A special train was funiislnMl and safe conduct guaranteed. At about r»:3(» p. m. Col. Torres made the propot«ition of withdrawing his troops to Monkey Hill if I would withdraw the Nashville's forces and leave the town in possession of the police until the return of the Alcalde on the morning of the 5th. "
Show of Fight at Colon. 2-47
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"After an interview with the United States consnl and Col.- \
Shaler as to the probability of good laith in the matter, I decided I
to accept the proposition and brought ray men on board, the {
disparity in numbers between my force and that of the Colom- I
biins- nearly ten to one, making me desirous of avoiding a con- 1
flict so long as the object in view, the protection of American i
citizens, was not imperiled. " i
" I am positive that the determined attitude of our men, |
their coolness and evident intention of standing their gi'ound, >
had a most salutary and decisive effect on the immediate situa- j
tion, and was the initial step in the ultimate abandoning of Co- ! Ion by these troops and their return to Cartagena the following day. Lieutenant Commander Witzel is entitled to much praise for his admirable work in command on the spot. "
"I feel that I cannot sufficiently represent to the Depart- ment the grossness of this outrage and the insult to our dignity,
even apart from the sa agery of the threat. " i " Very respectfully,
John Hubbard, Commander, United States Navy, Commanding. "
2^3 ^^^ «"<; Guitk.
Col. Torres made a number of efforts to get in tele- graph or telephone communication with tlio imprisoned gon- enils at Panama, hut failed, the only answer that was per- mitted to his messa'^e l>ein«^ that ho would ho expcetetl to comply with his duty. Following is a copy of a ti'le- gram sent by Col. T(»rres asking for instructions. While dated the 5th. the referonco to preparation for hostilities would infer that it was tiled at Colon U'foro the occurrences of tJie 4th:—
Colon, NovoiiilMT .'i, IDon.
Generals Uamon G. Amuya and Juan B. Tnvnr,
I'annm
"I have to adviHo yon that tlio cniisor ('Hrtagena Ifft yes- terday a^inat my orders. I am awaiting your inHtnictions in res|H»et to what ou^ht to ho done. The i-onwnission which has >H»en sent will not jjiveuny knowlinijre in |)arti<Milur. Apiin and for tlie last time I clesin* your orders in onler to ciunply witli them. I have obtained permission to be allowed e()mmnniea- tion with Gen. Tovar by telephone to receive your last inslrue- tions. The enemy's troops and mine are preparing for an at- tack. The American troops are throwing? up defenses ami are deploying. What ought to be done? I nwait your iaimediate answer.
ELI8EO Torres G. "
Embargo Placed on Carrying Troops.
In connection with the attitude of the Panama Rail- road Company in the matter of transporting troops over its line, the following telegram will explain: —
Colon. X(,\.i,>l.<..- J )<in:!.
H. G. Preseott, Asst. Supt.,
Panama.
The following communication from C'ommRnder U. S. S. Xashville for your information and to be governed accordingly:-
Embargo Placed on Carrying Troops. 2*4-Q
^. S/)o/n/nyo de Oka Id to,
Governor of Paiiuma iit the time of tlio secession, Minister of Panama at Washington
lip to a few montlis ago. Acting Prenideut of Panama during absence of
I'resitlent Amador in Europe, and a presidential possibility.
(courtesy of g. andreve.)
U. S. S. Nashville, November 3, C(i)lon, U. S. S. Colombia, November 4.
Sir:— The condition of affairs at Panama being such that any movement of troops to that neighborhood must inevitably produce a conflict and interrupt tliat transit of the Isthmus, which the U. S. Government is pledged to maintain iminter- rupted, I am obliged to prohibit the carrying of troops of either
2SO f^^ «^ <*«**•
paHy, or in either direction by your mil roa«l, and hereby notify you that I do so prohibit it.
Your« rery respectfully,
John Hibbard Commander. V. H. Navy, ConimHiidiuK.
To Col. Shaler, General Supt., P. R. R., Colon.
More U. S. Vessels Arrive.
Colon Starlet: — The United States steamer Dixie arrived on tlie ath at 7 p. ni. A force of brtween three and four hundred men was ininiediatel)' landed. The Dixi^ is a practice and troop ship attached to tho Carib- bean fleet with headquarters at Culebra Island, Porto Rico.
Colon Starlet November 12: -The V. S. S. Atlanta left Kingston, Jamaica at 10 a. m., the oth inst., and arrivj^d at Colon on the morning of the (ith, a record run, and a chance for a crack ship to display her steaming powers. The Atlanta was ordered to Guantatiamo, Cuba, on October 18th. This brings the combined American force at Colon to three vessels and over 1,000 men.
Washington despatch dated Moveml)er 7: — The bat- tleship Maine has been ordered to Colon.
(From Colon Starlet, November 10, 190:J).
Washington, Novemb«»r 6:— To the Ainerienn NhvhI Com- manders on the Isthmus: Forces will be inerease<l if neoesKary to prevent conflict between the Bojjota Governmont and the aeeeHsionist^. Colombia muHt settle the quarrel with its 8ul>- jects peai-efuUy, if at all. It is the only way to stop the yearly insurrections on the Isthmus, and relieve the United States of the Imrdon of policing a territory* that is not its own.
Colombian Troops Re-embark.
The Colombian troops comprising the "Tiradores" battalion, which were left in charge of Col. Torres during
Colombian Troops Ee-emharl-. 2lSI
^WHISKl^S^! ^WmSK-Y! ^WMISK^y!
WATSON'S 3 STAR, GLENLIVET AND No. dO. TO THE FRONT.
These Brands are the Standard for values, fnd at HI Times a Jjy tj the most fastidious TO BE HAD ONLY FROM
IVIAXIIVIII_IAN JCDNAS.
COLON, RKPUBLIC OF" F»ANAMA.
sole: jPlge:isit fox tHe isTKcnxctJs o£ i=jOLnsr.ft3yiA..
the enforced absence of Gens. Tovar and Amaya in Pa- nama, surrendered their arms on the oth, two days after the act of secession, and arrangements were at once made for their return to Cartagena. It was first decided that Gens. Tovar and Amaya should leave the Isthmus on the steamer carrying the troops, but Liter it was considered tliat this might be an unwise move, for when the officers re- joined their men they might try to incite them to some further efforts. They were held prisoners in Panama until the sailing of the next Royal Mail steamer for Cartagena, a matter of ten days or so, and were then taken to Colon under a military escort composed entirely of young men from the capital city, under the leadership of Guillermo Andreve, aide-de-camp to Gen. Domingo Diaz. In con- nection with the departure of the troops, the Colon StarJet of November 7th has the following: —
'^' The sailing of the Colombian battalion " Tiradores " on the night of the 5t]i on the Royal Mail steamer, Orinoco, took away all danger that existed of a conflict on tlie Isthmus. The defenses of the U. S, Marines were at once taken down."
x\s an additional inducement to the Colombian troops to accept with resignation the new state of affairs, a purse of money is reported to have been made up ajid turned over to Col. Torres for himself and men. It was also rumored at the time that this officer was arrested and shot upon his arrival at Cartagena, but the Colon Starlet of November 2lth corrects the report, and refers to the dis- position of the money, as follows: —
S52 Pilot and Guide,
"We nnd(»r8tiin<l that Col. Tonvft wa« not shot ah wim» re- prut mI.hihI that tho moii y fmin Puiiainn, sfS.OOO in goUl.which H-n^ pr(>s<>iit4Ml lo hiiuHcir ati<i tr<»oj>8, h«' •"••i"-) ..v. >•«.. lii< «/.>v- enimoiit on hiH arrivnl at (Vrtajjona."
Apaiii on the 2r>tlu i\\o StaHet sjiys:—
•*Anont the iwinipniph in Tiu'wlay's x^nwv of tho hjnuUnjc over l»y <'ol. Tones to th«' ("oloinhian auth<5riti«'H at Cartat:* na, the inonoy he rtveiveJ H8 a prt'Kont iM»fort» leavinjf <'oIon on November at h. we have sinfo bwH authoritatively infornifd that Gvu. Keyt's on arriving at Coh>n broujfht th«» money %vith him and r« t trned it . "
Junta Defines Status of P. R. R.
Before affairs ronclu'd a critical pass, officials (►f tlio Panama Haili(>a<l Company arrived at an nndci-stamlinf? with the h'adeis of the secessionary movement^ ns (h»scrihcd in the c(»pies of correspondence rej>nKUn'ed her^. It is iiitcrestinj; t^> note that it was th(^ i(h\i of the provisional junta to name the new repn])lic. the Hepuhlic of the Isth- mus. It is evident that tiiis name did not meet with popular nj>proval. ai the new repnhlic came into heing under the name of the Repnhlic of Pananni.
PANAMA KAILKOAD COMPANY.
''XovjMi Imt L\ 1!M»;1. Dear Prescott: —
I send you hen-with niomo, of points that should be cov- ered in any eoniniunicjition addrossod to us. Of eoui'se, there are many otliers, and you had Vjotter see Dr. Pablo Arosemeua as soon an you can do so consistently pud let him advise you fully. The object is to have the New Government send us such communication as will free us from liability in case there is a failure. Don't fail to j^et full advice and be povcrnetl by it. I Heud this by No. ;j to-morrow that you may have it early. V()Ui>t tridy,
J. R. Shalkr, Uen'l. Supt. "
Junta Defines Status of P. B. R.
253
"Of course, you understaiid that we will not accept auy re- quests from the proposed New Government, unless they are backed up by military force. But I advise you of this fully in ease there may be interruption of communication between Pa- nama and Colon.
("Memorandum" cited in above letter.)
pa:n^ama eailroad company.
Monday, November 2, 1903. Dear Mr. Prescott:- —
Have just wired you that Nashville has been sighted. This, I presume settles the question. I have to suggest that New Government should address a communication to the Gen'l Supt, , stating the facts that may have transpired up to the time when
SCENE ON THE FIQUENE, RIVER OF DARIEN. \
(courtesyTof'c, ANDREVE.) I
2S^ Pifot and Guide.
th€»T m«y w«nt to make any request* of iw. They shonld state thf faft« as to th«'ir ussuinption of authority of (loveninu'nt. They should g'lxe asMiniiice that thoy will n»ndor abnoluto pro- tection to the R. K. in its propertii-K ami its ri^hta, the aame hm «f*cur<Ml to R R. Co , by conti-acts 1850 and 1S67, Article ."0. and elsewhere with liogota Gov- ernment. In couMidcrafon of this action on part of Gov- emment>, they will exjwet the R. R. Co. to comply with the provisions of Art. 19, and to furnish promptly all cars necessary for complyin^f with the provisions of said article (lU), to the new (tovernincnt. They must notify the R. R. Co., that the new Government (by whatever its name may be) has the roilitar}- force necessiiiy to enforce their requests, and it will Ik? umhI for this purpose. And th«t such military fon-e will be kept in readinesh for service at all times. Government should notify R. R. Co. that they shall expect R. K. Co. to openite their tniins regularly, and the Government will see to it that such movement of trains shall not V)e interfered with by other parties, or forces.
This is i" a general way. See ray letter even date accom- panying this.
J. R. Shaf.kk.'* The junta ivpliod to this as follows: —
"Panama, November o. VJiVo. To Superintendent of the Railroad Company,
Colon.
We have t<i iiitorui you tliut to-<lay at li p. m., a popular meeting took place in this city, by which the independence of the Department has l>een declared, and which will be called in the future the Republic of the Isthmus.
There has been named a junta of the provisional govern- ment comjwsed of Senores Jo3<^' Augustin Arango, Fcderico Boyd and Tomas Ai-ias, who in their official character commu- nicate to you what has occurred, and likewise to inform you that as the 'Government de facto,' they are disposi'd to eom- ply with all the obligations containe<l in thecontnu-ts made be- tween the Republic of Colombia and the Railroad Company in
Jmt(a Defines Status of P. B, li. 255
PENNSYLVANIA HOTEL.
EMPIRE, CANAL ZONE. A. ROME, Proprietor.
ONLY HOTEL in EiDpife wiiere iravelers can obtain strictly first-glass accommodations.
WITHIN EASY DISTANCE OF CAXAL HEADQUARTEKS. THE (IKEAT CULEBKA CUT, AND OTHEK POINTS OF INTEFvEST.
Convenient to F*anannai Railroad Station.
RnnmB Large. Neat, Cdd! and Wall VantilatEd.
BATHS AND ALL MODERN SANITARY EQUIPMENT.
aOOD BAR AXD UESTAIRAXT IX COXXECTIOX.
ONLY BOWLIXG ALLEYS FOB PUBLIC USE IX THE ZOX
1850 and 1807. In consequence we hope that you on your part will comply with Article 19. and other analogous points in the same contracts.
We have also to inform you that the new Government, in addition to the prestige with which it has been invested by all the citizens, has the military power sufficient for the protection of the property of the Railroad Company at any time that you may iind it necessary to call upon us. We hope that the traffic Vjetween this city and the city of Colon will be maintained with- out any change, as in normal times, and the Government which we represent will in no case permit outside interference that will interrupt the traffic or the regularity of the trains.
We are,
Your obedient servants,
J. A. ARANtiO,
Federico Boyd,
Tom AS Arias* "
Flag of the Republic Hoisted.
"Yesteitlay morning'. Nnvomhor (>(li, at ten o'clock, the ver)' ifitorestiiig coremony of hoisting the Hag of the new Republic was |)orfonno(l at the Prefecture," says the Colon Starht (»f Noveinher 7th.
**All the foi-eigu reprcse n tat ives, heads of the Panama Railroad, several ofticei-s of tlie United States forces, mer- chants, and a largo number of other persons, both Colom- bians and foreigners were present to witness the exercises."
* Before the ting was hoisted SeAor Ocana, Vice- President of the last Colombian Municipal Council, read a resolution which was passed at a meeting of the board on Thursday, signifying the adhesion of Colon to the Republic of Panama. Senor Mclendez then addressed the meeting stating that the object that had brought them all together was of so transcendeiital a nature that no comment was necessary. He then pniccedod to read a printed speech addressed to the Isthmian Colonials and citizens respectively. The address closed with shouts <»f 'Viva el Jsthmo,' *Viva la Republica de Panama.' After this the new Hag was biT>ught out to be hoisted. The honor of performing this .♦^ct was conferred on
MAJOR BLACK, OF THE UNITED STATES ARM V-
As the new Hag was run up for the first time under a clear sky and Hung its folds to the breeze, the police force which had been drawn nj) outside in the .street, saluted it, while shouts of ' \'i\a la Republica' were raised."
Just a Little Too Late.
Panama Star d- llirald: — (icn. Pompilio Gutierrez arrived at Colon on the 5th on the French steamer Canada. He had been nominated Governor of the Department of Panama and came to take, charge of the position, accom- panied by a large staff of officers. He was met by the
Just a Little Too Late. '2.E>'7
THE BEST REMEDY III THE KORLD FOR Ringworm OR Dhoby Itch IS FOUHD III
ISTo. ISO Ceiratral jOL-wenu.e;i IE=aLin.ama.
agents of the revolutionary junta and shown that it was impossible for him to take any action, as the independence of Panama had become an assured fact. When offered the command of the battalion "Tiradores," as its superior officer, he refused and stayed on board the steamer, re- turning with his staff to Colombia. It was rumored here that the revolutionary agents were lighting with a weapon of more potential force than the most modern arms, and that Gen. Gutierrez went away convinced of the useless- ness of making any effort against them.
Star & Herald of November 19th: — Yesterday the French steamer Canada arrived at Colon with the Colom- bian commissioners on board, and with Gon. Reyes at their head. They were en route for the United States. A con- ference was held on board without results. Gen. Reyes, who had been delegated full presidential powers to repre- sent the Government of Colombia, asked Admiral Coghlan, the commander of the American naval forces on the Isth- mus, to cable President Roosevelt that Colombia would not resort to any act of hostility towards the new Republic of Panama. In the evening the commissioners took a ride about Colon in company with the Panama Government delegation that had come over to meet them. They sailed for the States the next day.
How the News was Received at Bogota.
Bogota is one of the most isolated cities in all South America, and it was not until the 8th of the month that the news of the secession reached there. The i?iformation was augmented by the report that the American fleet was
253 ^^^* *"^ Guide,
at Panama and Colon, and that the Colombian forces were not allowed to land theiv. The news was not unexpected to tliose current with the situation, but it created intense excitement among the middle and lower classes who thronged the streets crying, '*Down with the Government, down with Marroquin." Othei-s shouted, "Why didn't the Amer- icans take us in also."
In Bogota at that time there was a floating, irre- sponsible class who preferred revolution and robbery, to work. This element was attracted into the public parks of the city by bands of music and eloquent speaktMs who urged that tliey must save their country and march to Pa- nama. They had more patriotism poured into them on tiiat occasion than they had ever heard in their lives before; flags were presented; a banquet in which liquors figured largely was prepared, and with voluntary and involuntary subscriptions for expenses, about one thousand men started for the coast, equipped with an old stand of worn-out arms. As a Government official afterwards expressed it, "The Govennnent wants them out of here and they will never come back." And they did not This was the much-talked- of expedition to Panama overland by way of the Darien.
During all the excitement at the Colombian capital there were no demostrations or threats made against the American Legation, as reported in the newspapers at the time, nor were the resident Americans molested. When the same papers were publishing reports of Americans being killed and their property destroyed, a cable to]) President Marroquin brought an answer that the American Legation and the American colony had been guaranteed absolute protection.
Railroad Officials Complimented.
Don Arango in his little story of the secession takes occasion to compliment highly the railroad officials. Col. J. R Shaler, and his able assistant, Mr. H. G. Prescott, for
Railroad Officials Complimented. 2S9
their part in the jiffair. He says: "F'rom the day he knew of the movement, Col. Shaler showed in every act his sym- pathy for us, and that he was trying to protect us by avoid- ing combats on the line with the troops that had come from Colombia, which we had determined to attack if they had reached Panama. The part he took in the reembarkation of Col. Torres and his men also merits our gratitude. Of no less value were the services of that notable North American, Mr. H. Gr. Prescott, second superintendent of the railroad, who had for many years previous made his home here and married in this country. Mr. Prescott in accord with his chief went to Colon where he remained until the arrival of the Colombian forces. He was in con- stant communication with us, transmitted our instructions and kept us informed of what was transpiring there. By this and other valuable services the Panamanians owe Mr. Prescott a great debt of gratitude."
Col. Shaler and Mr. Prescott remained with the rail- road company for over a year after its purchase by the United States Government in the same capacities, Mr. Prescott serving as Acting Superintendent for several months after Col. Shaler's resignation and departure. Col. Shaler is now consul for the Republic of Panama at his home city, Chattanooga, Tenn., while Mr. Prescott continues to reside in Panama occupied with commercial pursuits.
All Over But the Shouting.
"Worthy recognition has been taken", says the Colon Starlet of December 3, 1903, "of the six gentlemen to whom the credit of creating the new Republic of Panama belongs. At an extraordinary meeting of the board of the Isthmus Progressive Club on the 2 2d ult., it was unani- mously voted to tender tribute to these gentlemen, namely, Dr. Manuel Amador Guerrero, Don Federico Boyd, Don Manuel Espinosa B., Don Ricardo Arias, Mr. Tracy Rob-
260 Itlot and Ouide.
nn
ME IQ-TMrS/llAN NEW© DEF^OT "^io. 9 ^tonr ^rtcct, v^otoM, cK. of ±
OOMPUETE AND ATTRACTIVE LINE OF
STATIONERY, POSTAL CARDS and VIEWS, ISTHMIAN CURIOS, Ac.
Mtt M Ml WKs 0 specioity. Bicycles lor Sole or Rem.
MAGAZINES. PERIODICALS
inson, and Mr. .1. Gabriel Duque, the two last being cit- izens of tlie United States."
God. Huertas too, was the recipient of many atten- tions. Had he not been won over to the cause bringing with him his men, these i)agcs would probably have had a different story to tell, at least the end could not have l)een attained without the shedding of blood. Gen Huertas was feted one night shortly after the proclamation of indepen- dence. While the banquet was in progress, of a sudden there occurred the simultaneous popping of many corks, and the next instant the doughty general wjis deluged with the contents of a dozen bottles of champagne, which poured from his person in streams. The General appeared to relish his novel bath. The military record of Gen. Huer- tas, and the subsequent events in which he figured will be found in another part of this book.
Recognized.
The first country to recognize the independence of Panama was the United States, the acknowledgment being made on November 6. In its message to the Constitution- al Convention of January 15, 1904, the provisional junta announced that the Republic had up to that time been accorded recognition by the following governments: — United
Becognized. 2 61
States, France, Austria-Hungary, China, Germany, Russia, Denmark, Belgium, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Norway and Sweden Switzerland, Peru, Cuba, Costa Rica and Ni- caragua in the order named. In February, 1904, Guate- mala, Persia, Holland and Venezuela followed suit; in March, Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Honduras, Argentina and Salvador; in May, the Holy See and Spain; in June, Ser- via; in July, Paraguay and Roumania. Portugal, Greece and Uruguay have never tendered their formal recognition, but a tacit understanding exists.
iVs regards Ecuador, former President Lisardo Gar- cia sent an autograph letter to President Amador setting forth that it was the wish of his government and people to maintain the friendliest relations with Panama. These re- lations have been cultivated under th^ government of Gen. Eloy Alfaro, the present ruler. The tardiness in j making formal recognition is said to be due to a desire on the part of Ecuador not to disturb the amicable relations be- tween it and Colombia.
THE CiAL i AMERICAN HAIS.
During the Spanish- American war the importance of an isthmian canal was realized on more than one occasion. Had a waterway connecting the two great oceans been in operation at that period, the long and record-breaking^'run of the battleship Oregon around the Horn would ^ have been reduced to a trip of a few days only. It is hardly ^a matter for wonderment then that the canal question came up in the first Congress assembled after the return ^_of peace.
In December, 1898, the United States Senate acted favorably on a bill pledging government support to the
262 ^♦'o' «*wl Guide,
Nicaragua route, but it came to grief in the lower house. During the argument on the measure in committee, the representatives of the New Panama Canal Company were allowed a hearing on their proposition to reorganize the concern under the laws of tlie United States, in view of receiving national aid.
The agitation of the question had some result for in March, 1899, President McKinley was authorized by Con- gress to investigate various canal routes with the object of determining the practicability of each, and tlie possibility of obtiining sole control over them. Pursuant to these instructions the President organized the first Isthmian Canal Commission consisting of Rear-Admiral John G. Walker, (retired, now deceased), Samuel Pasco, George S. Morison, liieut-Col. Oswald H. Ernst and Col. P. C. Haiiis, U. S. Corps of Engineers; Lewis M. Haupt, Alfred Noble and WilJiam H. Burr, civil engineers, and Froi. Emory li Johnson.
To this commission was delegated the work of ex- amining the plans of the French canal company and to ascertain the best terras for which its property could be secured. The commissioners took up the subject in detail, and had several conferences with the canal company's offi- cials. In a report submitted to the President in November, 1901, the commissioners announced that the canal com- pany demanded the sum of $109,141,500 for its holdings. During the progress of negotiations the commissioners had fixed upon the price of $40,000,000 as a reasonable valu- ation of the property, but the French directors held that this amount was much too low, pointing out that the assets at the time of the failure of the old company ag- gregated over ninety millions of dollars, and that the de- preciation of the property since then would be in a measure offset by additional plant equipment purchased by the new- company.
The commission's report ended with the recommenda- tion of the Nicaragua route, as against the Panama enterprise,
The Canal in American Hands. 263\
the former being more "feasible/' all things considered. The publication of the report, which practically shelved their hopes, electrified the French stockholders into imme-. diate action, and before the year 1901 had. reached the close, word was received from Paris that an offer of; $40,000,000 for the company's plant would be entertained. Upon receipt of this information, the commission appended a rider to its previous report, setting forth that in view of the ." changed conditions that now exist," the Panama route would be the most practicable and feasible for an isthmian canal under the control, management and ownership of the. United States.
Congress Moves in the Matter.
While th(! negotiations between the canal commission and the French stockholders were under way, the Hepburn bill favoring the Nicaragua route was passed by the House of Representatives. In the Senate the bill met with" de- termined opposition, and was w^armly debated. It was shown that the preponderance of opinion, not only from an engineering standpoint, but from those engaged in ocean commerce, favored the Panama route. At this juncture what is known as the Spooner bill (fathered by Hon. John; C. Spooner, the little statesman from Wisconsin), came to the rescue, and was finally passed by both houses. This measure, under which operations are now going forward, provides "for the construction of a canal coiinocting the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans," and contains; among its authorizations the following: —
1. To acquire the property, rights and privileges of the New Panama Canal Company, including the Panama Eailroad, at a cost not to exceed $40,000,000.
* 2. To acquire from Colombia perpetual control of a strip of land not less than six miles wide exten.ding from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean, and the right to govern it.
26^ ^ot and Guide,
3. To proceed with the excavation of a ship canal upon payment to the French company of tlie amount agreed u))on.
4. In case negotiations with the French conipany,or the Kepuhlic of Colombia should prove unsuccessful, to ac- quire control over the necessjiry territory in Nicaragua or Costa RicA for the construction of a canal.
5. Appropriating §10,000,000 for preliminary ex- penses, and providing for appropriations from time to time of amount.s which shall not exceed in the aggregate the additional sum of $135,000,000, in case of the adoption of the Panama route.
(i. Guaranteeing the republic whose territory is crossed, the use of canals and harbors coming within the six-mile jurisdiction aforesaid.
7. Creating an isthmian canal commission of seven members, four of whom shall be persons learned and skilled in tlie science of engineering, one of the four to be an officer of the United States Army, and one to be an of- ficer of the United States Navy.
8. Providing for the issuance of bonds for canal expenditures.
This bill was approved by the President on June 28, 1902.
The Treaty With Panama.
The history of the secession movement and the fail- ure of the United States in negotiating a canal treaty with the Republic of Colombia is fully covered in another article. No time was lost in carrying through a treaty with the new Republic of Panama, as the following record shows: —
Separation of Panama from Colombia, Noveml>er 3, 1903.
New republic recognized by the United States, November 6, 1903.
Canal treaty signed at Washington, November 18, 1903.
Ratified by Panama, December 2, 1903.
Ratification advised by the U. S. Senate, February 23, 1904.
The Treaty icith Panama. 265
Corner 9th Street and Bottle Alley, Colon, R. P. . — ..►^♦^<. — _
AGEXTS FOR s
P. A. Bi^ujaiiiiu Mfjr. CVs Mfdieinal and Toilet Preparations.
Anguste Pflleriirs "Omnibus", "Lcdensk"", and Colonial Brands of Oleomargariue,
Tlie Anglo-Saxon Coiidenst'd ^lilk Co's Shepherd Brand of Coudeuscd Milk.
Pope Manufacturing CVs KAMBLKE BICYCLES.
The Standard Brand Bed Cross Tea.
Sir Edward Lee's Whisky.
Hand Brand Kola Wine.
Job Bros. &, Co.. St. John's X. F., Fish Packers.
CABLE ADDRESSr Address all Correspondence and Inquiries
"SAMLOY, COLON." S. CHENALLOY & Co.
A. B. C. 4:th Editicn & Liel^er's Cedes. P. O. Box: 194, Colon.
Ratiiied, by the President of the United States, February 25, 1904. Ratifications exchanged at Wf shington^ February 26, 1904. Proclaimed, February 2G, 1904.
The full text of the treaty follows: —
The United States of America and the Republic of Pa- nama being desirous to insure the constniction of a ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama to connect the Atlantic and Pa- cific Oceyns, and the Congress of the United States of America haAaug passed an act approved June 28, 1902, in furtherance of that object, by which the President of the United States is authorized to acquire within a reasonable time the control of the necessary territory of the Republic of Colombia, and the sovereignty of such territory being actually vested in the Re- public of Panama, the higli contracting parties have resolved for that purpose to conclude a convention, and have accordingly appointed as their plenipotentiaries: The President of the United States of America, John Hay, Secretaiy of State, and the Goveniment of the Republic of Panama, Philippe Bunau-
266 Pilot ami Guide.
VHrillu, KiivoyKxtraonlinary inul Mijiister Ph'nipotfiitiury of the Kopiiblie of Panama, tlu'ivuiito 8(M>cially nupoweix'd by mid goveriiiuent. who aftor comiuunicatiiig with eat-h other their rfsi>ectivefull j>owors, foniul to l)o iu good and duo form, havf ajjreed njwn and «M)mdudod the following nrtich's: — IXDKri'NDEN'CE OF PANAMA. \HT 1 '^'"* United States Kuarant<»e8 and will maintain the ind<'-
l»endcnce of the Republic of Panumn.
CANAL ZONE.
The Hj'pnldir of Panama grants to the Tnited Statew in Art. L*. porp«*tnily the ns«*.«>ec)ii»."\tion and control of h zone of land,
and hind under water for th«» eonstnuMinn, iiiaintcnunce, oj>erHtion. sanitation and prote<-tion of said Canal of tlu* width of ten miles ext«'n«ling to tl e distaneo <»f live mile.son eaidi side of tlu* renter line of the route of the Canal to Vie const met ed; the said zone beginning iu the Caribbean Sea three marine miles from mean low water mark and extending to and aeross the l.stlnnus of Panama into the Paeific Ocean to a distance of three marine miles from mean low water mark with the proviso that the cities of I*anama and Colon and the iiarbors adjacent t<» said cities, whieh are included within the boundaries of tin* zone above de8eri>>ed, shall not be included within this gi-aiit. The Hepublie of Panama further grants to the United States in perpetuity the use, oc- cupation and control of any other hnids and waters outsiih* of the zone al>ove described which may be necessary and convenient for the con- struction, maintenance, op<ration, sanitation, and protection of the said Canal, or of any auxiliary canals, or other works necessarj- and convenient for the construction, nuiintenanee, operation, sanitation an«l protection of the said enterprise.
The Republic of Panama fuither grants iu like manner to the United States in perpetuity all islands within the limits of the zone a>>ove deseribed,and in athlition theret(» the group of small islands in the Bay of Panama, named Perico, Naos, Culebra and FlamtMico.
AUTHORITY IN CANAL ZONE. The Republic of Panama grants to the United States all the Akt. .*». rights, power and authority within the Zone nuntioned and described in Article 2 oftlnsagreetnent and within the limits of all auxiliary lauds and wafers njentioned un<l described in sai«l Arti- cle 2 which the United States would possess and exercise if it were the sovereign of the territory witlnn which said lands and waters are located, to the entire exchision of the exercise by the Republic of Panama of any such sovereign rights, power or autiiority.
SUHSIDIAllY RRiHTS.
As rights subsidiary to the above gi*ants the Repuldic of
Art. 4. Panama grants in jierpetnity to the Unit<.*d States the right
to use the i-i vers, streams, lakes and other bodies of water
within its limits for navigation, the supply of water or water-i>ower or
Pilot and Guide.
2.e>v
CABIBBUAir if
Jttkmiaa ^mtiittai fiXX. M»^i Jgency i Jlttvirtisingjitiresu. ^ J3ie.ikeu.iii.
2S8 ^^^ «»'^ Guide,
other puri>o8es, so far as tho iiso of fm\(\ rivens, strt'ains, lakes and IkhHcs of wttttT and tin* waters thereof may Ik* ueeehsary and fonvenieiit for the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation and pi*otectioii of the said (^anal.
MONOPOLY von CONSTIU'CTION, ETC Tl»e Kopul»lic of Panama ja^'J^wts to the United States in per- AuT, 5. petnity a monopoly for the construction, maintenance and operation of any system of communication by njeans of canal or niilroad across its territory between the Caribbean Sea and the Paci- fic Ocean.
T»KIVATE PROPERTY.
The grants herein contained shall in no manner invjiiuliitc Art. (i. the titles or rijj:hts of private land hohlers or owners of pri- vate ]>roperty in the sai<l Zone, or in, or to any of the lands or waters p-anted to the rnite<l States bj' the provisions of any Article of this treaty, nor shall they interfere with the rights of way over the public roads passing through the said zone or overany of the said lands or waters unless said rights of way or jirivate rights shall contlict with rights herein gi'anted to the United States in which case the rights of the United States shall be superior. All damages caused to the owners of private lau<ls or private property of any kind by reason of the grants contained in this treaty or by reason of the operations of the United States, its agents or employes, or by reason of the construction, main- tenance, operation, sanitation and protection of the said Canal or of the works of sanitation and protection herein provided for, shall be ap- praised and settled by a joint Commission appointed by the Govern- ments of the United States and the Republic of Panama, whose • decisions as to such damages shall V)e final and whose awards as to such damages shall l>e paid solely by the United States. No part of the work on said (.*anal or the Pananui Railroad or on any auxiliary works relating thereto and authorized by the terms of this treaty shall be prevented, delayed or impeded by or pending such proceedings to ascertain such damages. The appraisal of said jn-ivate lands and pri- vate property and the assessment of damages to them shall be based upon their value before the date of this convention.
PANAMA: COLON: HARBORS.
The Republic of Pananui gi-ants to the United States within Art. 7. the limits of the cities of Panama and Colon and their ad- jacent harbt>rs and within the territory adjacent thei-eto the right to acquire by purchase or by the exercise of the right of eminent domain, any lauds, buildings, water rights or other jiroperties necessary and convenient for the construction, maintenance, oi)eration and pro- tection of the (.'anal and of any works of sanitaticm, such ms the collec- tion and disposition of sewage and the distrilmtion of water m the said cities of Panama and Colon, which, in the discretion of the Ujiited States may be necessary and convenient for the construction, mainte- nance, operation, sanitation and protection of the said Canal and rail-
The Treaty with Panama. 269
g Mme. E. FRENAUX. §
S FASHIONABLE E|
P apMSijaoH 3vcxXjXjx:i>a^£3£i.. ^^
G Fine display of the latest and most select models direct from Paris, o^
}<=> Zone and ^Panama Ladies Cordially Irihiied to Call and Inspect My Stock.. <=< >o No. 52 EIGHTH STREET, PANAMA. c^
road. All such works of sanitation, eollec-tion and disposition of sewage and distribution of water in the cities of Panama and Colon shall be made at the expense of the United States, and the Government of the United States, its agents, or nominees shall be authorized to impose and eollect water rates and sewerage rates which shall be sufficient .to provide for the payment of interest and the amortization of the princi- pal of the cost of said works within a period of fifty years, and upon the expiration of said term of fifty years, the system of sewers and water works shall revert to and become the properties of the cities of Panama and Colon, except to the extent that water rates may b* neces- sary for the operation and maintenance of said system of sewers and water.
The Republic of Panama agrees that the cities of Panama and Colon shall comply in perpetuity with the sanitary ordinances whether of a preventive or curative character prescribed by the United States and in case the Government of Panama is unable or fails in its duty to enforce this compliance by the cities of Panama and Colon with the sanitary ordinances of the United States, the Republic of Panama grants to the United States the right and.authority to enforce the same.
The same right and authority are granted to the United States for the maintenance of public order in the cities of Panama and Colon and the territories and harbors adjacent thereto in case the Re- public of Panama should not be, in the judgment of the United States, able to maintain such order.
PANAMA CANAL COMPANY AND RAILROAD.
The Republic of Panama grants to the United States all Art. 8. rights which it now has, or hereafter may acquire to the
proi3erty of the New Panama Canal Company and the Pa- nama Railroad Company as a result of the transfer of sovereignty from the Republic of Colombia to the Republic of Panama over the Isthmus of Panama, and authorizes the New Panama Canal Company to sell and transfer to the United States its rights, privileges, properties and eon- cessions as well as the Panama Railroad and all the shares, or part of the shares of that company; but the public lands situated outside of the
2 70 ^ot and Guide,
zone de»iTil>ed in Article 2 of tluH trealy now included in tl»e conces- sious to both said cnt«»ri>'*''***s» «*"'i "'>t rtMiuircd in tlu* construction or operation of the Canal nU ill revert In the Kcpublic of Panama, except any properly now owne«l l»y or ill the piissession (»f saiil companies witliin I'Muama or Cohm, or the ports or terminals thereof.
K)RTS /\T ENTKANCK OF CANAL.
The United States agrees that the ports at either entrance Akt. 0. of the Canal and the waters thereof, and the Republic of
Panama agrees that the towns of Panama and Colon shall be free for all time so there shall not l»c imposed or collected «'Ustom house tolls, tonnage, anchorage, lighthouse, whnrf, pilot, or quarantine dues or any other charges or taxes of any kiinl upon any vessel using or passing through the Canal or belonirin;: to or employcil by the United 8t«te8, directly or indirectly, in connection with the construction, main- tenance, operation, sanitatniii and protection of the main Canal, or auxiliary works, or upon the <'Hrgo, oflicers. crew, or passengers of any such vessels, except such tolls and charges as may be imposed by the United States for the use of the Canal an 1 other works, and except tolls ami charges imposed by the Republic of Panama upon merchandise destined to b^' introJue€»d for the consumpfion of the rest of t!ie Repub- lic of Panama, and upon vessels touchini; at the ports of Colon and Panama and which do not cross the Can.il.
The Government of the Republic' of Panama shall have the right to establish in such ports and in the towns of Panama nd (Jolon such houses and guar<ls as it may <leem necessary to collect duties on importations destined to other portions of Panama and to prevent contraband tride. The United States shall have the right to make use of the towns of Panama and Colon as places of anchorage, • nd for mak- ing repaire, for loading, unloading, de{)ositing, or transshipping car- goes either in transit or destined for the service of the Canal and for other works pi^rtaining to the Canal.
TAXES, ETC.
The Republic of Panama agrees that there shall not be iin- Akt. lU. posed any taxes, nation 1, mnnici}>al, vlei)artmental, or any
other class, upon the Canal, the railways or auxiliary works, tugs and other vessels employed in theserviceof the ('anal, storehouses, workshops, oftices, quarters for laborers, factories of all kinds, ware- houses, wharves, machiuerj' and other works, property, and eflfects ap- pertaining to the Canal, or railroad and auxiliary works, or their offi- cers or employes, situated within the cities of Panama and Colon, and that there shall not be imposed contributions or charges of a personal character of any kind upon officers, employes, laborers, and other indi- viduals in the service of the Canal and railroail and auxiliary works.
OFFICIAL DISPATCHES.
The United States agrees that the official dispat,ches of the
Art. 11. Government of the Republic of Panama shall be transmitted
over any telegraph and telephone lines established for canal
purposes and Uiiel lor public and private busijiess at rates not higher
Filot and Guide
271
.: '^;^
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^" :
rx
b^.
2*72 ^''«'< ond Guide.
than those required from officials in the Hervioe of the United States. ACCKS8 or EMPLOYES.
The (Jovornnn^Jit of flu- Kepublic of ranunia sluill- i»i'rmit Art. 1-. the immigration and free aofess to the lands and workshops
of the Canal and its auxiliary works of all employes and workmen of wliatever nationality iindi-r contmi-t to work upon ur seek- ing employment upon, or in any wise eonnerted with the saiil ('an»l and its auxiliary works, with their respective families, and all such persons shall he free and exempt from the military serviec of the HepuMie of Panama.
IMI'DRTATIOX INTO ZONE.
The United States may iuip<»rt at any time into the said Akt. 13. Zone and auxiliary lands, free of custom <luties, imposts,
taxes, or other charges, and without any restri<'tions, any and all vessels, dredges, envjines. ears, maeliinery. tools, explosives, materials, supplies, and other artieles necessary and eonvenient in the eoustruction, maintenance, operation, sanitation, and protection of the Canal and auxiliary works, juid :i1I provisions, ine«licines, clothing, sup- plies and other things necessary and convenient for the officers, employ- es, workmen and laborers in the service and ern}>loy of the I'nited States and for their families. If any su<'h articles :ire disposed of for use outside of the Zone and auxiliary lands granterlto the United States and within the territory of the Hepublie, tiiey shall be sultject to the same import or other duties as like articles imported under the laws of the Republic of Panama.
COMPENSATION. As the price or compensation for the rights, i»owei-s and i)ri- Akt. 14. vileges granted in this convention by tlie Republic of Pana- ma to the United States, the Government of the United States agrees to pay to the Rei)ublic of Panama the sum of ten million dollars (-^10,000, 000) in gold coin of the United States on the exchange of the ratification of this convention, an<l also an annual payment dur- ing the life of this convention of two hundred and lifty thousand dollars ($L'50,000) in like gold coin, beginning nine years after the date afoi-e- said.
The provisions of this Article shall be in adilition to all other benefits assured to the Republic of Panama under this convention.
But no delay or difference of opinion umler this Artcle or any other provisions of this treaty shall affect or interrupt tlie full opera- tion and effect of this couviution in all other respects.
JOINT COMMISSION.
The joint commission referred to in Article VI shall be es- Art. 1'). tablished as follows:
The President of the United States shall nominate Iwo per- sons, and the President of the Republic of Panama shall nominate two persons, and they shall proceed to a decision; but in case of disagree- ment of the Commission (by reason of their l>eing equally divided in
The Treaty with Panama. 2^3
Colon Construction Company.
WALTER HENRIKSON, Manager.
<f^<tx
Efitimatea Given on All Classes of Worl\
All Kinds of Building Contracts TaJcen. CH31^E3SrT 'WOJBLK: a. SFBOI-A-IjTY.
fBuiLDING y^ATERIALS AND CemENT FOR SaLE.
AGl^NTS FOR PAINTS AND GLASS.
■\x7"<z: \x7"ou.lci be; CSlsid. to ^''istj.ire; on "!£"otxr- 'XxT'oxlc IBizfoxs. "Yotx Olose; a. lDea.1 Elss^-'JiT-tiizxis-
ADDRESS ALL INQUIRIES TO
COLON CONSTRUCTION COLIPANY,
CRISTOBAL, CANAL ZONK.
conclusion), an umpire shall be appointed by the two Governments who shall render the decision. In the event of the death, absence, or inca- pacity of a Commissioner or Umpire, or of his omitting, declining or ceasing to act, his place shall be filled by tlie appointment of another person in the manner above indicated. All decisions by a majority of the Commission or by the umpire shall be final.
EXTRADITION,
The two Governments shall make adequate provision by Art. 16. future agreement for the pursuit, capture, imprisonment,
detention, and delivery within the said zone and auxiliary lands to the anthorities of the Republic of Panama ofjiersons charged with the commitment of crimes, felonies or misdemeanors without said zone, and for the pursuit, capture, imprisonment, detention and delivery without said zone to the authorities of the United States of persons charged with the commitment of crimes, felonies or misdemeanors within said zone and auxiliary lands.
PORTS OF PANAMA.
The Republic of Panama grants to the United States the us^*
Art. 17. of all the ports of the Republic open to commerce, as places
of refuge for any vessels employed in the Canal enterprise,
and for all vessels passing or bound to pass through the Canal, which
may be in distress and be driven to seek refuge in said ports. Such
27*4 Paot and Guide,
vessels shall W fxeiupt from jinchoragu and tonnage due« on the imrt of th«' UepuVklic of PnnaiUR.
XEUTKALITY RULES.
Tlio Canal when fonstruetod, and the entranot's thereto Art IK. shall bo nentral in ]>erpetnity, and shall be opened npon
the terms provided for by Section I of Article .*l of, and in confonnity with, all the stipnlations of the treaty entered into by the Governments of the United States and Great Britain on Noveml>er 19, 1901.
FREE TRANSPORT.
The Government of the Re])ublie of Panama shall have the Akt. 19. right to ti-ansport over the (iinal, its vessels, ami its troops
and munitions of war in surh vessels at all times without paying charges of any kin<l. The exemption is to be extended to the auxiliary railway for the transportation of persons in the service of the Republic of Panama, or of the police force charged with the preservation of public onler outsi le of sai<l /.on'», as well as to their baggage, muni- tions of war and supplies,
CANCELLATION OF EXISTING TREATIKS.
If by virtue of any existing treaty in relation to the territory Art. 20. of the Isthmus of Panama, whereof the obligations shall
descend or be assumed by the Rejjublic of Panama, there may he any ju-ivilege or conces»ion in favor of the Government or the citizens and subjects of a third power relative to an interoceanic means of communication, which in aiy of its terms mijy b? incompatible with the terms of the present convention, the Republic of Panama agrees to cancel or modify such treaty in due form, for which purpose it shall give to the said third power the requisite notification within the terra of four months from the date of the present convention, and in case the existing treaty contains no clause permitting its modifications or an- nulment, the Reimblic of Panama agrees to procure its modification or annulment in such tormthat there shall not exist any conflict with the stipnlations of the present convention.
ANTERIOR DEBTS, CONCESSIONS, ETC.
The rights and privileges gi*anted by the Republic of Pana- Art. 21. ma to the United States in the preceding Articles are un- derstood to be free of all anterior debts, liens, trusts, or liabilities, or concessions or privileges to other Governments, corpora- tions, syndicates, or individuals, and consequently, if there should arise any claims on account of the present concessions a.nd privileges or otherwise, the claimants shall resort to the Government of the Republic of Panama and not to the United States for any indemnity or compro- mise which may bei-equired.
RENUNCIATION OF RIGHTS.
The Republic of Panama renounces and j^mnts to the United Art. 22. States, the participation to wliich it mi<i:ht be entitled in the
future earnings of the Canal under Article 15 of the conces- sionary contract with Lucien N. B. Wyse, now owned by the New Pa nama Canal Company, and any and all other rigiits or claims of a pecu- niary nature arising under or relating to said concession, or arising under or relating to the concessions to the Panama Railroad Compaiu" or any extension or modification thereof; and it likewise renounces, con- firms and grants to the United States, now and liei-eafter, all the rights and property reserved in the said concessions, wliich otherwise would belong to Panama at or before the expiration of the terms of ninety-nine years of the concessions granted to, or held by the above-mentioned party and companies, and all right, title, and interest which it now has or hereafter may have, in and to tlie lands, canal, works, property and rights lield by the said companies under said C(nicessious, or otherwise, and acquired or to be acquired by the United States from or through the New Panama Canal Company, including Jiny property and rights which might, or may in the future, either l)y lap e of tinu^, forfeiture or otherwise, revert to the Republic of Pannma under any contracts or concessions, with said Wyse, The Universal Panama Canal Companj', the PauaiTia Railroad Company, and the New Panama Canal (Jompany.
Tlie aforesaid rights and property shall be and a re free and released from any present or reversionary interest in, or claims of Pa- nama, and the title of the United States thereto upon consummation o' the contemplated purchase by the United States from the New Pa- nima Canal Company, shall be absolute, so far as co::icerns the Repub- lic of Panama, excepting always the rights of the Republic specifically secured under this treaty.
PROTECTION OF CANAL. If it should become necessary at any time to employ armed Art. 2o. forces for the safety or protection of the Canal, or of the ships that make use of the same, or the railways and aux- iliary works, the Unite! States shall have the right, at all times and in its discretion, to use its police and its land and naval forces or to es- tablish fortifications for these purposes.
CHANGE IN GOVERNMENT, LAWS, ETC.
No change either in the Goverimient or in the laws and Art. 24. treaties of the Republic of Panama shall, without the con-
se2it of the United States, affect any right of the United States under the present convention, or under any treaty stipulation between the two countries that now exists or may hereafter exist toticli- ing the subject matter of this convention.
If the Republic of Panama shall hereafter enter as a constit- uent into any other government, or into any union or confederation of states so as to merge her sovereignty or indep(jndence in such Govern- ment, union or confederation, the rights of the United States under this eonveniion shall not be in any respect lessened or impaired.
276 Piht and Onide.
TT ' -*^3— ' F=» A M A MA HAT© --§"
|ivHO»JiS&Co
^ Xo. 9 Front St., near I\ R. R. Depot, f olon, R. W
rtTt THE LARGEST DEALERS IN
m\ F=>ANAI\/IA HATS
3 "Vv^Holesale cSc I^etail.
Cill tlasscs aiul Sizes for Jlcn, Vcn^cii and Children. WE IMPORT DIRECT FROM MANUFACTURERS.
•<§— F»ANAIVIA HAT
COALING STATIONS.
For tho better iiorfonnanoo of tlie enjjajreinents of this coii-
AUT. 25. ventioii, ami to the end of the eftieieiit protection of the
Canal and the preservation of its neutrality, the (iovernment
of the Republic of Panama will sell or lease to the United States lands
adequate and necessary for naval or coalinj; stations on the Pacific
coast and on the western Caribbean coast of the Republic at certain
points io be airrc«'d upon with the President of the United States.
RATIFICATION.
This convention when signed by the Plenipotentiaries of the Art, *J(). Contracting Parties shall be ratified by the respective (lov-
emments and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Wash- ington at the earliest date possible.
In faith whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the present convention in duplicate and have hereunto affixed their respective seals.
Done at the City of Washington the ISth day of Novem- ber in the vear of our Lord nineteen hundred and three.
John Hay, (Seal).
P. BrxAT Vakilla, (Seal).
NCDT BV A DAIS/I ©ITE
Young liOck Engineer (to his new J^ride.) — Annabel dear, I have just heon assigned quarters up hy the new dam.
New Bride (k)oking a httle disgusted) — Why, .James, we surely won't have to go up there; not by a dam site.
The Deal Goes Throiif/h. ^W
The Deal Goes Through.
The sale of the canal properties were authorized by tlie shareholders of the New Panama Canal Company on April 28; 1904, the instrument of conveyance being as fol- lows:
Now, therefore we, the New Panama Canal Company, repre- sented by Messrs Marius Bo and Albert Risehmaun, in con- sideration of the payment of forty million dollars in gold coin of the United States of America to said company on its order or demand, contemporaHeously with the delivery of this pres- ent conveyance to tlie two representatives of the United States of America first above mentioned, and the delivery to them of its property in Paris, and the certificate of said Panama Railroad shares (tlie property of the company not being un- derstood to include the treasury assets of the company, includ- ing deposits of money, outstanding credits and investments in , bonds), and the delivery upon the Isthmus of Panama, to an agent of the United States of America, designated by them, or by the Attorney-General of the United States of America, of the remainder of its rights and properties, do hereby acknow- ledge and confirm the said sale, and do gi'ant, sell and assign, transfer and set over to the United States of America abso- lutely, in full ownership, the totality, without exception, of the company's property and rights on the Isthmus of Panama, and its maps and archives at Paris.
Those acquainted with the negotiations for the canal property have always credited Admiral AValker with n peculiarly successful combination of statesmanship and business ability, in this matter by first reporting to Congress in favor of the Nicaragua route, which report so unnerved the French company that a reduction of seventy millions was at once made from their previous figure.
Of the forty millions paid to the French company, the canal represented §27,474,000; Panama Eailroad, S6,886,000; mops and records S2,O0O,OOO. The sale in- cluded about 30,000 acres of land that went with the
Tlw Deal Gee-) Throutjli, S^Q
LODGINGS
THE BEST ROOMS in COLON.
FURNISHED AND UNFliRNlSnED APARTMENTS.
Electric Ijigrlits and. I^in.e Batlis.
Only One Block from P. R. R. Depot.
jPtppiy at ^'THe: CaslH:^t'^ COLON STATIONERY AND SUPPLY COMPANY.
'3Io. 53 ^J^ofiuar Sl-tcct, Vpol'oit, §)IcpuMic of |anama.
ra'li'oacl; 625,000 ncres of land under the Wyse concession, 2265 buildings in Panama, Colon, and along the line of the canal, an(l three steamers of about 2,000 tons each.
The Great Scrap Heap.
Having completed the purchase of the canal proper- ties, Lieut. ]Mark Brooke was empowered to take posses- sion of the plant on the Isthmus, with the result as an- nounced in the following cable: —
Panama, May 4, 1901.
Isthmian, Wasliington,
Property taken over at seven tliirty tliis morning.
Brooke.
There were at this time, all told, 115 storehouses or magazines/fifteen larger warehouses and forty-one parks,
2 so i*»'o< «»"' Guide.
or yards scattered at different points along the forty-six miles of canal ronte. The contents of these huildin^sand yanis would cover, if spread out in one place, a r>OU-acro farm, three feet deep, and leave enough over for a fence twice as high to enclose it Acconling to the last inven- tory of the French, this vast amount of material repre- sented a hook value of 329.000.000. In the purchase of the canal this stuff was not counted, hut Admiral Walker insisted that it all ho thrown in as part of the deal. Since the Americans took hold, much of this material has heen disposed of. In 190(), a dealer in old ii-on in the States contracted for two shiploads, representing 800,000 in value, while tons and tons have heen going to New York as hallast on the Panama Railroad boats. Hundreds of ma- chines, engines, etc.. were found in fair condition, and have heen made over and put in service. This work has mostly been done at the Gorgona shops. In 1904, much of this material was covered by dense jungle growth, and even at this day, siu'vey parties frequently run across in their ex- plorations hithcito undiscovered caches of machinery.
There was also on hand 57 barges, .'JS yawls and 21 steam launches. There were 273 iron cranes, 800 big jnmips of various kinds, 189 rock drills, and 140 steam winches. There was a floating drill apparatus valued at §30,000, a boring machine at 5^10,000, a suction dredge worth .37,000, and other dredges whose value runs into the hundred thousands. As to cars and locomotives, there were M American locomotives valued at 8200,000, and 212 Helginn valued at upwards of 81.000,000. In addition there were a lot of small Decauvillo engines and narrow gauge Decauvillo track, every foot of the last having since been put to good use. There were also 5,000 dump cai-s, and 5,000 trolleys for carrying diil away from the canal.
The sale also included the magniHcent A neon Hos- piUil costing the French upwards of 85,000.000, the Do I^sseps houses at CVistobal, the Administration building in Panama City for which the French paid .?200,000; the
The Great Scrap Heap. 281
residence of the French director-general ast Panama, (now known as the American Legation), which cost $60,000; the grounds and buildings of the Taboga Sanitarium on Ta- boga Island, on v:hich $25,000 was spent, and the Dingier residence on the La Boca road, costing about $50,000. It is the opinion of those who have been constantly in touch with the properties acquired from the French company, that the price the United States paid for them was way below their actual v?ilue at the time of the transfer.
When the United States came into possession, the sole control of canal affairs on the Isthmus was vested in the Director-General, the delegate of the Board of Direc- tors of the French company in Paris. Reporting to this Director-General were chiefs of departments, or bureaus havmg to do with engineering and plans, accounts and cash, material and supplies, health, and lands. There was but one set of tiles, or place of deposit of records and this at canal headquarters in Panama. As the French company was operating under a franchise, and was dependent for protection upon the sovereign government, police protection came of, and all judicial proceedings were, of necessity, conducted in the courts of said government. For cases of emergency the chiefs of section, or departments, were each provided with a stand of arms. The Sanitary Department was such only in name. There was no attempt to institute any hygienic measures, save such as the laws of the sov- ereign required, that is, none at all. If the employes were injured or sickened, they were cared for by the Company's physicians, in or out of the hospital. The medical officers had no independent discretion of any kind, and the physi- cians were not obliged to attend families of employes, al- though they usually did so.
First on the Ground.
The first party to arrive on the Isthmus in connection with the present undertaking consisted of Major William
282 ^^ ^^ Omd0,
fm\\ IMlrirli k Cn.
COLON. PANAMA.
largest and Best Stocked Liquor Store on the Isthmus.
PKOYISIOKS, BAR SUPPLIES iwL TOBACCOS. Agents for
AnhfUitcr'lUiBcb Brewiug AMociation, St. Loiiix, M<).---Mo«t A Cliantlou*s Wbitr Soal Champagne,— Canadian (Inb, wnwm'H, IIiint4>r*8 Grwn KiviT, and Mt Vf rnon Fine Whi8kle8."I)iiff j 'h rim« Malt WliiHky -I> C. L. C)l«l Tom Clin and Scotch Whiaky.— Tennt'nt'H XXX Stout and Tah" Ale.— Koh«'« Koyal IWlfaMt liingvrAle, and Kola.— Marie Bnzanl & Ko);<r-nonleauxFin- eat Liqueurs. -McCniy Kefrigerator Co. -Washhuni -Crosby Co*h<.(;o1<1 Mtnlal- Fteur.
GALL for BUDWEISEK "KING OF ALL BEEUS".
AMress: Post Offk^ Box 53. COLON, or Post Office Box 97. PANAMA.
M. Black and Lieut Mark Bi*ooke, U. S. Corps of En- gineers, Mr. A. C. Harper as civil engineer, and Mr. Harry D. Reed as clerk and stenographer. The party reached Panama on April 16, 1908, over six months before the sece.ssion, and nearly a year before the proclamation of the canal treaty. Their mission was to keep tab on the work and methods of the New Panama Canal Company. Messi-s Harper and Reed have been with the canal enter- prise ever since. The former is now Resident Engineer with headquarters at Corozal, while the latter has filled the position of Executive Secretary for over three yeiirs past
Dr. Claude C. Pierce has the honor of being the first sanitiry representative on the ground, as well as the first to arrive in an official capacity after it was known that a treaty would be negotiated with Panama. Dr. Pierce was detached from the U. S. Marine Hospital ser- vice at Key West, Fla., and sent to the Isthmus to njake
First on the Ground. 283
a special report on sanitary conditions. He arrived at Colon December 31, 1903, and for the following six or eight months made his headquarters at Panama. Dr. Pierce is now Quarantine Officer at Colon. The next in order was Dr. J. P. Perry, also detached from Marine Hospital duties for temporary service on the Isthmus. Dr. Perry arrived Feby. 6, 1904 and was stationed at Colon for several months. On the organization of the Department of Sanitation he became connected with it, and now holds the position of Chief Quarantine Officer, witli headquarters at Panama.
The first large permanent party to arrive was headed by Major-General George W. Davis, and consisted besides of Major Black, Ernest liagarde jr., the first Executive Secretary of the Canal Zone; Eugene C. To bey. Paymaster, U. S. Navy; Richard L. Sutton, M. D., U. S. Navy; Mason E. Mitchell, stenographer; George Reynolds Shanton, Charles L. Stockelberg, and Jeremiah Corcoran. The party arrived May 17, 1904, and its appearance constituted the initial step in the organization of the work under American management. Paymaster Tobey not only assumed the duties of Disbursing Officer, but at one time was in charge of the Material division. Revenues, and Posts. In fact, he and Major-Gencral Davis had practically the running of things for a month or so. There were a lot of ragged ends to draw together when the canal was taken over from the French, and with lack of sufficient and adequate help, it was nip and tuck with these two men for one while, to keep matters running smoothly. The Major- General acted as "Managing Representative" until Chief Engineer AVallace arrived, while Tobey continued in the performance of his multifarious duties until Paymaster George C. Schafer came to relieve him of the disbursing end, and Col. Tom. Cooke arrived to take charge of rev- eiuies and posts. Owing to the pressure of work, pay days at that period were long deferred, the longest on record for the gold men, if the memory of the writer
284 P^ot and Chtide,
serves correctly, being in August, 1904 when there was "nothing doing" until tlie 17th of the month. However, everybody accepted the situation good-naturedly enough, tho bunch of penniless ** recruits" up at Ward 0 in the hos- pital pard working up considerable excitemefit o' nights during these waits on a ten-cent limit, and that in debased Colombian currency.
E. C. Tobey was subsequently made Chief of the Department of Material & Supplies, and continued in that capacity, with Victor S. Jackson as his Assistant until November, 1905, when he was succeeded by Mr. W. G. Tubby, the present head of that department. Mason Mitchell served under Mr. Tobey, and later under Pay- master Schafer. He is still on the Isthmus, though not with the Commission. Capt. Shanton was appointed Chief of Police, an office he still holds, while Mr. Stockelberg has been Supervisor of Plumbing from fii-st to last. Col. Wm. C. Gorgas was another of the early arrivals. Reach- ing here in June, he with the able assistance of Major H. R. Carter commenced at once the work of building up the mighty structure that has made Panama, Colon and tho Canal Zone one of the healthiest spots in the tropical belt. Others followed in the wake of these pioneers, List, Ehle, Nichols, Dose, Major Lagarde, Dr. Ross, and many others, the most of whom have long since departed for other fields of labor.
ITAKINCB IMO OHANOE©.
Who says that strangers in Panama are not reverent and respectful. Yesterday while the auctioneer's bell was ringing about the streets, a gentleman who thought it might be some religious ceremony, took off his hat and stood uncovered in the hot sun until the red fiag had passed. He evidently thought it best to be on the safe side. — Panama Star & Herald in 1871.
New Commission in Harness. 285
JOHN CHONG WING & Co.,
CULEBRA, CANAL ZONE.
'Dealers in Chinese and Japanese Silks, Fancy c4rttctes. Etc* Ktc,
Orders Taken for Special, Chinese and Japanese Goods.
COMPLETE STOCK OF PROVISIONS. FINE WINES AND LIQUORS'
THE BEST STORE OF ITS KIND IN CUL.EBRA.
PFaCES REASONABLE. WE SOLICIT YOUR PATRONAGE.
New Commission in Harness.
On March 8, 1 904, President Roosevelt issued the letter appointing the members of the first commission to be composed of Kear-Admiral John G. Walker, United States Navy, Chairman. Major- General George W. Davis, United States Army; William Barclay Parsons, William H. Burr, Benjamin M. Harrod, Carl Ewald Grunsky, civil engineers, and Mr. Fraiik J. Hecker. The President's charge to this commission reads in part as follows: —
" I have appointed you as the Commission which is to un- dertake the most important and also the most formidable en- gineering feat that has hitherto been attempted. You are to do a work the doing of which, if well done, will reflect high honor upon this nation, and, when done, will be of incalculable benefit, not only to this nation, but to civilized mankind. You have been chosen purely because of your personal and profes- sional reputations for integrity and ability. You represent the
whole country. You represent neither section nor party
The plans are to be carefully made with a view of the needs not only of the moment, but of the future. The expenditures are to be supervised as rigorously as if they were being made for a private coi-poration dependent for its profits upon the returns. You are to secure the best talent this country can afford to meet the conditions created by every need which may arise. The methods for achieving the results must be yours. What this nation will insist upon is that results be achieved. "
28a
Pilot amd CMde,
it
I'
Xeio Commission in Harness. 28 Z'
The Commission held its first meeting at Washington on March 22, 1904, and immediately phmned for a trip to the Isthmus to study the conditions "on the spot. It arrived at Colon on April 5, 1904, and established pro- visional headquarters in the old De Lesseps mansion on Cristobal Point. During its visit the Commission occupied itself with a study of the plans and methods of work, as then carried on by the New Panama Canal Company and with an examination of the physical conditions of the pro- posed canal joute. At the time of the Commission's visit, the only work in progress was the excavation of Culebra cut. The outfit here consisted of a few French steam ex- cavators and dump trains, and a force of about 700 men engaged on the work. Although small progress was being made, the Commission deemed it advisable to continue the employment of the existing force until a better organiza- tion could be effected.
The Commission's investigations developed the fact that while under M. de Lesseps and the New Panama Canal Company a large amount of study was done of an accurate and scientific kind, new and extended surveys would have to be made by reason of the difference of the standpoints from which the work was approached twenty- five years ago with to-day. This, to a large extent is due, to the immense increase of dimensions of the waterway de- manded by the ships of to-day and the near future. The Commission returned to the States on April 29, having decided that the first step in field operations should be the organization of survey parties to examine further into certain problems of canal construction with which it was confronted.
The Commission was received very cordially by the Panama Government officials and several functions were held. To provide against contingencies, the party brnught along a large stock of mineral waters, and also, it is re- ported, a number of zinc caskets. The latter, however, were not called into requisition.
233 ^*^^' *^^ ^1^^*
TAiOGI MonHElcFic:
Ideal Spot to Spend your Sundays and Holidays*
Bathing. SIght-Sccing. and a General Gccd Time. ITo 111 N"ortl-x -A. venue, Pa.na.nn.st.
Getting Down to Work.
Tho engineering work of the Commission had its beginning in the organization of five engineering parties, each In charge of a resident engineer. The first of these engineering parties sailed for the Isthmus about tlie middle of May, 1904, and the remainder followed soon after. One party wiis assigned to making surveys for proposed harbor improvements at Colon, another to makmg investigations and borings in the vicinity of Gatun, a third to conducting similar investigations at Bohio, the fourth and one of tho largest parties put in the field, to making surveys for a possible dam at Gamboa, and the fiftli and last for de- signing of a waterworks and sewer system for the cities of Panama and Colon.
On May 5, 1904, Mr. John R Wallace was appointed Chief Engineer at a salary of $25,000 per annum, to take effect June 1. Mr. Wallace arrived on the Isthmus June 24, relieving Major-General Davis of all work in connec- tion with engineering operations. At that time there were very few suitable residences available, and during the greater part of his connection with the Commission, he occupied the three-story building in Panama, now tho home of the American Legation.
The attention of the Chief Engineer during the re- mainder of the year 1904 was principally confined to su- pervising the work of the field parties, to ascertaining what
Gettinr/ Down to Work. 28Q
the French company had left of value, and conducting ex- periments in Culebra cut with a view of arriving at the cost of excavation per cubic yard. The work of this period may be said to have been wholly preparatory. A start was made on the Panama waterworks project, and work was commenced on a few new buildings for employes.
It at once became necessary to place lai'ge oi'ders for material, and the slowness with which these were filled was a source of considerable dissatisfaction to the officials on the Isthmus. In order to relieve this situation much ma- terial was purchased in the local market especially in the line of luilding materials.
Some Early Drawbacks.
Employes coming down were obliged to find quarters as best they could. The Administration Building in Pa- nama for the first year and a half was the general office headquarters, engineering, sam'tation and evei'y thing else, and large numbers of employes were constantly in Panama* This influx had the immediate effect of raising the price of rents, and at one time a room that wouldn't rent in New York City for more than $5.00 per month was bringing $20.00 here. Salaries in 1904 were on a much lower scale than at the present time, the average for clerks being about $100 per month. The tenants of rooms had to pay for their own w^ater, and as the only method of getting it at that time, especially during the dry season, was from the agiiadores, or street water peddlers, it cost quite a penny, particularly if one indulged in the daily luxury of a bath. Water generally retailed for five cents gold for five gallons, but as the dry season advanced, and the wells on the outskirts of the city began to get low, the price rose, until the article, including the lugging up a flight of stairs, sold for as high as 15 cents gold per five gallons.
Another standing complaint among employes was the food question. Hardy fellows coming out of the North accustomed to three full meals a day, with a lunch or two
2QO Pi^ot and Guide.
2.500,000 PASES
THIS IS WHAT THIS EDITION OF
T/je Pilot and Guide,
AMOUNTS TO.
URGES! CIRCUUTIOII OF ANT BOOK EVER PUBLISHEO ON PANAMA.
Advertisers Sliould Tumble To Tliese h'acts.
on the side were not prepared to be pleased with the seven o'clock coffee of that beverage and bread, with an ^gg if you asked for it, and insisted upon it, and some- times fniit. The monotony of the cooking routine in time too palled upon the appetite. It was simply a matter ^of mathematical calculation to figure the menu ahead. Ice at five cents gold per pound, and only a limited supply at that, was too costly an article to be supplied by the board- ing-house keeper at every meal. It is true, the latter had his or her troubles, and these were not always given proper consideration. Every American housewife on the Isthmus knows the servant-girl problem in the States is not a mark- er to what it is here.
These and kindred drawbacks, together with the " quiet" life created in the employes a longing for a return to the "flesh pots of Egypt", and during the first year of the canal in American hands, about every boat that brought a batch of new employes took another load back. Especially was this so when the festive stegomyia began to get -busy. During the year 1904, there were comparatively ^few.cases of yellow fever, not enough to cause alarm. There was a small outbreak in December of that year^i during j which Mrs. John Seager, wife of the chief engineer's private secretary, fellvictim. This caused a feeling of gloom£over the American colony, but as there were but few additional cases no undue excitement was caused. In April and May, 1905 and on up to September of that year, the conditions
Some Early Drawbacls. 291
among the American employes had all the earmarks of a panic. One of the principal sources of infection during that period was the Administration Building in Panama in which two or three hundred clerks were then employed. M. 0. Jack- son, Supervising Architect, and E. R. West, Auditor, w^ere counted among the victims. During the height of the scare some of the offices had scarcely a working force available, not from sickness, but because of desertion. The boats left Colon crowded on every trip, and many a one took steerage passage rather than wait for the next vessel. There were two or three cases that resulted fatally where employes had been on the Isthmus less than ten days. The more hardened sort took a huge delight at this time in retailing terrible stories for the edification of the scared newcomer. A case is called to mind where two young men arrived on the Isthmus on the morning of a certain day and reported for duty; sent in their resignations in the afternoon, and returned to the States by the boat leaving the day following. They lost no time in getting out.
It became necessary at this juncture in order to re- establish the working morale to make a decided increase in salaries, as the thousands and thousands of fairy stories printed in the States began to have its effect on the ef- forts of the Commission to maintain the personnel. Most of the appointments of this period specified that quarters w^ould be provided, but as the Commission was unable to comply with the provision, commutation was allowed em- ployes, at first eight per cent, and later fifteen per cent, of their monthly salaries. Employes and members of their families were at first allowed the reduced rate of $15, for steamship passage. New York to Colon. This was raised a few months later to $25, and afterwards reduced again to where it stands at present.
Old Commission for Sea-Level Canal.
The engineering committee of the Walker Commission consisting of Messrs. Burr and Parsons visited the Isthmu^
La Altjor Jledicbia paid, los JiMrJilXES.
De renti en la FARHUCIA CEHTRAL, Aienida Central Ho. 130.
enrly in 1905. Ilncler n rosolutioii of tlio Coininission ^faj. (leii. Dj'vis, then Governor of the C;«nal Zone, was made a inejnl^r of the committee during its stay on the Isthmus. After holding sessions ahnost daily for several weeks, the committee met and presented a report in favor of a sea-level canal which is summed up in the following: —
Kbsolved, That this committeo approvu and recom- mend for adoption V>y the Commission a plan for a sea-level canal with a l>ottora width of 150 feet, and a minimum depth of water of 35 foet, and with twin tidal locks at Miraflores, whose usable dimensiions shall be 1,000 feet long and 100 feet wide, at a total estimaU'd cost of $2:50,500,000. Such estimate includes an allowance for administration, engineering, sanitation, and con- tingencies, amounting to $38,450,000, but without allowance for interest during construction, expense of Zone Government, or collateral costs, and watei supply, sewers, or paving of Pa- nama or Colon, which last items are to be repaid by the inhabi- tants of those cities.
To facilitate the committee's conclusions, an estimate on three types of canal was submitted by Chief Engineer Wallace, one being for a canal with a summit level at (30 feet elevation to cost $178,013,406; another with sum- mit level at 30 feet elevation to cost §194,213,406. and the tliird, the sea level type, to cost ^230,500,000. Each of the al)ove estimates included probable cost of construc- ting a bi-eakwater at Colon figured at §6,500,000.
The committee set forth that a sea-level canal would furnish a waterway with no restriction to navigation, and which could easily be enlarged by widening and deepening at anytime in the future to accommodate an increased traf- fic, without any inconvenience to the shipping using it.
Walker Commission for Sea-Level Canal. 293
whereas a lock canal would be a permanent restriction to the volume of traffic and size of ships that use it. The ad- ditional cost of a sea-level canal over that of a canal with locks with a summit level of 60 feet above mean tide was §52,462,000, or $79,742,000 more than the estimated cost of a lock canal with a summit level 85 feet above mean tide, proposed by the former Isthmian Canal Commission.
Referring to the proposed dam at Gatun, the com- mittee reported that, " The surveys and examinations which have been made in regard to a possible dam site across the Chagres River at Gatun show that such a structure is not feasible. The width of the floor of the valley at that point is about 5,000 feet, and two borings made at what appears to be the most favorable section penetrated to a depth of 172.7 feet and 139.2 feet below sea-level, respectively, without finding bed rock. Other examinations and borings have also been made at other sections of the Chagres .valley Avhero a dam site seemed possible, between Gatun and Bohio, but with equally unfavorable results. It is clear, therefore, that it is not feasible to construct a dam across the Chagres River at any point lower down in its course than at Bohio."
"The borings along the sites proposed for the dam across the Chagres near Bohio have shown that bed rock is deeper than has been supposed at all the sites con- templated. The greatest depth to rock, both at the French site and on that tentatively proposed by the former Isth- mian Canal Commission, is about 158 feet below sea level.
These results indicate greatly increased difficulties
in the construction of any dam in the vicinity of Bohio."
HCDNW ABOUT IT TCDDAV?
The Panama market is now abundantly supplied with fruit, vegetables, eggs, fish, string beef, almejas, old women, naked children, John Chinamen, bad odors and hungry dogs. The Colombian Eagle rejoices outside. — Panama Star & Herald in 1875.
2Q-^
Pilot and Quide.
Ancon Hill the' Best Site. 295
IB FOO YfJBBJ
Importer^ and Wholesale a.nd Retail dealer in Groceries^ Commis- sion cMerchant* Exporter of ENjiti've Products*
Agent for the Cuban and Pan-American Express Company.
p. 0. Box. No 71. Opposite Market, Colon, R, P.
Ancon Hill the Best Site.
While on the Isthmus, t,li(i committee also considered the matter of quarters for Employes and ado})ted a resolu- tion authorizing the Chief Engineer to proceed with the work at once. A resolution was also passed declaring that Ancon Hill and adjacent territory afforded the hest site for erecting permanent quarters for the Commission, Zone officeis, and certain classes of employes, together with offices and hospitals, and that the Commission be recom- mended to despatch a landscape architect to the Isthmus to devise a plan for artistically developing this site.
This resolution was the first step toward building the Ancon of today. x\t that time there had not been a build- ing put up at this p(n'nt, outside of the Ancon Hospital grounds, and corral yard. The Hotel Tivoli had not been dreamed of, the new Zone administrative building had not been, planned, and the site now dotted with cottages and apartment houses was then only a j^asture. Goats browsed contentedly on (gobbler's Knob and ''El Tivoli."
Old Commission Disbanded.
"Tt became apparent," says Secretary Taft in his annual report for 1905, "during the six months succeeding the appointment of the first Commission that the body of seven men as organized was not an effective force for doing
29S f^itot and GuUh
the work reiiuircd in the ronstriiction of the caiia]. The members of the Commission thcMnselvos agreed that as constituted, good results could not he expected from iL You (President Roosevelt) had submitted to Congress during the winter of 1004-5 a recommendation for an amendment to the law by which you should be given a free hand in the number of agents to be selected by you for the wojk which the act of Congress made it mandatory upon you to per- form, and infoinied Congress that the method of construc- tion by a commission of seven was clumsy and ineffective. The .House of Kepresentatives gave the rc«]ueste(l power in a bill which it sent to the Senate. There the bill met determined opposition, and in the short session it was en- tirely possible for its enemies to defeat it It became very apparent that radical action was necessary if better work was to be secured. By your direction, in March, IDOo, 1 requested the resignation of the then canal commissioners, which were at once tendered.''
Under Executive order of April 1, lOOo, the organ- ization of a new commission became effective, the mem- bers being Theodore P. Shonts, Clmirman; Charles E. Ma- goon, also to be Governor of the Canal Zone; John F. Wallace, to be member as well as Chief Engineer; Re.ar- Admiral Mordecai T. Endicott, II. S. Navy; Brig. Gen. Pe- ter C. Mains, U. S. Army (retired); Col. Cswald H. Ernst, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, and Benjaniin ^1. Har- rod. The salaries were fixed at §7,500 for each member per annum, the Chairman in addition to receive the sum of $2:J,500 ainuially; the Chief Engineer, 317.500 annual- ly, and the Governor of the Canal Zone, §10,000 annually.
The first meeting of this Commission was hold A[)ril 3, 1905, and an executive committee appointed consisting of Messrs. Shonts, Wallace and Magoon. It was. then ar- ranged that Mr. Shonts should assume charge of the Wash- ington office, the making of contracts, the purchase of ma- terial, and general executive control of the whole business of the Commission. ^Mr. Wallace was to take complete
Old Commission Dishanded. 2 9 "7
charge of the engineering and construction work on the Isthmus, while Governor Magoon who succeeded Gen. Davis, assumed control of the Zone administrative functions, and the sanitation wwk, with Col. Gorgas in direct charge of the latter. Mr. Shonts drafted into service to assist him in the reorganization of the Washington office, Col. Edwards, formerly Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs; David W. Eoss, General Purchasing Agent at a salary of §10,000 per annum, and E. S. Benson, as Auditor, at the same salary.
Wallace Q,uits the Canal.
The resignation of Chief Engineer Wallace came like a clap of thunder out of a clear sky. It was remotest from the thoughts of anyone in any w^ay connected with the undertaking from the President down. While it was gen- erally kaown that he was dissatisfied with the working methods of the first Commission, the reorganization by which he was delegated almost plenary powers in the field of construction and engineering, tended to the belief that he w^ould put his shoulder to the wheel with renewed vigor. He had been summoned to the States shortly before this to discuss plans for the future, and had been back on the Isthmus but six days, Avhen on June 28, 1905, he for- warded a cablegram to Secretary Taft announcing his desire to leave the service.
"I was greatly taken aback," reports the Secretary of AVar, "for I heard indirectly from reliable sources that he had received an offer of a much higher salary, and that he was determined to accept the offer and give up this job. Mr. Wallace came north and at an appointed interview stated to me that he had received an offer of §65,000 and had accepted it, that he was anxious to assist me and the members of the Commission, as far as possible, with his advice, and would be glad to continue as a member of the Commission, but that he could not and
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would not go l)ack to the Isthmus :\t nil. 1 f;a\c Mr. Wallace* a full opportuiiity to stato all tlio reasons tliat actuated him in withdraw ini;. hut this is the only one he mentioned.''
It is quite probable that the question of health entered considerably into Mr. Wallace's decision. At the time he returned from the States, yellow fever had been doing a pretty brisk business for several months, and th(» pros- pects for its abatement did not look particularly good While on the Isihmus, Mr. Wallace continually guarded ngainst possibility of infection. His residence was the fii-st to be screened, and every pijssiblc precaution taken to j)revent the introduction (►f the disease by mosquito infec- tion.
Mr. AV'allacc's jdace was filled without loss of time l)y the appon>tment of Mr. John F. Stevens, an experi- enced railroad man, who was on the eve of departing for the J'hilippiues to supervise important railroad works for
Wallace Quits the Canal. 2QQ
tlio Government. Mr. Stevens arrived on the Isthmus on July 27, 1905 Mnd immediately took up the Avork where
his predecPssDr hnd loft off.
Engineering Operations Suspended.
Aftei- th(^ visit of the Commission to the Isthmus in July and August, 1905, it hesame evident that two things must he done hefore results in an engineering way could be oxj^ceted. One was the proper housing of employes, and the oUhm-, the improvement of health conditions. It might he said that at this juncture, the former was the more im[)ortant, as it in reality dovetailed into the other, it being self-evident that sanitary conditions would improve immediately luodern, w(^ll-ventilated quarters were fur- nished. The Commission recognized that this prepara- tory work was the first essential, and ordered a partial suspension of engineering operations. Quite a number of men were sent back with the information that as soon as ir, was decided to recojujnenco woi'k on a large scale, they would be notified. It was at this time that plans were made for a large number of (juarters, and the work in this department increased apace, while Col. Gorgas and his squads continued tlieir\laily battles with the little de- mons of the air.
To Decide Type of Canal.
On June 24, 1905, the President by Executive order appointed the followmg board of consulting engineers for the [)urpose of reporting on the type of canal to be adop- ted: -
Gen. George W. Davis, Chairman, Alfred Noble, cue of the constrncting engineers of the Soo canal; Will- iam Barclay Parsons, engineer of the New York under- ground system; William H. Burr, professor of engineering in Columbia college; Gen. Henry L. Abbott, army en-
300 i^* «Mf Ouide.
gineer, whose obsenations on the topogiaphy and charac- teristics of the canal territory, now in hook form, ai-e Taluable; Frederic I*. Stciirns, liythaulic engineer of Boston: Joseph Ripley, at en? time chief engineer of the Soo Ca- nal, and afterwards employed by the Isthmian Canal Com- mission as lock expert; Herman Schnssler, Isliam Randolph of Chicago Drainage canal fame; W. Henry Hunter, chief engineer of the Manchester ship canal, representing the British Government; Eugen Tincauzer, chief engineer of the canal at Kiel, representing the Gennan Government; Adolphe GueranI, civil engineer, representing the French Government: Edouard Quellonnec, consulting engineer of the Suez Canal, and J. W. Welcker, engineer and constructor of the North Sea canal, representing the Holland Govern- ment
The Board failed to reach an unanimous agreement, and on January 10, 190(> presented two reports, the firat a majority report signed by eight members, of whom five were the representatives of foreign govermncnts, favoring a sea-level canal, and tlie second, or minority report signed by live members, all Americans, in favor of a lock canal at an elevation of 85 feet.
The Isthmian Canal Commission, to whom these re- ports were submitted for consideration, made a report to the Secretary of War on February 5, 1J)0(), one member dissenting, in favor of the lock canal recommended by the minority report of the Advisory Board. The dissenting member, Civil Engineer Endicott V. S. N., submitted a minority refwrt in favor of the sea-level plan. Accompany- ing the Commission's report was a statement from Chief Engineer Stevens recommending tlie adoption of the lock-canal plan.
Congress Decides for a Lock Canal.
The reports were before Congress from Februaiy 19, 1906, until near the date of adjournment on June 30,
Congress Decides for a Lock Canal. 30I
PROSPERO PINEL. PABLO PINEL. I g
^
^INEIi JJEI^MHxNOS
Claenta) o| jCa jLamaacion JCactonaL
Dealers in Pearls end Commission Merchdnts.
IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS.
No. 11 NORTH AVISNUE. POST OFFICE BOX: 113.
'^^mu^^'^'^^^^'^^^^^'^^^^
1906. On June 21, the Senate by a vote of 36 ayes to 31 noes passed the act decreeing the construction of a lock canal of the general type proposed by the minority of the Advisory Board. The House of Representatives concurred, without division, on June 27, and on June 29, 1906, the act became a law through the approval of the President. While the passage of the act set at rest the uncertainties that to some extent had existed hitherto, and enabled the engineering forces to proceed on a definite basis, it is doubtful that much headway could have been made up to this time, outside of Culebra cut, for lack of preparedness in other directions. By the middle of 1906, the clouds surrounding the sanitary horizon had well nigh disappeared, and considerable advancement had been made toward furnishing quailers for employes, both gold and sil- ver. Under Stevens, the rather chaotic state of affairs that marked the end of the iirst Commission had been re- duced to a well-defined system, and things had begun to
302
Pitot and Gnide,
VHOUR
Congress Deckles for Loci; Canal. 303
work mucli more smootlily. Material and supplies wcro being handled with a de^a^cjo ot* promptness not known in carHer days. The service on the rnih'oad also began to im- prove. At one time in 1905. it took all the way from three weeks to two months to get a consignment across the Isth- mus from Colon, which caused a storm of ])rotests from the local merchants. The delay did not occur in the tnin- sit across, but was attributable to an enormous congestion of freight at the northern end of the road, and lack of ])roper facilities in handling. Among other measures passed by Congress in 1901) relating to the canal, w.-is one restricting the purchases of material and ecpiipmenl for its use, to articles of domestic production and manufacture, except in cases where the price or bid wasplaiidyum-e.-ison- able.
Army Engineers in the Saddle.
The year 1907 witnessed another line-up in the ])er- sonnel of the Isthmian Canal Commission. The first break occurred on September 25, 1906 with the transfei- of Gov- ernor Magoon to Cuba. The final disintegration began with the resignation of Mr. John F. Stevens which came about with a degree of suddemiess only equalled in the case of Mr. AVallace. Mr. Stevens' resignation howevei-, did not l)ecome effective until April 1. ^Meanvdiile the resignation of Chairman Shouts took effect March -1, and the remainder of the Connnission on March K).
According to a AVashington dispatch, Mr. Stevens became alarmed over the possibility of awarding the cdu- tiact of constructing the canal to the Oliver-Kangs com- bination, and wrote a hotter to the President setting forth that tlie canal organization had been pretty well j^erfected; that more dirt had been taken out during the past thirty days thaji was ever taken out before in the same time; that he did not care to share the work of building the canal with anyone, nor be hampered with men less familiar with the subject than himself. He intimated that if his
304
FHotamd Gmide,
wishes were not complied with he would feel compelled to sever his connection with the undertxiking.
Army Engineers in the Saddle. 305
FOPETH OF JULY SALOON,
KABIO RIVBRA, F»roprietor.
Tlio Ikrlost Fopu.la.i» ScLloon in Empire.
CLEAN. COMFORTABLE, COSY.
COMPLETE AND SPLENDID ASSORTMENT OF LIQUORS CONSTANTLY IN STOCK.
Residents of Empire and Visitors Cordially Invited To Call.
The letter is reported to have been something of a shock to the President, who after deliberation cabled Stevens acceptance of his resignation. AVith the retirement of the Shonts Commission, the plan of carrying on the work under what might be termed civilian direction was abandoned, and steps were at once taken toward putting the project in charge of the army organization. This end was effected by the appointment of a commission consist- ing of the following: —
Lieut.-Col. Geo. W. Goethals, U.S.A. , Chairman and Chief Engineer.
Maj. D. D. Gaillard, U.S.A.,
Maj. Wra.L. Sibert, U.S.A.,
Mr. H. H. Rousseau, U.S.N.,
Mr. Jo. C. S. Blackburn,
Col. W. C. Gorgas, U.S.A.,
Mr. Jackson Smith,
Mr. Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Secretary.
Under the new^ arrangement the positions of Chair- man and Chief Engineer were combined, and it was re- quired that all the Commissioners take station permanently on the Isthmus. Later the work was divided as follows: — Col. Goethals to have general charge; Maj. Gaillard to have charge of the Department of Excavation and Dredg- ing; Maj. Sibert, Department of Locks and Dam Construc- tion; Mr. Rousseau, Departments of Municipal Engineering, Motive Power and Machinery, and Building-Construction; Mr. Blackburn, Head of the Department of Civil Admin-
30© Pifot and OuUle.
istratioii aiul liovornor of the Caiml Zoiio; Col. Gorgas, Chief Sanitary Oftirer, Head of the Department of Sani- tation: Mr. tlarkson Smith, ^fanager of the Department of Ijjibor, Quai'tei's tt Subsistence, and ^fr. Joseph lUicklin Bishop, as Secretary of the (Commission, and in charge of The Canal livcord, tlie official I. C. C orgnn. I'nder the f]xecntive order of November 17, 1900, the judiciary and canal zone government was combined under the name of liiiw and (i(»vcrninent. with Mr. iiicliard Kei<l Kos;ei*8, 'leneral Counsel, in charge. Tlie civil government was later transferred to tlie Isthmus and now comes under the head of Dep.ntment of Civil Administiation.
At the time Col. Goethals took charge there was nnich talk abf.nt militMrism. Shortly after his arrival, a reception was given him at the Corozjd Hotel. On this sniji-ct he s;iid. "1 will say that I ex| e t to \n\ the Chief of the division of engineers, while the heads of the v.irious departnicids are going to be colonels, the foremen are going to be th(? captiiins, ;ind the men who do the labor ;ire g«»ing t<i Ik; the privates. Tlure will be no more mili- t.irisni in the futuie than there has been in tlu; p.ist. I am no longer a commander in the United Stales Army. I now ((Misider I am commanding the Army of Panama, :ind that the enemy we are going to crMubnt is the Culebra cut, and the locks and diims at both ends of the canal. Kvery nmn here who does his duh' will never have ;.ny cause to c()in[)lain on account of militarism.''
The Canal Koute -Plans Amended.
On Dec ndx'r 9, 1907, a special report was made by the Chairmar. of the Commission to the Secretary of War, recommending locks and dams at Mi»aHores, instead of at T^a Boca. This does away with the necessity for Lake Sosa, and the Sosa-Corozal and L.i Hoca-San .luan dam«^. It also i)robal)ly removes the necessity of changing the
The Canal Route— Plans Amended. 307
site of old La Boca, and saves many legal preliminaries in connection with the securing of private lands in the submerged area contemplated by Lake Sosa. A brief sketch of the canal hy sections, and the work that is being done is given herewith: —
LIMON HARBOR CHANNEL.— The harbor chan- nel of the canal nt the Atlantic end begins at a point in Linion Bay nhout hnlf a mile outside of a lino drawn across from M;i!);':.*iiiiilo Point, to Point Toro. The width of the channel's niontli Avill be approximately 1,000 feet, and the opening will l)e protected by converging jetties. The channel fioiu this point to the mouth of the Mindi River, a distai ce of four and one-hnlf miles, will have a bottom width ( f ."iOO feet, aiid will be dredged to n depth of 40 feet. i\t JVlindi where the canal proper starts the ground is only a little above sea level, but rises until at (latun 2.0 miles away, i\v-^^ elevation is 85 feet.
GATUN DAM.— Gatun is the site of the great dam destined to impound the waters of the Chagres. The dam will be of earth w ri riprapped in the portions most ex- posed to wear. The to)) of the dam is to be 100 feet wide, and its crest will be 50 feet above the normal lake level. The width of tin? (lain at water level will be 374 feet, and at sea hntd 2,025 feet. Its total length will be in the neighborho id of 1700 feet, and its height 135 feet. The cross-secticn of the dam has been slightly changed ivo\\\ \h2 original |)lafis; the upstream slope is to bo more giadual. A spillway will be constructed through the dam and work on this was begun in April, 1907.
GATUN L()CK«.— Gatun is also the site of a triple iiight of locks The original plans called for locks with usabl(> lengths of 1,000 feet, and widths of 100 feet. During 1007, the question was raised as to whether^ the width as planned would be sufficient for future requirements. It is now propos(»d to increase their width to 110 or 120 feet. The President in his message to Congress inDecem-
308 ^o* «»'^ Guide,
L.UI© F-. ESXEN
Comerciante en General y Constructor.
AVEXIHA l»Ai:Z No. 53, COLON. K. P.
LUIS R. EISTENIOZ.
General Merchant and Constructor
No. 5:1, AVKMi: PAi:Z, COLON, If. P.
bcr, 1J>07, favored locks of the latter width. The liiiU^a are to be in duplicate and of the miter type, except that the rolling gate similar to that now in use on the Ohio River will he substituted for the duplicate set at the lower end of each sunnnit-level lock. In addition there will be j)ro- vided an auxiliary pair of gates at the lower end of each flight for use as coffer dams in case it may l)e necessary to pump out the locks, and it has been determined tenta- tively to adopt a swing-bridge type of dam for emergency use.
GATUN LOCK SITE.— There has been a consid- erable division of opinion with reference to the suitjibility of the (jatun lock site. Former Chief Engineer Wallace went on record as opposed to dam and locks at this point on account of what he claimed to be lack of proper founda- tion. To actually develop the character of the founda- tions on which the locks are to rest five test pits, each six feet by eight, were sunk early in 1007 to the depths of the lock walls at Gatun, and one at the Gatun dam spill- way. On their completion Engineers Alfred Noble, Fred- erick P. Steains and John R Freeman made a personal examination of material taken therefrom, and under date of May 2, 1007, reported as follows: —
We beg to recortl that we found that all of the loi'ks of the (limensionfl now jiropoHed will rest upon rook of such a character that Hhould furnish a safe and stable foundation.
The Canal Boute — Plans Amended. 35 OQ
Since that time careful borings have been continued over the entire area in order to secure a contoured plat of the rock sui-face with a view to the most economical adjustment of the locks to the site. Soft sandstones of a dirty greenish-gray color, derived from igneous rocks with a calcareous and clayey cement, are the most abundant rocks of the Gatun formation. The rocks are all well con- solidated, though in a few rare cases sandy layers are found which crumble on exposure to the air. These are the beds that have been referred to frequently as "indu- rated clays." The term is a misleading one since true clays make up but a small part of the formation. The beds are all "rock", though in some instances soft enough to be loosened with a pick. It is evident that at one time this section was entirely under water, as sea shells have been picked up on top of some of the hills. Eecently a steam shovel dipper dug up at Gatun an ancient bomb at a depth of fourteen feet below the surface of the ground. How it came there is a mystery. An extensive erecting plant, cable ways, etc. will be installed at this point, for the carrying and conversion of material required for use in the locks and dam.
GATUN LAKE. — As soon as the portions of the dam al)utting Spillway Hill are high enough to stand 50 to 55 feet of water in the lake, it is proposed to build across the chamiel through Spillway Hill, a concrete dam high enough to hold the lake at the aforementioned level. During the dry season following, the dam across the chan- nel through Spillway Hill will be brought to its full height, and a permanent spillway constructed, including the necessary regulating works by means of which the sur- plus water of the lake will be passed down to the sea. It is probable the lake will not be allowed to fill to the height of 50 to 55 feet until the upper end of the Gatun locks has been erected, and the upper gates built. The area of the lake will be 164.23 square miles. Its cubical capacity is not yet known. The lake will extend all the
3IO ^'»< <*^^ GuUfc.
way fi-om Oatuii to Bas Obispo, and the towns of Lion Hill, Frijoles, Tabornilln, iSan Pablo, Gorgoiin. aiid Mata- chiii will 1)0 on islands entirely snrnmndotl I y water. Be- tween Gatun and Has Obispo, the Chagres lliver crosses the center line of the canal no less than 23 times.
OVER THE DIVIDE.- The rhagrcs will enter the lake near Has Obispo, and at this point thu canal begins to cross the divide, by way of Cnlebra cnt, and thence to Pedro Miguel near where the low level is again reached, a distance of about te?i miles. During the past yenr the work of excavation in the Cut has been progressing satisfactori- ly. The August, 1907 excavation from the canal prism made such an excellent showing as to call forth the fol- lowing congratulatory cable from the President: —
Oyster Bay, X. Y.,
Sept. 5, 1907.
Groethals, Culebra.
1 heartily congfratulate you aud all the men on the canal for extraordinary showing you have made during the mouth of August. As this is the height of the rainy season, I had not for a moment supposed you would be able to keep up your al- ready big record of work done, and I am surprised as I am pleased that you should have surpassed it.
Theodore Roosevelt.
The record for the month of August was 1,274,284 cubic yards, the highest up to that time since the canal has been in American hands, and this desj)ite a rainfall of 11.89 inches during the month.
As the work of excavation proceeds in the heavy cuttings of the Culebra Division, the question of drainage becomes more and more important. At the north end of the Culebra Division, where the Chagres crosses the line of the canal, the elevation of the water ^surface of the river at dead low water isj about plus 44, and during the rainy season under normal conditions about plus 49 to plus 50
Pilot and Guide
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31 2 ''^f^^ ^"^ Qvkte.
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but (lurii g the great flood of December, 1906, the water sui*faco there reached a height of plus 79.9. "It is there- fore evident," states the report of the Commission for 1907, "that when the canal is approaching completion, a barrier or dam must be placed at the northern end of the Culebra Division, near the river, to keep out tlic waters of the Chagres, and that the larger part of the drainage of the canal must be carried to the south, where toward the Pa- cific, the land slopes more rapidly. It will however, be necessary to install centrifugal pumps in order to dispose of the water which will come down into the cut and can- not be conveniently carried off by natural drainage to the south. It is very important to divert from the canal, for construction purposes as well as for economy in maint-e- nance alter the canal has been completed, all possible water which would get into it from the adjacent watei'shed. It is therefr)re proposed, during the next fiscal year, to repair and put in operation the old French diversion channel ex-
The Canal Boute — Plana Amended. 313
tending from Culebra and emptying into the Chagres on the west side of the canal below Gamboa. A survey party has been at work locating a diversion channel for the Obispo River, and other streams on the east side of the canal, which will extend from Culebra and will run ap- proximately parallel to the canal, discharging its waters into the Chagres near Gamboa."
CHANGES AT PACIFIC END.— The changes at the Pacific end are the most important made since the adoption of the original plans. The Chairman's report to the Secretary of War states: —
"The adopted plan for the building of the Panama Canal contemplated the formation of a lake on the Pacific side by the construction of three earth dams (Sosa-Corozal, Sosa-San Juan and Corozal-Diablo), the differences of level between the lake and the Pacific being overcome by a flight of two locks projecting into the Pacific on the west side of Sosa Hill."
"The Board of Consulting Engineers that accom- panied you to the Isthmus in April last, inspected the sites of the dams, as finally located, with a view to outlining a detailed description of the preparation of the foundations for the structures to be erected, reporting thereon as fol- lows:—
"The borings showed so-ealled mud in the swampy por- tion, having a depth of 8 or 10 feet. This material is firmer than we had expected, and at the time of our visit, about two days after it had been flooded by spring tides,it could be walked
on in most places For the dam construction we do
not think it will be necessary to remove the soft material at any of these places (Sosa-Corozal, Sosa-San Juan). The very softest material will either be displaced or consolidated by the material disposed on it. We do not think the amount displaced beneath the impervious portion of the embankment will be great, and if compressed in place the material will be imper- vious. "
31^. Pilot ami Guide.
As regards tho character of the material that should compose the body of the structures, the same Roanl re- ported:—
" For the So8a-Corozal aii«I La Boca dams the bottom width of the impervious portion Khould not be less than would result from a top width of 80 to 100 feet at 15 to 20 feet abo\< the water level in the lake, with slopes not steeper than 1 on 4 to 1 on 5. The resulting width at sea level would ]>e fi40 feet, or more. The comparatively small cross-seetion suggested for the impen'ious portion of each of the Pacific dams isperraissibl*- only if it is reinforced by wide and heavy rockembankmenJson
both sides On account of the nature of the bottom on
which this rock fill will be deposited for the dams on the Pacific side, it should extend a long distance outside of the impervious portion in accordance with the principle adopted for the La Boca dam by the minority of the Board of Consulting Engineers in 1905-1906, of spreading the base on soft bottoms so that the change in weight imposed on the foundations from the toe to- wards the crown will be gradual This protection at the Sosa- Corozal and La Boca dams may be given great width with economy since thoy will aflfoul convcuiont dumps for tlic ("hIm- bra material. "
To construct the dams in accordance with these views trestles were huilt along the toes of the Sosa-Corozal dam. from which to dump material from the Culehra cut. The trestles failed, after the dumping of material from them began, and the material overlying the rock moved laterally carrying the superimposed mass with it, the dumps flatten- ing out until the side slopes were about 1 on 12 and even less. In places, this lateral motion continued for two weeks after dumping had stopped. The ground on either side of, and at some distance from the dump was forced up forming mounds of mud, the crests of which gradually approached the level of the top of the dump proper. After an equilibrium was established between the dump and the adjacent mounds, the hump or wave would again move out when the track was shifted towards it, accompanied by a sudden vertical
Tlic Canal Boiite — Plans Amended. 315
THE SUMMER HOUSE.
• In front of the Market, Empire, Canal Zone. C. D. KINKEAO, F^roprietor.
Saloon and Tailoring establishment.
settling of the track of six to ten feet when loaded trains were applied. It was thought that if the trestle was lower, better results might be obtained, but with the west trestle only eight feet above the surface of the ground and the piles driven to rock, similar failures followed.
When the difficulties on the east trestle developed, an investigation by borings and test pits was made to de- termine the character of the material overlying the rock. It was found to be for the greater part of an unctuous blue clay without grit, possessing but little supporting power, instead of stiff clay as indicated on existing pro- files.
The investigations clearly demonstrate that the con- struction of dams which would remain in place after the lake is filled can be accomplished only by the removal of all material overlying the rock, and after preparation of the rock surface, by building the dams of selected mate- rial. The depth to which the material would have to be removed is from 1.0 to 70 feet, and suitable material for dam construction would have to be transported to the site. Investigations of the foundations of the Sosa-San Juan dam show that the material is the same; the difficulties to be encountered will be greater because of the river.
It is estimated that the cost of building the two dams following the plan that the investigations and work done indicate as necessary will be about $11,573,800. The estimate submitted by the minority of the Board of Con- sulting Engineers for these dams is $4,314,000, a differ- ence of $7,259,800. As this difference to secure stability
3 1 6 Pi^ot and Guide.
is excessJTe, an examination of the canal route from Pedro Miguel to the Pacific was undertaken to ascorUiin if more suitable places for the locks and dams could be found. In making these examinations cai-e was taken to secure samples of the materials to be encountered at various depths, and cores procured of the rock. A careful study was made of all data obtained and four possible projects present them- selves for constructing that portion of the canal extending from the south end of Culebra cut to deep water in the Pacific Ocean.
First Project. — This is the present project and con- sists of one lock at Pedro Miguel and two at La Boca, with dams of suitable material on rock. The estimates submitted by the Board of Consulting Engineers are cor- rected to conform to methods, quantities and unit prices that additional information and experience show will give more nearly the actual cost of the work. The project pro- vides a 500 foot channel from Pedro Miguel to Miraflores, a 1,000 foot channel through Sosa Lake to La Boca, and a 500 foot channel from La Boca locks to deep water.
Second Project — Two locks at Pedro Miguel and one at Miraflores, with a 500 foot channel through the lake from Pedro Miguel to Miraflores, and a 500 channel from Miraflores locks to deep water in the Pacific Ocean.
Third Project — One lock at Pedro Miguel, and two at Miraflores with a 500 foot channel through the lake from Pedro Miguel to Miraflores, and a 500 foot channel from Miraflores locks to deep water in the Pacific Ocean In this and Project No. 2, provision is made for diverting the waters of the Rio Grande and the Corundu and the Cocoli Rivers, as well as for a channel of uniform width to the sea, having no connection with any other tidal basin; as a consequence the currents in the channel will result only from the tidal flow and will not attain a velocity as great as one foot a second, which will not interfere with navigation.
The Canal Route— Plans Amended. 31 7
Fourth Project — One lock at Pedro Miguel, one at MIraflores, and one at La Boca, with 500 foot channels between locks and to depp water in the Pacific.
-In each case locks and dams are 0!i rock foundations. Assuming that inverts are used, the total cost of the various projects are as follows:—
Project No. 1. $58,395,540. .
-,: : Projeiet No 2. ■ 58,467,048.
Project No 3 50,927,268.
Project No. 4 66,690,618.
^"'^ 'Fii'om the^for^going it is seen that Project No. 3, one lock at Pedro Miguel and two at Miraflores is the most economical.' It has the advantage over the present^ project in that tile daitis df lower height, less length and resting on rock comparatively uear the surface can be more easily constructed, and completed at an earlier date. It is to be ])referred to Project No. 1 by reason of the fact that the locati(.n of the locks secures them against all possibility |.)| distant bombardment and affords them greater security against , gunboat or torpedo boat attack.
The Commission unanimously recommends the adop- tion of Project No. o, and its substitution for the existing project/' .;.,;.
The President approved Project No. 3 on December
20, 1907.
The two new locks at Miraflores will bo built diago- iially across the Rio Grande valley, connecting on the east with the bills at Miiraflores and on the west with Cocoli Hill by short dams fotindcd on rock. Ilecent investiga- tions have shown- that- there exists a suitable foundation at the new; location for the locks and dams contemplated. The locl^slif^- directly across the valley and almost eliminate the question of damSy^ithe upper end of the locks bei)ig so close jto theMirafiores hills and the lower end so close to Coc^lt Hill that; the gaps can be closed by very short (Jan>s founded on rock. Under this plan there will be vir-
318
POot and GuUle,
"V^ln^n. In. Oolon. Oom* m,rkdL
XJs.
ta^
tad
OO C3
Hop Shing American Trading Go.
CO
•J..>
DIRECT IMPORTERS OF Qiincsc and Japanese Silks, Fancy Arti- cles, Dry Goods,
Provisions and Hardware*
Come ill and Look over Otir Stock. Nos. 334» 336 and 338 Front St., COLON, R. P.
r. O. Box: 182.
One block from CriRtolNil Post Of dee.
t=3
"^^Te Oetzi Plea.se TTovi.
tually no Sosa lake, as it provides for only about a mile of lake navigation between Pedro Miguel and Mirafloi-es From Cocoli Hill to deep water in the Pacific a sea level canal is contemplated 500 feet wide. The locks and dams will lie immediately behind high hills, thus being effective- ly protected from hostile operations from the bay.
The Contract Phase of Canal Work,
On January 12, 1907, bids were opened for the constniction of the canal by contract The proposal of the Oliver-Bangs syndicate was the lowest, but on the ground that the specifications were not fully complied with, this and all otlier bids were rejected. The report of the Commission for 1907 comes out flat-footed against letting any of the work out by contract, a/»d advances a number of argii'nents why the United States should continue the undertaking in the same manner as at present When Col. Goethals first took charge of the work, he was ro-
The Contract Phase of Canal Work. 3IQ
quested by the President to make a report relative to contract work after he had been on the Isthmus a suffi- cient time to form an opinion. The report says in part: —
" The Panama canal presents a piece of work unpre- cedented in magnitude, which must be done under condi- tions entirely different from similar classes of work in the United States. The work naturally divides itself into dredging, dry excavation, the construction of the locks and dams, and the construction of the new Panama Railroad. There is no contractor, or syndicate of contractors that by any combination could bruig to the Isthmus an orgam'zation ready for team work on any of these units. From the United States the supply of labor is the same whether the work be done by contract or by the Government, and the character of the labor must be the same. So long as work is plentiful the dread of the tropics will deter men from seeking work here in preference, and this is equally ap- plicable to the contractor and the Government. An ade- quate supply of labor from the United States is not possi- ble. The records here show that no contractor can even attempt to recruit labor in the West Indies, and that great opposition will develop to any recruiting by authorized agents of the Commission if the labor procured is turned over to the contractors. These island governments cannot be blamed for their hostility toward the latter, because of their experience under the French, which left an indelible impression throughout the islands."
"Conditions on the Isthmus are peculiar. It is con- tended, apparently on reasonable grounds, that service in the tropics saps the energy and that a man is incapable, after a time, of performing the same amount of work that he would be able to acconiplish had he spent the same period in a cooler climate. This creates a desire to ac- cumulate sufficient means to avoid the necessity of rela- tively harder work on the return to the United States, and it is a question that the contractor would be obliged to face, as well as the United States. The wage scale on the
The Contract Phase of Canal Work. 321
Isthmus is practically adopted and a contractor would be obliged to maintain it."
"The excavation of the Culebra division has already been undertaken by hired labor; practically all of the plant required for this work has been secured and paid for; a coiuplete and thoroughly efficient organization for the same has been built up, and the Government is not hampered in any way in procuring the necessary labor for filling vacancies that arise. The Government has on hand, or under contract, all the dredges that will be needed for excavating such parts of the canal prism as can be most economically pL'rt'ormed by this class of machinery. The success of lock construction depends largely upon the quality of cement used, and there is no question but that the Government should furnish all the cement. No contractor, or association of contractors possesses the necessary plant for handling the enormous quantities of concrete required for these structures. Subsequent to the construction of the locks the contractor could have no further use for the machinery installed, even if the payment of freight for its return to the States was warranted. The gates and oper- ating machinery, it is believed, can best be constructed by contract at the proper time."
^*No account has been taken of the question of sani- tation, one very important to the successful prosecution and completion of the work on the canal. Proper sanita- tion can be maintained more easily and satisfactorily with the Government in supreme control of the work, than with the contractor. The relative advantages of the contract system versus hired labor under Goverinnent supervision are very different to-day from what they were two years ago. To one familiar with conditions on the Isthmus there can be no doubt at this stage of the work as to the ad- visability of continuing it with hired labor."
"It is estimated that SO per cent, of the entire plant needed for the construction of the canal has been pur- chased or contracted for. INIachine shops have been erected
322
Pilot aud Guide.
lEAICAII Mi HOUSE.
FRONT OF THE P. R. R. STATION.
FIRST CLASS BAR and DINING SALOON.
Billiard. KLoom in Coran. action, Best Place of Its Kind in Culebra To Spend Your Leisure Hours. Corns o,T,i. ^ss uc, Iz'j, zvill be treated, zi;ell. McFARLANE & COYNE, Proprietors.
and ccjuipped for making all needed repairs to machinery now on hand or still required for the work. So far, there- fore as the plant, its care and repair are concerned, the Government is better equipped to cany on the work as advantageously and economically as any contractor. Many thousands of employes have been secured, and an effective working organization has been perfected. The employes are well sheltered and in general, well-fed; the salaries paid are satisfactory and the work is progressing smoothly. A change from these favorable conditions in the method of prosecuting the work would disorganize all existing con- ditions and would undoubtedly increase the estimated cost and time of completing the canal. The conclusion that the work can be done better, cheaper, and more quickly by the Government has been reached only after free and full discussion by the various meml^ers of the Commission and the higher officials connected with the construction work, and after careful consideration of all sides of the proposition."
Record of Excavation to Jan. 1,1908. 323
Record of Excavation to Jan. 1, 1908.
The following table will show amount of excavation done since the canal has been in Ameiican hands; also, amount yet remaining to be excavated, as of January 1, 1908:—
Amount excavated under American control: CUBIC YARDS
In Culebra Division (canal prism) to January ], 1908 - . . . 13,037,847
Total excavation at all points under American control to Jan. 1, 1908 22,755,291
Total excavation by the French at all jjoints and iucludiug diversion
channel about 81,518,000
Total estimated excavation required April 1, 1907 for an 85-foot level canal:
In CanaJ prism .. 101,050,000
On lock sites 7,965,000
For regulating works and diversion channel 2,150,000
Dredging in old Channel; Cristobal to Gatun, to open construc- tion channel; and at Panama, to keep channel ojjen to La Boca 3,350,000
Total 114,515,000
Canal Finances to July 1, 1907.
EXPENDITURES.
Con.stmction of Canal. .... $29,782,682.60
Buildings 5,862,384.90
Panama waterworks, sewers and paving 1,217,445.52
Colon waterworks, sewers and paAang 763,302.30
Panama Railroad advances 1,826,683.50
Total construction and engineering $39,452,498. 82
Government of the Canal Zone 1,431,151.71
Buildings ^ 388,101.40
Zone highways 499,023.70
Total civil government 2,318,276.81
Sanitation and hospitals 4,799,642.04
Buildings 7.50,565.96
Total sanitation 5, .5.50, 208. 00
Loans to Panama Railroad 3,631,257.34
Purchase of Panama RaQroad stock 157,118,24
Purchase of Santa Rosa and Tivoli Hill properties 56,882.96
Balance due by laborers for their transportation 210,694.45
32^ ^^^ f^^ G***^c.
Bills n«<I«>n<«1 against Panaiun RMilroa 1 and otIu>rs. but iiu-
<ydliTt«<<l ....• 4(K.WW..-.2
Collt>«ti(mfi from iiMlividiialH aii«l <y>iii]Niiii«'H rniiittiMl to
ruittsl Stales TreasariT hm nus«-«'ll«n«M>u.s nTi-ijit**. .■ ■• l.tMO.umvwi
Labor fiiniialuHl and material mi]«I to raimnia KailnNul, tbc Krpublic of ranania, CoiiiiiiisHtoii iMiiployes, and tttlior aIUi*4l Uitori'Ht* • l.!W10.9.V2'i*<
Cash anil uucolU>ct«Hl bills at vuriouM hoH)iitatM 2,:irJ.71
Total misrellaDcoiiH 0.422,»Ofl.4l
Less.
Amount ilu(> individuiils and roiuiuuiii'.H for claiuiH
allowfil but not ]»aid on this dato.. f . r»(».'»,37.'i.lH AmouutA iui})aid ou ituy-ndls. 1,411, 740,21
June rolls $1,200,419.14
Prior mouths 141,327.07
Total amount of collections made and
bills rendennl and inchuled in ex-
lH*uditun*« ■which hav«« Imm-u, or
will be de]H>sit4Hl in the V. S.
Treasury as miscellaneous receipts 2.873. 148 «J3 "Value of -FrtMH-h material charged to
the work or sold to individuals and
oomimnies which has In'cu crtMlited
to purchase price of Canal 048,51 l.C'> .'>,438,770.67
Net miscellaiieous (MM 126.74
Total expenditures 4«,285,110.37
Balance available July 1, 19()7 31,323,458.21
Total $79,008.568 58
Til August, 1907, the Chief Engineer advised the Secretary of War that construction work for the fiscal year ending June .'iO, 190S was proceeding faster than contem- plated, resulting in increased expenditures for labor and material. He estimated that additional funds to the amount of $ 8,000,000 would be required in order to keep up the same record of work for the remainder of the period. On August 26, the President approved the request An appropriation of $3.'i,lS:j,143 has been asked for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909.
Labor on the Canal. 35 25
now ABOUT IT? WHAT? WtlY, RTNGITO
IT'S TPE GREATEST BLOOD MEDICINE FOI? KPEUriATISM CIND SKIN DISEASES OF THE dGE.
T 0 be liad at CENTRAL PHARMACY of M. ESPINOSA B., No. 130 Sent. Ave.
Labor on the Canal.
Up to June 30, 1906 most of the labor on the canal was drawn from the West Indian peoples. The Commis- sion's report for that year states: "Another year's expe- rience from jiearby tropical islands and countries has coii- vinced the Commission of the impossibihty of doing satis- factory work with them. Not only do they seem to be disqualified by lack of actual vitality, but their disposition to labor seems to be as frail as their bodily strength. Few of them are steady workers. The majority of them work ]ust long enough to get money to supply their actual bodi- ly necessities, with the result that while the Commission is quartering and caring for about 25,000 men, the daily ef- fective force is many thousands less. Many of them settle in the jungle, building little shacks, raising enough to keep them alive, and working only a day or two occasionally, as they see fit. In this way, by getting away from the Com- mission's quarters, practical control over them is lost, and it becomes veiy difficult for foremen to calculate on keep- ing their gangs filled."
"The experiment with laborers from northern Spain has pioved very satisfactory. Their efficiency is not only more than douljle that of the negroes, but they stand the climate much better. They have malaria in about the same degree as the Avhite Americans, but not at all to the extent that the negroes have it. Their general condition is about as good as it was at their homes in Spain. The chief engineer is convinced by this experiment that an/ white man so-called, under the same conditions, will stan the climate on the Isthmus very much better than thd
0
«
326 Pilot and Guide,
THERE IS NO EQUAL TO OUR LINE OF IMPORTED
FRENCH CONFECTIONERY and BONBONS.
Direct Iniporlations of (he Very Highest Grade and Select Stock of
p. Canavaggio
Tobaccos,
Ciprs,
jQo. ZZ Cenirat ^venuBf Tc4N<A3ac4, % of y.
>0000^^>€r'000000000000 Of
COMPLETE STOCK of CHOICE PRESERVES, CANNED GOODS and TABLE DELICACIES.
See (hir Display Window For Latest Novelties,
\A/E HAVE THE GOOD©.
negroes, who Are supposed to be immune from practically every tiling, but who, as a matter of fact, are subject to al- most everything."
The Department of Labor, Quarters & Subsistence in charge of ^fr. Jackson Smith (a member of the Com- mission), as Manager, attends to the securing of all skilled and unskilled labor and its assignment, according to the needs of the work, liecruiting agents have been maintained at Barbados, and Martinique, and a representative kept at Paris to keep in touch with European labor conditions and with European emigration. On June 30, 1906, there were on the canal Avork 500 Europeans and 13,625 West Indians. On June 30, 1907, there were 4,317 Europeans and 14,606 West Indians, a large increase in the "gallego", or European labor, but only a small increase in the negro labor. To maintain this force of laborers, and also to provide the Panama Railroad with a force of 5,000 labor- ers, 6,899 Europeans and 10,947 AVest Indians were
Labor on the Canal. 327
brought to the Isthmus during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1907j an average of nearly 1500 men per month.
The total force of skilled and unskilled laborers of the Isthmian Canal Commission and Panama Railroad on June V>0, 190G, was 19,600, and June :30, 1907, it was 29,446, an increase of about 10,000 men. Daring this period 20,884 men were brought to the Isthmus by the Commission from all parts. At the end of October, 1907, the grand total of men employed in all branches was 32,054, the largest force ever on the canal pay roll suice the inauguration of the work in 1880. At the present time the force in some smaller, owing to completion of work and reduction of forces in some of the departments.
The Commission's report for 1907 states: '-The labor problem is still an unsolved one, but the experiments of the past year with a diversity of races and nationalities has improved the efficiency of the force and promises to make the term of service longer. Tropical labor is migratory, and notwithstanding superior wages, housing and subsistence, there will always be large periodical changes in the indivi- dual force. A regular recruiting organization, changed from one labor center to another, will always be necessa- ry to keep a maximum force available."
Feeding tlie Canal Army.
At the close of the fiscal year, 15 hotels were oper- ated for white Americans, the price per meal being 30 cents. This does not include the Hotel Tivoli, where on account of superior accommodations, higher rates prevail. Eighteen mess halls are operated for Europeans where a day's board is furnished for 40 cents. The stewards and cooks at these messes are usually Europeans and food to which these laborer^ are acustomed, is served. There are 23 kitchens for AVest Indian laborers where a day's board is supplied for the sum of 30 cents, and prepaied by cooks of their own nationality. The subsistence operations are designed to be only self-sustaining.
3 28 i^' om4 Guide.
The income from hotels during the fiscal year ending Juno no, in07, amounted to $4J)2,G94.40; oxpcnditui-es, f 47r),9(i7.r)4, leaving a net profit after deducting an it«m of$:Jjr>r).:J2 charged to loss account, of § 12,1)71.54. The Washington showed a loss during the year of $820..'U, and the Hotel Tivoli, a loss of ^ r),6()7..*{2 since January 1, 1907. The income from kitchens amounted to JJ r)2r),- 6:J2.74; expenditures, 8 4r)6,247.:]0, a net profit of $ 59,- 385.44. The average numher of meals served during one month was about 1,000,000.
The report of quarters for all classes of employes shows the following: Houses for skilled married employes, 537; houses for skilled bachelor employes, 223; houses for unskilled married employes, 329; houses for unskilled bachelor employes, 528; hotels, 16; mess halls, 19; kitchens, 55; miscellaneous, including offices, club houses, etc., 501, a grand total of 2208.
Redemption of the Isthmus.
In a sketch on Panama, a noted encyclopaedia a few ycai-s back made the unqualified statement that "the cli- mate is such that no white man can live there." Every- thing hygienically evil about the Isthmus has hitherto been charged against the climate. Yellow fever, malaria, and a half-dozen lesser ills formerly common to the isthmian country have all been charged to that same disreputable (?) climate. We, of this day and generation however, have come to know better. The sanitary showing made on the Isthmjs since the canal has been in American hands has well nigh disproven all previous sunuises. doubts and fears.
The history of the French companies goes to show that in a hygienic way they placed no credence in tlie well known maxim that **An ounce of prevention is worth a pound ofcuie.'' They took care of tlieir sick in a commendable manner after disease had stricken them down, but they made not the slightest provision for preventing sickness.
I{edemj)tion of the Isthmus. 329
JOSK F»AOROS, Proprietor,
In front of Panama Railroad Station, Colon, Republic of Panama.
DIRECT IMPOKTER OF THE HIGHEST GRADES OF WINES, LIQUORS SPANISH PRESERVES, TORACCO, CIGARS AND CIGARETTES.
ORDERS GIVEN 'PROMPT ATTENTION. PRICES CAN'T BE BEAT.
At that period it must be said that the mosquito theory relative to the spread of yellow fever and malaria had not become an accepted fact. The inroads made by yellow fever in the ranks of the French employes was taken as the workings of the hand of fate and accepted philosophically. No attention was paid to draii'ing stagnant pools and low places; no safeguard was thrown about dwelling-places of employes in the way of screening; anyone suggesting fumi- gation would have been laughed to scorn.
The administrative heads of canal affairs under Am- erican control foresaw ihat the fii'st move on the board in order to insure success must be the cleaning uj) of the canal strip and th(» cities of Panamaand Colon. It therefore behooved them to exercise careful judgment in the selection of a man to put at the head of this important line of operations. That selection resulted in the sending to the Isthmus of '*the man who has made good". Col. AV. C. Gorgas, who had acquired valuable experiejice in the Cuban sanitary campaign.
When the sanitary forces first lined up on the Isth- mus in 1904, it didn't look such a difficult task. From May to December there Avere only a few sporadic cases of yellow fever and these were quickly squelched. It looked as if Yellow Jack was going to capitulate his fortress without opposition. But as the employes began streaming to the Isthmus furnishing abundance of suitable raw ma- terial for voracious members of the anopheles and stegomyia tribes, a battle royal was begun. And it was a battle
330 Pifoi and Guide.
royal. From ^Farcli to Septomher 1905, the com- monest sight on the streets of Panama was some detach- ment of the fumigation hrigade. The city was funiif^ated in sections once, then again, yet again, and in the fourth and supreme effort there was a general fumigation over tlio Quihv city at the same time. Tons upon tons of i)aper went to plaster up the crevices in the walls of houses, and some of the crevices in some of the houses would easily have admitted tlie historic harn door. The fumes of sulphur and pyretheum were in constant ascent to the upper air, while all around a Pelee-like aspect prevailed. Those were trying days to the householder. He'd harely recovered from his last dose before men with ladders, buckets and rolls of paper were again besieging his premises.
Tt was a nip and tuck battle for three or four months in lOOo. At (-ne time the outcome might be said to have looked dubious, but the leader of the sanitary forces never wavered in his belief in his theory, and the contest went steadily on. At last toward the end of 1905, results began to be apparent. Sources of infection were destroyed, and on November 11 of that year occurred the last case of yellow fevor in Panama. Tho last case in CoUm was reported on ^lay 17, 1906.
The Department of Sanitation of today has a magni- ficently equipped plant, ramified into every part of the Zone. The two main hospitals at Ancon and Colon are fortified by line hospitals at all the principal settlements along the canal route. In addition, at all these points a dispensary, district physician and sanitary inspection force is main- tamed. When the writer passed over the railroad early in 1904. the jungle reigned supreme at nearly all the little settlements built up by the French. Xow one sees only well-ordered villages with the brush and grass cut away from around them; drainage ditches running in every di- rection, sidewalks, and in some cases electric lights.
Up to 1907 the lepers and insane were housed at Miraflores, a station on the railroad about six miles from
Redemption of the Isthmus. 331
Paiiaraa. During this year the insane were removed to new quarters on the A neon Hospital site, and the lepers have heen segregated at Palo Seco, a point on the bay, west of La Boca. Ancon Hospital possesses a finely- equipped laboratory and all other facilities required for an up-to-date hospital.
The convalescents are nursed back to complete h3alth at Taboga Sanitarium, an institution on Taboga island founded by the French, and afterwards remodeled and en- larged by the Commission. There are two American ce- meteries, one at Monkey Hill, or Mount Hope, on the Atlantic side, and the other at the foot of Ancon Hill be- tween La Boca and the Ancon Hospital buildings. The sick are carried in either direction on the railroad each day in hospital cars.
Figures are often dry, but occasionally they are elo- quent and speak for themselves. Li October, 1884 when the French had 19,234: men on the Isthmus, they lost IGl. Li 1905, when the Commission and P. K. R had 19,685 in their employ, they lost but 55. The death rate of the general population of the Canal Zone, and the cities of Panama and C^olon in 1905 was 53.78 per thousand; in 1906. 49.10, and of the 1907 fiscal year, 42.08, a steady diminution in mortality, as will be obseiTcd. The total deaths from all causes among employes in 1907 numbered 1273, of which 104 were due to accident. The casualty rate was unusually large, due to an increase in the number of railroad and blasting accidents.
The negro employe death rate compared to the whites is 3 to ]. It is apparentefrom this that the white man stands the conditions on the Isthmus just about three times as well as the negro, a statement that would have been flatly contradicted a few years ago. The negro death rate shows a constant decrease however.
The total number of cases of yellow fever reported from May, 1904, to the last case known is 112. Out of this number, fifty were fatal. Pneumonia claims more victims
332 2'ilot ami Gniilc.
B. KCY A.' 1 " ± '.-Watchmaker and Jeweler. EMPIRE, CANAL ZONE.
Gramophones and Typewriters Repaired. Wedding Rings. Latest Style, A Specialty.
YOU CAN'T DO BETTER ANYWHERE-
tliaii any other disease. Malaiia, tuberculosis and typhoid fever follow in the order named. During the 1907 liscal year, 11,975 persons were treated at Commission hospitals.
In June, and again in August, U)05, single ciisos of bubonic plague occurred at La Boca. There was nospread. In 1907, a case of yellow fever was taken from one of the boats in the harbor. None ot the other passengers ex- posed became infected.
In August, September and October, 1906, there was not .a death among the 6,000 American men, women and children on the Isthmus, a truly remarka])le occurience.
A newcomer on the Isthmus nowadays wonders at the absence of mosquitoes in Panama and Colon and the set- tled portions of the canal strip. The reason is revealed when it is stated that during the fiscal year 2,7.) 6,50!) gallons of mosquito oil were sprinkled on the streets and low places.
The quarantine end of the Department of Sanitation is the watchdog of the Isthmus. A rigid inspection is made of passengers and crews on ie.coming boats, and in case of those touching at infected ])orts, the passengers are h(*l(l in dcteiition fur five days. The total vaccinations for the 1907 fiscal year reported by this service were IM,5Si). Total net innnigration for the year was ;)0,5I5. Number of im- migr.ints rejected, 14. The (piarantine station on the Pa- cific side will be located shortly on the island of Culebra, in Panama Bay.
The longer one remains on the Isthmus, the better inured he becomes to the conditions. This is true in the majority of cases, and is demonstiated by the constantly diminishing average sick rate among the employes. . For one while during December, 1907, the average daily hos-
licdcmption of the li^ihwvs. 333
pital admissions were lower tlinii any similar period since sanitary operations liavo i)een conducted on the present scale.
m Kid PIN OF THE cm.
The true source of the Ciiai^ros has never heen ac- curately determined. It has, h'.>wcver, two principal branches, one (the larger) known as the Pequeni, rising in the Cordillera San . Bias, which at that point forms tlie Continental Divide, very close to the Atlantic Coast. The other branch has its origifi about twenty miles (by the river), above Alhajuela, at which point the French Canal Company established a gauging station.
Between Alhajuela and the Caribbean, the principal tributaries are the Gatun, Chilibre, Obispo, Gatuncillo aiid Trinidad, named in the order thereof joining the Chagres. In the dry season these may be regarded as negligible, but during rainy months they become tropical torrents, with a volume not to be ignored. None of the triliutaries have been followed to their source, with the exception of the Obispo, although the Isthuiian Canal Commission has established gauging sta- tions on the Trinidad and Gatuncillo, about eight miles above Gatun.
Few rivers show a greater variation in the amount of discharge at different periods of the year than the Chagres. In the dry season, it is a clear, quietly flowing stream, while during the rainy season it becomes a great river, subject to sudden and violent freshets and floods.
The following table shows the maximum, the mini- mum and the mean discharges at each of the three princi- pal gauging stations operated by the Isthmian Canal Commission:
33-^
Piiot and Guide.
^
s
The King Fin of the Canal.
33S
PURITY IS PROVEN
An analysis lately made by the De- partment of Sanitation of the Isthmian Canal Commission has proven the pii- ]-ity of
Paraiso Spring Water,
Has even found it to be "As Good As Distilled Water."
Fardiso Springs Corbondting Works, W. N. SEITZ, Proprietor.
PflRAISO, CANAL ZONE.
HERE'S TO YOU.
Kame of Station
Alhajuela Gamboa
Bohio
Years of Ob- servation
1S99 to date
1882 to date Except 1889 & some months
11890 to date
Maximum Dis- charge in cubic feet jjer gecon d Date" 92,003 12-3-06I240
Minimum Dis- cliarge in cubic feet per second
76.000
108.000
12-3-06 240
12-4-06!240
Date A pi. 01
A pi. 01
Apl. 01
Mean Yearly
Discharge in
cubic ft. per sec.
2360 3046
4603
The gauging station at Gatuii was established in May 1907, and while discharges have been measured there since that time, the observations have not been carried on for a sufficient time to permit their use as authoritative. Enough data has been secured however, from measurements made this year, to enable us to compute the discharge at 135 per cent, of that at Bohio.
The following table taken from the revised edition of General Abbot's book "Problems of the Panama Canal" will show the maximum discharge reached in the eight
33e
PUot and Guide.
gi-eatest Hoods of the Chagrcs of whicli thcro is autlientic record.
|
c, |
AMUOA |
1 |
IJOHIO |
|||||
|
1 Max. |
Discharge iu cubic ft |
Max. |
I>i8clmrge ill cubic ft. |
|||||
|
1>atr 1 liftigllt |
IHT «w. |
Per cent |
height A b o V e |
pttr tuMi. |
Per |
|||
|
a b o V u |
Muxiuiinii III 4^ lioiirR |
Maximum |
In 48 hour8 |
cent |
||||
|
low wa- |
low wa- |
|||||||
|
ter in ft. 22.10 |
40.oi:> |
"62" |
ter in ft. 26.08 |
|||||
|
Nov. 1906 |
25.oo:j |
46,292 |
38.738 |
83 |
||||
|
Dm. IMi |
3.V05 |
7«,IMJG |
42.377 |
56 |
:{8.65 |
108.000 |
74,371 |
09 |
|
18KJ |
25.33 |
. 43,OWi |
27,971 |
65 |
28.54 |
51,100 |
4:), 590 |
85 |
|
1890 |
31.82 |
65.371 |
34.752 |
54 |
32.15 |
71,660 |
.•ii.oes |
71 |
|
IKVS |
rti.n- |
58.i:;2 |
48.278 |
83 |
34.68 |
79.000 |
||
|
Nov. 1- |
(>4.48S |
43,404 |
67 |
33.79 |
74.«0v) |
|||
|
l>.t. 1 |
44.92:{ |
32.421 |
?2 |
26.41 |
47.4(>t; |
|||
|
1' |
78,«14 |
39.37 |
112, THO |
■■ |
•Note: Tbe heijflit rcache<l duriuc this Ikxxl was recordtMl only forJJoliio; that at Gainl>oa b<'iiig caloulatod by iiiean» of tlie n'lation wliich hax Im'^'U foiiiiil to exist l>etweeii tlioBC two Htalioiis by Hubsequent observatious.
The Chagres above Gamboa is a clear mountain .sti-eam, and in the dry season the amount of matter car- ried in suspension is so small that no observations were deemed necessary. However, experiments were made by the Isthmian Canal Commission of 1899-1901 in order to determine the amount of matter carried in suspension dur- ing the rainy season, with the following i-esults: At Alha- juela it was found that the matter in suspension was .15 of one per cent, of the total volume of the water, and at Bohio .18 of one per cent.
As the result of a chemical analysis of the water of the Chagres by Dr. Arthur I. Kendall, Acting Chief of the Isthmian Canal Commission Laboratory, collaborating with Ricardo M. Arango, Division Engineer in charge of the hydrographic work of the Commission, it was found that at Gamboa there is an average of 228 parts of solid matter carried in suspension to every million parts of water.
In the course of the Chagres river from the Sierra San Bias, its bed presents varied geologic formations. At its source granite is found and pieces have been washed down, but little is known of the exact character of tlie country. Above Alhajuela, there is stratified limestone, sometimes white but usually gray, which passes under the sandstone of the lower river. Lower down, between Alba-
The King Fin of the Canal. 33y
juela and Cruces, a compact calcareous sandstone presents itself, containing fossils of the upper Oligocene or Miocene period, while the bed of the river at Gamboa is composed of compact limestone. At Bohio, there is a fine-grained volcanic breccia, and at Gatun a moderately close con- glomerate under a brownish, impure calcareous clay, the former containing fossils of the Oligocene age. Between Gatun and Limon Bay, the Chagres passes through a stretch of swampy lowlands reaching almost to the sea, where the river cuts through a range of low hills.
Meteorological Work on the Isthmus.
This work could not be considered as fairly established by the Isthmian Canal Commission until January 1, 1906, when there were in operation two first class meteorological stations, — A neon and Naos, and twelve rainfall stations, — Cristobal, Gatun, Bohio, Tabernilla, Bas Obispo, Gamboa, Alhajuela, Empire, Culebra, Bio Grande, La Boca and Panama. Of these, the stations at Ancon, Naos, Cristobal, Rio Grande and Bohio were using self-registering instru- ments. During the year Brazos Brook, Bas Obispo, Em- pire, Camacho, Culebra and La Boca were supplied with self-registering instruments and Bas Obispo was established as a tirst class meteorological station. This station is also equipped with an up-to-date evaporation plant, where experi- ments are being conducted to ascertain the daily, monthly and annual amount of evaporation. The Naos station was discontinued January 1, 1908, and consolidated with Ancon.
During the year 1907, Cristobal was established as a first class meteorological station, and the stations at Alha- juela, Gatun and Bohio equipped with triple registering instruments for recording the wind direction and velocity, sunshine, and rainfall.
There are now in operation on the Canal Zone three first class meteorological stations, at which the following observations are taken: Barometric pressure, temperature,
338 ^^^ «»*<^ Ouide,
relative ImmuHty, dew p(»int, vapor pressure, wind direction and velocity, sunshine, cloudiness and rainfall, while at Has Obispo the evaporation experiments above referred to are conducted; at Ancon on the Pacific, and Cristobal on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus, records of the tides and ocean temperature an^ taken.
Alhajuela, Bohio and Gatun are recording wind direc- tion and velocity, and rainfall. Brazos Brook, Tabernilla, San Pablo, Gamboa, Empire, Camacho, Culebra, Rio Grande and La Boca are recording only rainfall.
The pressure, temperature, relative humidity, wind di- rection and velocity, sunshine and rain are recorded hourly, thus showing the hour of the day most affected by these elements.
The mean and annual temperature on the Pacific side is slightly higher than that on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus. The mean temperature for the Canal Zone is about 80 degrees Fah.
The year is divided sharply into two seasons, dry and rainy, the latter lasting from April to December. The heaviest rains usually occur in November.
The precipitation is greatest on the Atlantic Coast, wliere the mean animal rainfall is 128.19 inches at Cristo- bal, and least on the Pacific side, where it is 48.43 inches at Naos.
A table giving a synopsis of the climatological data of the Isthmus follows, as also a statement showing the maximum, minimum and mean rainfall at the stations of Cristobal, Gorgona, Culebra and Panama.
The Bureau of Meteorology and River Hydraulics (afterwards raised to a Division), under which all hydro- graphic and meteorological studies are made, was estab- lished June 14, 1905, by former Chief Engineer Wallace. Mr. Ricardo M. Arango, who had served as Consulting Engi- neer during the installation of the water and sewerage system of Panama has been in charge of the Division since its inception.
|
Sunset and Sunrise Tabic. 33Q |
||
|
SUNSET AND SUNRISE TABLE |
||
|
1908. |
SUNRISE |
SUNSET. |
|
H. M. |
H. M. |
|
|
Jan. 1 |
6 10 A. M. |
5 52 P. M. |
|
11 |
6 19 |
5 57 |
|
21 |
6 21 |
6 02 |
|
31 |
'6 21 |
6 06 |
|
I^eb. 10 |
G 20 |
6 09 |
|
20 |
6 17 |
6 10 |
|
Mar. 2 |
6 14 |
6 11 |
|
12 |
6 08 |
G 11 |
|
22 |
6 03 |
6 11 |
|
Apr. 'l |
5 57 |
6 10 |
|
11 |
5 r>2 |
6 10 |
|
21 |
5 48 |
6 10 |
|
Mav ] |
5 44 |
6 10 |
|
11 |
5 41 |
6 11 |
|
21 |
5 40 |
6 13 |
|
31 |
5 39 |
6 16 |
|
June 10 |
T) 40 |
6 18 |
|
20 |
5 42 |
6 21 |
|
30 |
5 44 |
6 23 |
|
July 10 |
5 46 |
6 24 |
|
20 |
5 49 |
6 24 |
|
30 |
5 51 |
6 22 |
|
Aug. 9 |
5 51 |
6 19 |
|
19 |
5 52 |
6 15 |
|
29 |
5 52 |
6 10 |
|
Sept. 8 |
5 50 |
6 05 |
|
18 |
5 49 |
5 59 |
|
28 |
5 49 |
5 53 |
|
Oct. 8 |
5 48 |
5 47 |
|
18 |
5 48 |
5 42 r,; |
|
28 |
5 49 |
5 39 |
|
Nov, 7 |
5 51 |
5 36 |
|
17 |
5 54 |
5 36 |
|
27 |
5 58 |
5 37 |
|
Dee. 7 |
6 04 |
5 40 |
|
17 |
6 09 |
5 44 |
|
27 |
6 14 |
5 49 |
|
1909 |
||
|
Jan. 6 |
6 17 |
5 55 |
|
The above table is in local Panama time and is computed for Lati- |
340 P^* ^^ Guide,
Tljc Kttv ¥otfi fltiifmitani
Uiiiy ^llorl order Iiuum* uii liii: laiial Zuiii-.
Oysters and Fish, a Specialty. Ice Cream and Candies.
LOCATKl) NKAK THE PANAMA RAILROAD DEPOT AND CONVEN lENT TO THE TRAVELING PUBLIC.
Qviiolc Servioo, K,e6LSoneL"bl© Prioos.
GANDOLFO & RAFFO. Proprietors.
EMPIRE, CANAL ZONE.
tudo S deg., 57 min., and IG sec. north; longitude 79 deg., 31 min., and 4 sec. west.
Colon is in Latitude 9 deg., 22 min., 16 sec. north; longitude 79 deg., 52 min., and 27 sec. west, the difference between local Colon time and local Panama time being about two minutes. By deducting therefore two minutes from the figures on the above table will give the correct sunrise and sunset time at Colon.
F^ANAMA'S IVIOFRAL© IN XHE 'TOS
Things are looking up in morals. We have good authority for stating that a mule was baptized the other day, and now the pleasing intelligence comes from Aspin- wall that a five-foot alligator went to church in that quiet and respectable town last Sunday. Tlie donkey had the precedence in the entry into Jerusalem, but his morals were not stated, and for the above ceremony they con- cluded they would have a good mule, no common donke}', but an orthodox mule or none, so they baptized the can- didate and branded him with the sign of the holy cross. — Panama Star & Herald in 1872.
Pilot and Guide.
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Beijond the Chngrcs.
343
Jhb JIigh Prade 3Je\a/elry ^tore of thb Jsihmus,
!S.<- J)^f?) ^
^^'~.-
Do you want to make a nice present? YBB? "rHBN OO "TO
No, 87 Central Ave , Panama, R. P.
Sl'LEXDID ASSOKTMEXT OF THE LATEST EUROPEAN i XOV'ELTIES CONSTANTLY IX STOCK.
^tngSf 'Bracelets and 'Brooches in 14 and 18 Caral Solid Gold, Guaranteed. DIAMO:^'»S, PJEAKI^S AlVD GPLIV.S OF ALL, KINDS.
I SWISS AND AMERICAN NA/ATCHES.
Jt )VilL JPaY you Jo yiSIT JVIlSTELl'S ^IRST.
o
*_^ye ?/ 07ic/ //t& (o /u
(xty/^^^d.
Tli(^ followini;: seloclioTi from '■Panajnu Patchwork" is reprinted with the kiiid x^evmission accorded the publislier, by tlie author prior to his death At the time tlie piece was written, the name "Chagres" was jiardly one to conjure with. It was associated with deadly ievers, and all manner o£ things evil. Nowadays the name has lost some of its potency and mysticism^ although at the present time, the territory of the upper Chagres is a region x^ractieally unknown, and strange as it nuiy seem even the true source of the river, destined to be the great feeder of tlie canal, is as yet undetermined. The so called "Chagres fever" is nothing more than an aggi'avated type of malaria.
J3eyou(l tht? Cliagrcs Eiv(n* Are ]»atlis that leail to death--- To the fever's deadly breezes. To malaiia's jtoisoiions bi'eatli ! Beyond tlte tro])ie foliage. Where the allij^ator waits. Are the inaasioiis of the Dcvil--- His orijjiual estates !
.3. IJeyoiidthe Chagres Kiver Lurks tlu^ cougar in his lair, And \n\ hundred thousand dangers IIi(h' ill th(^ noxious air. I5ehind the 1renil)lin;^ h'afiets, lii'ueath the fallen reeds, Are ever-pi-esent perils Of a million' different breeds !
3^-4-
Pilot (Dili (tiddc.
2. Bej'ond tlu> CJiajjres Kiver Alt' patlis foiv'rr unknown, Witli a sumUt 'noatli »«a«'h iM<bbU«, A scorpuni 'neatli »'arli stont*. 'Tis hfiT tho lx>a-nmstnctor Uis fatal banqiu^t Iiohls, And to liis slimy lH)soni His hapless ifue'st rnt'olds I
Beyond the C'hagros Rivor
'Tis said—the story's old---
Aro paths that lead to mountains
Of ]»ur««st vii;j:in >rold ;
Jhit 'tis mv linn conviotion,
Whall-v.'vtah's th«'y tell,
That beyond tln^ Chaijres River
.Vll jiatlis lead strai^fht to hell !
ICLE SAM'S ISTHMIM DOMAIN
The treaty provides that the Canal Zone shall extend from the o-inile limit in the Atlantic Ocean lo the l^n)ile limit in the Pacific Ocean and to the distance of five miles on either side of the center line of the canal. By the agreement entered into by Gen. Davis, then Governor of the Canal Zone, and representatives of the Panama Gov- ernment, on June 15, 1904, the limits of the Zone were provisionally determined with reference to the center line of the sea-level canal projected by the French canal company. In a few localities, where it l)ecame necessary in order to settle questions pending, the provisional limits were located and marked, by joint action of the Zone authorities and Panama. When the center line of the lock canal to be built by the United States was located, it became possible to determine and locate the permanent boundary lines of the Zone. Maps were therefore prepared by the Canal Com- mission showing the proposed permanent boundary lines, and were submitted to the Panama Government, which accepted them. ,Joint parties under the direction of engi- neers representing Panama and the United States, were put in the field for the purpose of locating the lines as shown on these maps. The lines which have now been located consist of a succession of tangents, instead of curves as did the provisional boundary lines. It is proposed to mark the intersection of the tangents by concrete monuments, and
Uucle Sam's Isfimian Domain. 345
where the boundaries intersect streams and roads, by iron pipes. The provisional boundaries of the cities and har- bors of Panama and Colon, which are excepted from the Canal Zone by the treaty are still observed, although it is expected that before long the permanent boundary lines of these cities and harbors will be determified, th«is definitely settling the question.
The line of demarcation between the Canal Zone and the city of Panama is at present fixed as follows: —
"Beginning at a stake set above higli-water mark on the extremity of the Punta Paitilla, on the southerly shore of the Bay of Panama, which jjoint is on the southeastern margin of the harbor of the city of Panama, thence northerly to a stake set near the summit of Cerro Pelado, said cerro (hill) being about one hundred metres to the south of the Savannah road and about eighteen hundred metres to the westward of Caledonia Bridge ; thence westerly in a straight line to a stake set on the summit of Cerro Corundii, which is situated on the right bank of the river of the saine name, near where said stream is crossed by the road leading from the city ice plant to Corozal; thence in a straight line in a southwesterly direction, crossing the railroad tracks to the La Boca junction, to a stake set at the south-east corner of the tract of land belonging to the United States called La Section, whicli stake is on the north side of tiie road leading from Panama to the L^njted States hospital on the slope of x\ncon Hill ; thence in a straight line across the fields and meadows and passing about one metre to the north of the springhouse known as Chorrillo to a stake about 75 metres to the west of said springhouse, set on the north side of the road leading irora Panama to La Boca ; thence in a straight line across the La Boca road to a stake set just above high-water mark at the extremity of the point known as the Punta Mala on the southerly shore of Panama Bay and opposite the Island of Gabilan. "
All of the area enclosed on three sides by the boundaries above described, and on the fourth side the shore-line of Panama harbor from Punta Mala to Punta Paitilla, con- stituting the city of Panama, and the harbor adjacent situ- ated between the said headlands or points, are under the jurisdiction of the Republic of Panama. All of that por- tion of the old municipal district of Panama which is within five statute miles of the centre line, or axis, of the Canal, and which is not included within the city hmits above des- scribed, has been recognized by mutual agreement of the authorities of the United States and of those of Panama as
3-4-© -P*^* ^^^ Guide.
boloiiging to the jmisdictioii of the United States. The ishiuds of Xaos, Peiico, Fhuneuco, CulebrH; Tortola and Chaiigarni ave in tht^ Canal Zone, while the islands of Tahoga and Taboguilla are under the sole jurisdiction of Panama.
The provisional boundary lines of the city and harbor of Colon is as follows : -
"Begiiminj? at a stiikc situated at low water mark on the northern shore of Boca (,'hiea, or Folks Kiver, at a point oO metres to tlie east- waitl of the centre line of the main track of tlie Panama Kailroad, near where said railroa<l enters ni)on the causeway crossing said Boca Chica toward the south, thence in a cjirved line, always parallel to the centre line of the main track of the Panama Kailroa*!, goiTi^j toward the city of Colon and always at the uniform distance of 50 metres from said centre line, to a point whore the said curved line parallel with the railroad track shall inter^;ect the centre line of 'E' Street, sometimes called Bolivar Street, city of Colon : th«>nce, follow- ing said centre line of Bolivar Street, nortlierly to tlie intersection thereof with the centre line of Eleventh Street in the said City of Colon; thence in the centre line of said Kkventl; Street Avesicrly to the shore of Limon Bay; thence, following tlie iovv water level of Limon Bay, along the sh(-re line of La Terro Plein to a i)oint on said shore line, at low water mark of the same directly west of the monu- ment of r'hristopher Columbus now standing on the western extremity of said Terre Plein; thence in a straight line due west acrl)^»^ Limon Bay to the westerly shore thereof: thence northerly, following the low-water shore line of Limon Bay, to Tore Lighthouse; thence in a straight line easterly to the lighthouse on the westerly corner or extremity of Maiizanillo Island; thence easterly, southerly, and west- erly, always foil swing the low-water sliore-line of Man/anillo Island, washcil or bounded by Manzanillo Bay, Boca (Irande, and Boca Chica, which is sometimes called Folks Kiver, to the stake above described, at the point of beginning of this boundary on the shore of said Boca Chica. ^
"The lands and watei*s enclosed by the boundaries f bove described, excepting the present lighthouse, on the westerly point of Manzanillo Island together with its site one hiKidred metres in diameter bounded by a circle of whifh the lighthouse is the centre, and except- ing also, an area through th(^ harbor of Colon, ext«'iuliiig from the southern margin thereof along the exit oi the Channel entrance to the canal, measured tliree hiuidred and thirty mitres vide on each side from the said central axis, to where sai«l channel shall terminate beyond the harbor of Coh)n in the ('aribhcan Sea, constitute the city and harbor of Colon, under the jurisdi* Lion of the liepublic of Panama. "
Uncle Saul's Isthmian Domain. 34-7
Importer of fine hand-made ColomMan Cigars.
MANUPACTIRED FROM THE CEI.EBRATr.!) HIGH GKADE TOBACCOS OF SANTAN-
DEll AND AMBALEMA IN THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA.
Cicjara "©o Suit tfie 'Sc^^l:? atxb 2ocf^i2t of Socxij Sniofi«i.
■W-KCOLiESALES AND K^BTAIL,.
TKY THE L:ELICIOL'S rONFECTfOX AND PASTV MA»E OF THE FAMOUS VELEZ
GUAVAS OF COLOMBIA, SOLI) BY FORKRO.
Elegant Line of Fancy Jeicclnj. Fine Assortment />/ Panama Hats.
No. 34, Bottle Alley, Near to Panama R. R. Station, Colon, R. P.
In September, 11)04, the Canal Zone was divided into five municipal districts, and a local municipal organization on the order of the usual city government plan was estab- lished in each district. While the officials were ap- pointed by the Governor, it was purposed to have the municipalities self-.'^ovornini^ as far as possible. As very few ot: the more intelligent citizens of that part of the Isthmus embodied in the canal strip live outside the cities of Panama and Colon, and as Americans and others, not citizens of Pariama living in the Zone are almost all employed by the Canal (commission, the practice developed of ap- pointing Americans to municipal positions. This was con- trary to the idea of self-government, and on April 15, 1907, the municipal organizations were abolished by Execu- tive order of the President, and four admim'strative dis- tricts were created in their stead. District tax collectors were appointed, municipal judges gave way to district judges, and the Commission was clothed with authority to enact ordinances on subjects previously legislated by the municipal councils. The four administrative districts at present are Ancon, Empire, Gorgona and Cristobal.
The granting of liquor licenses in the Zone is directly under the control of the Commission and saloons are only allowed at certain points. The annual license is §1,200, TJ. S. currency. Thirty-four saloons are now operating within the limits of the Zone.
348 -P'?^' «'^^ Guide.
The number of agricultural leases in the Canal Zone during the fiscal year of 1907 has decreased, instead of increased, as was expected. The reason for this is not ap- parent, unless it is that the returns from agricultural ven- tures are slow, and require an amount of capital which the small investor who avouIcI engage in independent pursuits in the tropics is not prepared to furnish; doubtless, it is also jiartly due to t!ie fact that remunerative employment can always be secured on the canal works. The reduction in the number of leases has also been due to some extent to the cancellation of leases on watersheds, draining into reservoirs which furnish the water supply for towns and villages on the Isthmus. Three watersheds have been en- tirely cleared of humaii habitation, and no leases are now made in the vicinity of reservoirs without reference to the Sanitary Department for approval as to location.
In view of the fact that many roads and trails have peen opened in the administrative districts of Ancon, Em- peradoi and Gorgona, there is every reason to believe that the number of agricultural leases will increase during the present fiscal year, as there is now available a large amount of valuable agricultural land which has hitherto been inac- cessible. The total number of leases for building lots in force on June 30, 1907, was 479, and for agricultural lands, 83; the leases for agricultural lands covering 344 hectares of land. About 52 square miles of land in the Zone was purchased by the United States from the New Panama Canal Company, and about 1S9 square miles was acquired from Panama under the treaty. Much of this land will be required for canal construction purposes, and a large part of it will be submerged by the lakes formed by the canal.
The authority for leasing this hind is found in the Act of Congress approved July 28, 1S92, authorizing the Secretary of War to lease, for a period not exceeding five years and revocable at any time, property of the United States under his control, and not required for public use.
UncJe Sam's Isthmian Domain. 349
The land laws of the United States do not apply U) the Canal Zone, and the land laws of Panama in force in the Zone at the time of its cession to the United States are not applicable to the conditions in the Zone. "It is be- lieved," says Governor Blackburn in his official report, "that as soon as it is possible to determine with reasonable certainty the lands that will be required for canal purposes on the Isthmus, the remaining Innds should be opened to cultivation and settlement under some arrangement that will assure permanent teiuire to persons desiring to secure it. A great deal of public land in the Canal Zone is occupied by squatters, who have been on the land for many years, without legal right. These persons are not disturbed except where their occupation of the land interferes with the canal work. Considerable land in the Zone claimed by private persons, is, it is believed, actually public land. The titles to such land will be adjudicated in the courts. The new Code of Civil Procedure provides a simple method of testing titles in such cases."
The ownership of land in the Canal Zone is as fol- lows:
Owned by (lie Uiiitod States, by purchase from the
New Panama Canal Company 52.11 sq. miles
Owned by the United States, by condemnation and purchase, since the provisional delimitation of the Zone . . 3.01 sq. miles
Public land held by the United States by cession from
Panama under the treaty 188.91 sq. milcg
Owned by the Panama Railroad by cession from Col- ombia and purchase from privat? owners G8.12 sq. miles
Owned by private persons 136.22 sq miles
Total 448.37 sq. miles
Canal Zone revenues have always exceeded the expendi- tures. These revenues are derived principally from real estate taxation, real estate rentals, fines and costs, and liquor licenses. The following table shows receipts from
|
350 |
Pilot and Guide. |
|
|
these sources, and also total receipts and expc |
nditnres for |
|
|
tlie fiscal veai-s. |
1110;% 1906, ami 15)07: — |
|
|
1905 iOO() |
1907. |
|
|
Real estate |
$ G,r>7().37 $ ir),L'20.ol |
$ 5,372.51. |
|
Fiues an«l costs |
.. 15,:J90. 2 30,767.30 |
35,501.10. |
|
Li<iu<>r licenses |
.. 4H,(J3Ln 0 92,000.92 |
95,7 15.40. |
|
Rentals |
2,2S7.79 ir),:;o6.97 |
13,802.90. |
|
Total receipts |
.. 114,740.17 224,729.39 |
230,954.27. |
|
Total expenditures |
.. 47,480.12 141,3S4.95 |
173,112.13. |
|
The |
above amounts are all in Pnnanui |
silver. |
The Isthmian Canal Commission authorized tlie establish- ment of a school system in H)0i, but the pressure of other woik prevented any action being taken under this authori- zation beyond the compilation of a census of children of school age. until December, 1905. At that time a Super- intendent of Schools was appointed for the Canal Zone, and preliminary steps were taken toward opening of free sdiools. of primary grade and simple curriculum. The first free public school in the Canal Zone was opened at Coro- zal (»n Jan. 2, 190G. At the close of the term ending Sept. HO, 1900, there Avere 30 schools with an enrollment of 179() pupils, and an average daily attendance of 12.'>7. In March, 1907. there were 28 schools in operation. The total enrollment was 1721, and the average dailv attendance 1227.
Under date of .June 11, 1907, the I. C. C. adopted a resolu- tion prescribing the length of the school year, and fixing the sahiries of teachers. The public school term under this resolution now extends from Sejitember .-JO to June 1, with the following intermissions, Sunday and Saturday of each week: Thanksgiving day and the Friday following; from
Teaching Canal Zone Youth. 351
Now Is tl^e Right TPime To Buy
Choice Farming f Fruit, Grazing » Timber a.nd Mineral Lands*
TI5.i3j.OTS ^'15.00X1 S to S,000 jPlCI5.E;S ir'OPi SjPlLE.
Home Blorltet. "Water Transportation. Nominal Taxes.
Ciieaip Lialior. Excellent Cliniate.
W'c liavt' ;ils(( Clioieo Quartz, Alluvial Gold, aufl Copper Propertios. Only PlvOP- EllTlES WITH PEllFECT TITLES HANDLED.
Write for in- , T -Q 13 1 r-i 4:4: ConsDltiiig, CivU and Mmiiig Enginesr-
formation to ^'♦^^•A llli^ls, PANAMA & AGUADULCE.
December 21st to Jan. 5th inc., Washington's Eirtbdayj the week [receding Easter Sunday, and Decoration Day. May 80.
The schools reopened October 1. 11)0,7, with 24 in oper- ation. The schools for white children are k)cated at La Boca, xAncon, Pedro Miguel, Paraiso, Oulebra, Empire, Las Cascadas, Gorgona, Gatun, and Cristobal. The schools for colored children have been established at La Boca, Las Sabanas, Paraiso, Culebra, Empire, Matachin, Cruces, Gor- gona, Tabernilla, Bohio, Gatun, Mount Hope, Cristobal and Piaya de Flor. It is intended to open schools at Pedro Miguel, Lns Cascadas, San Pablo, Bas Obispo, Frijoles, and Majagual. ^^ineteen teachers are employed in the schools for white children, and three Avhite and fifteen colored teachers in the schools for colored children. The white teachers come from the following localities : One from Ala- bama, one from Indiana, one from Iowa, one from Kansas, one from Massachusetts, throe from Michigan, one fromf Mississippi, one from Missouri, one from Montana, two from' Nebraska, one from New Mexico, two from New Yoik, two from Pensylvania, two from Virginia, and one from Pana- ma. All are females, with one exception. The salaries of the teachers are §00, $90 and §110 per month, U. S. cur- rency for nine months in the year.
Teachers for the white schools have been carefully selected from the many applications for appointment, preference being given to those with normal school traniing and pre-
352 Piiot and Guide.
vioiis experience in the United States. All but four of the teachers employed for the white schools have liad such ex- perience.
The colored schools are in charge of the most efficient native and West Indian teachers that it is possible to at- ti-act to the service, and some delay has been experienced in opening these schools by the reason of the difficulty in securing properly qualified colored teachers. All of the colored teachers are from tlie West Indies or Panama.
The enrollment of pupils in the white schools for Novem- ber, 1907, was 387 ; average daily attendance, 311. En- rollment in colored schools, 1079 ; average daily attendance 730.
The schools are divided into eight grades, in conformity with the similar organization of elementary schools in the United States. The curriculum includes reading, writing, spelling, grammar, geograjjliy, elementary physiology and free-hand drawing. In addition to the instruction in these subjects, English-speaking children are tiiught Spanish, and Spanish-speaking children are taught English. For white children who are too far advanced for the elementary grades, it is intended to organize high school classes at Cu- lebra and Cristobal, in which instruction will be given in algebra, geometry, Latin, Spanish, botany, physical geo- graphy, general history, rhetoric and biology.
Children whose parents are employed by the Isthmian Canal Commission, or by the Panama Railroad Company, living at stations at which no school has been established are furnished free transportation on the Panama Railroad to the nearest stfition at which there is a school. Children of parents who are not employed by the Isthmian Canal Commission, or the Panama Railroad Company and are not residents of the Canal Zone, are admitted to the elementary grades wherever local conditions will permit upon ])ayment of a tuition fee of §2.00 gold per month, and to the high school grades upon payment of 84.00 gold per month. All necessary material, including books, pencils, pens and paper,
Teaching Canal Zone Youth. 3S3
are furnished to the children free of charge. No expense is to be incurred by children of the Canal Zone attending the schools, except a nominal charge for the mutilation or loss of books or other property resulting from the pupil's carelessness or negligence.
It is the aim of the Division of Schools to provide for the children of American parents, instruction similar to that which they would receive in the public schools of the United States, in order that thoy may not be handicapped by reason of their temporary residence on the Isthmus, and to provide for native children resident within the Zone and children of the Conmiission's West Indian laboiors such schooling as they might obtain in the Republic of Panama, or in their native islands. Mr. David C. O'Connor is Super- intendent of Canal Zone Schools.
When the United States took over the canal the cry- ing need in the cities of Panama and Colon was an ade- quate w^ater supply. The inhabitants were dependent on the rains during the invierno, or w^et season, and on the street v/ater peddlers during the verano, or dry season. Nearly all the houses were i)rovided with tanks, and during the rainy season it was an easy matter to keep them filled, but a month or so alter the appearance of dry weather these were of no further use, and the people had to resort to the agiiadores. The luxury of a daily bath could oidy be compassed by the well-to-do, while the writer once noticed the same amount of water performing the following functions: First, used to wash the childrens' faces; second, used to wash out some articles of wear; third, used to
3S4 Pilot and Guide.
Mo Ma BMUITM9 General Importer and Commission Merchant.
No. 48 Front Street, COLON, Republic of Panama.
TelegrapHic Address: A. O. C. CC3DK
"RRI UN". 5tH Hi:)n"ION.
scrub the stone floor of the habitation; fourth aiul lastly, used to wash off the side walk in front.
AVhen the Commission first grappled tlie subjert, it was proposed to construct a dam and reservoir on the Juan Diaz, a clear mountain stream about fifteen miles from Panama, but off the line of railroad. The Panama Government was largely in favor of this plan. On account of its accessibility, the ])lan of building a resei'voir at Rio Grande Superior to supply the city of Panama, and intermediate points was ultimately adopted. A division was organized for this work and a cori)s of men sent down in July, 1904, in charge of Carleton E. Davis. The de- partmejit Avas then known as the Division of Water Works and Sewers, afterwards Water Works, .Sewers and Roads, and at the present time Division of Municipal Engineernig.
Water was promised the people of Panama on the Fourth of July, 1905, and the promise was fnltillcd. The occasion was appropriately celebrated, tlie local iire dei)art- ment turning out and making a test of the different hydrants. The w^oik of paving and sewering the cities of Panama and Colon was carried out by this department, operations having practically hcen brought to a close 'on November 1, 1907.
The Rio Grande reservoir which supplies J^mama and points between lies directly on the railroad ten miles from the city. Its original capacity was .'}9(».0()0,000 gal- Ions, but during the prolonged dry season of 1907, the consumption was so great as to require an increased stor-
The Isthmian Water Supply. 35 5
age supply. The reservoir has voceiitly been enlarged to hold 521,000,000 gallons. The water is conveyed throngh a 10-inch main to another reservoir at Ancon, where it is filtered and distributed throogh the city mains. The water at times has a disagreeable odor and taste, but several analyses have been made by experts who state that the quality of the water compares favorably with that fur- nished Washington, Baltimore, Kansas City, and other places. The objectionable odor and taste is said to be due to the amount of harmless motile Crustacea found in the waters of all tropical countries. There is a good deal of fine silt held in suspension, and it is advisable to boil the water before using for drinking purposes. The average daily consum[)tion of water in Panama during November, 1907, was 77o,:](37 gallons, as compared with 7SS,0))9 gal- lons in November, 1906. This shows a small falling off notwithstanding the fact that in November, 190G, there were only 02.') connections compared with 1843 connections in November, 1907. The economy in consumption is wholly due to the installation of meters.
The district from Empire to Bas Obispo inclusive is supplied by the Camacho reservoir, with a capacity of 250,000,000 gallons. Gorgona, Matachin, Juan Grande and Mamei are supplied ficun a reservoir of 85.000,000 gallon capacity. The cities of Colon and Cristobal are furnished from the Brazos Brook reservoir, the capacity of which has recently been increased to 548,165,000 gallons. The normal average daily consumption in Colon is between 400,000 and 500,000 gallons.
On November 1, 1907, there had been laid in the city of Panama 11. 30 miles of water pipe of various sizes, 5.12 miles in the city of Colon and 42.80 miles in the Canal Zone, making a total of 59.22 miles. Daring the same period there had been laid in the city of Panama 17.40 miles of sewer pipe, in Colon 5.80 miles, and in the Canal Zone 29.15 miles, a total of 52 35. In Panama 1,843 house connections had been made and in Colon 849.
356
Pilot and Guide.
The Isthmian Water Supply. SS/'
PEARL ISLANDS, ?aNam' BAT. and COAST POINTS.
APPLY, OR WRITE TO
No. Ill Xorth AYsnu.e^ Panama Only Firm on the Isthmus Catering to the Excursion Business. Magnificently Equipped new Tivin-Screw
Steamers to he put in the service this year.
There had heen 134 fire hydrants placed in Panama and 54 in Colon.
During the same period there had been laid in Pan- ama 5.12 miles of brick pavements comprising 63,764 square yards, in streets ranging in width from 13 to 35 feet; 3.03 milos of concrete and macadam pavements, comprising 67,625 square yards, in streets ranging in width from 8 to 30 feet; and 10.4 miles of curbing had been placed. In Colon 2,721 lineal feet of brick pavement, comprising 6,410 square yards, had been laid; 3.24 miles of macadam pavements, comprising 39,603 square yards, in streets ranging in width from 14 to 44 feet, and 7.3 miles of curb and gutters had been installed.
The fire protection furnished to the cities of Panama and Colon is equal to that supplied to cities of similar size anywhere in the world.
Several roads have been constructed by this Division throughout the Zone, the principal ones being as follows: Eoad from Panama to Las Sabanas, which is about four miles in length ; from Panama to La Boca, about three miles ; a complete system of roads around the Hotel Tivoli and Ancon section ; all necessary highways at Culebra, Empire, Las Cascadas, Bas Obispo, Gorgona, Pedro Mi- guel, and a road from Mount Hope to Cristobal.
This division is under Commissioner Rousseau, and under the direct supervision of Division Engmeer J, G. Holcombe.
358 -P*^' ^*^^ Guide.
Public Works.
In ^'ovember, 1900, the position of Water Commis- sioner was created wliich was changed to Superintendent of Public Works on March 1, 1907, when the water and sewer systems were turned over to that department. The work of this office includes the maintenance and operation of the water and sewer systems and paving of the cities of Panama and Colon ; the collection of water rents from private parties supplied with water from the water systems constructed for Commissi(>n purposes in the Zone ; the in- spection of plumbing in (>onmiission buildings in the Zone; the construction of roads and trails and other improve- ments in the Zone; the operation and maintenance of slaughter houses and markets in the Zone, street lighting and maintenance of public buildings.
During the dry season extending from December, 1906, to May, 1907, 37.31 miles of roads were construct- ed in the Zone. These included a 7 -mile trail from Pana- ma City into the Zone, following the old Cruces trail; a 5-mile trail from Pedro Miguel to Arraijan ; a trail from Empire toward Chorrera; a trail from Bas Obispo toward Cruces; a macadamized road from Culebra to Empire; a trail from Empire to Gorgona, and a 3-mile trail from Mount Hope to the interior of the district of Cristobal.
The present Superintendent of Pu])lic Works is Mr. George L. Campen.
REVENl END OF W M.
Canal Zone The Canal Zone is divided into two customs
Customs. districts known as Ancon and Cristobal, with
the ports of Ancon on the Pacific side, and Cristobal on
Revenue End of the Zone. 35Q
the Atlantic side. The steamship hues eiitering the port of Aiicon are the Pacific Ste:im Navigation Company, Com- pania Sud-Americana de Vapores and the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. The first two companies run a regular passenger and freight service between Ancon and Valparaiso. The Panama Ilailroad Steamship Line runs a regular passenger and freight service between Cristobal and New York, and in addition there are many freight boats bringing coal and various other supplies to the Isthmus for the Caual Com- mission or for other consignees. No duties, tolls or charges of any kind whatever are imposed by the United States on vessels entering the ports of Ancon and Cristobal, and no collections are made by the Panamanian customs author- ities on materials or supplies for the use of the Canal Commission, or the Panama Kailroad, in accordance with what is known as the Taft agreement, under Executive order of December 3, 1904.
Canal Zone The internal revenue of the Canal Zone Internal Revenue -^^^^^^ ^j^^ distillation of native rum. There arc about 12 distilleries situated in the Canal Zone, and these work about fifteen days every two months. The charge for distillation is in accordance with the laws of the Republic of Panama, which charges $12.00 per month per litre for a continuous apparatus, and $6.00 per month per litre for a simple apparatus. During the year 1906, there was collected from this source $7,026.75; for the first there quarters of 1907, ending September 30, there was collected $2,987.88.
Canal Zone Lands This Division has to do with the lands and and Buildings b^ii^jij^gs belonging to the Isthmian Canal Commission within the Canal Zone, and the renting of agricultural and building lots to private concerns or indivi- duals. The price for the rental of agricultural lands is $3.00 per hectare per annum, a hectare being about two
3 so ^♦^^ <»*M^ Oidde.
A. BNSENAT
MINERAL WATSH FACTORY.
Quality Right up to tlie Mark, Give us a Trial and be Convinced Address all inquiries to the above at Culebra, C. Z.
and two-fifths acres The charge for the rental of huilding lots varies in accorilance with the desirability of location, and the village in which the lot is situated. The amount collected duiing 1900 fur land rent, Wiis §8,597.29; for building rent, §818.95; for the fii^st three quarters of 1907, endini? September 30, land rent, §6,653.20; building rent, 1427.25.
Canal Zone Posts The Postal Division has seventeen post- offices, as follows: A neon. Station A. Ancon, Corozal, Bohio, Bas Obispo, Culebra, Cristobal, Empire, Gatun, Gorgona, La Boca, Las Cascadas, Matachin, Paraiso, Pedro Miguel, San Pablo, and Tabernilla. There are in this service one director of posts, fifty gold, and twenty silver employes. Registry and money order systems have been installed in every post- office, and direct service is being given to all points, both foreign and domestic. The money order business was estab- lished in June, 1906, and has been on a steady increase from its inception. The money orders issued payable in the Canal Zone and other points will reach a monthly sum of §350,000.00. Postage sales for the calendar year" of 1906, amountfnl to §42,197.04, for the calendar year ending December 31, 1907, to §67,559.77. In accordance with Execu- tive order of December 3, 1904, the stamps used in the Canal Zone postal service are stamps of the Republic of Panama sur- charged with the words "Canal Zone," which stamps are
3S2 ^»'«' ««'^ Cuuic.
pTirchased of the nuthoriMcs of the RopnbHc ol j-nnnina at 40 per cent of their value. During the year 1000, th(M'e were registei^eil in the Zone 7r),'21S (Umu'stic aiul foriMfjjn letters and parcels. During the period January 1, 1007, to June 80, 1007, thei*e were registered 53,600 domestic and foreign lettei*s and parcels.
The entire revenues collected by tlio Revenue department during the calendar year 1907, amounted to* $186,644.6 4 divided as follows :
Distillation tax . . ^ 3.770 68
Land rents I),0oo.0r>
Building rents 1,706 73
Liquor licenses .... 4O,SO0.O0
Administrative districts. 7r>,051.3r)
Money order fees . l.l, 126.9.")
Postal sales $67,559.77 net Zone Revenues GO per cent. .... 40,535.86
Total Zone revenues -186,644.64
'^tTEstatfs'"^" The Collector of Revenues, is ex-o/JicioAdnm\- istrator of Estates and adniinisters on estates of deceased American employes of the Isthmian Ganal Com- mission and of the Panama Eailroad Company whose es- tate do not exceed 8")00 gold.
The Division of Revenues. Customs, Posts ami Jjands is under the supervision of Col. Tom. ISl. Cooke, Kvith head- quartei^s at Ancon. The deputy collectoi-s are JMr. H. A. Gudger, Ancon, and Mr. E. L. Baker^ Cristohal.
4^^i
THE mmm of the mi
The Police Department was organized in May, 1904, after the talking over of the Canal Zone by the Ameriams. J- It has jurisdiction over and covf'Ys^ the entire
TJieJGuardians of the Zone. 363
i Bovs, This Is The Proper stuff, I
i ONLY SALOON ON THE ISTHMUS I
^ WHERE AN ANALYSIS IS MAD= OF ALL. WINES AND LI- ^
^ w
>C5 I. GiUORS BEFORE BEING SERVED TO CUSTOMERS. M
^ BAS OBISPO, CANAL ZONE. ^
i ISOO Miles to Another Saloon Like CurzeFs. t
g Within Easy Distance of Railroad Station. g
Zone from Cristobal to Ancon and La Boca inclusive, as well as the islands beloiifring to the Zone.
The headquarters of Zone police is located at xlncon, C. Z., as is also the residence of the Chief of Police. The present Chief of Police, who is also Marshal of the Canal Zone, Warden of the Zone Penitentiary, and Coroner of the Canal Zone, is Capt. Geo. R. Shanton. The Chief Clerk of the Department is D. E. McDonald, who is in charge of Police Headquarters during the absence of the Chiei of Police.
The strength of , the force is 200 officers and men, who are about equally distributed throughout the different districts of the Canal Zone, the principal stations being located at Ancon, Las Sabanas, La Boca, Pedro Miguel, Paraiso, Culebra, Empire, Las Cascadas, Bas Obispo, Gor- gona, Tabernilla, Bohio, Gatun and Cristobal.
Each of the above stations is supplied with a jail, and a majority of them have a number of outposts gov-
^e>^
Piht at»d GwiVfr.
?|
■Hi
The Guardians of the Zone. 3S5
ISEIMZEIDIO HDE I^ E IST O- 1 IF O
Gran Depurativo Universal para ei Reumatismo y Enfermedades de la Plel.
DE VENTA EN L.A
FARMACIA CENTRAL, Manuel Espinosa B., Avenida Central, No. 130,
eniod by the main stations, all stations being in immediate charge of a lieutenant or sergeant, who is required to re- i:)ort daily to Police Headquarters. All stations and out- posts are also immediately cojniected with Police Head- quarters by telegraph and telephone.
The present strength of the force is one chief of police, one chief clerk, six clerks, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, twelve sergeants, twenty corporals, 80 first class policemen, all of whom are white, and eighty colored policemen.
The uniform worn by the white officers is khaki, with regulation campaign hat; that worn by the colored officers is khaki, with khaki helmet. The side-arms used are the regulation policeman's club, and regulation 38 Colt pistol.
Xearly all of the first class police officers — cor- porals, sergeants and lieutenants — are ex-police officers with good records in the States, or are military men with excellent records and credentials from the United States Army.
The Zone penitentiary is located at Culebra, C. Z., where all criminals wlio are sentenced to the penitentiary are incarcerated.
The headquarters of the penitentiary is at Ancon, as the Warden, as stated above, occupies the dual position of AVarden and Chief of Police.
The averiJge number of prisoners in the Zone Peni- tentiary is about 65.
The offices of Coroner and Marshal of the Canal Zone also come under the head of the Police Department, and the headcpiarters of these offices is also located at Police Headquarters, Ancon.
3S© ^'^^^ «»^ Guide.
All police officers in command of stations arc, by virtue of their position, deputy mai-slials and deputy cor- ouei*s, and report direct to Police Headquarters, A neon.
THE PEARL INDUSTRY OF P4IAM.
For many, many years prior to the advent of the Conquistadores, the Pearl Islands (Islas de las Perlas), were known and exidoited for the rich pearls that abounded in the shoal waters off the shore. Tliese islands constitute an archipelago and lie well out in the Bay of Panama, about ninety miles from Panama City. Th?re are in the neighborhood of 1(3 islands and 100 islets in the group, the largest of which is the Isla del 11 'y. San ]\Iiguel, the only town of consequence in the archipelago is located on this island.
The pearl fisheries have been worked more or less vigorously ever since thr* 8:)aMisli occupation, and thous- ands upon thousands of beautiful gems have been brought to light. At the present time the grounds are not so prolific, and it is only now and then that a pearl of ex- ceptional value is discovered. The ])earls found in these islands are credited w^ith having a superior brilliancy of lustre, and range in value all the way from 82 to §2,000.
The fishing is done almost entirely by negroes who live on the islands and dive for the pearls in the most primitive fashion. The usual method of fishing is as fol- lows:— Upon reaching the banks which lie from fifteen to eighteen fathoms under water, the diver ties a lope about his body, and with a small weight attached to his person to facilitate sinking, plunges out of the boat straight to the bottom. Landing in the oyster bed, he seizes and
Tlie Pearl Industry of Panama. 3S7^
^ 55
Ji HAVE YOU A WANT? C ) inVFRTISF IT •<?
p HAVE YOU LOST ANYTHING? \ «"»'^""^'^ •' ^
j: HAVE YOU GOT A BUSINESS? >T1IF\^> IN TH- ^
^; HAVE YOU A HOUSE TO RENT? i ^^^^^ S %
f, HAVE YOU A GOOD PROPOSITION? S \ Qinr £ UflMM ^
^ HAVE YOU A HEAD FOR ADVERTISING? ( j WWl « ntlldlU. ^
i No, i6 SOUTH AVENUE, |
tucks one oyster under bis ann, and liolding one in each hand with occasionally one in his mouth, he ascends rapidly to th<3 surface to regain breath- Half a minute is usually consumed in the operation.
The results are often very discouraging. Sometimes upwards of 1,000 oysters are ojjoned before a pearl of value is found. In early Spanish times, slaves were im- p -essed into the service, and many lost their lives from sharks antl mantas that infest these waters. The manta is a tint fish of great size which w^raps its fins about the object it seizes upon, and crushes it to death. Octopuses are also found in the vicinity of these waters. This element of risk makes the avocation of a pearl-diver anything but a pleasant one. The divers usually carry knives for pro- tection, but notwithstanding this precaution, they often lose their lives. Alost of the diving is done in the rainy season, tha't is from i\Iay to December, as during the other months of -the year the temperature of the water changes, and on account of its coolness, the diver dislikes to go down. Peal-1 shalls are also quite valuable and tons are shipped to the United States and Europe to be made up in but- tons ond buckles. The Panama Government exacts a license from those engaged in the pearl industry. The life of the mollusc is only nine or ten years, and it is not until tl"re fourth year that the pearl, formed of accretious, begins to develop.
368 i*<to' «»^ Gaifk.
At the time of the Ctuiqiiest, pearls were held in great estimation by natives in various parts of the Now World. Hernando de Soto found them in Florida where they wei-e used to ornament the tombs of the Indian princes. CJomara mentions that before Cortez made his triumphal entry into Mexico, he was presented by Monte- zuma with a magnititont necklace of pearls and precious stones. This necklace was afterwards i^ivcn by Cortez to Emj)eror Charles V. Garcillaso records that the Incas of Peru set a great value on j)earls, but the laws of Manco-Capac prohibited the natives from exercising the trade of diver on account of the great risk involved.
Humboldt describes the statue of a Mexican priestess in basalt, whose head-dress, resembling the calantica of Isis, was lavishly ornamented with pearls. Las Casas and Benzoni have related, not without some exaggeration, the cruelties practiced on the Indian and negro slaves em- ployed in the pearl industry. Pearls early came into demand by the inhabitants of Southern Europe, and were introduced in diametrically opposite directions. The Pa- leologi of Constantinople wore garments covered with strings of pearls, while the Moorish kings of Granada in Spain displayed them in profusion. The pearls of the West Indies were preferred to those of the East Indies.
The islands of Margarita, Cubagua, Coche and Punta Amya off the Spanish ^lain, the mouth of the Rio Hacha in Colombia, and the islands in the Bay of Panama were as celebrated in the sixteenth century as was the Persian Gulf, and the Island of Tar[)rol)ane with the ancients. The first Spaniard who landed on Tierra Firmc, one of the early names given to the Isthmus, found the Indians decked out with pearl necklaces and bracelets. Shortly after the adventurers from t!ie Old World began flocking to the Americas, the traffic in pearls grew amazingly. Acosta tells us that in loST, six hundred and ninety-seven pounds of j)earls were imported into Spain from its West- ern possessions. Those of the greatest size and beauty
The Pearl Industry of Panama. 369
The la Glorialabies
Turn out the Best Bread Made on tlie Istliniils.
QUAL-IXV UNEXOEL-LED.
Only Expert Breadmahers Employed,
OUR BAKERIES NOTED FOR THEIR NEATNESS AND CLEANLINESS.
House Deliveries Made. FamHy Trade Solicited.
PJigJMJ'Cor. ElSthSt&NorthAv. FMPTRP' ^est St. & I AWR Ittil. Cor, C and 14th St. ^^^ ^^^^* Railroad Av.
GARCIA BROTHERS, Proprietors.
amounting to some eleven pounds were set aside for the monarchj Philip II.
The diving operations at that period were under the charge of an overseer, or Armador. x\s fast as they were brought up from the ocean's bed, a division was made, two oysters going to the Armador, two to the diver, while the fifth was apportioned to the King. Those of the Ar- mador were opened first, and he had to use the utmost vigilance for the diver had a knack of swallowing the most valuable pearl along with the live oyster which he threw into his mouth with a dexterity defying detection. After the Armador's, the king's fifth was opened, and lastly the diver's share. All the pearls collected were then deposited in one pde, the Armador generally taking the diver's share for debts owing him. Notwithstanding the precautions taken, the divers usually managed to reserve some to trade for liquor, cigars and knick-knacks.
370 Pilot aud Guide.
The use of the diving bell in coiuiection with the pearl industry has been tried on several occasions, hut with- out signal success.
THE Iff PALACE Affl THEATRE.
The most imposing edifice in the Republic of Pana- ma is the new (lovennnont Palace aiul National Theatre, which (jccnpies a beautiful site on the bay front, covering the area of one block l)otween Central Avenue and Avenue B. The palace fronts on Central Avemie; and the theatre on Avenue K.
The structure was commenced in November, 1905, and Avill be iinislied in the early part of 1908. The es- timated cost at completion is 81)00.000 gold. The dimen- sions of thi) biilding are approximately 2S0 by lOi feet. The architectural style is patterned after the Italian Re- naissance.
The principal rooms in the palace are the President's office, reception hall and i)arlor, private living rooms, of- fices of the Secretaries and their staff of employes, hall of Congress, aiul rooms of the National Treasury. All the rooms will be handsomely finished and furnished.
The theatre will have a seating capacity of 1,100, and a total seating and standing capacity of about 1,(500. The interior construction is of stone ancl iron, and the building is absolutely fireproof. The stage is of magnificent size, and will accommodate the largest companies now traveling. The stage settings and equipment, including the metal curtain are of the latest and most ap])roved design. The curtain, as well as the decorative effects on the ceiling and foyer were painted by the well known ar- tist, Mr. Robert IjCwIs, a citizen of Panama, l)ut avIio has
Pilot and Guide,
371
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372 P*iot and Guide,
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i PiQiQ de IQ CQledfQi oi coslQdo del Hotel ceniroi, Panoiiio, R. P. 3 ...»
a DRCXiAS. PRODUCTOS QUIMICOS. MEDICINAS DE PATENTE,
^ PEIIFIMEKIA y AKTICULOS PAKA DKOGUISTAS, UTILES de ES- CKIBIK, LIIJKOS en BLANCO, TARjETAS POSTALES y ARTICULOS PARA INGENIEROS Y ARTISTAS, MATERIAL PARA ?:SCUELAS. Unicos Agcntes del Celebrado "TE CEYUNDO",
y de las mAquinas de Escribir '*cAMBf(lCAN", CK0C0LA.TE:S "Y COiriflTES. 2 j Venta Constants dc Papel ScUado y Estampillas de Timbre Nacional.
BENEDEni HERMAKOS, Propietarios. ^.^..,L\^^,^.V^^. ^. |
spent many years at Paris in the interest of his work. The seats are of special design, the work of the celebrated Bordalli of Italy. Itahan talent was also brought into play in connection with the painting of the stage scenery, the services of Prof. Agostini, a master of this art, having been secured for the purpose.
The matter has been broached of working up a regu- lar theatre circuit for the west coast cities of South America. Should this come to pass, Panama will be re- presented in it, and the theatre-going public treated to the best operas and plays touring the Americas. In view of tlie long jumps that have to be made some governments of South x\merica grant a small subsidy to prominent theatricnl companies, and in this way secure some ex- ceptionally iine talent. The fact however, that Panama has an up-to-date playhouse will furnish inducement to many of these companies who have not heretofore included the Isthmian capital in their itineraries.
The New Palace and Theatre, 3 "7 3
The building was designed l)y Mr. G. N. Ruggieri of Panama, and constructed under the supervision of Mr. F. H. Arosemena. The contractors were Messrs. J. Gabriel Duque and Ramon Arias jr. The decorative paintcT was Mr. Enrico Conrado. The builders are to be compUmented on the excellence of their work, which will stand as a last- ing monument to their efforts.
But for the untimely death of that far-seeing states- man, James G. Blaine, the Pan-American Railway woidd donl)tless now be an accomplished fact. The scheme, if not born in his brain, was certainly fathered by Mr. Blaine from the moment^Jie became Secretary of State. Mr. A. J. Cassatt, former president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, was made chairman of the first committee from the various American republics, and all went well until death called the prime mover. After Mr. Blaine's death and during the Cleveland admim'strations, the Pan-American Railway fell into innocuous desuetude, and not until a little over two years ago, when Andrew Carnegie offered to finance the undertaking, did it come to life again.
Mr. Carnegie provided the money to send commis- sioners to consult with the various South American re- publics interested, and the amount necessary to correct the surveys made by the United States Government during Mr. Blaine's hour of influence. Since Mr. Carnegie made his generous offer, there has been considerable shaking up of dry bone railway projects in South America. Both the railways of Argentina, ending at Bahia Blanca, and those of Chile terminating at Yaldivia, have mooted new pro-
374- Pilot and Guide,
jccts for extending tho South American railway f>y8tem southwaril toward tlio Straits of ^fagellan and Capo Horn. Alnnit the Straits gold and coal abound, and witii tho ever-increasing tide of inimigration. the teniperato countries of South Ainericii find that it pays to open up new lands by the building of railroads. Argentina is now covered witli a netw*ork of steel, while new projects are ever fonn- ing. A trunk line extends from Buenos Ayros to Hiianuco on the boixler of Bolivia, whero contractoi*s are at work connecting the Trans-Bolivian railway with the Argentina railways to the south, and at the same time building north- ward to the Pemvian railway that is slowly niaKing its way through that country. But there is a gap of one thousand miles between Cuzco in Peru and Guayaquil in Ecuador which for the entire distance is practically untraversed by iron rails. From Guayaquil to Quito, an American syndi- cate is just completi?ig a modern railway above tho clouds that may ultimately be extended to tho Colombi;Mi border. There is another thousand mile gap between Quito and San Jose in Costa Rica, exteiubng through the Isthmus of Panama. AVithin tho past year, one or two applications for railroad concessions in Panama have been made, but terms could not be agreed upon. From Lake Nicaragua to southern Mexico tliere is still another stretch of one thousand miles as yet devoid of railway facilities. From the vicinity of Tehuantepec however, there is not a break, and the run to New York City may bo mad(i in four days by express train. The Tehuantepec Bail way is completed, the U. S. Government is digging the Panama Canal, and Central American railway schemes are hat(;hed almost daily; in fact, a powerful corporation has already practi- cally obtained a monopoly for railroad construction in Costa Rica, the intention being to build a line that in time will form a coniiectini: link in tho Pin- Amorican sys- tem.
AVhen the United States extended its network of railways into Mexico, the commerce of that country was
The Pan- American Railroad. 37 S
diverted from Europe until to-day two-thirds of the trade with Mexico is with the great repubhc of the lu-rth. Every year the United States sends goods of greater value to Mexico; Central America and Panama than the total of the cntu^e exports to South America, which amounts to but a scant $50,000;000. Mr. Carnegie believes that commerce follows the locomotive, and therefore he has promised that commercial drummers will be able to scour the South American continent inside of ten years via. the Pan- American Railway and its ramifications.
It is a great contract for one man to undertake the building of a railway, nmch of which must be above the clouds. Never before has man encountered such engineer- ing difficulties as those that confront the builders of the Andean lines; not even in constructing railways in the Himalayas of India have such stupendous obstacles pre- sented themselves. The lowest trans-continental passes in the Andes are higher than the summit of IMont Blanc. Only slow-working natives Avill be able to labor in this rarefied atmosphere, and many passengers from seacoast lands will probably be compelled to take the journey in stages. Water for man, beast and locomotive will have to be carried for hundreds of miles in these high altitudes where rain seldom falls. Great bridges must span appar- ently l)ottomIess gulches, and tracks laid along the edge of precipices, and in grooves cut in the mountainsides. The scenery will })e the most sublime ever spread before the eye of man, but the panorama will cost the projectors of the Pan-American railway more than §200,000,000 to produce.
In all the capitals of Centra] and South America, none can boast of a better or more intelligent representation in
37e
Pilot and Guide.
its foreign diplomatic and consular service than Panama. The divei-sity of nationalities enlisted, and international in- terests involved in the construction of the gi-eat canal has led tojtlie appointment by the various govenmients of wide- awake'progressive men. Naturally the country most inter- ested by reason of canal operations, is the Unitc^d States, which maintains both a Legation and a Consulate General.
Panama's Diplomatic Corps. 3'7'"7
On October 20, 1906, the Hon. H. G. Squiers was appointed to the important post of Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary of the United States at Panama, to succeed Chas. E. Magoon. Mr. Squiers is a native of Canada, born April 20, 1859. Ho received a thorough mih'tary training, and entering the United States Army on October 12, 1877, he was appointed Second Lieutenant of the First Infantry, and served in Dakota, taking part in the Black Hills expedition of 1878. He subsequently joined the Seventh United States Cavalry, as First Lieutenant, at Fort Yates, Dakota. In the fall of 1885, Lieut. Squiers officiated as Professor of Military Science and Tactics at St. John's College, Fordham, N Y., and as a testimonial of his five years' service at that institution, he was honored Avith the degrees of M. A. and L.L.D., in June, 1905. In November, 1890, when trouble broke out with the Indians in South Dakota, he rejoined his regiment at Pine Kidge Agency, and after taking part in an arduous winter's cam- paign against the hostile Sioux, he served on garrison duty at Fort Riley, Kansas, until November, 1891, when he re- tired from army service. Mr. Squiers held the position of Secretary of the United Statts Embassy at Berlin in 1894, and in 1898, during the Boxer troubles in China, he was Secretary to the United States Legation at Pekin. During the Pekin siege, he acted as Chief of Staff to Sir Charles Macdonald, for which official service he received the thanks of the British Government. He was also United States Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to Cuba from the formal inauguration of that government in May, 1902, until he resigned the position in December, 1905. His residence and office in Panama is at the American Le- gation building, corner of Fourth St. and Central Avenue.
Every one who has been in Panama any length of time knows of the representative of Great Britain, the Hon. Claude C. Mallet. Mr. Mallet entered the diplomatic service
Payiamas Diplomatic Corps. 37^Q
in 1883, and was appointed British vice consul at Panama on July 1, 1884. He was afterwards appointed consul, with headquarters at Panama, for the Colombian depart- ments of Oauca, Magdalena, BoHvar, and Panama. Later he was placed in charge at successive periods of the Brit- ish Legation at Lima, Peru, Quito, Ecuador, and Bogota, Coloml3ia. On December 24, 1903, he was appointed consul for the Kepublic of Panama, and in 1907 he was appointed ^Minister Resident. There is probably not a foreign representative in Panama better versed in Co- lombian, or Panama affairs than Mr. Mallet.
The British vice consul, Mr. F. W. Manners was ap- pointed in January, 1908, and assumed charge on Jan. 27 succeeding Mr. Thomas Broadwood transferred, to Bouma- nia. Mr. Egeiton Shaw Humber, the pro consul, was ap- pointed Dec. 24, 1907.
Another popular representative, and one known to all residents of Panaiua, is the Hon. Federico Alfonso Pezet, who was appointed Charge d'Affaires for Peru in January, 1906. 8enor | Pezet made his home on the Isthmus from 1884 to LS86 during which time he was Spanish editor of the ^iar and Herald. In the latter year, he was appointed Peruvian consul at Panama, and in 1889 he was promoted to the post of consul general for Peru in England, serving at London and Liverpool. Later he was transferred to New York in the same capacity, and in October, 1900, was promoted to the post of first Secretary of the Peruvian Le- gation at Washington. There, in 1902, he acted as Charge d'Affaires. In 1901, he was again appointed to the Cen- tral American un'ssion, ai^l when in January, 1906, Pana- ma was added to it, he transferred his residence from Costa Rica to Panama. In addition to his important con- sular and diplomatic services, Scnor Pezet served his coun- try as a soldier in the war with Chile, 1879-1883, and was given a medal for honorable wounds received. He has also
330 ^*'o* «"'' Guide.
RESTAURANT.
WILLIAM ARTHUR REID, Proprietor. CUI^KBRA, Cai^ial Zone.
GOOD SERVICE. PROMPT AITENTION. PRICES REASONABLE.
done much to promote his country's interests in a Hterary way, among his works heing one entitled " The Question of the Pacific,'' pul)lished in Phihulelphia in 1902, and a com- pilation of articles which apj)eared in the American press with reference to the Tacna-Arica controversy; also the question of international arbitration, inspired and ni part written hy him. While consul general in England, he was awarded in 1SS2 the Albert Medal of the Society of Arts and Commerce for his work on " Pern, lier Commerce and Resources, "and has lectured frequently before chambei-s of commerce and other institutions in England and America, always in the interests of Peru.
Mr. Arnold Shanklin, U. S. consul-general, and dean nf the consular corps of Panama, was appointed to his present position on September 20, 1905, and took charge of the office on Xovember 27 of that year, succeeding Judge H. A. Gudger who had filled the position in an able manner for many years i)revious. Mv. Shanklin was born at Carrol- ton, Missouri, in January, ISGG. He graduated from tlio law department of Washington University at St. Louis in 1899, and followed the practice of law for a number of yeai-s. He was commissioner to Mexico for the Louisiana purchase exposition. During his residence on the Isthmus, Mr. Shanklin has made many warm friends, both in Pana- ma government and canal circles. The U. S. Deputy con-
Panama's Diplomatic Corps. 381
Sill general is Mr. Caspar L. Dreier of Missouri, appointed in 1907.
The hand of death removed one of the best known con- sular representatives during the year 1907, Don Jeronimo Ossa, consul for Chile. He was of a jovial, kindly dispo- sition, counting everyone his friend that he could. Don Je- ronimo was a native of Panama, but received the education of a civil engineer in Chile. He completed his studies in the United States and Europe, and upon his return home found ready employment with the French canal company. He was also at different times in the employ of the Pana- ma Railroad Company, and the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. He always took a deep interest in politics, and at the time of the secession was tireless in support of the cause. Shortly before his fatal illness, he was appointed by Presi- dent Amador as special commissioner to deliver to Chas. E. jNlagoon, the gold medal and vote of thanks tendered the latter by the National Assembly of Panama, in recog- nition of the universal esteem in Avhich the late Zone Gov- ernor Avas held. Dou Jeronimo composed the words of the Panama national hymn, a splendidly inspiring air, and of several poems. His death occurred September G, 1907, at the age of 62 and on September 10, the Municipal Coun- cil of Panama, passed resolutions of respect in honor of his memory.
OOIN© F=-FRC:>IN/I OLD F^AISI AlVI A.
The Panama Herald of June 9, 1853 announced the discovery of a collection of old coins found in the corner of a wall at Old Panama. In the collection were coins beginning with the Carthaginian period and continuing on up until the time of Ferdinand of Spain. In the lot were coins of the time of Constantino and the Roman era. It is supposed that this collection was brought to the Isth- mus by some monk interested in numismatics.
382
POot and Guide.
DIPLOMATIC CORPS ACCREDITED TO THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA.
AT I'ANAMA,
Honorable II. G. Squicrs,
Hon. Claude Coventry Mallet,
Hon. Antonio da Fontaina Xavier,
A. J. d'Amaral Murtinho,
Hon. Henry Moet,
Hon. Federieo Alfonso Pezet,
Alberto Bresani Rossel,
Hon. Federieo Boyd,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of the United States
of America.
His Britannii' M.MJesty's Minister
liesident.
Brazilian Minister Resident.
Secretary, Brazilian Legation.
French Charge d'Aflfaires.
Peruvian Charge d'Affaires.
Attach^ Peruvian Legation.
Nicaraguan Charge d'Affaires.
|
— |
|
|
ACCREDITED TO PANAMA, LIVING ELSEWHERE. |
|
|
Hon. E. Pollet, |
Belgian Minister Resident, with |
|
residence in Guatemala. |
|
|
Hon. J. H. Reus, |
Netherlands Minister Resident, with |
|
residence in Caracas. |
|
|
CONSULAR CORPS ACCREDITED TO THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA. |
|
|
AT PANAilA. |
|
|
Arnold Shanklin, |
Consul General of the United States |
|
of America, also acts in the interests |
|
|
of China and Greece. |
|
|
Felix Ehrman, |
Vicp-Cousul General of the United |
|
States of America. |
|
|
Caspar L. Preier, |
Deputy Consul General of the United |
|
States of America. |
|
|
F. W. Manners, |
His Britannic Majesty's Vice-Consul. |
|
B. D. Fidanque, |
Belgian Consul. 1 |
|
Ram6n Arias F., |
Brazilian Consul. f |
|
Antonio B. Agaeio, |
Chilian Consul General. | |
|
Luis Uribe, |
Costa Rican Consul. |
|
Panama's Diplomatic Corx)s. 383 |
|
|
J. Gabriel Duque, |
• Cuban Consul. |
|
J. L. Maduro, |
Consul of Denmark. |
|
Maurieio Fidanque, |
Dominican Consul. |
|
Ramon Arias F., jr., |
Consul of Ecuador. |
|
Pedro Arias F. |
Viee-Consul of Ecuador. |
|
Arturo Kohpcke, |
His Imperial German Majesty's |
|
Consul. |
|
|
Jos6 Fernando Arannjo, |
Guatemalan Consul General. |
|
Dr. A. Jesurun, |
Consul of Holland. |
|
Dr. A. Jesurun, |
Honduran Consul General. |
|
Arturo Kohpcke, |
Italian Consul. |
|
Jose Maria Aramendia, |
Mexican Consul. |
|
Dr. Augusto S. Boyd, |
Nicaraguan Vice-Consul. |
|
Alberto de Obarrio, |
Peruvian Consular Agent. |
|
Federico Boyd, |
Salvadoran Consul General. |
|
Dr. Augusto S. Boyd, |
Salvadoran Vice-Consul. |
|
JuanPotous y Martinez, |
Spanish Consul. |
|
Coronel S. MeGill, |
Venezuelan Consul. |
|
Edwin Hunter Melville, |
Norwegian Viee-Consul. |
|
Albert Ritt, |
Vice-Consul of France. |
|
UNACCREDITED. |
|
|
C. Fajardo H. |
Confidential Agent of Colombia. |
|
CONSULAR CORPS ACCREDITED TO REPUBLIC OF PANAMA. |
|
|
AT COLON". |
|
|
C H. R. Raven, |
Belgium. |
|
Antonio M. Rojas, |
Costa Rica. |
|
Jos6 Fidanque, |
Denmark. |
|
Albert Drappen, |
France. |
|
L. Heuer, |
Germany. |
|
E. F. Hudson, |
Great Britain. |
|
A. J. Henriquez, |
Holland. |
|
Juan C. Stevenson, |
Honduras. . |
|
R. Emiliani, |
Italy. |
|
Antonio M. Rojas, |
Mexico. |
384-
niot and Guide.
Hilary B. Parker,
A. B.*Abello,
Juan C. Stevenson,
Jost? M. Fidanque,
EudaUlo Bastar,
Dr. James C. Kellogg,
J. M. Hyatt,
P. Salcedo Oehoa,
Norway.
Peru.
San Salvador.
Santo Domingo.
Spain.
United States. Venezuela.
DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES ABROAD.
ARGENTINA.
Buenos Aires, Rosolino Pilo Canale,
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY .
Vienna, Ignacio Furtli,
Trieste, ' Nieolo E. Sevastupulo,
BELGIUM.
Consul .
Consul . Consul .
|
Brussels, |
PhanorPMer, |
Consul . |
|
Brussels, |
F. Sim6n Capron, |
Vice-Con sul . |
|
Antwerp, |
Ernest Eiffe, |
Consul. |
|
Antwei-p, |
Edmond Mogin, CHILE. |
Vice-Consul. |
|
Valparaiso, |
Daniel Lyon, |
Consul . |
|
Coquimbo, |
John W. Fortune, |
Consul. |
|
Valdivia, |
Pablo Hoffmann, |
Consul . |
|
Iquiqui, |
Edward E. Muecke, CHINA. |
Consul . |
|
Residence in Hong Kong |
, Alberto Moreno Perez, COSTA RICA. |
Consul General |
|
San Jos6, |
Benjamin E. Piza, |
Consul General |
|
Puerto Limon, |
Ram6n F. Acevedo, |
Consul . |
|
Puntarenas, |
Enrique Mendez, CUBA. |
Consul . |
|
Havana, |
Francisco D. Duque, |
Consul . |
Panamas Diplomatic Corps.
385
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WHEN IN EMPIRE BE SURE AND STOP AT THE I
^
FINEST AND MOST CENTRSLLT LOCATED HOSTELRY IN THE CANAL ZONE. |
ine Gieoi Gyietrs cm ond Copoi Heofldiioriers wiliiin Eosy Reocii. FIRST-CLASS AMEEIC&N PLAN HOTEL.
Ne<wty Furnished* cAll cModern Conveniences,
Bar and Restaurant in CnnnEctinn. g
-A.- IROn^E, :E=roprietor- ^
EMPIRE, CANAL ZONE. g
2^ 7-v;-/;c-z:-^-z.^- i;:-^-/^z^r-^^ z^^-^^JS-^^r-^^ ^-.^;.:rz^^ -z^-j-^-^'^r 2,^5-7,^;
|
DENMARK AND POSSESSIONS. |
|||
|
Copenhagen , |
Th. Dam, |
Consul . |
|
|
St. Thomas, |
David 0. Bornn, ECUADOR. |
Consul . |
|
|
Guayaquil, |
Ramon L. VallarinO; |
Consul. |
|
|
FRANCE AND POSSESSIONS. |
|||
|
Paris, |
Roberto Lewis, |
Consul General. |
|
|
Cognac, |
C. Gr. D. Hermann, |
Vice-Con sul. |
|
|
Dijon, |
Maurice Polack, |
Vice-Consul . |
|
|
Marseilles, |
Carlos R. Crodel, |
Consul . |
|
|
Havie, |
Augusto Stier, |
Consul . |
|
|
Fort de France, |
Gaston David, |
Consul, |
|
|
St. Nazaire, |
Jose Paredes, |
Consul . |
|
|
Bordeaux, |
Theophile Deniges, |
Consul. |
|
|
Indo-China (residence |
in |
||
|
Hong Kong), |
Alberto Moreno Perez, |
Consul General. |
386
Pilot and Guide.
Hamburg,
Gotha,
Frankfort,
Hamburg,
Bremen,
Berlin.
GERMANY.
Julio Arjona Q., Carlos Hummel, Leonhard Grossmann, Geo. A. F. Berenils, Friedrieh Undiitseh, Philip J. L. Bierbauer,
Consul General . Viee-Consul . Consular Agent. Consul . Consul. Consul .
GREAT BRITAIN AND POSSESSIONS.
Liverpool, Liverpool, Kingston, Kingston, Barbados, Southampton, Southampton, Cardiflf, Glasgow, Sydney, Grimsby, St. John's, New Brunswick London, London,
Newcastle-on- Tyne Sunderland, Swansea, Vancouver, Toronto, Malta. Belize, Birmingham, Hong Kong, Newcastle, N. S. W Gibraltar, Manchester, Port of Spain, Brisbano, Melbourne,
Cli. R. Zachrisson V,
Juan B. Chevalier,
Julio Ardila,
C. Arnold Malabre,
Fred. N^ Martinez,
Herbert Guillaume,
A. C. Dunlop,
J. A Kidd,
Ch. John Cleland,
Audley Coote,
Toraas Sutcliflfe,
Percy W. Thomson,
Robert John Turner,
Edwin C. Walker,
J. F. Weidner,
Septimus Peacock,
Alfred Rohde,
Maximo P. Morris,
J. Enoch Thompson,
Romeo Vadala,
L. E. Cuevas, Federico Hickinbotham,
Alberto Moreno Perez,
. Manuel Segimdo Gundelach,
Enrique Imossi,
F. A. Cortez Leigh,
E. C. Skinner,
James Thompson Tighe Paxton,
Edwin Phillips,
Consul General
Vice-Consul.
Consul.
Vice-consul
Consul.
Consul.
Vice-Consul .
Vice-Consul .
Vice-Consul.
Consul.
Vice-Consul.
Consul
Consul.
Vice-Consul.
Vice-Consul.
Vice-Consul.
Vice Consul.
Consul.
Consul.
Consul.
Consul.
Consul .
Consul General.
Consul.
Consul.
Consul.
Consul.
Consul.
Consul.
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Panama's Diploynatic Corps. |
387 |
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GUATEMALA. |
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Guatemala Cify, |
Osvaldo A. Icaza, |
Consul. |
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Puerto Barrios, |
Joaquin Hecht, HAITI. |
Consul. |
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Puerto Prmeipe, |
Alfredo N. Cooke, |
Consul. |
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HOLLAND AND POSSESSIONS. |
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Amsterdam, |
H. M. Schieferdeeker, |
Consul. |
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Curacao, |
Moises de Sola, ITALY. |
Consul. |
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Genoa, |
Antonio Papi Aizpuru, |
Consul. |
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Milan |
Lodo\aeo Flies, |
Consul. |
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Florence, |
Arc- hill e Armieoni, |
Consul. |
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Naples, |
Guiseppe Nunziata, |
Consul. |
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Palermo, |
Salvatore Tagliavia, |
Consul. |
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Turin, |
Alejandro Bona, |
Consul. |
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Messina, |
Antonio Lai, |
Consul. |
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Venice, |
Lionello Goldschmidt, JAPAN. |
Consul. |
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Residence in Hong |
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Kong, Alberto Moreno Perez, |
Consul General. |
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MEXICO. |
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Veracruz, |
Rafael Arechaga, |
Consul. |
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Tampieo, |
Amadeo N. Jauregui, |
Consul. |
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Mexico, |
Miguel Alaman, |
Consul. |
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Mexico, |
Genaro Ruiz Orozco, NICARAGUA. |
Vice-consul. |
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Managua, |
Aleeo Razera, |
Consul. |
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Managua, |
Aristides Hazera, PERU. |
Vice-Consul. |
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Callao, |
Anatoli 0 Freyre, |
Consul . |
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Paita, |
Federico Bolognosi, |
Consul. |
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Arequipa, |
Andres A. Reinoso, |
Consul , |
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Mollendo, |
Abel J. Mendez, |
Consul. |
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388 |
niot and Guide. |
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LAmbay»M]ue, |
Nicanor A. Carmona, |
Consul. |
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Pisco, |
Ed. Vargas Sari ego. |
Consul. |
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Salaverry, |
Alfredo S. Leon, |
Vice-Consul . |
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Lima, |
Leopoldo Arosemena, PORTUGAL. |
Consul . |
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Lisl)on, |
Vizconde da Rivera Brava, |
Consul. |
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Oporto, |
Antonio Eduardo Glama, |
Consul. |
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Isla Flores, |
Manuel Pedro Lopez, |
Consul. |
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Jsla Fayal, |
Federico Rodrigo Labescat, |
Consul . |
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Isla do Pieo, |
Antonio Homeu da Costa, RUSSIA. |
Consul. |
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Odessa, |
Mcritz Schwarzkoff, SALVADOR. |
Consul . |
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San Miguel, |
Joaquin Barrueta Paz, |
Consul General. |
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Aoajutla, |
Manuel Denis SPAIN. |
Vice-Consul . |
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Barcelona, |
Bernardo Vallarino, |
Consul. |
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Cadiz, |
Guillermo J. Villaverde, |
Consul. |
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Malaga, |
Luis Kraner, |
Vice-Consul. |
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Seville, |
SaiilG. de Paredes, |
Vice-Consul, |
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Santander, |
Fernando Odriozola, |
Vice-Consul . |
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Corufia, |
Jos^ Castro Dbus, |
Consul . |
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Sta. Cruz de la |
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Palraa; |
Manuel A. Rodriguez, |
Consul. |
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Vigo. |
Javier Puig, |
Consul . |
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Las Palraas, |
Antonio Navarro, |
Consul. |
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Sta. CruzdeTen- |
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eriflfe |
Sixto Leciiona, |
Consul . |
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Valencia, |
Julio Parra Grajales |
Vice-Consul. |
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Barcelona, |
Ricardo Gomez Carrillo, SWEDEN. |
Vice-Consul. |
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Stockholm, |
Erik Wilhelra Djurding, SWITZERLAND. |
Consul . |
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Lugano, |
Andrea Censi |
Consul . |
Panama's IHplomaUc Corps.
389
UNITED STATES AND POSSESSIONS.
Washington
New York, S. Francisco, S. Francisco, St. Lonis, New Orleans, New Orleans Philadelphia Chicago, Atlanta, Galveston, Sn. Jn. de Pto.
Eieo, Port Townsend, Baltimore, Mobile, Mobile, Hilo-Hawaii
Jose Augustin Arango,
tentiary Manuel E . Amador, Manuel Quintero V. Rodman C. Poll, Edward E. Prince, Rodolfo Perez, Nathan Eisenmanu, Wilfred H. Schoff, C . Gilbert Wheeler, Russell Hopkins, A. A. Van Alstyne,
Charles Vere, Harry S. Garfield, James F. Ferguson, Juan de Dios Amador, Julio Zumeta, Reginaldo F. Guard,
Philippines, residence in Hong Kong, Alberto Moreno Perez,
Gulfport, David Nunez Heuriques,
VENEZUELA.
Caracas, Cariipano, La Guaira,
J. Padron Ustariz, Luis F. Calvani, Luis H. Marturet,
Minister Plenipo- and Envoy Extraordinary. Consul General. Consul General. Vice-Consul . Consul . Consul. Vice-Consul . Vice-Consul. Consul, Consul. Consul.
Consul . Vice-Consul . Vice-Consul. Vice-Consul. Consular Agent. Qonsul,
Consul General. Consul
Consul. Consul. Consul.
OFFICIAL BAi OF THE I. C. C.
During the mojith of September 1905, several of the employes of the Isthmian Canal Commission assembled at Cristobal and perfected plans for the organization of a brass band.
390 Ptiot and Guide.
The object of the organization was to furnish recrea- tion to those of tlie Commission employes who might be- come membei-s, and later, when the band should have be- come proficient enough, that it might furnish recreation to the other employes, through the concerts which it would be able to play.
Owing to the expense incident to furnishing an e«piip- ment for the band, it was felt that the (/onnnission should lend a hand to aid, so on September '.10, Dr. H. H. IjcHoy sent a connnunication to Charles E. Magoon, who was ilien governor of the Canal Zone, requesting his coopera- tion in securing a set of instruments. The Governor was favorably imj)ressed with the project, and readily loaned his influence to its furtherance, and an order was soon placed for the instruments.
The first roster of the band contains 'M names. Dr. Allen H. Blake was elected its first president; Dr. B. K. Le Roy, vice-president; L. Larson, treasurer, and E. R. Kobson, secretary. Dr. Sumner Coolidge was appointed Director, which position he held until after tlie reorganization was effected in Eebruaiy, 1907, when owirig to the press of his professional duties he felt obliged to relinquish the po- sition.
Of the names on the first roster we find but three on the present one-L. Larson, C. E. Fcndorf and Dr. D. J. Hale. Dr. Coolidge is Chairman of the Board of Mana- gers, whicb supervises the work of the band.
Through the enthusiasm of the members, the band soon acquired proficiency enough to give concerts. It was a labor of love, as those members from along the line soon found it anything but a pleasure to ride across the Isthmus at inght, after a hard day's work, to attend a concert or rehearsal, and then arise early enough the next morning to take the train Icaviiyg at 0:27.
Through the efforts of Dr. Coolidge, the band was soon brought to a high degree of efficiency, but the diffi-
Official Band of the I. C. C. 35 Q I
JESUS A. JLONDONOa
INGENIERO CONSTRUCTOR. 2^^ Se ENCARGA DE TRABAJOS DE ALBANILERIA, .^Ml
^""'j^KSIIS Ae MNDOMI.
ENGINEER AND CONSTRUCTOR. IW^WILL ALSO UNDERTAKE MASONRY WORK.^^Ml
cultios iiiidor whicli the incn labored made it bard to bold tbe organization togetber.
Jobii V. Stevens, who was then tbe Chief Engineer and later Chairman of the Commission, took a deep inter- est in the welfare of the band and gave it his hearty support. Under bis direction tbe plans for tbe reorganiza- tion were forninlated and carried into execution, and on Ec^brnary 1, H)07, it became the official band of tbe Connnission, tbe autborization providing that the band should have thirty-five i)aid members, besides a Musical Director and Libraiian, tbe latter two to devote their entire time to tbe work of the band and be paid permanent salaries. The other members Avere to be paid a certain sum per each meeting attended.
This, of couise, bad a stimulating effect, and tbe atten- dance immediately increased. Many new members were ad- ded, some of them having bad professional experience in the States.
June 1st, Charles E. Jennings, cornet soloist and as- sistant director, was appointed Musical Director, and since then has devoted his entire time to tbe band work, also to promoting musical interests in connection with the work in the club houses managed by the Y. M. C. A.
Dr. Allen H. Blake was appointed Librarian which position be filled effectively until he resigned in August to return to his home in the States.
3Q2 -P*^* ««^ Guide.
At present the band numbers over 10 members and new men are continnally apj)!} ing for positions in it. Four rehearsals are lield each month and four concei-ts given. The meml)ers are working with a will to increase the efficiency of the organization, and hope by the end of another six months to put it on a par witli the best amateur bands in the States.
All above tlie thirty-five membei*s who are carried on tlio payi-oll, beside the Musical Director and Iji- brarian, are held on *a resene list, and as soon as they become proficient enough and there is a vacancy on tlio payroll, they are appointed to become bandsmen and tliclr names placed on the payroll. Until then they serve through a probationary period.
Changes occur quite often in the membership. The men completing their service with the Commission or Pa- nama Railroad, of course, cease to be members of the band, as it is specified in the authorization for the appoint- ment of the band as the official band of the Commission, that the members shall be employes of the Commission, or Panama Hail road.
The membership is composed of all classes of help employed by the Commission and Panama Railroad, clerks, doctors, pohcemen, civil engineers, timekee])ers, carpen- ters, superintendents, foremen, sanitary inspectors, machi- nists, etc. It is also very cosmopolitan in that at least a dozen nationalities arc represented among its members.
The library of the band is made up of standard and popular selections and is being added to continually.
THE CLUB HOUSES OF THE ZOl.
The Young Men's Christian Association operates club houses at Culebra, Empire, Gorgona and Cristobal,
The Ciul) Houses of the Zone. 393
which the Canal Commission has erected and equipped. In each of these buildings the main structure provides for a business office, social lobby, ice cream parlor, bill- iard and pool room accommodating five tahles, lounging and small game room, reading room, committee room and an entertainment hall, which has a seating capacity of three hundred and which is also used for gymnasium classes and such games as basket ball and volley ball.
There is an annex providing two howling alleys, baths, lockers, lavatories, and additional gymnasium apparatus which can uot be used in the entertainment hall. Con- necting the main structure aud annex are two corridors, in one of which is installed a barber shop. Spacious ver- andas encircle both floors of the main building and add much in attractiveness and comfort. The reading room receives regularly about one hundred carefully selected magazines and papers, and there is a five hundred vohime library furnished by the Government. Free use of the en- tertainment hall is granted outside social clubs on apj^li- cation, for dancing purposes. The club houses are the centers of community interests and the associations are wholesome attractive clubs which the average American of whatever position or trade is glad to join without being urged. There is no initiation fee; membership dues are $12 per year, $7 per half year, or |4 per quarter year. A nominal fee is charged per game on bowling, billiards and pool. The cost to members for all privileges is small as compared to most clubs because of the Government's support given liberally to practical methods of serving the recreative, social, physical and moral needs of employes. The four Associations have about seventeen hundred members in good standing and the attendance averages between 700 and 750 per day. The organizations are a part of the international organization of Young Men's Christian Associations whose International Commit- tee gives direct supervision to the conduct of the work. Membership tickets from any Youug Men's Christian As-
39-4 PiJot ami (iui^le.
sociation in the world nvc honored by the Associations (»n the Canal Zone. The activities promoted indiido those usually found in similar ory;anizations elsewhere. ^loniliers form themselves into groups and arrange for tournaments in chess. checkei*s. pool and billiards, and bowling. Anoth- er group linds inteit?st in the gynmasium, where boxing, fencing, wrestling, work on mats and bars, basket ball, lield and track work take up their attention. I'hen others find enjoy nicnt and protit in study. Classes are organized in Spanish, mechanical drawing, matheuiatics. and the Bible. Camera and debating clubs are conducted: hiking, riding and excui-sion parties in season. The Sunday Cluh is an orgariization that tiikes charge of the various activi- ties of the day, such as arrangements for afternoon ad- dresses, concerts, and in a general way looks after the welfare of men who are in the hospitals.
The work of tho associations is carefully supervised by an Advisory Committee, and the Executive Councils. The Advisory Committee consists of tive representative men appointed by the Commission, whose duty it is to have general supervision of the work of the organization as a whole. Each Association has its Executive Council, and its duty is that of outlining the policy of the Associa- tion it represents. It is composed of representative nie!i of the local Association.
The following men are the secretaries in charge (»f the work: Wm. H. Baxley, Culebra; Kobert («. (loodman. Assistant Secretary; J. Floyd McTyier, Empire; Ealph E. AVolf, Gorgona; L. F. La Kose, Assistant Secretary; M. J. Stickel, Cristol)al; F. C. Freeman. Tiaveling Secretary: A. Bruce Minear, (Teneral Secretiiry.
The Young Men's Christian Associations of the Canal Zone extend the most cordial invitation to all stran- gers on the Zone to make themselves at home in the buildings, and upon application at the desk a guest's tick- et will gladly be given them.
Rondel.
395
\^L09ZCC€^C.
Bv Alejandro Dutary.
The foUomng sdcction U from the pen of the Isthmian poet, Mr. Jhjandro
Dntarii, who has contributed largely in the past to the *' Heraldo
del Istmo"" and other publications. Some time at/o the Pilot
and Guide requested Mr. Dutary to let it have his favorite
production, for pnblication in this volume. The
"liondcV was his choice.
Al pie de la entreabierta eelosia Templa el galan eon manos misteriosas
|
396 Piiot and Guide. |
|
llOHTAi^^fOWEB |
|
FURNISHED BY THE |
|
Colon Electric and Ice Supp y Company. |
|
COLON, REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, |
|
Electric Lights for Houses, Electric Lights for Stores. Electric Fans. Motive Po'wer for Machinery. |
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Save Labor, Time and Annoyance by Installing Our Service. |
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RATES AND FULL INFORMATION GIVEN UPON APPLI- CATION AT THE COMPANY'S OFFICE. |
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Su sonora guitarra, y amorosa Canci6n entona, llena de armonia. |
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Al esciiehar la dulce melodia Deja el locho la virgeu pudorosa Y asoina su perfil de reina Diosa, Tras la entreabierta y vieja celosia. |
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Y mientras el galin con alegi-ia Canta y toea, la calle tenebrosa Iluminan con luz de medio dia Los ojos expresivos de la liermosa Reclinada en la vieja celoe-ia. |
|
PIPE OIL ACROSS ISTHMDS. |
|
The Union Oil Company of California is one of the largest independent companies which produce, transport, |
Piping Oil Across Isthmus. 39*7
refine and market petroleum in the state of California. It was one of the earliest companies to establish itself in that state and has been one of the first to open up foreign markets for California oil. The main office of the Com- pany is located in the city of Los Angeles, and its princi- pal stockholders and directors are men of the highest standing in the oil industry, as well as in the financial world.
The eight inch oil pipe line crossing the Isthmus from La Boca to ]\Iount Hope was installed by this company for the purpose of doing away with the long journey by sailing vessels around Cape Horn in order to market its products on the Atlantic coast, as the trans-continental railroad freight rates are absolutely prohibitive. The plant consists of a large pumping station at, Petrolia, near La Boca, comiected by an eight inch pipe line forty-eight miles in length with another pumping station on the other side of the Isthmus at Mount Hope. The actual laying of the line was commenced on April 16, 1906, and completed on Oc- tober 16, 1906. The company has four 37,500 barrel tanks at each terminal site, making a total storage capa- city of 300,000 barrels. The ocean-going oil-carrying ves- sels of the company land in specially dredged berths on either side of the Isthmus and discharge their cargoes by means of a flexible hose into the company's tanks, and receive their cargoes from the same source and in the same manner. The oil comes from Santa Barbara County, Cal- ifornia, and is loaded on the ships at Port Harford, the voyage south occupying from twelve to fourteen days. Be- sides supplying the needs of the Atlantic coast, the com- pany purposes to furnish such oil as may be needed to the Isthmian Canal Commission and the Panama Railroad Company, thus giving them the advantage of a very sub- stantial economy in fuel and reheving the congestion of transportation to some extent.
The "STAR & HERALD" is the Best Newspaper for Advertisers.
398 P*^^ ««'^ GMiVf*".
PAMA OF THE PEESEIT BAY.
Panama, altlinngh forming tlie connecting Area. jj^jj. |,j.|;^yQp„ North and South America, shows its greatest dimensions ranging from east to west Broadly speaking, the llepublic represents a bent finger, the average width of this finger, 70 miles, being about e([ual to the state of New .lersey; its greatest length, about 4.'J0 miles, three times as great as that state. Although only about one-fifteenth the area of Colombia, and less than one-half the size of Uruguay, Panama compares favorably with many other countries which play an important role in the commercial life of the world. Compared with European countries, Panama is three times the size of Belgium, and more tlian twice the size of Switzerland. It has about the same area as the state of Maine, and is a})Out two-thirds as large as Pennsylvania. The Republic contains al)out 82,000 square miles.
In the treaty of limits between Panama and Limits. Costa Rica, the boundary line was definitely fixed. Commencing at Point ^lona on the Caribbean coast, it follows the Sixola and Yurquin Rivers to the Corddlera, thence to the Santa Clara Mountains, and from there follows the Golfito River to its mouth in the Golfo Dulce. The treaty was signed March o. 1905. The boundary line between Colombia ami Panama is still an unsettled <piestion. It is expected however, that the pend- ing treaty between the two countries will ])ermanently de- termine the limits. At the present time, Panama claims the territory to the Atrato River, which would form a natural boundary, while Colombia disputes Panama's right to take more territory than what belonged to it before the secession, and under the former departmental division. The question is a very im])orUint one, and its solution is looked forward to with interest
Panama of the Present Daif. 399
The Republic is well-nigh seagirt, having a
Coast Line, j^^^^^ frontier of less than 350 miles, while
the coast line provided by the Caribbean Sea, and the
Pacihc (3cean shows a total of 1,245 miles, 767 miles on
the Pacific, and 478 miles on the Caribbean Sea.
In 1904, the population of Panama was es- opi LATioN. |.jj^,^^g(~| ^^ 811,000. The resumption of canal operations under American management however, has at- tracted consid rable immigration, not only those who work on the canal, but others who have sought the Isthmus as a favorable ])lace for new investments. The population of the cities of Panama and Colon, and the Canal Zone, falls but a little short of 120,000 at the present time, while other portions of the liepublic, notably, Bocas del l^oro, Chiriqui and Veraguas have grown considerably. No census figures of recent date outside of the two principal cities, and the Canal Zone, are available, but the Pilot and Guides estimate of the total population of the Republic and the CannI Zone at the beginning of 1908 is 475,000, this in- clusive of the Indian tribes which will number close to 80,000. Panama is still sparsely populated, for although ten per cent, larger than Madagascar, that island has ;},500,000 inhabitants to Panama's 475,000.
The larger part of the surface of Panama is .iHFACE. -niountainous, consisting of a number of short, irregularly disposed ranges. The most westerly of these ranges known as the Sierra de Chiriqui, entering Panama from Costa Rica, trends much nearer the Caribbean Sea than the Pacific Ocean, the plain of David lying between the mountains and the Pacific, while x^lmininte Bay and the Chiriqui Lagoon extend a considerable distance inland on the other side. The Sierra de Chiriqui has a mean elevation of 0,500 feet. The most conspicuous peaks are Cliiriqui, 11,265 feet; Pico Blanco, 11,740 feet, and Rovalo, 7,020 feet. This range is broken by two passes, one 3,600 feet al)Ove sea-level, the other 4.000 feet. Farther east the Panama mountain system receives the name of the
-=^00
PiJot antf Guide.
I*
IT
r-^;
'^^^>0mmm]
J. Francisco de la Ossa, Mayor of the City of Panama.
Panama of the Present Day. 40I
Sierra de Yeraguas. This range contains Mount Santiago, 9/275 feet; Tntn, 5,000 feet, and Santa Maria, 4,600 feet. Midway between the eastersi and western extremities of the country, the mountain system is broken by the Culebra Pass, which has an altitude of only 290 feet above sea- level, and is the lowest pass in the western mountain sys- tems of North and South America, with the single excep- tion of a pass in Nicaragua. East of Culebra, the moun- tains gradually increase in elevation, culminating in the peaks of iVfnria Enriquez, 1,340 feet, and Pacora, 1,700 feet, The Serratiia del Darien, ranging in altitude from 500 to 2.700 feet, skirts the Caribbean coast from Porto Bello to the Gulf of T'raba. Two peaks in this range have; an altitude of P),000 feet, while the Tihulo Pass sinks as low as 420 feet. Tiateral ridges connect the Ser- rania del Darien with the Baudo range, which forms the Pacific coast range from the mouth of the Chej)0 River to tlie southern boundary, passing through into Colombia.
Panama is intersected by many rivers, 150 Rivers. i.^aching the Caribbean Sea, while twice that number drain into the Pacific Ocean. The largest river of Panama is the Tuira, which rises in the southeast of the .Re[)ublic. It flows north for 100 miles before receiving the waters of the Chucu!iaquo, a tributary almost as large as the parent stream. At this point, a river 1,000 feet wide aiul 30 feet deep is formed, with a mean discharge of 1,100 cubic feet per second. During the dry season, the river above tide wat(»r is shallow and full of rapids. The Tuira empties into Darien Harboi*, and is navigable for river schooners as far as Santa Maria del Real. The next largest river is the Chagres, already fully described in another part of this book. The Bayano River, 150 miles long, empties into Panama Bay through a wide estuary, and is navigable by small boats for the greater part of its course. T1h> Code Ri^er flowing north into the Carib- bean Sea is 70 miles long, and navigable for small craft for 40 miles. Other rivers in lessening importance are
402 P*^^ ^"^ Guide,
Cnlnn Statinnery and Supply Company,
No. 53 Bolivar St., Colon, R, P.
Europeaa aivd /{merfcaR Goods.
Tp<pT|-7^, LARGE STATIOXERY FIRMS IX EUROPK. ALjZ.ri 1 bi JAMAICA TIMES. AXD OTIfKR WEST IXDIAN' PAI'EKS.
CrUL tM^v look ovEii om stock.
ONE BLOCK WEST OF PANAMA I\AlLROAD DEPOT.
tlio Calabebora. and the Rio de los Indios empty iii£? into the Caribbean Sea; the Tariie near the Costa Rican boundary: the San Pedro emptying into the Gulf of Afon- tijo, and the Sambu, 90 miles long, debouching into the Bay of Panama.
Almirante Bay on the Cari])bean const near ^'^^^' the Costa Rican boundary, is 1;5 miles long
from east to west, with a width ranging from 2 to 13 miles. It is entered from the sea by the Boca del Drago and the Boca del Toro, and affords safe anchorage^ for the largest vessels. The Chiriqui Lagoon, practically forming one body of water with Almirante Bay is IJ2 miles long and 12 miles wide in the center, with a width of five miles at the eastern end and 10 at the western. The area of the La- goon is ;520 square miles. It is entered by the Boca del Tigre, which has a width of three and one-half mile.s. Se- cure anchorage is afforded i]i from 90 to PJO feet of water. The (julf of San Bias, lying at the narrowest part of thr
Panama of the rrcscnt Dai/. "=4-03
Isthmus, is 20 miles long and 10 wide, and is sheltered from the north winds by the Mulatas Archipelago. The l)ay of Mandinga on the southwestern side of the gulf, forms a deep and easily approached harbor. Caledonia Bay. also protected by a belt of cays, has two deep iinier harbors, Sassardi and Caledonia. The bay of Panama extends from Cape Garachine on the east to Cape Malo on the west^ the two capes being 100 miles distant from each other in a straight line. At the eastern side of the bay of Pana- ma, is the Gulf of San Miguel, which decreases from a width of fifteen and one-half miles at its mouth to seven and one- half miles a short distance inland, then increases to eleven miles, again decreasing until it reaches a width of four and (.ne-half miles. At this point it turns to the southeast where it is known as Darien harbor, a landlocked haven eleven miles loiig, four miles wide at its mouth, and two miles at its head. On the western side of the bay of Pa- nama, is the bay of Parita, nearly twenty miles wide at its mouth. The Gulf of Alontijo, twenty miles long and four- teen miles wide at its mouth, contains numerous islands.
The coast of Panama is skirted with islands. Islands, rpj^^ Pacific coast shows 1,053 islands with a to- tal area of 500 square miles, and the Caribbean coast, ()30 islands and islets with a total area of 147 square miles. The Chiriqui Archipelago protects Almirante Bay and the Chiriqui Lagoon. Columbus Island, protecting Almirante Bay, is seven miles long and three miles wide. It is flat and covered with dense forests. Provision Island, lying east of Columbus Islaiid, is eight miles long and irregular in shape. The northern side is marked by a range of hills from 300 to 400 feet in elevation, while the southern side is low and swampy. Near these islands lies the Escudo de Veraguas, an island long disputed by Colombia and Costa Rica. Farther east, the Mulatas Archipelago protects the Gulf of San Bias. This belt of islands and reefs extends for eighty miles along the coast. They are all low and of sandy formation, rising but a few feet above the sea
40-^ ^^^^^ ^"^ Ginde.
and covered with forests and cocoanut groves. The Pearl Islands in Panama Bay cover 400 square miles of land and water. The islands are low and but little cultivated. The largest island of the group, Key, is 15 miles long and 7 miles wide. There is a peak on this island (JOO feet high. Coiba, the largest island belonging to Panama, is 21 miles long and from 4 to 12 miles wide. It is covered with dense forests. Cebaco Island lying across the mouth of the (lulf of Moiitijo, is thirteen and one-half miles long and three miles wide. Tahoga, a gem of the Pacific, is one of the prettiest islands belonging to the Republic. The greater portion of its surface is mountainous, but a good deal of the land is under cultivation. Taboga pine apples are known all over the Isthmus, while mangoes, oranges, and other fruits are produced extensively. The island is 12 miles from Panama city, and is nmch resorted to by people from the mainland.
Panama is divided mto seven provinces Political Divisions, ^^^^^j^.^ Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Code
Colon, Los Santos, Panama, and Veraguas. Each province is administered by a Governor appointed by and responsi- ble only to the President of the Republic. The provinces are in turn, divided into municipal districts, governed by a municipal council whose members are popularly elected, and by an Alcalde, or Mayor, who is the chief administra- tive official of the municipality and also the direct agent of the provincial governor. In all internal affairs, the muni- cipalities are self-governing.
The constitution of the new republic came into Government. ^^^^^ ^,^ February 23, 1904. The fundamental law provides for a centralized republican form of govern- ment. Supreme executive authority is vested in the Presi- dent. He is elected by popular vote for a term of four years and is ineligible for the next succeeding term. An exception was made in the case of President Amador who was elected by the National Assembly instead of by popu- lar vote. The powers of the President are similar to those possessed by the chief executives of all republican govern-
Panama of the Present Day. -^.Q^
ments. He must sign or veto all bills passed by the leg- islative body within from five to eight days, depending on the length of the bills, otherwise they become laws without his signature. Bills vetoed by the President by reason of their doubtful constitutionality are referred to the Supreme Court of the country. If that body decides they violate no provision of the constitution, the President must affix his signature. Other vetoed bills may be repassed by the as- sembly by a two-thirds vote. The President appoints all the higher responsible officials of the country, including members of his Cabinet, judges of the Supreme Court, diplomatic and consular representatives, and governors of the provinces. In some appointments the chief executive acts alone ; in other cases, approval of the legislative body is required. All regulations, orders and decrees of the President must be countersigned by the member of his Cabinet in charge of the subject under consideration. The President is assisted in the discharge of his duties by a Cabinet consisting of a Secretary of Government and Jus- tice; Secretary of Foreign Relations; Secretary of Finance, Secretary of Public Instruction and Secretary of Public Works, These officials have a voice, but no vote in the legislative body. In case of the death or disability of the President, executive powers devolve upon one of three persons termed Designadores, elected at each session of the Assembly, and in the event of the disability of these three officials, upon a member of the Cabinet. The law-making branch of the government is a single body, the National Assembly, con- sisting of Deputies elected for a term of four years in proportion of one Deputy for every 10,000 inhabitants, or a fraction over 5,000. Substitutes are elected in the same manner, at the same time, and for the same term. The Assembly meets every two years and extra sessions may be called by the President.
Courts.
The administration of justice is vested in a Su- pieme Court, circuit courts, district courts, and other inferior tribunals established by law. The Supreme
4Q^ Pilot and iimiJe,
Coui-t is locatotl in l^aiiuina with jurisdiction and powers similar to those possessed hy sucli courts in other South American countries. Its judges, Hvo in numhor, arc nomi- nated hy the President and t-onfirmed hy the Assonjl)ly. The circuit courts, of which tlu'ixj is one for cacli pro- vince, located in the capital city of each, possess jurisdic- tion, coextensive with the respective provinces. The distiict courts, one for each nuinicipal district, have local jurisdic- tion. The appointment of th(? judij[es of the circuit, district nnd other inferior courts resti> largely with the iiuniediate superior trihunals: the decisions of these inferior courts iiw suhject to review hy the high(;r trihunals. In a general way foreignei*s enjoy the same rights and privileges heforo the trihunals of the Kepuhlic, as citizens do.
All imports into the Repuhlic, with the exception Customs. ^^^ limited numherof articles included in the free list ov suhject to a specific duty, pay an ad valorem duty (»t ten percent. Some of the uiore important articles on the free list are animals for hreeding purposes, ice, guano, seeds and plants, machines weighing less than 2204 pounds, road makmgand canal raachincy, railway rolling stock and track supplies, telegraj)!! materials, coal imported hy the consumer, hridge iron, ships and ship parts, raw materials necessary in the manufacture of heer, candles and soap, excepting tallow: hookhinders' and printers' supplies, includ- ing ink and j)ai)er: articles imported hy steamship com- panies, religious and charitahle organizations, and hy the Government for exclusive use. Spirits, wines, liquors, to- hacco, coffee, uiatches, match materials, opium, salt. and cattle are suhject to specific duties, as fol- I<)ws : Ordinary spirits and its compounds, up to 21 deg. Cartier, such as rum. hrandy, gin, whisky, re- fined anisette, rossolis, orange cordial, §1.50 silver j)er liter. Ijiijuors of from 22 deg., to 42 (leg. Cartier, such as char- treuse, cremc do cacao, peppermint. Padre ivernan, kiimmel, al)sinthe, §2.00 per liter; alcohol up to 42 deg. Cartier, §1.00 per liter; alcohol ahovc 42 deg. Cartier, §1 50 per
Panama of the Present Bay. 40/'
liter; coiicciitratod liquid used in the manufacture of dutia- ble beverages, I? 15 per liter; bitters, such as Angostura bitters, fernet-branca, cocoa, 60 cents per liter; white, red and Bordeaux wines, 10 cents per liter; wines, sweet, nia- laga, sherry, oporto and vermouth, 20 cents per liter; (•hampagne, S2.00 per liter; aerated and mineral waters, elixirs and medicinal wines imported in special bottles, 25 l)er cent, silver on net gold value; cigars $2.00 per kilogram; cigarettes §3.00 per kilogram; other forms of tobacco, §2.00 per kilogram: coffee, .?>i.00 per quintal, gross weight; wax matches 80 cents per kilogram, gross weight; wooden inatches, 30 cents per kilogram; raw materials for matches, 10 cents per kilogram, gross weight; opium §15 per kilo- gram; salt, 82.00 per quintal; cattle for public consump- tion: males, §20.00 each, females, $15.00 each. All the above duties are in Panama silver. The liter is 1.056 (piarts. The kilogram is 2.2046 pounds. The quintal is 220.46 pounds.
^ New inventions and inventions already i)at-
ented abroad may be patented in Panama, providing the invention is not already covered. Ap])]ication for a patent should be made to the Secretary of Fomento, Panama, Rep. of Panama. The application must be accom- l)anied by a description of the invention, indicating its niiture and object, and if the application be made through a resident agent, by a power of attorney vised by a consul of Panama; drawings and models, or samples are also re- (]uired l)y the government. Patents are granted without examination. All correspondence and necessary papers must be in the S|)anish language. The term for which a patent may be secured is five, fifteen, or twenty years, at the option of the applicant. Action must be taken within one year of grant. The cost of tihng application is about §20 gold, with an annual fee of §20 gold during the life of the patent.
The law of Panama recognizes two classes
Trade Marks. ^^ ^^^^^ marks, for the registration of which,
slightly different procedure is necessary, and different fees
^OQ Pilot and Guide,
charged. Thewj ai-e the iiulustrial or nianufartui*eis' marks, and commercial or merchants' marks. licj^istration may 1)0 made in poi-son or throngh an authorized a^ent. Ap- plication should be made of the Secretary of l^ihlic Works (Fomento), and must give a complete description of the mark, indicate the product to which it is to ho applied, and state tlie place of manufacture. It must be accompanied by t>Y0 copies of the mark; by a vised power of attorney if the apj)lication be made through an agent, and if it bo a mark already registered abroad, by a certilicatc of such registration. The application is published at the expense of the applicant in the Oaceta Ojicial for a ])eriod of 30 days for an industrial mark, and GO days for a connner- cial mark. If no opi)osition develops, the mark is then registered, and a certificate issued to applicant. The fee for an industrial mark is $50 gold, and for a commercial mark, §30 gold.
The President's salary is $0,000 per an- Official Salaries. ^^^^^^^ ^^^j^j^ ^j^^ ^.^^^^ amount allowed for
living expenses, and $3,000 for extra official purposes. The salary of the Panama Envoy at Washington is $8,000 per animm; of the consul general at New York, §3,000 per annum; consul generals elsewhere $3,000 per annum; con- suls, $2,400 per animm, and vice-consuls, $1,000 per an- num. The consul generals, consuls and vice-consuls in the United States and Europe, are paid the above salaries in gold; in other parts of the world, the same sums in silver. The cabinet ministers receive $3,000 per annum; the governor of Colon $2,100 .per annum; the governoi-s of Panama and Bocas del Toro, $1,800 per annum each; governoi*s of all other jn-ovinces, $1,200 per amium each. The alcaldes of Panama and Colon receive salaries of $1,500 per annum each. All the amounts above mentioned are in gold.
By decree of May 20, 1904, the sum of
Public W0BK8. 5i^(]2.r,,000 gold was set aside for public
works divided among the several provinces as follows: —
Panama of the Present Day. "409
,^ ^ ^ Y. FRECIADO & Co* .J« ^ .^
STATIONERS AND BOOKSELIiERS.
Store flispano=Panafflena'
No. 51 and 53 Sixth Street, Panama, R. P.
Froutiiig Office of Pacific Mail S. S. Co.
IIIRGEST AND MQSI COMPLETE STOCK OF STATIONERY ON THE ISTHMOS.
FULL LINE OF WRITING MATERIALS.
MIRRORS. XOYS. NOVELTIES.
COMMISSION. IMPORTATION. EXPORTATION.
Telephone No. 44. Catle: Freciaflo, Panaina, i' . B. c. 4tli & 5tli. Edition.
^ ^ ^ Y. PIvECIADO & Co, ^ ^ ,^j
Panama, §500,000; Colon, SloO,000; Chiriqui, §225,000; Code, §175,000; Los Santos. §175,000; Yeraguas, §175,000, and Bocas del Toro, §225,000. Since then many roads have been constructed, bridges built, schools and other buildings of a public character erected. In Panama city several new schools and colleges have been put up, and the work is still being continued.
J. A. Loyd, a captain of engineers in Simon Isthmian Woods. j3^1j^,^^,,g j^^jj^y of independence visited the
Isthmus in 1827 and made a carefel study of the forest riches in Panama. He states in his notes "that in vigor and varieties, the woods of the Isthmus challenge compe- tition with any part of the world. " Mr. Jil Sanchez, a citizen of Panama, and one of the best posted men in the country on its natural resources, has WTitten a very inter- esting little book on the forest riches of the Darien region. The timber lands in that part of the Republic cover, it is
estimated, nearly 6,800,000 acres. coini)ri8inf; huiidi-eds of varieties of native woods. A book could bo devoted to a description of tbese woods, but it is tbc purpose of tbe Pilol (Did (.'Hide to mention only tbe more ])rominent and well known species. Tbe guayacan, (»r lignum vitae family is well i-epi^csented on tbe Istbmus and comprises many kinds. Its durability is of common knowledge. Pieces of tbis wood imbedded in tbe eai*tb for many years bave been known to become petritied. Jt is related tliat in ISD'J. an abandoned mine 207 years old was discovered, and in it were found some lignum vitae wbeels and axles used in hoisting ore. Tbey were in as good condition as wben tirst fasbioned. Anotber prominent and very valuable wood is tbe cacique (bead cbief). or "king of woods.'" Tbe true species is wbitisb yellow, susceptible of a \ery bigb ])olisbj and bas a long tougb grain. The otber variety is of a reddisb color. Its name is supposed to bave been derived from its use as a symbol of authority by Indian chieftains. One of its peculiar qualities is its power to instantly stanch tbe How of blood. Mahogany is very common in certain districts and is largely exported. There are two kinds, the tangueray. or swamp mahogany, and the hard, or upland mahogany. The former is lighter both in weight and color. Roble, the native oak, is a common wood and bears a close resemblance to its Xorth American confrere. Zorro is a hard wood with variegated markings, but ex- ceedingly scarce. The nazareno (amaranth) has a beauti- ful purplish-colored centcn-, suscci)tible of a high jjolisli. There are throe classes of Spanisli cedar, two of laurel an four classes of a rich yellow wood called amarillo. The latter is a vejy line grained wood, having no heart. Algarobo is an excellent wood, very plentiful. ('ocobolo is a well known wood and commands a high price-J^2r).00 per ton of 2240 pounds on the Isthmus. There are two species, cocobolo amarillo, and cocobolo prieto. The former is like rosewood, very tough and hard and seldom grows more than one foot in diameter. Jt has dark brown streak-
Panama of the Present Day. 411
ingSj like zebra wood, and has a fragrant sinell. The prieto variety has a beautifully figured grain, and grows to about three feet in diameter. It polishes beautifully and is in great demand for canes. The finest cedar in the country is the cedro real amargo. It grows to five and six feet in diameter, has a long grain, with the familiar odor of cedar, and is much used in boat building. The espave prieto is one of the commonest woods, something like elm, and is much used in house building. The guavita is a white, soft wood of an extremely bitter taste. The sap from this tree is used by the natives as an antidote for snake bites. The jagua Colorado is a soft, close-grained, but tough dye wood used by the Indians for carving spoons and ornaments. The jobo de lagarto has a bark like the skin of an alligator. Mangle (mangrove) is a common wood of a reddish brown color, and makes a most excellent firewood, burning like tinder. Matapolo possesses the pe- culiar and rather unfortunate faculty of killing any other tree growing near it. The w^ood is white and tough, hav- ing a long, close, w^hite, shiny grain. It is common and grows to large size. Quajado is an indestructible wood with an untractable grain. Totuma (the calabash tree) grows to the size of one foot in diameter, and is quite plentiful. Vela bears a fruit consisting of a long candle- like pod. The palo de vaca (milk tree), rubber tree and bread fruit tree are quite common. Many valuable resins are extracted from the different trees of the Isthmus, notably, one distilled from the bark of a tree called the palo Santo (holy stick). The essence is highly fragrant and is used as a remedy for disorders, and also burned as incense. The styrax officinalis of Linnaeus is very com- mon, and the gum derived from it commands a ready sale. Ink is made from gall nuts, and likewise from a bush called alsifax. The algodon, or cotton tree is plentiful. A couple of years ago the writer submitted a sample of this tree cotton to the Bureau of Plant Industry at Washing- ton. Upon comparison, it was found equal in most re-
^•1 2 pact aud GuiiU,
spects to Alabama long staplo. Cotton ot \\\v onliuaiy kind am lie ejisily cultivated un the Isthmus. l)ut owiuf? to labor conditions, its rrtisiiig lias not been protitahk'. Tho gigantic tixM? of tho [sthnius ^oes by tho name of quipo, and will rival in size some of tho giant trees of tho Mari- posa Valley in California. Twenty-two ton boats have been hollowed c»nt of a single tree. Another peculiar tree is the woolen tit»e. which produces a pod tilled with a tex- ture closely resembling animal wool. ft ni.ikos t'\((>llont mattress and pillow material.
. The jaguar, or South American tigei is lound
WildAuimaK j,^ (]iffe,.ent parts of the Jsthmus. It seldom attacks man unless angered, but is a terror to cattle rais- ers. Raccoons, sajinos. a species of wild boar, rabbitt^, small door and monkeys abound. There are several spe- cies of scjuiiTcls and marmosets, tho latter being in active demand as pets. Wild turkeys, birds resembling the Ameri- can hen pheasant, pigeons, ducks, parrots and paro(|uets are to be found. The snake family is well represented from the grejit boa-constrictor to tho spiteful coral. Tho tiger snake is credited with being one of the most venom- ous. Insect life is ever active, and the appearance of some of the Isthmian bugs defy description. It would be neces- sary to have a set of curves to como at the right measure- ments. During the dry season when animal life is more or less dormant, bug life is as busy as ever. Roaches and ants are tlie common pests of the liouse and are constantly scheming for an invasion. Tho sloth, armadillo, and alli- gator are more or less numerous.
Plant life on the IsthiDus shows a vigorous ^**^' growth, but in tho main is peculiar to tho tropics. The orchid family is the most prominent, and com- prises a great many varieties. The most notable species are the Espiritu Santo (Holy Spirit), and the Semana Santa (Holy week). Tho special characteristic of the Es- piritu Santo is tho fructifying column in the center of tho flower, with its surmounting anther and jnojecting glands
Panama of the Present Day, -4."! 3
of pollen-masses which present a striking resemblance to a dove. The breast, extended wings, the head and beak, and even two pnrple dots for the eyes are all distinctly shown and almost as true to nature as the art of man can depict them. Five leaves spring from each bulb of the plant. These leaves are from 20 to HO inches in length, by live or six inches in breadth-lanceolate in form. The stem of the flower grows from three to four feet in height, bearing upon its summit a spike of globose, lieshy, yellowish white flowers, which yield a delicate perfume. Sometimes there is a peculiar sensibility connected with the flowers of this species of plant, which makes it a most effective insect trap, so lunged that it quickly closes and holds fast any insect which may alight upon it. The Se- mana Santa derives its name from tlie fact that it usually blossoms during Holy week. Eoses are grown, but they do not acquire the size or beauty of the roses in the tem- perate zone.
Gold is found in yarious parts of the isth- 1 mera m. ^^^^^ principally in the Darien and San Hlas regions, and the provinces of Yeraguas. and Chiriqui. Man- ganese mines exist at Nombre de Dios, forty miles east of Colon. Coal has been discovered near Bocas del Toro, but not in paying quantities. Copper deposits occur near David and San Felix; iron in the vicinity of the Cerro San Cristobal. Traces of petroleum have been found in Chiriqui and Los Santos provinces.
Bananas forms the leading article of export Products. ^^ Panama, and are found in all parts of the country. The greatest degree of pro- ductiveness however is reached in the Changui- uola and Sixola districts of the province of Bocas del Toro where the United Fruit Company control large plantations. The city of Bocas is founded upon the banana industry, and is said to be the second largest banana port in the world. Between three and four million bunches are annually shipped from this point. Bananas
^1 ^ Pilot and Guide,
are also plentiful nloiig the Chagies, and are brought down to Bohio and Gatun in cayucojj, or native canoes, and from those points shipped to Colon by rail. Coffee roachi'S its highest stage of perfection in the province of j Chiriqui, wliei-e in tlio vicinity of Boquete, many foreign- i ei*s are engaged in its cultivation with spl(Midi(l success. i The Panama bean is of a very good grade. Chiriqui prov- ' inco is the best agricultural and grazing section in the . Republic. It is blessed with a diversified climate, being ' cool enough in some parts to raise wheat and oats. Nearly all the cattle for local consumption come from there, while tobacco and garden products are produced extensively. The best cacao (the cocoa of commerce), comes from Cocle province. Sugar cane, used principally in making molasses and native rum, is raised in Chiriqui, Code, Los Santos and Teraguas Provinces. Other products consist of corn, plantains, rice, rubber, indigo, cocoanuts, palm and ivory nuts, sarsaparilla, ipecacuanha, skins of wild and domestic beasts, etc. Rubber is being ])roduced more and more, Bocas del Toro, Veraguas. and the Darien being the favored sections. Mr. Jil Sanchez, heretofore mentioned, . has issued a comprehensive treatise on the rubber industry of the Isthmus, in English and Spanish, which is recom- mended to all interested in rubber production.
The National Assembly on May 29, 1907, passed
^^Law^^^ a set of laws governing the adjudication of the
wild, or waste lands of the Republic. Following
is a synopsis of these laws, which will be found valuable to those
contemplating making investments in Isthmian public lands: —
j National waste lamls are all those tliat form the terri-
* Art. 1. tory of the RepuV)llf, witli the exception of Kueh as are
denominated free lands, and sueli as now belong to na- tural, or juridie persons.
Art. 2. Full ownership of these waste lands is vested in the nation.
The adjudication of waste Ian Is has for its object their Art. 3. cultivation, and the estaVjlishment of industries, or con- cerns of public benefit, viz., (1) For the establish- ment, development and common use of cities, towns and villages,
Panama of the rresent Day. 41 5
but siicli adjudications cannot be transferred, or diverted to another object, excepting plots of land for city purposes, which \r\x\,y 1)6 ceded gratuitously, leased or sold by the respective mu- nicipalities on eoudilion of building on them according to the :f«rni, and within the time stipulated, by the aforesaid Corporations. (1!) For lioni' 'Steads, that is to say, country residences, surrounded by lands for agricultm*al and grazing purposes. (3) For the assistance of establishme -ts of public benefit, but such adjudication shall be subject to legislative sanction. (4) For the establisliment and dev^elopment of colonies aulliorized by law. (.1) For the assistance and subsidy that may be granted by law for construction of ways of communication but such adjudications shall only be niad«^ in alternate lots along the rosx)ective ways. (6) Only tlu^ law shall decree adjiulications of any other class (7) All natural, or juridic x>ersons domiciled in the country shall luive the right to have portions of waste land allotted to them, ex* cept that foreigners who are natives of countries where Panamanians are not permitted to own citv or countrv property shall not enjoy this ]-ight.
. -•ids ""^ ^^^ *^'^ "^ cents gold per hectare is inii>osed on the
^' ' ^ ^ ' ' issuance of titles, whether provisional or definitive.
The tax on titles established by this law shall be used Arts. 9 to 10. to defray the expenses of management, survey «nd ad- judication of national lands. For the adjudication of concerns for the public benefit, development of colonies, and ways of communication, the tax on titles shall range from 2o to 50 cents gold per hectare.
The tax shall obtain as soon as the papers are filed with Ar'I' 11. the Commissioner of national lands, who will pass a cor- responding voucher to the Treasurer.
Art P> The application must be clearly written in Spanish,
• "* stating the name of the district where the land is situated,
the approximate area of said land, the boundaries thereof, the object
for which it is to be used, and all details tending to convey a clear
knowledge of the transaction.
The Commissioner of national lands is empowered to Mi'W 14. alter boundaries specified in the applications when same are found to be detrimental to the adjoining waste lands, or likely to cause general inconvenience.
After an application has been made according to fonn Art. 15. herein prescribed, it shall be publicly made known by
edict, which shall be posted for a period of 30 days in a X)ublie place on the outside of the office of the Commissioner, and in the office of the Alcalde of the district in which such land is located. It shall also be published in the Gaccta Ofwial at the applicant's expense. The ijublication of the edict has for its object the affording of an op- portunity for those who may consider that they have suffered damage by the application, to \n\t in their claim in due course-
-41 S Piiot and Gmtle,
PROSPERO PINEL PABLO PINEL %
9) IT «ir<ir^ w
P^jPlZSTjOlIXTjOs^
Agents of La Navegacion NacionaL DEALERS IX PEARLS AND COMMISSIOS MERCHANTS. ^
IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS.
I SHIPBUILDERS and SHIPOWNERS. I
Xo. 11 NORTH AVENUE. POST OFFICE BOX: 313.
Claims against applications for waste lands must be Art, 16. presented within oO days subsequent to the date of the third publication of the edict in tlie Gaccta Oficmlj to the Commissioner of national hinds for that district.
After the lapse of 30 days, without any claim having been Art. 17. presented, and if presented, decided in favor of the ap- plicant, the Commissioner shall deliver the application to an official surveyor, who in the next 15 days shall draw up the jdan of the land, measure it, and submit his report.
All expenses incurred in the opening of the necessary
Art. 20. cross-paths for the measurement of the land, and for
drawing up the plans thereof, shall be borne by the party
concerned. The cross-paths shall liave a minimum width of two meters
(about 7 feet).
The plan, measurement and report having been accepted Art. 24. and approved by the respective commissioners, and satisfactory proof exhibited of tax referred to in this law afl having been paid, the Commissioner shall proceed to issue a pro- visional title.
The term for the definite adjudication having elapsed Art. 31. without application having been presented, the Commis- sioner shall proceed to make personally, or through a deputy, an ocular inspection of the land, and if from inspection it should
result that the party concerned has not fulfilled the obligations pro- vided by this law, the land shall bo declared abandoned in favor of the nation, and provisional title cancelled in consequence. Public notice shall be given of such action as provided in Arts. 15 and 16.
All titles to definite owniershipof land shall be registered Art. 32. at the expense of the party concerned at the proper Re- gister's office within 30 days after they have been issued, to insure validity.
Any resident, and in general any person not debarred by
Art. lo. the li?.ws, or who is not the owner of hinds, has the right
to the provisional ad.iudieation for his country residence
of as much as 20 hectares of waste lands for such purpose, wherever he
may bck-ct. provided they are not designed for any other use,
Tlie maximum of waste lands to be acl.judicated to a Art. 52 single person shall be 20,000 hectares. (Note: A hectare equals 2.4711 acres, making the maximum allot- ment in acres 49,422) .
Immediately after the officer selected to give possession Art. GG. of tlie land receives the communication from the provin- cial commissioner, he shall notify the iVarty concerned, and shall x>ost a placard during 48 hours in the office of the Alcalde of the District, announcing the day and hour in which the proceedings of taking possession will occur.
On the day and date appointed, the officer entiiisted with Art. G7. giving possession, accompanied by two qualified wit- nesses, and the party concerned, or his representative, shall repair to the adjudicated land, and forthwith effect delivery, making a record of the proceedings, which shall be signed by all those taking part in them.
The proceedings of taking possession shall be at the Art. 69. expense of the party concerned, and it shall be his duty to furnish board, and the necessary means of conveyance for the officer delegated to give possession, the municipal attorney, and the witnesses. In addition, he shall pay to the witnes- ses 12 ! -2 ^ents gohl for each hour, or fraction of an hour, of work per- formed by them in discharge of their mission.
Permits for the exploitation of forests on waste lands Art. 70. may be gi'anted by the Commissioner of national lands
for a term of five years, and up to 1 ,000 hectares of land to each person, subject to the prepayment of a yearly tax of 25 cents gold per hectare.
Pennits for transitory cultivation of waste lands may Art. 71. be granted for a term not exceeding five years, and
the tax on these permits shall be prepaid at the rate of 10 cents gold per hectare, and it shall be increased gradually at the rate of 5 cents gold per hectare per annum, until the rate of 50 cents gold per hectare per annum is reached, at which latter figure it will
418 Pi^i OHd Guulr,
remain lUTniancntly. Thfso permits shall not be granted for plots over eight he«*tHre8 in extent.
Lands held 1»y savage, or half-HavHge indigenons tril>es
Art. 71>. nrt* not snbject to adjudiontion. The Kxecutive is
empowered to determine luuler lliis law f|j« precise
lM>undj»ries of th«'se territorial res^rvntions, and to restrict siieh bound-
uries frt>m time to time, as eiivunistanees may require.
The following are not snliject to adjudieation : Minnh. Art. >>0. and meUtl ami mineral dep»>sits ; salt deposits and min- eral water springs; watt r that may serve fc r the pub- lic use of townships ; waters of rivers and maritinu^ wuters navi- gable even by small crafts : lands that the Kxeeutive shall designate for future ports, or for enlargement of existing ones ; area of townships, and space for their expansion. In the lirsl two cases, adjudication shall be made iu conformity with special laws whi<'h have Wei ii provided.
Kidat^s to foregoing article in detail. One point ma«h* Arts. 81 to 87. is that those who are using public lan«ls lor 'raising cattle will have two years' lime to prove up I heir claims in a<ljudication under the new law.
Arts ?<S to 100. Relates to the method of procedui*e before the courts iu ease of lawsuit, or opposition.
The provisional rights over waste lauds are neither
Arts. 104. transferrable, or subject to embargo. Only in cases
of death of the holder shall they ]»ass (o his heirs, to
whom the t«rm of one year shall be granted in which to declare whether
they desire to make use of such rights, accepting the obligations which
they entail, etc.
Art, 10.T. Relates iu detail what is considered land under cultiva- tion when proving up the tinal title. Prescribes that permanent occupation of land V)y cattle Art. 106. and horses gives right to the use of sueh land at the rate of one hectare per head.
Gives right to fence such land if the number of cattle Art. 107. is in proportion to the amount of land enclosed. If such number of cattle are not kept up in jiroportion, the user is under obligation of opening it nj) for common use.
Art. 110. The industry of mising animals does not convey the riglit
of acquisition. Arts. Ill Deals in the ejectment of unauthorized persons on w.-Ktr to 117. lands.
Under the law, mines are divided into throe
Mming Laws. ^,^^^^^^ as follows:— (1) Sediment mines,
such as iron and copper. (2) Lode, or vein mines,
as those of precious stones, silver and gold. (3)
Alluvial mines formed of alluvial heds of precious
Panama of the Present Day. ^-l©
stones and metals washed down by rivers. A person desirous of securing possession of a mining property in Panama must fii-st notify the municipal head of the dis- trict in wliich tlie mine is located, stating the exact locality as near as possible, giving the established name, if it has one, and placing a permanent mark at the place. The notification will then be duly recorded, and as soon as the iVct has been legally authorized, the party denouncing will be furnished with a copy. The dimensions of each claim shall be a rectangle 600 meters (about 1,968 feet) long by 210 meters (about 787 feet) wide. The claimant to a vein mine, whether a nev/ or abandoned property at his election, will have the right of an extension up to three continuous claims, without prejudicing the rights of those adjacent. The dimensions of an alluvium mine shall be a square with a base of three kdometers, or a rectangle having two kilometers of base by five kilometers on the sides. The di- mension of sediment mines and those found in beds, shall be a square of two kilometers of base. Two points deter- mining the line which is to serve as the base for the sur- vey of the claim, or claims to be conveyed, should bo desig- nated with utmost clearness in all instruments of denounce- ments, and another point, to indicate towaids which side of the line, the measurement should be continued. The four cardinal points may be used for the latter. The sur- vey of the claim to be conveyed shall be made on the sur- face of the ground, rather than calculating on the horizon-" tal plane. AVhen the party denouncing has definitely fixed the base which is to be used for surveying the mine, he cannot change his determination even though the proceed- ings should be annulled and repeated, unless there should be some interested party whom it might prejudice, or un- less all the parties interested should expressly agree upon the change. The claim should be permanently marked by means of four monuments placed at the four angles of the figure. The restorer of abandoned mines subrogates the original owner of such mines, and he has a right to the
420 ^^^^^ <""' Guide.
same number of claims as was conveyed to the original discoverer. When the instrument of denouncement has been executed, the Executive Authority shall order that j)ossession of the mine be given. The head of the muni- cipality will then, upon petition of the party denouncing, connnission the Inspector of Police to convey ))ossession. Should the ])arty denouncing fail to claim possession within HO days after pul)licati(»n of the notitication, without good cause, he will forfeit his rights to the mine, and it shall be declared abandoned. The cost of tlie formality of giv- ing p(^ssession shall be borne by the pjirty concerned. No mine may be denounced as a deserted or abandoned mine imder any other name than that which it carried at the time of abandonment, providing it was known by that name. Violation of this provision will forfeit the right to denounce the mine for a period of four years. The peri(Kl of time to acquire title to a mine is sunmied up in the following: — (IJFor denouncing, 00 days after notitication has been given. (2) For delivering the instrument which the i)arty concerned should receive ordering the conveyance of j)ossession, the time of the distance, and 20 days more, (o) Tijne that notice aimouncing conveyance shall remain posted is 21 days. (4) Time allowed to petition for posses- sion is GO days after removal of the notice. (5) The possession of a mine having been petitioned for, a decree shall be issued within the following 24 hours ordtM'ing that possession be conveyed wnthin a period which shall not be before five days, nor more tlian 40 days from tin; date of the said decree. (6) The petition asking that title be given shall be mfide within the 60 days following the convey- ance of possession.
All the proceedings relating to mines must be in Spanish, on stamped paper of the first class, with the exception of powers of attorney wliich are given to petition for and receive possession, or foa* any other writs relating to these matters, and the title of ownership of the mine. These latter documents may be made on stamped paper
Panama of the Present Bay. 42 1
of the third class. The copy of notification accompanying the iiistriiinent of clcnouiicement shall be made on common paper.
The taxes on mines according to Law 88 of 1904 are for each mine denounced. §10 Panama currency ; to obtain the right of proprietorship title, §25 Panama cur- rency. The annual taxes are: 0» mines of precious stones. §10 Panama currency per square kilometer, and in pro- portion according to length of mines. On alluvial mines, §10 Panama currency for each 25 kilometers. Portions not exceeding five kilometers will have to pay §2, and pi"oportionately in excess of this measurement up to 25 kilometers. On quart/, oi- vein mines, §5 Panama cur- rency for each appurtenance 600 meters long by 240 me- ters wide. The right to a mine is lost Avhen the tax is not paid punctually. The tax can be paid in advance for any number of years desired. Owners to titles on mines not in litigation, can secure permanent ownership, exempt from future taxation, by paying in advance the correspond- ing taxes for 20 years. Taxes commence from date of possession.
Panama is one of the few countries in the *'^^^*^^^^'^* civilized Avorld to-day that is without a national debt. She started off from the jump with a nice little sum in the Government exchequer ; has most of it yet, pays her running expenses with something left over, and has expended quite a sum throughout the republic on public improvements during the p.ist four years. She can look on aiid smile at the other South American countries which are continually dodging the international collectors. . The future looks rosy too, especially when it is considered that it won't be so many years now' before Uncle Sam begins paying Panama her animal quarter of a million in cold cash. The Govern- ment at the present time has §7,700,000 gold loaned on first class 2<ew York m(»rtgages, from w4iich during the year 1907, interest was derived amounthig to §294,000.
|
jnoG |
I!ni7 |
|
$ .V.):J,G57.26 |
$ 757,984.90 |
|
317,078.48 |
4:J8,290.10 |
|
45,847.70 |
205,478.83 |
|
4,nr)t.8i |
7,660.40 |
|
11,000.00 |
19,563.38 |
|
11,553.47 |
27,412.70 |
-422 Piiot and Guide,
The Government firiancial statement for tlio calendar yea. 1907 makes a particularly excellent showing. The tola ivvenues from all scuirccs amounted to 32,139,iJ0l.H8 gold, derived from import duties, and internal imposts, a consid- erable incix?ase over the previous year. The following table shows the revenue from imports for the years lOOG and 1907 :—
Oil articles .subject to 10 \w\' cent, duty
On importation of liquors
On inii>ortation of tobaccos and cigarettes
On importation of salt
On importation of matches
On imp rtation f coffee
Total .. .. $983,801.72 $1,453,399.31
This shows a net incronse of §472,587.59 over the year 1906. This should be an index of the heailthy condi- tion of commerce in the republic, as the item of revenue increase means a proportionally large increase in the value of the imports.
In addition to the above, opium produced a revenue of$.%18(3 55; native distillation of liquor.s, §25,441.87; head tnx on cattle. §127,593.77 : tax on exports, princi- pally bananas. 848,083.79: sale of stamped paper, 851,197- .44; mining rights, §2,629.65; patents and piivileges, §1,795.00; registration fees, §6,078.17; consular fees, 889,518 13; post-office. §63,420.95: telegraphs and tele- phones, §5,055.22; postal commissions, §8.971.02; lottery, 863,000.00; steamship compam'es; 8l0.tS75.57 ; ]>earl fish- eries, 8600: national property, §9,718.02; retail liquor li- censes, §84,829.50; importation of cattle, §10,.s41.50; money changers, 85,957.50 ; public market for month of December, 1907. date it was turned over to the city §2.252.02 ; lighthouses in Colon, §3,530.63 ; miscellaneous, §62,781.06.
Panama of the Present Day. -423
5 "cKcfCo: ^^'{'fvet^c ate ijoti golnc], ^oftri? I
^clVu: "6l avu ittafiiiicj^ a ttip lo Manama to ^cc nl
Misteli, the Swiss Jeweler, I
In Order to Select a Good Wedding Present." Sj
JOHN'S FKI END: "WELL! WELL! YOF AEE GOING TO S
THE BEST PLACE,
BECAUSE HE ALWAYS CAEIilES THE FINEST ASSORTMENT IN
STEELING SILVEK AND SILVER PLATED WARES FROM THE
LARGEST AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN MARKETS."
WE DO HJGH GRADE REPAIR WORK.
MOUNTING STONES, A SPECIALTY.
N]IST^EbrS, j\o, 87 CEJSn^pAh AVE.
The telegraph and long distance telephone '^'TSiones!'^ ^.V^*^^^ ^^ *^^« ^^^"^try is the property of the
Panama (lovernment, and extends from Pa- nama to David in Chiriqui. The sj'stem is divided into six sections as follows : — Panama to Chame , Chame to Aguadulce ; Agnadulce to Sona, Sona to Pemedios ; Ke- mcdios to David, aijd Santiago to Las T.iblas. The total Hne mileage is abont ()00 miles. The pole construction is of iron and hard woods, and an open circuit is used. A new line is now beirig constructed between Empire and Chorre- ra. which will do away with the use, except for local busi- ness, of the present line via. Corozal and Arraijan. A new telegraph line is also being built coimecting Las Pal- mas and Pedasi in the province of Los Santos, and La Pin- tada in the province of Code. The headquarters of the system is at Panama, and is in charge of Mr. Ernesto T. Lefevre, as Director General. The rate on a ten word message is ten cents gold.
^.2^- -f^^ oud Guide.
Following is a complete list of tlio Panama Government telegraph and telephone ofticcs: —
TELEGRAPH OFFICES.
Central Hea<lquarters Panama Avenue B.
Ajr"a<lul'*e, Los Santos
Anton Mararaoas
Capira Parita
Chaim* Penonome
Chitre Pese
Chorreni PocH
David BemedioK
Hoi-concitos San Carlos
Las Palmas Santiago
Las Tablas Sond.
TELEPHONE OFFICES.
Airaijan Oeu
Guarar^» San F61ix and Lab Lajns.
La Mesa Tol<5
Xata
The Panama Eailroad Company operates an extensive system of telegraph and telephone lines along the line of railway, which also ramifies throughout tljc canal works. This consists of a line of LS wires from Colon to Cuk*bra, and of 24 wires from Culebra to Panama. Eleven tele- phone exchanges and 32 telegrapli offices are maintained. Total number of subscribers, about 850, mostly in canal (•ffices. One wire of this system is used as a through cir- cuit from New York to Buenos Aires. The cost of a ten wr»rd message across the Isthmus is 25 cents gold.
There is also a local telephone exchange in Panama city operated by private capital under concessionary privi- leges. It has about :>00 subscribeis. Colon is the site of the only wireless telegraph station on the Isthmu=;. Tlie nearest other station is at Puerto Lunon, with which con- nection is regularly maintained. The Colon station is equipped with De Forest apparatus.
Panama of the Present Da if.
425
Cables .
Three lines of cable communication reach the Isthmus. Two belong to the Central and South American Telegraph Co., and the other to the West India and Panama Co. The new "All American" cable establishing direct communication between Colon and New York w^as laid during 1907, the work having been completed in July. Offices of the cable companies are maintained at both Panama and Colon.
With the exception to points on the Pana- Post Offices, j^^ Railroad, in the Canal Zone, the trans- portation of mails on the Isthmus is almost wholly depen- dent on water communication. The National Navigation Company has the contract for carrying the mails on the Pacific side, and maintains a regular itinerary. From the ports, mail is carried into the interior by horseback. The headquarters of the postal system is in Panama city, with Mr. Samuel Boyd in charge as Postmaster General. Do- mestic mail rates of the United States applies to mail matter sent from there to points in the Republic of Pa- nama, and the Canal Zone, although this does not seem very well understood by the merchants and manufacturers in the former country. The letter postage rate from the Republic of Panama to points in the United States is two and a-halt* cents gold. Panama being in the Postal Union the parcels post regulations govern, the rate being 12 cents per pound. The interior parcels post rates are 10 cents gold for one pound, and 35 cents gold for the max- imum weight allowed, viz, 11 pounds. The post — offices of the Republic are as follows: —
Aguadulce, Prov. of Code Anton, Pro V. Code Arraij^n, Prov. of Panamd Bastimentos, Prov. of Bocas del
Toro Boeas del Toro, Prov. of Bocas
del Toro Boqii^te, Prov. of Chiriqui Capira/Prov of Panamd Chagi'es, Prov. of Colon
La Palma, Prov. of Panama Las Minas, Prov. of lios Santos, LasPalmas, Prov. of Veraguas Las Tablas, Prov, of Los Santos Los Pozos, Prov. of Los Santos Los Santos, Prov. of Los Santos Macaracas, Prov. of Los Santos Nata, Prov. of CoctU Oeu, Prov. of Los Santos Otoque, Prov. of Panamd
-^2e
Pilot and Onide,
CSiepigana, ProT. of Panam& Chepo, Prov. of Panamd Chame, Prov. of Panamd CbangYiinola, Prov. of Bocas del
Toro Chiriqui Grande, Prov. of Bocaa
del Ton> Chitr^, Prov. of IjOs Santos f Chorrera, Prov. of Pfinam4 Co16d, Prov. of Colon David, Prov of Cliiriqui Dolega, Prov. of Chiriqui El Real, Prov. of Panani4 Gaarar^, Prov. of lios Santos Horconcitos, Prov of Chiriqui La Mesa, Prov. of Veraguas
Panami, Dist. Capital Parita, Prov. of Los Santos Pedasf, Pn)V. of Los Santos Penonom6, Prov. of Cocl6 Pes^, Prov. of Los Santos Poorf, Prov. of Ijos Santos RcMnedios, Prov. of <'hiriqui San ('arl«)s, Prov, of Panatn4 San JYlix, Prov. of (^hiriqul San Miguel, Prov. of PanHnii Santiago, Prov. ofV«Tagutt8 Sixola, Prov. of Hoca.s del Toro Son&, Prov. of _ Veraguas Taboga, Prov. of, Panama Tonosf, Prov. of Los Santos Tol<5, Prov. of Chiriqui.
Schools.
Schools are well distributed throughout the settled portion of the country, but in these only the primary grades are taught. The cai)it'il, however, offers excellent facillities for education in the higher grades in the following six institutions: — Normal School for girls; Normal School for Young Men; National College of Language and Commerce; Superior School for Young Tiadies; Superior School fur Young Men; National School of Music and Declamation, and School of Arts and Sciences. A school is also maintained in Panama city for the educa- tion of San Bias Indian boys. There are a number of private schools and colleges in addition to the above, a list of which will be found in the directory part of this volume. The Department of Public Instruction is in charge of Mr. Melchor Lasso de la Vega, who is inde- fatigable in his efforts toward building up the schools of the Republic. The degree of illiteracy among the true Panamanian class is surprisingly small, especially in the cities, mu;h less so than in some localities in the Southern States. There are very few indeed that cannot read or write. A large immber of new school houses liave been erected in the several provinces since the new Republic was formed, and each year witnesses an incieased interest in the cause of education. The number of schools, teach-
Panama of the Present Day.
A-'2.-7
TABLEAU OF THE NATIONS BY PUPILS OF THE COLLEGE OF SAN JOSE.
|
-4-28 |
POot and Guide. |
||
|
crs employed, |
enrollment, and average attendance in tho |
||
|
schools of tho Republic in 1906 was |
as follows |
: — |
|
|
Province |
No. No. |
Enroll- |
Av. Attend- |
|
Schools. Teachers. |
meut. |
ance. |
|
|
Boeas del Tore |
Id 13 |
447 |
356 |
|
CocW |
15 24 |
839 |
637 |
|
CoWn |
24 32 |
1020 |
870 |
|
Chiriqui |
29 3T |
1348 |
1087 |
|
Los Santos |
33 42 |
1405* |
1211 |
|
Panami |
46 45 |
1982 |
1524 |
|
Panami (Dist. |
Cap.) 6 (Schools) 3f> |
1418 |
1041 |
|
Panami (Dist. Cap.) 6 (Colleges) 37 |
660 |
660 |
|
|
Veraguas |
24 31 |
950 |
730 |
193 29r. 10,069 8,U6
At the time of the secession, the Colombian rjurreney silver peso, and fractional denominations
thereof, constituted tho principal money in circulation on the Isthmus. This had a fluctuating value according to the current rate of exchange. Tlie money changers usually gave $2.10 Colombian silver for §1 gold, but in commercial transactions the rate sometimes went as high as $2.1o. Colombian paper, having a value of one cent gold to the dollar, was not accepted as legal lender. The present currency is known as the " Balboa " Series, the ball)oa being a fictitious unit of value representing J$l gold. The highest actual denomination at present is the silver peso, or half-balboa piece, the value of all Panama silver currency being half the value of ^he same denomi- nations in American gold. The other coins in circulation are the silver 50-cent piece, the 20-cent piece, the 10-cent piece, a nickel five cent piece, being its actual goldvalue, and a two and one-half cent nickel piece, worth that amount in gold. With the original coinage, was minted a quantity of silver 5-cent pieces, which went out of general circulation in a very short time owing to their great demand for souvenirs and ornaments. Quite a specu- lation was carried on in these miimtc but handsome coins, and some people are known to have made several
Panama of the Present Day. 4-29
hundred dollars in this way. American gold and silver coins down to the 10-cent piece are in general circulation, quite as much so in fact, as the local currency. Ameri- can five cent pieces and coppers are not accepted.
The population of Panama presents a variety ^^^^' of types. There are the native Indians, or aborigines; the mestizos consisting of a mixture of white with Indian; the mulatos, a mixture of white with negroes; the zambos, a mixture of negro with Indian, and as yet an unclassified type consisting of a mixture of Indian and negro with Chinese. Several Indian tribes are scattered about the Isthmus, the chief being the San Bias and Da- rien. The latter are ]calous of intrusion and do uot allow foreigners to enter their territory. Many stories are told of narrow escapes by those who had the temerity to dis- obey the injunction. The San Bias Indians are a peculiar race. They are very small in stature, with abnormally large heads, normal bodies and undersized legs. The youths are allowed to leave the tribe and seek employment in civilized communities, but are required to return after a certain age. The women are rarely seen abroad. Some of the wild tribes still adhere to cruel customs. Not long since some Indians from one of the western provinces were brought to Panama for trial upon the charge of burying a mentally affiicted member of the tribe alive. In addition to the above, there are the uative white residents, white North Americans and Europeans, and a sprinkling of near- ly all the principal races on the face of the globe. By the law of 1901, Chinese, Turks and Syrians were debarred, but the Chinese were alieady here in large numbers, and practically control the retail tiade in groceries.
The legal weights and measures are those of ^Mfasurer^ the metric system, but custom has introduced
others. The American pound weight is now commonly used. In measures of length the pulgada (inch), and pie (foot) is used instead of centimeters and decime- ters, but beyond this the meter and kilometer of the met-
1
ric is resorted to. TIio liter is used instead of the quart measuit?, hut. the gjilloji is fro»|uently let'ened to. lu measui'cs of surface, liectares is the only metric measure- ment in common uso. There is really no ^Yalrant for the use of the >voi'd *'ya da," meaning the American yard measurement, yet it is in common use in every dry {,mods store in Panama and (.'olon.
Wlien the 1 'nited States Govenmient assumed Diffeivuces ^.'ontrol of the Canal Zone, one of ils first
acts w.is to apply the Dingley tariff. I'nder this interpretation of the treaty, goods enterinj!: the Canal Zone fi-om the United States were admitted duty free, but goods entering the (Janal Zone from the Kepuhlic of Panama were made subject to the same tariff regulations as merchandise from any other foreign country. It was quickly seen that a uierchant doing business in the Z on^ . and getting In's goods from the United States free of (lul> could easily place himself outside the pale of successful competition from one in Panama, or Colon, who was at that time re(iuired to pay a duty of fifteen per cent, gold on all merchandise impfuted, wliether from the United States, or European countries. This caused a strong pro- test to be made. Two other disputed questions came up at the same time, viz . control of the customs and the ]>ost- oftice revenues. The feeling became very bitter, and Sec- retary Taft was delegated to visit the Isthnuis and investi- gate the matter. On December (i, 11)04. speaking before the populace from the balcony of Hotel Central, he said :
'* The ovder whit-li I sigiu'd, for which I alone am resiioiisibln, and which was put into effect against tlic wishes of (ileneral Da- vis, Govenior of tlie Canal Zone, namely, the order enacting* Die provisions of what is commonly known as the Diugley tariff bill, into a law on the canal strip, I confess to have been a gr;'at mis- take."
The American Government also changed its position in the matter of customs and post-office revenues. All incom- ing boats are now boarded by Panamaniafi customs offi- cials, while the Zone Grovernment puichases its stunps of
Panama of the Present Day. -4-31
the Panama Govennent at tO per cent, of their face vahie. In letiiin, it was stipulated that Panama should reduce its rote of duty from 15 to 10 per cent., and to abolish the one per cent, tax on exports of gold coin. len- der the subsequent tariff agreement, goods entering either the Canal Zone, or Republic of Panama (except goods designed for canal purposes), were subject to the duty of ten per cent.
The navigation laws of Panama are very ^^"^^^^^^^«^*'^^Miberal and favor enrollment of merchant
craft under its Hag. Before a merchant vessel can be nationalized however, it will be necessary for the owner to have a jinper drawn up by the consul of the country under whose ting it previously sailed, relinquish- ing its former rights and privileges. Application can then be made in due form of the Secretary of Hacienda for enrollment on the register of Panaina. Passengers who wish to embark at night from the port of Panama for foreign points are required to have a permit for the transport of baggage and privilege of embarking. This can be obtained at the office of the Captain of the Port, Seventh Street and North Avenue. At Colon, passengers can embark on steamers alongside the wharf at night by simply giving name and showing ticket, but if the vessel is at anchor, passengers will have to get a permit of the Captain of the Port before going on board.
Differences arising between Gen. Esteban Army Disbands, jj^^^^j.^.^^^ commander of the Panamanian mil- itary forces, and the Panama administration led to the disbandment of the army in November, 1904. The trou- ble culminated on November 17, when General Huertas. acting, it is said, at the instigation of enemies of the ad- ministration, withdrew military protection from the Presi- dent's person, and would probably have seized the reins of government had not the plot been discovered in time. The tenseness of the situation was of brief duration, but to in- sure protection to resident Americans, the marines were transferred to Ancon, while the New York, Marhlehead^
^•32 Piiot and Ouide.
Boston and Bennington rodo at anchor in the hay. \\'ith- in a few days aftcM- tho trouhlo, the army consisting? of about 400 men. was dishanded, and their firearms tinned over to the Zone authorities for safe keeping. At tho same time, nearly all the guns on the seawall were dismounted. Witli the disapi)earance of the army, the police force was largely augmented.
After the disband ment of the army, Gen. »en. uei a,s. [^^^^j.^^^g retired to his country home near Aguadulce, wh 're he has since been quietly residing. The general is very p;ipnlar with all classes, and has a strong followifig. His military career is a record of a courageous and painstaking soldier, for which from, time to time, he i-eceived merited recognition. He was born at I'mbita, Co- lombia, May 2S, 1872. entered tlie army when but nine and one-half yeai*s of age, and from 1885 to IDO.) took part in no. less than .'>5 engagements — 22 land battles and 13 sea fights. At the battle of Anchicaya, under Gen. Al- ban, the Colombian commander, he assisted ii» ])lacing a cannon while under tire from the enemy, and lost his hand in the effort. The year 1885 found him a drummer boy, from which position he arose step l)y step until in Xovem- ber, 1902, he was promoted to the grade of General. He was the keystone to the secession movement in 190*5, and for this valuable service was made commander of the Pa- namanian forces. The first Assembly voted him a leave of absence, and appropriated $50,000 gold for expenses. He visited Europe and was well received everywhere. Af- ter the trouble in November, 1904, he was gra?ited a ])on- sion of ^500 silver j)cr month, (ion. Huertas is to-day a warm friend of the government and of law and order.
The election of the President tnkes place ^^ *^"*' this year. The people vote on the second Sunday in July for presidential electors. On August .*iO, the votes are canvassed, and the successful electors then proceed to ballot for a president. The latter t^ikes his seat on October 1 for a period of four years.
Touritits" Department. 433
.<i^ro . '^1^- ^(g>x.
G^pB" tourists' department
Tlie visitor to the Isthmus ordinarily loses much time and patience in being compelled to make inquiries at near- ly every turn, and in finding out for himself the things he should be able to post up on beforehand. It is the aim of the Pilot and (iuide to afford tourists and travelers a cer- tain amount of general information of this nature as will tend to make their visit a more thorough and pleasant one.
The Isthmian quarantine regulations are very Quarantine, ^^^j^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ 1^^ complied with to the let- ter. Incoming vessels must Hy a yellow iiag (Q) at the fore and await quarantine inspoctioii at the anchorage des- ignated. The flag must not be lowered until pratique is granted by the quarantine officer. The captain of such vessel must not allow any boat or other craft, excei)t that of the officers of the port, to approach within 200 meters, or allow anything to leave the vessel. Vessels however, arriving at the ports of Colon and Cristobal are allowed, at the discretion of the Quarantine Officer, to come along- side the wdiarf for inspection exce})t when they have sickness on board, or are from ports infected with quaran- tinable diseases, mdess they have proper certificates show- ing that they have not lain at an anchorage exposing such vessel to infection. Vessels arriving at night must anchor in the bay and not come to the wharf for inspection be- fore daylight.
Vessels entering the ports of Ancon, or Cris- Health ^<^^>«'^1 ixom any foreign port where there is a
United States consular officer must present a bill of health of the same character and form- as is re-
<^3^ ^•^^ o**^ GuMe^
LARGE ASSORTMENT OF SPECIAL JEWELRY.
M
, FQBEBQ
No. M. BOTTLE ALLET. COLON. K. P.
Importrr of llir Olrbrated COfiOMBIAN C'lOAIlS .>lM«lf from tlir IIIkIi CSradr'TobarroH of Anibnl«*iiia niitl Sautnudrr.
A TREAT TO ALL LOVE US OF THE WEE I*.
callforcuava velez-a delicious confection
quired of vessels entering the ports of the Ignited States from foreign ports. Such vessels having entered or called at an intennedinto port must also [)rosent a supplemental hill (»f health. The penalty for non-ohservance of this regulation is a fine of not td exceed .l^oOO. the amount to be fixed hy the courts.
Passengers on v<'ssels connng from poit^s in- \\'\Tr ft'^^'ted or suspected of l)eing infected with yel- low fever will he handled as follows: If im- mune, and so certified, they will he admitted without re- strictions. Others will he held in ohservntion to complete six full days from date of last exposure to infection. Ves- .sels arriving with cases of yellow fever ahoard will he treated in accordance with the source of infection. If not contracted on hoar»l, they will he disinfected and may he given pratique at once, otherwise, the vessel will he disin- fected and the personnel held under ohseivatiun six full days after completion of disinfection.
All passengers nnist ])resent satisfactory evi-
VaoHnation. ^^^^^^^ ^f pj-ot^ction from small-pox, either hy
pievious attiick. or hy vaccination. If the vaccin^ition is
not sufficiently recent, it will he necessary to be vaccinatxnl
again. Some of the inward hound steamers, notahly the
Tourists' Department. •*^3S
Panama Railroad, boats afford an opportunity to passen- gers to he vaccinated before landing.
Passengers from plague-infected ports must fur- P^fts "''^^' ^ certificate from medical officers attached to the U. S. Consulate at port of departure, if such an officer is ou duty, stating the locality in which the person has resided, and "svhcther in the opinion of the medical officer such locality or house is presumably afflicted with plague. This certificate must bo presented to the (juarantine officer on inspection and will be weighed as evidence as to whether further observation of passenger is advisable or necessary. If the certificate of the passenger shows that he has not resided in a badly plague-infected environment for five days immediately preceding embarka- tion, he will not be detained under observation for a long- er period than to complete five days from date of depar- ture. Such passengers as liave resided in a badly plague- infected environment may be detained under observation f(>r a sufficient period to complete seven days, or even ten days from date of departure. Passengers in transit who can eml)ark at once in continuing their journey, will be allov.'ed to land and proceed even if tlie five days have not been completed, provided hov/ever. that such passenger has been certified by the medical officer as not having resided in an infected environment, and the provision re- garding baggage has been complied with. Baggage of pas- sengers must be passed, or disinfected, if in the opim'on of the medical officer such treatment is necessar3% and be labeled at port of departure. The crew of the vessel will be detained on board to complete at least five days, or longer, if deemed necessary. These regulations only apply to vessels which have Jiot had sickness suspicious of plague on board at port of depaiture, during the voyage, or on arrival, and that have not had a suspicious mortality among rats on board. Ships infected with plague, or sus- pic'ous of being infected will be treated in accordance with existing quarantine regulations. Grain, bran, and bird
^ 36 Pilot and Ouide,
WHEN plans;- ■, wkX- -W-v, f -j^ S '
crnsioN TKii* ON HIE wATKif X^inCl l3t*0S %
1K)N'T FAIL TO COM'KK WITH ^ S
AGENTS FOR ''LA NAVEGACiON NACIONAL".
Only Firm Catering to Excursion Business on the Isthmus.
Stoaiiifrn in service: Ihtrid, Vfraguas, Lou Santot, Jloyacd, CocU — (iasolinu Tow H«»nt: /fapador — Jasolin.* Liiunclies: .4 »trora, JndepmdeneUi, Cam- po Strrano' Prineesa. Office N*. Ill North Ave., PtMHt. R. P.
seeds shipped from ports infected with i)lagiie should not he received as cargo, and will not he allowed to he land- ed at the ports of Panama, or the Canal Zone.
(Decree No. .■]? of the Republic of Panama.) Undesirable dated March 17,. liMJO, provides that no Persons, foreigner will he allowed to land unless he has in his possession a sum of lufmey of not less than .$15.00. This provision does not apply to lahoreis contracted for by the Isthmian Canal Commission. P'ureigners will not be admitted to the Isthmus who are incapable of eaining a livelihood by manual labor, unless they can show that they have other means of providing for themselves. Navi- gation companies bringing such immigrants will bo com- l)elled to return them at their own expense, and if clan- destinely introduced, will be fined from one hundred to five hundred dollars.
The term '-transit passenger" applies to persons
Passeuffers ^'^^^ ^*^P ^" ^^'^ Isthmus for a short period of time and proceed to their destination at an early date. The regulations governing imnn'gration to the Canal Zone will apply to passengers claiming to be in transit. All persons claiming to be in transit, found to bo included in the prohibited classes as specified in the imnn'- gration regulations, or in such physical or financial condi- tion as tc> render them liable to become a public charge
Tourist^'' Department. 1*^^.3 "7
V:"" " "■■■■■'"'"■' '■' ■'■■■■■•'•■•■■•^■•■^■'
he: c3. k, hoxel
A BEST PLACE IN THE CITY TO GET A SatTARE MEAL. A
V Selc-ct Stock of Wines, Liquors and Cigars Constantly on Hand. V
() DONT KAIL TO GIVE US A CALL WHEN IN (JATl'X. ()
on the (Tovoninionts of the Republic of Pannnia or the Canal Zone, will not be allowed to land until they satisfy the officers that they can reach their destination in nccord- ance with the laws of the country to which they are go- ing, and that they arc financially able to do so. Persons falling under the provisions of the foregoing Avill be required to proceed to their destination by the first avail- able transportation. Any persons of the prohibited class who are unable to reach their destination, and who would thereby beconio residents of the Isthmus, will not be allowed to land until a satisfactory guarantee is given by the steanishi]) company that said person, or persons, will not become residents of the Isthmus, or a public charge in Panama, or the Canal Zone, and if said guarantee proves ineffective, within the meaning of these regulations, such persons must be deported at the expense of the steamship company that brought them, even though they have been allowed to land. Steamship companies bringing such per- sons, and refusing to furnish a guarantee, will be required to maintain them on board, and to deport same at their own expense.
The letter of instructions from President Poose- ^Clalse^.'^ velt, issued May 9, 1904, provides that the
Commission shall have power to exclude from tim.e to time from the Canal Zone, and other places on the Isthmus over which the United States has jurisdiction, per- sons of the following classes who were not actually domi-
438 Piiot and Gnule.
cilod within the Zone on the 2()th(lay of Fehruarv. 1!)04, viz., idiots, lK»ggaiN, persons jifHictetl witli loathsome or danger- ous conUigious diseases; those who have been convicted of felony: anarchists: those whose purpose it is to incite insur- rection, and othei*s wliosc presence is heheved would tend to create public disorder, endanger the public health, or in any uianner impede the })rosccution of the work of opening the canal, and may cause any and all such newly arrived pei*sons, or those alien to the Zone, to be expelled and deported from the territory controlled by the Ignited States. Dr. .1. P. Peiry is the Chief Quarantine OfHcer on the Isthmus, his assistants being ])r. C/laude ('. Pier<*e at Colon, and Dr. Fleetwood Gruver at Panama.
. After quarantine insi)eclion comes the customs
''^'^*^* examination by the Panama officials. This is usually accomplished on the docks after the baggage has been taken off. All that it is necessary to do is to notify the customs officer that the baggage is ready, and the examination will be made at once. The next step is to get the baggage transferred to the desired point Tin* Isthmian Baggage Express Company are entirely respon- sible and will transfer to the railroad stations cr any point at Colon, Cristobal, Panama, or Ancon. Jf carts, or port- ers are hired, the traveler will do well to consult the authorized tiiriffs appended to this article. The Panama Railroad steamei-s land at Dock 1 1 at Cristobal, while the other steamers land at the docks in Colon. Travelers landing at Colon will find it more convenient if they in- tend crossing the Isthmus to take the train at the Colon depot, oidy a short distance away. Travelei-s landing at Cristobal, will take the train at the Cristobal depot. Offi- cial time table as of February 1, 190S. will be found in another part of this article.
For the information of tourists and sight-se- C>f Interest. ^^"^ ^^^ following points are mentioned as worth visiting: —
Tourists Department. ■43Q
COLON — The Washington House and beach promenade. Colon Hospital. Colon wireless station.
CRISTOBAL— Roosevelt Avenue and-Cristobal Point. Statue of Co- lumbus and Indian girl. This bronze statue was presented to Gen. Mosquera of Colom])ia, by the Empress Eugenie in eom- memoration of the discovery of the Isthmus by Columbus. During French canal times, the statue was turned over to Count de Lesseps who had it removed from Colon and placed at Cristobal Point. Other p:)ints of interest in Cristobal are the new dry dock, offices of the Division of Material and Sup- plies, occui)ying one of the old De Lesseps' mansions, the Fr<>nch entrance to the canal, now abandoned in favor of the direct waterwaj' fromGatun. Cristobal club house, hotel, com- missary, etc
:\rOUNT HOPE -Site of the largest storehous3 on the Isthmus in charge of the Division of Material and Supplies, partly destroyed by fire in 1907, but rebuilt and now practically fireproof. Pumping Station. Site of tanks of Uuion Oil Company. Immense railroad yards. Near here is the famous Monkey Hill cemetery.
MINDI— Home of Gov. Poifirio Melendez of Colon.
GATUN — Site of the great dam, triple flight of locks and spillway.
AHORCA LAG ARTO— (hanging alligator).
BOHIO— Site of the propose<I dam of the French company.
FRLTOLES (Beans) — Water from creek at this plat^e formerly used during dry season to supply Colon.
TABERNILLA — Site of one of the great canal dumps.
BARBACOAS — The railroad crosses the Chagres at this point.
BATLA:MONOS~(Dancing monkeys.)
MAMEI — From the Isthmian fruit of this name.
GORGONA- -One of the pret' iest settlements on the line. Near here is the great machine shops where repairs to canal equipment are made. The main ti*ail across th? Isthmus bafore the days of the railroad passed through here.
MATACHIN — Origin of name in dispute. Popularly believed to mean '• Kill Chinamen, " from unusual mortality amang the Celes- tials at this point employed in the construction of the Panama Railroad.
BAS OBISPO— Pretty settlement on the Bas Obispo river. Site of the second largest cutting in the canal. Near here is Camp
A-A-O P^* o»«<* Qvide,
Elliott, where U. S. Marines are stationed. The first Ameri- can flag on the Zone floated at this point.
LAS CASCA DAS —Site x)f great yards, coal chute, etc.
EMPIRE — Tlie largest settlement on the Zone. Site of Empire shops, the disbursing aud aiuiiting olHees of the commission. Has fine club house, good hotels etc.
criiKBKA — The engineering headquarters of the commission. Site of the great Cidebra cut. Administration Building is on the hill, and can be reached from the railroad station by a short walk, either by road or cinder path. Cut half mile from rail- road station over the hill.
RTO GRANDE— Site of the reservoir that supplies Panama with water. Seen to right of railroad track coming toward Pan.una. Site of air compressor plant.
CUC'ARACHA (Coekroach)--Site of great labor camp,
PARAISO (Paradise)— Site of machine shops and other canal works.
PEDRO MIGUEL—Site of large railroad yards. At this point the southeni cutting of the Culebra Division terminates. Site of one lock.
MIRAFLORES— (Look at the flowers) Site of the Pacific dam, and two locks.
COROZAL — Practically an American suburb of Panama. Head- quarters of Pacific Division, Lock and Dam construction.
AXCON--Zone government capital. Site of Zone administration building, the magnificent Ancon Hospital, insane asylum, offi- cers' and employes' quarters, Hotel Tivoli, the largest hostelry on the Isthmus, etc. Within easy riding, ©r walking distance from railroad station in Panama.
PANAMA— Capital of the Republic. Points of interest: Ruins of Santo Domingo church and Jesuits' college on Avenue A. Note flat arch in church of Santo Domingo, a miracle of early day architecture ; the seawall ; the Cuartel ; the new (Tovernment palace and theatre ; the parks of Santa Ana, San Francisco, and Cathedral Plaza ; the public market on North Avenue, the boat landing on North Avenue : the cemeteries on the La Boca road, etc.
LA BOCA— Site of Pacific entrance to canal, P. R, R. docks, etc.
Tourists'' Department. ^-41
^mlwm;^^m^^^uulIl;:.m^m?lll!J^m^?lmmuumllmmJM^w
^
t9, Mm Bouievord, near Fourlfi ol July sifeel, ponomo, RepuDiic ol Poooi. '
MANICURING PARLORS.
fhis Establishment is Open Every Day from 8 a, m. to 10 p.m. §3
Stuam aiul Yapoi- JJath-s.-Scalp Treatment and Shampoos. --Hand and Fa- \^ ^ cial Elpetric Massage. -Attendants for Manicuring, and Eody Massage. 1^ Z-) PHYSICIAN IN ATTENDANCE. fc
^ Oaly Place la the City Devoted to Massage Treatment and Manicuring. li
The following side trips are full of interest. Side Trips, ^^^^^j ^^,jjj ^.j^j^i^i^ visitors to get a good idea
of the country :
Trip down the Chagres River to Fort San Lorenzo by lanneli.
Ti'ip l)y boat from Colon to the historic ruins of Porto Be Ho.
Trip by easy stages through the Culebra cut.
Trip to Ohl Panama, tive miles from the present city. This caii be made either by boat, or by coach. The latter takes one through tlu^ Sabanas, a very pretty stretch of country dotted with summer homes. Before visiting Old Panama, travelers should read its description in another part of tliis work.
Hide through Ancon Hospital grounds around Ancon Hill to La Boca, and back via the old road from La Boca.
Trip to the island of Taboga. AiTangements for transportation can be made with Pinel Bros.
Trip by boat to tlie Pacific entrance of the canal near La Boca.
Trip to west coast points of the Republic by boats of the National Navigation Company, Pinel Bros., agents. To travelers able to spend a few weeks on the Isthmus this trip is especially recommended. It will afford a splendid opportunity of seeing one of tlie richest sections of the country, and of having some good sport with the rod and gun. The National Navigation Company is a purely local enterprise and in addition to its other business, purposes to cater to the excursion trade. It will have a couple of new twin-screw steamers in service in the early part of 1908, especially fitted up for excursion traf- fic. The company has recently issued an interesting pamphlet
^4-2 ^^< <ni/I Gmth,
oontmiiiing a deseription of pointi* touched by their Hue of steamers, from which w(> make the following extract :
Chorrera has a good ciitranco, splendid rivoi*s
and extensive plains. Thei*e is a hotel at this
town with modest acconiniodations for guests. The stcaniei-s
of the National Xavigation Co. will toueh at this port twiec
a week. There is a beautiful waterfall near the town.
This phice has good pastures and deep narrow livulets. The village of the same name is a dcsind^le plaee for eonvalescents, and th'» climate is very agreeable, being mueh cooler than that of Panama city. Near the town are liot springs, the waters of whicli are very l)eneficial to sufferers from rheumatism.
The port of San Carl(»s is a seacoast town of
SAN CARLOS. ^ * • i i. rri • 1
somo commercial nnportance. J here is a good c^ittle market here, and a trading station for the Indians.
This region is one of the mcst famous in the
]>AKlEKRE(iION 1. . i i- i i i 1 4- I
Kepublic, and abounds m mnies and tnnber. There are vast quantities of high grade woods in ma- hogany, cedar, cocobolo. and a variety of other hard woods. This s«'ction of the country would afford a splendid place for the investment of caj)ital. It is exceptionally rich in tropical products, especially, in rubber, ipecac, and ivory nuts, in addition to the above-mentioned articles. The Darien Gold ^fining Comi)any of London, has for the past twenty years been working the well known mine of C'ana. Th\H mine h:is been very productive ever since it has been worked, and a considerable (juantity of gold has been taken out each year. This company like many other corporations, operating in the tropics, has encountered its share of diffi- culties, but its present outlook is more brilliant .-md pros- perous than ever.
This town IS situated on the Mamoni Kiver, one of the prettiest outlets to be seen any- where. It is within three miles of the Bayano Kiver which is a bi^autiful large stream Howing for many a mile
Tourists' Deimrtment.
-44-3
j tlirougli fi rich coiuitry of forests. The temperature in this section is most agreeable, the clays being Avarm and the nights so cool that it is necessary to use blankets for a covering. The soil is rich and fertile and well adapted for the cultivation of sugar cane. A concession has recently been granted by the Panama Government to certain ca[)i- ta lists of the Kepublic for the planting of a vast section of this land for the purpose of raising sugar cane, and within a few years this will be a very important industry in that section. The Bnyano River Lundjer Company, an organization of American (!apitalists, has clenred a vast tract of timber land bordering on the Bayano River, the land commencing at about fifteen miles from the mouth of the river and extending about ten miles further up. This company now has a saw-mill on the ground, and has pur- chased railroad track, locomotives and cars, and, will within a short time take out the timber from the forest. The in- dustry will give employment to a large number of men,
and the timber will be brought to Panama and sold
in
this market, the finer grades going to States. This demonstrates what the jSTationa
ail alonff, Jiainely, that
Europe and the
(-0. has contended capitalists have up to
'o?
Navigation foreign
the present time been unaware of the important resources of the Republic of Panama.
cocLF ^^^^^' P^"^v'''<^C5 of Code is about one hundred PKOYiNCE. miles lo the north of Panama. Here the boats of the National Navigation Co. have been making regular weekly stoi)S at the two most important ports, Pes- caderias and Aguudulce. In order to reach the valleys of Anton and the civilized capital of the province, the city of Penonome', travelers to a great extent prefer the port of Pcscaderias to that of Aguadulce. The port however, is rather shallow, and owing to strong winds at certain tunes of the year, it makes it a rather difficult matter for pas- sengers to land. However, the National Navigation Co. has, to a certain extent, overcome this difficulty and passengers are now able to disembark with perfect safety. Anton is
-44-4
Faot ami GMkU.
"La Guerra
en el Istmo" por Odn'Idi Vciasoo
|(»S xi..i., ..-...„..
iw .
tivii; ,.:-
lill<»n fit i] InltlMI 4<ll f»t|«is I'lllillion MftOK. iIcInmi JHtllll
IKinnrtw <lf cMtii liltni Wvun «U* N«i- lalilii* Kclm-ioii«*<t y I>fM-n|M-iciiifH intfiv«iiil«'K. S-
IimII;,.! ■■'■••M
Iim!.
y I" ■••
•>ii 1.. .,,,,... ,.(a tMStant- HeaM AvpiihIh Siir. No. ll,y<*ii la iiiipririi- tH '"Sjuitii Ann-, t-allf I7<»«-Kt«> No. ."•1. Iji ohra, ra- <l« toiiio VHlf#;t.2<> ill ilitalli'. POU Mayi»r m- Harm LilM-ralfM Hi*4liii' fioii«-s.
"The War on
the Isthmus" by Donaldo Velasco
To Inivil.rH who I il< ^i^«• to know 111. Imim»ht.\NT
H il ITNIN'iS oil
tl,. !~iliMMi-.!iir-
■ . .i.l 1h- \. , < ..I l.y
;ii< .uu>vi \,iltin- lili- iiihl iiitncHt- iiiu work uliicliiH tiill of iiotalih' «•- \.-iits. Hvrlv ili'H- (liptivr >fatt«r. ;iii<l niiiiicrouH il- lustnilioii;*. I'liiH iMNtk is on (tali* at ;ill tin- itriiM-iital l»<Mik ston-s; alH«» .It tin- Stard- J/er- old Offirv. anil ifi I lit' '"Stju Ana" Printinu Ilous<', No. r,\ Ka»t 17th Sirci't. IVi.M:.t:!.JO(.nvrr
DONALDO VELASCO.
aliout two miles distant from the port of Pescadorias, and lias good facilities for the raising of cattle and other native jiroducts of the Repuhlic. Up to a few years ago Anton was the iniiicipnl cattle center of the Rej)ul)lic, ])ut the late war of the rehellion destroyed tlie industry. This section is now recuper.'itiiig and promises to be an important plarx*. This port is one of the principid ports on the * ' ' coast; it is easy of access and is in the centered* the Province of Code. A good nwicadnm road leads from the coast up to the town, and communic.ition is made convenient by the means of carriages, whih; there is a suffi- cient supply of ciirts for the heavy traffic. The road ex- tends further west from Agmidulce to Santiago, a distance of about forty miles. The latter t(»wii being located in the Province ot Veniguas, is an imi)ortiint center. This section of the Republic is destined to become very im- portant within the near future, as it is through this region
Tourists' Department. 4 -4 5
that the proposed Pan-American railroad will extend. A proposition was presented to the Panama Government at the last Congress for the ])nrpose of building a railroad from David to Aguadulce extending through Santiago, but as the cc>nditions were not yet ripe for the taking up of this enterprise, no contract was effected. The (Tovernment has, instead, recently given a contract to certain parties for establishing an automobile passenger system to run from the port of Aguadulce to Santiago. This will afford modern means of rapid communication. The soil of the country is rich and productive, and a considerable amount of products are shipped to Panama, such as hides, corn, rice, beans, live- stock and salt.
The town of Chitre has been growing very ^pRoviNcif'^ rapidly within the past few years. The natives
are an industrious class and there are several owners of small sailing vessels which make frequent trips to Panama. This port is one of the leaders in freighting opportunities, and it is the center of all traftic to and from La Villa, Parita, Pese, Qeu, Los Pozos, and Las Minas. There are small factories in the 'neigliborhodd for the making of bricks and tiles. The soil is especially good for this purpose, and if it were conducted on -a larger scale, a considerable industry could be built up.
^ This town is within a short distance of Chitre',
-and of some importance in the manufacture of earthenware, etc. Owing to the scarcity of forests, there is a lack of rain, but if ;a system of irrigation was adopted, the soil could be made unusually productive. Not- withstanding this drawback however, considerable progress has been made in agriculture of late years with the use of modern implements, and the outlook for La Arena is promising; wind mills could be employed to good advan- tage. From the foregoing brief description, it will be seen that the different sections named are each especially adapt- ed for the production of certain articles of commerce, and considering the ancient methods which vwere in use until
4-46 J'iht and Guide.
a very recent date, we might say that with a h'ttle scionw and the application of nioderu ideas, a ^voni amount of pi-ogress could ho made. The soil of these different places is rich enough to grow two. and sometimes three crops per year of certani producb^: the forests of the l^cpuhlic ai'e in their virgin stat-e. the mining industry has been left off where the S})aniards of olden days stopped it. It is now time for capitalists to como to Paujinia and develop the rich resources whidi wo possess. Continuing with the schedule of tlie National Navigation Co., in the province of Los Santos, wo next toucli at the ports of (juarare, Men- sahi* and Bucaro. Tho two tirst-named are the landing. j)la('es for the town of Las Tablas. Probably the greater (piantity c»f eggs, poultry, hogs, cattle, rice, com, etc., brought to Panama for consumption in the cily and in the Canal Zone come fiom these places. This section is also noted for its pretty women, whom it is said wear the native dress— the pollera, — with more grace IIicMU any (»f the other native women. At !Mensabe, the haibor is well sheltered and quite deep, admitting steamers of more than the ordinal y draft,
Ihicaro is the port of the town up TonosI, one joNos^u ^^ ^j^^ ^^^^^^ beautiful spots in tlu>. liei^uijlic. At a short distance from the coast are f(»und mines, for- ests of cedar and mahogany, and other vaiu:il>le wnods, the vegetable growth heing very dense. In tlie pam))!ilet on rubber culture in the llepublic of Panama, the aiith(>r considers the district her<* nientifuied as next to the Darien Region for tlie cultivation of the castilloa from which rubber is made. There are also lime deposits in the neighbor- hood which are scarcely utilized. With the transpoitatio'i facilities which the National Navigation Co. will afford, these deposits >vill be most produclive. The temperature in tlie mountain region is cool and delightful and would afford a desirable place for vacationists from the city of Panama. There is a good pasturage for cattle, and this industry is of raich importance.
Tourhts" Department. ^^z'
COMPAGNIE GENERAL TRRNSRTLANTIQUE.
(FRENCH LINE OF STEVMERS.)
Weekly feoi'vice between IIavrf. and New York by their fast and luxurious twin screw steamei-s LA PROVENCE of 15,000 tor..s, LA SA VOIR and LA LOR- RAINE oiVlsmX.owA("^^<^\\\ LA TOL'RA/NE of d,500 tons, LA GASCOGNE a.na LA BR ETA ONE of 7,500 tons each. Sailings from Havre every Saturday, and from New York eveiy Thursday.
Monthly service between Saint Nazairf, Cort xa. Ha vana and Mexico by theirs. S. LA CHAMPAGNE ixnd LA NAVARRE of 7,000 Ujus each. Sailings from Saint Nazaire on the 21.st., and from Vera Cruz the l'2th.
Bi-montlily sei-vice between Colon, Saint Nazaike and Bordkaux by their new elegant twin screw S. S. GUADELOUPE and PEROU of 6,500 tons etich [Bordeaux route], and LA NORMANDIE [recently taken off their New York service], VERSAILLES MARTINIQUE and LA FRANCE [Saint Naz- aire mute]. Sailing« from Colon talce plai«e on the '20th of each month at 10 a. m. for Bordeaux, and on the ;?rd at noon for Saint Nazaire. Best Acconimodatioiasfor Passeii&fvrM. Cubiii <cle Inxe' aud for Fami- lies; Kxcelleut Cuisine, witli Claret and WUite Wine Free. S7EAMERS IN CONSTRUCTION: ''Chicago", '' Caroline", '*Guayane'\ ''Easse-Ter- re'% "cMaroni", ''Charles -Poax" turbinef ''Guatemala", "Honduras", Etc,
Tfiis mm 1108 scveroi oifier Bfor-cfi lioes ivfiere wmi Pif fo fl!! Ports o! !ri8 im.
FOR FURTHEK P A RT I C U L.A R S APPLY TO
C. H. R. RAVEH, fljent in Colon, or Messrs. EHRMAN & Co, Agents in Panama.
Goiitiiuiinff ^vith the National Navi/^atioii Co., we
VERAGUAS. I aU • C TT 1 l
roach the proviiico or Veraguas, wliose portsare Mutis and Sona. These places are outlets of Canazas, La j\resa, Las Pahnas, Montijo, liio do Jesus, San PVancisco, Santa Fe', and Sona. The province of Veraguas is rich in agriculture and cattle raising, and has a great future. Its mineral wealth from the time of the Conquest has been famous. There is however, only one mining companyoperating at the present time — the Ro- mance Mine, although the minerals of Canacilla, San Antonio, and other places in the province have been prospected with good results. Fuel is somewhat scarce, hut power can be transmitted from the Santa Maria River, which is w^ithin a few miles. For some time past the Veraguas Gold Mining Company have been taking out ore, and we understand has exported considerable quantities of bullion.
We now go on to the Province of Chiriqui, cHiRiQui. ^j^^ j.^g^ ^jj ^1^^ ^^.gg^ ^^^g^ ^£ Panama, border- ing on Costa Rica. The port of Remedies on the Santa Lucia River is well known as a place for horse and mule breeding. The soil is rich and produces various articles.
^^4-3 ''^'^^ '^^ Guide,
Tob.icco ij^ also rnistxi to a considrnihlc fxloiit. It was hew that tho fnincMis f?old luimi " liorania '* of tin* niici(Mit Spanish times was worked with p^ivat suecess. This miiio hke many of the ancient mines (»f Mexico, han b<'come lost, as it wen*. Valuable timbei-s are ai)iin(lj»nt, anil Iheitj is a good Hold for saw-mills to operate. Rai( ilia, ipecac, \ and sarsaparilla a!*e shippod to I'anama for expiMt. Pe- . diTgal is the port of David, which is the capital of the Pi-ovince of ('hiri(|ui. Thronj^li this port, and that of Remedios, all shippini? passes. The Province t)f Chiriqui « is tlie most prosperous in the Republic; it is the richest of : all ill cattle raising and in the general products of the i counti*}', such as ivoiy nuts, corn, beans, rice, etc. The ' plains are extensive, and the temperature mikl and agree- ' able. Within a short distance of the t^wn of David, is the village of l>o(juete, where a colony of Americans es- tablished plantations of coffee and cocoa several yeai-s ; g ». Both of these products are raised in consideraljle quanii- i ties, and the (juality of the cocoa is superior to that of many other sections in Central America, producing higher prices in the Loiidon market. In the Province of Chiri- cpii, the Andes Mountains attain the highest altitude of any point on the Isthmus. We have the mountains of (^erro de la Horqueta. which has an altitude of 2,000 meters, and Cerro Picacho, with an altitude of 2, loO meters: other high peaks are Halla/ar, 8anta ^laria, Cerro Yiego, Chorea and Hornitos. The extension of the llanos of David. Alanje, and San Felix is immense; the soil is wonderfully fertile and pro- ductive. The (!Ountry has an extensive sea coast, and sev- ' eral im])oii:ant rivers. Some of these emptying into the Pa- cilic are the Tavasare, Konseca. David, Rio Chico, (4uanab:i- no, and (iollito. The mimng industries of the province pro- duce gold, salt, and some copper. The province of Chirirjui is, without exce))tion. t]u. ]M"ilf!i!"^f p;irt of t!-.o fvtli
miiv.
Attention is also called to the lacilities winch will ho afforded by the new enterprise recently organized, tlie
To iiris f*' Department.
4-^Q
••Conipaiiia Nacional de Transportes, " wlijch will furnish passenger transportation from the different ports to the interior capitals of the provinces. It is also iindersto )d that this company will establish a freight service. With these conveniences for the rapid carrying of the products from the different towns and the means of communica- tion hy w^ater, which the National Navigation Compiny will furnish, a pros))eroits future is predicted for the Re- public of Panama, and this new steamship company.
PANAMA RAILROAD TIME TABLE.
SOUTHBOUND, .MAIN LINE
(Read Down.) '• c :
No. 7,!:- - -— -^'^
Pass.:: Pass.;! Pass-j:^ S .
DaUy i Daily ] Bwiy^', '^ ■ STATIONS.
2 ^.ORTH BOUND
2 I (Rend Up.)
iH^iNo. 2 ;'No, 4. No.6. ^ - T>„„„ i'Pass. Pass.
Daily t Daily
gj Pass-i Pass.
Leave i, P. M. I
4.35 1:
s 4.37 ! H 4 43 '
f 4.48 11 8 4.. 55 !!
i'om I
f 5 08 l' 8 5.15 i s 5.23 Ij s 5.31- 5.35 ,! s 5.37 ': f 5 40 h 5.45 s 5.53 s 5.5.S 8 6.03 .s (5.01) s6 17 b 6.22
Leave A.. M. i
8. .50 '
Leave ij
8 8.52 8. .58 i's5 9 04 "'
sf>.10
f 0.18
10.23
s 9.30
8 9.38
\. M.
5.25 8 5.27 i.33
^Miles
.00 0.42 1.90 4.52 G.90
6.30 .s 0.32 s e.37
G.ol- sG.42 s 6. .50
0.5o
T.OiJ
f 5;.9
8 5.4 _
5 53 :iio.62
5.58 112.73
8 <>05 :!j5.no
, 6.13i;i8.73
;.s9.46 lis 0.21 -jl.fiO I 9.50 I 6.25 -22 82 s 9.52 Is 6.27 |*>s .54 't 0.55 ; (5.30 ;'24.55 slo.dO ';s0.35 126.00 i.s 10.00 i .s 6.44 '28.65 .slO.14 !! 8 0.49 bo. 02 slO.19 ;J8 6.54 ai.;{8 :S 10.20 !; 8 7.00 i:^2.95 isi:).35 i;s 7.08 |:}5.30 :'s 10.40 iiK7.13P36.30 f 10.43 it 7.11 1. 17.54 I 10 48 : 7.21 '39.16 !.s in.50 i 8 7.23 3«.t;3 li8lO.,56jjs7.2S ::40.79 I 10.58 " 7.31 ;:41.33 Hi 1.01 l| 8 7.33 42.15 lis] 1.08 !!8 7.40 !'44.62 lU 11.13 ii 7.45 ;46.82^ ; 11.18 7.50 i;47.65:
V. M.j A. M. :; A. M. Arrive j| Arrive |i Arrive ': Daily, jl Daily Daily :|
i+COLOX . .
r Crislohal
I ^to'iat Hope. ... ..'.
\ irii.di
|! t Gatun ,
; Lion Hill
'i Aliorca Laffai'to
i Hiohin
I t Fri.iolo.i
i + Tabeniilla
i Barbaooa.s
I Srm Pablo
, Uailanioiio.s
: + Mjniiei
;; + ljlor«;nna
' t Matacbin
I t lias Oiji.spo
,; t Las Cascadas
I t Km-nire
j! t Cub'bin
' llio thande Superior.
i; Ciicaradia
' Paciiso
il PHd!Y.Afitru.;lTauk"!
:; :siij-aHoiv.s ..
t '' Coroz d
: I La IJoi.-a Juuction.. i tPAXAMA... •"..
i
I t Tekgraph Station
Daily
I A. M.f P. M. 9.05 ! 12.30 9. 03 js 12.27 s 8.58 I 12.22 1
1 8.50 |; 12.15 :
«8.43 j,sl2.]0
uQr>, «»3 i,ni.59 ;!
,^-^ 8.27!fU.53.: ' 5-J;^;|8«>.20 sll.45
8.92 s8io;tii.;{6 ' ■l;«-«^l8 8.03!ls11.28 -
%]ll8 7.58|L]}:22i J1.(k> S7.-K) sii r,
'2;?:!s7.4i|(;li:i7i
;-Iii,«7.36 ;;s,U.02 i oo^s ^--'^i^ 10.52 i|
^■^ 7.03 ^^ 8 6.57
;{•§ 8 6.45 Is 10.10
•"^*; 6.35 1 10.00 :l
10.40
1^27 i 10.26 ■s 10.22 10.20 I 10.18
Arnve
P. >'.
3.20 8 3.17
3.1.
3.05 8 3.0fi
2.49
2.43 8 2.35
2.28 8 2.20
2.17
2. 16
2.10 8 2.02
1..57 8 1..53 sL47 8 1.40 8 1.35
"i.Vo
1.25 8 1.23 I.lO 1.1. l.K 1.01. LOO
AO. 8.
I'ass.
Dail^
Arrive, P. M.
8.00
s 7..52 f 7.45 « 7.40 t 7.29 "^ 7.22 8 7.15 8 7.0(5 s 6. .58
6. .55 s t)..53 f 6.50 s (i.47 8 6.37 8 6..32 8 6.27 8 6.21 8 6.14 8 6.10 f 6.03
5..57 f 5..56 8 5.52
5..50 s :).48 8 5.40
5.33
5.30
\ A. 3;:.| A. yi \ \-.\ p. m. 'L(^avr''' Leave Li-avt- I Leave ||DaUy.| Daily Didlv. D.iilv.
llXo. 2.11 y... 4. Xo'o. fiXo '«.
-^50
Pilot ami Guide.
L.ABOF^ XFRAINi
|
No. 23. |
No. 21. |
STATION. |
No. 22. 1 No. 24. |
|
Daily Except SuuUuy. |
Daily Kxcept Suuday. Leave A.M. |
Daily Except Sunday. |
Daily Except Sunday. Arr. A.M. |
|
Leave P.M. |
CoroznI. I,.a IkH-u Junction. rjiiiuiii:i. |
Arr. A. M. |
|
|
12.25 l...>6 "" r.M. Arrive Except Sunday. No. 23. |
C.2() G.-j:. G.30 A. M. Arrive Except Suuday. No. 21. |
6.2(» 6.13 0.10 A. M. Leave Except Sunday. No. 22. |
11.35 11.28 11.25 i A. M. : Leave Except 1 Sunday. No. 24. |
LA BOOA XF=RAIN©.
LEAVE PANAMA. LEAVE LA BOCA.
5.40 a. ni. (i 4U a in.
'7.rt'.^ a. ni. 12.40 p. ni. 5.25 p. ni.
i*.o'> a. ni. 7.:{0 a. ni. 11.10 a.m. 5.10 p. ui. 5..'»0 p. ni.
Coach^ Cart and Porterage Charges*
The following coach, cart and porterage charges obtain in the cities of Panama and Colon : —
PANAMA rOACn TAKIFF.
Tanaraa Cun-enoy. For one person to any part of tho city $ .20
For one person from the R. K. bridjre to "La Xoria *' '40
For two persons from R. R. bridge to "La Noria'' .60
F r one pei-son from R. R. bridge to ''La Noria," round trip .CO For two pei-sons from R. R. bridge to "La Noria, " round trip ' .20
For one pereon to the Club in the Sabanas
For two persons to tin* Club in the Sabanas
For three persons to the Club in the Sabanus
For one person to the Club in the Sabanas, round trip
For two persons to the Club in the Sabanas, round trip
For three pei-sons to the Club in the Sabanas, round tri])
2.00 3.00
:j.50
3,00 .-5.50 4.00
|
' |
||
|
Tourists' Departmmt. |
voli |
4-51 .20 |
|
For one person Aneon Hospital entranee to Hotel Ti |
||
|
For one person up to Wanl 15 in Hospital {^rounds |
.50 |
|
|
For two i^ersons up to Ward l.l in Hospital jp^rounds |
.80 |
|
|
For tlireo persons up to Ward 15 in Hospital i>ronnds |
1.20 |
|
|
For one person up to Ward 15 in Hospital grounds, |
round |
|
|
trip |
1.00 |
|
|
For two persons up to Ward 15 in Hospital gi'ounds. |
round |
|
|
trip |
1.20 |
|
|
For three persons up to Ward 15 in Hospital grounds |
round |
|
|
trip |
1.50 |
|
|
For one person to Wai'd iG in Hospital grounds |
1.00 |
|
|
For two persons to Ward 1() in Hospital grounds |
1.50 |
|
|
For three persons to Ward 16 in Plospital grounds |
2.00 |
|
|
For one person to Ward 16 in Hospital grounds, round trip |
1.50 |
|
|
For two persons to Ward IG in Hospital grounds, round trip |
2'.00 |
|
|
For three persons to Ward 16 in "Hospital grounds, round trip |
2.50 |
|
|
For one person to La Boea |
1.50 |
|
|
I'or two persons to La Boea |
2.00 . |
|
|
For thre*^ persons to La Boca |
2.50 |
|
|
For one person to La Boea, round trip |
2.50 |
|
|
¥()v two i)ersons to La Booa, round trip |
3.00 |
|
|
For three persons to La Boea, round trip |
;{.5o |
|
|
For one person by the hour |
2.00 |
|
|
For two persons by the hour |
■ |
2.50 |
|
For three persons by the liour |
;j.oo |
|
|
Note—From 10 o'eloek at night until 5 a.m., the fare for Hny ]>art |
||
|
of the eity is 40 cents for one person. |
||
|
To other points in the 8abanas besides th |
at mentioned |
|
|
above, the ratps of fare ar<' subjeet to ]iersorial arrange- |
||
|
ment . |
||
|
PANAMA CART CHARGES. |
||
|
For one cart to any part of the eity, with exeentions |
||
|
as noted below |
^ .50 |
|
|
For one cart to P. R. R. passenger station |
.50 |
|
|
For one earl loaded with stone |
.60 |
|
|
For one cart to the Javillo beach |
,60 |
|
|
For one cart to the market beach |
.60 |
|
|
For one eart to Caledonia in dry season • |
.60 |
|
|
For one cart to Caledonia in rainy season |
.80 |
^S2 P*^^ o'"^ Guide.
For one cart toCainpo Alegre in dry season 2.00
For one cart to Campo Alegro in rainy season 2.50
For one cart to La lijca 1 .00
For one cart to Central Hospital .60
Note— It is undorstonil that one full cart load is of the weight of from 500 to 1,000 pounils. Half a cart load is less than 500 pounds. Bulky loads beyond the railroad bridge will be con- sidered a full cart load. For transfer of one. large package, or trunk HO
For transfer of one small package, or trunk .If
COLON COACH FARES.
For one pei*son from points between the Washington Hotel
and Cristobal Point .20
For round trip .40
For one person to the slaughter housp, or Old Ship .40
For round trip . SO Note— If waits are incurred the charge is by the hour.
For one person to p )int8 in or outside city, by the hour 1.50
For two persons by the hour 2 .00
For three pei-sons by the liour i».50
COLON CART CHARGES.
For one cart from points between Washington Hotel and
Cristobal Points .60
For one cart to slaughter house, or Old Ship in dry season 1.00 For one cart to slaughter house or (/Id Ship in rainy season 1.60 Foi* one c^rt to the slaughter house sand beach .80
For one cart loaded with stone to the slaughter house beach 1.00 For one cart loaded with stone from wharves .80
Note — It is understood that one full cart load is of the weight of from 500 to 1,000 pounds. 'Half a cart load is less than 500 pounds. Bulky loads to points outside cifv will be con- sidered as a full cart load. For transfer of one lar„'e package, or trunk .L'O
For transfer of one small package, or trunk .1(1
COLON PORTERAGK CHARGES.
For each trunk from 100 to 150 pounds 1.00
For each trunk ovor 150 pounds l-^O
Toiu-ist^* Department. ^-SS
For each valise from 50 to 100 pounds ,50
For euch package less thun 100 pounds .20
Note — It is understood that tliose charges cover transportation of trunks, packages, etc., from the steamship docks to the Pana- ma railroad station, or to any point in the city, by wlnitever means the porters may see lit.
A FEW POINTS FOR VISITORS.
On coming to the Isthmus, divest yourself of all heavy clothing. Liglit summer wear will ejiable you to enjoy your visit a great deal better.
Don't get heated and then set down in a draft with your coat off. If unduly warmed up by exercise and happen to set down where the breeze strikes you, keep your coat on for a half hour or so until cooled off. This will saA^e you from the danger of catch- ing a cold, and the Isthmian colds are 7iot to be sneezed at.
Retire at a normal hour and cover well. From iour to six in the morning is always cool. I( is not a good policy to sleep in a draft.
IE th€>re are mosquitoes in your room, I'un them down. If unduly troublesome provide yourself wnth a mosquito bar.
Avoid eating too much fruit. It is better to eat it at meals than between.
If feeling ill, take the Isthmian prescription — a dose of quinine, and repeat it as often as necessary.
Breakfast is served in Panama between 11 a.m., and 1 p.m. The morning "coffee" is only a "stayer," and is served between 6 and 8 a.m. Dinner is served between 5 and 7 p.m.
The custom in Panama is for vt^hiclesand pedestrians to turn to the left, instead of to the right. Observance will tend to avoid collisions.
No packages are permitted to be carried by pedestrians on the streets after nightfall. Violation may lead to arrest . If it is necessary to carry a package, take a coach.
It is the Spanisji custom among friends to salute on the cheek, and by pa'^sing the arm around the shoulder. Don't make a mis- take about this.
454 Pilot and Guide.
lioii't riish around as if you bad lo^t a thousand-dollar bill. They may do it on Broadway or Stute Sti*eet, biif it is not the ous- tom on Avonida Centml.
R^ad and thorougiily digest this issue of tli«^ Pilni and Guide and you eannot f^ far astray.
exc-Cliyrclies, Societies and Glill)8.-S(l
^<D
PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH- -Veil. An h(len(«m Hi van. ivsidcnt cii.»p- lain Aiu'oii. in chargo, Sunday Kervici-s a^* folloAvs : Prot^^stnnt chapol, An- von Hospital, 8.30 ».in; Commission (^liapfl. ('iilebra. 11 a.)ii. : KHPCiiroo Hall Enipiiv., 3 p.m. ; (.'ununission ('luip«l, (Jorgona. 7:30 p.m.
Rov. Gj'orge O. Eskins, Rector of St. Paul's dmrch.Pixjtrstaut Episcopal, Panama. StTvice every Sunday morning at 11 ; Sunday school at U p.m.. and fvi'uing scrvico at 7, aud on Saint.s' days Holy Conuu union serviro at oitlwr .'i::iOor X ji-m. Tlu-re is a mission conn<-(ti'd with tliis parish at Culebra, Las Cast'ad;i8 and lias Obispo. At each of lh<-.s»' places a layreaiier c«)nduet« a srrXioe »-vcry Sunday moniing at 11, and at Culehra there is also rme at 7 p.m. The nictor visits each of these missions at least once a mouth.
PRESBYTERIAN UNIOXCHURCH-Corn.T El.-venth and Front Stnets. Colon. Rev. J, J. Kilpin lletcher, pastor.
METHODIST EPISCOPAX CHURCH -Rev. John C. Elkiu.>*. Pre.siding Elder for the Canal Zone and Republic of Panama, and visiting chaplain, Panama. Sun day 8or\'ices as follows :— First and thinl Sundays courthouse, Empire. l.'fH) p.m. ; s«-<'ond and fourth Sundays. Commission Chapel, <'ulebra, 7:.'M) )> m. A n<'\v chur'h rditice of this missitiii ha.-* been Imilt on tin- bay front in I'anania cit^- at a co.st of al)out $20.00((. "Wluai it is c-omj)l«'t«'d services will Im- held then- twice everj- Sunday, in b<ith English and Spanish. Siunlay school ji* held at 2:30 p.m.. aud instruction is given in Imth EugUt<h ami Spanish. A scr xicv in Spanish is conducted by Mr. Ports ev»'ry Sunday evening af 7::{o.
r'RI.STOBAL UNION CHURCH- -Organiz.d in SepUiuber, 1907. Officers: Prcsi dent, Max l>yer ; vice-presiilent. Mrs. M, C. Rerdell; secretary. Dr. Hcame : treasunfr, Hugh T, McKinney : nuisical director, W. F. Christian : j»ast«r.
Churches, Societies and Clubs. 455
Rev. AA'illiam Poarn ; general committee, W. G. Tubby. Jndge T. H. BrowTi. W. A. Graham, Miss Kmma Bade. Mr. ami Mrs. C. F. Hagemann, ilr.s. Joiiii Burk.-, -Mr. McCrmiok, P. C. Baker. Mr. and Mrs. E. L. Baker, Mrs. :VIax Dyer, AI. J. Stiekel. ilrs. Hennou, ^Ir. Wassal. Services at l.C.C <;lumh buildiut; eacli Sunday as follows : Preaching 10: :{0 a.m. and 7:4.5 p.m.; Sun- day seliool, d.'M a.m. ; children's service, 10:30 a.m. ; Cliristian Endeavor meeting, 7 p.m. Devotional service Wednesday evenings at 7:30.
CHlMSTCnritOHPEGTESTAXT EPISCOPAL -Rev. Edward J. Cooper, rector, and resident chaplain, Cohm. Sunday services : Holy Communion 7:30 a, m.; mornini,' prayer, litany and sermon, 10:30 a.m. ; Sunday school. 3:3Ci p. ni. . evensong and sermon, 7:]v» p.m. Wtek day services: Morning prayer, 7:30 a.m. ; Wednesday evensong, 7:15 p.m. ; Fridays, morning prayer and litany, 7:30 a.m. : evensong, 7:15 p.m.
WESLEYAX ^METHODIST MISSIOX'AIIY SCIETV -Mission organized in 1882. Rev. M. Britton King, Supeiintendent . residing at Panama : Rev. Ernest G* Cooke, residing at C»>lou. Work carried on at six intermediate staticms, and at Cana in tlu; Darien. Sunday services as follows : At ('olon, services every Sunday morniug and evening, and weekday i)rayer meeting. On fir.st Sunday in mouth. Rev. King preaches at Panama at 11a.m., and 7:3 * p-m. : second Sunday at Empin^ at 11 a.m., and Panama at 7:30 p.m. ; third Sunday \u month at (,'o1on, 11 a.m.. and 7 p.m. : fourth Sunday at Panama. A new church is now being built by rhe mission at Panama.
CITRISTTA^'' StUEXCR— Services lield at Gorgona each Sunday m<.rning at S:l.'>. All persons coi'dially invited to be present.
BAPTIST CHriK.'IT— Rev. J. H Sobey. resident chaplain. Gatuii. Sunday servi(;es, held in ball over I.(].C. hotel, at l(h30 a.m., and 7:30 p.m. Sunday school at 2:30 ]t.m., ^Ir. Iliggins. Superhitendent. S'^rvices for colored people held Simday afternoons and W»Hlm'sday evening.s.
Rev. J. L. Wise, resident e.h;iplain. Gorgona, Si'.rvices as follows : First Sun- day in month. Empire. 10:30 a.m., Gorg<ma 7:45 p.m. : second Sunday in month (.'ristobal. 10:30 a.m. and 7:30 p m. ; third Sunday in month. Ancon, 9:15 arm.. Paraiso 3:30 p.m.; fourth S nul ly in mouth, Gorgona 10:30 a.m.. Empire 7:30 p.m. ; fifth Sunday in month, Culebi-a, 10:30 a.m., Gorgona 7:45 p.m. Rev. S. Moss Loveridge, residout clniplaiu, Ctilebra. Service in the Zone l)enitentiary Sumlay mornings at 8:30. Other services are as follows : chapel, Culebra. second and fourlh Suufbiys, 10:30 a.nj. ; first and third Sundays, S p.m. In the Bajjlist churdi for ciilored people, Culebra. first, third and fifth Sundays, 11 a.m. ; second and fourth Sundays, «J:30 p.m., and a service every i[(niday «!ve,uing. Sr^-vices for colored p.^jple at Frijoles on the third Sunday of every m<mtli at 3 p.m., except when a month has five Sund ij-s, in •whicli ca.se no service is held on the fourth Sunday, but takes place im the fifth Sunday at 11 a.m. In addition to these visiles there are services regularly held twice every Sunday and weekly prayer m«*eting at Cuhbra. Frijoles, Ma- tachhiand Las Ciiscadas l)y different preachers (mostly colored men) acting under Mr. Loveridge's diretition. The Sunday school at Culebra, Mr. Edgar Soule, sui»r>rint«'iHlent. is held every Sundiy at!):.30, with an average attend- ance of about fifty.
KOMAX CATHOLIC CUUKCH -Rev. V. Joh.> Volk, ivctor of tli.> ohmrh of tbv Im niarnlatt^ Conc«'ptlon. ami ivnitlent o1ini»]iiin. (\»lon. S«tvIc«'H : Kvrry Sunday, iiuiAit. with pre;ichinc in S|)»uiHh. 7 u.in. : masM, with prfachiii)!: iii KiiKlish Oa.ui. : Samhiy Hc-h<MiI atiil Il4-nfili«-|ion. U p.m. ; holy rosary, with pn-arhiiit; in English, and lH'nr«U«-ti«»n at 7 i».ni. At the tiia]H-1 cuniK^rt^-d with tin- Puh- lit- (Mty St'hmd fur Kiys. taught hy ihi' Sist«TH of Charity, sorvin-H aro hold. Father Volk al^o niakcM daily vi.Hit» to all lh«' wanls of Cohm hosiiital.
Kev. I>auit'l Qtiijano, prit'.st in t'liargo of tlu* Sa»'r«Ml Heart Chapel, Koniau CAtholic. in ho)«i>ital gn»and«. and rrsidt-nt ehaphiin. Ancon. Ma>»H every Sun- day morning at 0 and J>. Father Quijauo spends s«'venil houn* «hiily viaitinjj Ihc A'arioiiA wardRof A neon hoHpilal.
Rev. Georjfos L.iriden. Roman Catholic priest and viniting ehaplaui. I'auania Masrt every .Sun«lay and Holy «lay at 9 a.m. in th« Roman Cath61ic ehurche«, at G«rgi»na and Kuipire, hj- Father Laridrn, or one ot his assistants. Father Lariden nuikeH two visits a month to the h'lwr eolony estahlishj'*! at Palo S«to and makes daily visits to Aucon and other hospitals as din't-fi-*!.
Right Rev. Bishop Javier J ungiii<o is in iliarjfe of the episeopal s«e of th<' Diocese of Panama.
ISTHMIAN MINISTER.S' ASSOCIATION -K.v. AI. Ihittou Kii.;r. S..eretary.
CLUBS.
TAr Womnti^s Mm<entctii on ttu I sf /linns.
\\y Mrs. M. C. Maguirt-.
The first lank of tlie Commission appointed hy the President of the lnit«-d State* to finish the work of conn«icting tlie Atlantic and Paeitii- Oreans. was one of jiri'paration. Primarily, it was neo^'ssary to make the surround'.nss healthy, and to eliminate, as far as i>o.ssible, the danger of disea *e and death. Thi<5 woi-k was admir- ably i»erformed by Col. Gorgas, and his a^.■^o(•iat^*s.
Next, it beca-ue impuratlvo to provido living quarters and means of subt,isteii. . for the vast army of employes required to dig the canal. This tusk was entrusled ■ Mr. Jackson Smith, and he has perfonnei it well.
During all this work of preparation, nie.uiH of amusement were, of course, treated as subsidiarv and left ill aba^'anc i uulil the absolu(cly* essj-ntial teatuna of muin- taining the force to dig the canal were well advaJiCMl. \Vh<'U Mr. John P'. Steven^ w.is a ppiintei Chief Eagineer to succeed Mr. VVullare. he brought witli him one <»f the agent* of the Civic Federation of the Unite*! Stat<'s to iuvestigati- «'«»nditions. ami reom.UKU I hucU achomtt:! of welfan* work oa they thought W *t Hdapt(>d to the sur- roundingH.
Tlie pwvidiag of pUccs where tin; employes could gather and «'njoy i»roiMr i «I;i\ ttt?on was always ne^r to Mr. Steven.V heart. In one of the last talks given by *' The Rig Smoke " on the Isthmus, he state! that the only monnnumts he nee<ied
Sock' ties and Cluhs. ^5 "7
■vvere the club houses pro\ide.'l on tho Isthnms for the nion. Ho can well be proiul of theiu, and of their operation under the supervision of the Y M.C.A.
But A uh'ricaiis are essentially a family raee. Wherever an Anieriean goes he. wants to briny his family, or women rt4atives. Aiul to our eternal credit, the women of the United States have always been willin;;;' to shai*e the hardships and dangers of our men.
For a time thf, lot of the average woman on the Zone wa.s not au ouviable one. The housewife found it hard to accustom horstdf to the new classes of domestic help, iu fact, that same help was frequently noii cut. It addition, each woman coming from a homo where she had ])eeu acctistomed to neighborly sympathy and tho support of friends and relatives, fouiul it hanl to adapt herself to the newc mditions of loneliness down here. Her husband was away all day at Ids work. "VTheu lie came home iu the evening he was tir»;d out, and telt more like retiring to sleep than j>laying tin; courtier. Is it any won:ler that some of the women felt lonely, and gradually imbued their men with the desire to quit and go home ! To the credit of the majority be it said, the gTeator number of the women tried to make the best of things, and proved themselves the best assistiiuts I'ncle Sam had in keeping the men behind thc^ work.
The Gonunission recognizing the advantage of makuig the surroundings as pleas- ant as possil)le for the wives of tlu> employes, again invited the aid of the Civic Fed- eration. If .Mr. St<n'ens can claiu) the credit of starting the movement for men'.s clubs, to Col. Goethals belongs tlie gratitude of the woaien for bringing Miss Helen Tarick lloswell to the Zone.
Miss Boswell came to the Isthnuis about the middU' of September, 1907. and im- mediately started the work of organization. She found already organized one wo- man's club, r.amely, that at Gorgona, of which Mi's. Morris was president. The first club to be organized by ;Miss Boswell was the Culebra Woman's Club. The gen- eral puriK)se (»f these clubs can best be expressed l»y qiioting from Miss Bos- Avell's sp«u'ch at the preliminai-y meeting of this club, in whicli she said iu part, that jier idea was to organize clubs at all the principal points, such as Ancon, Culebra Gorgona, Empire, find Colon, with bran^'hes. or scparat*^ organizations in the neigh- boring s(!ttlements, eacli club to be under its own title, and all to be afliliated under the nam<', of the Canal Zoncr Woman's League, or other suitable appellation.
The clubs were for social and edacati0n.1l i>urposos ; to promote sotrial feeling among the women,; to enable them as au organization to take a hand iu municipal matters, such as government of the schools, and matters where a woman's wisdom Tnay be i-onsidered to go fai". and for the i)urposes of study, Siianish classes could be formed Miss Boswell also spok<> of the real good the women were doing here, and of tlie influence, thej' had on the yoinig men.
From this time on. one club afrcr another was organized, until the movement culnunated in the formation ot th : Anc )u Woman's CUi), and the election of dele- gates from all tlio clubs so organized, for the purpose of forming a grand ccutr:d body. These deleg ites met in fcU3 PiesidtMt's saite at Hotel Tivoli oa Saturd.iy, O-^tober 12, 1907, when the Canal Zone Federation of Wom.xn's Clubs was form^id, and Iha follow- ing officers elected : —
I'resident- -Mrs. Geo. W- Goethals, Cnlebra, C Z. Yice-presideuts--Mrs. Lorin C. Collins, Cristobal, C. Z.
4-58 PHot and Guide,
Mn». W. «'. tJorjja-s. Aiu-uti, ('. Z. Mn*. Win. L. SlUrt, CuUbni. {'. 7.. Mrs, C'bt'Htfi- Hnnliii};, (luttiii, ('. /.
lit roniiu^ M.iTtaiy --Mr!*. FfHiik W. Ndnu'U-. Kiupin. »'. Z. .(\irn'siMtn«liiiy S«'«rftar.v--MrH I.i'wls liukrr. <"r5'*«ohal. ('. Z. <;«'H. F«<<l,«nition Sfon<tary -MrH. \U\\A\ 1). Wolf. (lUi'KOua, (-'. Z. TivjiMUivr -Mn*. F. K. Kolw rl8. Pwln* Mijrut-l. ('. Z. AmlHor-Mn«. J. <*. Iturnett. Pai-aiso. «.'. Z. Oininiinnof Advii*ory ConnuUt*- Mtm. F. Morrison, Gorifoua, C. Z.
At till' iiir4«tiiiu. MiHM IttMWfl) >\Tw iiia<li' an lumorary iuuuiIht of all tlir Zout« flubs, ami u lisiuj: \i»l«' of tliaiikii whh tiiidin-d h»>r for i\\v (i!jiii«I work hIu' lia«l acroni- |iUhIiih1. Fnaii this tiini- oil. flu- rliihs liav«- shown a lii-allliy lilr. Tin- im-inlH'rHlii|» l»S">^''»K ™l»''l'y' >"»*l '**''•'■""''* "f '"•'"'■<'*♦* uiv lM<iti}; takni up au«l iins!u«<l hy all. Thf AiM'on dub ha-« takt'ii a |»articular int«'r»'St iu the hc1u»o1 <|ueMtioii. liovtirulturf. ami tin* Htuily of Si»ani(*li. Tlu' otlior flab* liavo organise*! Hallow'«MMi i»artifn. ami various workH for siK-ial tlivcrsiou. The «ph-lt of the women \y, bc»t exeniplitled by h rt'tfuliition iwJStMHl by the Cri«tobjil elnb ami emlorrted by all the othen*, n'adiu;^:
•• 1J«' it r»-8olve«l. that I'Veiy flub wonian in the Canal Zone fonslitnte hei-wlf ii (MiinnitttH- <»f one t«» foKter favorable, instead of a«lv«-rse e ritii-iKins of th*- eomlitions of the Zom*. ami the Isthmus of Punama. ^*
FoHoningis a list of the Wouian'B Clnbs of the Zone : —
ANCON-President. Mrs. Wni. C. Ciorgas : vice-piesiiUntH. Mrs. J, M. Majjuire: Mr«. C. W. Itoyer; Secretary, Mrs. LyaU'r.
I'KDKO Mlt.rEL" rre.sldent, Mi-». J. C. IJaniett ; Hecretary, Mrs. Wm. Low*-.
(TLKIiKA- I'lTBulent. Mrs. Win. L, SilxTt ; vice-president. Mrs. J. M. Murray; Hien-tary, Mi's. ^l. U. IJntler.
EMMUE— Piv^sideut, Mrs. F. W. Minnie: vie; -f.i-. si.l.ai. Mrs. E. I'. Mr, k . »e*n^tary, Mrs. J. ¥. McTjier.
GORGON A— President, Mrs. K. C. Goortah; ; v i. . .|.iv:s„i, ni. .Ni.>. llv, n>i : .-... i, tarj", Mrs. liaura Faxou; treasurer, Mrs. Mc(.'ouiiii{rl>ey.
LASCASCADAS - Pre.-sident. Mr8. O. G. Kamlall ; viee pr'sldisnt Mfh. C. K. ZAixffi ; H*H.'n-tury, Mrs. W. TI. Boregard ; trett.'<urer, Mn*. T. G. William- >*ou.
GAITN -President, Mn-. Chester Hanliug: viee-jiresideut. Mr.-*. L. \,. Elliott ; seeretyry, ilrs. Shippy.
tJKISTOBAL— President, Mrs. Lorin C. Colliii^i : vice-j»re?<id«-ut. Mrs. K. J.ewis Baker ; secretarj-. Mrs. C. Ciurkol.
Ancon Art Society. (Aiieou).
OrganiztMl in DieeinlH-r. )IK)7. unler the anspieesof the Aneon Woman's (.Tub. for the purpow's of studying art life on the Isthmus. Otticen* a;v : Chairman, Mrs. S. E. Le Prince ; secntary, Mis. C. E. Phillips. First meeting held January 29, 1908.
Churches, Societies and Clubs. ^^^<^
Tivoli CJub. (Aneon).
Orgiiuiz<(l for social ])uriK)s«'S. Constitution ado]>tt;(l August 2(5, ]9()7. Oftirt-rs jut- : J'nsirh-iit. Hon. Jo. C. S. Blackburn : tirst vice-president. J. C. IVrry : second vice-])resi<lent. D. W. MacConnack , secretaiy, Halcohn Elliott ; assistant secrctar.N-. C. T. l^indsay ; governors. E. (A McFiu-land, Arilold Slmnklin diairnian nieniber.ship committee, I). A. Laing ; chairman invitation c<minnt- tee, ^lalcohn Elliott : cliairman printing committee. Wm. Krugel ; chairman refreshment and music committee. W. H. McFarlane. Dances an* held at Hotel Tivoli hi -monthly. Membership of cluh about 2(Kt.
Ancon Amusement Association. (Ancou).
Organized in January. 1J)'W for social ])urpose8. Membershij) about Jd. Othcern are:— President. Col. Tom. M. O)oke; vice-i>residents, J. M. Maguire: L. M. Lipsett: secretary. J. P. .kvis ; treasurer, C. C. ^letciilf: chairman athletic committee, (Jajit. (leo. K. Shanton : chairman music committee. George L. Cainpeu : chairman publicity committee. W. Krugel : chaimnan indoor and outdoor «'ntertainment committee. Dr. William Decks : chainnan halls and buildings committee, J. St. C, Himt: chairman auditing conunittee. If. D. Keed,
American Social Club. (Las Cascadas).
Organized October 1«. l!»Ofi for the purpose of furnishing amuseimait anfl recreation lor all white empl«"»y«'es of the Commission and Panama IJailroad (Jrjinppuy. Occupies second Hoor of T.C.C. hotel, has about 5.'» members, rooms equipped with i>ai)ers. magazines, pool and billiard tables, and ])iano. OtScers arr; President. Dr. W. J. Lyon: \ice -president, C. H. Eath; secretaiy A.M. Warner: treasurer. W. A. Evans: elm imian house committee, U. L. Hill; chairman «'ntertainment c<»nr.nittee, F, AV. Leydecker : chairman athletic committee. F. W- Talbot.
Burns Social Club. (Gorgoua),
Orgaui/.ed in August. ItWT, for .social intercourse among the admirers of Bums and his works in Gorgoua. and along the Canal Zone. Club meets first and third Saturday evi'uings of each month in the assemblj- hall above I.C.C hotel. The club's motto is
'• That mau'to man the world o-er Shall ' blithers' be for 'a that.' "
Ollicers are : President. Archie M. Harper ; ^^ce-president. Joe Allan ; sec- retary, and triyisurer, Andrew Veitch. * ,
Pan-Hellenic Society of the Canal Zone.
Comi)osed of members of college Greek-letter fraternities. Thercj are about 32 fra- ternities rei)resented with society membership of 100. Society organized De- cember 21), 180 ). Meets once a mouth for a dinner. Occasionally gives a cotillion. OfHc4irs are : President, C. L. Bryan, Culebra; secretary, Wal- ter Emery, Aucon ; treasurer. Dr. W- M. James, Ancon.
Sanitary Inspectors of th« Canal Zone.
AsMiciAti<iii uriciiuistMl NdnmilKir 21, 1007. nt Cu1«0ira. OUjco* U tcchnlral nml trfwtn of tlio ways nnil iiioMiix of wruHii;: hihI inMhitaiuiii;; llu i«il.l!i 'm'iUIi of flio ChiiuI Zoii«'. 4)lMr«n*an': l»r»-f*i»l.nt. A. li. TtuKrr. riilchia -, \ Ue-prcbiamt, W. ,1. Murpliy. Kinpin- ; scrn-t;iry. K. U. Mitih. d. ("lor^fMia.
Medical Association of the Canal Zone.
A!«s(M-iati«»ti orgauirtMl in MHrt'li, 19tW. aucl im-cti* tlir MrH-ikinl Sutunlay «»r vm'h iimnth. «Mfit»T« an-: Pn.'iii<Kiit, Dr. S. T. I)arlin;i. Ancoii; \ic»'-iii»>icltriit. l,« y«l NoIhihI.' Toloii : m't-rt'lary ami tn'AMunT. Dr. Vwo. 11. (YjiUini'. riilt'l»i-M: « M'outivi- i-otiueil. Dr. Win. D»Mk«. Auc«>ii, Dr. ('. ('. M(Ciill<.«li. Aiuou. Dr. A. J. On*iistein. Colon.
University Club. (Pitmuna).
Till' riiiv»'r«ity ohih was organized altout two ymrs ajjo. niiil Iiiih a nunilMTHliip of lu'urly 250. two-tliinl« «»f whom an* Americans, ami the n!roain<lo,r rcsid«'nt» ■ >( Panama. The duh has a «'in-nlatin;t library of about 7<M) voIum»;», tho grcnt- < r jwrt of Mhioh wa8«louat«><l to tlio dub by IVesidvul lloo«fvelt, and Ofnt-ral 1. H. Hultbiinl of X<'wYork (.'ity. Tlii- dub rooms arc on Av»'nu«'B., and TMith >triH-t. Oflict'r.s art- : l'reMid«'nt. Jamt'.s Itiu-klin Bishop ; first vJO'-pn'MJdf nt' Anuild Shankliu : st'cond vitvpn-sidnit. Ma.son E. Mitdidl ; honorary InKsiflent, TIiro4loro lloosevdt : liouorary vici^-prfsidfuL", Manud Amndor. (JuernM-o. .]. Domingo ilc Obaldia. Jose Augustin Arango, (Ji-u. T. II. Huh- l>anl : Inmrd «»f governors. I). W. liolirh, W. •'. Gorgas. T. ('. IJinckley. Ni- rauor di- Dljanio. A. .S. Cooijer. I). O. Lively. Kniesto T, Li fi-vre: tn-a.-^urer, I^arh- (.'. MfFarland ; sefivtjiry, Philip Vincv ; assistant secrt't.iry. J. K. Marsli.
, Commercial Club. i^Pauamu).
Cnlb i-ooma on Seventh Street. Cath«»dra1 plaza. Offic«'r« are : Pi-esident, J. I), de Obaldia ; vice-president, Nicanor A de Obarrio ; seer.'tary. Juan J. Mendez: treaBui-er. S:imni'l Maduro B.
International Club. (Panauia).
Club rmmiH on Kiglith Stn-^-t. Ottieersare: President. Samuel LewiK ; vice-prl•^i• dent. Ih'metrio H. Brid ; seeretary. Juan Antonio (luizado ; trejisurer. EraeH- to (iminlia : lilirurian. Jorge L. Paredes; v<»rales, Arturo Delvalle, Raul Guar- tlia, Juan BjIu; Jr., lloljerto Vallarino, Jorge. D. Arias, Arturo de Lenios.
Casino Istmeno. iPanuma).
Club rrH»ms. conier of Kourt«-enlh and B Streets. OlBeern are : Prejjident. Samuel N. Kamo«: vie*-- president. Pi-osiH-ni Pinel ; seeretary, Carlos I>oih'z C.; trejiaurer. Oscar McKay; assistant seeretary, Mnnnel A. Herr«*rH; librarian, Juuu B. So!»u ; vocales, Evuristo JUidillo. Juan F. .Vdams.
ChurcJies, Societies and Clubs. ^Q^
Centra Panama. (Panama).
Organized for social aud amusement purposes. Constitution adopted January 1, 1908. Officers are: President Nicolas Justiniani; vice-president, Alberto Rodriguez; secretary, Dimaso Botello; assistant secretary, Sergio Land; treasurer, Antonio Elias Dorado G.; vocales, Jose Kudy G., Samuel Gomez; William Gutzmer.
Ateneo de Panama. (Panama).
Club rooms, corner of Central Avenue and B. Street. Officers are: President, Nicolas Victoria J. ; vice-president, Samuel Lewis ; treasurer, Ofilio Hazera ; librarian, Ricardo J. Alfaro ; secretaries, Guillermo Audreve. Alfonso Fabre- ga ; vocales, Santiago de la Guardia, Alfonso Preciado, Oscar Teran.
Strangers' Club. (Colon).
Officers are : Chairman, Hilary B. Parker ; secretary, L. Heuer ; treasurer, R. H. Wardlaw ; governing committee, Hilary B. Parker, L. Heuer, Loyd Noland, Frank Floyd, John Burke, J. M. Hyatt, Hon. Loriu C. Collins.
Bas Obispo Club. (Bas Obispo).
Officers are : President, G. G. McNamara ; vice-president, George Campbell ; treas- urer, A. O. Blake; secretary, M. WiUiner ; chairman hou.se committee, S. W- Pike ; chairman entertainment committee, A. W. Fox ; chairman athletic committee, John Steibaugh.
Isthmian Baseball Association.
Organized for season of 1907-08 on November 17, 1907. Officers are : Col. George W- Goethals, president ; Dr. John H. Purnell vice-president, and C. E. Ander- son, secretary and treasurer. Clubs represented in league : Ancon, Empire, Gorgona, I.C.C, Kangaroos, Gatuu, and M.P. & M -7. Season opened Decem- ber 15tb, 1907.
SKCRKT SOCIETIKS.
MASONIC ORGANIZATIONS.
PANAMA MASONIC ASSOCIATION -President, Mason E. Mitchell ; vice-presi- dent, W. M. Belding ; secretary, Andrew J. Dewling ; treasurer, Felix Ehrman; trustees, W. G. Tubby, Arnold Shanklin, William Gerig, A. C. Harper, Lewis E. Willson, G. M. Shontz.
ACACIA LODGE, A. F. & A. M., No. 50, PANAMA— Yen. M., Julio Arango ; first vig., Carlos Bertoncini ; second vig., Antonio B. Linares ; ora; Jeronimo Olcese ; secretary, Fabricio A. Arosemena ; treasurer. Angel de Castro, Hosp., Joaquin Garcia Soto ; Exp., Aquiles Vincensini. Meets every Saturday night at 7:30.
CULEBRA SOJOURNERS CLUB, CULEBR A -Organized September 13, 1907. Officers are . President, J. T. Wowls of Mesa No. 55, Grand Junction, Col.; vice-
l>resident^ X. W. Ciilbfrtson of Co^ington No. 109, Covington. Ky.; secretary and and treasurer, G. W. Strong of M. M. Parker No. 27, Washington D. C.
LAS CASCADAS MASONIC CLUB, LAS CA5CADAS- Organized J»me 24, 1907. Officers are : President^ Fred. W. Talbot ; vioe-presideut, B. F. Mudgett ; secre- tary. F. W. Walraveu ; treasurer, W. D. Drysdale. Club meets every Saturday evening at 7:30.
SOJOURNERS LODGE, No. 874, A. F. & A. M., COLON— Organized in February 1898. Its lodge room has V>een burned twice, and in the last fire, tliat of Septem ber, 19<^.'>, its charter was destroyed. Tliis charter M'as dn|>liratcd in March
1906. Officers are : R. W. M., Clinton G. Carty (N. J.) ; Dep. M., Henry Ander son (Cal.) ; S. W., John L. Segall (Va.) ; J. D., Eli D.Sims (Fla.) ; secretary John I^gerquist (N. T.) ; treasurer, Vilfred P. Spiller (La.) ; S. D., Leon C Thrasher (N. Y.) ; J. D., James Woodside (N. Y.) ; 1. G., Israel Simons (Paua ma) ; tyler. Burton Williams (Conn).
EMPIREMASONICCLUB, EMPIRE— Organized January 31, 1908. Officers are; President, A. L. Haines; vice-president, Fred L. Gorlmm: secretary and treasu - rer, H. W. Sawtelle; assistant secretary and treasurer, G. M. McAdam. Mem- bership. 50.
ROSE OF AMERICA No. 65, PANAMA. -On Monday evening, December 16,
1907. the lodge of F. «fc A. M., which has been working in this city for several years under the auspices of the Grand Orient of Venezuela, elected the following new officers for the reglamentary period: W. M.--M. I). Cardoze': Ex. W. M.— Evaristo Badillo; S. W.--E. Vasquez, J. W.- Alfredo Menotti; Orat. -J. Fco. Gomez; S©c'y.-Joa6 Oiler; Treas.-C. A. de Icaza. Regular meetings are held every Wednesday evening at 8 o'clock.
PARAISO SOJOURNERS CLUB, PARAISO, C. Z.-Organized Januarj- 31, 1908. Meets every Friday night. Officers are: President, W. H. Clieeks; vice-jjresi dent. O. J. Ridenour, secretary, H. C. Ragsdale; treasurer, John Lanigan,
There are also Masonic organizations at Pedro Miguel, Bas Obispo, and Gorgona.
Knights of Pythias.
PANAMA LODGE, No. 1, CRISTOBAL-Instituted ou August 11, 1906. Officei-s are : Chancellor commander, Geo. W. Wood ; vice chancellor, Allen Swan , prelate. W, S. Lawi-ence ; master of work, O. C. Kilgour ; keeper of records and seals, Eli Sims ; mast^tr of exchequer, Clias. R. Chisolm ; maater at arms, Th<»s. O. Femstrom ; inner guard, Carl Matis ; outer guard, Wm. B. Howell. Ltxlge meets every Saturday evening. Membership 140.
EMPIRE LODGE No. 2, EMPIRE--Iustitute<l March 2.1. 1907. Officers are : Chau cellor commander, W. T. Kiml>erly ; vice ciiancellor, Phil. Deitch ; prelate, John Tbiac ; master of work, H. E. Whyde ; keeper of recx)rd.s and seals, Cbas. W. Hill : master of exchequer, S. A. B<Miniiiger ; master at arms, W. C. Woodson; iuuer guard, A. J. Tafel ; outer guard, i*. U. Maher. Lodge meets every Thurs day evening. Membership 135.
ChurcJies, Societies and Cluhs. -463
OULEBKA LODGE, No. 3, CULEBRA--Institute<i September 14, 1907 Officers are : Chancellor conimauder, M. C. Nolan; vice chancellor, E. M. Pullen ; prelate, H. E. Earle ; master of work, D. L. Small ; keeper of records, and seals, W. J. Adams ; master of exchequer, A. M. Dickey ; master at arms, J. P. Roche ; inner gnai'd, E. Steen ; outer guard, C. B. West. Lodge meets every Wednesday even- ing. Membership 85.
Mr. P. F. Maher of Empire has been appointed Deputy Grand Chancellor for the Canal Zone and Republic of Panama.
Improved Order of Red Men.
DESCRIPTTYE-Tbe Improved Order of Red Men is the pioneer of all secret, or fraternal orders and societies in the Canal Zone, and they are today among the richest and most prosperous. The claim of pioneer has always been one of the prominent claims of this order, not only in the United States, but also in its iws- sessions in distant parts of the world. It is the oldest purely American fraternal order in the Uilited States, haviiig been formed during the days of the organiza- tion of the Minute Men at the commencement of the struggle for independence- So on to the Philippines, Alaska and Hawaii, and now on the Canal Zone, this order has beeil the first to establish itself for the mutual aid and assistance of its members, and the first to raise its banner, that of Freedom, Friendship, and (charity, besides that of the Stars and Stripes. The first tribe to be organized in the Zone was (yhiriqui Tribe No. I, at Culebra, and from it members have gone ftom time to time and aided in the establishment of the other six tribes now in the Zone, its degree team doing the work of institution of all but two of the other tribes. The tribes are :
CHIRIQCI TRIBE No. 1, CULEBRA -Instituted January 3, 19n6. Officers are : Sachem, H. E. Earle: senior sagamore, Paul D. May; junior sagamore, C. M. Gal- lagher; prophet, M. D. Cantwell; chief of records, E. M. Foster; collector of wampum, W. C. Maclntyre; keeper of wampum, J. E. Bums. Meets every Sat- urday evening.
SAN BLAS TRIBE No. 2, CRISTOBAL -Instituted March 16, 1906. Officers are: Sachem, Al!en Swan; senior sagamore, Frank E. Chute; junior sagamore, Patrick Grant, prophet, C. E. Dewey; chief of records, W.E.Sims; keeper of wampum, E. A. Wentworth. Meets every Tuesday evening.
COCLE TRIBE No. 3, EMPIRE-Iustituted March 29, 1906. Officers are : Sachem, Han'y E. Ruckert ; senior sagamore, C. E. Anderson ; junior sagamore, Wm. C- Healy ; chief of records, C. S. Frank ; keeper of wampum, A. Heiurick ; prophet, E. J. KennedJ^ Meets every Friday evening.
AZTEC TRIBE, No. 4, -PEDRO MIGUEL— Instituted June 16, 1906. Officers are : Sachem, Albert V. Waters; prophet, Elmer E. Price; senior sagamore, Alois Nigg; junior sagamore, W. Henderson ; chief of records, W. Woodard ; keeper of w ami)um, G. W. Oldfield ; guard of wigwam, William Barnes ; guard of forest, F. W. Essex. Meets every Thursday evening.
CHOLO TRIBE, No 5, GORGONA— Instituted December 3, 1903. Sachem, H. Mas- sou; senior sagamore, C. Boltz; jimior sagamore, W. Dickenson; prophet, P. J.
•46-^ Pilot and Guide,
Broderiek; chief of reoords, George Viberg; keeper of wampum, F. Naegele Meets Mondiqr ereninff.
IWCAS TRIBE, Na 6, GATUN—Inatltuteil Febmary 16, 1907. Sachem, Jos. A. Backholdt; sealor sagamore, L. E. Jones; junior Ragamore, J. A. White; prophet, Frank C. Young; chief of records, H. M. McDonald; collector of waiupum, E. F. Gibson; keeper of wampum, Fred. Schott. Meets every lliursday evening.
CARIB TRIBE, No. 7, LAS CASCADAS- Instituted March 16, 1907. Sachem, A M. Warner, senior sagamore, U. L. Hill; junior sagamore, C. C. Alexander; proph- et^ B. B. Duncan; chief of records, F. W. Leydecker; collector of wampum, S. A. Eubanks; keeper of wampum, W. A. Evans, Meets every Wednesday even- ing.
ALFARETTA COUNCIL, INO. 1, DEGREE OF POCAHONTAS, CULEBRA This is the ladies' order of the Red Men. and was instituted March 26, 1»U6. If eets every Tuesday evening.
Mr. B. B. Duncan of Las Caacadas is the Deputy Great Incohonee of the order for the Canal Zone "Reservation."
Independent Order of Panamanian Kangaroos.
(Motto: Optimus est qui optima facit.)
DESCRIPTIVE.— This is the largest and strongest organization in the Canal Zone and was started hy a few Americans getting in the habit of congregating at one place or another and holding mock trials for their own amusement. Soon the few l>ecamemany, and the club was turned into a secret organization. The first meeting was held October 10, 190ti, in a box- car in the Empire yards, and from the six who met at that time, the order has grown nntil it now comprises five subordinate Courts, with a Supreme Court at the hea<l. The membership is ap- proximately 1,000, <one-sixth of the white Commission employes on the Isthmus), and is drawn from all the departments and bureaus; every class and grade being represented. The Panamanian Kangaroos have also attempted to strengthen the organization of the Isthmian Canal Commis.sion and a.s.sist in pushing the work to completion by making all, interested in, friendly to, and thoughtful of the others. Members are an everj' day meeting, and help one another with their tasks. Soi-ial gatherings are held at regular intervals, aud this brings the wives of the workers together. Any one who has been lucky enough to enjoy the entertainments and dances given by the organization will remember the general air of goo<l fellowship that prevailed, long after the memory of the dancing has dimmed. Empire Court No. 1 is the Mother Court, and from her all the other Courts have been drawn but the membership of the Mother Court still stays at .300 or more, which shows the growing power of the organization. In the near future. Courts will be estab- lished at Cristol>al and Ancon, when all will have an opportunity of becoming Kangaroos and assisting this strictly loi^al order in doing its part in the construc- tion of the Isthmian Canal. The Courts, with their officers follow:
SUPREME COURT. -Chartered Nov. 8, 1907, under the laws of the State ot Tennes s«e. Officers; Chief Justice, George G. Burnett; Supreme Prosecuting Attorney.
Churches, Societies and Clnbs. 4-^5
300 I. C. S. STUDENTS HELPING TO DIG THE CANAL!
International Correspondeiice Schools,
SCRANTON, PA.
Braii^ch Office: Pa nana a. Cit>% 200 oouf=j©e:© of- ©-tudv,
Encfinecring, Mechanics, Draffing, IJufflish and Com- mercial Branches^ Modern Langnages tcitk Phonograph Out- fit, etc , etc
SUPPLIES FOR STUDENTS AND PERSONAL HELP IN STUDY. ^CATTALOGS FRKK.—
Address ANDREW ATCHISON, GencRal Agent, Ancon, Canal Zone.
Harry C. Wfrtz; Snpreino Defen<lant Attorney, C M. Ciivellior; Suproinr (Jhaplaiii. 1*. Farrcll; Supreme Comptroller, L. P. Worrall; Su])rera4i Sheriff, Wni. Weitz; Supreme Clerk, Milton S. Hathaway; Supreme Tuner Guard, L. f'. McLean; Supreme Deputy Sheriff, It. M. Davies.
KM PI RE COURT Xo. 1. EMPIRE-Organized OctoWr 10,190'o. Oflieers: Ju(I<ie,Harry C. Wertz; Prosecuting Attorney, R. M. Davies; Defendant Atlomey, F. P. Sel- by; Chaplain, W. L. Titus; Comptroller, L. P. Worrall; Sheriff, C. Kngesser; Clerk, Milfon S. Hathaway; Inner (Juard. J. :XI. Strong; Deputy Sheriff, W. O. Howson,
TABERNILLACOURTXO. 2. TABEPvNILLA— Organized October 2, 1907. Offi- cers: Judge, James H. Adams; Prosecuting Attorney, A. T. Cutler; Defendant Attoniej', C. W. Davis; Chaplain, J. P. Eagan; Comptr(»ller, H. H. Twombly; Sheriff, A. J. Mclntyre; Clerk, E. Thornton; Deputy Sheriff, James Quinn; Inner Guard. Jerry Kir]>y.
BURNETTCOURTXO. 3 OF GORGOX A— Organized Xovember 8, 190/. Officers: Judge, Joseph Mcllvern; Prosecuting Attorney, W. T. Foster; Defendant At- torney, llufns Fulford; C;haplain. F. M. Chelf; Comptroller, 8. L. Dourcy; Clerk, Morton; Sheriff, P. A. Davies; Inner Gnaid. A. Gettman; Deputy Sheriff. A. if. Text(}r.
LAS CASCADAS COURT Xo. 4, LAS CASCAD AS. —Organized November 14, 1907. Officers: Judge, W. H. Farrell; Pro.secuting Attorney, E. J. Sampson; Defendant Attorney, N. IJ. Green; Chaplain, AV. K. Freelantl; Comptroller, John Crawford; Sheriff, J. Sloan; Clerk, A. M. Warner; Inner Guard, K. Chaney; Deputy Sher- iff, W. E. Moran.
l^ARAISO COURT No. '», PARAISO. -Organized January 17, 1908. Officers: Judge. Frank R. Kosier; Prosecuting Attorney, B. H. Moak; Defendant Attorney, A. H.
4^© Pilot and Guide ^
Beaviip; Cliaplain, Geo. Slater; Comptroller, F. R, Roberts; Sheriff. Tho8. O'Brien; Clerk. J. C. Bnniett: Inner Cmanl. A. C. Barrows: Deputy Sheriff, W. H. Fra7.ee.
Regular Army and Navy Union.
CRISTOBAL CrARHlSON X«>. 40, CUISTOHAL -Institntea Di'Oenib.r 18, 19<)7. Of- floerH are: -Conunander, G rover ('. BraUfonl; senior vlee eomniiinder, llermau Kehni; junior viee eoniniander. Frank L. Conjish: chaplain, Clia-*. 1>. Mitchell; adjutant and quartermaster, \Vm. M. Ridpath; paymaster, H. - V. II. Monk; Rurg<M»n, Paul \VaIl«nburij«'r; ofHr»'r of the day, Fred M. Kaulbach: offieer of the wateh, Lewis B. Miikh'; oftieer of the |guard, Joseph J. Marek. Strength of this garrison al»out '..•5.
BIRT S. STURDKVANT OARRISOX Xo. 41. CILKBUA -Institnttd Deeemlwr .1, 19(>7. Oflieers are: Commander, Paul I>. May; senior viee comniiimler. F. M. Ro- ark; jmiior viee commander, C. xV. Stevens; a<ljiitant and quartermaster, .Alvin Colbuni; piiyma.ster, Robert Lee Byrd; surgeon, Wm. A. Stevenson; ofti<-er of the day, Wm. Wirtz; chaplahi, J. Alper; officer of the watch and guard, Jacob Ik^ni- son. Strength of gan-i.sou a lM>ut 20. Meets first and third Thur.'^days of each mouth.
Mr. Lester E. Herman, assistant ins])c»-tor general, has diiU'ge of the organization work on the I.stlunus. All honorably discharged soldiers, .sailors or marini-s are requested^to comnumicate with him. New garristms Mill be established at (Jor- gona, A noon and La Boca.
Sociedad Tipografica dc Proteceion Mutua. (Panama).
Organized July 1, ]8SM>. Othoers are: l*re.sident. Olegai'io Ilenriquez ; vice-presi- dent, AugustSn Argoti' ; .secn'.tary, Ismavl Luzcando ; assistant .secretary, Francisco Banihona ; trea.snrer, Sergio I.jind ; vocjiles, Nestor A. Dubarry, Manuel Antonio Noriega G., ami Ricardo B Villarreal.
Sociedad Tipografica de Beneficencia. fPanama).
Organized January 4. 193j. 0.'fi;;8r.s are: Pre.sidont, J. D. Cajar; vice-president, Mar tin A. Vergara C; secretary, Jose R.iul Rt^vello; assistant secretary, Tobias Urriola; treasurer, H. George Henry; assistant treasurer, Felix Villaverde: Fiscal. Carlos T. Collino; vocales. Luis E. L<Spt*z. Anibal de la Torre. J. A. <.r<nizdlez.
Sociedad Socoros Mutuos. (Panama).
Organized August 4, 190.'», Olhcers are: Prewident. ,Tos6 C. Zam<»ra ; vice-jireeitUnt, Alfonso Cajar; secretarj-, Ernesto J. Montoro ; assistant secretary, Cli- maco Roilriguez ; treasurer, Pedro VahK'S ; vocales, Enseblo Lnzcando^ •JosC- del C R:MnoH. Ch-otardo F'onseoa.
Sociedad de Expendadores de Carne. (Panama).
Officers are : President, Salonu' Estrada ; vice-i»r»-sident, Juan B. CiHlefio: .sticretary. Jose C. Vergara ; treasurer. Felii)e Castillo. 2.'» members.
Directory of Panama, I, C. C, avd P. R. P. Officials. -4S7 Sociedad de Panaderos. CPanama).
Orticors are : President, Rafael Mondoza ; vice-president, C. G. Martans; treasurer, Pedro Pineda L.; vocales, Octavio Lindo S., Daniel Castro U., Cesar ]*>. Salazar.
U. A. M. &D. of A.
jUNIOPvOKDRR OF D. & A. CLUB, CRISTOBAL-Organizod December 24, 1907. (Officers are : President, R. S. ITonston ; secretary, J. Frank Houston.
Brotherhood of Telegraphers.
Anassocifttiua known as '-The Bix»therliood of Isthmian Telegraphers" was iiistiJiiteU at Tabernilla, C. Z., on April II, 1907 for protective purposes. On September 28, 1907, the telegi-aplrers nn^tand adopted a constitution and by-laws. The fol- lowing; an' enrolled as members : M, D. Abello, P. A. Bigler, B. M. Childress, E. C. D'Aet^vedo, L. C. D'Activedo, A. B. Edwards, G. IT. Edwards, W. S , Essex, L. H. Farmer, A. R Goodenow, W.H. Graeser, 1. Halman, B A Ilawksr D. E. Hays, X. Hoj^iiatt, A. S.Johnson, Sam Jones, (honorary), S. E. Keesey, J. J. Mcliillieiiddy, (honorary), P. H. Mauassa, P. Maradi.-iga, A. A. ^lendoza, M. .M. Moore, J. S. Moss, C. W. Northrop, jr., J. S. O'Doniu-ll, E. F. Orr, R. I. I'lircell, L, F. Ramirez, A J Renton, F, M. Roark, R. E. R(miero. E L Rose. V V Sessions, E. B. Thornton, R. V. Vahlez, R. B. Walker, i' L. Walsworth, M. W. "\V<»oliver. Otttcers are : Chli^f teleg;raplier, W. H. (iraescr ; secretary- and treasurer, A. B Thornton. The boar«l of directors are : the chief telegraplM'r: assistant chief teh';jrai)her, and secretary and treasurer. The chief teh?;;rapher is the chainnan. Regular meetinjis are held on the third Saturdays of January and July of each year.
Locomotive Engineers.
BROTIIERIIOOl) OF l.OCOMOTIV^E ENCIXEERS— Chief Engineer, E. B Swear- inger. Membership about 2(K>.
Railway Conductors.
BROTIIERnOODOF RAILWAY CONDUCTORS-Chief Condncror, W. J. Bis- .<4oll. Memb«^rsllip about 1.50.
Dii'8Gtoi'i| of Panama Gouernnient, Istliniiaii Canal Commission, and Panama Railroad Officials.
REPUBLIC OF PANAMA.
President of the Republic, Dr. Mauuel Amador Guerrero.
First VIee-pix'sident (Primer Designado), Don Jose Domingo de Obaldla.
-4-S8 Piiot atifl Guide,
Second Vlcc-prosldont, (Soffimdo IVsignndo), Don Fodcrlco Boyd. Thiixi Viix^presi«lont, (TonvT iV'Klzimdo^, i>(»u Iliiinfl Alzpuru. Prlviit*' s^H-n t'fv to th<" I*n»si(l«iii, l»<>n (.iuin<-rino Ehrmat).
CABINET OFFICERS.
Secretrto'of Government and Just Ice, Don A rlstidc« Aijona. Awistflnt Sccrotars', Don .TorRc Lul« Pa redes.
Secretary of Foreign RelatlonH, Don llicnrdo A^ah. Af^iKtHnt St»crr:tHr>*, iv»n RWiinlo J. Alfai-o.
Secretary of tlic TrcuKUry, Don I.sJclon> Hazom. ARRl^tunt^^ecn•t«ry, Don T. Martin FoullU't.
Secretitry of Public Instruction, Don M. Ijassodo In Vt'^sR. Asslstrtnt Secretary, T>ou Henjatuin Qulntero A.
Secretary <»f I'ublic Wtirks, Don Jil I'once .1. As-si.stant SecrcUiiy, Don I^adlslao Sosa. tJtflcial Ditcrprrter, Don Julio Ariaw.
GOVERNORS OF PROVINCES.
Docfls del Toro, Don Anibal Gutlerrfie Viana.
<'hlrlqui, l>on Antonio Anjfui/^la.
("<xlts I>on Kllgio OcaHii.
<V)lon, Poi-flrlo Mdendc/,
1^)8 Sjintos, Don .luan Ml. Porcoll.
Panama, T>on Dcmetrio Jirld.
Vernguaa, Don Ezequiel Abadi.i.
NATIONAL TREASURY.
Treasurer, l>on f arlos do It'az;i, Cashier, Don .lose Manml Alzamoi-a.
SUPREME COURT.
President, Dr. Francisco Cm Fabn'<;a. Vlce-pn^ldent, Dr. Fernando Guardia. Attorney General, Dr. rtcrardo Ortega. Se<retury, Don J mm J. Amndo.
CiriL DEPARTMEXT,
tfaij First MagLslratx-, Dr. Jose D. Villareal.
Second MajfistraU\ Dr. Juan Ix>mbardi. j
Tiiird Magisti-ati', Dr. Fernando Guardia. So^^ntary, Don Juan J. Aniado.
CJtlMlXAL DEPAIiTMEKT.
First Miijflstrato (substitute), Dr. Daniel Uallen. Second Mn)j;l.*<tnit<^, Dr. Saturnino L. Periganlt. Secretary, I>on J. D. Arosemcna.
Panama f I. C. C, and P. B. B. Offielals. -^SQ
COURT OF ACCOUNTS.
Judges, Don" Enrique l^f'wis. Don Enriqtie T.inares. and Don Fmnolsoo
Antonio Facio. Si^cretaiy, Don ]Nranuo] A, Ilerrcra A.
CIRCUIT COURT.— Panama.
S[rPIJJ<I01i (JIRCUIT.
.ludgc, Don Aurclio Guavdia. Secrettvrj', Don Carlos Ij. Loi^ez, Attorney, Don H. rxonzaloz Guill.
cjznriXAL ciRcriT.
Judge, Don Alfonso Fabregu. Secretaiy, Don Gregorio Miro. Attorney, Don M. A. Horreiu lu
FIR8T CIJiCTlT.
Judge, Dr. M. A. Noriega. Secretary, Don J. D. Giun'tiia.
.•SECOND cnWUlT.
Judge, Dr. Ismael G. de Paredes. Secrctjiry, Don \'icente T"^eros.
CIRCUIT COURT. -(OLOK.
FIJfST {CIVIL) CIRCUIT.
Judge, Don Manuel S. .Joly. Secretary, Don Azael Goi.zalez.
SECOND {CRIMINAL) CIRCUIT.
Judge, Don Alberto Mendozu.
Secretary, Don Jose Villalobos G.
(Mrfuit Attorney, Don JosC^ de la R. Gonzalaz.
NOTARl£S AND REGISTRARS.^ Vaxama.
Notary No. 1., Don Rjvfael P. Marquez. Notary No. 2., Don Alejandro Briceflo. Heglstrar of Public Documents, Don Octaviauo H. Perez.
NOTARIES AND REGISTRARS. -CoLOX%
Notury, Don Ashi»y H. Bethancourt.
Hegistnir of Puljlic Documents, Don Jose do la T. Grimaldo.
POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT, PANAMA.
Postmaster (Jenenil of the Republic, Don Samuel Boyd. Superinti-ndent, PUigeiiift .T. Chevalier.
A-TO P^ot and Gnide,
POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. COLON.
i*ustnu«.Ntt>r, ikui < »nui«lji>ti' 1« .Martim-y.. 8u]x>iintr'iulfi)t, I>«»n Iloliimlo Anint;<>.
POLICE DEPARTMENT.
Coiaiiiaudiiut, iHtii hkhmitlo Tcrez.
8»"Cond ('oiiiinniKlaiit. ivm Mariano S<wi ('.
NATIONAL BAND OF THE REPUBLIC.
Mu9tcnl Director, Don SnntOH Jorge A.
MUNICIPAL OFFICERS, PANAMA.
MM3-<ir (Ak-aUliM, Don Fnim-jsco dr la Ossh.
^kx•nnn^J^ Don I'jiblo liulz Z.
Prpsldont of Munlt-lixil Council, Don Nicolas i\-ia<l:i.
i'aptain of the Tort, Don J. Fernando Aninjifo.
I'hief of Fln» lH'i>aiinicnt. Don J. iJahricl Dnquc.
Municipal Trwisuivr, Jose A. Tan-dos.
Provincial Disixvtor of PublU- Instruction, Hector Contc D.
Municipal Physician, Dr. ^Sa;■.t*)« J. A>?nlleni.
MunlclpHi Attorney, I>on Honiclo Alnienpor.
MUNICIPAL OFFICERS, COLON.
Mayor ( Alculdei. l>on Benlsrno Andrion. ^Secretu^y, Don Pedro Hulabarria M. Pnf*ldent of Municiiitil rouncil, Don J. P. Barranco. CapUtlu of the Port, Don Juan Jos6 Diaz. Chief of Fire l>ei»irtnient, Don Luis F. Estenoz. Munleiix\l Treasurer, Don M. de J. (irinutldo P. Provincial Insix>ctor of Public Instruction, I>on Martin Ambulo. Municipal Physician, Dr. J. A. Pjiddyfoot. Munielpiil Attorney, Don Aix'adio G. Macia.
ISTHMIAN CANAL COMMISSION.
Lleul.-t oJ. iicii. W. (f«i<'thals, l'.S.A.,('hairjnan and Chief Knsrinccr.Culebm.
Mag. D. D. Gaillard, U. K. A., Culehm.
MaJ. Win. L.'Hll^ert, V. H. A., Culehm.
Civil Euglnetfr, 11. H. Ilousswiu^ U. S. X., Culcbru.
Mr. Jo. C. 8. Blackburn, Ancon.
Col. W. C. GorgHK, V, H, A., Aucon.
Mr. JaekivMi Hniitli, Culebra.
Mr. Joseph Buckliu BLbhop, Secretary, Aneon.
Panama, I. C. C, and P. P. R. Officials, 471
DEPARTMENTS.
CONSTRUC'J'WN A ND KNGINEEIUNG:
Lieut.-Col. Groo. W. Goethals, U. A.,( 'hui rnian ii iid Chief PhvuinetT, Culebi-a, Secretary, Wni. Howard May. Chief Cleric, M. B. DePutron. Office Engineer, A. B. Nichols. .
DEPARTMENT OF EX C A VA TION AND DREDGING:
Maj. D. D. CJaillard, U. S. A., Culebra.
Secretary, W. T. ITayuie.
Division Engineer, Gorgona, Ma,}. Edgar Jadwin, IT. S. A.
Assistiint Division Engin3cr, Gorgona, Capt. Geo. M. Hofiinan, U. S. A.
Division Engineer, Empire, D. W. Bolich.
Chief Clerk, S. J. Kennedy. Assistant Division Engineer, Empire. I,ouis K. Rourke. Division Engineer, Gatun, AVm. Gerig.
Chief Clerk, Mrs. C. L. MacPhei-son. Division Engineer, La Boca, W. G. Comber,
Chief Clerk, David V. Stratton.
DEPARTMENT OF LOCK AND DAM CONSTRUCTION:
Maj. W'm. L. Sibert, U. S. A., Culebra.
Secretary, R. M. Sands.
Division Engineer, Gatun, Maj. Chester Harding, r. S. A.
Assistant Division Engineer, Gatun, Capt. Horton W. Stickle, V. S. A.
Chief Clerk, E. P. Thompson. Division Engineer, Cristobal, Wm. Gerig, Assistant Division Engineei', Gatun, Caleb M. Saville. Division Engineer, Corozal, Sydnej' B. Williamson.
Chief Clerk, E. A. LeMay Electrical and Mechanical Engineer, Culebra, Edwanl Schildhauer. Designing Engineers, Structural Work Design, Henry Goldmark, David
Molitor, Designing Engineers, Masonry Design,^ Culebra, L. D, Cornish, H. F
Tucker. Division Engineer (Division of Meteorology and River Hydraulics), Ancon,
R, M. Arango.
Chief Clerk, D, W. MacCorjnack,
DEPARTMENT OF MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING, MOTIVE POWER AND MACHINERY, AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION:
Civil Engineer H. H. Rousseau, U. S, N., Culebra,
Secretary, J. C, Pai-sons.
Division Engineer, (Division of Municipal Engineering), Ancon.y.T. G.
Holcombe. Superintendent, Motive Power and Machinery, Culebra, George D. Brooke.
Chief Clerk, F. W. Doty. Mechanical Engineer, Earl J, Banta.
-^72
Pilot ami Guide.
3)octon .y. ^L litis SDu/'cin,
Chief Justice of the Canal Zone.
Electrical Enjrliu'cr, A, L RobinKon.
Majetcr BuiMer i DlvlsUm of Bnildin^r Coustnutioin, riilobnt. W. ^r.
BeldiuK. ArchlUvt, Culehm, P. O. Wright^ jr.
ClJicf ChMk, J. H. BarlHjur.
DIVISION OF MATERIA L A ND SUPf'l. ffS:
Chief; W. (4. Tubby, Cristobal. * Chief CU-rk, Max Dyer, CrisloSnt.
Chl«'f <;ierk, \V. C. Ha.sklns, AiKon, Ktationor and Printer, Wm, Krugel, Ani-on
DJl ISION OF MA r-MAKING AND LITHOGRA PlfV:
Chief, Charles K, Bertonrini, An««m.
CIVIL A DMISIS TRA TIOX:
Hood of the Departtnent, Hon. Jo. C. .S. Bluckbnrn. An<*on.
Exivutlve .S«H-rftar>', II. D. llevd, Ancun.
Chief Clork, J. K. Biixtrr, Ancon.
IMvixloD of PukIm, CuKtrnuKand IlevtnncH, Toiu M. Couki^ Antoii.
Deputy Collector, E. I^wis Bak«r, Cristobjil. Deputy C*oll(x-tor, Hennan A. Gudger, Ancon. riiief of Police, Geoi-ge 11. Shanton, Ancon.
Chief Clerk, D. E. McDonald. Chief of Fire Department, C. B. Wcidman, Crlstobar. Asst. Chief, Charles F. Koenier, Cri.stob{\l. Chief Clerk, Addi>^on Bligh.
Superintendent of Public Work."?, Geo. L. Campcn, Anoon. J^egaJ Adviser, Jnocencio Galindo, Ancon. Supt. of Schools, David C. <3'Connor, Ancon.
CAN.4 L ZONE JUDJCrA R \\
SUPREME COURT:
Chief Justice, Dr. V. Mutis Din"!iu, Ancon. Associate J ustice, H. A. Gudger, Empire. Associate Jastice, Lorin C. Collins, Cristobal. < lerk of Court, Walter Emer>% Ancon.
CIRCUIT COURT, FIRST CIRCUIT:
.ludge. Dr. F. Mutis Dumn, Ancon. Circuit Court Clerk, Waller Emery. Ancon.
CIRCUIT COURT, SECOND CIRCUIT:
Judge, H. A. Gudger, Empire.
Circuit Court Clerk, Elbei-t, ]Nf . Goolsby. Empire.
CIRCUIT COURT, THIRD CIRCUIT:
Judge, Lorin C. Collins, Cristobal.
Circuit <.'ourt Clerk, >5elson R. Johnson, Cristobal.
As.sistant Attorney for Isthmian Canal Commission and Panama Railroad,
Geo. H. Bartholomew, Ancon. Pro.s<H'uting Attorney, George M. Shontz, Ancon. Senior District Judge, M. C. Rerdeil, Cristobal. District Judge, Thomas E. Brown, jr., Cristobal. District Judge, S. E. Blackburn, La Boca. District .Judge, Edgar S. Garrison, Empii-e. District Judge, R. C. (Joodale, Gorgona.
SANITATION:
Chief Sjuiiliii-y Officer, Col. \V. C. Gorga,s, IT. S. A,, Ancon. Executive Officer, Maj. C. C. McCulloch jr., U. S. A., Ancon.
Chief Clerk, Hurry E. Bovay. Director of Hospitals, Maj. H. 11. Carter, Ancon.
Chief Clerk, D. A. Laing. <;hief Quarantine Officer, Surgeon J. C. Perry, P. H. and M. H. S., Ancon Superintendent, Ancon Hospitivl, Maj, John L. Phillips, U. S. A., Ancon.
Chief Clerk, J. M. Sinclair. Superintendent, Colon Hospital, J. F. L^yg, U. S. X. Colon.
^7*4 fil^t mid Ouide,
Gencnil Ia8tK>i'tt>r. ('apt. Robt E. Noble, U. S. A., Auoon.
«4uamntiiu« onuvr. Surm^ou I'luudet'. rifnv. P. H. aud M. 11. 8, Culou.
Qunnintiiu' OftttTr, l>r. KU«lwotKl <Ji-uvt«r, Aucuiu
lit-nlth Ofttitr, l)r. .lohii H. !*urnrll, I*>uuiina.
llnUth OQIctr, Dr. M. K. C'ouiu>r, Colon,
Chief 8iuiltur>' Inspcx'tor, Joseph A. LerriiK^e, Ancuii.
LABOR, QCAKTERU, AXD SCflSISrEXCE:
•r. .InrksiMi Smith, rulcbra. AaslMiiiit .Manager. R. K. Wood, riilobm.
ChkJ CUik, s. I". Kluul>rr. Huporiutoiult'iit, J. M. MuRUin, l.a IUku DiviNlon, Ancuii. >*uiK»rlntond«'nt. Charles L. I*jirk«'r, Uonrona Division, Ciorjfonn. Sui>erlntcndont, KdKJ»r I^"»\v»», Crlstol»jil Division, Cristobal. Su|XTlntcndont, C. C. MK'olliy, Cukbni Division. Enjpirc.
DISBURSEMENTS:
Dlabunsiiijf OfMt-«T. Edward .1. Wlllianis. Km pin . Chief Ckrk, Wm. M. Wood.
£XA MIXER OF A CCOL'XTS:
H. L. 8luntz, Enipiiv. Chief Clerk, W. D. Miibry.
Panama Railroad and Panama Railroad S* S. Gj*
NEW VOUK OKKXCE, NO. 24 STATE STIiWET. OKNEKAL OFK1CE8 OX THE ISTHMrS, COLON, It. P.
President, Col. (Jco. W'. Gocthals, Culcbra, C. Z. Vice-President, Edwaixl A. Drake, New York. .SecreUirj-, T. H. Rosslxjttom, New York. Trea.surer, 8ylvt«ter Demintf,
Assistant to I'resident and General Manager, Hinini. J. Sliter, Colon, K. P. Auditor, John Adams. New York. Local Auditor, F. B. Stewart, Colon.
Pa«*enKcr AgentK, C, C. Van Kiper, New York; James Uogau,* Philadel- phia, and Wm. H. Evans, Boston. Freight Agent, A. K l*aterson. New York. Special Agent, I'. H. Cahill, New York. Agent, F. R. Peake, 8an FranclKco. Superintendent. J. .\. 8mith, Colon. Assistant 8np«*rintcndent, It. W. licrgin, (,'olon. Acting Trainmaiiter. F. Y. Tiiompwjn, Colon. Chief Dispatcher, B. W. Joneti, Colon.-
Panama, I. C, C, and P. 11. B. Officials. 4-75
Master Mechanic, P. G, Btiker, Colon.
Supt. ot Tel. & Tel., W. J. Rodman, Colon. .
Cashier, R^ H.WaTdlaw, Colon.
Paymaster, P. G. Hoyt, Colon.
Land Agent, R. Yung, Colon.
Chief Kugineer, R. Bndd, Colon.
SniJl. B. and B., J. A. Purdilm, Colon.
Master Carpentei', J. D. Tysingor, Colon.
Roadmaster of Maintenance, E. Zook.
Roadmaster of Constrnction, M. B. Connolly.
(^hief Electrician, Cbas. Giickel.
Chief I'lcrk, Office of Geneml Manager, W. G. Tucker, Colon.
Chief Clerk, Office of Maintenance and Construction, C. W. Lee, Colon.
Chief Clerk, Transix)i-tation Department, F. W. Fitch,lColon.
Tmveling Auditor, J. C. Angel, Colon.
Relf. Agent, A. W. Ennis, Colon.
R. F. A. P. C, P. E. Cruchley, Colon.
Commissary Manager, John Burke.
Sales Manager, W. F. Shipley.
General Storekeeper, Cold Storage Department, S. M.^Whitt:.
General Storekeeper, P. R. R., E. L. Huhl>ard.
Gen. Yardmaster, J, K. Baxter, Colon.
R. F. A. P. C, J. St. C. Hunt, La Boca.
Colon Agejit, A. S. Jussen.
(^olon Ticket Agent, A. S. Mendes.
Gatun Agent, J. IT. Hamilton.
Bohio Agent, M. D. A hello.
Tabernilla Agent, E. B. Thornton.
San Pablo Agent, F. C. Cornwall.
Mamei Agent, P. H. Manassji.
Gorgona Agent, D. E. Hayes.
Matachin Agent, P. L. Bradley.
Bas Obispo Agent, P. I. Purcell.
Las Cascadas Agent, G. M. Noltee.
Empire Agent, W. H. Graeser.
Culebra Agent, F. M. Roark.
Pedro Miguel Agent, R. B. Walker.
Coi'ozal Agent, A. B. Goodenow.
Panama Agent, D. J. Deasy.
Panama Ticket Agent, I. Halman.
Gen. Yardmaster, J. H. Luther, Panama.
It' you wish the Best and Prettiest Cards tor Dance Programs. Invitations, Visits, etc., etc.. Go to the
''Star & herald" Printing Office.
ITO. IS SOTJTH AVE32SrXJE3, i=»A.IT-A.l^A.,
DRINK
BUDWEISER
"KING OF ALL BEERS.
>>
^ii
PREMIER PRODIXT OF THE MALSTER'S SKILL.
Frank Ullrich & Co,
Sole Agents on the Isthmus. Panama and Colon, R. P,
k
■*^«?^S5^j^
5"^
Classified Business Directory of Panama City. ^ / /
Classified Business Directory
OF THE
CITY OF PANAMA,
Pop. J 904: 20,305.
Pop. 1908: 37,210.
Estimated value op building operations FP.OM January 1, 1905 to January 1, 1908:— $ 3.500,000 U. S. G.
ARCHITECTS.
(ARQUITECTOS.)
Agosti. Pietro, 52 W. 15th St. Aroseraena,Ploreneio Harmodio,
6 Plaza de Herrera. Bon villi, Domingo, 36 Tliird St. Bonvini, A. D., 15 Central Ave. Bravo, Abol, 29 4th St.,. Caselli, Napoleon, 36 North Ave . Cubello, Julian Jimenez, 38
Fourth St. Escaniilla, Francisco, 116 Central
Ave , , Baraiiano's Drug Store . Guardia, Enrique de la, 71 W.
14th St. Perkins, P. I., 31 7th St. Ruggieri, G. N., 103 E. 12th St.
ADVERTISING COMPANIES.
(COMPANIAS DE ANUNCIOS.) Misteli & Jones, 61 Fifth St.
BAKERIES.
VPANADERIAS.)
Chavez & Blois, Camilo Chavez & Pedro Blois, 15, 21st. St.
Diaz, Pedro A.. 82 Fifth St. Garcia, Hnos., 211 E. 1.3th St. Garcia, Severo, 114 W. 14th St. Gibert, Jos4, 34 and 200 Central
xVve. and 81 W. 12th St. Mata, Francisco, 207 Central Ave. Moncallo, Celedonio, 22 W. 12th
St. Rivera, Ismael, 117 W. 14th St. Walker & Duin, 36 Via de la
Sabana.
BANKS AND BANKING.
(BANCOS Y BANQUEROS.)
American Trade Dev. Co., 97
Central Ave., Ramon Arias F.,
Mgr. Banco Hipoteeario, 49 8th St.,
Albino H. Arosemena, Mgi-. Brandon «& Bros., Isaac, 51 Eighth
St., Alexander Morrice, Mgr. Ehrmau & Co., 60-62 Fifth St.,
Felix and John Ehrman, Mgrs. Fidanque «& de Castro, 93 Central
Avenue, M. Fidanque, Mgi-. Fidanque & Sons, M., 93 Central
Ave., M. Fidanque, Mgr.
^ys
Piht mnd Qmide.
latemational Rankinfr r^r}>oni- tion, 4:»-45 7th St. ami 49 Cen- tmlAvc. \V. Bmul) Cole.Mgr.
PMianm lianking (\>.. 38 Fifth 8t.,rhas. H. Flicke. Mgr.
BARBER SHOPS. (BARBEKL\.S.^
Salcedo, Tioeiite, Hotel Coatral* Thomson, Jos^, i2o Cc-utral Ave,
BICYCLE REPAIR SHOPS. COMPOSICION UK BICICLETAS
Kegis & Iia<*rniHado. IIH K. ]'2th
St. SpaccarotoU,Fid<*ly -*> Balboa St.
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Allen. i\, 343 Central Ave. |
BILLIARD ROOMS. |
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.Vrenas, Exequiel, 104 -Eleventh |
' HilLLAKES. |
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^ St. |
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Burton E.. 440 Central Ave. |
HaldeuHvar ^c <' ' '" |
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Def/amhi. Julio, li>4 CVutral Av««. |
1 Ave. |
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I>e(;ra«Ma, Juan B.. 14G Ave. B. |
' Espinosa, Carioi^, UU .Suu \ k«iiI»' |
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Diaz, Eliwloro, 144 Central Ave. |
St. |
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Di.iz, JosO M., 114 E. 12th St. |
; rraga, Seoane y Co. , 273 Central |
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Estero. E«luardo(T.. 1l»0 Central |
1 Ave. |
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Ave. |
Metropole ITotel, F. P. PeUrson, |
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Goodiu. K. A., 9 Jos<^ de Hi- |
Proprietor, 170-17i2 Central |
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ginio St . |
Ave. |
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Hassan. Toinas, 33 Eighth St. |
Monde«ie, L. D . , 165 North Ave. |
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Magallon, Marcelino, L'GT Central |
McLean, O. G., The Turf, 12 |
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Ave. |
Plaza de la ludependencia. |
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Menes M., Lizardo. 495 Central |
Ordonez. Gregorio, H7 Colon St. |
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Ave. |
Olarte, Gabriel, 43 G St. |
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Nievas. Andres, 100 Eleventh St. |
Ramirez, Sinforesa, 16 Twenty- |
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Ocaua Miguel, I'SS E. 14th 8f |
first St. |
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Oliva, Jos<5 de la, 21 Marafiou. |
Sedas, Jo86 Alberto de, 114 E. |
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Orozco, Juan de Jesus, 43 B. St. |
12th St. |
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Eadeliff, H. C, 237 Central Ave. |
Villaplaua, Guerrero & Co , 237 |
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Bodaniche, Areadio, 384 Central |
Central Ave. |
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Ave. |
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Rodriguez, Aiitonio, 88 Eleventh |
BLACKSMITHS & HORSE- |
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St. |
SHOERS. |
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Rodriguez, Juan, 133 Central |
(HEKKADORES.) |
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Ave. |
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Roldao, ^Vntouio, 457 Central |
Cnmmings, Roberto, 350 Central |
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Ave. |
Ave. |
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Budaa, Isaiaa, 97 W. 12th St. | |
Fernandez. Claudio, 82 B. St. |
Classified Business Directory of Panama ('ify.
A-VB
Marshall, J., 82 Caledouia St. WhyuD. Roberto, 62 Caledonia 8t.
BOOT A SHOE STORES.
(ALMACENES DE CATiZADO.)
Miiller, Oscar, 70 Central Ave. Regal Shoe Store, Carlos Miiller
& F C. Herbniger, 79 Central
Ave.
CABLE COMPANIES.
(COMPANIAS DE CABLES.)
Central & South Araeriean Tele- graph Co., J. R. Cotter, Mgr., 34 Fifth St. and 27 Avenue A.
West India & Panama Cable Co., Egerton Humber,Mgr. , 2 Sixth St.
CAPITALISTS.
(CAPITALIST AS.)
Arias, Tomas, 12 Sixth St. Arias, F. Agustin, 84 Central
Ave. Boyd, Federieo, ^^^ Fifth St.
CHARCOAL DEALERS.
(CARBONERIAS.)
La Mereed, Central Avenue, Prov. Jose Quinzada.
San P'ranciseo, San Francisco Park jProv. Jose Suarez.
San Jose, Cor. Av. B and 8th St.
Santa Ana, Santa Ana Park, Yieario Prov. Antonio M. San- guillen.
Wesleyan Methodist (Colored) Rev, M. B. King, Pastor.
Young Men's Christian League, AnconBlvd., Miss Rose John- son, Secretary.
St. Paul's Anglican Church, Rev. G. O. Eskins. Pastor, 345 Cen- tral Avenue.
Ku Kin Chan, Chon Han, Mgr., 174 North Ave.
Yan Wo, F. Azcarate, Mgr., 138 North Ave.
CIGAR FACTORIES.
(FABRIC A DE TABACOS.)
Gomez, Carlos, 266 Central Ave. Hull , Cyril S . , 216 Central Ave . Morris & Co.,E., 303 Central Ave. Perigault, A. B., 170 North Ave. Utter, C. H., 290 Central Ave.
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\ Oliva, Ipolito de la, 158 North |
CIGAR STORES. |
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Ave. |
(CIGARRERIAS.) |
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Ross, Carlos, 112 Ancon Blvd. |
Blasco, Antonio, 242 Central |
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CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS |
Ave. |
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SOCIETIES. |
Dutary, Alberto, 13 Balboa St |
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(IGLESIAS.) |
Ferran, Antonio, 235 E. 15th St. Garcia, Gei-\-asio, 192-193 Cen- |
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Cathedral, Cathedral Park. |
tral Ave. |
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Chinese Joss House, F. Azcarate, |
Mellado, I., 149 Central Ave. |
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Mgr., 27 Balboa St. |
Olivares, A., 5 W. 16th St. |
480
POot and Omd$,
Sanchez, Luis, 149 (Vulral Ave. Soley. Romana, 266 Central Ave. Silva, Oonzalo. 240 E. 15th St.
COFFEE STORES. (CAFfoi )
Lievioli RioHnlo.llK') (Viitral Ave. Villarreal. Adelina, 160 Twelfth St.
COMMISSION^MERCHANTS. (QOMISIONISTAS.)
Abad, David, 249 Central Ave. American Ti-ade Developing Co.,
97 Central Avenue, Ramon
Arias, F., Mgr. Arosemena Hnos., 2od Thir- *" t^euth St., Ednardo Yeaza,
Mgr. Brandon & Bros., Isaac, Alexan- der MoiTice, >Igr , ol Eighth
St. Calvo, Raul J., 72 North Ave. Colonial Trading Co., Ernest
Lagarde, jr., President Fidanque & Sons, M. Fidr.uque,
Mgr., 1):J Centml Ave. Jacobs, A., 56-60 North Ave. Jaeger, Carlos, 6th St. Deposit,
1.5o Avenue A. Jaeger, Carlos, Office 6 6th St. Lively &^Wissenberger, 72 Fifth
St.' Maduro e Hijos, Henry Madiuo,
Manager, O.'i North Avenue. West Coast Trading Co., P. L.
Fellinger, Managf*v .'.•! Siixtli
St.
CONFECTIONERS.
(DULCERIAS.)
(.iouzalez, Pedro, ull Central
Avenue. Moncallo, Celedonio, 22 W. 12th
St. SantOK, Dolores, 2'>4 Central
Ave.
DENTISTS. (DENTISTAS.)
Calvo, Dr. J. B. 118 Central Are. Arango, Dr. Julio, 45 Ninth St. Gallol, Dr. A. Q , 44 Central Ave. Gutierrez, Dr. Marcel, 44 Fifth
St. Cooper. Dr. A. S., 8 Sosa St.
DISTILLERIES.
vALAMBK^UES.)
Chiug Sung, 284 Avenue B. Tarte & Bravo, Abel Bravo, Man- ager, 145 South Ave.
DRUGGISTS.
(BOTICAS.)
Aguilera, Dr. S. J., 182 Central Avenue.
Baranano, Eusebio, 116 Central Avenue.
Benedetti, Hnos., Rainou Bene- detti, Manager, 2 stores, 4;) and :j26/ 'entral Ave., "La Union. "
Duran, Eustaijuio, 11 Caledonia St.
Espiuosa, B., Manual, 103 Cen- tral Avenue, Central Pharmacy
Classified Bimncss Directory of Panama Citij.
481
Kohpcke, Artiiro, 73 Central Avenue, Cathedral Pharmacy.
Lewis, H. A., 18 B. Street, Santa Ana Drug Store.
:Martijiez, Abraham, English Pharmacy, 81 Central Ave.
Mora & Roman, :Manuel A. Mora, Manager, 179 North Ave.
Moran, Javier 086 Central Ave. •
Preciado & Co., Y. Preeiado, Manager, 2 stores, 1 16 Central Avenue, Corner Avenue B. and Eighth Street, Sucursal 210 Avemie B.
Uribe, Augusto, 2.50 Avenue B.
rtter, Chas. H., 290 Central Avenue and 229 W. 1.5th St.
DRYGOODS AND NOTIONS.
(GEXEROS Y XOYEDADES.)
Amigo, Miguel, 77 Central Ave. Cardoze, M, D., Cor. 8th Street
and Avenue B. Chamoiro, Salvador, 1G8 Central
Avenue. Dannis, B., 27G Central Avenue. De Castro, Daniel, 68-70 Eighth
Street. DeHincapie, Florencia N., i;Jl
Avenue A. Del Rio & Co. , C. F., 112 Avenue
B., Deposit 97 Avenue B. Delvalle Bros., Cor. Ave. B, and
9th St. De Sola & Co., H., o5 Central
Avenue. Fuentes, M. & S., 409 Central
Avenue.
Garcia, Ignaeio Ruiz, 129 North Avenue Sucursal 129 North Avenue, near Market.
Henriquez, Herman, J. C, 91 Central Avenue.
Henriquez, M. D. , 11 5-1 1 9 Cen- tral -Avenue.
Henriquez, S. D., jr., 107-9, Ave. B. and 60 Ninth St.
Herbruger Co. The F. C.,2 stores, 101 North Avenue, 131 North Avenue, Depot 87 North Ave-
Heurtematte & Co., M.,77 Ave. B.
Horane, Bechara, 141 North Avenue.
Kaplan & Co., M., Eighth St., and Avenue B.
Lindo, Mauricio, 89 Central Ave.
Luria & Co., 80 Avenue B.
Mahoney, T. J., Cor. Ninth St., and Avenue B.
Manzano & Co., M., 8 B. St.
Mezrahi, J . 139 North Avenue, 209 Tiiirteenth St., 2 stores.
Mires, Alexandra, 80 North Ave .
Maduro-Lupi, Co., 95 North Ave.
Oduber, Porfirio, 54 Eighth St.
Perigault, P., 1 Balboa Street.
Piza, Lindo & Co., 57-63 Ave. B.
Piza,Piza, & Co., 74 Central Ave.
Tonce, Belardino, 252 Central Avenue.
Quelquejeu, L. A., 86-88 Ave. B.
Rodriguez, Maria de la Paz, 10 Balboa St.
Sasso & Sons, 72 Centi'al Ave.
Sehuber, Mrs. Dolores, 275 Cen- tral Ave.
Segurau M., 118 North Avenue.
Shocron. S., 247 Central Avenue.
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Stanxiola, Rafael, 108 North Ave. Toleilano & Sonn, 95 Central
Ave. Villareal ('.. 91 Elevt?nlh St.
ELECTRIC LIGHT A POWER.
(LIZ ELE( TRICA.)
Panama-Amerieaa Corporation. Office and Plant, 1 Niutli St.
EXPORTERS A IMPORTERS.
(EXroUTAlHJKES K IMl'OK- T ADORES.)
/nnour & Co., 56-60 North Ave. Lupi, AmadeoC. 143 Central
Avenue. Swift & Co., N. R. de .Andmde,
Manager, 126 Avenue B. Ycaza,Braulio, \o'A V2 Eighth St.
EXPRESS COMPANIES. (COMPANIAS DE EXPRESOS)
Wells Fargo Expres*^ Co. J. L.
To>>Ti.send, Agent P. R. R. <'o. American Expreiis Co., American
Trade Developing Co., Agents*
•7 Central Ave. ' Panama & Cuban Express Co.,
West Coast Trading Co., AgtK.,
56 South St.
FRUIT DEALERS, (FRUTERIAS.)
Estevcs & Co. Jose M., l»90-'J9li
E. 14th St. laaza, Pedro, 19 Bal1>oa St.
.liron, Peti-a, :i4 Colon St. Ross, Carlos, 112 Aneou Boule- vard. Sanchez, Jo.s<:«, 1:16 North Ave.
FURNITURE.
(MrEHLEKIAS.)
Careta. Eduanlo, 25S Central
Avenue, Cowes, Carlos A,. 146 Central
Avenue. ( 'owes, Ouillermo A. . .'>1>0 ( 'entrn 1
Avenue. PIza, Lindo & Co , 57-6.3 Ave. B Santeugini, A.. 82-84-86 W.
12th St.
GENERAL MERCHANDISE. (MERCANCIAS GENERAL. >
Abad. Da>-id, 299 Central Ave. Alvarado, G. A., 127 NorthAve. Ardito, N., 86 North Avenue. Arosemena & Co, F. , U.VLil
Avenue A. Diaz, B. & F., 175 North Ave. Del Rio & Co.,C. F., Cor. Ninth
Street and Avenue B. Delvalle, Man\iel D. Henrifjuez,
216 Thirteenth St Fabrega, Ernesto, 2 stores, 82-84
Avenue B. and 95 Avenue A. Guardia & Co., 69 Eighth Street,
Agustin Amngo jr., Manager. Hen'era.Eli8ondo,2 19 Thirteenth
Street. Simons & Velasquez. 78 North
Avenue. Valencia, W.^ 80 North Avenue.
Classified Business Director)/ of Panama City.
483
Villalaz & Co., 119-1 L>5 North Avenue. Depositories, 117 North Ave., 105-107 Elevejitli Street, 115 Eleventh Street, 122-124 Eleventh St.
Wilson, Carlos A., 5-7 Colon St,
GROCERS AND PROVISION MERCHANTS.
ABARROTES y PROYISIONES
Alvarado, (Jr. A., 127 North Ave. Arias Feraud, Ramou, 137 North
Avenue, Ramon Arias F. jr.,
Manager . Armour &Co., A. Jacobs,Agent,
56-60 North Ave. Canavaggio, P., 82 Central Ave. Conte, Antonio, Plaza de Santa
Ana, and 150 W. 13th Street. De Caro, Daniel, 379 Central
Avenue. De Diego, C, 116 North Ave. De Lemos, Jose, Cor. Avenue B.
and Seventh St. Goti, Alberto J., 127 Avenue A. Menotti, Pablo, 178 Central Ave. Oetavio, A,, 84 Maranon. Obarrio, Gabriel, 85-87 Avenue A. Rumler, Jose D., 184 North Ave. Salgueiro & Alvarez, 123-125
North Avenue Depository, 161-
169 Twelfth St. Sanchez, Miguel, 142 North Ave. The International Trading Co, ,
Ltd., T. A. Brown, Manager,
264 Central Avenue. Ullrich & Co., Arturo de Lemos,
Manager, 54-58 Fifth St.
HARDWARE A IRONMONGERY.
(FERRETERIAS.)
Arias F. Agiistiii, 84 Central
Avenue . Arosemena, linos., 223 Thir- teenth Street, Constantino
Arosemena. Mgi'. Bellino, Ernesto, 151 North Ave. Chiari, Nicolas, 105 North Ave. Guardia & Co., Agustin Arango,
Manager, 68 Eighth St. Lyons «& Co., Emanuel, 2 stores,
78 Central Avenue and 340
Central Avenue . Villalaz & Co., N. Villalaz, Mgi-.,
119 North Avenue.
HARNESSMAKERS.
(TALABARTERIAS.)
Perry, F., 118 B. St.
Sufrez & Co., 167 E. 16th St.
HATMAKERS.
(SOMBREREROS . )
Alain, B., 156 Twelfth St.
Charri, Estevan, 21 Balboa St.
Endara, M., 69 Ninth St.
Lopez, M. M., 102 Eleventh St.
Rodriguez, Evaristo, 109 Elev- enth St.
Subia, E., 238 Central Avenue.
Terrelonge, John , in front La Boca Switch.
HIDE DEALERS.
(CUEROS Y ZUELAS.)
Calvo, Raul J., 72 North Avenue. Lupi, Amadeo C, 143 Central Avenue.
^m*
f^ m
C-3
O
—5 O
4.84-
FOot a»d Guid9.
f/i
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8
I
r1
Torm, F.. 164 North Avenue. HOTELS.
vlluTELES).
Ainvrioan Ex<.>hauge, Mme. Dii-
raaR-Ivi»roy, Prop., Santa Ana
Park. An);elini, Liifs Angvlini, Prop..
r>K; Central Avenue. Aster, S. Fr<»e<l»mr^, Mnnagrer,
lin> Central Avenue, • tntral, John Khrraan, Manager,
fronting Catlieilral Plaza. « ontinental .Lizardo Menes M.,
Prop., 491 Central Avenue. Genova, Matias Batalla. Prop.,
19 B St. <iran Hotel Milan, Giuseppe Di-
bauna, 278 Central Avenue. Italia, Tomas Martinez, Prop.,
226 Central Avenue. Kenmore, C. S. Buttriek, Prap.,
Central Avenue, fronting An-
eon Boulevard. La Audaluei<i, .Tuan Mimo, Prop.,
487 Central Avenue. Ij& Marina, Pefia y VilA, Pi-ops.,
70 Fifth St. T^ Union, Pedro Martin, Prop.,
21 B St. Metropole. F. P. Petersen, Pr»p.,
170-172 Central Avenue. f atria, EmoliaMong, Prop.. 4G7-
091 Central Avenue. The Tropic. J . H. .TohuHon
Prop., 343 Central Avenue. Tivoli, AneoD, J. M. Maguire,
Mgr., Ch. M»»rritt, A»»t. Jyigr.
ICE CREAM PARLOR
ClIKLADKHI.V.^.)
Ch(** Vietoria, 39 Seventh St.,
Cathedral Park Herbniger, I^uis, l.... t , niial
Avenue near Santa Ana Park. Montero, Ferinin. 128 Central
Avenue, "lU'X del Mundo'*.
ICE DEALERS (HIELO).
Pan a ma- American Corjioration, Offi<-e & Faetory, No. 1 Ninth St.
Yeaza He Diez, Brauli Mirr.. 0(1 Avenu*' H.
Yeaza
INSURANCE COMPANIES.
(COMPANIAS I)R SKGCKOS.)
American Ti*ade Dev. Co., 07 Cent. Avenue, Kamon Anas F.
Mgr. Aracricnn Bazaar, Carlos Eleta.
& a. Ei8ennian. H7 C^-ntral
Avenue. Hergnido, Carlos, 'J'6 .lose de O-
baldia St. Ehrmau& Co.,.lohn& Feli.x Ehr-
nian. Mgrs., i)iUV2. Fifth St. Fidanque & Sons, M. Fidanque..
Mgr., 93 Central Avenue. Intemationul Life IiiNuranee Co.,
J. N. Popham, Viee-preeident,
44 North Avenue. Madura-Lupi & Co., Henry Ma-
duro. Mgr., 93 North Avenue.
Classified Bimness Directory of Panama City.
^85
Piza, Piza & Co,. Cor. Centi-al I
Avenue and 8th St. j
Toledano S. L. & Sons. S. L. Tole- j dauo Mgr. , 95 Cent rai Avenue .
JEWELERS & WATCHMAKERS |
(JOYERIA Y RELOJERIA.) j
Aldrete, Pedro, 312 NinlliSt. Pla- I za de Herrera,
Calorie, J. A., 28+ Central Ave- nue, i
Claramuut, Salvador. 2G0 Ceu tral Avenue.
De Diego, Julio F., 07 Sixth St.
(rloge, Roberto, 61 Central Ave- ] nue. !
Ilaak, Otto, 75 Central Avenue. •
Lacroisade & Retjis. 41 Seventh ' St. I
Marquis J. S., 7 4th of July St. ;
Misteli, Jose, 87 Central Avewae • & 50 Eighth St. j
Miiller Oscar, 70 ( 'entral Ave- nue.
Nunez, ]^:meterio, 54 W. 13th St,
Ponee, Arturo, 292 Central Ave- nu«^,
Ponee, Belardino, 252 Central A- venue
Ybanez, Francisco, 232 Central
Avenue. Ycaza, Pedro, 151, W. 12th St.
AMERICAN LAUNDRIES
(LAA^ANDERIA AMERICANA)
American J^aundry, L. S. Morde- cai, Prop.. 31 W. 16th St.
LAWYERS
(ABOUADOS.)
Arosemena, D. J., 19 Tenth St. Aguilcra, Salomon Ponee, 132
South Avenue . Arosemena, Pablo, 223 E. IStli
St. Ballen, Daniel, 72 Nortli Aveuue Baranano, Faustino, 86 Plaza de
Arango.
Bonis, J.
Avenue B.
AMiitbourae J. A., 3G5 Central Avenue.
Panie, Francisco, ('}>^ Fourtli St.
Puertaz, TI. Jose, 164 W. 14th
St. Redoudo, A.. U4 and 260 Central
Avenue . White, A., 328 Central Avenue.
! Badiola CI.,Miceno. 45 Third St. ' <'ano, Jose Hilario, 76 South i Avenue.
\ Dannis, Sam. B., 276 Central
Avenue. j Duran, Facundo Mutis, Ancon. j <^anal Zone.
Fabrega, Julio, 37 Nintli St. Teran, Oscar, 32 Fourth St. Filos, Francisco, 25 Central
Avenue. Garcia Dr. Juan C'uevas. 36
Fifth St. Hennqm-z, Juan. 143 Plaza
Arango. Hinckley, Theo C, 35 Fifth St. Jaramillo, Ernesto, 36 Fifth St.
|
-486 Piht attd Guid9, |
|
|
Jesumn, Abraham. 65 SoTenth |
Arosemenn, Hdo«, 223 E. Thir- |
|
St. |
teenth St. |
|
Lonibardi, Juan. 75 Aveaue A. |
Guardia & Co., Agiwtin Arango |
|
MoraloH, Etuiebio A., 7L» North |
Jr., Mgr , G9 Eighth St. |
|
Avenue. |
Piuel & Company., Chiari and Ji- |
|
Noriegnft, Manuel A., 115 Central |
menez, Mgrs., 103 E. Ifith St. |
|
Avenue |
Quelquejeu & (%>., ood Central |
|
Ortega, Oerardo, 117 Avenu<» A. |
Avenue. |
|
Pawiefi. Ismael G. <ie., 187 Ave- |
Ycaza, Edimnio. i>ep.. 20U |
|
nue A. |
North Avenue. |
|
Patiiio. n.. 49 W. Uth St Picon, .loH^ Maria A'ivcs. o5 Ave- nue A. |
MACARONI MANUFACTURERS. (FABRICAS DE FIDEOS.) |
|
Ponce, J. Jil, 37 Ninth St. |
Bellino, Ernesto. 14-1« VV. 12th |
|
Pomw, Belisario, 90 W. Twelfth |
St. |
|
St. • Ptrigault. Saturnine, 17 Ninth St. |
MACHINE SHOPS. |
|
Kozo, Santiago. 3G Fifth St. |
(FABKICA DE HIEKKO Y |
|
Valdes, Hector M, 47 NoHh Ave- |
MADERA.) |
|
nue. Valdes. Kamon M., 42 Fifth St. |
Calamar, Francisco, 179-1 SI W. 14th St. |
|
VillalHZ. Nicanor, 125 Eleventh |
Chapeto, Pedro, 13 W. 16th St- |
|
St. |
Germino Jos(S 162 Twelfth St. |
|
LOAN COMPANIES |
Pa viche, Manuel. 110 Eleventh |
|
COMPAXIAS DE PRESTAMOS) |
Street. |
|
Arias, F. Agustin, 84 Central Avenue ConD{»ania de Prestamos y Cons- tniccione«.. J. Gabriel Duque. |
MARBLE DEALERS. (Marm(»lenH.^.) Frazzi, Jo8(5, 153 W. 15tli St. |
|
Pres. Sixth St. |
MARKETS. |
|
Sucesora de Manuel Ja^n, Flora de Jaen, Mgr., 114 Eleventh St. |
(MEKCAUUS) The Panama Market. Antonio |
|
! LUMBER DEALERS |
Tjinares, Mgr., North Avenue. |
|
t.MADKR.VS) American Lumber Co., 64 Cen- { tml Avenue., Haniou Arias F. |
MATTRESS MAKERS. (COLCIIONKKIAS... |
|
Mgr. |
EKtruda, Jil ., 248 Central Avenue |
|
? Ai-oKemeua, F.. 145-151 Avenue |
HENDERSON, A. A^ **La Cu- |
|
A,, Eduardo Icaza., Mgr, |
baoa", No. 58 North St. |
|
Classifivd Business Directory of Panama City. A-QY |
|
|
Henderson, A. A., 58 Ninth St. |
1 MILK DEALERS. |
|
Ureta, Pedro, 96 Eleventh St. |
fVENTA DE LECHE.; |
|
MEN'S OUTFITTERS. |
Arias, Ricardo, 61 North Ave , |
|
^'ElCangrejo." |
|
|
(ROPA PAKA H0MBRE2.) |
Aizpuru, Rafael, 58 South Ave. , |
|
Aaron & Sons,! , 105-107 Central |
'"Caledonia." |
|
Avenue . |
Aehurra, Ceratiu, Etelvina Lopez, |
|
. American Bazaar, 67 Central |
10 W.B.th St |
|
Avenue |
Alfaros, "Bailamonos. " |
|
American Bazaar, Cor. Central |
Ardilas, 4th St., & Avenue B. |
|
Ave. and B. St. |
Carbone, Carlos, 12 W. 13th St. |
|
MiUler, Carlos, Cor. 6th St. and |
Chanis, Daniel, ''Pedro Miguel." |
|
Cathedral Park |
Diaz, Domingo, Ancon Blvd. |
|
Dutary, Juan, "La Noria." |
|
|
MIDWIVES. |
Diaz, Pedro, 80 Fifth St. |
|
(OBSTATRICES) |
Garros, Carlos. "San Miguel." |
|
Guardia, Eduardo, "La Cairas- |
|
|
Cardenas, C, 24 Plaza Santa A- |
quilla, 115 Ninth St. |
|
na |
Herrera, Elisondo, 219 E. 13th |
|
Chatru, Emilia, W. 14th St. |
St. |
|
Mallergas, Las., "Caledonia.'' |
|
|
Gonzalez, Luz, 80 Colon St. |
Obarrio, Nieanor, Juan" Franco." |
|
Pinel, Hnos., "Bella Vista." |
|
|
MILLINERY & DRESSMAKING. |
Paredez, Jose, "Hato Pintado." |
|
(SOMBRERERIA Y ROPA BE |
Ruiz, Ignacio, "Las Sabanas." |
|
SENORAS.) |
Terrero, Bentura, " Crematorio |
|
Viejo. " |
|
|
De Brun,Mrs. Maria S., 270 Cen- |
Vergara, Tomas, "LaPulida." |
|
tral Avenue., ''La Eleganeia". |
Ycaza, M. M., 153 E. 13th St. |
|
De Calvo. Josepha R., Bazar de |
MINING COMPANIES. |
|
Modas , 149 Central Avenue, |
|
|
DuBois, C. C. S., 339 Cent. Ave. |
(COMPANIAS DE MINAS) |
|
Fernandez & Co., Serafina, 204 |
Darien Gold Mining Co., Pablo |
|
Central Avenue "Las Espafio- |
Pinel, Mgr. 113 North Avenue |
|
las". |
|
|
MONEY EXCHANGES. |
|
|
Illueca, Ignaeia, 6 Avenue A, |
|
|
James Mrs. E., 359 Central |
(CAMBIO DE MONEDAS) |
|
Avenue. |
Baraiiano, Eusebio, 116 Central |
|
Renaut, Mme. 52 Eighth St, |
Avenue. |
O 1
4-88
PHot and Guide.
JO-
3?
^ !
II
M P
" c
• o
is
c
GaneU, J<m6, 65 Ontnd Avenue Ganiy. Antonio BU?«eo de, 242
CVntral Avenue. Ouerm, Antouio, 17 Central
Avenue, ^enotti. Pablo. ITS Centra]
Avenue S4nchez, Luis. 14» Central
Avenue Ba«lillo, E. Z.. <'<jntTiil Avenue.
MOSAICS.
(MOSAICOSO
K. Chellini & Co., 1., Ceiitml
Avenue Khrman, JuHn, El <'hoiri]lo.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
l^INSTKl'MEXTUS DE MUSICA.)
AiuiK»'». Mitniel, 77 renlral Ave- nue.
(.Tareia, irervacio, 192 Central Avenue.
Jacobs, A., 56-00 North A\enue.
Re<luii<lo A., 114 Central Avenue
Lively & W)seijl>erger, 72 Fifth Kt.
NEWSPAPERS.
(PEKIODICOS.)
W Cronista, Aureliauo «le la
Torre, Prop.. 39 First St. El Duende, Edniundo Botello,
Prop., 121 E. 12th St. El Pain, [Enpino & Co.. Pi'ops.,
130 Ave. B. El Tiempo, J. V. Jiu\y. Mgr.,
4 Sosa Street.
GacetaOtteial, Liwintio Bsplno, . Editor.
La Fratemidad, La * uujMUitivu, Ole^rio Henrique/.. Mjjr.
LaHepubliea, Aizpuru, Aizpuru, Prop., 140 E. 12th Street.
Nuevos Ritos, Rieardo Miro, Prop., 37 Cent. Ave.
Panama Journal, (El Diario), M, F. Koilriguez, M^., «th St.
Kef^stro Judicial, (Supreme Court Record).
Registro Municipal, FauHtino Barafiano, Mgr., (Municipal Record).
Kcsena E^^colar, J. D. MuHcote. Mgi*., (Secretaria de I. P.)
The Canal Record, J. B. Bishop, Editor. (Official Or-an. LC.C.)
The Press, (La Prensa). Hamil- ton Foley, Editor, 37 Cent. Ave.
The Star& Herald hihI Lm Estrolhi tie Panama, Carl von Linde- maii. Mjrr.. 10 South Ave.
NOVELTIES.
(XOVEDADES.;
Cooke. Hcnn.-E. f^arcia, Gervasio
C^entral Ave. Liano. Maraerto. 36 B. St.
2(5 Fifth St. 193 and 194
OIL COMPANIES.
(COMPANiAS DE ACEITKS.)
Tnion Oil Company of California, office 21 Sixf h St., funks at Pe. trolia near Ea^t La Boca & Mt. Hoiie, R. W. Fenn, .Spl. Agt.
Classified Business Directory of Panama City. ^-30
PAINTERS.
(PINTORES.) Astai'ti, Thomas, 4th of July Blvd . Isambert, Antoine, 4lL of July
Blvd. Xaar, Prevail F.. 254 Aneon
Blvd. Villanueva, Juan, 76 B St, Wilhems, Luis Felix, 90 Plaza
de Arango.
PAWNBROKERS.
(CASA8 DE EMPKNOS) Arias, F., Agustin, 84 Central
Avenue. DeLeon, Flora de Jaen, 114 Elev- enth Street. (Sueesora de Man- uel Jaeu . )
Calm, H. J., 126 Cent. Ave., up- stairs.
Endara, Carlos, 62 North Ave.
Goldsmith, E. I., 194 Cent. Ave., upstairs.
PHYSICIANS.
(MEDICOS.)
Aguilera, Dr. S. J., 182 Central
Avenue. Amador Guerrero, Dr. Manuel,
North Ave. (Presidencia.) Bertoli, Dr. Ferrueeio, 95 W. 12th
Street. Boyd, Dr. A. S., 66 Fifth St. Calvo, Dr. J. E., 146 Ave. A. Cooke, Dr. Chas. A., 44 Ave. B.,
When in Need of Anything in the Drug Line Go To
Fanama's Popular Pharmacy, Pspinosa's,
ISTo. 103 CESlSTTR/AIu .A.-V-ElISrXJE.
PEARL MERCHANTS.
(COMPK ADORES DE PERLAS)
Benado, M., 219 Thirteenth St.,
upstairs. PinelBros., Ill North Ave. Piza, Piza & Co. , 74 Cen. Ave. Rosenthal, A. M., 72 North Ave. The F. C. Herhruger Co., If I
North Ave,
PHOTOGRAPH STUDIOS.
(FOTOGRAFIAS.)
Brandon, J, D.. 11^^ Cent. Ave., upstairs.
DeRoux, Dr. Luis, 50 Seventh St. Espinosa, Dr. Vicente, 210 North
Avenue. Gasteazoro, Dr. M., 51 Seventh
Street. Gallol, Dr. A. Q., 44 Ninth St. Icaza, Dr. Julio, 50 Seventh St. Ma>-ner, Dr Alfredo, Tivoli. Mora. Dr. ]\IanuelA., 27 Second
Street.
Obarrio, Dr. Pedro, Tivoli.
Preeiado, Dr. Alfonso, 58 Eiglith Street.
Ponee, Dr. Emiliano, 7 W. Thir- teenth Street.
-490
Fit^ Mtd tftttffa
Pfttenon, Dr. N. M., 2 Mara&on. RocMiii, Dr. P. n., 94 W. 12tli
Urriola, Dr. Ciro L.. IV>^ Central
Avenue. Velasquex. D*-. M, F... ft7 Tenth
Btreet.
PLUMBING COMPANIES.
trLUMEKIAS.)
raujuun Plumbing Compauy, 2t Central Avenue, Antonio Navarro, Mgr.
PRINTING OFFICES.
(Tli'CXiUAFIAfcJ.)
Andi-evo, Guillermo, '^Tipografia
Mo<leina,''H7 Cent. Ave. Alfaro & Vallarino. "TipofrrHfia
Excelsior, " Luis E. Alfaro and
Dario Vallarino, Props., Ave.
B. l>et. 11th and 12th Sts. Aranda, Jo.s6 «le los Reyes, **La
Kepublica, " 140 W. 14th St. Botello, Edmundo," ElDuende/'
121 E. 12th St. Ca«iB&Co., T., eSosaSt. De la Torre & Sons, M. R., 39
First St. Ramos, Samuel N.. 62 North Ave. Soaa & Co., Pablo Villalovos,
Mgr., "Tipografia el Istrao, "
no Ave. B. The Star & Herald Co., 0\r\ von
Lijideman, Mgr.. 16 Soui h Av«. Velaseo, Mario S., ''Tipografia
Santa Ana,** 51 W. 17th St.
RESTAURANTS. (UESTAURANTE8.)
Avileh, Auteuor, 50 B. St. ''El
Morro de Arica. ** Bonifatti, Antonio, 25 Fourth of
July St. Burk«', N. 11., I Marafiou ''The
Seashore. " Cornelia, .foaquin, 399Cen. Ave.,
"Venecia. ** < 'ourel, Eduardo ** La Frontera ** I 4th of July St., Panama and
I Fii-st St., Ancou.
I Elena, Francisco Maria, 61 12tli
Street. Falco, Luis, 271 Cen. Ave. ! Farfan, I^olores, 156 Cen. Ave. Fernandez, Joaquin, 196 North
Avenue . Farre, Juan, 13K Cen. Ave. Galvez, Vicente, 431 Cen. Ave. Hewitt, E., 457 Cen. Ave. Lowe, A. C, 147 E. 16th St. *'The
Pacific." Marcellas, Salvador A . , 180 Cen.
Ave . , " Peninsular. *' Martin. Pedro, 21 B. St., ''La
Union." Mon, Amelia, 30 Jose de Uigiuio
Street. Panazone Grill Room, D. Street
fronting Santa Ana Park, I^en
L. LenhotT and J. H. Brown,
Concessionaires. Ramirez, Buenaventura, 140
Avenue B.
Reed, Margarita, 5 Fourth of July St., •* AVeHt Indian Restaurant. **
Classified Bimncss Directory of Panama City.
491
A BOX FREE TO WEAK MEN
Broken-down, young, middle-aged, or old men, suffering from
weakness, Nervous Debility, Impotency, Losses and Drains,
Kidney or Bladder troubles, no matter wbat the cause,
should write for a Free Box of my "VITAL GRAINS".
A rational, scientific, common-sense remedy, self-applied,
that cures — Yes, cures. SENT FREE in plain box,
postage paid. "VITAL GRAINS" will do for you what
you can't do for yourself. Make a Man of You. There's
no question about it, its a demonstrated fact — been proved to
thousands. Do you want it proved to you? There's only one
way — actual test is strongest proof. 1 will send you a box of
"VITAL GRAINS" Absolutely Free.
H^ H« HINDS, 483 Lincoln Avenue, Chicago, Ills*, U» S* A*
Riza Salvador, 44 C St. Eoyer, Maria, 69 W. 12tli St. Salinas, Jose Gertnidis, 279 Ave.
B "La Vaporina. " Solis, J. D., 230 Thirteenth St.,
"Rest, del Muellecito. " Tettamanto, Emelia, 257 Central
Avenue. Valenzuola, Mriria, 11 Colon St. Vaz, E., 421 Cen. Ave. White House Restaui-ant, John Balberach Prop., Sta.Ana Park. Yatio, Staho, 21 B. St.
RUBBER STAMP MNFRS.
(ESTAMPILLAS.) Baldeolivar, Ambrosio, G SosaSt. Endara, Carlos, 62 North Ave. Utter, Chas. H. 290 Cen. Ave. Torre nte, Marcial, 85-87 Ave. B.
SALOONS.
(CANTINAS )
Aizprua, J., 16 Colon St.
Aleman, Guillermo, 13 Plaza Santa Ana.
Aldrete, Andrea, 18 Colon St.
Allen, Aranda, 84 Colon St.
Alvarado, G. A., 127 North Ave,
Alvarez, Manuel, 196 North Ave.
Anderson, E., 418 Central Ave.
Angelina, Luis, 513 Cen. Ave.
Avdito, N., 86 North Ave.
Arias, P. A., 101 Sixteenth St.
Arias. Juan Pablo, 141 Ave. A.
Avecilla, Vicenta, 71 San Vicente St.
Baldeolivar, Ambrosio, 1 30 Cen- tral Avenue.
^32
PKIol mid Quidt.
Bmmto, ThomM, 145 W. 14th
Street. Bttr»hon«, Zoilo^ 375 Cen. Ave. BMsety C^liado, VAir^ Cahi. Ave. Beatrix, G. J , Vm do U BabanA. Bellino, Ern€«to, 151 North Ave. Bennett, F., 13 Via de Caledonia
A Ouachapal).
Tovolo, Juan Bautista, 435 Cen- tral Ave.
Cox, J. E., 41 -Ml 4 Cen. Avo.
Davis, Thoman X., 32 Guacha- pali.
DeCain, Ixjuiso, 193 North Ave.
De Diego, E<iuai-do, :V2 Blvd. 3 de Noviembrc.
|
Berman, Luis, 89 W. lOtli Stiwt |
I>e Franohi, Julio, 154 C^en. Ave. |
|
and 2 Blvd. 3rd •f November. |
Deller, Maria de la Cruz, 52 W. |
|
Bernard, Clara, 7-9 2l8tSt. |
16th St. |
|
Bcrtoli&Co.. Tulio. 162 Cen- |
Deli^ado, Carlos. 264 E. 14th J-t. |
|
tral Avenue. |
Delgado, Herminia, 65 W. 12th |
|
Blanco, I'^rlos, 30 Cale<lonia. |
btreet. |
|
Bonifatti, Antonio, 25 Fourth of |
Diaz, D., 12Maraf»ou. |
|
July St. |
Dixon, Oscar, W. 16th St, |
|
Brando, Autonio, 14th St. and |
Donato, Juan, 35 (bis) 16th St. |
|
North Avenue. |
Doruu^ George, 249 Cen. Avo. |
|
Calvo. jr., P. J., 321 Ccn. Ave. |
I>iu'(»mun, Mercedes H. vda. de. |
|
Cameron, Chas., 32 Caledonia. |
114 Blvd Ancon. . |
|
Campbell. Edmundo, 94Giuvcha- |
Duran, Tarquino, 17 B. St. |
|
paU. |
Dutar>-, Alberto, 13 Balboa St. |
|
Cannona, Clotilde, 2«2 E. 14th |
Echebeen, Mary, 42 Maranon. |
|
Street. |
Elena, Francisca Maria, 61 W. |
|
Cartaac, J., 84 Guachapali. |
12th St. |
|
Centella, Felipe, 20 an Vicente |
Eugelsberg, I,, J 46 E. 16th St. |
|
Street. |
Espiuosa, Carlos, C, <>!> San Vi- |
|
Clo<,-k, Evnlyn, 2G3 Blvd. Ancon. |
cente St. |
|
ChaiTi, Estevan, 21 Balboa St. |
Estero, Eduai-do, 120 (^ i.. a , , . |
|
Chavez, Camilo, 2 Marafion. |
Esteves & Co., Jose M., 290-292 |
|
Collins, S., 46 Guachapali |
E. 14th Street. |
|
<'onte, Antonio, !.'> Plaza Santa |
Eisenring, Gennaine, 246 E. 15th |
|
Ana. |
Street. |
|
Corco & Co., 297 Central Ave. |
Fabrega, Ernesto, 9o Ave. A. |
|
Cornejo, Juan liautiBta, 79 Cale- |
Faleo, LuiH, 271 Centi-al Ave. f |
|
donia. |
Farfan, Dolores, 156 Cen. Ave. |
|
Coroalles, Anifilia. Front of San |
Furfan, Marcelino. 34 W. 16th |
|
Mignel. |
Street. |
|
Coucher, A., ' .Hiunnoji. |
Feaderosa,EuKenio, 144 C^lon St. |
Classified Business Directory of Panama City.
493
Ferias, Amador, "Cliorrilo" Fernandez, Joaquin, 196 Xorth
Avenue. Fernandez, Manuel, 8 Plaza San- ta Ana. Francis, E., 27 Calidonia. Francis, Emogin, 134 Caledonia. Freeburg, S , .199 Cen, Ave. As-
tor House . Froyano, Francisco. 22 Jose de
Alba St. Fuentes, Cayetano, 26th St. Galvez, Vicente, 4.31 Cen. Ave. Galvez, Vicente, 224-22G Ancon
Blvd. Garcia, Juan B., 2G3 E. 14th St. Garcia, Luciano, 16 Av. A. Gamer, R., 41 Guachai)ali. Goldberg, F., 87 W. 16th St. and
1 Blvd. 3d of November. Gomez, G. Ernesto, 272 Ancon
Blvd . Gonzalez, C, 28 Colon St. Gonzalez, Donungo, 58 Caledonia Gonzalez, Gertrudis, 29 Caledonia Baiderach, John, 9 Plaza de Sta.
Ana . Gonzalez, L., 80 Colon St. Gonzalez, Pedro. 311 Cent. Ave. Goodin, R. A., 9 Jose de Higinio
Street. Gorgas, Manuel, 138 W 13th St. Goti, Alberto J., 123-125 Ave. A. Goti, Tomas, 71 B. St. Grant, John, 157 Caledonia. Gualbert, Teodoro, 13 Maranon. Guerra, Antonio, 71 Central Ave. Gael, William, 25 Caledojiia. Guerrero, Custodio, 23 Maranon.
Hardware, Isaac, 10 Caledonia. Harris, Geo., 432 Central Ave. Hart, R. B., 440 Cent. Ave. Henry, Cadle, 21 Guachapali. Henry, Elena, 223 Ancon Blvd. Hincapie, Florencia N. de, 131
Ave. A. Hurt ado, Jose Eustacio, 28
Guachapali. Jacome, Jose, 195 Cent. Ave. . Jaeger, Carlos, "Delmonico, "
Cent. Ave. and Cathedral Plaza. Johnson, George, 55 Marafion. Johnson, J. G., 343 Central Ave. Kaityson, R. , 22 Caledonia. Lawson, Chas. W,, 24 Ancon
Blvd. Leguia, Justina, i\^ B. St. Lewis, J., 57 Colon St. Lewis, Maximiliano Pedro, 106
Guachapali. Lezcano, Adriano, 280 E. 15th
Street. Liano, Mamerto, 36 B. St. Liebich, Richard, 195 Cent. Ave. Linares, Guillermina, 31 B. St- Lopez, Celestina. 19 Jose de Hi- ginio St. Lopez, Simon A., 15 Maranon. Lowe, A. C, 147 E. 16th St. Lynch, Francisca, 270 AncoH
Blvd. ]^3-ons, Mauvicio, 22 G. St.
Magallon,Marcelino, 267 Centra]
Avenue . Martin, L. E., 21-23 Pueblo
Nuevo. Martinez, Rosenda, 373 Central
Avenue.
-49-4
^ihtmtd Guid^
Martines, F., 10 First St. Martinez, ZHoarias, 33 B. 8t. MmzoU, Juan, 37 B. St. Medina, Ana Marirv 'i' ' ••♦
Ave . Molhwio, I., 100 Crnrrui .\v.-. Menotti, Pablo, 178 Cent. Ave. Mt*rvailo. Fein, 47 Colon St. Merol, Ramou R.. r>2 North Avo. Michel. FrancoiB. 'M Marafion. Miuerviue, LeouarUo, 28-30 4th
of July St . Mirafrlia. Francisco, 3fil» Central
Aveniie. Mon, Amelia, 30 Jos^ de Iliginio
Street. Moudesit*. L. D., lU') North Ave. Mong, Emelia, 4H7-471 Cent. Ave. Moutero, Fermin, 128 Cent. Ave. Morales, M., 67 W. 17th St. Moi-ano, F., 98 B. St. Moss, William, 104 Guachapali. Munoz. Francisco Javier. 38 Jose
de Alba St. Navas, Kosa, 25 Colon St. Nichol, John, 53 Marafion. Nunez, Gorgonio, 223 W. Uth
Street. O'Brien, J., 439 Centi-al Ave. Olarte, Gabriel, 43 C St. Oliva, Ipolito de la, 197 North
Avenue. Ordonez, Gregorio, 87 Colon St. Orozco, Ana J., 445 Central Ave. Osorio, Marie Josefa, 126 W.
16th St. Pelieot; Felix, 4 Via de Caledo- nia a (ruaehapali. Perez, Bertina, 37 Colon St. Perez & Co. E., 106 C<jnt. Ave.
Perez, D., 35 Colon St.
Perianez, Komulo, 170 Ave. A.
Perigault, A. H.. 173 North Ave. Dep. 166 North Ave.
Ponce. Juan BautihU, 52 B. St.
Posado, Magdalina. 371 Central Avenue.
Poveda, E<luvijeu de, 87 Colon Street.
Pri«*t(>, Antonio. 225 Cent. Ave.
RAMI^i^Z, BUENAVENTU- RA, Gintfaa Amador y Res- tauraote* Avenue B-^No. 140.
Kaniirez, Sinforosa de, IG Twen- ty-first St .
Karaos. Juan, 441 Central Ave.
Keed. Margarita, 5 Fourth of July St.
Ricor, Mauricio, 5 B. St.
Rivera, Jose A., 139 Avenue A.
Riza, Salvador, 44 C. St.
Rosa, Carolina de la, 21 Twenty- first St.
Royer, Maria, 69 W. 12th St.
Ruigero, Genaro, 291 Central Ave.
Rulia, Justo do la, 399 Central Avenue.
Rumler, Jos^ de, 184 North Ave.
Salinas, Jos^ Gertrudis, 249 Avenue B.
Salguero, Miguel, 31 Pueblo Nucvo.
Salgueiro & Alvarez, 123-125 North Ave.
Samuel, T. , 26 Caledonia .
Santa Maria, Manuela R. de, 59 Balboa St.
Santanach, Jos^ del R., 267 E. 14th St.
Classified Btisiiwss Directory of Panama City.
^95
Segura, MJ, 116 North Ave. Seminari.Juan, 272 Central Ave. Sevanos, JoseM., 91 W. 12th
Street. _^ __
SimmonsT" Jorge, 49 Colon St. Simons & Velasquez, 78 North
Avenue. Sinosa, Marius, 37 Maranon. Smith, David, 53 Caledonia, Solanilla,Rengifo,28 San Miguel. Solano, J. F., 27 Maraiion. Stevens, Alexander, 50 Maranon. "Tej^a7S.7l<5 Maraiion. Thompson, Jos. ,425 Central Ave. Torres, Antonio, 80 Caledonia. Torres, Mareela, 68 Fourth St. Urefia, Jose'j., 148 Central Ave. Valdez, Agustin, 104 W. 16th St. Valenzuela, Maria, 11 Colon St. Valles. Antonio, 7 Plaza Santa
Ana. Vaz, E.. 421 Central Ave. Vega, Pantaleon, 20 Colon St. Vidal, F., 115 Avenue A. Villalaz,E., 1 Maranon. Villaplana, Guerrero & Co. , 237
Central Ave. Viz, Samuel de, 41 San Vicente Wellington, John, 92 Guachapali. Williams, Gael, Caledonia. Yatio, Staho, 17 B. St. Ycaza, M. S. de, 33 Fourth St. Zalazar, M. de, 9 Colon St.
SHIP BUILDERS.
(CONSTRUCCION DE VA- PORES. )
Pinel Bros., Office 111 North Ave.. Yard. Peiia Prieta.
SHIP CHANDLERS.
(ARTICULOSparaVAPORES )
Arosemena Hnos . , 228 E 13 St. Bellino, Ernesto, 151 North Ave. Chiari, Nicolas, 105 North Ave.
SHOEMAKERS.
rZAPATERIAS.;
De Spaigne, Juan, 171 Ave. A. Dominguez, M., 181 Ave. A. Henderson, A. A., 58 Ninth St. Ivey, T., 28 Caledonia St. Rangel, Nicolas, 2 Maranon. Reubeno,Carmel, 197 North Ave. Peny, F., 118 B. St. Walker, R. R., 411 Central Ave.
SILVERSMITHS.
(PLATERIAS.)
Aldrete, Pedro, 32 Ninth Street,
Plaza deHerrera. Escobar, Daniel, 73 Ave. A. NaudeaUjAlejandro, 108 Eleventh
St. PoiTas, Alejandro, 186 Ave. B Reyes, Manuel de J., 24 Fourth
St. Rodriguez, F. 27 Fourth St.
SLAUGHTER HOUSES.
(MATADEROS.)
City Slaughter House, 1 W. 13th St.
SODA FOUNTAINS.
(SODERIAS.)
Cafe Victoria, 39 Seventh St. EspinosaB., Manuel, 103 Central Avenue.
"«:^
^9B
PUoimnd QmUh.
on
o
S'S
Herbrnger, Lnin, 15S Central Ave.
Kohpoke,Artiu'o,73 Central Aw. Llewellyn. Swain & Co., IPB.St. Malek, Juau. 64 W 16th St.
SODA FACTORIES A BOTTLING WORKS.
(80DEKIAS.)
Altamira. F. T., 180 North Ave. Chari»entit»r, Carlos, 66 Ancon
Itoulevard. Coeroli, J. B.. 4S W. Ifith St. Isthmian Aerated Water Co.,
Tho8. MacNish* Co., 205 Cen-
ti-al Ave. Kohpoke,Arturo,:U9 Centml Ave. Llewellpi, Swain & Co., 19 B St. Martinez, S. Samuel, 78 Ave. A. pHUHinu Soda Water Factory,
Pasi'al Canavaggio, Pi-op.. 489
Central Ave. Sanchez, Julio, 211 < "entral Ave.
STATIONERS A BOOKSELLERS.
(LIBKEBIAS.)
Bar<«iiano, Eusebio. 116 Central
Ave. Benedetti Bros., 43 Central Ave. nall.IO., 245 Central Ave. Mora Bros. Co., 179 North Ave. Panama Railroad News Agency,
A. Bieukowski He P. Sperling,
Props. P. R. R Station. Ctter, C. H., 290 Central Ave. Vibert & Dixon, 7 Central Ave. Vidal, F., 115 Ave. A. Preeiado & Co., I., 51-53 Sixth
Street.
STEAMSHIP AND RAILROAD LINES.
(LINEASDE VAPOHKS V FERROCWRRILHS.)
Coinpagnie Generale Trannatlan- ticjue (French Line), Ehrman &Co., Agents, 60 Fifth St.
Compafiia Maritima, Julio Poyl^ &Co., 14 North Ave.
Compafiia Nacional de Trauhpor- tes (Automobile Line) Treasur- er, (4. Ehrman, Secretary, R. Heurtematto, glirage :>8 Fourth of July St.
Compafiia Sud-Americana, Ehr- man & Co., Agents, 60 Fifth Street.
Compafiia Transatlantica de Barcelona, Ignacio Ruiz Gar- cia, Agent, 76 North Ave.
Hamburg-American Steamship Co., M. Fidanque & Sous, Agents, 93 Centi-al Ave.
Kosmos Line, American Trade Develoiiing Co., Ramon Arias F., Agent, 97 Central Ave.
La Veloce (Italian Line), M. Fi- danque & Sons, Agents, 93 Central Ave.
Leyland - Harrison Steamship Line, Thos. MacNish & Co., Agents, 205 Central Ave.
NATIONAL NAVIGATION Co., of Panama, Prosper© Pinel, President, Pablo PincI, Viceprc- siient and Treasurer, Juaa An- tonio Guizado, Secretary. JU North Avenue.
|
Classified Biisincss Directorij of Panama City. -4-9y |
|
|
National Steamship Co. and |
Bosquez, Teodoro, 122 Guacha- |
|
Floating Dock Co., of Callao, |
pali. |
|
F. A. Pezet, Local Represen- |
BuUen audBoyke, 373 Cent. Ave. |
|
tative, 22 First Street. |
Callejas, S„ 159 Ave. B. |
|
Pacific Mail Steamship Co., J. |
Clarke & Co., W. J., 286 Central |
|
V. C. Comfort, Agent, 50 Sixth |
Avenue. |
|
Street. |
DONNICI ALBERTO y Chn |
|
Pacific Steam Navigation Co., |
Leonardo *^La Elegancia, " No. |
|
Chas. F. Peebles, Agent, 2 |
J62W. J4th Street. |
|
Plaza Independencia . |
Dowers, li., 110 Aucon Blvd. |
|
Panama Railroad Co., H. J. |
FEARON, A. A., the Tailor, No. |
|
Slifer, Gen. Manager. Offices |
23 Fourth of July St. |
|
and passenger station. Central |
FEARON, FRED. N., Prop., the |
|
Ave.; La Boca terminus, north |
Ancon Sports DipDt, No. J |
|
of Caledonia St. Viaduct; pas- |
Fourth of July Street ani Cent. |
|
sengers for La Boca get aboard |
Avenue, TailorLig and Outfit- |
|
here excej)t on steamer days |
ting, Reliable Workmanship. |
|
when the La Boca train leaves |
Haynes, Alberto, 52 Colon St. |
|
from regular passenger station. |
Gibb, J., 372 371 Cent. Ave. |
|
Freight house at foot of North |
Giscombe W., 20 Twenty-first St. |
|
Ave. |
Gness, Wni., 51 Caledonia. |
|
Panama R. R. Steamship Co., |
Irving, S. G., 296 Ancon Blvd, |
|
H. J. Slifer, General Manager, |
Justiniani, Nicolas, 30 Eighth St. |
|
Office, P. R. R. Station, Cen- |
Luzcando, Eusebio, 5 1 San Mi- |
|
tral Ave. |
guel. |
|
Panama Street Railway Co., Of- |
Martin, H., 290 E. 15th St. |
|
fice 338 Central Avenue. Man- |
Martin, J. F., 16 F. St. |
|
agement reorganized in Febru- |
Perez, A., 6 G. St. |
|
ary, 1908. |
Pollard, Thos., 55 Caledonia. |
|
The Royal Mail Steamship Co., |
Pritchard, G. V:., 329 Cent. Ave. |
|
Isaac Brandon & Bros,, Agents, |
Reid, E. A. S., 63 Sixth St. |
|
51 Eighth St. |
RIVADENEIRA, JOSE, " Sas- |
|
STORAGE WAREHOUSES. |
treria GuayaquirNo. 42 Fourth |
|
DEPOSITOS PARA ALQUILAR. |
Street. Custom Tailor. |
|
Cooke, Henry E., Gl Fifth St. |
Rodriguez, B., 132 Ave. A. |
|
Rosse, S. G., 262 Central Ave. |
|
|
TAILORS. |
Trelles, Julio M., 97 Ave. A. |
|
(SASTRES.; |
Turner, G. Allen, 411 Cent. Ave. |
|
Batista, D., 101 Ave. A. |
Wilkins, G, D., 185 North Ave. |
-498
POof and Guide,
Wilson, E. B., 29 4tb of July St. Vaaquex, E.,30 Eighth St.
THEATRES.
(TEATROS.)
Metropole Theatre, F. P Peter- son, Prop , 170- 172 Cent. Ave. National Theatro, 42 Third St.
TINSMITHS.
(OJALATEKIAS.)
Borke, Henry, 93 Ave. B. Fidel, Spaccarotella, 2'A Balboa
Street. Mnnoz, Bertoldo, 144 E. 12th St.
TRUNK MANUFACTURERS. (FABRICA DEBAULES.J
IvcBlanc, jr., Guillermo, 55 W. ICth St.
MONTELLA, GIL, 82 North Avenue.- Baulcs, Muebles y Ha- macas per mayor y menor.
UMBRELLA MENDERS.
(REPARADORES
DE PARAGUAS.)
Henderson, A. A., 60 Ninth St. Ureta, Pedro, 96 11th St.
UNDERTAKERS. (FUNERARIAS.)
Alvarado, A.,Franci8CO,34 B St. Lt'Blanc, jr., Guillermo, "La iMtmeua,** 72 B. St.
UPHOLSTERERS. (TAPICEKIAS.)
Henderson, A. A., CO Ninth St . UretA, Pedro, 96 Tenth St.
VETERINARY SURGEONS.
(VKTEULNAKIOS.) Arce, Enrique, 24 Ninth St.
Monlecai, Dr. L. S., 31 W. Ifitli Street.
WAGONMAKERS. (CARRUAJERIAS.)
Onmmings, Roberto, 3.50 Central
Avenue. Chapeto, Pedro, 13 W IGth St. Fernandez, Claudio, 15th and B.
Streets. Lopolito, Francisco, 4 Fourth of
July St Sufrez & Co , 107 E. Ifith St.
WINES AND LigUORS.
(VIVERES YLICORES.)
Altamira, F. F. do, 180 North
Ave, Bellino, Ernesto, 151 North Ave. Bertoli & Co., Tulio, 102 C.Mitral
Ave. Canavagffio, P., 82 Central Ave Caro, Daniel de, 379 Central Ave. Corco & Co., 27 Central Ave. Diego, Eduardo de, 19 3rd. <»t
November Blvd. Heuriquez, Jesurnii, 7 .Jos^' tie
Obaldia St. Icaza, M. M., 152 Twelfth St. Martinez, S. Samuel, 78 Ave. A. Monte verde,Jo8^ C, 64 Fifth St.
|
Classified Business Directory of Panama City. 4QQ |
|
|
Perigault, A. B., 173 North Ave. |
Sanchez, Miguel, 112 North Ave. |
|
Robles, Virginia, 181 North Ave. |
Torm, F., 164 North Ave. |
|
Salas, Kaimundo Pascua], oO W. |
Ullrich & Co., Frank, 54-58 Fifth |
|
14th St. |
Street, Arturo de Leraos, Mgr. |
|
oiwiissioDsrs. |
|
|
Bartoloiiie, Fiol & Co., 307 Cen- |
Longval, Gr., Civil Engineer, and |
|
tral Ave , upstairs, Concrete |
Chief Engineer for the Panama |
|
Block Manufacturers. |
Government, Room 171, Gov- |
|
Courel, Eivafiecha & Co., Corner |
ernment Building. |
|
4th of July St., Panama, and |
Lopolito Gaitan, Francisco, No. |
|
First St., Ancon, Contractors |
1 4th of July St. |
|
and Concrete Block Mnfrs. |
Pruna, Antonio M., Cor. Central |
|
Avenue and Fourth St., Genl. |
|
|
DIEGO, CARLOS de, Avenida |
merchandise. |
|
Norte, No, n6» ^Ta Estrelk'^ |
Pinedo, Herman, Manufacturers' |
|
Tienda Mixta. Importador y |
Agent, North Avenue . |
|
Export ddor. Ventas por mayor |
St. Croix, Marquis de, represent- |
|
y menor. |
ing Pfeiffer & Co., Hotel Cen- |
|
Kl Rastro, 317 Central Avenue, |
tral. |
|
Second-hand goods. |
Striinz, Dr., IGG Central Avenue. |
|
CHINESE ESTABLISHMENTS. |
|
|
(KSTTABUKCIiVIIE |
^NTOS CHINOS.) |
|
GENERAL MERCHANTS. |
Chong Tay Foo, 93 Fifteenth St., |
|
(MKRCANCIAS en GENERAL.) |
and 83-85 B. St. |
|
ChoyHop, 244 Ave. B. |
|
|
Achun, Jacinto, 218 Cent. Ave. |
Chun Kee, 74-76 Guachapali. |
|
Chan Fat, 14 Caledonia. |
Cin Fat Chong, 118 Caledonia. |
|
Chin Chon, 348 E. 13th St. |
Con Lee Chong, 163 W 15th St. |
|
Chon Chang, 213 E. 13th St. Chon Lee, 223 13th St. |
Con Man Chong, 78 Colon St. |
|
Chong Hen, 88 South Ave. |
Con Sing, 89 Pueblo Nuevo. |
|
Chong Hing Lung, 171 North |
Con Sing Yee, 160 Caledonia. |
|
Ave. |
Cui Chong, 89 South 4ve. |
|
Chong Kee, 45 Ancon Blvd. |
Diaz, Joaquin, 159 North Ave. |
|
Chong Kee Chang, 113 B. St. |
Fak Lung ang, 37 W. 13th St. |
|
Chong Woo, 2 Colon Street. |
Fang Lee, 11 B. St. |
500
Pilot and OnUh.
Feng Tay, San Migacl.
Fen Woo, 39-41 B. St.
Fock Loy Chang, 36 Cont. Ave.
FokSinChong 1 4 4- 14C Caledonia.
Fon Fat Cheong, Caledonia.
Fong Fat Chan, 47 8outh Ave.
Fong Tai, 424 Cent. Ave.
Fook Chong, 9 Caledonia.
Fong Yueng, 274-276 E. 15th St.
Fong Yuen, 155 North Ave.
Fock Heen Long, 43SCent. Ave.
Fock San, 17 W. 12th St.
Fook Wo King, Ling Keo & Co., 215 Thirteenth St.
Feng San, 23 San Miguel.
Feng Tai, 18 San Miguel.
Fung Hing & Co., 147 North Ave.
Fungl^y, 13-15 Pueblo Nuevo.
Gee Hing Long, 9 Cent. Ave
Guien Cheng Woo, 199 South Ave
Gung Sung Chang, 263 Cent. Ave.
Hang Chong Tan, 72 Maranon.
Hang Hing, 22-24 Via de la .ca- bana.
Han Keo, 90 Colon St.
Hang Sang, 48 Maranon.
Han Hing Long, 19 Maranon.
Han Hop, 186 Cent. Ave.
Han Kee, Caledonia.
Han Tai, 15 Guachapali.
Hing Chong Chang, Caledonia.
Hip Chong Long, 362 Cent. Ave.
Hop Hing Hang, 232 W. 15th St.
Hop Hing Lung, 52 Maranon.
Hop Hong Long, 6 Maranon.
Hoy Jap, 65 San Vicente St.
Hop Kee, 122-124 North Ave.
Hung Fong Chang, 56 W. 16th Street.
JapYeep, 61 Ave. A.
Jen Ching, 40 B. .-t.
Joi On, 21 Trujillo.
Kay Kee, 78 North Ave.
Keo Wo, 33 Caledonia.
Kim Wah, 394 Cent. Ave.
Kong Fock Cheong, 145 North
Avenue. Kong Hing, 96 Maranon. Kong Kee, 211 Ave A. Kong On Chang, 86 W lOlh St. Kon Sang Chang, 218 Cent. Ave. Kong Sing, 154 W. 15th St. Kong Tai, 152 W. 14th St. KongYoe, 120 Guachapali. Kong Yce Hop, New Street oflf
Caledonia. Kon Sun Chang, 81 W. 13th St. Kon Yee Chang, Pinza Arango
and 11th St. Kong Yeo Hop, 5-7 Via d Gua- chapali. Kiong Tai, 2 Maranon. Kung Hing, 199 North Ave. Kuan Lung, 2 Maranon. Kung Ying Tan, 5 Via de la Sa-
bana. Kun Yick, 398 Cent. Ave. Kura Tai Lung, 176 North Ave Kuong Fong Chong, 47-49 San
Miguel. Kuong Fong Fait, 134 W. lotlj St. Kuong Hing Lung, 410 Centrhl
Avenue. Kuong Ling Hing, 413-415 Cent.
Avenue. Kuong Man Wo, 261 Cent. Ave. Kuong Sung, 31-33 Fourth of
July St.
Classified Business Directory of Panama City.
501
Kuong Saug Chang, 36-38 Colon 8t.
Kwoug Yee Sang, 20 Tenth St.
Kwong Lee Chong, 17 San Mi- guel.
Lee Hing Chang, 186 W. 14th St.
Lee Hing Chong, 140 North Ave.
Lee Woo, 1 08 Caledonia.
Lee Woo Chong, 129 B. St.
Lo Tim Foek, 268 Cent. Ave.
Lum Chong, 122 Cent. Ave.
Loy Kee, 38-40 Balboa St.
Luis, Santiago, 31 San Miguel.
Man Clioug Jon, 39 San Miguel.
Man Cong Long, 68 Maranon.
Man Hop, 95 Colon St.
Man Lung Tai, 157 North Ave.
Man Lung Tai, 153 North Ave.
Man On, 400 Cent. Ave.
Man On Tai, 157 North Ave.
Man Sang, 9 Caledonia.
Man Yee Chang, 62 Ave . B. Mingon Chang, 298 Cent. Av^e. Nom Chen Woo, 37-39 Pueblo
Nuevo. On Foo Shin, 79 Third at. Ong Chang, 49 Victoria St., Cor.
I3th. On Yik Hang, 75 W. 17th St. Pang Chang, 112 B. St. Po Hing, 19 Cent. Axe. Pon San (Jhan, 288 Cent. Ave. Qui Chon Chan, G>^ South Ave. Qui Chon Cheong, 6S North Ave. Sam Lee, 163 North Ave. Sam Woo, 30 Cuaehapali. Sam Yick Chong 68 Ancou Blvd. San Cian, 35 Caledonia. Sang Woo Chang, 252 Aneon Boulevard.
Sang Yuen, 100 Guachapali. San Tai, 139 W. 14th l-t. San Tai Chang, 63 San Vicente. See Hing Lung, 287 Aneon Blvd. Sen Woo, 152 Ave. A. Shtung Cheng, 144 North Ave. Srian Tai, 156 Caledonia. Si Hing & Co., 26 Jose de Higi-
nio St. Sim Gen Chan, 465 Cent. Ave. Sin Chong Lee & Co., 112 North
Avenue. Sin Chin, 98 Guachapali. Siu Chong Yee, 27 Jose de Higinio
Street. Sin Fock Chong, 143 E. 16th St. Sing Chong, 83 Ave. A. Sing Chong Chang, 99 Ave. A. Sing Chong Long, 11 Caledonia. Sing Fook Chang, 300 Cent. Ave. Sing Yuen Seng, 17 W. 15th St. Sin KingFaf, 33-35 Pueblo Nuevo Sin Kong On, 390 Cent. Ave. Sin Woo Chang, 25 Trujillo. Sion Tai Lung, 223 Aneon Bl d. Soro, Jose, 60 Ave. A. Sue San Cheon, 66 Caledonia. Sui Lee, 475 Central Ave. Sui Sang, 75 Ave. B. Sui Yuen Chang & Co., 233-235
Cent. Ave. Sun Chong Wo, 39 i Cent, Ave. Sung Chang, 139 B. St. Sung Chang, 23 La Boca Blvd. Sun Gen, 447 Cent. Ave. Sun Gen Chan, 465 Cent, Ave. Sun Hmg & Co., 148 North Ave. Sun Hop, 11 Caledonia. Sun Yee Tai «& Co., 461 Central
Avenue.
502
t*iht and GhMc,
Sny San Chang, 06 CaleOonia, Sin Wo Jan. 00 Ave. A. SinK Tun Hing, I'Ol W. 141 U St. Tai Lee, :;TG Cent. Ave. Taui Sang. ISK Cent. Ave. TanAni, 110 B. St. Tang Hong. 40 MaraAon. Tin Sing, :n4 Central Ave. Ton Fang Chang, '»« W. 14 li St. Tong Fat Cheoug, 24 Caledonia. Tong Kee, 388 Cent. Ave. Tong Lee Tai, •Jll! Cent. Av«?. Tong Tai. 192 Central Avenue. Tong Yuen, 155 Nortli Avenue. Tuck Hing Chong, 12G Central
Avenue. Tu Heug, 19.'> Avenue A. Tung Hiug Chan, 1 D. St. Tung Lee, 11 B. Street. Tun Sin, 286 E. 15th St. Wan Sang, 11) Caledonia. Wing Chong Cliang,20 Marafiou. Wing Lee, .'>4 Caledonia. Wing On, 120 North Avenue. Wing On Cheong, 49 Fourth of
July St. Wing Sang Jang, 55-57 Twenty-
tirHt St. Wo San, 208 Ontral Avenue. Woo Chong Cliaug,.*Jl Caledonia. Wo Sang, Cor. North Ave. and
4th St. Wo Sing Chang, 25-27 Pueblo Yung Yin, 7 Fii-wt St.
Nuevo. Yeo Chong, 5 Avenue A. Yee Chong Lung, 2 Marufion . Yee Foo Sang. 44 \V. l.'Jth St Yee Hop, 74 B. St.
Yee Lee Choiig, 2n«t.'!! Vncon Boulevard.
Yee I»ng, (50 Maniiw.n.
Yee On I^ung, 219 Avenue A.
Yee Woo, 37 ^ an Viemte St .
Yee Woo Jeng, 29 1^ B<H'a Blvd.
Ye Hop Ho, 30 W. Nth St.
Ten Lee, 1431 45 North Ave.
Yip Woo & Co., 21 Avenue A.
Yit Fot Sin, 48Colon St.
Yick Jap,2'-23B. St.
Yuen Chang. 426-428 Ceniral Avenue.
Yueng Hing. 69 B. St , d r. W. I 14th.
Yuen Lee. 169 North Ave.
Yuen Leo & Co., 150 North Ave.
Yuen Loy Chang, 134 Central I Avenue.
Yee Lee Chang, ."9 Maranon.
YmiHeu, 48 W. 13th St.
I BAKER SHOPS.
(PANADEKIAS.) Yee Woo, 217 Central Avenue.
DRUG STORES.
(BOTICAS.)
Wing Chong. 200 E. 13th St. Win;; Wo. 190-192 E. 13th St.
FRUIT SELLERS.
(FiirTEiiiAS.;
Kwong .Sang, ISO E. 13tli St. , Jose Dia/., 132 North Avenue.
Classified Business Directory of ranama City.
503
LAUNDRIES.
(LAVANDERIAS )
Chang Lee, 325 Central Avenue.
Chang Lee, 19i W. 14th St.
Chong VVo, 296 Central Avenue.
Hip Lung, 139 Avenue B.
Hop Lee, 84 Fifth St.
Hop Woi, 134 Central Avenue.
Kwong Lung, 93 B. St.
Kwong Wo, 430 Central Avenue.
On Lee, 457 Central Avenue.
On Shing, 103 W. ] 3th St.
Pong Chong, 121 Avenue A.
Sara Sing, 86 Fifth St.
Sing Lee, 56 Colon St.
Sung Sing, 81 Avenue A.
Sing Lung, 193 W. 13th St.
Sung Woo, 79 Avenue A.
Song Lee, 393 Central Avenue,
Woh Lung, 17 Fourth of July St.
Woo Lee, 55 Avenue A.
Yee Lung, 302 Central Avenue.
Yeen Woo, 237 Central Avenue.
Yet Lee, 281 Central Ave.
OPIUM AGENCY.
(AGENCIA BEL OPIO.;
Yet Hong & Co., 182 E. 13th t.
PROVISION MERCHANTS.
(PROVISIONES.)
Po Yuen & Co., 212 Thirteenth
St. Chon Chang, 213 Thirteenth St. Yet Wo Chang, 204 Thirteenth
St. Sang Lung & Co., 168 Thirteenth
Street.
Tuck Wo Hing, Lung Kee, 215 Thirteenth St.
RESTAURANTS.
(RESTAURANTES.)
Yit Loy Kee, 177-179 E. 13th St.
SHOEMAKERS.
(ZAPATERIAS.)
Hop Sing, 259 Central Avenue. Yuen Kee & Co., 173 Thirteenth
Street . Yee Wo Chong, 165 North Ave.
SILK AND CURIO STORES.
(SEDA YCURIOSIDADES.)
Chong Fat «& Co., 89 W. 12th St.
Chong Kee, 56 Ave. B. and 45 Sixth St.
Fat Yuen Bros.,135 Central Ave.
Kum Sing Chong, Hong Kee & Co., 197-199 E. Thirteenth St.
PoYueu&Co., 210 E. Thir- teenth St.
Wing On Lung. 160 Central Ave.
Yen Lee, 143-145 North Avenue.
Han Han, 186 Central Ave.
Tong Chong, 164 Central Ave,
Kwong On Wo & Co., 202 E. 13th St.
TAILORS.
(SASTRERIAS.)
Chen Chang, 213 E. 13th St. Yee Long, 227 Cent. Ave. Yee Hop, 198 E. 13th St. Po Yuen & Co., 189-191 E. ]3th
St. Chun Hop & Co., 171 E. 13th St.
50-4-
Pilot and Guide.
TINSMITHS. (OJALATERIAS.)
Chi Chong, 178 E. 13th St. Cong Lee, 161 North Ave- nue. Hue Hop, 175 E. l.'Uh St. LingKee, 185 E. l.Jth St. (^uai Kee, 126 North Avenue. Qwong Lee, 161 North Ave.
WINE AND LIQUOR STORES, f VIVERES Y LICORES.;
Kwonjj Ling Hing, 413-415 Cen- tral Avenue.
Lee Hong Qhong, 9 Plaxa Santn Ana.
Sam Lee, 163 North Avenue.
Sui Lee, 475 Central Avenue.
Tai Hop, 197 North Avcmuk'.
Man Y«'(' < 'hang. .')(> Avenue B.
Classified Business Directory
OF THE
CITY OF COLON.
Pop. 1904: 4,350.
Estimated valie op bi PROM January 1, 1905 to Janiary
Pop. 1908: 13,47«.
ILDING OPERATIONS
1, 190S:— $ 1,200,000 U. S. G.
ARCHITECTS.
ARQUITECTOS.
Colon C\>n»trnftion Co.. W. H«'iirikHon.
Mfrr. FouIkK & C«i., .1. \V., 31 Front Stn«'t. PadnMjre & Co.. A. E.. :>:\ I'luz Av»-.
ATTORNEYS.
(ABOGADOS).
CarringtoD, W. H.. 174 Nariuo Ave, Cupvan. J. Garcia, 11 Front Stn-t-t. Fainuan, C. P.. 12 Fnmf .Stn-t't. Jai-u, JiTcniias, H6 S»utan<l«T Avt-nuc. Kangfl. ModcHto, 113 Ptwt A\-t'U\u: Valvtnl.r Fuirti', J. A., 17 Front St.
BAKERIES.
(PANADEKIAS.)
Bosque * RoaM. 140 Paez Avonuf. Unxly, A. G., r»0 Sautnndcr Avrnnr. Maal Hnw., O. II. Maal Mgr . 146 IJoU-
var Av»'nu»*. Pinjon. A.. 121 Pa4'Z .Vvi-uiic. Winter. David, 2H .SantaniltM* Avrniu*. Wliit«' & Ncnlau, 137 Xarifio Avfniu*.
BANKS.
(BANCOS).
International Itanlting ('or]M»nition. Mjrr.. M. Lrvy. 21 Front Strict.
Pananui Ibinliing Company, Mgr. Wil- liam OwtMiH, 1 Fitmt St.
Classified Business Directory of Colon City.
505
BARBER SHOPS.
(BARBERIAS).
Anglen, David, Triuid.'ul Street, ('onstaiitiuo. Leouidas, Coluns»; Strent. King & Bro., C , Sail IVlip.» St. opi«>-
8it«^ Itailroaxl station. Eamos. S., 23 Pacz Avenuo. Sacli»>.l. Henry, 18 Bolivar A venue. Smith, Jose Aiignsto, Herrera St. Suarez, H, M., Herrera Street. Torranee. Gatteu;^, 170 Bolivar Street. Yaldez, llieardo, 109 Bolivar Ave.
BICYCLE REPAIRERS.
(COMPOSICION DE
BICICLETAS).
r.ruiiniun, :V1.. 9 Front Street. BILLIARDS. (BILL ARES.)
Bailey, Kicliard, 26 Paez Avenue- Food, Jane, 56 Paez Avenue.. Fleming, M., 177 Bolivar Avenue. Salomon, S., 6 Bolivar Avenue. Tlionipson, Xellie, 35 Paez Aveniu'.
BUILDING MATERIALS.
(MATERIAL
DE CONSTRUCCION).
Abucliar Bros,, 10th and I). Streets. Henri<iuez, J. J.. 718 Bottle Alley. Rathbuu. Stilsou & Co., J. 11. Stilson,
Mgr., 1 Bolivar Avenue. Stilson J. H., Offiee, San Jose Stn^et. Wagner & Co., 720 Bottle Alley.
BUTCHERS.
(CARNECEROS.)
Cameceria de Colon, otlice at J. H. Stilsou's. San Jose Street.
^CARRIAGE MAKERS.
(CARRUJERIAS).
Kowe. W, Felix. Justo Aroseraeua St.
CHURCHES.
(IGLESIAS.)
Christ ehurch, Epi8Coi)al Rev. ]<:. (>.
Cooper. Rector, BoU\'ar Ave., front
of American Consulate. Wesleyan Church, Rev. E. J. Cook.
pastor. 78-80 Santander Ave. Raman Catholic Church, Rev. I'adre
lutereno, Hubarto Putz, San Felipt;
Street.
CIGAR STORES.
(CIGARRERIAS.)
Cotes, Floreutino, 29 Front Street. Forero, D., 34 Bottle Alley. Gregorio, Frank, 58 J\iez Avenue. (Jregoire & Co., R., Trinidad Street. Irvin & Sons, 5 and 6 Front Street. Vibert and Dixon, 616 Front St. Panama R. R. Xews Agency, Colon and Cristobal Passenger Stations .
CONFECTIONERIES.
(DULCERIAS.;
(ihisgow, M., Sau Felipt? Street. Milligan, J. A,, 64 Paez Avenue.
COMMISSION AGENTS.
(AGENTES COMISIONISTAS.)
Bastar, Emlaldo, 97 Bolivar Avenue. DeLeon, M. A., 510 1-2 Front Street. Estenoz, Luis F., .53 Paez Avenue. Heaer; L., 55 Paez Avenue. Price, J. Benjamin, 91 Bolivar Ave. Wilcox, Robert.), Arboleda St.
CONTRACTORS & BUILDERS.
(CONSTRUCTORES.)
Cocking, Joseph E., Samaritan Lodge. Colon Construction Company, W. Hen-
rikson, Mgr. Deunie, A. B., Cash St. Lynch & Co., F. A., Bolivar A v. Padraore & Co., A. E.. .53 Paez Ave.
5oe
Fiht and OukU,
DENTISTS.
(DENTIST AS.)
Cnisbir. Win.. »1 Vuvt Awnw. Donut * Tniondwll, I'i Kmnt Stivrt.
DRESSMAKERS.
t-MODlSTAS,) HioilH. Mm. A. M., 77 Bollw Avenue.
DRUGSTORES. (BOTICAS;
lilrb«'ni«h. Dr. Carlon. .VJ Ik)Uvar Av. ('henaUoy & <>>., S.. 518 Itolivsr Av. Delfado A S.il*wir, :J7 Front Street. De SlmmonH, A. J.. 712 Front Street. Fentao, A. A., 107 Bolivar Avenue. I»»d«lyfoot, Dr. J. A.. 71 Bolivar Ave. PiHjpieH' Dnij; Stortv in.»0 Bolivar Ave.
ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANIES. (COMPANIA DE LUZ. )
Vaioa Ele< trie & loe Supply Company, MA. DeLw>n, Mjfr.
FRUIT STORES.
(FRUTERIAS.)
Herri'i-a, Femiina, 4 Bolivar Av. Wliit«, Margarita, 50 Santander A v.
FURNITURE STORES.
(ML'EJiLEKLVS.)
Bastar, Eudaltlo. 97 Bolivar Av. Lynrb * Co., Frank, VJQ Bolivar Av.
general merchants.
(('OMMERCiantp:sen (je-
NERAL.j
Anieriran Tradin(( (.'<•., Lt«l., Jleo.
(.'uimB, MjfT. I-'* B«»Hvar A v. Chaxnlle, K.. 19 Front St. Dooicnioo, FranciJtco, Colitnge St. ■
Fi«lMn4(ue A S<ms, i(., llemT« St. Frankel A Haato. 28 Front St. ttoltUt«io A Oow. IH Krnnt St.. * «S
1*H4'» ,\V.
l.itho, AndreH. 103 I'aex Av.
Maihiru, I. L . 3 Front St.
Oltislein BruA.. ('. (lltUtain Mgr.. Sun
FelijM' St. Satan, Jat'oh, 147 Taer. Av. Toleilano & (Vj.. I. L.. 17 Front SI. Tolednno. S. I... 30 Fn>nt St. nirith A Co . Frank. 1-' Fnmt St. Wagner. Co.. C. F. Wagner Mgr. W«
Tae/ .Vv.
GENTS' FURNISHINGS.
(ROPA PARA HUMIJKES.)
Anieric4in IUi«aar. C. Kleta. Mgr., 'A'2
Front St. Konia. (leiieroso. 15 Front Street. KoHanilla. Fnuuiwo, 47 Front Street, Salomon, .Mejamln*. Ifi Fnmt Stn*<^t.
HARDWARE.
(FERRETERIAS.)
Boiiaooi-Hi. Julio. flJO Bolivar Avenue. Chazulle, It.. 61(5 Front Street. Chenalloy & Co., S.. 41'< Bolivar .Stn-et. Uenrique«, J. J.. 71>» It«»ttle Alley. Ja.siM', M. A., 14 Front Street, Steveii«on. Juan, Front StrtM^t. Wagner A Co.. TJtt Ikittle .\lley.
HARNESSMAKERS.
CTAT.ABAUTERIAS).
<;il>Ws. J.. 100 Narifio .VTeuue. Wanl. H. .1.. 101 Narifio -\ venue.
HAT STORES. (Panama)
SOMBRERERIAS dk PANAMA
Uamirer., E. X . 114 Rollvar Avenue. Bodas. BraiiHo, 9 Front Stnet.
Clasaijied Bumness Directory of Colon City.
^av
HOTELS.
(HOTELES.)
^stor House. W. 1'- Spiller & Co.,
Props.. 4 Front StriMit. llott'l Cecil, Auierico Ortega, Mgr., 162
3?olivar Avenue. Hotel P^uropa, Juan Marta, rroj)., ]04
Paez AA'enne. Hotel Franco- America, Cesar Cazeneu-
ve & Co., Trops., '60 Paez Avenue. Hotel Frances, Villadres & Lore^i.
Props., 148 Paez Avenue. Hotel Genova, J. Farcct, Prop., 2(5
Front Street. Hotel Italia, Fierovanti (rraA-ina, Prop,
H4 Bolivar Avenue. Hotel Imperial, R, Bennudez, Mgr..
21-22 Paez Avenue. Hotel Paris, Antonio A. Rubies. Prop..
54 Bolivar Avenue. St. Elmo. Cooper & McRae. Props..
Bfjlivar Street. The Orleans. Xellie Robinson, Prop..
178 Bolivar Avenue. Wasliington House. I.C.C. manage- ment, Sea Front.
ICE FACTORIES.
rFABRICAS DE HIELOJ.
Colon Electric & Ice Supply Co., M. A DcLeon. Myr.
HELADERIAS.
(HELADERIAS). King, Claudiuc E., San Felipr- Street.
JEWELERS & WATCHMAKERS.
(JOYEKIAS &RELOJEKIAS.)
Beal, D. E., ]Ki Xarifio Ave. (^'larke, Arturo. 58 Saiitander, Avenue. Douienico, Francisco, Colunge Street. Dunujui, L. A,, 58 Paez Avenue. ( ronzabtz, Francisco, 2 Front Street. Kerr, J. L.. M Front Street.
I..ewi3 M. B , 47 Bolivar Avenue. Perrenoud, Henry, 76 Paez Avenue. Ryfkogel, John, 76 Paez Avenue,
MARKETS.
(MERC ADOS.)
Mercado Nacioual, Antonio Abello, Mgr., 124 Paez Avenue.
NEWSDEALERS.
(LIBRERIAS).
(*olon Stationery & Supply Company. 53 Bolivar Street, (The Casket.)
Grannum, M., 9 Front Street.
Irvin & Thomas. 95 Front Street.
Trvin & Sons, 510 and 918 Front Street.
Vibert & Dixon, 616 Front St.
Panama R. R. !N'ews Agency. Bienkow- ski & Sperling, Props., Colon and Cristobal Passenger Stations.
NEWSPAPERS.
(PERIODICOS )
Relator Municipal, published by Muni- cipal Council.
The Colon Starlet, Edward Lopez, Mgr., 95 Paez AA'enue.
The Colon Telegram, J. H. Humphreys Mgr., 69 Bolivar Avenue.
The Independent, E. Clifford Bynoe, Editor. 36 Paez AA-euue.
PAINTERS.
(PINTORES.) St. Aubin. Artur, 30 Bolivar Avenue.
PAWNBROKERS.
(CASAS DE EMPENOS.) Zeballo, Marco A., Colunge St.
P>
N
P
aai
b!
0 g
go
OK
So p.
H
H-
(D c* U
508
POotttttd OMide.
PHOTOGRAPH STUDIOS.
vFOTiXiKAFlAS.)
Kekw, Jr.. J. J.. 49 Bolimr Av^nm*. }kl«>hr, iTand R. ?J SnaUndrr Avi*.
PHYSICIANS.
(MKDI(X)S.)
Liickitt. l)r. F. O.. 13 FnMit Street, MHklc. Dr. I^ul.. S., 1H» Bolivar Ave. I*wl«lyfiiol, I)r. J. A.. 71 B.4lvnr Avc«. SmIiv, Hr. H. ("., 11 n«»Iivar A%'«-Bm\
PLUMBERS.
(PIA)MERIA8 )
Itnivo « Hrin, Jiuui Brin, M^r., Front
Stri'ot Colon riuniliinu ('oiu|Mtiiy, E. J. Luua,
M^r.. 74 Holivar Avt-niif. MfJiL, Clias. AVillcockH, A. J., '£1 IMivur Aw.
PROVISION DEALERS.
CPROYIJSIONES.)
Ariuour A Co., A. A., Lieumaii, Miff.
.V» IViIivar Avo. < 'aiiavaggio. Pmmi-«]. 10 Front Str»'<«t, ico. Fraiu-iHro, (\iliuige Stn-et. Hnm.. r"4»nHT Front and Ar- bnleda Strin-ts Swift & Co.. J. X. AndnuU-. Mgr., :,'« I'ai-r AvrniU'.
RESTAURANTS. (UESTAUKANTKS.)
Aiidiiv, Henry, ItM Va*'r. Avrnu*-. Rarnto, Matild*-, 1H.'< lk>livar Avtuui'. JU'nmni. Kirharrl, J) I'm-z Av«'niU'. IHnian, IxM'amoJ., ICi liolivar Avmut-. Fan. Ni'nuH.'io. 102 Vavz Avenuf. Ft-niaudez, Mauurl. IKlSautandiT .ivt*. Flf tcber, William, 6H liolivar Avtim**. Frmga. Ihtuuuwi. I'M Pacz Avenue. Fnuik, yi.. H I'lu-z Avenue. Gravina, Feriovanto, 160 Bolivar Ave.
Tlan. Clian.. I.VI Boliv&r Avi>nne.
Lo«-. Mon, 10«) Vtwt Avenue.
I^tin A- Martiiie/., Felix lA<on, Mgr.
lf«7 Sautandrr Avenue Melclianl, Arnold. 'JO Tae* Avcnmv Monehon A Niuitarides. 132 Colungtt
StrtM'U Ahumada, Enriqucta, Kicanlo Aningo
Stniet,
SALOONS. (CANTINAS.)
Andiee, Henry. VM Vtwr. Avenue.
Arjpote, .lose S.. t\i liolivar Avenue.
.\riau, CnrloR. 171 Ilolivar Avenue.
Alejandro, l)erin». 44 N'arifio Avenue.
Anglen. David. Trinidad Stre«a.
Away, AgoHlaH, HerrtTu Stnn't.
Bird, Elina Kditli, fit; V.wr. Avi-nue.
Ikirreto. Malil.le. l«.t B«divar Avenue.
liurat, .Meril, l'J8 Itolivar Avenue.
Bonface. PvitieHtinu. ISW Xarifio Ave.
Brown. H. ('.. 4*_' I'aez Avenue.
Bailey. Itiehanl. M Taez Avenue.
Batehelor. IlelH-tea, San ,Jo»e Stn-et.
]^>nKon. Hitliani. 9 Taez Avenue.
lUaek. Henry. Arlwdedn Stn«et.
ItiMiaeorsi. Julio L.. 1(J<» IVdivar Ave.
Bony. Kduanlo, Colunge Street.
Corrigan Bn>8. «V Co. ,1., Front Stnet.
Cezxando. A. Maiiu, 15 Bolivar Ave.
Cavallo. Amanda, 13 Paez Av«'nue.
Cliarles. Mary. 81 Taez Avenue.
CliriHtian, Jiinies, 147 Siuitander Ave. Cauipbell, Isaae, '.SO Vav/. Avenue. Clark. Leonora. '24 Bolt\ar Avenue. Carter, H. J a men, 24 Bolivar Ave. CarlioneJ. Beca Fnuirisco. n.i Bolivar
A\enue. CurtiH. Lizzie, 1H*< Ikdivar Avenue. Collins, Zt'dekiah. .V5 .Santandrr Av»\ Critehlon, Sinclair, Arlndedo St. Cluirluiz. r«Mln>, Kieanio .Vrango St. Collins, I'auliua, Juttto Anmeniena St. Cantw, David de. 40 Narifio Avenue. Drumniond, Amelia, 144 .Santander .Vve. Diafa, Cataliua, lUK Bolivar Street. Dulice, Uuberto. 96 Faez Avenut-.
Classified Business Directory of Colon City.
50Q
D.avi8, Kenneth, 126 Narino Avenue.
Damaso, Fraga, 136 Paoz Avenue.
Doliis, Jorge, 72 Xarnio Aveune.
Delgado. Jose Manuel, 114 Santander Avenue.
Dhnas, Locarno J , 97 liolivar Avenue.
Dufour, Lueiano. Colunge Stre«^t.
Duncan, Matluirin, 206 Bolivar Avf.
Denis, Peter, 2.'> Narifio Ave
Dennis. Xicolas. 134 Paez Avenue.
Donatio. Virgilio. 176 Bolivar Avenu*-.
Dais, William. 46 Santander Avenue.
Del Jlio. Isaltel, 176 Bolivar Avenue.
Ehrman, St. Amer,172 Xarifio Avenue..
Edwanl, Isidoro. 44 Xarino AA-enue.
Ed jar, A. Francisco, 38 Jiolivar Ave.
Ellis, George, 183 Narino Avenue. .
Edward. James, 85 Xarino Avenue,
Filip. Elisa, 37 Santander Avenue.
Floria, Josefina, 131 Santander Ave.
Food, Jane, .56 Paez Avenue.
Fleming, Miss M., 177 Bolivar Ave.
Fernandez. Manuel, 82 Bolivar Ave.
Frank, ^l.. 8 Paez Avenue.
Findle. Susanna, 186 Santander Ave.
Filvez, Valentina, 113 .Santander Ave.
Fantin, V., 210 Santander Ave.
Fletcher, William, 93 Bolivar Avenue.
Graves, Alberto, Justo ArosemenaSt.
Gmut, Carlos, Justo Aroseniena Street- Grant, Thomas, 144 Santander Ave.
Geneteau. I;!., 62 Bolivar Avenue.
Gibbs, J., 190 Xarino Avenue.
(Jranville, Margarita, 216 Xarino Ave.
Gaskin, Thilistina, 26 Xarino Avenue.
Gamer, Vivian, 44 Paez Av«!nue.
Hernandez, Salonn'-, 182 Xarino Av.
Howell. Pearl, 186 Bolivar Avenue, '"La Mascota."
Julio, Catalina, 141 Jk)livar Ave.
Krasselia. John, Corner Paez <fe Ama- dor Guerrero Street.
Knight, Peter, 136 Paez Avenue.
Lacua, Dolina, 226 X^arino Avenue.
Leroy, Enrique, 205 Santander Avenue,
LaBarrie, A'ictor, 123 Bolivar Avenue. •
Lebreton, Luis, 109 Bolivar Avenue.
Lam, John, 220 Bolivar Avenue.
Lam, R. S., 2 Front Street.
Lim. J, R., 31 San Felipe Street. Lucien, Teofanie. 26 Xarino Avenue. Leighton, P. D., 133 Paez Avenue. Martis, Jack, 47 Front Street. Melchaixl, Arnold. 29 Paez Ave. McDonal, Clementina, 29 Paez Avenue. Morales, Delfina, 185 Santander Ave. Monchon & Xestarides, 132 Paez Ave. Maximilian, Salvador. 90 Bolivar Ave. Olsen, Jemima, 13 Bolivar Avenue. Ordonez, Julio, 127 Santander Ave. Pena, Antonio, Santander Avenue. Price, Benjamin J., 91 Bolivar Street. Parks, Inez, 170 Jiolivar Avenue. Pre.scott, John, 166 Bolivar A\ enue. Placid, Luis, 154 Bolivar Avenue. Pernet, Manuel X.. 196 Bolivar Ave. Pelaez. Matilde, 14 Paez Avenue. Padn»s, .Jose, 38 Paez Ave. Romero, Encarnacion, Arlwleda St. Ren<io, .fusta, 213 Xarino Ayenue. Ptalu, H. A., 200 Bolivar Av(^nue. Romero. Prhiiitiva, Rieardo Araugo St. Sablo, P. J. & T. M., 104 Bolivar Ave. Siver, .Vrturo, 218 Bolivar Ave, Simons. Adelina, 115 Santander Ave. Sedoc. Gabriel. 132 Bolivar Avenue. Sebil, Jacob, 85 X\irifio Avenue. Suarez, Amiuta, 36 X^irino Avenue. Sousa, Lionel de, 35 Santander Avenue. Sniith, .Jose Auguste. Herrera St. Silvera, R., 234 Santan<ler Avenue. Silvera. M.. A: Geo. E. Lang. 6 Paez
Avenu*!. Salamon, Samuel. 6 Bolivar Avenue. Stcdman. W. :M.. 67 Bolivar Avenue. Simons, Theortisto, 138 Paez Avenue. Taylor. M. A. 64 Paez Avenue. Thonjpson, Alejasidro, Trinidad St. Tbonipson, X'ellie, 34 Paez Ave. V.1Z, A. il., 70 Paez Avenue. Ticent. Charles M.. 186 Santander Ave. Vega, Margarita. 185 Santander Ave. Valdez. Ricar'do, 169 Bolivar Avenue. Williams, Esther, 146 Paez Avenue. Williams, John, 93 Bolivar Avenue. William, Samuel. 205 Santander Ave. Willen, Elena M., 166 Bolivar Ave. Yliap, C. J.. Rieardo Arango St.
610
J*ilot 4md Gmkle.
Zikpnta. f.'«mN'UiM. M SnataitdtMr Avo. ZapMta. rnniM'ii, 174 ibtUv.ir Avcouf.
SHOEMAKERS.
F. McNeil. l'> IViHvjir Av.nii,
SILVERSMITHS. (PLATEKIAS.)
SAlnnioii, Lino. Ti n«iliAar Avfuiii-. TorTv»« A ('rif*on, Kiin<|Uf Torn-H. Jcmm*
L. C'riiwn. 44 Saiilamh-r Awuur. WUIIjiinj« A Son, T. .1.. JW Ihur \\v,
SODA WATER FACTORIES.
^SODKUIAS).
IVSiiuiiiouft, A. .».. X14 FnMit St. JUln. HA.. TiN-Tio iv.ttl. AH.-.n.
STEAMSHIP COMPANIES. (COMPAXIAS DE VAPORES.)
Coniimni* Genrnili' Traiiaatlnuliquo,
<Fn'iioli Lint*). C. H. U. llav»«n.
Agfut, Oftii«'. \Va.Hluii:;toii St. ComiNuiin Ti-a!is:itl:tiitii» tl«' HanM-loiia
(SpaniAli Liuf), l|n»a«i«» Itn»z (iarcla.
Agi'iit-.ottici-. fonur \Va^lim;:toii and
San Jo.M- StnttH. HiuiiUure-Aiii«*ri<-aii Liiu' (Atln(» Liue),
Paul MoUrr, ajj.iit; «»{«<•••. WaAlimg-
t4*n StnM«t. Lcjlauil & H irrisoii lAw (KiisXWa
Lini«), W. AmirfWH A Co., a;;«'intrt:
oflico. Fr.mt St., oppnAttf Hdtfl CVii-
tral. Pauania IlailrtMwl S.S. Co. (l*. S. (;ov-
erniiicnt Liiif), Hinmi J. Slif«T. Mau-
ag«*r; offiiM', I'aiiamH liailroa«l (le|Mtt,
(aciiitf Front Streiit. Boyal Mail StiMin raikit ('o. (EukIIhIi
LliM). Hilary U. TarkiT. agfiit; ottici-
frout of I'auanui Uuilr'ta) ('o.*s ti>r
miual. UniU-Ml Fruit Company (N«*»- Orh-uuk
Line), I*. S. McOnnick, axcut- nttlcM.
IturraUlo St
TAILORS.
(SASTKES.I
HUhop, C. S., HI I»n,.i Avrouf. Ilri'tf, C .v.. im Par/. .\v.«nu«-. ColliiT, TImii*. .\., 09 Ilolivar Awuu«-. Collino. Z«Mli<kiah. ."»il Sanlamlor .\v». FiUp. .roH««, ;t7 Saulanilcr .\\fnnr. Conilfu, S. A., 47 It.livar Stiv.l. Conloit, A., Arlioli'da Stn**-!. (Jrant. J. .].. Tiinidad Si nil. Hop*'. Nonnan F.. V2 Itolivar Str»*«'l. .Ii'nkina. .1. P.. San F«Ii|m- Stnt-t. .loliuHon. .1. H., 74 Pa«'/. Avmut'. L«>ltr>>t4>n. Lnii*. 1<»» Ilolivur Avrnnr. Mirlirl, ,}ani«->«. San IN-lifH' .Stn'«'t. Plunnnor, U. K.. 21 Stintandrr .Vv»-nu««. Itolwrt.siui, ,Iaiuu-H. UK Par/, Avi-nur. S«i|>j>a. tliK-tano, :i:i Fnmt Strf»-l. Walroml, \V. II., H.iTn-a Stmt. WanuT, K. A, 112 SantandiT Avo.
THEATRES.
rTEATROS.) Thw IHjoa, 714718 IloHvar .St.
TINSMITHS. (0JALATEKIA8.J Curling, J., lOl Nariflo Avouw.
TRANSLATORS.
(TKADl'CTOKES.)
liyno«>.K. Cliffunl..Sp:ininli ami Ku^HxIi Ojwuu. T. K.. SitaniKh. ICn^xIinh anil
Fn-urli. T)i»>tz-Pott4'r. U.. SpaniAli. KnjiliHli an<<
Fn-ufh. Kik«r. .Jr.. .1. .1.. l)nt«li. EnjfliKli. S)ian
Isli anil Fn-ui'h. HonriipH/. Kil.; 7(tl Fmnt St.
WINES AND LIQUORS.
(LK'OKERT.VS.)
Afoitta, K. Anili:il, S:in Fi*li|>c .SirtH^t. .\nki-un) & Co., J. H.. 4.'> Itolivar Avr. Jiruun, H. M., 4^ Front St, luul 12.'i Pavx Avenue.
|
Clmsijied Fumness Director}/ of Colon City. S1 1 |
|
|
(."anavaggio. Pascal, 10 Front Str<'i>f. |
Higgins, Maitin, .VH Bottle Ali<'y. |
|
Hyatt, J. M., 7!) Dolivar Av.-. ' — : |
L'LLUrCH A- Co., FPvAXnC, 12 Front |
|
Italu, H. A., 78-80 Pacz Aveiuu'. ] " |
Street. |
|
O IwlHiS S I O N S . [ |
|
|
SPECIALTIES & NOVELTIES. |
Chazulle, K. A., 113 Bolivar Ave. |
|
rVARlKDADE^.) |
Keker. J. J., 11 Front St. |
|
Crucliley, Alicia, -'!) Front St, |
Clover. Catherine. 20 Front St . |
|
CHINESE ESTABLISHMENTS. |
|
|
rEHT^AOLKCIMIEXTOS CHINOH.) |
|
|
GENERAL MERCHANTS. |
Hop Sing & Co.. 49 Front Street. |
|
fMERCANCIAS en GENERAL.; |
Ho Shing, 200 Xarino Avenue. ; .John Hing, 139 X'arino Ave. |
|
Ah Kai, 40 Front Street. Chanj^ Chonjr, 142 Sant^iudei- Avenue. Chang- Kee, 10 Xarifio Avenue. Chenalloy & (Jo., S., Bet. Ill Paez Ave . and ArboltMla St.; ;'»7-.'>9 Bolivar Ave., and 30 Paez Avenue.. Chao Choug Vuen &Co., Bet. 71 Paez |
John Lam, 220 Bolivar Ave. Kai Kee. Corner Paez Avenue and Colunt,e Street. Ka Pwo Hing. 41) Sautander Ave. King ^lan ( -liang. It50 Xarino Avenue. Kong Hing Fat, 60 Xarino Avenue. Kwong Wing Tai & Co.. 11.". Bolivar |
|
.1 venue and lltMTcra Street. Cheng Chang, 102 Narino Avenue. Cheng Sing, J., Aroseniena Street. Chen Sam, 179 liolivar AveniiH. (Jhin Sc-ong, 2 J Paez Avenue. Chin Wai Chong, 102 Sautander Ave. Choug Hing Chang, 19 Pai^z Avenue. Chong Hhig Chang, 20 Xarino Avt'uue, Chon Heng, (to Xarino Avenue. Cong Chang, 101 Bolivar Avenin-. |
Avenue. Lam Hing & Co., Paez Avenue, near Arboleda Street. Lam Hop. 16-18 Boli var A venue. Lam. J. 11. Corner Paez Ave. and San Felipe Street. Lee Cho, 50 Front St. Lee Chong, 4:)-46 Front St. Lee Min & Co.. Bet. 22 Vm-a Ave, an<l San Felipe St. |
|
Fen Choug, H3 Paez Avenue. |
Len Hing. 108 Xarino Avenue. |
|
Feng Chong Cliang, ()3 Sautander Ave. |
Lim Chin, 6i Bolivar Avenue. |
|
Fou Chong, 20 Bolivar Avenue, |
Liu Sing, 42 Santanchu- Avenue. |
|
Fon Sing Oumg, 2:Jl Xarino Av<'nui'. |
Long Kee. 57 Bolivar Avenue. |
|
FockFong, 141 Xarino Avenue. |
Man Chong. House 47. Fox River. |
|
Foo Tai Ly, 5G X'arifio Avenue. |
Man Lee liam, 19 Bolivar Ave. |
|
Fu Kie, J., Aroseinena Street. |
Man On, 81 Bolivar Avenue. |
|
Hang Ciiong, 30 Santanderj Avenue. |
Man Sing, 60 Sautander Avenue. |
|
Heng Chong. -OJ Xarino Aveuu«'. |
Man Woo, 209 Sautander Avenue. |
|
Hing Chang, 36 Bolivar .\ venue. |
Mow Chong. l.M-157 Bolivar Avenue. |
|
Hop Lung & Co., i:'.9 Bolivar Avenut . |
On Chon^, 5 Front Street. |
|
Hop Shing Am. Trading Co., 129 Paez |
On Lee Chong. 212 Bolivar Ave. |
|
Avenue. |
Ou Lee Fay, 26 Bolivar Avenue. |
512
Pilot and Guide.
On JjM> Tat. U KautMidcT ATennrL Paw IliDf niong. 4ti NnrilVn Avrniit*. IHiw T«.v ChmiK. Smi Fi'1I|H' St. fow llinjc * To.. M Front Stn«««t. ^S«n]C tltoui;. IK! liuUvnr Avi<iiu«v Sang Wo Saiig * f "i*.. :»7 From Sli>«4 f
Niid 43 P««'« Avenue. Shing Hop. 83 Xarifio Avrnti«*. SiBf ('ht'oiig. IX' NHiino Avriiiif. Sing ninng. *.' BiiHvnr Avfiiiu>. Sing ClMnig A <"«.. ll'T Vnvt Axv. Sing Hing. '2 Nmino Arcnu**. Sing Woorbong, r.*fi Nurino Aveuuf. Sin Woo. *3tl SMntNn«l<>r Av^-niH*. Sun Lw Lmiy A <%•.. ConuT Fn»nt
iumI ( 4)luilp> .StH.
TangC'hong. 'Jiti .SnntuuiItT Avt-nu*-.
Tay L*"*', 7i» Narino Av««uue.
Tock (liong & Co.. Pat-r.' Avfnnr. near ArUilt^tla St.
Tock < lions Tal * to.. 1»m«z Avi-. ami Colnngt* 8ts.
Tong Tal * C.'u., 1'28 Tar/. Avenm-.
Tung Cliang. 123 Vt*'i Ave.
Tung ('hong A- Cm.. San FrliiH- Sir«-*«i.
Tung Fat. rtl! Narifio Avenue.
Tung Sing. San Feliin- StrtM-t.
Tung Slug I^"*-. tx Nurino Avenue.
Tung \Vo«. Tai A: Co.. KW Uolivar Ave.
Wall Jliug. 117 Paez Avenue.
Wah Lung<!t Co.. 24 Fmnt Street.
Wal ting Tai. 236 Bolivar Avenue.
Wui <hi Tr*i'ung < 'iian;;. :{>; Frmif Sf . '
AVany r«H>. su Nariiio Ave.
Wang Lee. ]S1 Narino Avenue.
Wat Cliout'. 22i^ ]V»]iv;ii- Avenui*.
Wing Cliong. lu.". llulivar Avenue.
Wing Chong. 20 Santantier Ave. Wing Fung Chong. »<U IMivar Av4-. Wing Hung Woif. 100 Vuvr. Aveiun-.
Wing \'ti; ll.'i I'aey. Avenue. Wing Yuen. Son Felija- St. Wo 1a'*- A: Co.. 240 Bolivar Ave. Woo Hing I^ng, 114 NariHo Avenuu. Woo Sang, IC Bolivar Ave. Woo Sing. AriM>Ie«)a .*»lre«'t. Woo Sing Chong. G5 Bolivar Ave, Woo Sue, J. AnuM'imnia Sfn-**!. Yfck 1.4JJ' Chang. .Vj Fnuit St.
\'!THing (ni(<ODs, 174 Bolivar Av«v
Ye<« I^jy, 211 Narino Avenue.
Yet I^fj, 40 Bolivar Avenue.
Yet Li»y. Bet. .*i2 Front and Colunge
Stfi'eta. Vhap, C. H.. K. Arangu Street. Ymk Hing, W Bolivar Ave. Yotk Ky. 00 Narino Ave. Yuen Kee, KJ Bolivar Avenue. Yuen Tai. 4H Snntander Ave. Yuen Woti Chong, .J. Anmeniena St. Vuf .San Woo l»^l Santaml.r Ave.
CONFECTIONERIES.
(DULCKKIAS.)
Laui W«Ni Kif. K4 I'aez A \ ••.
EXPRESS COMPANIES.
Cuban Aiiit'iiran KxpreM* Co.. Kie K<h> Yuen, Agent, IT.'i Narifio Ave,
LAUNDRIES.
rLAVAXI>P:KIAS.)
Chen L«M'. r>4 I'aez Ave. Hing ].,ong. Ift'I IVtIivnr Ave. Oiu Chong. ArlMthiia St. Sjini Let', m Bolivar Ave. Wah l.w. 130 B4»llvar Ave.
RESTAURANTS.
iKESTALKANTES.) Tung Tai. Colunge St.
SILK AND CURIO STORES. ( SKDEKIAS Y OUKIO.SIDADES)
Chenalloy * Co.. S.. lOIi lUKlI.VH'aer.
Avenue. Chew Hing. 121 Bolivar Ave. Fung Woii Tai A- Co., 100 Bolivar Ave. n»i» Yueng A Co., 130 i{«ilivar Ave. Hop Shing Anieriean Tnnling Co., 12
l'jM'7. Ave. Hop Sing A C«i.. 41» Front Street. Kuu Chong. 121 I*a«'/. .\ve.
Classified Business Directory of Colon City.
SI 3
Lam Hing & Co., Front, noar Ail)»lo(la
Street. Sun Lee Lung & Co., Coiner Front and
Coluuge Streets. Tung On Tai <fc Co., 23 Front St. Tung Woo Tai. 10.5 Santander Ave. Will On.Tseung Chan. 39 Front Street,
and 103 Paez Ave. Wo Hing Long 44 Front St. Yuen Choiig. ISO Pnez Ave.
SODA WATER FACTORIES.
(SODERIAS.)
Kie Foo Yuen & Co., 17-5 Xariuo Av( Lam Bros., 44 Bolivar A^e. Wo ITing Long. 44 Front Street.
TAILORS.
(SASTRES.)
Wo Sing & Co.. 7.J Bolivar xVve.
Cuando se necesite cualesquiera clase de Drogas solicitenlas en la
POPULAR FARMACIA de PANAMA de M. ESPINOSA B.,
OSTO. 103 OE3SITR,-A.Li .^'VHJlSrXJE!.
BUSINESS DIRECTORY
OF THE
CANAL ZONE,
Pop. 1904: 10,200.
Pop. 1908: 62,374.
Value op building operations, both of government and private construction from "
1908. (Est.;: -$5,925,000 U. S. G,
Bas Obispo.
Bryant, Clias., saloon. Cliee Chung Hing, gen. nidse. Curzel, Peter S., saloon. KA\ong Cliong, geu. nid.se. Karaos, Carlos, fresh meats. See Lee. saloon and gen. nidse. See Chong, gen. rndse. Sam Lee, laundry.
Bohio.
Fock Kee. gen. nidse. Km oug (^liang, gen. nidse.
Kwong Y'^ueng, gen. nidse. Wang Lee, gen. mdse. and s.aloon. Yee Son, gen. mdse and saloon.
Culebra.
Abadi, Jacob, gents' fuiliishings, (Jalvo, Alfredo Molina, druggist. ( 'asado, X. B., saloon, ('harles, Horatio, restaurant. Charles, J. C, restaurant. Cliim Ijiic, gen. nidse. and li«iuors Clarke. Archibald, tailor. Con Son Jan «fe Co., general inei disc.
•ban-
51-4
Piht ami Guide.
MEN OF the: • ^ ^ • ^ ^
>' tr,avh3lh:r,s and toxjr^ists
V.
WHEN IN COLON ARE INVITED TO VISIT"
cYhe Gargoyle Cafe,
I Ht bWELLliST AND MOSl" UP-TO-DATE BAR AND RESTAURANT ON THE ISTHMUS.
THRKK I»<M>KS FUOM CKISTOBAI, roMMl}<8ARV.
NO. 57 FRONT SIREEI, COLON, R.
.X;^..A
'^\.,-v-V..
Coombi'fl. Alfn»<l. billianlH.
IV U I»arr«, L. A., d.ntiat.
Kliot, Carl, rpstaiintnt.
Knm*nat. A., wxla M-at^T factorj.
Fnlwoo<l. R. J.. i»h(»einak«T.
GanitT. Tlu-o.. tailor.
(lordou, J. X., KliiHMuukor.
H^nriqiu'z, H.. tailor.
Ilerrcra. Manuela, fruitk.
Hip Wo & Co.. gpucrai; UKTchaniiiA^.
Hop Choug. gon. mdso. and liquoi-n.
John Chonif Wtng * Co.. Ken. ni<N»«.
Jont-H, K. A.. barlH-r.
KiioQK Hinjr. nvn. nidnt-.
I>ain Sang Luug.gcn. nid.>M<'.an<l liqiiorH.
Miuto. Agnt'M. Hoda4.
MoKwfr, HiilM-rt. Mlio«>niukrr.
MrFarlaud and Coyno. .<«a]o«>u and t-liih
llOUM'.
McKtnr/u-, J. X.. tall.r
Panama 11. K. New* .\;,'«-ii<\. u«y*'»
dfalcnt. Vvrvr., MnuiicI reAtiiunuit.
Pow<dI, Thonja«. n'staurnnt.
Koid. Wni.. rt'Htanmnt.
Kichanl. F. (i.. tailor.
Sam Hing Lung V<»r S«n, g«Mi. indiw.
Sang Woo Ho|», gon. nidHt^.
Sing On Lung Kt-o A Co., grn. nidn^.
Shung Fung. grn. nidw*.
Smith. Fanny, MMlas
Smith. II. G., l)arbor.
Tni IJiiig, laundry.
Tapia, Antonio, restaurant.
Taylor. Kachat'l, rr-staurant.
'i'homaH. Klijah, n*8taurant.
'J'ong Chong Tai, g<'n. mdac.
Tong K«n' A Co., gen. nidw.
Tong \Yo*t, g«'n. n;d*p.
Ttifk T.uug A Co.. g«'n«M-.«l m«M. hnBdi^••
aiid liquom. Viana. Felix, n«>»tuurant. Wilt.shirt', K. A., tailor. Wing Sang Lung. gen. md!»«-. Wong YoM- K«*f, g«'n. umUi-. Yw Uop, gi-uoral uiercliMudi»c.
Biisiness Directory of Canal Zone.
515
Empire.
Aaron, <fe Son, I., gents' furnishings. Abdo & Kori, barbers- Albion, Bartolome, restaurant. Bascoin, J. A., restaurant and so«las. Blackman, J. C, tailor. Brewster, N. H , druggist. Cantor, C. R., saloon. Cavellier, Luis, saloon. Clarke, J. B., tailor. Clinton, J. L. M., restaurant. Cong Cheong, gen. mdso. Corcoran, J. II , shoe store. Corinaldi, Mrs. ]{., midwife. JJe laGuardia, Juan, gen. niilse. Eduardo. H., Soft drinks. Edward, ,J. C., tailor. Ferguson. Jas., billiards Fishbaugh, W. A., photographio studio. Flynch, S. U , tailor. Francis, R. D., shoe store. Gandolfo, Jolin, hotel. Gandalfo cfe Raffo, restaurant. Gcnarine, Coppla, hotel. Grau & Bemadas, druggist.'*. Hailed, C., restaurant. Hallen, B., tailor. Hillerinan, P. P., attorney. Hop Hing, gen. mdse. Hop Sing, laundry- Hyatt, H. B , jeweler Jimenez, Felix, restaiu'ant. Kee |Woo, gen. mdse. Kinkead, C. D., saloon and tailor sliop. Kong Chin Chang, gen. mdse. Kong Sang Lung, gen. mdse. Kong Yee Lung, gen. mdse. Knoug Tai Lung, gen. mdse. Laurence. W. A., jeweler. Lawrence, Anatole, diiiiks. Leen Hop, gen. mdse. Leones, Manuel, soft drinks. Lipman, J. H., tailor. Londono, Jesus A., architect. MacNaught & (^., S. W..Feres,SMgr.
jewelers. Mason, Mary, ice cream. Menaszaz. Tomas, shoe stor*-.
Mezel, Gustave.l^estauranl .
Morrison, A., tailor.
Morri.son, W. G., tailor.
Miilh'r, Oscar, gents' furuisliings.
Panama Banking Company, Vicente
de la Montaigne, Mgr. r. R. R. News Agency newsdealers. P(>na. Francisco, so<las. Quin Lee, gen. mdse. Resky, Gio., barber. Rhules, J. H., tailor. Robert. Grant J., physician. Rodriguez. Eliseo, barler. Rome. A., prop. Pennsylvania Hotel,
bar, billiards and l>owling alleys. Ross, Pedro, liquors iuid soft drinks. Sandi, Jose, saloon. San Sin Fay, gen. mdse. Sew Sang, gen. mdse. Show Fung gen. nulse. Stanford, Dr. Anib. druggist. Succari, Mohammed, |gen. mdse.,
stort;s. Sun Chon, general merchandise. Tuck Woo Chong, gen. mdse. Tuck Yu Chong, gen. mdse. Yibert & Dixon, newsdealers. Yincensini, Aquiles, saloon. Ward, Wm., soft drinks. Wing Chong Long, gen. mdse. Wing Wo, soft drinks. Wlong Sing Long, gen. md.se. Wo Shing, gen. mdse, Yee King Long, gen. mdse. Yee Woo Chong, gen. mdse. You Chin, i*estaurant. Yueng Hing, gen. mdse. Yun Sam, general merchandise.
Gatun,
Blathys, Geo., restaurant and cigar
store. Brady, R. S.. saloon and restaurant. Chambers, W. A., tailor (Jamaiquital- Cohen, Jose. gen. mdso., (Janiaiquita). Evans, T. A. Hubert, druggist. Grandison. E. A., tresh meat cledler. ; Hislop, R. A , druggist. ^
516
FOot tmd G^iidg.
^ 8
2,
9c 0
-r^ 0
IIS
I'
KwoQC ChaBf Chong, groceriga.
Kan San Loon. |pe«a. rodae.
rNnama Railroad New* Agrncy. newa-
tiralpnt. IVkigria. Dolorva. groeerics. PoSang Cboog, gvneral ra<<rrliandlM*
i.1ainai4|iiita.) I'otr Iling Line. gcuonU inrrrhandlM'
4jamaiqalta) Smiik (lionj:. c«*n. ni<1(M<.
Schueti. J. B , saloon.
Sing \ah*, gi^n. nid«e. (Jaiiiaiquita).
Thiboii, W. K.. jjnK'iTirH.
Wiug Wo Tai K«'Q. uuImv
Wing Woo Tal, jpfo. iik1».«.
Yal Wo, proviHiiHiH.
Y(>«> Clion (Mum, ;;i<n. iuiliu>,
Y«*«' ('hong, gi'ii. iihIhi'.
Yff Swng IjiMHi. g«'U iihIbo.
Yiu>n Ki-4', gi'ii. iimIim*. (.Intiiaiqtiita).
Yiit'ti LtM*. gi-ii. iiiiIh*'. (.Iaiiiai<|iiit;)).
C3-0 to I.
HvT-^^ODTJ-ieO
For Your Fm« WtncsJ Liquors/ J atnaica'and Havana Cigars.
The REAL AMERICAN BAR With AU Modem Improvements.
D. T. McLean, Manager. gorqona, canal zone
GORGON A c^ERATED WATEIi COMPANY.
i^anafaciarcrs'of High Qradc derated Vatcrs ct' All Kinds.
WHITE US roll QUOTATIONS BEPOItK BUVIXG EI^KWHEKK.
D. T. McLean, proprietor. gorgona. Canal Zone.
Gorgona.
Aiiit-riraii ^ liak«T\ .
AiiuTi<-aa lU'staurant, A^^atlia lUm-
Kiison. I*n»i». Andradf. AiiUuiio. ilistilliry. AXDRADK, GKORUK, lllUlard
Parlor, Bar and llotf 1. BfSCKFORD, RICHARD, Ba-
Urry, radft, L,. frait*. rall.nd.r, .S. H., tailor. Hay, Kiiiflia, MxlaH. lIESfRY, 8. K., Tailor.
HERON, A. C, Tailor.
Hill \Vu Tai, Ki'ii. iihI»«" Hotfl (.'alifonra. J. Kovalsky. Prop. Hoytc. J. A., tailor. .loliiiMMi. J. 11.. tailor, .folly. (}., a<'nit»'«l \vat«T iiiaiiufactuivr. Kain Ling Tai. «;«'ii. iinLso. Kit ('hong, grn. uhIw. Kill K<M', gt!U. nulMe. Kiioiig Yifk Ling A- Co.. g«'n. nidsc. Kwuug Mow Lung. g«'n. ui<l8«*. Ia'c^ ('hong, gen. uhIw. I.rf'** On Chaug «fr Co., drj' gofxln ami notions
B '"^T'iJ^B Et:gS[t»* AERATED WATER FACTORY
<ii. J(>L.1^V, Froiiri«-tor, <<nricnnn, Canal Zone.
First-cUss *Bo{tUd Sodjis, \lGirger o4le, Gir.uine Champagne KoU, Etc., Etc.
"sxmiTB: i><rEiiroriI:F»riiCE:s.
Business Directory of Canal Zone.
517
Linvis, A., sodas.
Maduro, jr.. I. F.., saloon and billiard
parlor. MCCAL.I.A, CECIL,, General 31er-
cliandiHe. McLean. (). (J., aiTatcd wator n>ai\u
factui'cjr. MCL.EOD, S. A., Tailor. Mcnlianl, Kodcrick, rcstauruut. .Mitchell, II. G.. tailor. OG1L.VIE, 1>. W., Pliysiclaii ami
Oniggtst. Panama Banking, Co.. Paredes, Amelia de, ice cream iV: .sodas. Pandelatos, Xicolas, barber. Po Wall C'hong. gen. mdso. Protestant Episcopal Church. Rev.
Taylor, Catechist. Rogers. Jean, sodas. Roman Catholic ('hurcli. Sing Sang Chong. gen, nidse. SMITH, ROBERT C, Tailor. STIBELi, .TlLir-S, . RefreHlimeiit
Saloou. Teck Lee, gi'ocerics. Tong ( 'hang, gt;nera] mercliandise. Tong Chong, gent^ral inerchaudis»>. Tong Eat ClHHig.general merchandise. Tong Uing, general merchandise. Tuck Sang, general mercharidise. Vibert & Uixoji, newsdealer^3. Wikson, E , tailor. Wing Chong, general merchandise. Wing Sang, g«'n. n»erchandise.
Las Cascadas.
Briones, Seguiulo, sodas and cigars.
Bryant. Chsis.. saloon.
Combes, E., restaurant.
Eoo Lee Yuen, gen mdse.
Fo(» Yuen, gen. mdse.
(jjonzalez, Luis, grocery.
Iling Chong Jan «fe Co-, gen. mdse,
Lai Woo. saloon and gen. mdse.
Levy, Tho.s, A , tailor.
Man Sang, gen. nulse
Mc(Jartne3'. Harry, shoe store.
Parra, Salustrino, sodas and cigats.
Ram.se3', X. Is., tailor.
Riva, Avelino de la, jeweler.
San Yit Wo, gen. mdse.
Shee Tai, gen. mdse.
Siddon, Ralph, tailor.
Sing Yick Chong, Alto Obisjjo, gener- al nierchandisa-
Sung Yick, Alto Obispo, gen. mdse.
Tang Sang Chong. gen. mdse.
Tejeira Frani;is<o, Alto Obispo, ivstaur- uut.
L'ong Lay, gen. mdse.
Wing King Lee & Co., gen. mdi»«».
Wing Sang Tai, geu mdse.
Yeo Hing, gen. mdse.
Yee San Woo Alto Obispo, gen. mdse.
Matachin.
Abdo, Salomon, gen. md.se.
Achung, Jose, gen. mdse.
Bryce, Jas. W., tailor.
Centeno, Agapito, groceries and fresh
meats. Cowell, Edward, tailor. Divla I*nerta, Jo.s(s saloon. Hardy, Mark, bakery. Harriot, Sanuiel. tailoi\ Hip Sing Tai, g.-n. ind.se. Inniss, H. O., tailor. Man Lee Cliin, geu. mdse. McLeod, A. C, tailor. Palma, Jose, gen. mdse. Palma <fe Co.. jose, saloon. Paf^tor. Jxdio, groceries. Russell. S. W., tailor. Salomon, Rlchanl, sodas, etc. Sang Le<% gen. mdse. Sniitli, C. C. sodas. Tai Long Apo, grocei'ies. Tong Lee, gen. nulse. Wong, .lose. gen. mdse.. Yet Woo. gen. nulse.
Paraiso,
Pu)ais<» Sprijigs Carbonating Work; W. X. Soltz. Proprietor.
51 S
IHtot anrf Guide.
Pedro Miguel.
1a* On A Co.. K<*n- tii<lMv (>D Tai A Vo., gyn. uh\m'. I*aiuiroa lUilniMl Xi>wa Afmry, uowi
San Pablo.
AnMcuu'lia, Idn. ni»launinl. mmI;!- Fook Kine Smioii. si<ii. hmIimv Fnixur, .1. K.. rfsliiuntiit. !mmI.i«. . JJnil. a. \V.. jinMvri«'H. John IWk. jjrii. iimIm'. Ltv Chuii^ Wing. yrn. nwUr Man Hinx I»us A ( <>., >;«'«. iihIh4'. MatlturinK, LuK irnR'^Titw. Sing lAf Ftio. geu. nnliM'. T«l W«»o A C'«.. Ki*n. nHl**'.
Tiu'k (lionc \Vo. gi<n. indHv. Winy K«M-. lii-n. nnls«'.
Tabernilla.
KiMtk Siu);. 8i*ii. umIm*.
Iline I^i*. }:rn. rhIim*.
Kwoni; K<m> Yik'U. Kit]iM»nun<l )!«>n. ukIm.*
I,ani Hint: Liin^ Jk Co.. Kiihtim nn«l iftMi.
I.^t' Fiiu Yiii^ug. gien. niilH4-. Mom, JoHiv (rr«>riTioH. I'lilnifr, .|Hin«*M. giMi. m«l)*f. I'ow V«'«« ('lmii;j. fivu. iimI>m<. Il4)timi<Mi. <ioit4'. IxtrU'r. Sing Kill. gfii. indM'. Tni Fill), luikcry ntid g««u. nidi*iv Wing Cliong. gni. nid?***. Wing Iling Tai. gi-n. nuli^c Wing Hop, g««n. nulm-.
Cc/IMP ELLIOTT.
Ever since the occupancy of the Omal Zoi)c, tlie United Stiites Government has maintained more or less of a mihtary force on its Isthmian territory, consisting of U. S. Marines. In 1903, there were 1400 men and officers of the Marine Corps on duty in the Zone. These were undor the command of Brigadier General Elliott, from whom the present camp gets its name. JSince 1904, there has been one l>attalion continuously on duty, with the ex- ception of the middle of 190() when the force was in- creased to two battalions. Only on two occasions, have the services of the Marines been called into requisition: once in Xovemler. 1904. when an attempt was made against the admini.stration of President Amador, and again in 1906 during the Panama elections. Even on these two occasions the Marines took no active part, but were en-
5SO f*^f ^*f ««»W!».
camped in close proximity to the city of Panama to be ready in case events took a serious turn.
The foixje on duty at the present time consists of one battalion of two companies, under the command of Major .1. H. Russell. Kach company has 125 men, war strength, while one company lias three officei-s, and the other two. Besides tlie Commandant the following officers were on duty in February 190S:
Second Lieut., C. B. Matthison, Adjutant,
Capt. W. O. Burton, Quartermaster
P. A. Surgeon H. O. Sliffirt. Mt'dic-ul Officer.
l!a)>t. J. F. Mc'Cfill, eoniniandinfc Co. "A. *"
First Lieut. (1. M. Kineade. on duty with Co. **0. "
('apt (ieo. Van OrdtMi, coninianding ( o. "B. "
First Lieut. Jolni Newton, on duty with Co. "B. **
First Lieut. H. H. Kipp, on duty with Co. "B "
The camp is located on an elevated site close to the Panama Hailroad, and hut a sliort distance from the Canal Zone town of Ras ()l)is])o.
COST OF CANAL.— Si'crc'tary Taft before the Congi-essional committee in .January, 1908, gave as his opini(»n that the ultiniate cost of the canal to the United States f^overnineut, including the original purcha.se price, would approximate 8.'>00,000,()00, and that it would take six more yeai-s to complete. This has been the Secretary's estimate all along, for on December I), 1904, speaking before the public in Calhedral Plaza, Panama, he said:
"My Kowrnnient dues not covet oin- criit of Panama's money, or one iu-rc of her 1 nd, but in the face of a probable outlay of 5300,000,000, -it ^is absolutely essential that a thorough aud close under>»tandiuj; be maintained »."t\v.w.ii Ui.- two governments."
Addenda. 521
WIDENING CANAL LOCKS.— On page 307 of the Guide and Pilot reference is made to the proposed widening of the canal locks. The decision to extend the width to 110 feet was formally approved by the President on January 15, 1908. The additional cost involved is es- timated at $5,000,000.
RECORDS BROKEN. -Ail records of rock and earth excavation were broken during the months of De- cember, 1907, and January, 1908. This refers to both French and American canal times. The record for Decem- ber was 2,200,53a cubic yards, and for January, 2,712,568 cubic yards.
DRY DOCK, CRISTOBAL.-In mentioning dock facilities on Page 157 of the Pilot and Guide, reference to the splendid new dry dock was inadvertently omitted. This dock will admit vessels not exceeding 298 feet in length, 50 feet in width, and of a 15 foot draft.
RAILROAD CHARGE TO COMMISSION.— On Page 154 of the Pilot and Guide, mention is made that the employes transportation charge of the Panama Rail- road against the Commission is reported to be $5,000 monthly. This amount should read $13,000 monthly.
ISTHMIAN ENGINEERS' ASSOCIATION.— Under the head of Secret Societies on Page 467 the "Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers" is included. - This should read "Isthmian Locomotive Engineers' Association." The president is L. B. Swearingen, Cristobal; vice-president, E. R. Thompson, Las Cascadas; secretary and treasurer, J. G. Craig, Las Cascadas.
HOME OF GOV. MELENDEZ.— In the Tourists' Department on Page 439, the home of Gov. Porfirio Melen- dez, of Colon, is stated asat Mindi. This should be Bohio.
DIPLOMATIC CORPS.— On Page 380, in a sketch of Consul General Shanklin, it is stated that he graduated from the law department of AVashington University, St. Louis, in 1899. The date should have read 1889.
/'♦<»*.' ami GuUk,
'STAR & HERALD" BUOJDING, WHERE THE PAPER WAS FIRST TJBLIShJED.
g:o
.HISTORIC A Ij.
*OUNDED in IS49 by John Po^vers, and published as the ^Tntinttta Herald' In the same year Le'ivis A. Middletoit ffunded and edited the'''' Panama Star** . In 18S3, John Powers sold out his interest in the Herald to J. R. Middlelon and A . B. Boyd, ivhe united the two fafers ui.der the name r/the '■^Star 6r' I/eraliP\ Fnun IS72 until J883, the Spanish editor of the pc.per was J. Luciano Duque. The latter died in 1884. Im t893, Mr. J. Gabriel Duque, the present director of The Star &* Herald Company, fie came interested on the paper. Prom the start the paper lias been published in two Inngua. Kes—English and Spttnish— while duting the Iretuh canal times, a I'rench section was added, making it a cotmopolitan journal in very truth. The "Star 6f* Herald^^ is widely known ^ and has one of the best equipped pl.tuts in this part o/ Latin -A merica. The Star &* Herald Company is incorporated in the State of West I'irginia, U. S. A. The atove idustratiott sliowt the buildin; in which tk: paper has been published since 1853.
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I WILLGONTHlNMRNYSPEGlRkFEIlTURES, i
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Complete line of Local and Foreign Dailies.
PaDia Eailroai if s Apiicj.
NENA/S STANDS AT
PANAMA, PEDR O MIG UEL,
GULEBRA, EMPIRE, GATUN, CRISTOBAL, COLON.
I ^ Souvenir Books, Maps, Pictura Postal
I 1^ Cards, Candies, Cigars, Tobacco,
= Ji«)^ Isthmian Souvenirs. MSal I
I laS^^PSSS^ PANAMA RAILROAD NEWS AGENCY. tM&22aj^^-oJ |
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i SOME OF THESE WILL BE: \
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I 1. An interesting account of the famous Bar ten Expedi- \
I tion of 1680. —2. A Gazetter of the Isthmus .—3. Progress of \
I Canal Work in 1908.— 4. Lively anecdotes and incidents of |
I Bygone Days on the Isthmus— 5. Special Photographs talcen |
I expressly for the Guide. — 6 Map of the Isthmus and Canal |
I Zone prepared eapressly for the Guide . |
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I For Futthct Details ASK BIENKOWSKL I
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PANAMA RAILROAD NEWS AGENCY.
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or THE
Republic of Panama^ Canal Zone^ Etc.
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Souvenir A /hums, Maps
and Photographs
Foreipn Orders by M given Prompt Uttentioii.
p. O. BOX No. :^Si.
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