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ise: a
CAN (NE PATHOLOGY,
OR A
FULL DESCRIPTION
OF THE

aoe!
o
er

82 .8BS OF boas -

WITH THEIE 7

.MPTOMS, AND MODE OF CURE:

Being the Whole of the Author’s

Curative Practice,

DURING TWENTY YEARS’ EXTENSIVE EXPERIENCE.

Interspersed with numerous
MARKS ON THE GENERAL TREATMENT OF THESE ANIMALS;

AND PRECEDED BY AN

INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER

ON

The Moral Qualities of the Dog.
OPEL

BY DELABERE BLAINE,

Veterinary Surgeon, and sisuvcneaet of Pei Medicine in general.

London :

PRINTED FOR T, BOOSEY,
4, Broad Street, Exchange.

1817.

ye esoana stuns,

‘9 ys 9T UG ORE
sinieeg ai Oto? » th jenn castor ie oy
: pS)
5
. faeooek 7 nOw Gurwiat®
: a” eye toma gra ot pedid. 4

Ret

9. Aen 10%

Contents,

Diseases of Dogs .

_ Mode of administering Remedies. .

Age of Dogs .

a eS
Asthma
Astringents .

Bathing. . :
Bladder, inflamed .
Bleeding
Blindness
Blisters .

Bloody Urine. .

Bowels, constipated .

Bowels, inflamed .

Bowels, loose .

Breeding oe

Bronchocele

Cancer . SERS Re iy iE
Canker within the Ear. . ;
Canker on the Outside of the Ear
Canker on the Flap of the Ear. .
ein
Cataract

Claws, dew

CONTENTS.

Clysters

Colic

Condition .
Costiveness .

Cough .

Cramp .

Cropping .

Diarrhea .
Dislocations

Distemper .
Dropsy..

Ears, sore .

Emetics

Epilepsy

Exercise “a
Eyes, Diseases of .
Eyelids, ulcerated
Fatness, excessive
Feeding of Dogs

Feet, sore .

Fever

Fits..

Fleas

Fractures .. ee
Glandular Swellings .
Gravel . —
Hemorrhage .

Head, swelled . ‘
MMR. tek) ee et

CONTENTS:

Hydro; obi Oh aa me. py a) PORE 5 = $1.
Unflgmmition®. -. «+ + o wapelyss: 81
Inflaynes di SE. oath. a enokyats 42
Segamed Bowels . . . » .dicrh-o'gstet 82
Inflw ed Liver ° Se a aie es) Some Rin. geepe A 87
Inflamed Lungs se 5%". cee, eas ws pincers Let A
7 inflam: \igmeach... .--«. «zante Yow “as OE
Loosenessy Or ie ~ @ & plone 2inGk
LMP AZO « «. *o. oSSRasee 25yasteae
Lungs, tier - 4 0.3 9 aloes noe
Milanese: A EP Ry Kaa

Ms es, Rhy oR. ae 2asastOS AN SS
Meee swelled. 2 Sa. woo aoe
Paralysis, or siete ee we ae
ETE ys, -, 0, «, #2001. 40 Qarlewae
i ns bE Scien fen. el ee
ire are Tt |
ee. ee O'S we, wl ee
eet. es; oO Ol eae
Pupping and Puppies paar od RE, ee
ees i os Bre eee eae
ee ae Re ee
NEE ia ihe lide iis 2S vaahcakagia is 4 Sau ene
NT eee ee
Mee saflamed |. lee Sy,
EE ae ae
meeces, Caeessige . www te
BN ee ysis eo, i ee
ee ee ee ee

Stomach, inflamed .
Stone in Dogs
St. Anthony’s Fire «

St. Vitus’s. Dance . .» ».

SOT FERS |e ee Sa
Swellings . . .
Taling of Puls 8
Teats, swelled. :
Testicles, diseased
Throat, swelled .
Tumours

Oleerous A ietends.
Urine, bloody .

Waris in Dogs - . .. .- .%

Washing of gl :

Wens Se ig Eg
Meorming »o 2 1s we ow
Worms. .

Wounds -

Diseases of CATs -

CONTENTS.

. 169
. 16%
. 163
. 163
. 164
. 164
. 164
- 164
. 164
. 264

_ Page

ww

165

ye age
22 168
. 168
. 168
. 168

170

2973

a es

ge

Tue great importance of those animals we now
call domestic, must have been discovered at a very
early period, and it is probable that their subju-
gation soon followed ; but it was not until long
after, that any active or successful attempts were
made to meliorate the sufferings necessarily
brought on them by confinement and artificial
habits. At length, however, the increasing va-
lue of horses and of horned cattle forced some
attention to their complaints, while those of dog's
were passed over and neglected, even to the pre-
sent time ; their ailments having hitherto received
B

il . PREFACE.

no other alleviation than what could be gained
from the experience of the sportsman, or the sa-
pience of the groom. ‘This neglect is the more

_ to be wondered at, when we reflect, that the utility

and good qualities of the canine race haye been
also celebrated for ages. It is not, therefore,
without some pride and: self-approbation. I reflect,
that I.am the first person in this country who has
systematized and brought forward a regular me-
dical treatment of the diseases of these animals,
founded on a knowledge of. their anatomy and
animal economy ; with a long and attentive ob-
servation of their morbid appearances.

Nevertheless, neither, the importance,.of the
subject, nor. the, utility of a judicious attention to
it, has saved me from. reproach,; for, having

| been educated asa. human surgeon, and having

practised, with some success, both privately. and
in the army, it greatly, offended. my relations,
and surprised my friends and acquaintances, that
I should degrade, myself by the study of the, dis.
eases of animals, dt .was thought, sufficiently
derogatory to. my early pursuits, that I had sig-
nalized myself among horses ; but my attention
to the. medical treatment, of dogs subjected . me

PREFACE. lit

to an} imputatiom of a want of common pride,
and ‘an-utter disrespect for my former character
and habits. To. the liberal’ minded’ |. may;
however, safely plead: in answer to these re-
proaches,---that: any pursuit: in which humanity
and-usefulnéss: are ‘soi conspicuous, as in. this,
ought not only to exonerate the pursuer from
disgrace, but to secure him’ the approbation of
every: humane-and: benevolent mind.

> If, other. excuses, were-necessary to justify this
deviation: from the regular track of my. profes-
sion;) I; might plead,. besides, an early and en-
thusiastic attachment to the brute creation, the
powerful operation of; accidental circumstances ;
which-waill, perhaps; be best explained- by giving .
eens

SKETCH: OF MY PROFESSIONAL LIFE.

' At fourteen years of age I was placed with an
eminent ‘surgeon and apothecary in Buckingham-
shire, with whom I remained the customary period
of ‘seven years. -As his practice was extensive,
and: I was a considerable portion of the time his
only assistant, so I reaped much advantage from. .
being early brought into the habit of visiting the
BQ

iv PREFACE.

sick. At the expiration of the above period, I
removed to the Borough Hospitals, where I re-
mained two years. From the industry I dis-
played in these situations, in embracing the
various opportunities that presented themselves
for the acquisition of medical knowledge; from
my known attachment to animals ; and likewise
from the progress I had made in comparative
anatomy, I was thought a proper person to be
recommended to instruct the pupils of the Vete-
rinary College in the art of dissecting ; and to
translate and demonstrate the public lectures of
M. Sr. Bet, who had been appointed Professor
of the infant concern. In this situation I re-
mained about twelve months, when some impo-
litic attempts of mine to correct the anatomical
errors of M. St. Bet, made him wisely conclude,
that it would not be prudent to retain any one
about him who knew more than himself (which,
as an anatomist, was little indeed), and I was in
consequence dismissed. During this period I.
had, however, imbibed so strong an attachment
__ to veterinary medicine, that I commenced a pub-
lic practice of it at Lewes in Sussex, where I also,
gave a popular course of lectures on the subject.
This situation -was likewise particularly favour-

PREFACE. 7

able to the study of the diseases of Oxen and
Sheep, which I did not neglect, and in which I
was greatly assisted by the liberality of some of
the Sussex farmers, who furnished me with sub-
jects. It was during these inquiries, that I also
made the discovery of the celebrated Remedy for
the Distemper in Dogs, which has been so long
and so deservedly appreciated. But, as 1 was a
stranger to the practice of economy at that time,
my expenditure so far exceeded my income, that
I was under the necessity of relinquishing my
veterinary pursuits for a time, and of accepting
an ensigncy and assistant-surgeoncy in the East
Middlesex Militia, where I remained till General
Gwynne, knowing my attachment to horses,
offered me a cornetcy in the Ist Fencibles (soon
after made the 25th Dragoons). Most unwisely
I refused this advantageous offer, but expressed
a wish to obtain a surgeoncy to one of the troops
of Horse Artillery. With that urbanity peculiar
to the General, and which I have experienced in
many other instances, he obtained it forme; and
in this excellent corps I remained more than two
years, profiting, in my experience of human me-
dicine, from the judicious management of the
Woolwich Hospital, under the late ingenious Dr.

vi PREFAUOE,

Ro.uo, and, in brute medicine, fromthe circum:
stance of all the sick horses of that establishment
being placed under ae immediate: giRE ~

direction. bY hori oft:
297

At the ssn of my relatives I, didvnclall left
the army practice, and settled as a Surgeon in ~
_ the neighbourhood of Queen Square, London,
where I first published the Folio Edition of the
Anatomy of the Horse. But fate, at that time,
seemed to have ordained that I should not remain
long in one situation ; for, after a twelvemonth’s
residence here, I came into the possession of @
considerable fortune by the death of a relation,
which induced me to retire into the. country.
Unfortunately I had not yet.gained a :prudential
mode of managing money, and,_ after living ex-
pensively as a country gentleman fora few years,
I found myself again under the necessity of enter=
ing active life. During this. imprudent career,
however, as much of my fortune was dissipated
among horses and dogs, so it very considerably
increased my experience, though the purchase
was made at much too dear a rate. Irresolute as
to my future plans, but unwilling to remain
wholly idle, I accepted a commission in the North

“ee

PREFACE. vii
Gloutester Regiment of Militia, and passed a
campaign in Ireland during the Rebellion. In
this reziment I remained two years; prudence,
however, “dictated that this:'was doing nothing
towards 4 re-éstablishinent!in? life: on the°an-
nouncement,; therefore, of the expedition to the
Helder, I offered my services to the Medical
Board ; whitch being accepted; I was appointed
Surgeon’ to ‘the 2d Battalion of the 40th Foot,
and immediatély embarked with the corps for
Holland: “As this regiment particularly distin-
guished itself; in proof of which, sixteen officers
from the tivo ‘battalions wére killed or wounded
in one €ngaeement; so my experience in the
performing of operations, ‘and the: treatiierit of
Sunshot wounds, received very considerable ad-
ditions. 'The command ‘of the regiment devolv-
ine into dther hands on thé retreat fromm Holland,
rendered ‘my ‘situation much 1éss agréeable than
when commanded by the Earl Cravan; by whorti
I had the Honour of being always kindly noticed.
In addition to which, Mr. Knars’ wretched sys-
tem of favotiritismi offering ‘some ‘othét sources
of disgtist, I finally quitted the army, atid te-
tired for’ a twelvemonth ‘into Northumberland,
where ily days wefé becupied in field sports, and

Vill PREFACE, :
my evenings in arranging materials for the first
edition of The Veterinary Outlines.

But this plan of life likewise furnished no pro-
spect of future advancement; and, though will
ing to direct my energies to some useful purpose, —
I was wholly undetermined to what. The prac-
tice of human medicine naturally presented itself
foremost to my view; yet it was an unpleasant
reflection, that I had lost some years in my start,
and that my cotemporaries, having the advantage
of early residence, had outstripped me in’ the —
race, and established themselves in a professional
practice, that it would probably take me some
years toform. While thus irresolute what course
to steer, the extensive success of the Distemper
Remedy before-mentioned, having drawn me into
numerous correspondencies relative to the’ dis-
eases of dogs, I was irresistibly, and almost in-
sensibly, drawn into a popular practice on them.
This accidental circumstance seemed to point out
a path at once eligible and useful, and one which
my former predilections strengthened me in my:
determination to pursue. In this almost unbeaten
track I might hope to reap. both fame and emo-
- lument ; and although the practice of brute me-

PREFACE, — 1X

dicine might appear less honourable than that of
the human ; yet in this instance it was hardly |
less useful, and, in my situation, the most pru-
dent. Actuated by these motives, I abandoned
my wanderings, and maintained a steady perseve-
rance in these pursuits ; from whence has resulted
that popular and extensive practice of the Vete-
rinary Art, so well known in the British me-
tropolis.

With those who advocate the cause of huma-
snity, I hope I may lay claim to some considera-
tion; my exertions having been arduous and
unceasing for the improvement of this important
branch of the healing art. A long experimental
practice has been also followed up by a full
account of the results, in writings that have re-
ceived the meed of public approbation. The
intentions I set out with I have adhered so rigidly
to, that a tempting offer, made me some years
ago, to go to India in my professional capacity,
and a still more eligible and honourable invita-
tion from Russia of later date, failed to move me.
I remained fixed in my original plan, and I now
reap the fruits of it in a well-earned reputation,
and a moderate competence.

x PREFACE.

_ This little detail (which, as it affords nothing
to boast of, cannot be dictated» by vanity) ‘i
presented in hope that it may preserve for me
some character for consistency with the numerous
classes of persons who‘have known ‘me in’ the
various situations’ detailed. It may likewise
gratify a curiosity that has, I believe, been some
times excited relative to the motives that oan
enced me to these pursuits.

' Having; therefore, sacrificed something’ at: the
shrine of) utility and humanity, and regarding
myself as the very father of canine medicine; it
may be supposed that I could not again witness
its disuse without extreme regret. © For, though
nearly twenty years of unceasing attention to this,
and the other branches of brute medicine, might
have claimed the indulgences of future ease and
-Yepose ;yet they would have been but partially
enjoyed by me, unless I had fortunately met with
a'persom fully qualified to continue arid extend
the humane pursuit I was so long occupied upon:
Mr. W.:Youarr (the «entleman alluded 'to) was
connected: with ‘me in the practice of Veterinary
Medicine for some-years before I retired; and I
can with truth affirm, that his abilities and expe=

PREFACE, xi
rience ate ‘only equalled by ‘his hurnanity and
attachment to the cause‘he ‘is engaged in. To
him, therefore, I have delewated, ‘with Confidence,
‘the further advancement of ‘this néw ‘branch ‘of
the healing art ; and to his’ attentions I ‘would
earnestly recommend +hat application may ‘be
made, whenever the assistance ‘of an able vetéri-
- Marian is wanted... |
‘ : jt elvis & : > (sens it 7.)
-| The short detail of the medical treatment ‘of
dogs, published ‘by: me some yeats ago under the
title of a Domestic Treatise, was most favourably
received, and passed through several editions.
In each of these I promised, that I would, ata
future time, present the public with a more com-
plete and extended Work, which should embrace
every thing that appeared to belong to the sub-
ject. In the following pages I have endeavoured
to redeem this pledge ; and, when it is consi-
dered that the whole is strictly my own, not a
line having been previously written by any other
hand, from which even a hint could be obtained,
the task may be regarded as a laborious one, and
one in which some industry and attention to an
important subject have been displayed.

X11 PREFACE.

The ice is now broken, the path to future
improvement is pointed out and cleared of its
thorns: what remains to be trodden over by
- future veterinarians may, therefore, be pursued
without difficulty or disgust. To their atten-
tions, and to those of the medical world i in ge-
neral, I would earnestly recommend it; and, as
it has been my anxious endeavour to point out
to them the humanity and importance of the
subject, so it will prove the greatest addition to
my future pleasures, to witness its. further pe
vancement by their means.

Fntroduction.

————

Dip the limits of the Work admit of it, it would
be interesting to commence the subject with the
Natural History of the Dog; but, situated as I
am, I can only glance at it, and refer the inqui-
sitive to other sources for a more full detail. It
is probable that mankind was led, at an early
period, to attempt the subjugation of this animal,
from an observation of the superior degree of in-
telligence displayed by him, in his natural state ;
nor is it improbable that the discovery of an in-
herent degree of tractability might have assisted
towards this selection. -

Burron has conjectured that the varied tribes

XIV INTRODUCTION.

of dogs all sprung from one common stock;
which appears very probable; but it is more
questionable that the sheep-dog was this common
parent, as. he SUPposes. The wolf, the jackal, the
fox, and the dog, have all of them, in a state of
nature, one common char acteristic form and man-
ner. The. sharp- pointed head, the small upright
ears, deep. fore-quarters, with great length and
strength. in, the hinder ones, are all marks that
betoken an animal intended to outstrip in speed
most of those he preys upon. But these charac-
ters are not sufficiently evident in the sheep-dog,
to warrant a conclusion, that. he, was the root of
the race. On the contrary, I am disposed to
think that the species which approaches nearest to
the original, is the Asiatic or Indian dog, eaten
by, the natives. This. kind, which is. very rare
in; England, possesses all the characteristic traits
that may be.supposed to have marked the original.
It is, ferocious, suspicious, watchful, and sleeps.
lightly ; and, although the Chinese dog evidently,
possesses the seeds of generosity, fidelity, and
gratitude, yet. they are dormant, and want the
fostering hand_ of. cultivation, and. more perfect
domestication, to bring them to perfection,

_, The great, varieties in form, size, and; habits,
observable in the different, branches of. the canine
race, have led many persons to. conclude that. it
is not possible that, these varied scions could have

INTRODUCTION, XV
all sprung from one-common root. But, when the
subject is considered, attentively and analogically,
it will, be-seen that very great deviations from the
original may be effected, both in form,and size, by
eecasional, causes, as change of climate, &c. ;, and
by_artificial means, as propagating from duplicates
of accidental variety. The. progeny of, all ani-
mals, have, a, general, tendency to bear the.simili-
tude jof their, species ; but they have also a parti-
cular tendency, to, imitate, their, immediate parents.
Should the father and mother, therefore, in. any
instance, happen by chance, or selection, to, pos-
sess, a variation of. form from, the common stock,
it will usually happen that.the same’ will, be con-.
tinued ..in the succeeding family. branches. By,
future, selections, likewise,. of such.as|pessess the
deformity, or variation, in, the, most) remarkable
degree,, and, by, propagating from these only, the
external.form, of. the. body may,be; eventually,
very greatly altered... These varieties, have doubt-
less, been, greatly, increased by, the effect, of cli;
mate, which, we, know, has.a, powerful operation,
on, the ,animal frame. Dissimilar, as, is; the, ap-.
pearance of, an, Esquimaux, Indian from. that; of a
natiye of; Britain, yet we are taught, to, consider,
both as the, children of, one,parent... If, therefore,
sO. marked. a difference. is ,effected.on the human.
form. by the operation. of one cause, alone, or
that of climate, we need, not be. surprised thatia.

XV1- INTRODUCTION.

more observable variation should take place in the
brute, where, in addition to this, artificial cir-
cumstances have been laid hold of, to increase the
variable tendency.

From these united sources, there is no reason to
doubt, have sprung all the different breeds of dogs
with which we are acquainted. Neither would
it, I believe, be difficult to prove that the mental
qualities of the animal have also been altered and
cultivated in an equal degree with the personal
varieties. Nature undoubtedly gave to the origi-
nal dog all the ferocity so usually met with in the
English mastiff; but the determined perseverance .
in battle, the contempt of pain, danger, and
death, that characterise the bull-dog, is alto-
gether a cultivated property. Every dog instinc-
tively crouches and points, previous to the attack
he meditates ; by which means his form is altered,
or his bulk lessened, to surprise his prey, or de-
ceive his adversary. In this way, it is not un-
usual to witness the steadiest point between two
mongrels. As this property is common to all, the
introduction of the pointer and setter was proba-
bly a chance selection of two strong kinds of
dogs, accustomed to hunt. In these, the instinc-
tive principle was cultivated and improved, till it
became perfectly subservient to the purposes of
the sportsman. By domestication, and cultiva-
tion, all the other admirable properties also ob-

INTRODUCTION. XVil

servable in this animal, have been matured and
brought to their present perfection. The moral
_ qualities of the dog are so varied and so nume-
-rous, and the extent of his mental attaimments
is so considerable, that I hope I shall stand ex-
_ cused if, before I proceed to the medical part of
my subject, I devote a few pages to a short ex-
'. amination of these subjects.

_ I am led to extend this subject, by a hope that
I may thereby advocate the cause of this inte-
resting animal, with those who, from a want of
consideration, have hitherto regarded him with
indifference. To those who have studied his
character and properties, I need offer no apology
for this detail: they will agree that, in what fol-
lows, so far from exaggerating his excellencies, I
have not done them the justice they deserve* :

* It must be supposed that I, with pleasure, insert the
following characier of the dog, drawn from so respectable a
source as Mr. DiBDIN’s Tour through England, where he says,
“* Dogs, if I may be permitted the expression, have noble
** passions, and possess a rectitude which, if it be instinct,
** is superior to reason, Their gratitude is unbounded, their
‘* devotion exemplary, their study and delight are to please
*‘ and serve their master; they watch his commands, they
” wait upon his smiles, they obey, oblige, and protect him,
* and are ready to die in his defence: nay, they love him so
© wholly and entirely, that their very existence seems to de-
“ pend on his attentionto them.” __

Cc

XVIll INTRODUCTION.

but to others, something may be necessary: to.
prove that this animal merits a consideration very:
different from that he has met with, and an esti-
mation infinitely higher than what he has hitherto
occupied in their minds. To awaken the dormant —
humanity in their breasts, and to stimulate them
into approbation and regard, I shall, therefore,
endeavour to shew that, whether we consider the
intelligence he displays, the entertainment he of-
fers, or the real utility he affords, he becomes
an object of great interest in all; and that he
therefore challenges the utmost tenderness, at-.
tachment, and protection. )

As the human mind may be opqdichaseal as the
fountain of good principles, and as every moral.
quality ought to exist there in the superlative
degree, so I shall perhaps compass my object.
most readily by drawing a comparison between
the human and brute character; and I may pre-
face this by asking, What is there noble, gene-
rous, or amiable, in man, which may not be
found in the dog also? If we commence with
bravery, which is one of the most exalted among
the human attributes, where can it be found in a
more eminent degree than as it exists in the
canine species? The bull-dog attacks all animals,
indiscriminately, without fear ; and his fortitude
is such, that, until he conquers his enemy, no
sufferings short of extinction can make him fore-

INTRODUCTION. XIX
go his purpose. The smallest dog, when enraged,
heedless of the consequences, will attack one in-
finitely larger than himself; and, in these in-
stances, we have frequently an opportunity of
observing bravery in its noblest form, as united
. with mercy; for it is seldom that a large dog so
attacked will hurt a small one. This forbearance
arises only from a consciousness of the inferiority
of his opponent; for, to mark his power to
punish, and his sense of the affront, he is often
observed to lay the little animal prostrate, put
his paw on him, and, looking down, seem to
reproach him with his temerity. Mr. D1BpIn
says, “I hada yard-dog, that had every thing of
** the wolf but the ferocity. He was gentle as a
““lamb; nothing offered to himself could insult
‘¢ him ; but no roused lion could be more terrible
“‘if any of the family, or the other dogs, were
‘**insulted.” Is it possible for any thing to be

more noble than this portraiture ?—or is it pos-.

sible to withhold our esteem and admiration for
such an animal? Noble and generous as is the
horse, such instances of active forbearance do
not appear in him. Of his passive forbearance,
God knows, we have daily too many instances.
An inhuman bricklayer had taken his dog with
him up a scaffold, but, on his return, forgot to

carry him down again: the animal whined his ©

. regrets, which the wretch heard, but he would not
Cc 2

BERRA a=

Xx INTRODUCTION.
trouble himself to reascend the ladder. The dog,
seeing his master about to depart, leaped from the
height, and broke his thigh. A severe kick, and
some hearty curses, were. the rewards for _ his
courage and attachment ; but with these, and his
broken bone, the poor animal was. sufficiently
happy, since he had rejoined his master ; and he
limped home, pained in body, but easy in mind. |
Would ‘this man’s nearest relation have dared to
do as much? (Yet this was not foolish temerity ;
for dogs are sufficiently careful in general of, leap-
ing from heights. Strange as.it may. appear, it
is no less true, that a poodle dog actually scaled
the high buildings of my, residence, in Wells
Street, Oxford Street, proceeded along several
roofs of houses, and made his way down by pro-
gressive but very considerabie leaps into distant
premises ; from whence, by watching and strata-
gem, he gained the street, and returned home to
join his mistress, for whom he, undertook this
desperate enterprise. |
Having admired this noble animabi as the pro-
totype of bravery, let, us next. consider him in a
more interesting point of view--as the acknow-
ledged emblem of fidelity; and well he merits.
the honour. ‘His is fidelity without. interest 5. it
is not to be corrupted ; nor is |any bribe, ,however
tempting, sufficient to make him betray a trust
veposed. in him. In London streets, we every —

INTRODUCTION. XX1
day see catts and waggons watched by these
faithful guardians, in the absence of the dri-
vers ; and, among the ntimerous stratagems em-
ployed by thieves to draw off the attention of
the owners or drivers of these carriages, We never
hear of any such attempt being successful while
there is a dog at hand. During the still hours of
night, this vigilant protector refuses sleep, and is
continually on the watch. Common noises alarm
him not; but a whisper, a soft footstep, or any |
unusual sound, he interprets into danger to his
master, and he employs all his might to prevent
the perpetration of the threatened evil. The half-
starved mongrel that follows the dustman’s cart,
places himself on the cold stones, beside the bell,
while his master is collecting the dust, and nei-
ther the allurement of food nor the fear of danget
ean detach him from the trust. The same happeis
m the fields, where the peasant’s cur guards the
coat and scanty meal of the labourer. I remem-
ber to have seen a poor meagre dog, seated in the
very middle of a wheelbarrow, such as is used by
the cat’s-meat sellers in London, surrounded with
horse-flesh, which he was guarding with perfect
fidelity from two-footed and four-footed depre-
dators, seemingly regardless of his own wants,
which were but too evident, by his lank and
bony appearance. The butcher, profiting by the
fidelity of his dog, leaves his meat with no other

XXi1l INTRODUCTION.

protector; and though the animal’s support is de-
rived from the bits and parings that come from
this very meat; and though he might, without
present danger, satisfy his appetite ; yet he ho-
nestly refrains, and waits with patience for wun
may be gratuitously bestowed.

I was once called from dinner in a met to
attend to something that occurred: unintention-
ally I left a favourite cat in the room, together
with a no less favourite spaniel. When I return-
ed, I found the spaniel, who was not a small one,
extending her whole length along the table, by
the side of a leg of mutton which I had left. On
my entrance, she shewed no signs of fear, nor
did she immediately alter her position; I was
sure, therefore, that none but a good motive had
placed her in this extraordinary situation: nor
had I long to conjecture. Puss was skulking
ina corner; and, though the mutton was un-
touched, yet her conscious fears clearly evinced
that she had been driven from the table in the act
of attempting a robbery on the meat, to which
she was too prone, and that her situation had been
occupied by this faithful spaniel, to prevent a re-
petition of the attempts. Here was fidelity united
with great intellect, and wholly free from the aid
of instinct. This property of guarding victuals
from the cat, or from other dogs, was a daily prac-
tice of this animal ; and, while cooking had been _

INTRODUCTION. XXili

going forward, the floor might have been strewed
with edibles: they would have been all safe from her
own touch, and as carefully guarded from that of
others. A similar property is common to many
other dogs, but to spaniels particularly.

Mr. Dispin, whom I have before quoted,
relates the following affecting story on this sub-
ject :—‘‘ The grandfather of as amiable a man as
“‘ ever existed, and one of my kindest and most
** valued friends, had a dog of a most endearing
*« disposition. This gentleman had an occupation
‘‘ which obliged him to go a journey periodically,
*‘I believe once a month. His stay was short,
*‘ and his departure and return were regular, and
*“‘ without variation. The dog always grew un-
‘f easy when first he lost his master, and moped
‘in a corner, but recovered himself gradually as
“the time for his return approached ; which he
‘knew to an hour, nay, to a minute, as I shall
‘* prove. When he was convinced that his mas-
‘“ter was on the road, at no great distance from
‘* home, he flew all over the house, and, if the
‘* street-door happened to be shut, he would suf- —
‘‘fer no servant to have any rest till it was
“opened. The moment he obtained his freedom
“‘ away he went, and to a certainty met his bene- —
“ factor about two miles from town. He played
‘¢ and frolicked about him till he had obtained one
‘“‘of his gloves, with which he ran or rather flew

“RXIV INTRODUCTION.

‘‘ home, entered the house, laid it down m the
‘*‘ middle of the room, and danced round it:
‘* When he had sufficiently amused himself in this
‘‘ manner, out of the house he flew, returned to
“meet his master, and ram before him, or gam-
‘“‘bolled by his side, till he arrived with him at
‘‘home. I know not how frequently this was
‘‘ repeated, but it lasted, however, till the old
‘‘ gentleman grew infirm, and mcapable of con-
‘“‘tinuing his journies. The dog, by this time,
‘‘ was also grown old, and became at length
‘blind; but this misfortune did not hinder him
‘* from: fondling his master, whom he knew from
‘“ every other person, and for whom his affection
‘* and solicitude rather increased than diminished.
‘The old gentleman, after a short illness, died.
‘The dog knew the circumstance, watched the
‘“‘ corpse, blind as he was, and did his utmost to
“prevent the undertaker from screwing up the
“body in the coffin, and most outrageously op-
‘‘ posed its being taken out of the house. Being ©
‘‘ past hope, he grew disconsolate, lost his flesh,
‘‘and was evidently verging towards his end.
‘‘ One day he heard a gentleman come into the
‘‘ house, and rose to meet him. His master bemg
‘fold and imfirm, had worn ribbed stockings ‘for
‘warmth. This gentleman had stockings on of
‘* thesame kind. The dog, from this information,
‘ thought it was his master, and began to demon-

INTRODUCTION, | XV
“¢ strate the most extravagant pleasure ; but, upon
“further examination, finding his mistake, he
‘retired into a corner, where, in a short time,
‘tihe-expired.”>

~Innumerable other instances crowd on my re-
collection, that set the fidelity of dogs in the
highest point of view ; but perhaps the following
can hardly be equalled, surely not excelled ; and,
from the authority whence I received it, 1 can
venture to answer for its authenticity.

In the parish of Saint Olave, Tooley Street,
Borough, the churchyard is detached from the
church, and surrounded with high buildings, so
as to be wholly inaccessible but by one large close
gate. A poor tailor, of this parish, dying, left a
small eur dog inconsolable for his loss. The little
animal would not leave his dead master, not even
for food; and whatever he ate was forced to be
placed in the same room with the corpse. When
the body was removed for burial, this faithful at-
tendant followed the coffin. After the funeral,
he was hunted out of the churchyard by the
sexton, who, tlie next day, again found the
animal, who had made his way by some unac-
countable means into the enclosure, and had
dug himself a bed on the gtave of his master.
Once more he was hunted out, and again he was
found in the same situation the followimg day.
The minister of the parish hearing of the cireum+

XXV1 INTRODUCTION.

stance, had os caught, taken home, and _ fed,
and endeavoured by every means to win the ani-
mal’s affections: but they were wedded to his
late master; and, in consequence, he took the
first opportunity to escape, and regain his lonely
situation. With true benevolence, the worthy
clergyman permitted him to follow the bent of his
inclinations ; but, to soften the rigour of his fate,
he built him, upon the grave, a small kennel,
which was replenished once a day with food and
water. Two years did this example of fidelity
pass in this manner, when death put an end to
his griefs; and the extended philanthropy of the
good clergyman allowed his remains an ee
with his beloved master.

I have seen a poodle dog, the property of the
Marauis of Worcester; which dog was taken
by him from the grave of his master, a French
officer, who, having been killed at the battle of
Salamanca, had been buried on the spot. This
dog had remained on the grave till he was nearly
starved, and even then was removed with diffi-
culty ; so fatthful was he even to the remains of
him he had tenderly loved.

I have known many dogs whose habit has been,
as soon as left. by their owners, to search for some-
thing belonging immediately to them—generally
some article of dress. This has been carried by
the animal to his bed, or into one corner of the

INTRODUCTION. XXVI

room ; and to lie upon, or to watch this, without
stirring from it till the owner’s return, has been
all his employ, and seemingly his only solace.

If it is fair also to separate attachment from
fidelity, how many pleasing and affecting in-
stances may be brought forward to prove the
genuine warmth of their regard! Many dogs
have an universal philanthropy, if I may so ex-
press it—a general attachment to all mankind :
others are not indiscriminately friendly to every
one; but such, almost invariably, make it up by
a more ardent regard where they do love. Where
is the parent, wife, or lover, whose affection
could be more durable than that of the tailor’s
dog, in the anecdote just related? Perhaps the
duration of an attachment in these animals
heightens our ideas of the intellectual powers,
even more than the immediate ardency of it ; for
the constancy of it combines memory, reflection,
and sentiments, that completely soar above instinc-
tive preservation or self-enjoyment.

Their extraordinary attachment to mankind
may perhaps be, in some measure, an. inherent
quality ; and although it is certainly much im-
proved and perfected, yet it may not be altogether

dependent on cultivation; for we have failed to

excite it in an equal degree in the other branches
of the brute creation. In other domesticated ani-
mals, it is also a sentiment principally dependent

NXVIII INTRODUCTION. |

on self-preservation—an attachment for protec-
tion and food; but in dogs it is wholly distinct. A
servant shall regularly feed a dog, who will as-
suredly be grateful and attached ; but the degree
of his attachment for the servant, and that for his
master, who perhaps never feeds him, shall bear no
proportion ; that to his master will be so infinitely
superior. yor

This regard for particular persons is so great,
that it frequently interferes with, and, now and
then, totally overcomes their instinctive care for
their young. Here the moral principle is at war
with the instinetive; which is an additional proof
of the height of their intellect.

I have several times seen bitches, even while
suckling their puppies, so unhappy at the depri-
vation of the society of their owners, that it seemed
to be with difficulty that they foreed themselves
to perform the office of mothers.

In my professional capacity; I have had fre-
quent occasions to witness the most admirable in-
stances of forcible attachment in these animals
towards their owners. I have four several times
been forced to return dogs that had been placed
under my care. They have so obstinately refused
all food, and even rest, that it became absolutely —
necessary to send them back to the society of the
persons who owned them, or death would have
been the inevitable consequence. Their attach-

INTRODUCTION. %XIX

ment also towards each other is.often very strong,
and is a most amiable trait in their characters.

Two spaniels, mother.and son, were self hunt-
ing, in Mr. Drake’s woods, near Amersham,
Bucks. The gamekeeper shot the mother ; the
son, frightened, ran, away for an hour or two,
and then returned to look for his mother. _Hay-
ing found ler dead body, he laid himself down by
her, and was found in that situation the next day
by his master, who took him home, together with
the bedy of the mother, Six weeks did this af-
fectionate creature refuse all consolation, and
almost all nutriment. He became at length uni-
_ yersally conyulsed, and died of grief.

A fox-hound bitch, in the middle of. the chase,
was taken in labour, and brought forth a puppy,
Ardour for the pursuit, united to, attachment for
her progeny, induced her to snatch it up in her
mouth and follow her companions, with whom
she soon came,up; and in this interesting situa-
tion she continued the whole of the chase.

I have also seen many instances of dogs volun
tarily, undertaking the. office of nurse to others,
who have been sick. When we consider the
warmth of their feelings, and the tenderness of
their regard, this is not to be wondered at, if
it happens among those habituated to each other ;
but I have not unfrequently observed a dog take
upon himself the office of nurse toa sick one, to

XXX . INTRODUCTION. ;
whom he has been a total stranger. Were I to
relate all the pleasing instances of this kind I
have seen, I should be supposed to exceed the
bounds of truth. | |
One very particular case occurs to my recol-
lection, where a large dog, of the mastiff breed,
hardly full grown, attached himself to a very
small spaniel ill with distemper; from which
the large dog was himself but newly recovered.
He commenced this attention to the spaniel the
moment he saw it, and, for several weeks, he con-
tinued it unremittingly, licking him clean, fol-
lowing him every where, and carefully protecting
him from harm. When the large dog was fed,
he has been seen to save a portion, and to solicit
the little one to eat it; and, in one instance, he
was observed to select a favourite morsel, and
carry it to the kennel where the sick animal lay.
When the little dog was, from illness, unable to
move, the large one used to sit at the door of his
kennel, where he would remain for hours, guard-
ing him from interruption. Here was no instinct,
no interest; it was wholly the action of the best
qualities of the mind. |
In the human species, gratitude has ever been
considered as one of the highest virtues. Can it
ever be practised in a more perfect manner, or
exhibited in a more interesting point of view,
than by these admirable animals? A benefit is

INTRODUCTION. XXX-

never forgotten by the majority of them; but for

injuries, they have the shortest memory of any
living creature. To select instances of the gra-
titude of dogs would seem almost invidious.
Every person must have been an eye-witness to
many facts of this kind; but my opportunities
of seeing different dogs have presented me with
such varied occasions, where this noble passion
has been practised in its fullest extent, that I may
be permitted to mention one or two.

A large setter, ill with the distemper, had been
most tenderly nursed by a lady for three weeks.
At length he became so ill as to be placed on a
bed, where he remained three days, in a dying
situation. After a short absence, the lady, on
re-entering the room, observed him to fix his eyes
attentively on her, and make an effort to crawl
across the bed towards her: this he accomplished,
evidently for the sole purpose of licking her
hands ; which having done, he expired without a
groan. I am as convinced that the animal was
sensible of his approaching dissolution, and that
this was a last forcible effort to express his grati-
tude for the care taken of him, as I am of my
own existence ; and had I witnessed this proof of
excellence alone, I should think a life devoted to
the melioration of their situation far too little for
their deserts.

=

St INTRODUCTION.

I one day picked up, in the street, an old
spaniel bitch, that some boys were worrying,
which her natural timidity rendered her incapable
of defending herself from. Grateful for protec-
tion, she readily followed me home, where she
was placed among other dogs, in expectation of
finding an owner for her; but which not. hap-
pening, she passed the remainder of her life (three.
or four years) in this asylum. Convinced: she
was safe, and well treated, I had few opportuni-
ties of particularly noticing her afterwards, and
she attached herself principally to the man who
fed her. At a future period, when inspecting the
sick dogs, I observed her in great pain, occasion: »
ally crying out: supposing her to be affected in
her bowels, and having no suspicion that she was
in pup, I directed some castor-oil to be given her.
The next day she was still worse, when I examin-
_ ed her more attentively, and, to my surprise, dis-
_ covered that a young one obstructed the passage, .
and which she was totaily unable to bring forth.
I placed her on a table, and, after some difficulty,
succeeded in detaching the puppy from her. . The
relief she instantly felt produced an effect I shall
never forget; she licked my hands, and, when
put on the ground, she did the same by my feet,
danced round me, and screamed with gratitude
and joy.

INTRODUCTION. XXX

From this time to her death, which did not
happen till two years after, she never forgot the
benefit she had received ; on the contrary, when-
ever I approached, she was boisterous in evincing
her gratitude and regard, and would never let
me rest till, by noticing her, I had convinced her
mind that I was sensible of her caresses. The dif-
ference between her behaviour before this accident
and after it, was so pointed and striking, that it
was impossible to mistake the grateful sense she
ever retained of the kindness shewn her.

Having, I hope, paid a just, and only a just,
tribute to the bravery, fidelity, attachment, and
gratitude of dogs, I would draw the reader’s at-
tention to a still wider field ; and when I propose
to consider the varied intelligence of the animal,
I present him and myself with an inexhaustible
fund of pleasing research. No one who does not
pay a marked attention to dogs, can possibly be
aware to what an extent their mental intellect can
attain. If I can prove that they reason on past
events, draw probable conclusions from present,
and seem to foresee those likely to occur in future,
I establish such a plenitude of the reasoning fa-
eulty in them, as must raise them high im the
scale of animated existence.

Man is placed at the head of the animal crea-
tion, and is destined to govern those whose bodi-
ly powers are infinitely greater than his own: it

D

XXXIV INTRODUCTION.

was necessary, ‘therefore, that he should draw the
means of subjecting them:from the sources of his
mind. Hence, in’ him, intellect is infinitely su-
perior ; while, to the animals below him,’ it is
given in different portions, according to their
wants, their habits, and their uses; but Nature,

ever provident to her children, has given to all
animais another mental principle, to make up for

the deficiency of the reasoning faculty. | This

principle is called enstinct, which is weak in man,

but strong in other animals. It isa preservative
principle, and hence is stronger in those in whom

the rational principle is weak; and, as tending
purely to the preservation and propagation of ‘the

animal, it is, in an operative point of view, more -
powerful than the rational principle ; but it is, at
the same time, infinitely more contined, and but
little varied in its operation. It developes itself
in all animals at the very moment of their birth.
The young chick is no sooner hatched, than it runs
about and selects its food with eagerness and dex~
terity, though mixed with much extraneous mat-
ter. UK
Instinct being given to animals in the place of
reason, ‘and answering every purpose’ of exist-
ence, it was a superadded bounty. of Providence
to give any portion of the reasoning faculty.
This additional boon being given in different
proportions, some particular purpose was to be.

INTRODUCTION. “XxXXV

answered by the unequal distribution. This pur-
pose probably was, that such animals as had the
intellectual powers strong, should be placed more
immediately about man ; enabling him thereby to
profit, as well by their mental qualities, as by their
personal properties.

Of all these domesticated subjects, the dog pos-
sesses by far the greatest portion of intellect; the
instances of his sagacity being as obvious as they
are varied and numerous. I hope I shall be par-
doned for indulging myself in the pleasing task of
relating a few that have either fallen under my
own notice, or have been related to me by others,
on whose authority I could implicitly depend.

A native of Germany, fond of travelling, was
pursuing his course through Holland, accompa-
nied by alarge dog. Walking, one evening, on a
high bank which formed one side of a dike, or
canal, so common in this country, his foot slipped,
and he was precipitated into the water; and,
being unable to swim, he soon became senseless.
When he recovered his recollection, he found him-
self in a cottage, on the contrary side of the dike
to that from which he fell, surrounded by peasants,
who had been using the means so generally prac-
tised in that country for the recovery of drowned
persons. ‘The account given by the peasants was,
that one of them, returning home from his labour,
observed, at a considerable distance, a large dog

D2

XXXVI INTRODUCTION.
im the water swimming and dragging, and some-
times pushing, something that he seemed to have
great difficulty im supporting; but which he at
length succeeded in getting into a small creek on
the opposite side to that on which the men were.
When the animal had pulled what he had hi-
therto: supported as far out of the water as he
was able, the peasant discovered that it was the
body of aman. The dog, having shaken himself,
began. industriously to lick the hands and face of
his: master, while the man hastened across ; and,
having obtained assistance, the body was con-
veyed to a neighbouring house, where the resus-
_ citating means used, soon restored him to sense
and recollection.. Two very considerable bruises,
with the marks of teeth appeared, one on his
shoulder, the other at the root of the poll of the
head ; whence it was presumed that the faithful
beast first seized his master by the shoulder, and
swam with him in this manner some time; but
that his sagacity had prompted him to let go this
hold, and shift it to the nape of the neck, by which
he had been enabled to support the head out of
the water. It was in this manner that the peasant
observed the dog making his way along the dike,
which it appeared He had done for a distance of
neatly a quarter of a mile. It is, therefore, pro-
~ bable that this gentleman owed his life as much
to the sagacity as to the fidelity of his dog. I

INTRODUCTION. XXXVIP
should, in justice to the liberality of this gentle-
man, who himself related the circumstances to
me, state that, wherever he afterwards boarded,
he always voluntarily gave half as much for the
support of his dog as he agreed to ‘give for him-
self, thereby ensuring ‘care and ‘kindness for ‘his
preserver. .

In relating the Fos, I shall possibly stag-
ger the faith of some. I can only remark, that I
would not willingly trespass the ‘bounds of truth :
the facts were detailed to me by several persons
of veracity, who professed ‘to have been eye-
witnesses of them ; and all the circumstances ap-
peared to be well known in the neighbourhood.

A butcher and cattle dealer, who resided about
nine miles from the town of Alston in ‘Cumberland,
bought a dog of a drover. This butcher was
accustomed to purchase sheep and kine m the
vicinity, which, when fattened, he drove'to Alston
market, and sold. In these excursions ‘he was fre*

quently astonished at the peculiar sagaczty of his
dog, and at the more than common readiness and
dexterity with which ‘he managed the cattle; ‘till
at length he troubled himself little about the
matter, but, riding carelessly along, used ‘to amuse

himself with observing how adroitly the dog ac- —

quitted himself of his charge. At last, so con-

vinced was he of his sagacity as well as fidelity,
that he wagered that he would entrust him ‘with

oe te ge 28 as

XXXVIIl INTRODUCTION.
so many sheep and so many oxen, to drive alone
and unattended to Alston market. It was stipu-
lated that no person should be within sight or
hearing, who had the least controul over the dog ;
nor was any spectator to interfere, nor be within
five hundred yards. On trial, this extraordinary
animal proceeded with his business in the most
steady and dexterous manner; and although he
had frequently to drive his charge through other
herds who were grazing, yet he never lost one,
but, conducting them into the very yard to which
he was used to drive them when with his master,
he significantly delivered them up to the person
appointed to receive them, by barking at his door.
What more particularly marked the dog’s saga-
city was, that, when the path the herd travelled
lay through a spot where others were grazing, he
would run forward, stop his own drove, and then,
driving the others away, collect his scattered
charge, and proceed. He was sevéral times after-
wards thus sent alone, for the amusement of the
curious or the convenience of his master, and
always acquitted himself in the same adroit and
intelligent manner. The story reaching the ears
of a gentleman travelling in that neighbourhood,
he bought the dog for a considerable sum of
money. |

Extraordinary as the circumstances are, I have
no doubt whatever as to the perfect correctness

INTRODUCTION. XXX1X

of the statement. I resided for a twelvemonth
within a few miles of the-spot, and, as I before
observed, the whole appeared fresh in every one’s
recollection.

I remember watching a shepherd’s boy in Scot-
land, who was sitting on the bank of a wide but |
shallow stream. A sheep had strayed to a con-
siderable distance on. the other side of. the water;
the boy, calling to his dog, ordered him to fetch
that sheep back, but to do it gently, for she was
heavy in lamb. I do not affect to say that the
dog understood the reason for which he was com-
manded to perform this office in a more gentle
manner than usual; but that he did understand
he was to do it gently was very evident, for he
immediately marched away through the water,
came gently up to the side of the sheep, turned
her towards the rest, and then both dog and sheep
walked quietly side by side back to the flock.
I was scarcely ever more pleased at a trifling inci-
dent in rural scenery than at this.

Within these few days I have been most cre-
dibly informed of a very fortunate and pleasing
proof of canine sagaczty, which lately occurred —
in Mary-le-bone parish. A servant carelessly left
a child, four years old, alone; whose cap soon
caught fire from a candle with which she was
amusing herself. A small terrier, seing the situa-
tion of the child, ran up stairs to the room where

xi : INTRODUCTION.

the servant was, and barked most violeitly, nor
would he cease till she came down, by which
means assistance was obtained. Had it not been
for the intelligence of the dog, instead of bemg
only slightly scorched, the poor child would pro-
bably have lost its life ; for the accident happened
in the kitchen, and the servant left in charge of
it was gone to the very top of the house; otit of
the reach of even the cries of the infant.

Mr. Drsptn, the intelligent tourist, who ap-—
pears to have been almost as great aii erithusiast
in his admiration of dogs as myself, details, in
his tour, some very pleasing anecdotes, tending
to shew their amiable qualities: among others he
relates the following, to prove the sagacity dis-
played by them in various instances :—~

‘* At a convent in France, twenty paupefs were
‘* served with a dinner every day at a given hour.
‘“ A dog belonging to the convent did not fail
‘* to be present at this regale, because of the odds
‘‘and ends which were frequently thrown down
‘“‘to him. The guests; however, being poor and
“hungry, the dog did not get much. The por-
“ tlons were served one by one at the rittping of
‘* 4 bell; and delivered out by meatis of what; ii
‘‘ religious houses, is called a tour; which is a
‘¢ machine like the section of a cask, that, tiitnine
‘‘round on a pivot, exhibits whatever is placed
‘“‘ on the concave side, without discovering the

INTRODUCTION. xli
‘< person who moves it. One day this dog, who
‘“‘ had only received a few scraps, waited till the
‘‘paupers were all gone, took the rope in his
‘¢ mouth, and rang the bell. This stratagem suc-
“ceeded. He repeated it the next day with the
“* same good fortune.

** At length the cook, finding that twenty-one
‘< portions were given out instead of twenty, was
*“« determined to discover the trick, in doing which
‘he had no great difficulty ; for, being hid, and
“noticing the paupers as they came in ereat re-
‘‘ oularity for their different portions, and that
‘* there was no intruder except the dog, he began
**to suspect the real truth, which he was con-
‘firmed in when he saw him wait with preat
“deliberation till all the visitors were gone, and
“then pull the bell. He was every day after-
‘* wards rewarded with a plate of broken victuals,
*‘ which he punctually rang for.”

The author of the Lableaux Typographiques
de la Suisse, in his description of the Alps and
Glaciers, relates the following circumstance =
‘“‘ The Chevalier GASPARD DE BRANDENBERG Was
‘‘ buried, together with his servant, by an ava-
‘“‘Janche, as they were crossing the mountain of
‘* $¢. Gothard, in the neighbourhood of Airolo.
“ His dog, who had escaped the accident, did not
“quit the spot where he had lost his master.
‘* Happily this was not far from a convent. The

xl INTRODUCTION.

‘< faithful animal scratched the snow, and howled
** for a long time with all his might . then ran to
** the. convent, returned, and ran back again.
‘* Struck by his perseverance, the domestics fol-
*‘ lowed: he led them directly to the spot where
“he had seratched the snow, and the Chevalier
*¢ and his servant were dug out safe and well.”

I have been shewn some of the dogs said to be
kept by the monks of the monasteries in the
Swiss Alps, for the express purpose of. hunting,
during heavy snow storms, for travellers who may
have fallen into cavities or. pits; in which. situa-
tions they would soon, without timely assistance,
be starved or frozen to death. These dogs are
sent out in pairs, and, being perfectly conversant
with their employ, they traverse a great extent of
country round. By marks in the snow, but
principally by the scent formed from the breath
of persons so situated exhaling through the mass,
they discover the pit that contains. the buried
traveller; in which case they instantly return and
give the alarm, when assistance being. procured,
these sagacious animals lead the henevolent monks
to the relief of the distressed person.

The natural sagacity of dogs being so great,
it became very early the custom to turn this to a
pleasing or a useful purpose, by instructing them
in various ways. In antient. history we have
many relations of cultivated talents in dogs, as

INTRODUCTION. xiii

well as innumerable anecdotes of extraordinary
feats performed by them.

_ Some dogs are, however, more easily instructed
than others, though all are sufficiently docile.
The Poodle breed is the most extraordinary for
aptitude in this particular; many have been made
so useful as to perform the common offices of a
servant, such as to go of ordinary errands, shut
and open doors, ring bells, &c.; and their knack
at mimickry is extreme.

I was once present at a drum-head court mar-
tial assembled in Holland for the trial of a soldier.
In the middle of the solemnity, a poodle dog,
that belonged to an officer of the corps, entered
the circle with a stick in his mouth, which he

immediately transferred to between his fore paw
and breast, and then, erecting himself, he seemed
actually to intend the mimickry his form assumed.
It was impossible to proceed under so ludicrous
appearance: the circle was convulsed with ineffec-
tual attempts to restrain laughter ; and I believe
the poor culprit fared the better for the antics of

_ this amusing animal, who was a most deserving

“Tavourite with the whole regiment.
- Having thus touched upon the more prominent
features of the dog, his varied powers of mind,
and eminent good qualities, I shall conclude by
noticing a branch of intellect observable in him
that has hitherto escaped the attention of either

xliv— INTRODUCTION.
the naturalist or philosopher; at least it has been
only cursorily noticed, but never fully examined.
It would be the province of the metaphysician to
attempt a philosophic investigation of the sub-
ject; but such an examination of the matter, I
would fain elicit from some able hand.

Dogs, in common with other quadrupeds, have
a sense, swt generis, utterly distinct from any prin-
ciple of intelligence in the human mind, and
independent of the outward senses common to
both. Its operations take place equally well with-
out hearing, seeing, tasting, smelling, or touch-
ing; neither is memory any more concerned in
it than the outward senses. It might be called a
sixth sense; but that there are no outward organs
connected with it, as is the case with the five
common senses. It is, therefore, more properly
a faculty of the mind; but it is an instinctive
one. All animals, man excepted, have it; but in
the dog it appears particularly strong.

The extraordinary faculty I allude to, is that
whereby a dog, removed to a distance, is enabled
to return alone, although the imtervening por-
tions of the distance are utterly unknown to him,
and that, in such return, it is evident he can nei-
ther be assisted by seeing, hearmmg, smelling, or
recollection.

If a man is travelling through an open country,
as a common or extensive plain, and a heavy fall

INTRODUCTION: xlv

of snow should suddenly obscure his sight of the
track, and other surrounding objects that might
serve as guides, he soon becomes bewildered;
all his senses are useless to him; he is utterly at a
loss how to proceed, and, if he deviates one mo-
ment from the straight line, he is involved in
inexplicable embarrassment, and is as likely to
pursue a totally opposite direction, as to follow
that which would conduct him to his home. No
such thing happens to either a dog or a horse; on
the contrary, when all track is lost, when no
object appears but the falling mass, turn a horse
round as many times as you will, and endeavour
to bewilder him, yet, the moment he is left at his
liberty, with little or no hesitation he turns his
head towards home, and, if unmolested, arrives
there in safety. Exactly the same would happen
toadog. It is evident that neither the dog nor
the horse, so situated, can see through the falling
snow; it is equally impossible for them to smell:
for if the distance is one, two, or three hundred —
miles, the faculty is alike active and certain.
Recollection can neither operate, for no surround-
ing object can become evident to assist; and
besides, I shall shew, in the following instances,
that it is wholly and unquestionably conducted
without the aid of memory.

A gentleman brought from Newfoundland a
dog of the true breed, which he gave to his bro-

xlvi | INTRODUCTION.

ther, who resided in the neighbourhood of Thames
Street, but who, having no other means of keeping
the animal except in close confinement, preferred
sending him to a friend living in Scotland. The
dog, who had been originally disembarked at
Thames Street, was again re-embarked at the
same place on board a Berwick Smack ; by which
means, during his stay in London, he had never
travelled half a mile from the spot he first landed
at. During the short time he remained, he had,
however, contracted an affection for his master;
and, when he arrived in Scotland, ‘his regrets at
the separation induced him to take the first oppor-
tunity of escaping, and, though he certainly had
never before travelled one yard of the road, yet
he found his way back in a very short time to his
former residence on Fish Street Hill; but in so
exhausted a state, that he had only time to ex-
press his joy at seeing his master, and expired
within an hour after his arrival.

I took a Spaniel, bred in London, forty-eight
miles in the close rumble-tumble of a chaise, into
Essex, where she remained with me some months.
During the journey she was once only taken out
of this close confinement for a few minutes in an
inn yard. She proved useless as a sporting dog,
and I gave her to a friend to breed from, who
was on a visit with me. I accompanied him on
his return from Hssex, and she was brought back

INTRODUCTION. xlvit

‘with us exactly in a similar manner to that in
which she had been before taken ; and it is most
certain that neither in going or coming did she
ever see twenty yards of the road. On our
arrival in London she was removed to his (my
friend’s)’ kennel, from whence she contrived to
escape during the night by digging her way out
in a most extraordinary manner, and travelled
the whole forty-eight miles back into Essex so
expeditiously, that a servant found her at the
door of my residence in the country in the morn-
ing when she arose. The bitch remained at large
during the day, but, finding I was not in the
country, she again set off in the evening and
returned to London; and in the morning once
more presented herself at my friend’s house in
search of me.

Dogs, losing their owners in the most remote
and intricate parts of London, where they have
never before visited, readily return by the same
instinctive principle.

Lord MaynarpD, some years since, lost a coach
dog in France, which he in vain endeavoured to
find. He returned to England, where he had not
been long before the dog appeared; but the
mode of his return remained for ever unexplained,
though it is more than probable that the dog’s
sagacity, when he had made his escape from con-
finement, prompted him to go to the sea-coast,

xlvul INTRODUCTION.’
where he found means to get on board some vessel
bound for England.

Dogs will frequently attach themselves to per-
sons for no other purpose than to promote some
sinister view ; and it is not improbable this artful
_ conduct was practised in this instance to gain a
passage home. I have frequently been followed
by a dog, who has caressed me, and accompanied
me exactly in a similar manner to that which
would be expected from one immediately belong-
ing to me, going the same pace that I went, and
stopping when I stopped ; but this continued no
longer than his road and mine corresponded.
This habit, which is very common among dogs,
arises from a sense of the protection that the
presence of a master affords them.

I consider the foregoing a most curious sub-
ject, and well worthy the serious attention and
research of the philosopher. In whatever way,
however, this faculty may be supposed to be
brought about, we are equally led to admire the
kindness and beneficence of that all-wise Provi-
dence, who has granted a resource against the
wants of all her children, and who has liberally
multiplied their capacities even beyond their
necessities.

Before I conclude this interesting subject, I
would remark that dogs, in addition to the capa-
bility of traversing distances aright that are new

INTRODUCTION. xlix
to them, have also the faculty of remarking time,
-and informing themselves of the moment of re-
curring periods.

A dog who. was several weeks, under my care
in. the infirmary attached to my premises, was
visited: every Sunday by his master, who never
could find leisure to see him at any other time.
Though no alteration was-made in the treatment
of the dogs around, nor was any thing done on
the premises on that day different from what was
done every other day; yet this faithful animal
knew perfectly well when Sunday morning arrived.
Stationing himself at the door, he left it not one
moment till his master had paid his accustomed
visit. This was so well marked, and occurred so
regularly on every Sunday, and on that day only,
that no possible doubt could be entertained as to
the circumstance. A corresponding instance ap-
pears in the affecting anecdote, before quoted,
of Mr. Dippin’s, and similar ones have been
frequently observed by others.

Would my reader’s patience to read, continue as
long as mine to write on this subject, we should
accompany each other through volumes. Innu-
merable: anecdotes, tending to display the good
qualities. of the dog, crowd on my recollection :
innumerable arguments appear to arise to my
imagination, each more forcible than the other,
why every one ought to love dogs as well as my-

E

Aly INTRODUCTION.

self. But, however questionable this latter po-
sition may appear to some, I hope I have brought
forward enough to prove that they are, at least,
worthy of more consideration than is usually paid
to them; that their qualities are admirable, their
utility apparent ; and that, from a due considera-
tion of the subject, it is evident Providence im-
mediately designed them as companions to man-
kind. Hence the duty becomes undeniably in-
cumbent on us to receive them as such, to protect
them with care, to treat them with kindness,
and, under disease, to promote their ERO
with skill and humanity.

Diseases of Dogs.
‘acim

A WORK of this kind will not admit of a circumstantial
description of the formation of the internal organs, nor of a
minute inquiry into the animal economy of the dog. His
anatomical outline has been drawn with sufficient accuracy
by Monro; and minuter details may be gained from the
writings of other comparative anatomists. In the present
state of canine medicine, it is sufficient to be aware, that
his principal viscera bear a close resemblance in anatomical
structure to the same parts in the human subject; and that,
between all the important organs concerned in digestion,
which form so large a proportion of the whole, the similarity
is so striking, that to study the one, is to gain an acquaint-
ance with the other.

This close resemblance between the organs concerned in the
assimilation of food is not to be wondered at, when we con-
sider that both of the subjects they belong to are omnivorous;
and to which cause it is probable that we must attribute the
close affinity that exists between their diseases also. This
similarity between their diseases does not, however, equally
extend to the other domestic animals around us. On the
contrary, in them, the analogy wholly fails, and to this it is
owing that the medical treatment of dogs has hitherto made’
such small progress. The human physician thought the matter
beneath his notice, while the veterinarian foynd it beyond his
comprehension. I have had innumerable opportunities of
witnessing, and lamenting, the total want of experience and |

E2

g DISEASES OF DOGS.

information on canine medicine, even among the best vete-
rinarians. Neither is this subject at all better understood at
the Veterinary College even, where it ought not only to be.
encouraged, but expressly taught, as a necessary and im-
portant branch of the veterinarian’s practice. © If, however,
the diseases of oxen, cows, and sheep, are likewise over-
looked, or only cursorily touched on, in that important se-
minary; we cannot wonder that those of dogs should be totally
neglected.

Not only do the maladies of the canine race very Heathy
resemble those of the human species, in cause, appearance,
and effect ;- but the similarity is extended to the number and
variety of them also; as may be readily seen by a reference
to the nosological catalogue, where many complaints will be
found that ‘have no existence among other domestic animals.
These affinities will; however, cease to excite wonder when
we consider ‘that, in addition to the complexity of their struc-
“ture, the’closeness oftheir domestication has subjected them
to lives wholly artificial ; and, iti many instances, to: habits the
most unhealthy. |
~ But, although: the re between. the digguadil " -the
two subjects are so striking, yet long experience in, and pat-
ticular attention to, the-canine pathology, are no less. essen-
tially necessary: for, without. an immediate conversance with
the subject, the. most expert human practitioner would often
be foiled in’ his attempts at a cniative practice. This failure
would arise from the operation: of several circumstances. « ..

» The human patient, the adult at least, is in general able to
assist very. much towards detecting the cause and nature of
his own complaint; after which, it is less difficult, to- combat
the effects of it: but in the diseases of dogs, almost every
thing must depend on the acuteness of observation in the
practitioner. Some important exceptions to the analogy
pointed out, would also tend materially to embarrass the best
human practitioner not armed with previous information and

DISEASES OF DOGS: $

experience: one of these would arise from the specific diseases,
or those peculiar to the dog, as distemper, &c. &c. Another
very important deviation from the analogy exists in the differ-
ent effects that some of the remedies employed, have on the
One stbjéct to what they have on the other.
' Ten’ grains of calomel, though’ a’ full dose; ‘is by no means
a déstructive one to a human subject, yet I have seen a large
pointer killed by this quantity, which had been ordered by an
eminent’ surgeon 5) “this ‘would not however always happen.
On‘ the other hand, three “drams of ‘aloes, which would pro-
bably prove fatal to nine human persons out of ten, might be
taken\by some large dogs with impunity. A dram of opium,
taken'at once, Would produce death’ in most ‘instances to-our
own’ ‘species ; but it would require ‘a much larger dose to de-
stroy a’ dog: Indeed; no quantity I have ever seen given
would produce ‘this effect; it being very generally returned
before its narcotic influence is felt. But this is not the case
with some other! deleterious ‘substances of this nature, as
crowfig, which proves poisonous to dogs in much smaller
quantities than tothe human: Between the effects produced
by mahy medicinal articles on the stomachs of other domestic
animals,’ and that of the dog,’ a still more marked distinction,
or, at least,\a more universal one, exists. It will therefore be
evident, that neither the ‘human physician, nor the veterinary
practitioner, can be equal to a successful medical practice
on’ dogs, without a en experimental attention to Lng
subject. athe
When, also, the existing disease is ascertained, and the
appropriate’ treatment determined on, still another difficulty
often presents itself; whichis, how to administer the remedy.
Now and then, dogs prove very refractory, and no small de-
gree of force is necessary to’ get any medicine down. In ge-
neral cases, however,'a slight degree of i i is alone
sufficient an the eer

Sia t J

4, DISEASES OF DOGS.

The most. convenient Mode of Administering
Remedies. ek

PLAceE the dog spe, on his, hind legs, between ae.
knees of a seated person, with his back inwards (a very small
dog may be taken altogether into the lap). Apply a napkin
round his shoulders, bringing it forwards over the fore legs,
by which they become secured from resisting. The mouth
being now forced open by the pressure of the fore finger and
thumb upon the lips of the upper jaw, the medicine-can be
conveniently introduced with the other hand, and passed
sufficiently far into the throat to ensure its not being returned.
The mouth must now be closed, and kept so, until the matter
given is seen to pass down. When the animal is too strong to
be managed by one person, another assistant is requisite to
hold open the mouth ; which, if the subject is very refractory,
is best effected by a strong piece of tape appel behind. the
holders or fangs of each jaw. |

The difference of giving liquid and solid medicines is
not considerable. A ball or bolus should be passed com-
pletely over the root of the tongue, and dexterously pushed
_ some way backwards and downwards. When a liquid remedy
is giveu, if the quantity is more than can be swallowed at one
effort, it should be removed from the mouth between each
deglutition, or the dog may be strangled. ‘The head should
also be completely secured, and a little elevated, to prevent
the liquid remedy from again running out.

Balls of a soft consistence, and. those, compounded of
nauseous ingredients, should be wrapped in silver or other
thin paper, or they may occasion so much disgust as to be
returned. Medicines wholly without taste, as calomel,
James’s Powder; &c. may be frequently given in the food;
but sometimes a considerable inconvenience attends this;
which is, that if the deception is discovered by the dog, he

DISEASES OF DOGS: 5

will obstinately refuse his food for some time afterwards.
The purging salts may also be sometimes given in food, being
mistaken by the animal for the sapid effect produced by com-
mon salt.

Dogs are not only very susceptible of disease, but, when ill,
they require great attention and care to ensure their recovery.
It is however too common with many persons to neglect them
under these circumstances; and if they are placed in a cold
room, or an outhouse, with stale or broken victuals and water
placed before them, it is frequently all the attention they
experience: unless, perhaps, to all this may be added, some-
thing of doubtful efficacy as a remedy. But when we con-
sider how very tender many of these animals are rendered by
confinement and artificial habits, it will be clear that they
must require, when ill, peculiar care and attention. Warmth
seems particularly congenial to the feelings of sick dogs, and
is often of more consequence to their recovery than is ima-
gined. Many of their diseases degenerate into convulsions
when the sick are exposed to cold. Cleanliness, and a change
of their litter or bed, is very grateful to them in many cases.
of putridity, as in distemper, &c. Liberal feeding is also
a most essential point in their medical treatment. Complaints.
purely inflammatory, it is evident, must be treated by absti-
nence ; but, in all others, the weakness present must be com-
bated by nutritious aliment.

It is not sufficient, as is often imagined, that food, particu-
larly of the common kind, be merely placed before a sick
dog. In many such cases, the appetite wholly fails; and, if
-even the animal could eat, the stomach would not at this
time digest hard meat, or any of the common matters usually
given to dogs. In these instances, nourishment is best re-
‘ceived from strong broths, gravy, jelly, or gruel; or, perhaps,
best of all, from thick gruel and a strong animal jelly, mixed :
for I have always remarked, that no simple liquid will af-

6 DISEASES OF DOGS.

ford equal nutriment with one thickened with flout ohotin
meal. | is pi cx potguug olf

Sick dogs are also very faneifil, ahd dem. require, valida
to eat, by the same arts we use towards children. Fresh meat
of any kind, but very lightly, broiled, will. sometimes tempt
them. At others, pork, in. particular,’ is: highly’ relished ;
while, in some cases, raw meat alone will be taken. But in
almost all, if the slightest inclination for food:remains; horse-
flesh, lightly dressed, will: be found /irresistible); so: great is
their preference for this food... The extreme. fickleness. of
their appetite, when sick, makes it necessary that every kind
of edible should ‘be tried, as that which »is voluntarily taken
will always digest more readily than :that) which sis: foréed
down. But in ail illnesses of long ‘continuance, when-food is
obstinately refused, the dog should, be! forced, as before ;di-
rected. In cases requiring active cordials, ale may be mixed
with gruel or gravy. Witie is seldompadvisable, from sits dis-
position to inflame ‘the bowels.» I) have, however, now and
then used it with benefit in highly putrid cases of distemper;
in which instances forced meat balls also prove both hutrilaons
and an active cordial. OW. yt5s ib ct, es, ,waibidwep te

The intenseness of mental echind in the. eis is et on times
oreat, but under disease: it appears:doubled 3 sand although it
may, toa superficial observer, look dike an affectation; of ten-
derness, it isa very necessary caution:to observe,’ that at these
times their minds should be soothed: by every meansein the
power of those around them. » Harshness, of: manner ‘and! un-
kind treatment, in many instancesy veny ‘evidently: aggrayate
their complaints. Under*some diseases: their: irritability sof
mind is particularly apparent.» ‘Distemperis a very: prominent
example of this. I have several times witnessed ah angry
word spoken to a healthy dog, produce instant ‘convulsions in
a distempered one Who happened to’ be near ; and I have ‘seen
the same effect produced on a sick dog by the momentary

t

DISEASES OF DOGS. -

sight of adead one. Not only fear, but joy and surprise also,
will produce the most hurtful effects on them when ill.

_ A‘terrier,~ under my care, who was rapidly recovering from
distemper, was visited by a servant of whom the animal was
very foud. Joy, at the sight of this favourite, was instantly
succeeded by violent convulsions, from which he never reco-
vered. I have likewise, i in innumerableinstances, seen the fits,
that have spontaneously come on in distemper, much short-
ened in duration, and lessened in violence, by soothing notice
and marked attention: so highly sensible are they of kindness
and attachment. On the contrary, removal from those they
love, or from ‘accustomed situations, or, in fact, any. slight
shewn to them, will often prey hurtfully on their:minds, and
greatly retard, if not wholly prevent, their recovery.

“In the following detail I have chosem the ‘alphabetical pith
as being best suited ‘to: the convenience of a popular treatise,
intended forithe use of every one. Ivhave, for the same reas
son, avoided all technical phraseology. The recipes are also
given in their long-received: English terms... This alphabetical
arrangement necessarily precludes. all system, and: blends sub-
jects the most'varied into one common mass. .>Icmust-also re-
mark, that, to render this Treatise. complete, as -well for
domestic \as' professional practice, |I have made it not only a
catalogue of diseases, ‘but of symptoms also ;. by which means,
those not accustomed to medicalsubjects may:commonly ascer-
tain the: existirig diseasé by the. leading - feature! or-symptom:
The subject is, yet'new to. the; generality of persons; I have,
therefore, endeavoured 1o treat of it in, ites ‘most pobelligible
and'simple manner... .. 5. - > » , Eye rent hus

» Dhope that some diagithethtenti may bi iain on n the onratiye
plans detailed ;; they, are the result of twenty -years’, extensive
‘practice, in each. year of which :I have examined from.two to
thrée thousand sick dogs, ; |The: different, ailments, «as they
occurred, were diligently attended to; the operations, of the
various feniedies:used were. carefully observed’; «and: the gene-

8. . AGE OF DOGS. —

ral result was accurately noted. In such cases as terminated:

fatally, the morbid appearances were attentively examined, by
which much light was thrown on future instances of a similar
description.

Ceeees

Age of Dogs.

- Does do not, as horses, present any exact criterion of their,

age; nevertheless, attention to the following points will ma-
terially assist us in determining the matter.

At about four years, the front teeth lose their pana and
each of them presents a flattened surface, which increases as
the age advances ; they likewise become less white, and more
uneven. The front teeth suffer earlier than the others, and

in dogs fed much on bones, or in those who fetch and carry, —

as it is called, they are very commonly broken out, while the
dog is yet young. The holders, or tuskhes, are also blunted.
by the same causes. At seven or eight, the hair about the
eyes becomes slightly grey. Gradually, likewise, a greyish

tint extends over the face; but it is not till ten, eleven, or

twelve years, that the eyes lose their lustre: when they be-
come dim, the dog generally breaks fast, though some last
fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen years; and I have seen a mother
and son vigorous at twenty and twenty one years old. Such
instances asthe latter must, however, be considered as rare.
In his native state, perhaps, the dog seldom attains to more
than fifteen or sixteen years, while such as live in confinement
and luxury, according to the degree of their artificial habits,
become old at twelve or thirteen. Now and then an extraor-
dinary exception occurs: the oldest I ever knew had reached
his twenty-fourth year, and, at the time 1 saw him, was still
vigorous and lively, and neither lame, blind, nor deaf. I am
not aware that much difference exists between the various
breeds, as ‘tothe age they arrive at. Spaniels I, however,

en eee te

ALTERATIVES. 9

think rather long-lived ; while terriers, on the contrary, I have
seldom observed very old.

-

acess
Alteratives.

' THERE are many states in which there is no very serious
disease, and yet a sufficient remove from health exists to make
some alteration in the constitution necessary. When this is
the case, the end may, in general, be attained by alteratives.
There is also frequently an actual disease existing, whose re-
move can be best effected by the slow gradual alteration that
is to be brought about in the constitution by what are, from
this circumstance, termed alteratives.. Hence excessive fat-
ness, chronic coughs, fits, glandular swellings, mange, &c. &c.
are best attacked by these sorts of remedies,

Various substances are used as alteratives ; as antimonials,
the different preparations of mercury, iron, nitre, cream of
tartar, aloes, salines, &c. &c. &c. Tartar emetic often proves
a very useful alterative in the chronic asthmatic cough to
which dogs are very subject, given as an emetic once or twice
a week in doses of one grain to three. Antimonial powder,
called James’s Powder, may be also given with benefit as an
alterative in similar cases. Crude antimony is often found
useful in diseases of the skin; but it is unfortunately very
uncertain in its operation: that is, some dogs will bear a con-
siderable dose, while others cannot take even a small one with-
out violent sickness. The dose is from half a scruple to half
adram. Nitre is a very useful alterative to dogs for hot itch-
ing humours and redness of the skin, in doses of four grains to
ten. Cream of tartar may be also given as an alterative with
benefit, in larger doses, in the same cases, All the preparations
of mercury, though excellent alteratives, require great caution
when frequently repeated, or regularly given: for dogs are

10 ALTERATIVES.

easily salivated, and salivation produces very hurtful effects on
both their stomachs and teeth. | yi:

Dogs, when fully salivated, lose their teeth very athe and
their breath continues offensive through life. The whole of
the feline tribe are also easily affected by mercury. I was re-
quested to inspect the very large lion that so long graced Pid-
cock’s menagerie. It may be remembered by--many, that this
noble animal’s tongue was. constantly, hanging without his
mouth; which arose from his having, been injudiciously sali-
vated, some years ago, by a mercurial preparation applied by
the keeper for the cure of mange. Calomel.is; likewise; very
irregular in its action on dogs; I have seen eight grains fail
to open the bowels of even a small’ one, while, on the con-
trary, I have been called..to a pointer fatally poisoned by ten
grains. It, forms, however, a useful auxiliary to purgatives,
in doses of three to six grains ; and as it not unfrequently acts.
on the stomach, so it may be used with advantage as an emetic
in some cases, particularly,in conjunction with tartar emetic,
When, therefore, a purgative,is brought up again,.in which
calomel was a component. part, it may be suspected to arise
from this source, and, .if itis necessary. to psepente the purge,
the mercurial should be omitted. i994
The various preparations of iron form enotdles aliciasiors
in some cases: of weakuess, particularly of the stomach: and
bowels, for which affections they act best when united, with
the aromatic; bitters.;, Sulphur.is the alterative remedy!in the
most general use of any; butits.,properties in this respect are
much overrated. It is.a very common’ practice, to ‘put)a roll
of brimstone..into the pans from whence. dogs’ drink» their
water ;, the, impregnation of which, by means) of the sulphur,
is expected. to. keep the animals, in -health:,, butso completely
insoluble in, water is brimstone i in, this state, that-a roll of it
so, kept, would not, lose ten. grains, of its weight’ in ten years;
nor would it become. i in the Jeast altered in its quality.

ALTERATIVES. 11
Sulphur in powder, or flour of brimstone, as it is’ termed,
is, however, more active; but even in this form it often passes
through the ‘bowels: nearly ‘unchanged. It proves, in other
instances, ‘slightly purgative.. In one disease, however, ‘it
seldom fails to do good, even unaccompanied by ‘any thing
besides, which is the piles, to which complaint many dogs are
very subject. In conjunction with other. altéeratives: of: the
cooling, cleansing kind, it proves ‘also useful in mangy erup-
tions, “canker; &c. . Externally applied, ‘its benefits‘are much
mote apparent, and are too well known to need enumeration.
boThe cases that require the use of alteratives are humerous :
when judiciously given, they keep dogs cool, and obviate the
ill effects: of improper feeding and close confinement. \ In
sporting dogs they often prove very: useful by removing their
useless :fat, assisting their wind, and cleansing 'their blood #5
for no dog will hunt. well whose-blood. is tainted: by. mange or
otherfoulness.'» | Alteratives, also, prevent tlie accumulation of
fat, as well as) the coagulating or coreing of the milk in the
teats.of bitches. » They are a preventive against asthma ; and
all dogs, at all inclined to pursiveness, should have occasional
~alterative medicines. In short, old mange, cankered ears, —
chronic coughs, swelled glands, and all diseases of long stand-
ing, are best treated by alteratives.

Soesce]
Asthma.

Does are very subject to a fixed chronic cough, which,
however it may not answer in some of its characters to the

_—

_<* Modern pathology allows no primary vitiation of the blood: but whe-
ther this theory may not have been carried too far by the partisans of Joun
Hunter, may be a matter of doubt. However, I have no alternatives, in a
domestic and popular treatise, ‘but the making use of ideas that are generally
familiar, and of language in common acceptation.

12 ~ ASTHMA,

human asthma, is yet sufficiently like it in others to warrant
our calling it by this familiar term*. Except Distemper,
there is among confined dogs no disease so ‘prevalent; it
shortens the life of thousands. It begins at very uncertain
periods: in those who are very much confined, hotly kept, or
such as are enormously fat, it may even appear at three or
four years old: in others, less improperly managed, it does
not make its attack till six or seven; and in some not until
even a later period: but, sooner or later, most of the dogs
who are over-fed, and who live confined and luxurious lives,
particularly in close situations, become subjected to it, and
as certainly have their lives shortened by it.

One of the most common causes, perhaps the most common —
of all, is an extreme accumulation of fat; and, from the ap-
pearances that present themselves on dissection of the subjects
who die of it; it seems that, in some cases, a morbid translation
of fat takes place from without inwards, by which the functions
of the lungs become first impeded, and these organs them-
selves finally diseased. Very frequently the complaint may be
attributed to an affection originating in the lungs themselves :
such at least has been the case in many of the subjects I have
examined after death.

The dissection of other asthmatic cases has shewn that dogs
become sometimes truly broken winded, in which instances
similar appearances have been detected to those which are
met with in the lungs of broken winded horses. The air cells
have been found ruptured, and air has been diffused throughout

* The human asthma is considered as a spasmodic affection, dependant,
in most instances, on a sudden attack on the lungs, which produces an ex-*
travasation of serum within their cells, lessens their capacity, and occasions
the distressing sense of suffocation that ensues. When the fit ceases, no
organic affection usually remains. On the contrary, the asthma of the dog
appears commonly to depend ona morbid and fixed alteration ia the struc-
ture of the lungs.

ASTHMA. A$

the surrounding cellular substance: but it is worthy of re-
mark, that this appearance has only been met with in those
cases where the respiration during the disease had been uni-
formly short, and the inspirations and expirations unequal, as
in the broken winded horse. The more common morbid ap-
pearance of the lungs, in asthmatic subjects, is that of con-
gestion, or rather of a destruction of the air cells from coagu-
lable lymph deposited within them. In two or three instances
I found a considerable tumour attached to the root of the
diaphragm; the pressure of which had been productive of the
usual asthmatic symptoms. .

The cough that bespeaks the complaint has a sound very
different from any other cough to which dogs are subject: it
is peculiarly harsh, dry, sonorous, and hollow. Now and then
the disease comes on suddenly; but in general cases it is insi-
dious in its approach, being at first little more than a slight
occasional cough only observed on quick exercise, or on any
accidental cold being taken. The irritation of the cough very
frequently excites nausea and sickness ; but nothing more than
a little frothy mucus is in general brought off the stomach.
In the progress of the complaint, the cough, which was at first
only slight and occasional, becomes distressing and almost
constant ; the breathing is laborious ; and the disease either
rapidly approaches to its fatal termination, or it lingers a long
time with slower progress. Sooner or later, however, it cers
tainly proves fatal, unless arrested in its outset.

In some cases the irritation of the cough, with the accom-
panying hectic, emaciates and wears down the animal. In
others, the congestion within the chest stops respiration, and
kills by suffocation. A spasmodic affection forms a third ter-
mination, in which cases, from the obstruction the blood meets
with in its passage through the heart, accumulation takes
place in the head, and convulsive fits ensue, in one of which
the scene frequently closes: sometimes rupture occurs of
the heart, or other large vessels... But a still more com-

4 ASTHMA,

mon termination of this complaint is in dropsy, either of the
chest or belly, commonly of the latter. In such cases the
cough sometimes lessens, the dog also loses flesh generally,
but the belly increases, and, in the end, suffocation destinays
_ animal. | |

The cure of this disease: is atten deh ‘with much. uncer-
tainty, unless in the very early stages: but when it has been
of long standing, although it may be palliated; it is hardly
ever completely removed. As confinement ‘and. over-feeding
are very common causes of the, complaint, so it is evident that
an attention to these particulars is essentially nécessary to the
cure. It is unfortunate that, the accumulation. of fat is,‘in
some dogs, so-much a disease, that even! a, very small quantity,
of food will still fatten. ‘The food in these’ cases must, how-
ever, be so reduced as to bring down. the fat, or it is in vain»
to hope for amendment; the means to effect which are de-
tailed under the head FEEDING. . An airy place ought to be
allowed the animal to sleep in; but, above all, regular and
judicious exercise must be given ;—not violent; but gentle,
and long continued. The absorption of the accumulated fat
is materially assisted by a regular exhibition of purgatives
once or twice a week. | Bleeding now and then gives a tempo-
rary relief, and in the incipient stages, when there is active
inflammation, it is a.very proper remedy ; but in the advanced
stages it seldom does much good. W ro

A most efficacious remedy, and that which ime so in my
practice in the greatest number of instances, was a continued
course of emetics ‘given at regular intervals, as twice a week.
In the intermediate days alteratives were administered, with
the occasional: use of a purgative, if the dog was strong, fat,
and plethoric; otherwise this was dispensed with. Tlie use
of emetics and ‘alteratives shouldbe long continued to en-
sure permanent benefit. The following alterative may be tried
with hope of success: the form:of ‘emetic may be seen by a
reference to that article:— a3

- ASTHMA. 15
Calomel ..ccsecsecressecsscscsvecescrees » half a grain
Disk si seccradpdevatdsabhiexd-aibGbenees O Stains
Cream of tartar ..ecessscererereerere 10 grains
Tames’s powder ssercssessrerrenreeees 2 grains. —Mix,
This may be given either as a powder, or it may be made
into a ball with honey: the dose being repeated every morn-
ing; and, in very bad cases, every evening also. The quan-
tity of the articles may be augmented, or diminished, accord-
ing to the size of the dog; but the above is a medium
proportion. On the mornings that the emetic is given, the
alterative should be omitted ; and it will also, in cases where
the alterative is repeated night and morning, be prudent to
watch the mouth, that salivation may not unexpectedly come
on. If this should happen, the medicine must be omitted
some days. Where also the calomel has been found to dis-
agree, I have substituted the following alterative with benefit:—
DYRfre) sgansecponenerpacecsessacccoassssoscese .O GTAaiNS
Tartar EMEtic ..eccccrcccrscsecrercessene 1 Quarter of a grain
Powdered foxglove wseerescccsersesereeee Half a grains——Mix.
This may be given as the other, and alternated with the
emetic also.

In some cases of long standing, where the cough has been
very harsh, noisy, and distressing, I have added ten, twenty, or
thirty drops of laudanum, or the eighth part of a grain of
opium, to each alterative with advantage. In other instances,
the cough has been best allayed by an evening opiate of double
the strength before prescribed.

I have, now and then, experienced benefit from the use of the
balsamic gums, which may be all tried, therefore, in obstinate
cases. I have, likewise, seen some relief obtained from the
following, given every morning :—

Powdered squill, .sccrccssescccssesecesssascessese half a prainy

Gum ammoniacum, powdered ...eccrseereeese 5 grains

BESTE, PETG cncochsisccccveccéccccncesscseebvecs © PETALS

Honey to form a ball.
F

16 ASTRINGENTS.... BATHING.

Astringents.

ASTRINGENTS are substances that, from their bracing qua-
lity, are used to check immoderate secretions or fluxes. When
used to restrain a flux of blood, they are termed styptics. ‘Of
this kind are alum, dragons blood, &c. A very useful domes-
tic styptic is puff ball; so are mole’s-fur and cobweb. All these
are considered Cen astringents, and are principally appli-
cable to wounded blood vessels: but there are internal astrin-
gents also, which are applicable to various cases.

There appears oftentimes in dogs a secretion or flow of
‘blood from the penis; now and then it pro¢eeds higher up
from the bladder or kidnies. The same also‘oceuts in bitches,
‘from the womb or the vaginal ‘sheath. In these cases, two
grains of alum, with twenty grains of japan earth, ‘mixed and
given as a ball once or twice a-day, proves a most excellent
astringent. Sugar of lead, also, I have found sometinies useful
in similar cases; but I have not ventured to give more than
from one grain to two, even to a large dog, repeated night
and morning. When used ‘as an injection into the womb for
the same purpose, it often produces violent cholic. An in-
fusion of oak or elm bark may, therefore, be more properly
injected in this way in such cases.

The astringents used to check diarrhoea, or looseness, ‘are
various. As food, rice-milk, suet and milk, or boiled starch,
are either of them proper. ‘As medicines, starch clysters may
be used. Opium, by the mouth, is sometimes useful, in doses
of halfa grain to agrain. Prepared chalk, gum atabic, and
japan earth, united in proper proportions, form, however, the
best astringent I know of.—See LOOSENESS.

Ceceeo
Bathing.
Boru the warm and the cold bathing of dogs are attended,
im many cases, with the happiest-effects. Warm bathing seems

BATHING. 17
peculiarly useful in many coniplaints, and is often even a
sovereign remedy. In inflammations, particularly of the
bowels, it, is:highly proper. In Iumbago and other rheuma-
tisms, which are very common to dogs, it is attended with the
best effects. In obstinate costiveness, it will often relax the
bowels when every other remedy has failed. When internal
injuries are received from accidents, it relaxes and prevents
inflammation. In pupping, there is sometimes great difficulty
experienced ; in which \cases,the warm bath frequently relaxes
the parts, and the young become evacuated. In convulsions
and spasms it is also excellent. In obstructed urine, from an
inflamed state of the neck of the bladder, it has proved the
only efficacious remedy.

When a warm bath is used for a dog, the heat should be
regulated aecording to the case. In inflammations it should
be considerable, and in rbeumatisms also; but it must be re-
membered that, from habit, many persons can bear, without
inconvenience, a heat that would be most distressing to a dog ;
consequently, when ascertaining the heat by the hand alone,
this should be considered. 100 to 102 degrees of Fahrenheit's
thermometer is a very considerable heat to dogs, ‘and is only
proper in violent inflammations and rheumatism. For in-
ternal bruises, for spasms, or to relax, 96 to 98 degrees is
sufficient. The continuance in water is also to ‘be regulated
according to:circumstances. ‘To relax, as in pupping bitches,
slight spasms, or where the animals are very weak, or the bathing
is tovbe renewed daily, ten minutes is a sufficient time to keep
them in the water. But in suppression of ‘urine, in violent
spasms, costiveness, inflammations, particularly of the bowels ;
fifteen.\or even twenty minutes are not too much. A dog will
shew his faintness ‘by panting and distress, when ‘he should
be removed from ‘the water, particularly if it is a case wherein
fainting would be prejudicial, as ‘in a ‘pupping bitch. The
water should come all ‘over ‘the animal, except ‘thé head ; and
when any ‘one particular ‘part ‘is affected, that part may be

F2

18 BLEEDING.

rubbed, during the bathing, with the hand. When the dog is
removed from the water, the utmost care should be observed
to avoid his taking cold. He should be rubbed as dry as may _
be, and then be put into a clothes basket, wrapped up ina
blanket, and there confined till thoroughly dry.

Cold bathing is also, in some instances, very useful, parti-
cularly in the spasmodic twitchings that succeed distemper ;
and in some other cases of habitual weakness, as rickets, &c.:
but, for dogs in health, I am convinced bathing is not so salu-
tary as is often supposed.——See the article WASHING oF DoGs.

coeese
Bladder, inflamed.

See INFLAMED BLADDER.

COESES

| Bleeding.

Docs are much benefited by bleeding in many cases, as
in inflammations of the lungs, stomach, bowels, &c. In some
cases of mange, in dry inflammatory coughs, and in fits, bleed-
ing is very useful.

Dogs may be conveniently bled by the jugular or neck vein,
with a fleam or common lancet; but the latter is much pre-
ferable. A ligature of tape or riband being put round the
lower part of the neck, and the head held up, the vein will
be found to swell and protrude itself on each side of the wind-
pipe, about one inch from it. It will be necessary to cut the
hair away if very thick, after which the puncture can be easily
made with a common lancet. Nothing is necessary in general
cases to stop the bleeding, but to remove the ligature; nor
is any pin, plaster, or bandage, requisite for the orffice.
When circumstances prevent blood being drawn from the neck,
the ear may be punctured, or an incision may be made within-
side of the flap, but not through the substance. Or the tail

BLINDNESS....BLISTERS. 19

_ May be cut in desperate cases; but, when this is done, it is
better to cut off a small piece than to merely make an incision
underneath ; for I have seen, when it has been cut ae
ciously, the whole tail mortify and drop off.

The quantity of blood drawn must be regulated by the size
of the dog: for a very small dog, one or two ounces are suffi-
cient; fora middling sized dog, three or four ounces; and for
a large dog, five, six, seven, or eight ounces, according to size,
strength, and the nature of the disease.

acceso
Blindness.

Does may lose the sight of one or both eyes by the ope-
ration of several causes. Distemper will produce an abcess
that will often destroy one or both eyes. Ophthalmia, or pure
inflammation of this organ, is another source of blindness.
Cataract sometimes attacks one or both eyes. Dropsy, also,
of the humours within the eye now and then occurs, and de-
stroys vision.—The treatment of these several affections i¢
referred to DISEASES OF THE EYEs.

COSeoesS

Blisters.

BLISTERS often prove very useful to dogs, and are, im
many instances, absolutely necessary. They do not usually
vesicate and detach the skin, as in the human subject; but
they irritate and inflame the surface sufficiently to answer
every purpose required. Blistering substances for dogs are
various; but the best is that, in common use for the human
subject, made of Spanish flies, applied as a plaster, as to our-
selves, and carefully secured by a bandage. When, however,
it is intended, as in very active inflammations, to raise a
speedy irritation, blistering ointment should be made use of;

20 BREEDING. |
and, to render it still more active, it may be thinned: with oif
of turpentine. This should be well rubbed into the skin, and
a covering carefully secured over the part after. The appli-
cation may be repeated, im urgent cases, every thrée or four
hours. . . oe

A very quiek inflammation may be raised by commor table
mustard spread over any part. In inflammations of the sto-
mach, and particularly of the bowels, an excellent and lasting
method of irritating the skin may be practised by means of a
sheep’s or any other hide newly stripped off, and immediately
applied and secured to the part. The skin should, however,
be first stimulated with hartshorn or turpentine.

Cease
Bloody Urine.
See URINE, BLOODY.
eccces
Bowels, constipated.
See CosSTIVENESS.
Ceees]
Bowels, inflamed.
See INFLAMED BowELs.
eoeeeeS

Bowels, loose.
‘See LOOSENESS.

COSSES

Breeding. )

In a state of nature there is every reason to believe that
bitches are subject to little difficulty in bringing forth their
young; but a life of art wholly alters their nature, and sub-

BREEDING. Zl
jects them nearly to the same difficulties and dangers in par-
turition, as human females experience in the same cireum-
stances.

Bitches feel cestrum, or heat, at irregular periods. The
average is about three times in two years; but in some it
comes on much oftener; in others not even so often. At these
times there are generally great heat and fever in the consti-
tution: such as have any tendency to fits, are almost cer-
tain to have them now; and those who have never had them
before, often have them at these periods.

Bitches, when at heat, are very cunning, and elude the
greatest vigilance in their attempts to escape and seek a dog.
From this cause, numbers are destroyed every year; for, in
their cestrum, they unite with any dog, however large, and, in
their pupping time, die from the excessive size of the puppies.
Nothing, therefore, short of perfect confinement can keep them
safe from this danger. From the infiammatory state of the
constitution at these times, they should have but a moderate
quantity of food ; and, if it is intended to prevent their breed-
ing, they should be still further restricted in this particular,
and the bowels should be kept open with physic. It is, how-
ever, by no means prudent continually to debar bitches from
the natural act of breeding. Where this is always prevented,
the subjects are almost sure to become diseased in some way
or other. ‘They are apt to get immoderately fat, or the mam-
mz become diseased, that is, the glands of the teats swell and
harden; sometimes those of the throat do the same: but in
all barren bitches, the ovaria are almost certain to become
affected with a diseased collection of fat, which produces a
swelling on each side of the loins.

When the glands that secrete the milk have become very
much enlarged, they frequently ulcerate, and a troublesome
complaint is brought on; which nothing but complete extir-
pation will remeve.—See SCHIRRUS.

22 BREEDING.

- When the female is prevented from having any communi-
cation with the male, there will, notwithstanding, so much
sympathetic effect arise in the constitution, that, at the time
when pupping should have taken place, had she been al-
lowed to breed, there will appear a great secretion of milk.
At this time it is proper, therefore, to increase the exercise,
to be sparing in the diet, and, above all, to give some open-
ing medicine: all of which will tend to remove the super-
fluous secretion. Should the teats become very turgid and
full, they may be rubbed with a mixture composed of one part
brandy and two parts vinegar. It should also be remembered
that the suffering of bitches to breed, so far from shortening
their lives, is almost a certain means of lengthening them ; for
those who have brought up numerous litters are observed to
remain healthy, and to attain to an advanced age.

Bitches breed, some of them at the first, others at the third,
fourth, or fifth, copulation. In those who are much confined
and artificially treated, it is not safe to put the male and
female together less than three or four times, when they are
_ wished to propagate.” tai

I am disposed to think that bitches are capable of naples
tation ; that is, that they conceive more than once... If this is
the case, a bitch may copulate to-day and become impreg-
nated, and in a day or two she may copulate again, and again
become impregnated. This is not frequent, I believe; but it
certainly does happen, or we could not account for the dif-
ferent periods at which the progeny sometimes appear. , I have
known a week, and in one case even ten days, intervened be-
tween the puppings; but one or two days between is not at
all uncommon. As a still more convincing proof, the whelps
often appear of different kinds. In some instances the young
partakes most of the mother in appearance, in others most
of the father. In cases of fruitful copulation between a
pointer and setter, the puppies are, in general, of a mixed

= a

BREEDING. 23

breed, between a pointer ard setter: but sometimes a pointer
pitch, breeding by a setter dog, will produce some pointers
and some setters. , t tke)

On the popular subject of breeding from consanguinity, or
in and in as it is termed, much argument has been used, both
for it and against it. The early races of human and of brute
kinds, must of necessity have been produced from the nearest
degrees of relationship; and we have no reason to suppose
that all-wise Nature would have chosen to multiply her chil-
dren by means tending to their degeneration. Indeed, from
natural history in general, and from the addition of daily
experience, we are warranted in concluding, that the fear of
degeneracy, in consanguineous breeding, is nearly, if not alto-—
gether, ideal. By a judicious selection of perfect parents,
whether in relationship or otherwise, we may ensure a conti-
nuance of the original stock. We can also, by an artful se--
lection of particular varieties, gradually bring about very
great alterations in the external form; and which may be
effected between branches of the same family, as well as be-
tween strangers. )

While bitches are in pup, they do not appear to suffer
much derangement in the system ; some, however, are slightly
affected with sickness and heaviness. It is difficult to detect
whether a bitch is in pup till five or six weeks are elapsed
from the warding; but about this time the belly begins to
drop, and the teats to enlarge. During the last two or three
days of pregnancy, the belly becomes particularly pendulous,
and the contents seem to proceed backwards; but the general
size does not increase. Bitches usually pup on the 62d, 63d,
or, at farthest, the 64th day. I have known a solitary puppy
appear on the 70th day, and that in a case where superfetation
was not likely —See PUPPING.

Ces

ob 3 BRONCHOCELE.

Bronchocele.

BRONCHOCELE is a swelling of the glands of the throat,
apparently of the thyroid, and is a very common complaint
among degs. Pugs, barbets, and French pointers, are pecu-
liarly liable to it. In the human species, this disease is most
common to the inhabitants of mountainous countries; and has
been, among them, supposed to be dependant on some parti-
cular quality of the water in those vicinities. But in dogs no
such peculiarity takes place: it does not appear in them indi-
genous to any particular soil, but is more confined to some
particular breeds, Other dogs, as terriers, spaniels, &c. some-
times, however, have it; but it is not frequent in these, and
in the larger tribes it is hardly ever seen. The swelling comes
on generally while very young, and continues to enlarge to a
certain size; after which it usually remains stationary, seldom
inereasing to such a degree as to prove fatal. It is, however,
troublesome, and in some measure hurtful, from the pressure
it occasions on the surrounding parts.

The treatment is not difficult, nor usually unsuccessful, when
early adopted. One of the following balls should be given
every day:—

Burnt SpOnge wesccccovcccescocccccoseere 1 Gram
Nitre ..c..ccccssscsdoovesevccesseccgevouseve alfa dram.
Make into six, nine, or twelve balls, according to size, &c.
Mild mercurial ointment ecouseseeeee- half an ounce
Blistering ointment ....cccccececseeseece half an ounce.
Mix, and rub the swellings once a day with a portion equal to
a hazel nut, or a walnut, according to the size of the dog;
first clipping away the hair, and, after the application, wrap-
ping up the neck with a bandage, to prevent the ointment from
being rubbed off. During the use of this application, the
mouth should be examined now and then, to guard against the

sudden attack of salivation.
COCOCS

CANCER. , 25

Caneer.

AccorDING to the full signification of this term in human
surgery, dogs are not very liable.to it: imstances, however, do.
occur of it even in the canine race. I have seen it mits most
virulent form in cats, first attacking the marhme or teats, and
then spreading over the abdominal muscles to all the sur-
rounding parts. I have seen also a very virulent and long-
continued canker in the ear of a dog become cancerous, and
spread over the muscles of the face, destroying the eye on the
affeeted side; and, when at last it attacked the tongue and
throat, the unfortunate animal was destroyed.

Schirrous tumours are very common to the mamm2 or teats
of bitches, few complaints being more so: but although these
very frequently ulcerate, yet the further progress of the dis-
éase is unlike human cancer; for it always confines itself to
the immediate gland, and neither affeets the health nor pro-
duces irritation—See ScHIRRUS and ULCERS.

Cancers of the vagina and uterus are, however, more fre-
quent, and have more of the true characters of this dreadful
disease; although even here the virulent painful spreading
sore appears in a milder form. A cancerous affection of
these parts is frequently brought on by the brutal practice
of forcing dogs from bitches during copulation, or even of
throwing cold water over them at such times. It sometimes
attacks the labiz, at others the inner surface of the vulve,
and sometimes extends to the uterus; but always presents a
fungous excrescence, with ulcerated surrounding edges, which
constantly distil a bloody ichor.

I have succeeded in detaching the whole affected parts by
excision, and so have cured the animal; but, when I could not
completely effect this, all external a have failed of
giving relief, .

COOSSOS

26 CANKER IN THE EAR,

Canker in the Ear.

_ From confinement and luxurious living, dogs become sub-
jected to various complaints, that evideutly arise from the
formation of too great a quantity of blood, and other juices;
which, not being spent in the support of the body, find them-
selves other outlets. Canker in the ear, is evidently the pro-
duction of this disposition in the constitution to throw off the
superfluity accumulated by heat and over-feeding.. In these
cases, the dog is first observed to scratch his ear frequently 5
on looking within which, a dry red scabby appearance is seen,
from extravasated blood. If the complaint is not stopped in
this state, it proceeds to ulceration, when the internal part
of the ear, instead of being filled with dried blood as be-
fore, is always moist with matter. The dog now continually
shakes his head from the intolerable itching ; and, if the root
of the ear is pressed, it crackles and gives him much pain.
When canker has remained long, the ear becomes closed, and
the hearing lost: now and then the ulceration penetrates
inwards, and destroys the dog. I have also known instances
where the ulceration has- assumed a cancerous appearance,
and extended. itself over the face.

This complaint appears to have also another source besides
over-feeding, heat, and confinement; which is, the action of
water. It is remarkable that all dogs, who frequent the water
much, are more particularly disposed to canker. than others.
Any kind of dog may have it; but Newfoundland dogs, poo-
dies, and water spaniels, are most liable to it. Perhaps the
length of hair around their ears, not only keeps these. parts
hot, but also retains the water within, and. thus encourages an
afflux of fluids or humours, as they are termed, to them. That
the water has this tendency is certain, for I have frequently
seen it removed, by merely keeping such dogs from the water ;

CANKER IN THE EAR: ~ FF

that is, in those cases where the feeding and exercise were
proportionate, and the fatness has not been inordinate,

The cure, it is rational to conclude, must be either simple,
or more complicated, according to the cause producing the
disease. Whenever there is much fatness, or when the dog
has been subjected to much confinement in a hot close situa-
tion, these circumstances must be immediately rectified. Ab-
stinence and purgatives will reduce the fat; a cooler situa-_
tion must be chosen, open and unrestrained; full exercise
must be allowed to assist also in giving another direction to
the fluids. In those cases where there are symptoms of a
constitutional foulness, which shew themselves by a red. itch-
ing skin, stinking coat, and mangy eruptions; in such, in
addition to exercise, a vegetable diet, and occasional purges,
cleansing alteratives should be given, as sulphur, nitre, and
antimony. See ALTERATIVES.—In very bad cases, a seton
may be very properly introduced in the neck, and suffered to
remain there, until the benefit derived is very apparent. When
the cankered dog is very fat, occasional bleeding is also bene-
ficial.

External applications are likewise essential to the cure, and
in some mild cases are all that are necessary, particularly where
it may be supposed that swimming much, or too frequent
washing, may have principally tended to produce the com-
plaint. In the early stages a wash, composed of half a dram
of sugar of lead, dissolved in four ounces of rose or rain water,
is often all that is necessary. A small tea-spoonful may be
introduced (previously warmed to a blood heat, to prevent
surprise) night and morning, rubbing the root of the ear at
the same time, to promote the entrance of the wash into the
cavities. In more obstinate cases, it is prudent to add fifteen
or twenty grains of white vitriol to the wash; and if, instead
of water, a decoction of oak bark is made use of to form the
wash, it will greatly promote the end desired. In some cases
verdigris, mixed with oil, has proved beneficial when intro-

28 $$ CANKERED FLAP OF THE EAR.
duced in the:same manner. {In others, calomel and oil have
produced amendment in the same way, | :

aooses ©

Canker on the ‘Outside of the Far. °

~ ALTHOUGH this complaint bears the same name with the
former, in appearance it is very different. It consists of an
ill-disposed ulcer, which is usually situated on the lower edge —
of the flap of one or both ears, dividing ‘it ‘into a kind of slit.
This is kept in a continual state of irritation by the shaking
of the dog’s head. It is not a little remarkable, that whereas
long-haired dogs (as Newfoundlands, setters, and water spa-
niels) are more subject to internal canker of the ear ; so smooth-
coated dogs (as pointers and hounds) are the only ones, in
general, affected with this outer canker. ‘Pointers and hounds
who have been rounded, by having the flap shortened, are less
liable ‘to it than those who have their ears of the natural length.
From this circumstance it is common to round them after the
disease has appeared ; but this frequently fails to cure, unless
the part taken off, extends considerably beyond the surface of
the ulcerated slit. It is common also ‘to burn out the ulcer
¢ither with the actual cautery, or with some caustic substance ;
but this also proves an uncertain cure.

‘In full habits, and where over-feeding and confinement may
be supposed to have ‘had any share in the production of the
disease, the same rules must be attended to, with regard to
the ‘constitution generally, as are detailed for the mternal
canker. But in other cases an external application is found
sufficient. An ointment, made with equal parts of ointment
of nitrated quicksilver, and Turner’s cerate, may be applied
once a day, carefully securing the ear by a sort of head dress,
during its use. Or'the following may be tried :—

‘Corrosive sublimate, very finely powdered ....20e+ 3 grains

MBurnes’s cerate cscssccssssscecorsccecscossvvceveeresveess L GLAM
. ‘Milk of sulphur. 090 02000 016080069 098000599600 00995000010 t scruple.

CANKERED FLAP OF THE EAR. 29
In some cases a wash has succeeded, composed of corrosive
sublimate five grains ; rose waterone ounce and a half.

a
Tumefied Flap of the Ear.

From a similar repletion of habit, and an.attempt in the
constitution to find an outlet to the superfluous humours, or
fluids ; the flap, or pendulous part of the ear, becomes not un-
frequently the subject of another complaint, which shews itself
by a tumour, whose prominent part is always on the inner side.
It sometimes swells to an enormous size, and occupies the
whole of the inner surface of the flap, presenting a shining,
painfully tender tumour, which proves very distressing to the
animal. It is most frequently met with in those dogs whose
external ears are long and pendulous, as setters, pointers,
hounds, poodles, .and spaniels.

Attempts at dispersing these tumours always fail; the only
mode is to evacuate the contents: but it is too common merely
to make a small opening for,this purpose, which is almost cer-
tain to heal immediately, and a fresh accumulation takes place
of the same bloody serum, The tumour ought either to be
‘opened its whole length, and a pledget of lint introduced to
prevent too hasty a union of the outer edges of the sac; ora
seton should be introduced the whole length of the swelling,
which should be suffered to remain for a week or ten days.
By this means, instead of a discharge of serum, healthy matter
will form in a few days, and, on the removal of the seton, the
wounds will close firmly and healthily. The future recurrence
of the complaint must be prevented, by attending to the con-
stitution as before directed. Tt is also proper to remark, that
all'the affections of ‘the flap of the ear are greatly aggravated
by the force with ‘which they are wrapped agaiust the head ‘by
shaking it. They should, therefore, always be secured ina
kind of cap during their medical treatment.

30 CASTRATION.,..CLAWS,.

Castration.

IT now and then becomes prudent to perform this opera-
tion, from disease of the spermatic chord, or from swellings
in the testicles themselves. Whenever such a necessity oc-
curs, although it is not a dangerous operation, it requires the
assistance of a veterinary, or a human surgeon. Each testicle
should be taken out of the scrotum separately, and a ligature
applied, moderately tight only, around the spermatic chord,
previous to the separation by means of a scalpel or knife.

In performing this operation on cats, nothing more is requi-
site, than to make a slight opening on each side the scrotum,
to slip out the two testicles, and draw them with the fingers.
The rupture of the spermatic chord prevents hemorrhage,
and no future inconvenience is felt. It is often found diffi-
cult to secure a cat for this operation; but it may be easily
managed in two ways. One is, by putting the head and fore-
quarters of the animal into a boot; the other is managed
by rolling her whole body lengthways in several yards of
towelling.

COCSCS

Cataract.
See BLINDNESS.

ceecee]

Claws.

PUPPIES are frequently born with dew claws; sometimes
they are double. The dew claws are those small ones situated
on the inner side, one to each foot, distinct from, and much
above, the claws of the toes. They are frequently unattached,
except by a small portion of skin; but whether attached or
not, that is, whether there is any bony attachment or not, it
is always prudent to cut them off in a few days after birth,

CLAWS....CLYSTERS. $1

. otherwise they become very troublesome as the dog grows up ;

for the nail attached to the end of it frequently turns in and
wounds the flesh; ‘or, by its hook-like shape, it catches into
every thing the dog treads on. —

The horny claws are also subject; when dogs have not suffi-
cient exercise, to become preternaturally long, and, by turn-
ing’in, to wound the toe} and’ lame the dog. “The claws,
when become too long; are often cut off with scissars; but
unless' thé scissars used are very short and strong, they are
apt to split ‘the claws. It is better, therefore, to saw them
Off ‘with’a very fine and hard cockspur saw, and then. to file
them smooth.

- The toes also ate subject to a. peculiar disease, in whit
one“of them will appear very highly inflamed, swollen, and
somewhat ulcerated, around the claw. In sucha case the dog
employs himself in continually licking it, and which, instead
of doing good, ‘as is supposed, always makes it worse. This
complaint is commonly mistaken for some accidental injury,
and the owner is surprised to find, that neither the dog’s lick-
ing, nor his own attempts to make the toe sound, succéed.
The fact is, that this is simply a mangy affection, and may be
readily cured by applying the sixth ointment directed for the
cure of mange. If it should, however, prove very obstinate,
the first ointment directed for Canker on the Outside of the
Ear may be then tried with confidence. In either case, the
foot must be sewed up in leather, to prevent the dog getting

at it; taking particular care not to bind it up too tight: but
the securing of the diséased part from’ being licked | is s essen
tially necessary to the cure. 4

a el

SSSSOEsS

Clysters.

CLYSTERS are of the utmost importance in many cases of
sickness in dogs, They are a most powerful stimulant to the
G

39 COLIC.

bowels in obstinate obstructions ; and in many instances of
this kind they alone can be depended upon for the purpose:
for, when the obstruction arises from an accumulation of
hardened excrement, which exists far back in the cecum or
rectum, purging physic by the mouth loses all its efficacy, :
and, in fact, increases the evil. . In inflammations of the bew-
els, bladder, kidnies, or womb, clysters have the additional
advantage of acting as a fomentation. Cases wherein they
may be beneficially used-as nutriment likewise, occur very
frequently : as when there exists so obstinate a sickness, that -
nothing will remain on the stomach; or when food cannot be
passed by the mouth, as in locked jaw, in fractures, or in
wounds of the mouth, face, or throat. In all such cases, clys-
ters of broth, gravy, or gruel, will afford a very considerable
share of nourishment: a small proportion of opium, as twenty
drops of laudanum, may be given in each, to enable them to —
be longer retained. Astringent clysters, as starch, rice-water,
alum whey, alumine infusion, infusion of red roses, or.of oak
bark, are useful in violent loosenesses. Purging clysters may —
be made of veal or mutton broth, with a portion :of salt or
moist sugar in them: the effect may be quickened by adding
castor oil or Epsom salts.

Clysters are very easily administered to dogs, and no appa-
ratus is so cenvenient for the purpose as the common ‘pipe -
and bladder. The liquid should be warm, but not hot; the
quantity from three ounces, to.six or eight, according to the
size of the dog, &c.: the pipe should be greased previous to.
its introduction, and the tail held down a minute or two after
its removal. si

ih eooece

Colic.

COLICKY pains may be the effect of Inflammation, or of
Constipation, or there may be a Bilious colic. All these are
treated of under INFLAMED BowELS, |

COLIC. >. 33

| Spasmodie colic will be further noticed under RHEUMATISM,

which is by much the most fertile source of it in dogs. But
besides this, there is a spasmodic constriction of the bowels
that now and then occurs, most distressing in its symptoms,
obstinate in its character, and very often fatal in its termina-
tion. ‘Some years ago I attributed these cases, which are not
unfrequent, to worms; and I am still inclined to think that
these animals, particularly the tape worm, will now and then |
occasion similar symptoms. A person, not very couversant
in the diseases of dogs, might also conclude that the head, in
these cases, was the seat of the complaint; but innumerable
instances have convinced me, that the bowels, and they only,
are primarily affected with a spasmodic affection, which is
attended with a slight degree of inflammation.

The symptoms are dulness, loss of appetite, hot nose, but
hotter forehead, some panting, and much restlessness. In
some cases there are great appearances of occasional pain ; in
others they are less observable, but in all there is a particular
stupor, and a very remarkable inclination to run round in a
circle, and always in the same direction. The sight seems
affected, and sometimes the senses are wholly lost; at others,
although the stupor is considerable, yet the faculties are not
totally obscured. In some cases paralysis is present, and the
head is drawn to one side; and it is always to the same side
that, when capable of moving, he described the circle towards.
The limbs become also helpless in these cases of paralysis,
and contracted likewise.

The duration of the complaint is various. It sometimes
destroys in a few days, while some cases linger two or even
three weeks; but eventually five out of every six attacked
with it, die. On dissection, slight marks of inflammation ap-
pear, and now and then intussusception is met with; but in
all, there are constringed and lessened parts of the bowels,
while other portions seem hatac? than natural, as though they
had lost all their tone.

G 2

34 CONDITION.

. The treatment I have found most successful has been early

€vacuations, combined with repeated warm bathing, and cam-

phorated embrocations tothe bowels. Strong anodyne clys-

ters frequently’ administered; together with'large doses ~6f
zther, laudanum, and camphor, ‘as ‘prescribed under “SPa'sM;

dre proper. ‘In one-instance strong shocks of electricity did

good, and, in another, repeated affusions’of cold’ water’ 're-

lieved :'but in others this method ‘seemed to aggravate the

symptoms. ‘Although the head seems patticulatly affected in

this complaint, being hot, with flushed ‘eyés, andthe’ animal

apparently suffering ‘great pain in it, which may’ be ‘known’ by
the disposition to press it against’ thé hand; ‘whieh held ‘to it,
and by the relief experienced when rubbing it’; yet no’ dappli*

cation to the head,’ as leeches, blisters,’ &c., ever felieve: ‘I

am, therefore, convinced” itis inthe bowels’ only we are to
look for the origin of the’ ailment.’ In puppies it often occurs

also, but is then not ‘attended ‘with stupor;*or the disposition

to’ turn roiind.’ In some few cases 1 havé thought I could

trace thé affection’ to the action of leadi?’ one te

sent tf ; , BOC2ECE 28 i»

Condition.

THE term condition, as applied to dogs, is correspondent
with the same term as used among horses; and is intended to
characterise’a healthy external appearance, united with’ aca
pability, from full wind and perfect vigour, to’ go thtougli all
the exercises required of them. It is, therefore, evident, that
condition is of material consequence to’sportsmen : indeéd, it
is‘ of infinitely more importance than is generally ‘imagined.
What would be thought of the spotting character, who should
enter his horse ‘for racing without ‘any previous trainitig?
And how much chance would'he be ptesimed’ to have, even
to save his distance, without this precaution ?' ‘Is if not equally
reasonable to suppose that pointers, setters, spaniels, and, more

CONDITION. 3

than, all, greyhounds, require training; or,,in other words,
to be in full condition also?. It.is, notorious, that, pointers,
setters, and spaniels, if,they are,what is termed foul in their
goats, never have their scent in perfection. . It must be equally
evident that, unless they are in wind, they, cannot, range with
speed and durability, ; and, without some previous training, it
is impossible they should be in full wind. Those persons,
therefore, who expect superior exertion from their dogs in the
field, would do well to prepare them by a previous atten-
tion to their condition. In greyhounds, intended either for
matches, or simple coursing, it is evident that this is abso-
lutely necessary to ensure success. In simple or mere cours-
ing, they,are pitted. against an animal very nearly equal in
Speed,to themselves, and which, animal, is always in condition
by its habits., If,, therefore, a,dog of acknowledged goodness
is beaten by.a hare, especially atthe beginning of the season;
it is ten to, one but, the ,condition of the dog is at fault. It is
self evident that,a perfect condition must be more than equally
important in, coursing matches. i ppiseee

<The. manner of getting dogs into patito is, veny simple,
and either consists in reducing the animal,from, too, full and
soft a state, to one of firmness and Jess bulk; or it consists in
Zaising,.a lean, and, reduced dog to, lustiness, hardness, and
vigour. Some sportsmen prefer the one.state, and,some the
other, to begin upon. If a dog is fat, his,treatment, must be

immediately. begun upon, by physic and exercise, but. not, by

a, privation, of food; and it must be particularly observed,
that his doses of physic, be mild, and, often repeated, ..The
myercite should ihe, at, first gradual, and slow, but. sar conti-
iol i emitter) to nei hunting. ‘Tf ponte is, me least
foulness apparent, in the habit, besides .physig, aud exercise,
alteratives should be given also.—See ALTERATIVES.—Some
sportsmen regularly dress their dogs, before the hunting sea-

36 COSTIVENESS. ©
son, with sulphur, even though no breaking out appears, and
I by no means think the practice a bad one. : ;
When a dean dog is to be got into condition, less physic is
necessary ; but good flesh feeding, plenty of exercise, and a
due administration of alteratives, are principally to be re-
sorted to: nevertheless, one or two doses of very mild physic
will here also promote the condition, and even assist the aecu-
mulation of flesh_— See FEEDING and EXERCISE.

CSoeses

Costiveness.

ALL carnivorous animals have naturally a dry constipated
habit. Dogs are of a mixed nature, and can live indisceri-
minately on vegetable or animal substances, although they
greatly prefer the latter, which seem likewise more congenial
with their nature. Dogs, therefore, have almost without
exception a costive habit; but the tendency thereto is increased
or lessened according as they are supported, wholly or in part,
on animal matter. The dogs that are kept as favourites about
the person, are too apt to have their inclination for animal
food indulged, which, added to their confinement, and the
heat in which they live, produces this tendency to costiveness
in them in the greatest degree. oa

Costiveness is productive of numerous evils; it increases
the disposition to mange and other foulness. It also produces
indigestion, encourages worms, makes the breath fetid, and
blackens the teeth: but it is principally to be avoided from
the danger, that the contents of the bowels may accumulate
and bring on inflammation.—See INFLAMED BOWELS.—When-
ever a dog has been costive three days, and one or two mo-
derate aperients have failed of opening the bowels, it is not
prudent to push the means of relief farther by more violent
physic; for this would be apt to hurry the contents of the

COUGH. 37
intestinal canal into one mass, whose resistance being too
great for the bowels to overcome, the accumulation is sure to
produce inflammation. - Mild aperients may be continued, but
clysters are principally to be depended upon.—Sce CLYSTERS.
—In such cases, the introduction of the clyster pipe will often
detect a2 hardened mass of excrement. If the action of the
‘pipe, or the operation of the liquid, should not break this
down; it is absolutely necessary to introduce the finger, or, in
a very small dog, a lesser apparatus, and mechanically to
divide the mass and bring it away. |
-- The recurrence of costiveness is best prevented by vegetable
food, and exercise: but when vegetable food disagrees, or is
obstinately refused, boiled liver often proves a good means of
counteracting the complaint.— See FEEDING.

CSeeces

Cough.

Does and horses are both very subject to coughs; but,
while the latter have only an acute and a chronic kind to
contend with, dogs are troubled with several kinds; and, as
these arise from very different causes, call for varied treat-
ments, and have very different terminations ; so they require
particularizing. One of the most common coughs to which
dogs are liable is that which usually accompanies distemper.
This, in general, is short and dry, producing an effort to bring
up a little frothy mucus, This cough usually appears when
a dog is just attaining his full growth, at some time be-
tween four and twelve months. When, therefore, a young dog
coughs much, shivers, is dull, and wastes, though he may eat
as usual, it is more than probable that such dog has the cough
of distemper; which must be treated by the means recom-
_ mended under that head.

Sometimes a young full grown dog has a short occasional
cough, that may likewise produce nausea, with the accompa-

38 COUGH..,.CROPPING.

niments of staring hair, and foetor of the breath, This kind
arises usually from worms, , and is to. be cured, by the means
recommended under the. article Worms. wet
. Dogs. are also liable to cough from a common cold. pitas
This kind of cough may be distinguished from any other, by
its particular shortness, and by its distressing, frequency, It
resembles, in some degree, the cough of distemper, but is
more urgent. The treatment of this kind should be begun,. if
considerable, _ by bleeding : after which an emetic of one, two,
or three grains of emetic tartar, according to the size of the
dog, may be given. In case that i is not at hand, a tea-spoonful
to a desert-spoonful of common salt may be substituted. ‘These
may be followed by the powders directed under the head
INFLAMED LuNGés.

-

Another frequent cough in dogs is the asthmatic one, which
usually comes on slowly; gradually becoming hollow and so-
norous. It is less frequent than either of the former coughs,
at least it is so till the complaint has attained its full height.
The cough of asthma may be readily distinguished from the
others, by attending to the subject ASTHMA.

,

ae Cramp.

See SPASM.

Ceces]

| 28) Cropping.’ 2 Li wuts ead ya: $ tee

It is a pity that this custom could not be altogether, poh
lished. Nature gave nothing in vain; some, parts being in-
tended for use, and some re beauty. That. must, therefore,
be a false taste, which has taught us to prefer a curtailed
shape to a perfect one, without gaining any conyenience, by
the operation.

Puppies should not be cropped before the fourth or fifth

CROPPING. 39

week of their age : when the, ears are cut earlier, they. sprout
again, andthe form of the crop. cannot be so well directed as
when the ear is, more developed, . It is. a barbarous custom
to., twist them off by swinging the,dog round, and, it never
produces, so much beauty as cutting them with scissars, which
should be large and sharp.—In cropping terriers, begin at the
hinder root of the ear, close to. the head,; and,:when this cut
is carried through, one other. cross cut from.the root at the
front of the head, if managed with dexterity, will be sufficient,
and make an excellent fox crop, without torturing the animal
with numerous trimmings. The less oblique the second cut
is carried, the more sharp and foxy will the crop prove. A
rounded crop may be made at one cut. The cropping of
pug puppies is the most painful of any; the cuts must, in
general, be repeated, and carried close to the root of the ear ;
as upon the total absence of external ears (which gives an
appearance of roundness to the head) is the beauty of the
animal supposed to consist. It is best to crop puppies in the
absence of the bitch ; for it is.erroneous to suppose that her
licking. the wounded edges does good; on the contrary, it
only, increases, pain,, and deprives the young animals of the
best balsam, which is, the blood. 28) Bishi
Rounding, shigh,j is_a species of cropping, is pe pcobavand
on, pointers and hounds, both as a;prevention and. cure of the
canker ; but in, this case only.a.portion of the flap.is, taken off,
When rounding, becomes, absolutely necessary for the cure of
canker, from all other means having failed(see CANKER), care
should be taken that the cutting may go beyond, the root of
the, canker, or the disease will return. When rounding is per-
formed. on a:number,of dogs, it is, in general,, done witha
rounding iron.
. Tailing,—When a.dog.is cropped, it is usual thing to.cut t off
2 portion of the tail. Dog fanciers, as they are termed, com-
monly bite it off; but it were to be wished that a larger por-

40 DISLOCATIONS.

tion was added to both their knowledge and humanity. The
tail does not grow materially after cutting, therefore the length
may be previously determined on with sufficient accuracy, and
cut off with a pair of sharp scissars. -If the ears and tail are
cut off at the same time, it is prudent to tie a ligature about the
tail to prevent the effusion of blood, as sometimes the bleed-
ing, from both ears and tail together, will weaken the animal
too much: but, when the tail alone is cut, no ligature is ne-
cessary. When a ligature is used, neither tie it too tight, nor
suffer it to remain more than twelve hours.

Coessess

Diarrhea.
See LoOoOSENESS.

CeesesS

Dislocations.

Tue joints most liable to this injury are the shoulder and
knee before, and the stifle and hip behind. It is not easy for
any person to effect the reduction of a dislocation, but one ha-
bituated to the practice of surgery, and acquainted with the
anatomy of the animal. As circumstances, however, necessary
to observe in all cases, it may be remarked that, when a dislo-
cation has happened, care should be taken to examine whether
there is a fracture also, which is frequently the case. _ Under
these circumstances the treatment is more complex, from the
difficulty of reducing the dislocation, without using too much
violence to the limb.— See FRaAcTURE.—The mode of detect-
ing a fracture in these cases is not difficult. — On moving the
joint, in case there is fracture, there will be an evident rough-
ness and grating of the bones, which will be sensibly felt by
the hand.

When it is attempted to reduce a simple dislocation, it is

—-

- DISLOCATIONS. Al

evident that the direction in which the dislocated bone is
parted from its socket should be first taken into consideration
in the means used for reducing it. A moderately firm exten-
sion should then be made by two persons; one holding the
body and one part of the joint, and the other supporting the
immediate dislocated limb, at the same time giving the luxated
end a direction towards its socket. If this extension is suffi-
_eiently and properly made, the dislocated bone will slip into
its place, and render the limb perfect. When the shoulder is
dislocated, which is a rare occurrence, it may be forwards or
backwards, It is generally forwards. The elbow may be dis-
located either inwards or outwards ; it happens more usually
inwards.

The hip joint is more frequently dislocated than either of
the former, and, in such cases, it is most common for the
- head of the thigh bone to be carried upwards and backwards,
which makes the hip of that side sensibly higher and more
backward than the other, and renders it easily detected. The
muscles of the loins are so strong, that reduction of the thigh
is often difficult, although a firm and judicious extension will
effect it. The knee or stifle joint, which is that next the
hip, is also subject to dislocation. This more frequently oc-
curs inward than outward ; and, from the strength of the sur-
rounding muscles, is also often found difficult to reduce. It
is but seldom, likewise, that the elbow is dislocated without a
fracture also.

When a dislocation has been reduced, a pitch or other
adhesive plaster should be applied around the joint to keep it
in its place ; which may be further assisted by a proper band-
age. [t may be useful to remark, that the inexperienced prac-
titioner can no way detect the presence of either a dislocation
or a fracture, so well as by comparing the sound limb or ine
attentively with the unsound one. |

COooes

42 | THE DISTEMPER.

Ha12ORWO 9 a0 The Distemper. os 2 Eeaees
us9 —

THis loathsome complaint, though now so general and com-
mon, does. not appear to, have been known a century ago; and
even yet, throughout the European Continent, it is, considered
as an epidemic that visits the different countries every three
or four years. In the Grand Encyclopédie Méthodique, the
disease is thus described : “Tl cest jetté, il y a quelques an-
“ nées, une maladie epidémique sur les chiens dans toute
** ’Europe; il en est mort une grand partie sans que l’on pat
“ trouver de reméde au mal.’—Livraison LIX Chasses, _ But
Bote, in England at least, hardly any dog escapes it; from a con-
stitutional liability born with the animal, and which is. brought
into action either by, the force of the, predisposition, or by the
agency of some occasional cause, as a cold, &c. In most in-
stances, the attack occurs either before or about the period
that a dog attains his full growth. Dogs howeyer will, in
some very few instances, escape it altogether, and others have
it at two, three, or eyen many years old; no period whatever
being _exempt from its attack, In pugs, terriers, and some
others, it will sometimes appear in two or three weeks after
they | are born ; and. which early appearance is more frequent
with pugs than with any other kind of dog. Neither i is it very
rare for dogs to have distemper a second time; which second
attack generally takes place within a year from the first: but
sometimes a, much longer period occurs between the illnesses,
and I have seen dogs attacked with, it more than twice even;
this, however,.is very rare. , aav Goin 1 oa
an the, distemper, commences its attack in, yarlous ways ; in
fact, it is a disease that, in its rise, appearances, progress,
duration, and termination, exhibits more varieties than any
other complaint. In numerous ,cases that occur, the first
symptom noticed, is a violent looseness or scowering ; in others,
an occasional fit betokens its approach: but in the majority

THE DISTEMPER. 43

of instances the first appearances observed, are, a gradual
wasting ; the dog losing flesh, perhaps for weeks even, before
much notice’ is ngs of it.’ a fil n Ce sl is also b ibeags and’

ree

pe

water funs front’ them in small quantities. This vedtery’s mois-'
tiite’'soon chatiges to ‘pus or matter,” ahd ‘the eyes afd noxé’
appear ‘glued up with ‘it, ‘particularly ‘when ‘the dog ‘is ‘first
observed in the morning. This°affection df the nose produces
very frequent sneezing, witha great disposition to rub'the eyes’
aiid face; “but, according as one part of another is the ptine’
cipal seat of the complaint; s6 do the symptoms vary ;' and’as’
thé ' parts, that become the primary objects'of attack, aré very’
niimerous ; so does it present'a greater variety in its symptoms
than any other disease with which we are acquainted. The: appear-
atiéés of fever are’ usually considerable; thefefore distémpered”
dogs Shiver’niuch, and anxiously seek the fire; they are dull),
“havea disihclination t6 food, and are frequieiitly troubled with’
an occasional sickness and throwing up. “Some cough usually
accompanies the ‘complaint,’ but not invariably ; for in some
cases there is hardly any’; while, in other instances, it is con-
stant’ and distressing, producing ineffectual efforts to vomit ;
aiid; by its short dry sound, bespeaking sich inflammation of
the brovidhil passages. '

"'Thé ‘above ‘aré the general symptoms that charactétise thé

complaint ; some few cases have them nearly all at the same

time ; others have some only. The varieties’ aré ‘immeéise ¥

but'it tiay be considered as certain, that no dog has distemper

_ without some of these detailed symptoms. ‘In some’ thé dis-

ease is ‘very long, even many” weeks, before it arrives at‘its

height: in Others, it appears’ in we force i in a few days ‘after

if'tiakes its attaék. “'"

vIts’ commencement may’ be Very witch anes to
sonie ‘accidental’ cause, as unusual exposure to cold, &c.
Throwing 'itité the’ water; ‘or ‘carelessly washing adog without
properly drying him)’ is a very’ onion cause of it, “Another

4A, THE DISTEMPER.

very general origin of the disease is in contagion. A dog,.
who has not had it, seldom escapes if he remains in the com-
pany of one who has it. It appears at sometimes, however,
much more easily taken than at others, and, when imbibed in
_- this way, it is longer or shorter in its approach, according to
the state of the dog’s health and other circumstances. Many —
other causes, however, beside contagion or a simple cold

taken, will produce the disease; for, as has been already ob-

served, there is a predisposition in every dog towards it, which

is so considerable, that any derangement in the system is suffi-
cient for the purpose. I have seen it brought on from violent

hemorrhage, and also from an occasional alteration in the
food ; but this alteration has always been from a full to a low.
diet. Full feeding, on the contrary, I regard as a preserva-

tive; and it certainly is prudent to keep puppies well, parti-

cularly those exposed to distemper; for I have ever found

those least obnoxious to its attack, as well as fare best under

the disease, who were in the best condition.

Some breeds also have it much worse than others; so much
so, that a whole litter of one bitch will die, while a litter of
another bitch will have it very mildly. Particular kinds of
dogs have it also more violently than others. It is very fatal to
pugs and greyhounds; terriers have it likewise badly: and
it may be regarded as a general rule, that, the younger a dog
has it, the worse will the disease prove. Very young puppies
seldom live with it. | ty

As has been before stated, the immediate part of the body
that it makes its primary attack upon is various, according to
circumstances. It commonly is first observed in the head,
but does not always remain wholly there, soon spreading itself
to other parts; sometimes to one, sometimes another, When
it exists principally in the head, it produces sneezing, watery
eyes and nose, and every appearance of a violent cold taken.
At other times it seems to affect the bowels principally, in
which cases there is an absence of almost every other symp”

THE DISTEMPER. 45S

tom but a violent looseness. The chest, in some instances,
seems more affected than the head, and then a short dis-
tressing cough appears before the running from the nose and
eyes commences. Now and then the first attack appears to
be made on the loins; a weakness in which, and the hinder
extremities, is the first symptom observed : but this originates in
the head. In the greater number of cases, however, this
weakness, which is very common, comes on some time after
the other symptoms have appeared.

In some, the disease will make its attack by an sarees
eruption over the body, particularly under the belly, and down
; the inside of the thighs. This eruption is pustular, and the
pustules are not very dissimilar to those of the small pox. In
one year in particular, almost every case that fell under my
notice was accompanied with this appearance. It was also
attended with very deep yellow-coloured urine, and great
marks of biliary affection. I have also seen distemper com-
mence by a violent inflammatory tumour in some part of
the body, particularly of the head, which sometimes proceeds
to suppurate ; but this is not a common mode of attack.

: The distemper is very frequently attended with convulsions :
' it is also now and then preceded by them. These convulsive
_ affections are of two kinds: one is a simple paralytic affection,
which, in addition to the weakness, frequently leaves a spas-
modic twitching also in one or more of the limbs for life. The
other is a perfect fit, in which every part of the body becomes
conyulsed and strangely contorted, attended sometimes with
a total, sometimes with only a partial, mental alienation.
When distemper is preceded by one of these fits; or when,
very early in the complaint, an occasional fit now and then
occurs, such a dog is not unlikely to recover: but when the
disease has made some considerable progress, and fits come
_ on, followed in succession by each other, the animal very sel-
dom recovers. The fits of distemper appear frequently trifling
at first, and produce only a slight champing of the mouth, with

46 THE DISTEMPER.

a little froth; from which state a dog may be almost imme-
diately brought out by throwing cold water in the face, or by
coaxing and kindness, which’ will likéwise often do it. ° Thése
fits, wheii they have once “appeared, gradually strengthen,
dnd, becoming' more obstinate, théy’weat down the a on
the second or 'third’day from théir appearance. '

“‘Whén'a ddg has*bécome éniaciatéd froth the disease, and his
appetite has’ failed, it often Happens that he suddenly appears
more cheerful, eats heartily, arid his eyés brighten: but these
appearances are fallacious, and' commonly denote that fits’are
approaching. If the appetite becomes at onée, not only con-
siderable, but greedy, and thé éyes look very bright and spark-
ling, the évent may be “considéred as cértain. In some in
stances, the sudden stopping of the looseness is, likewise, the
forerunner of the’ convulsions: but this only happens ‘when
thé ‘stoppage takes place: ‘of itself. "When the” looseness,
or diarrhea, | is overcome een medicine, pie an “event netic
occurs.

Another ype d of ‘the complaint is that of sitet putrid
fever, ‘in which there is great emaciation, extreme weakness,
a total loss of ‘appetite, accompanied with an’ enormous’ dis-
charge of matter from the eyes and nose, but particularly from.
the latter.’ The discharge, as the disease verges towards its
latter stages, becomes’ bloody and very fetid: and the whole
body likewise emits 4 cadaverous ‘effluvia. This putrid ‘state
is very difficult to cope with, and commonly wears’ ‘the animal
~ down, by the violence of the discharge, and the putrid altera-
tion effected in the solids‘and fluids of the body.’ > idem

“The distemper appears also to vary in’ different’ seasons,
and the type of the complaint becomes epidemical. In one
year, most of the’ cases that occur prove distressing) from the
obstinate lodsenéss that accompanies the disease ; on the con-'
trary, in the next year little of this will be Seen, but fits, per
haps, will be the ‘prevailing’ ‘symptom : while the third year
will exhibit the complaint ina most putrid ‘and ‘malignant

THE DISTEMPER. 47

form but actively inflammatory appearances shall rage.in
less proportion. »In general,«I.have remarked, that fits are
most prevalent, in winter, and purging in summer + but, Jike
other rules, these, admit, of; exceptions. . In, the summer. of
1805, many. of the subjects affected with distemper .had.a pe-
culiar affection of the bowels.-. It commenced suddenly, Jike
spasmodic colic, and gave great pain; but it neither relaxed
nor coustipated the bowels... It continued to affect the pa-
tients very acutely for.two..or.three days, and then generally
terminated fatally. Those cases, that, did recover appeared
to be benefited by active purgatives of calomel and aloes. .......
Treatment, of Distemper.—According to the,mode.in. which
the disease.attacks a dog,:so must, the treatment be conducted.
It is to the immense varieties in the, complaint, that.we must
attribute that..endless number. of, remedies. continually ..pre-
scribed for it;-every one of which, from being occasionally
beneficial, becomes, in the mind of. the,,person,using it, in-
fallible. Distemper, is, therefore,, seldom, spoken, of. .among a
number of sportsmen; but every one of them knows of a,certain
cure, one that has never failed with him.,.1 have; however,
when I could gain a knowledge of the composition, always
given these, nostrums, or. private recipes, a fair. trial: but I
never yet found any one. of, them, that, at.all. answered the .ac-
count given of, it): In fact, the varieties in the complaint are
so numerous, that hardly :any two cases can be treated, alike ;
consequently no;bne' remedy| can: be. applicable to every,case:
for, however efficacious it, may prove.in.a number of instances,
a judicious attention must be paid.,to:the, varying symptoms.
. Perhaps two,,out! of every, three. cases, of. distemper jcom-
-mence by dulness, inclination to sleep, wasting, . shivering,
some, cough, with a flow of moisture; from, the eyes. and nose.
In these instances; the, proper, course; is, to;,.commence with an
emetic.— See, EMETICcS.—Should there, jbe, any, disposition. to
eostiveness, if the dog, is strong -and. fat, give: also. a.mild
purge; butif he»is'weakly, or the least inclined, to, looseness,
H

48 THE DISTEMPER.
abstain from the purge. After the emetic, or purge, ‘has
ceased to operate some hours, give one, two, or three grains
of James’s Powder every morning, or every evening, or both,
according as the symptoms are more or less urgent. But in
cases where the cough proves very considerable, the ria ee
powders would be preferable :— |

James's PQWUCE Avcsvncdusccssnvee ASE grains ©

Powdered foxglove ....cccsesses vo eeeeeenee 8 grains

Nitre, in powder s.cccccecceeseeesersereeee half a dram.
Mix, and divide into ten powders if the dog is small, inte
seven if middling sized, and into five if large; and give one
night and morning. Continue this plan for two or three days ;
after which, if the dog remains strong, give another emetic, and,
when worked off, recommence the fever remedies. Should
purging come on, discontinue these medicines, and have re-
course to those detailed under the head LoosENEss. |

But should no looseness appear, as soon as the inflamma-
tory symptoms have somewhat abated, and when, instead of
a watery moisture, the eyes and nose exude pus, or matter;
then the fever remedies, above described, may very sh sini
give place to others.

‘It is at this period of the disease I have experienced the
happiest effects from the popular Distemper Remedy, disco-
vered by me. This medicine has stood the test of more than
twenty years’ trial; and although the varied appearances in
the complaint render other auxiliaries absolutely necessary :
yet no case of distemper can occur (that only excepted in
which the purging continues without intermission) in which
this Powder may not be given with benefit in some stage of
the disease. | |

Whenever, therefore, this remedy is within reach, I would
strongly recommend that it may be tried at this period of the
complaint, according to the directions given with it. It should
also be repeated as long as the benefit resulting from it is
striking and marked. But some cases will occur in which. the

THE DISTEMPER. 49

‘weakness that is apt to. ensue on the purulent state renders
other aids.necessary; and others may happen where this
remedy is not at hand, or has been tried without a striking
amendment: so it will be prudent in such instances, after the
directions already detailed have been complied with, to pro-
ceed with the following tonic plan of treatment ; of which it
is not too much to say, that it will prove nearly as universal in
its application, and not less salutary in its effect, than even
the specific above alluded to :—

SONNE nici ticvecispseaeecsyossamecsitesavers 1 Ural

MSG Den janie 20. sccsstevecconvvscsesseseuecensese 2 SCIUples

Balsam of Peru ..esccess sbosecsscsveee seqencers.s 1 dram

Camomile flowers, er conedpaapadesecess | 2 OFAINS

Camphor ereccocccccccsevsccsscccceserserccesovesee: 1 scruple.

Mix with honey, conserve of roses, or other adhesive matter,
into twelve, nine, or six balls, according to the size of the
dog, and give one night and morning.

If very great weakness comes on, if the matter from the
eyes and nose flows rapidly, and the dog becomes fetid, add
two drams of cascarilla bark, and a grain of opium. In such
eases also, strong gravies, or gruel made as caudle with ale
in it, should be given two or three times a-day. Meat balls
may be also forced down, if the dog will not eat voluntarily.

During every stage of distemper, and under every variety,
except the very inflammatory state which occurs in the com-
mencement, it is proper to feed liberally ; and, as soon as the
animal refuses his food, it is equally proper that nutriment
should be forced down.—See this subject of feeding the sick
at the commencement of the work.

But, from what has been said, it will be evident that the
foregoing type is not the constant one by which distemper
makes its attack ; on the contrary, it sometimes commences
‘by a looseness, which is unfortunately often supposed useful.
In which cases, from a fear of the consequences of checking
it, the dog is very frequently brought so low as to be past

H 2

50 THE DISTEMPER,
“recovery, But it.is to be remarked, that even in the, very
first stages the purging should always be checked, if, not. en;
tirely stopped: and, at-all, other periods of the complaint, it
should be entirely and immediately. stopped. At, whatever
period likewise it occurs, during the progress of the complaint,
when other remedies are administered 5 it:is\| proper that they
should be: suspended, and astringents ,only: used; until, the
diarrhoea has entirely ceased, when the former, remedies; may
be again had recourse to. — See. LOOSENESS..j.§: oi» a 903
Sometimes, though it is not very frequently | the case, the
distemper.commences by a convulsive fit; in ‘which. instance
also it is proper to. begin the.treatment by an, emetic, and to
follow it up by a purgative....It may be proper to remark in
this place, that, should fits: come on during the progress of
the complaint also, immediately that the»dog comes out of
the convulsion a very. strong emetic should be given; and,
in case other fits succeed after the emetic; the tae may
be tried :—

“Ether eAne S eeeeeesececeoseccecseess jb poeece 1 dram

PaWdaHuey CUI Hh. dsdderadbedtuldesdatate halfadram)
Camphor j)..0ssessssved leGddeuvwes ee 10 grains
Spirit of hartshorn css dec cceccceene peoseees 1 dram,

Mix, and give forty, sixty, or eighty drops, avoidiana to size,
every hour, or two, in,a spoonful of, ale... Keep the animal
very warm, avoid irritation, force nourishment, and. endeayour
to shorten every fit, by sprinkling cold water im, the face, and
likewise by soothing language and manner, which have often
the happiest effect, in,lessening the force and, duration of, the
fits. If these means should happily succeed, continue, to, keep
the animal quiet, and particularly refrain from giving; much
exercise, which is,aptto bring on a.recurrence of the fits...

The importance of the-subject renders it, not. improper
again to repeat, that, of all the symptoms that appear, convul-
sive fits are the most fatal. . It is,. therefore, of the, utmost
‘consequence to endeavour: to prevent, their. occurrence ;, for,

SHE DISTEMPER. 5]

when once they have made their attack, art is too apt to fail
in overcoming them. The best preventive means that I know
of, are, to avoid, or to remove every thing that may tend to
weaker, as looseness, low poor diet, too much exercise, ex-
posure to cold, extreme evacuation from: the nose, and, no
less,‘ thé’ operation of mental ‘irritation, from fear, surprise,
or regret; all of which ° are very Common causes of fits in
distemper.

But when these convulsive affections have setaslly come
on, ‘the constitution ‘must be- immediately roused by active
méans.’ Ihave always found a’ strong emetic among the most
efficient, and which it has been sometimes prudent to repeat.

The’ situation the ‘animal is kept in ought to be extremely

warm the cordial antispasmodic medicine, already prescribed,
should be industriously pushed to its greatest extent; nor
should mitriment be forgotten also, which, if not willingly
taken, ought to be forced down.

It will, perhaps, excite some surprise, that I have so long
omitted. to mention that very popular remedy for distemper,
a seton' in the neck. “In truth, I think setons very seldom de-
serve the commendation bestowed on them ; on the contrary,
I believe they frequently do more harm than good. In the
latter stages of the complaint, I am certain they weaken the
patient, and prove very hurtful. In one state in which dis-

temper sometimes commences, however, I think them highly

advisable; and this is where there is- evidently much active
inflammation going on in the head: that is, when at the very

outset of the complaint there is such an impatience of light,

that the dog cannot face it, but blinks, closes his eyes, and
hides himself as ‘much as possible from it. The state I allude

to, is not, when the eyes are closed with matter, but it is at.

an earlier period of the complaint, and at one that, in general
cases, the e eyes are’ affected with a watery moisture only, which

in these instances is also present; but with a vastly increased _

state of irritability i in’ these organs, ‘which are not only inca-

52 THE DISTEMPER.

pable of bearing the light, but exhibit, when looked into, a
highly red and ey etn within the centre’ of
the globe.

When these symptoms are present, I would comme
the use of setons in the neck, as the best means of causing a
counter action. In such cases, also, warm steamings to the
head, or even fomentations of vinegar and water, may be very
properly tried. For, it may be regarded as a rule subject to
few exceptions, that these appearances prognosticate that the
avimal will have the complaint badly ; these cases, in general,
becoming soon affected with convulsions. If a dog thus. at-
tacked is moderately strong, and in tolerable condition, bleed-
ing and purging are also proper; but even here the lowering
system must not be pursued too far: for, as it has been ob-
served, that fits are common accompaniments to this state;
so teo much weakening would only hasten their attack. —
Ina more advanced stage of distemper, when the: eyes have
become ulcerated, treat them as directed under DISEASES OF
THE Eyes: and it may not be improper to remark here, that
the ulcers arising from distemper, though they may appear to
have actually destroyed the eye, will yet often gradually heal,
and the sight will return uninjured. This regeneration is,
however, peculiar to the ophthalmia of distemper.

To recapitulate the general treatment under all the usual
circumstances of the complaint, the following rules may be
regarded as a summary :—Feed liberally ; avoid looseness of
bowels; exercise moderately only; keep warm;- carefully
avoid irritation; and ever keep in mind, that it is a disease,
more than any other, liable to a recurrence: therefore do not
discontinue the care or the medical treatment for at least three _
weeks after the recovery has appeared complete. As also a.
recurrence of the complaint usually appears by a sudden fit,
which is generally followed up by others very difficult to’
combat with; so this secondary attack should be carefully guard-
ed against. But, in the event of the recurrence of the disease, —

DROPSY. 53

should a fit be the first stein of it, immediately give a
strong emetic, and proceed as directed before. Sometimes,
also, the recurrence appears by returning dulness, and disin-
clination to food: in other instances the purging returns. In
either case, the former treatment also, directed as proper for
these states, must be resorted to; but principally the tonic
and strengthening plan, which should be continued a consi-
derable length of time after all symptoms have ceased.

ecesso
Dropsy.

_ Tuts is by no means an uncommon complaint in dogs.

They are most subject to ascites, or dropsy of the belly. In.

the next degree they have dropsy of the chest: less frequently
they have encysted dropsy ; and least of all are they subject
to anasarca, or dropsy of the skin, unless when accompanied
by ascites.

Ascites, or dropsy of the belly, as I have before remarked,
is not an uncommon disease, and a prodigious quantity of
water is sometimes accumulated within the abdomen. The
causes of the disease are various. Among the most common
are long-continued asthma, and a diseased liver. Mange, also,
long continued nd wholly neglected, very frequently dege-
nerates into dropsy.. The accumulation of water is sometimes
slow, at others very rapid; and the symptoms that precede
the attack are, of course, as varied as the causes that produce
it. In some cases the forerunner is a harsh cough; in other
instances nothing is observed but a ravenous appetite; and
the dog, though he eats an additional quantity, yet wastes in
_ flesh. Gradually, however, his belly begins te swell, and
grows round, hard, and shining. The breathing becomes quick
and laborious, and he lies down with difficulty; he drinks

much ; and, though in the early stages he may eat heartily,

54 DROPSY.
yet, ‘as the disease advances} his appetite’ fails, and, sooner or’
later, he becomes’ ‘suffocated from ‘the ‘pressure ‘which the
water makes on’ the i pian or ‘membrane that’ ~ the
lungs from the bowels. = , ND
' Dropsy ‘of the belly may ‘be’ distinguished from fat, by the
particular tumour that ‘the belly forms, which, in dropsy,
hangs down,’ while’ the back bone ‘sticks'up, and the‘hips ap-
pear prominent through the ‘skin’: the hair ‘stares'also, and
the coat is peculiarly harsh. It may be distinguished from
being in pup, by the teats, which always enlarge as the belly
enlarges in pregnancy: but more particularly it may be dis- .
tinguished by the undulation of the water in the belly, whereas
in‘pregnancy. there is no undulation. °°The impregnated belly,
however full, has’ not that “tight tense*feel°nor shining appear-
ance observedin dropsy. ‘There may: be alsé! inequalities dis-
tinguished in it,'whicl» are the puppies 3! and, when pregnancy
is at all advanced, the-young may be felt’ to move. .°'The most —
unequivocal mode, however, of detecting the presence of water
is by the touch. If the righthand: is laid om one‘side of the
belly, and: witly the left; hand:the other: side is tapped, an un-
dulating: motion: will be! perceived;:exactly: similar to what
would be felt'by placing one hand’ ow'a bladder of water, and
striking itswith the other... :

‘Treatment of Ascites, or “Dropsy of the Belly. The medi-
cal treatment, im these cases, 1s’ seldom attended with ‘success,
because) the ‘complaint ‘itself is seldom; primary,*but»the con-
sequence! of some. other’ destructive: chronic -affection, as
asthma;' diseased liver, orsinverted mange, which may have
already committed «fatal ravages on: the constitution: Now
and then; however, Ihave seen attacks ,ofeascites apparently
not® preceded! by: either of these .affections ; and in ‘these I
have sometimes succeeded) in obtaining an evacuation of the
water, and in ‘preventing a recurrence of it also. “But such
instances are so inferior:im point of number to:the others, that,

DROPSY. 55

in general terms, ventral dropsy may be nati as a most
fatal disease.

I have repeatedly tapped dogs ; from some of whom I have
drawn off many quarts of fluid, sometimes of a gelatinous
consistence, at others simply serous and thin. In some in-
stances I have repeated the operation two or three times,
which has tended to prolong life; but eventually the same
fate awaited all. The operation of tapping a dog does not
differ in any respect from the! same process in the human.
A trochar is the most proper instrument for the purpose, but
it may be performed bya lancet, and the puncture may be
made in any part.of the tumour-not immediately bordering on
the navel, or on tlie central line of the belly, taking care to
examine that no considerable branch of ‘artery is directly
under the line’ of puncture, which ‘may be ‘readily ‘known by
examination with the fingers. ‘The evacuation of all the water
may be proceeded on at once Without fear; the animal will
express no uneasiness, nor faintness ; but will conduct himself
as: though nothing had happened. A‘ bandage | moderately
tight shouldbe applied around the belly; and there rétained
for many iad ‘or even weeks, to assist the absorbents by its
pena 14

“L have also tried’ various other means for the evacuation of
she! water, but it is seldom they have afforded any benefit. In
a very few instances only diuretics have produced a salutary
effect: of the numerous articles of which class I have found
thé digitalis, or foxglove, thé’ very best. Now and then,
however, other medicaments of this kind have succeeded when
this has failed. I shall, therefore, detail such recipes as ap-
pear best suited to the case, obséiving that, with regard to
the foxglove, it is most certain in its effect as a diuretic, as
well in the canine as the human species, when it neither occa-
sions sickness nor purging The ‘dose sliould, therefore, be
always so regulated as to avoid these effects :—

*.

_ No. 1.—-Powdered foxglove ....ccocsseccervece 12 grains.

Antimonial powder ......scsccecsseeeeee 15 grains .

Nitre 000000000 900000000 000000000000 000000000 1 dram.
Mix, aa divide into nine, twelve, or fifteen valocias one of
which give night and morning.

No. 2.—Powdered FOXEIOVE c.srccererscersereere 9 STAINS
Powdered squills Peeves oesseeseoseeocossces 12 grains
Cream Of tartar ssessosrecseorseseesessnene 2 drams.

Mix, divide, and give, as No. 1.

No. praia ooo Of SqUIIIS .oecccccccscoscccceroene 1 OUNCE
' Infusion of tobacco (as under) .......6. half an ounce
Sweet spirit of Nitre c.cccccccscccooeeeee half an ounce
Tincture Of Opium ..eccccrcccsecseccccoese Half a dram
Infusion of camomile yeocrcccccrecseoee 2 OUNCES.
Mix, and give from two tea-spoonfuls, to a large table-spoonful, -
night and morning. The tobacco infusion may be made by
pouring two ounces of boiling water on a dram of tobacco.

I have, in some cases, combined calomel with the other re-
medies to the amount of half a grain, ora grain, night and
morning ; and this apparently with benefit. I have also tried
the effect of strong mercurial purges twice a week, in cases _
where diuretic medicines failed of relieving. Friction and
the warm bath have been also used, but without apparent
advantage. In the few cases wherein diuretics succeeded,
active stomachic tonics followed their use: in some instances
they accompanied them. Nor should these be omitted: where
tapping is employed, as the only means likely to prevent the
belly from again filling.

HyYDROTHORAX, or DROPSY OF THE CHEST, is, likewise,
not a very unfrequent complaint in dogs, and may be either
chronic or acute; that is, the aqueous accumulation may be
slow or rapid. When it is the former, it is usually the conse-
quence of some other chronic affection, as asthma or neglected
mange: although the latter most frequently produces dropsy

DROPSY. 57

of the belly. The rapid accumulation often arises from active
inflammation of the lungs; in which cases, about the third
day from the pneumonic attack, the water begins to be formed
within the cavity of the chest, and increases so as to suffocate
the animal in a few hours.—See INFLAMED LUNGs.

_ The disease may be known to exist by the extreme uneasi-
ness the dog shews when he lies down, and by his attempts,
under such circumstances, to elevate his head. The chest

will also: appear full and swollen, and the water may be gene-

rally heard on motion. The beating of the heart will also
clearly characterise the complaint; for the hand, placed on
one side of the chest, will be affected with a kind of thrill,
very different from the usual sensation produced by the beat-
ing of the heart of a healthy dog.

The cure may be attempted by the means recommended for
ventral dropsy; but I have hitherto always found the disease
resist every effort.

ANASARCA.—As before observed, this complaint very sel-
dom occurs, unless as an accompaniment of ascites. I have,
however, now and then seen it, and, in most of the cases, it
was in old dogs who had laboured under some previous debi-
lity. In such instances, when any remaining stamina affords
a chance for recovery, the treatment recommended for dropsy
of the belly may be resorted to.

ENCYSTED Dropsy.—An accumulation either of serum,
or of a fatty or gelatinous matter, within a particular sac, is
thus called. The dropsy of the ovaria is by much the most
frequent of this kind, and, to a certain extent, is very common
in bitches; but it is in these general cases more an accumu-
lation of fat than serosity. I have, however, seen instances of
true ovarial dropsy, which all terminated fatally, though they
proved very slow in their progress, ©

These encysted cases of dropsy are detected by the Seat
being less universally diffused over the belly, and by the un-
dulation being more obscure, The swellings likewise, in these

58 EMETICS.

instances, ‘nay be often traced to have’ began on one parti
¢nlan side. jgodn sess fo tty wi peganl od) te noite

‘The treatment proper ion pursue: inno wise differs’ ional that
directed in ascites ; but I néver witnessed more than one case
which terminated favourably, and-in that I discharged the
fluid contents by a trochar effectually; but in others this mode
failed. | | Pod? gos
: HyDATIDs. likewise, now baal then, ane very rail hee
a species of dropsy in dogs. I have seen them in the liver,
the lungs,’ the spleen, and the brain,

den? Fam

Kars, sore.
See CANKER...

Sooeese

Emetics. .

ae appears anions ‘a‘matural act*in iio gil svat least
it isone that they voluntarily. excite, by eating’ emetic vege-
tables, asthe long wild grass, so hurtfuloto’ pastures: Dogs,
in Common with all quadrupéds who live on ‘animal food, are
subject to a-train of sensations that’ we’ denominate bilious.
In the canine species these aré particularly yprevalent ; and
dogs appear to be instinctively taught-to relieve themselves
from.them by an emetic, which they’ take more’ frequently,
when they can procure it, than we are’aware‘of.-- It! is evi-
dent, therefore, that such’ as’ are much. confined, and those
who inhabit large cities, must suffer in their health from the
want of this usual’ evacuation. ‘To remedy this, when cir-
cumstances wholly prevent their reaching the ‘grass, ‘or other
emetic vegetables, some of the dog grass might be brought to
them, ‘either gathered, or the roots of it might be placed in
pots for. their use, ‘It maybe obtained ‘by the Londoners in
Coverit’ Gafdeti: “In défault of this, a° mild occasional vomit

EXERCISE, 59.

of emetic tartar, common salt, or other emetic, pu hetanrs
might be very properly substituted. — ;

In various diseases, the, benefit. cts Pe from ‘as use “of
emetics is. still-more. striking ; and our directions for their
employment wili be | found frequent.:. A good domestic vomit
is common salt, in quantity from half a tea-spoonful to a desert-
spoonful ; but it is sometimes violent in its operations, and,
therefore, not to be chosen for delicate constitutions, . Calomel
often proves.an emetic to dogs : see ALTERATIVES. Turpith
mineral; and crude antimony, are given as.emetics by sports-
men; but.the former is-.extremely, violent, and. the latter un-
certain: “Tartar emetic; forms tae) most convenient article for
this purpose, and is at once safe and.easy to give; from one
grain:to three or four, according to the size of the dog, may
be given inva pill, or ina piece .of meat, or dissolved in milk
or watefen oy « e | ;

Hotsk. ob dope’ eceeee

Epilepsy. |

See Fits.
4 Ceeeecs
Evercise.

Sota want of due exercise is the cause . of nearly one half
of the diseases: of.dogs ;..and the ill effects of this deprivation
are very often heightened .by inordinate feeding also. It
should be remembered, that a,dog.is an animal of prey, des-
tined, in a natural.state, to hunt for his food, :and to sacrifice
to his appetite. lesser and weaker animals, whose exertions to
escape must keep him in a continual habit of most active
exercise, In this,life of. nature; dogs probably do not get a
regular and full meal twice in,a week. How great, therefore,
must be the difference, when they are either shut up ina
warm room. twenty-two out of twenty-four hours ; or are,

60 EXERCISE.

perhaps, fastened by the necks for many months together,
without any other exercise than what the length of their chain
allows them! In such cases, if they have plenty of air, and
are moderately fed, the want of exercise shews itself by
mange or canker. If otherwise, then it shews itself by an
enormous increase of fat, which usually ends in asthma and
dropsy. | 1g

Nothing affords a stronger conviction of the necessity of
exercise to animals than their natural love of play. There
wants no other proof that exercise was intended as their
ordinary habit, and as a most necessary means of presery-
ing health. In cities and great towns it is a very excel-
lent plan to teach puppies to play with a ball; by which
means they will exercise themselves very well in wet weather,
or when they cannot be taken out; and will continue through
life attached to the exertion. Those who will not amuse
themselves in this way, yet may all be taught to fetch and
carry. A very mistaken opinion prevails, that, because a dog
is turned into-a yard or court, an hour, or half an hour,
that he exercises himself; on the contrary, in general he re-
gards this as a punishment, and sits shivering at the door the
whole time.

Dogs are more disposed to take exercise in company than
alone: emulation induces them to run and frolic with each
other; it is prudent, therefore, to allow every favourite a
companion. For sporting dogs, constant exercise is also essen
tially necessary. When they are laid by for the season, if
they are shut up, it is very common, when they are again
wanted ; to find them fat, without wind, and easily fatigued ;
for not only are they out of the habit of exertion, but the
muscles of the body have actually become lessened, and hence
weakened by inactivity. Exercise improves the wind, by
taking up the surrounding fat from the heart and chest; thus
allowing the lungs to expand more freely. But, wherever
circumstances absolutely preclude exercise altogether, then

aes
‘>

&

EYES, DISEASES OF.’ 61

greater circumspection should be used in the feeding: it
should be very moderate, and, as much as may be, composed
of vegetables.—Sce FEEDING.
- Fits in dogs are a very common consequence of confine-
ment; and it is very usual for a dog, particularly a sporting
one, who has been confined long, on gaining his liberty, to
experience a violent fit. I have observed the same occur in
dogs after long voyages.

Exercise should, therefore, be allowed to every dog; and,
as this should be done in proportion to his other habits, to
lay down any general rule on this head is nearly impossible.
The exercise of fat ones should not be violent, but it should
be long continued : when it is too violent, it is apt to produce
fits or cough, and thus, in the end, may prove the parent’ of
asthma. Sporting dogs require gallops, to fit them for their
work, and to give them wind; and, for this purpose, they
should be taught to follow a horse. «Lesser dogs, and ‘all
who are at other times confined, require at least two hours’
exercise every day.

ceecee>

Eyes, Diseases of.

THE eyes of dogs are subject to several kinds of disease.
The most common of these is an ulceration of the cornea, or
transparent part of the globe of the eye, from distemper.
This affection of the eyes usually commences by a blueness,
or sometimes by a perfect opacity of the transparent portion ;
in the centre of which a speck may be frequently seen, which
gradually accumulates to a small abcess, and bursts, leaving
an ulcer. This ulcer sometimes remains stationary till the
distemper amends: in others it extends, and involves the
whole pupil in an ulcerative process. In some cases a fun-
gus forms, and protrudes outwards. One circumstance is
peculiarly worthy of remark in this affection, which is, that

62 EYES, ‘DISEASES OF.

the eye can.become more desanged in this disease, and yet.
recover again, than in any other ; for, after an extensive ulce-
ration has formed, and excluded nearly all. vision; when the
distemper leaves the animal, the eye gradually clears itself,
and leaves no vestige of disease behind. as + ord

The proper treatment, therefore, in such cases is, to atjelial
principally to the distemper; for, as before observed, when
that amends, the eye will do the same. However, it will, be
prudent, to check the devastation from proceeding, by a seton
in the neck, by. fomentations of, poppy heads, when the éye-is
very mucli irritated and. inflamed: or by the use of, Goulard
washes in the beeituings j and a uitrialio ones as s:the sane
advances.’ |... ‘i nodw : honti nttal of

Ophthalmia selene Also attacks, the eyes, seusniaaiit
both in a true anda spurious form, . The spurious kinds
the effect of distemper also, but is altogether distinct, from
the one already des¢ribed. This bastard ophthalmia occurs
very early in the complaint. ' The eyes look red, but not very
opaque, and there is invariably an extreme) impatience of
light.—See DisTEMPER.

In the true ophthalmia, the eyes become suddenly weak,
water much, and, if viewed in the light, look red at the bot-
tom, and within the eyelids likewise. ‘There is usually at
the first not. much opacity. of the cornea; but it soon comes —
on, and extends, over. the whole’ surkar’s seldom, however;
proceeding to ulceration, unless distemper is present, » There
are always. marks of pain, irritation, and impatience of light.

The treatment should’ be begun by bleeding. Afterwards
insert a seton in the neck, and give, every third day, a purga-
tive. For the first few days foment the eyes with. a poppy
head fomentation; use also the following asa wash fre-

\
quently :— — )
Sugar of lead os san be vedaddddp otvbdecuoeossaas NAME aldrami
Rose water ed cee oeresecrscisgoneseoeseese . 6 ounces.

When the inflammation is aeshidid ecrelicn: add to ae

EYES, DISEASES OF. 63

wash ten grains of white vitriol. All exposure to strong light,
to cold, and to over-exercise, should be avoided. In very
bad cases I have sometimes scarified the insides of the eye-
lids, and even the white part of the eye itself, by means of
the point of a fine lancet, with very great benefit.

In violent injuries of the eyes, such as blows, punctures of
thorns, or scratches from cats; a similar treatment should be
pursued, till the active inflammation has abated : after which,
should any opacity of the cornea remain, that is, should a
blueish dimness be left over the sight, a small pinch of a
powder may be sprinkled into the eye once or twice a day;
composed of one scruple of sugar of lead, and one dram of
calomel,

Cataract is another disease te which the eyes of dogs are
liable. In the aged, cataracts are very common, from a breaking
up of the strength of the parts: nor are they very uncommon
in younger dogs, being sometimes the result of some injury,
or apparent cause: at others the complaint is observed to
come on gradually, as a slow chronic affection of the organ:
but there is this difference between the disease in the old
and the young, that, in the former, both the eyes commonly
become affected ; whereas, in the latter, it is usually confined
to one only. In all these cases the before-described powder
may be blown into the eye; but it is very seldom that any
treatment arrests the final termination in blindness.

A dropsy of the eyeball now and then also occurs; in
which case there is an extreme enlargement of the globe of
the eye, and an imperfect contraction of the iris. 1 once
punctured the sclerotic coat, and evacuated the water; but
great inflammation followed, and the eye gradually wasted
away. In other cases I have blown calomel into the eye, but
without apparent benefit, except in one instance, where the
owner grew tired of the trouble, and destroyed the dog before
the precise effect could be ascertained. I have also tried
electricity, setons, and blisters, but with no better success.

I

64 EYELIDS, U ULCERATED.

Eyelids, ulcerated.

THERE is now and then met with a. mangy affection, con-
fined to the eyelids, which is attended with ulceration, and a
loss of hair. It may be generally removed by an ointment
of the following kind :—

~ - Ointment of nitrated Aa IM peoescocveve 1 dram
Sugar of lead . ss ceceesecccsssesovsesenneosee 20 Brains |,
Spermaceti OINtMENt eresseerceressrersoesseee O Arams, |
Anoint the parts, night and morning, lightly. with this, watch-
ing the dog afterwards that he does not rub: it) into his) eyes.
Internal medicines will also assist the cure.—See MANGE.

ceees®

Fatness, excessive.

THis is a most common complaint among dogs. A proper
plumpness of appearance denotes:health; but when the ani-
mal oil, called fat, becomes inordinately disproportionate: to
the rest of the parts of the body, it proves a source of nu-
merous diseases. ‘The natural tendency of dogs to obesity is
considerable; for any dog may be made fat by ‘excessive
feeding and little exercise. Provided the accumulation has
been quick, the dog may be reduced to his former state with-
out prejudice; but, when a dog gradually accumulates fat
from indulgence, then the obesity becomes so completely a
disease, that even exercise and: abstinence -will not always
wholly reduce him; for the generation of the adipose sub-
stance is so habitual a work of the constitution, that, however
little food the animal takes, short of starvation; that little
forms fat. That this is true may be known by the notorious
fact, that many fat dogs eat but little. | 190i

There are two sources of fatuess; due is, sidlaeoadiia : the
other is, want of exercise: and when, as iswwery frequently

FATNESS, EXCESSIVE. 65
the case, both causes happen to meet in the same subject;
then! the accumulation is certain. When dogs’ ate over-fed;
whatever is' taken into the body, more than the ‘general secre-
tions require, is either converted into fat; or forms ‘some other
| unusual secretion ; as matter in the ears, in canker; or scabs

on the’skin, in mange. | | .

Exercise increases all the usual secretions; hence, under
sttong exercise, more nutriment is: required : and thus, in such
cases, full feeding does not produce fat; but, even in full
exercise, provided some of the usual secretions are stopped,
though the others may be ia full force; yet an over-accumu-
latiomof animal oil is apt to take place; thus spayed bitches
and castrated dogs usually become fat, however they may
work.
Fat more ‘readily accumulates in middie aged and old dogs,

than 1 iy the young; and the fat of old dogs is more -hartful: Fs

to them than that of the young; the reason of which appears
tobe, that alk aged animals have their fat placed more in-
wardly} while the younger ones have it placed more upon the

sutface‘of the body. A state of excessive fatness is an almost

certain forerunner of asthma. It is also the parent of mange,
canker; and other eruptive diseases ; and not unfrequently it

occasions fits, from the pressure it produces on the vessels of

the head and chest: Ihave also seen the excessive accumu-
lation of it produce disease of the heart’ and large vessels,
terminating in the rupture of one or’ the other of them.

ceeses]

Feeding of Dogs.

Tins is an ‘maslietadtxulejeods as upon the judicious feeding’

of these animals: much of their health and comfort depends ;

and; ‘by ‘injudicious feeditig; very many of their ‘complaints
are brought’on. © It is curious’ that the’ want of food, and. the’

excess “of it, should both produce the same disease. © It is
3 iy

od

66 FEEDING OF DOGS.

very seldom that a dog is badly fed for a considerable length
of time, but that he contracts mange; and it is also as seldom :
that a dog is long permitted to eat to excess, but that he also
becomes mangy. However, if the same cleanliness and care
were to be observed in both cases, the lean dog would have

the least mange, and his would also prove much more easy
of cure. | |

To feed judiciously, the physiology of digestion should be
understood. All the juices of the body, and indeed all the
solids likewise, are furnished from the blood. These juices
are in a continual state of waste, and the solids are in a con-.
tinual state of wear; both of which take place in proportion
to the exertion used. There must, therefore, exist some means
of recruiting this waste of the fluids, and some means of re-
pairing this wear of the solids. Nature has intended that —
these ends should be brought about by food, consisting of _
solid and fluid substances taken into the mouth, which are
there masticated and broken down into small masses by the
teeth, and mixed into a paste with the saliva, by which it is
rendered fit to be acted upon, after it has passed from the —
mouth into the stomach by the act of swallowing.

Being received into the stomach, it there meets with a
strong solvent agent, called gastric juice; by mixing with
which it becomes animalized, and, in fact, wholly altered.
In a complete pultaceous mass, called chyme, it is passed into
the bowels, where there are little vessels that strain and suck
up such fluid parts as are fitted for nourishing the body, and
pass it forwards in very minute streams into glands, call-
ed mesenteric. These glands empty their contents, then
called chyle, into one common receptacle, from whence the
chylous fluid is poured into the heart to form blood. The
blood, therefore, is constantly recruiting from this source ;
and from this description it will naturally suggest itself, that,
when food is withheld, the blood must waste; and when this
is the case, all the fluids of the body must naturally decrease,

FEEDING OF DOGS. 67

and the solids wear fast. On the contrary, when food is taken
in too great quantities, the blood will, in that case, become
too rich, and be generated in too large quantities; and, as
the solids are limited in their growth, so some, or all the fluids
of the body, will be formed from it in too large proportions,
The moisture that goes to the skin will probably become acrid,
and form a disease calied mange: the sebaceous glands of
the ear, instead of forming wax, will pour out blood or mat-
ter, called canker; or the superabundance will flow to the
teats, where, if it is not the time of pregnancy, it will form
a spurious secretion and induration. When these evils do
not immediately succeed, the overflowing blood forms only
an inordinate quantity of the oily fluid called fat.

It next becomes a question, What kind of food is the best
for dogs? On observing this animal, either as a naturalist or
physiologist, one is not at a moment’s loss in determining,
that he is neither wholly carnivorous, nor wholly herbivorous,
but of a mixed kind; intended to take in both foods, and
formed to receive nourishment from either. He is furnished
with sharp cutting teeth for tearing flesh, and he has also
broad surfaces on other of his teeth, capable of grinding
farinaceous substances. His stomach and intestines also hold
a middle place between those of the carnivorous and herbi-
vorous tribes. At the same time, the anatomical conformation
of his teeth, and indeed of the whole of his digestive organs,
appears rather more intended for flesh than herbage; his
habits and partialities likewise tend that way. He is evi-
dently a beast of prey, intended to live on other animals: the
stronger he hunts in troops, the weaker he conquers singly.
Yet still it is clear that his organs fit him for receiving nutri-
ment from vegetable matter also.

It is not, therefore, difficult to determine that a mixture
of both is the most proper general food for dogs; but the
proportions of each are best determined by the exertions of
the body, For, as animal food gives most nutriment, so, when

68 FEEDING OF DOGS:
the bodily exertions are great, as in sporting dogs; then flesh
is the best food. On the contraty, when bulk without amuch
nutriment is required, asin dogs who are confined, thén’ vege
table matter is best. This subject appears ‘to ibe one! of, very
general interest; for no questions have been ‘more frequently
asked the author of these pages, than—What ‘kind of food! is
the best for dogs, and what quantity of it 2 Itis very difficult
to prescribe any precise quantity, some dogs requiring even
naturally more than others; and, from what: has been before
said, it will be evident that, in some cases, it is difficult to
direct any particula¥ quality and kind: also. ':. If, howewer, | the
above reasoning is correct, then'there will be no dificulty:in
deciding, that a mixture of ‘animal and vegetable matterris
the most proper food for the generality, of dogsicoasd fron tl

» When the author ‘had a Canine Infirmary, it had seldoin
less than ‘twenty; sometimes: thirty, patients in if.' For this
number it-was of some momeut to devisé a mode of féeding
that should embrace nearly ‘all the requisites:» After’ trying
every method of cooking, and: every article:used as! food; he
at last, adopted the following plan) which an extensive! experi-
ence enables him to recommend as the most convenient,
uniting to nutritious qualities,'a wholesome:cleanly; food; that
will: not give a disposition to foulness::This feeding, it is to
be observed, ‘is peculiarly adapted: for kennels, near citiesvor
large towns: it is likewise always eligible where the anate-
rials can be ‘proctired. “It consists of’ the tripe ‘or: paunches
of sheep, ‘which, being thoroughly ¢leaned; are; to be boiled
half. an hour, or forty’ minutes, in a, modérate: quantity of
water, When taken fromthe water, they should be hung up
to cool, and the boiling liquor they came’ out of poured
on bread raspings, if possible those of French bread. The
quantity of raspings should be'so regulated, that, when soaked
and cold, the mess may be of the consistence ofan ordinary
pudding before boiling. The’ paunches, being also cold,’ but
not before, should be cut into fine pieces, and mixed with

FEEDING OF DOGS. 69
the soaked raspings. When raspings cannot be got,: meal or

biscuit may be substituted. The mixture, it is evident, may |

be made to contain more or less animal matter, by increasing
or lessening the proportion of paunch, or by adding other
animal matter; though’ the author is dispesed to think: that
tripe is, of all animal substances, the purést food,:.and tends
least.of.all to make..a dog foul. and gross. When likewise it
isi intended, or wished, to make the mixture either more> nu-
tritious or, more enticing, the offal or intestines of. chickens
and other fowl! may be procured from the poultereis, and
boiled with the tripe. Of all substances in general use, ex-
cept horse flesh, the entrails of chickens is thé one most
eagerly, sought. after by dogs, and fattens them fastest... For
the convenience of persons’ resident in’ London; it should -be
noticed, that the venders of boiled sheep heads, sell the trim-
mings.as dogs food.;)aud it is an excellent one.

_ Sportsmen inthe country use. various mixtures for food,
= it is.very.often, in retired situations, a difficult matter to
find. proper substances for this purpose. In some kennels
meal and milk are used, | and dogs will thrive on them during
the season; they do not hunt ;' but, when they are strongly
exercised, this! food will not be sufficiently nutritious. “All
the meals are used for this purpose ;. but if is no. difficult mat-
ter at-once to decide, that wheat meal, when it can be pro-

cured; .is to be preferred’; for it is ‘much less likely to pro-

duce mangeé.and a heated! skin than the other.

Barleymeal and oatmealare most frequently given, and are
sufficiently nutritious when mixed with either milk or broth;
but they have certainly some: tendency to produce a_red
itching »skin; when constantly used; for which .reason:a_por-
tion of potatoes should be mixed: with them. »Potatoes, even
without meal, will be found to form a good food for dogs who
are not wanted for hunting or other active exertion: they are
cooling, and, when mixed with milk or buttermilk, are suffi-

70 FEEDING OF DOGS.

ciently nutritious, and form, in this way, an economical and
wholesome food. ?

‘When circumstances render it absolutely necessary to feed
principally on either barley or oatmeal, the heating effects may
be ‘also greatly obviated by mixing it with buttermilk. In all
cases likewise of foulness, as mange, canker, &c., buttermilk:
will be found an excellent cleanser. When also it is necessary
or convenient to feed on potatoes, if they are not relished by
dogs, a small proportion of greaves or other fatty matter may
be added, which will commonly render them sufficiently at-
tractive.

In the feeding of favourites much’error is frequently com-
mitted ; for, their tastes being consulted, they are too apt to
be wholly fed on flesh, and this in great quantities too. ‘In
such cases, although the evil is acknowledged, yet it is alleged
that the animals will not eat any other food. But it will be
always in the power of those who feed them, to bring their
dogs to live even on vegetables entirely: but it must be, in
some cases, by great determination and perseverance. If the
usual quantity of meat a dog eats, is minced extremely fine,
and a small portion of mashed potatoes is mixed with it, it is
not possible for the dog to separate the animal from the vege-
table portion ; and, if he will not eat the mixture, let it re-
main till hunger obliges him to do it. The next meal, a very
small additional quantity of potatoes may be added, and
which practice, if persisted in, will bring the animal at last
to live almost wholly on potatoes, or any other vegetable that
may be selected. In a medical point of view, a vegetable
diet is often very important. In many cases a complete
change of food forms the very best alterative ; and, in others,
it is a most excellent auxiliary to the medical treatment. The
cases that require a change from a meat to a vegetable diet
are, in fact, frequent : all eruptive diseases, or other affections
arising from too full living; likewise coughs, and various

FEEDING OF DOGS. 71

inflammatory complaints, render this ehabgen essentially ne-
cessary to the health of the dog.

Carrots, parsnips, cabbages, and, indeed, all rcaeiellle
matter, will feed dogs sufficiently well for the purposes of
existence. Damaged ship biscuit is often bought for the pur-
pose of food, and it makes a very good one when soaked in
broth or milk. | It is, however, prudent here to introduce one
very necessary caution, which is,—that the broth or liquor in
which salted meat has been boiled should never be used for
this purpose. Most dogs, who have been confined on ship
board during a long voyage, contract a very bad kind of
mange, wholly owing to their being fed on salt pot-liquor.
This is not sufficiently attended to among sportsmen, and their
servants are very apt to give the liquor in which salt pork
and bacon have been boiled, with other brine, to the great
injury of the animals,

Greaves are also, with many persons, a favourite, because
a convenient food ; and, when mixed with a sufficient quantity
of vegetable matter, they form a hearty meal for large dogs,
or such as live without doors, and are subjected to much ex-
ercise.. I should, however, never use them myself, when any
of the before-mentioned articles could be procured.

Many opinions. prevail on the subject of horse flesh as food,
its qualities being as strenuously supported by some, as’ they
are condemned by others. The proper mode of considering
the matter is to regard it as a strong and actively nutritious
food, very fit for dogs who undergo great exercise ; to whom
it never proves hurtful: but, where it is given to those who
have little exercise, it proves too nutritious, and is apt to
produce a foul stinking coat and itching skin. Much diver-
sity of opinion prevails also as to whether it is better to be
given raw or dressed. Ina state of nature, it is evident that
dogs live on raw meat, and there is no doubt that this best
fits them for very active exercise, and enables them to per-
form all their functions with the most vigour and durability.

72 FEEDING OF DOGS,

When flesh, therefore, can be procured sweet and’ fresh, in
that state it will go farthest, and nourish most ; ‘but, when at
all putrid, dressing considerably restores it. vib

_At»what periods dogs ought to be fed is fechlbintly also a
matter of debate. This is also easily and satisfactorily con-
eluded upon, when considered in a similar point of view with
the foregoing subjects. Ina state of nature,.a daily meal
even must he very precarious; for, in sonie situations, vege-
table food cannot be obtained, and then the hunting déwn of
other animals, or the meeting with the offal or refuse of what
may have been hunted by others, must be the principal sup-
port. For this reason, Nature has kindly and wisely fitted’a
‘dog with a stomach that digests his food, particularly:of the
animal kind, very slowly; so that a full meal of flesh ‘as’ not
digested’ in less than twenty-four houi's. Those, therefore,
who feed their dogs on animal matter néver need feed them
more than once a day; nor do they even require it oftener
with meal, if full fed. But it must be ‘remembered’ that,
under a'life of confinement and art, where ‘all the fanetions
are ‘weakened, ds they must of necessity’be in those dogs who
are petted and indulged, it is better to’'feed in smaller quan-
tities twice.a day. If fed once only; stich’ dogs beconie heavy
and sleepy, and lose much of their vivacity.: © This may here
eall forth‘a remark, that hard-worked. dogs; as soon as fed,
should be shut up to encourage sleep. Digestion goes on
better ‘sleeping than waking ; and more nutrimént is’ obtained
inthis way, than when an animal is suffered to rum about
after eating.

It may be also not improper to notice the eel
that many persons are under relative to the giving of bones
to dogs. Except by fish bones, or the pinion and leg bones’ of
poultry, I never remember having seen a dog injured. by a
bene; but I have great reason to think that.,the ,stomaths).of
these animals would be eften benefited: by the action, of the
bones: and also, that though the teeth are thought to be broken

FEET, SORE,...FEVER....FITS., 73

by them, yet that the evil is more than counterbalanced by the
bones cleaning away the tartar that otherwise accumulates.

COteee

Feet, sore.

_ WHEN dogs get their feet sore from travelling, itis. com-
mon to wash them with. brine ; but which is anerroneous
practice. It is better to bathe them with greasy pot-liquor,
milk, or -buttermilk, and afterwards to defend them: from
stones and dirt, by wrapping them jup. . When the feet be-
come sore from any diseased. affection, of the claws, .the,,pro-
per treatment may be seen under that head.

SecenS ,
Fever.

Spray fever ve ll if ever, exists in, dogs. Iedewiies
tions of the principal organs of the body, as of the, lungs,
intestines, kidnies, bladder, &c., are very common: but,pure
fever does not occur, ,except of the specific kind, as the fever
of distemper, and the fever of rabies, &c. &c.

eceeee
Fits.

| THe fits that usually appear in “ne though mat very dif-
deameend and, wera sequise very, difinsamt sain The
epileptic fits that attack dogs of all ages, and otherwise. ap-
~ parently healthy, may ,be idiopathic, or they may probably
arise from costiveness or worms, &e. In countries where
there are lead mines, dogs haye often violent fits from the
effects of the lead on the water. The oxen, sheep, goats, and
horses, of such situations, also participate. Mercury appears

74 FITS.

to form the best antidote for these contractions, either rub-
bed externally or given internally.

In the treatment of fits, it is evident that the cause pro-
ducing them must be attended to, to effect a cure. The im-
mediate fit itself may be removed at once usually, by plunging
the dog into cold water; or sprinkling it in his face even, is
sufficient in many cases. Whenever a fit has happened to a
healthy dog, he should immediately have a brisk purge given
him, for fits are very frequently brought on by simple cos-
tiveness: and even if such was not the case previous to the
fit, this treatment would be the most proper. Should it be
at all suspected that the affection arose from worms, treat as
directed under that head. Some dogs are so irritable, that
whatever raises any strong passion in their minds produces
an epileptic attack: hence dogs much confined, on being suf-
fered to run out, frequently have a fit. It is this irritability
in the mind, likewise, that produces fits in pointers and set-
ters when hunting; for they are more frequent in the high-
bred and eager, than in the cool coarse dog. As a gene-
ral rule, more frequent exercise should be allowed; and, in
this latter instance of sporting dogs, the general constitution
should as much as possible be strengthened ; for fits are here
the effect of too much energy of the mind, beyond the powers
of the body : and in all cases they are, probably, the effect of a
peculiar debility. The irritability of the mind itself should
also be attempted to be lessened: in sporting dogs, itis best done
by habituating them to the sight of much game, which greatly
lessens their eagerness. For a very valuable dog, belonging
to a gentleman in Kent, affected with fits whenever he hunted,
{ recommended a removal into a country more plentifully
supplied with game than his neighbourhood afforded; the
consequence of which was, that though, for a few days after
his removal, he had more frequent fits than ever, yet they
gradually lessened, and at length wholly left him. Some dogs,
however, who exercise much, have fits merely from the reple-

FITS. a5

tion of the vessels of the head: in this case bleeding, an occa-
sional purgative, with a seton worn some time in the neck,
proves useful: and, whenever fits have become habitual, a
seton should be applied, and kept in some months. Fear in
irritable dogs produces fits, of which I have seen innumerable
instances.

A very distressing and dangerous kind of epileptic fits
sometimes attacks bitches while suckling. In these cases it
arises from the owners being too anxious to rear several puppies,
by which they burthen the mother beyond her powers: the
consequence is an attack of convulsions, which too frequently
destroys the animal.—See Puppine.—Teething in puppies
will sometimes produce fits; but some sportsmen, aware of
this, fall into another extreme, and consider all the fits of
young dogs to originate from this cause; when by far the
greater number of these attacks are the effect of worms, or
the precursors of distemper.

The fits that are the consequence of distemper, may be
usually discovered by the other attendant symptoms: some-
times, however, a fit is the very first symptom, in which case
it is remarkable, that the fit augurs nothing unfavourable :
but when a fit comes on some time after distemper has made
its appearance, the animal seldom recovers. The convulsions
accompanying distemper are more frequent in winter than in
summer, which shews that warmth is one of the best preven-
tives against these attacks, The convulsion most usually pre-
sent in distemper begins in the head, and first attacks the
muscles of the face and jaws, producing a quick champing
of the mouth, with a shaking of the head, a distortion of the
countenance, and a flow of frothy saliva from the jaws: each
succeeding fit is usually stronger and more violent. Another
form in which these fits make their appearance in this disease,
is, by a running round, with other violent contortions of the
whole body. In other instances, there is universal and con-
tinued spasm of the whole of the external muscles, very much

>

76 FLEAS IN’ DOGS.

resembling St. Vitus’s dance. All these varieties‘are: Wee ame
blended, or'degenerate into each other, = r
The idiopathic ‘epilepsy, or those fits which’ ‘appear’ habitual;

and not dependent on ‘any temporary cause, as ‘costiveness,
distemper, &c., are; in general, very difficult of cure. In
dogs of very full habit, bleeding, emetics, and an occasional
purge; should all be' premised; In others; the prep hi medi-
cines may be'at once proeéeded ‘ou :-— > aus

Calomel ... cavorccseccaccnscced a grains

Powdered foxglove vivsenseneesie shed odccubeiattl2 peas ial

Powdered misletoe sscccesssosrercorreveensetes 2 dramsay)
Mix, and ‘divide: into nine, twelve, or fifteen’parcels, Te eaaah
to the’ size of the ‘dog, and give’ one every’ morning) After
these have been ‘fully tried; in case the attacks do. not relax,
try the following :—*" ,

Lunar caustic, finely powdered 3 oeodlt 2 grains~

Spiders’ web, called cobweb ....0 vreersens oe 5 grains”

Conserve of roses
sufficient'to make nine, twelve, or fifteen bales; neciirdiiie: ‘to
the size of’the dog; of which give one every morning:

ecocee
Fleas in Dogs.

AMONG the numerous inconveniences’ to which these valu-
able animals are‘liable, I hardly know one more troublesome
to themselves, or vexatious to their owners, than this common
one of fleas!’ It is, therefore, a very frequent inquiry made,
How they’ can be destroyed, or how they can be prevented
from accumulating?’ Washing the body well with soap-suds;
and directly afterwards carefully combing with a small-toothed
comb; ‘are’ the most' ready ‘means ‘of dislodging ‘these nimble
gentry. But it must be remembered, that the previous wash:
ing is only to enable the’ comb’ more readily to overtake them :
the water ‘doesnot’ destroy them ;’ for'dogs, who swim every

FRACTURES. Vt

day, still have fleas. These animals,are hardy, and, soon. re-
cover this temporary downing; the comb, therefore, is prin-
cipally to be: depended on for their, caption before they re-
cover,» But as washing is not, in many instances, a salutary
practice, and in many others is a very inconvenient one, so it
becomes a matter of considerable moment to, prevent, their
accumulation without these means,. |

- Sopping the skin with tobacco water:has. lintind Soca san
ed; but it has only a momentary effect, and frequently poi-
sons the dog.—See MaNGeE.—Innoumerable other,, means, I
have tried to drive. away fleas, but the only, tolerably certain
one I have discovered, is toomake dogs sleep on fresh deal
shavings. These shavings may be made.so fine, as to be as
soft asa down bed; and, if changed every week. or fortnight,
are the most cleanly and wholesome. one that a dog, can sleep
on. But, where this is absolutely impracticable, then rub or
dredge the dog’s hide, once or twice a weck, with very fiuely
powdered rosin; if simply rubbed, add some bran. . Fleas
are not. only troublesome, but, by the irritation they occasion,
they produce.a tendency to mange.

co“ese]

Fractures.

THE. limbs of dogs are very liable.to. become fractured ;
butothe irritability: of the constitution is so much less in these.
animals than in ourselves, that they. suffer comparatively, but.
little’ on these occasions; and. the parts soon reinstate them,
selves, even without assistance, though .in such, cases the. limb,

in general remains,crooked., The thigh is a.yery common

subject of fracture; aud though it appears a most. serious bone,
to break, yet itis one that, with alittle assistance, commonly.

_ unites.straight, and forms.a good. limb. When a fracture has

happened» tothe. thighy in case; the violence has, injured the

78 FRACTURES,

fleshy parts also, so as to produce tension, heat, and inflam-
mation, foment with vinegar and water till the swelling is re-
duced. When this is effected, apply a plaster of pitch. or
other adhesive matter, spread on moderately firm leather,
sufficiently large to cover the outside of the thigh, and to
double a little over the inside of it also. Then attach a long
splent upon this, which should reach from the toes, to an inch
or two above the back, and will steady the limb very much.
This splent must be kept in its situation by a long bandage
carefully wound round the limb, beginning at the toes, and
continuing it up the thigh; when it must be crossed over the
back, continued down around the other thigh, and then fast-.
ened. This would, however, slip over the tail, without other
assistance; for which reason it must be kept’ in its place by.
means of another slip passed round the neck and along the

back. | ,
Fractures of the shoulder should be treated in a similar

manner. — é

In fractures of the fore and hind legs, very great care is
necessary to ensure a straight union. As soon as the inflam-
mation and swelling will admit of it (sometimes there is little
or none from the first), apply an adhesive plaster neatly and
firmly around the part; then fill up the inequalities by tow
or lint, so that the limb shall appear of one size throughout,
otherwise the points of the joints will be irritated and made
sore by the pressure of the splents. After this has been done,
apply two, three, or four, splents of thin pliable wood before,
behind, and on each side of the limb, and secure them in their
places by a flannel bandage. In all fractures, great caution
must be observed not to tighten the part, by either the plaster
or bandage, so as to bring on swelling; for, when tls has
been done, mortification has followed. In fractures of the
fore legs, a supporting bandage, with side splents, should be
kept on a longer time than is necessary for fractures of the

FRACTURES. . 79

hinder ones. If this precaution is not observed, the leg is
apt to become gradually crooked, after the apparatus is re-
moved, — .

_In cases of compound fracture, that is, where there is an
open wound, which penetrates to the divided bones ; the same
means must be pursued as are practised in the human subject.
Irritating pointed portions must be sawed off; the loose ones
should be removed ; and every means must be used to close
the wound as early as possible: during which process, the
- bones should be kept in contact with each other, and sup-
ported by soft bandages; until the cicatrization of the wound
will allow of proper splents and tighter bandaging.

It likewise not unfrequently happens, that a compound frac-
ture, or even a simple one, when neglected, becomes united by
a soft union; that is, instead of the callus interposed be-
tween the divided ends being bony, it proves cartilaginous
only. In such a case the fractured limb never becomes firm ;
but, on the contrary, when examined, an obscure motion may
be felt, like an imperfect joint, which utterly precludes any
strength in the limb. I have frequently been consulted on
these cases, all of which have originated in the neglect of a
proper treatment at first.

As a remedy for the evil, one of.two practices must be
pursued. We should either open the skin opposite the frac-
ture, and, laying bare the bone, should remove the soft por-
tion interposed, with a fine saw, treating the case afterwards
as a compound fracture. Or we should insert a seton exactly
through the soft cartilaginous portion, and keep it in ten
days or a fortnight. After this time it may be removed, the
wound closed, and the part treated as a simple fracture.
Either of these plans will usually prove successful, and firmly
_ consolidate the limb: but, when there is no lapping over of
the ends of the bones, the latter is the most mild and conve-
nient, and equally certain of success.

SOSESS
K

f

80 GLANDULAR SWELLINGS....GRAVEL.

Glandular Swellings.

Dogs are very liable to glandular swellings of the varioys
parts of the body. ‘The glands most subject to become af-
fected, are those of the neck and belly. The former com-
plaint is treated of under the head BRoNCHOCELE. The
glands of the belly are very frequently tumefied in bitches.—
See SCHIRRUS.—Puppies, now and then, have their mesen-
teric glands enlarged and diseased ; in which cases they pine
and waste away, till complete emaciation carries them off.—
See Puppies.—The pancreas and spleen also are liable, now
and then, to become diseased.

There is sometimes an enlargement of the whole of the
substance of the neck that is apt to be confounded with gland-
ular swelling, but which it is wholly different from ; depending
entirely on a spasmodic and rheumatic affection.—See RHEU-
MATISM.

eceeco

Gravel.

Does have stone it is certain; that they therefore have
gravel also, it is natital to suppose, though it is not always
easy to detect it. 1 have, however, seen the complaint suffi-
ciently well marked. From ten to twenty drops of oil of
turpentine, or twice the quantity of spirits of nitre, twice a
day, with a few drops of laudanum added to either in case
of much pain, will form the best means of sto See the
article STONE.

Ceeese
Hemorrhage, or Blood-flowing.
See ASTRINGENTS.

cesses]

HUSK,...HYDROPHOBIA....INFLAMMATION. 81]

Elsa swelled.

See MANGE, ACUTE.

CoOcesés

Husk.

Tuis is the popular term in some countries for distemper ;
it is also in some others the common name for any cough a
dog may have. In Ireland it very commonly implies dis-
temper.

ecoees

Hydrophobia.

As dogs never refuse water when mad, as it is called, or
ever shew the least aversion to it; but, on the contrary, are
even eager to lap it, from the feverish thirst they feel; so it
is evident that this term is a complete misnomer with regard
to the rabid malady. The reader is, therefore, referred to the
articles RABIES and MADNEss.

COSSESS

Inflammation.

GENERAL inflammation, as simple fever, we have shewn,
does not often appear in dogs; but topical inflammation of
the various organs of the body is very frequent.

CESSES

Inflamed Bladder.

Tuts is not a very common complaint among dogs, never-
theless it now and then appears: in the year 1810 there was
an epidemic prevalent, in which the bladder was in every in-
stance very much inflamed; and in many of the cases which

7 K 2

82 INFLAMED BLADDER AND BOWELS.

occurred it was exclusively so. Cystitis, or inflammation of
the bladder, shews itself by great restlessness and panting: in
some instances the urine is evacuated by frequent drops, tinged
with blood; in others there is a total stoppage of it, when
the belly appears hot, swelled, and very tender between the
hind legs.

The animal affected should be liberally bled, and have open-
ing medicines ; clysters and the warm bath are also to be re-
sorted to, and frequently repeated. Diuretics are improper,
but antimonials, as James’s Powder, or small repeated doses
of tartar emetic, are by no means to be neglected. ‘Where
the warm bath is not convenient, warm fomentations may be
properly substituted.

ceeseee

Inflamed Bowels.

THE intestines of dogs are very irritable, and extremely
subject to inflammation ; and the inflammations are of various
kinds, according to the cause that produces the affection.
Distemper occasions a species of inflammation, that shews it-
self by a continued diarrhea. Dogs are very liable to rheu-
matism; but it is no less true than curious, that a dog never
has rheumatism that is not accompanied with more or less
inflammation of his bowels: this connection is, however, pe-
culiar to the dog alone. In many cases the bowels are the
only seat of rheumatism; and it then produces a peculiar in-
flammation, easily distinguished by those conversant with the
diseases of dogs.—See RHEUMATISM.—Poisons produce a
most fatal inflammation in the bowels of dogs; the effects of
which are treated on under the head Poisons.

Among the various inflammatory affections, four kinds are
peculiarly common to the intestines of dogs.

The jirst is that which is brought on by rheumatism, as we.
have already explained.

INFLAMED BOWELS. BE

Inflamed bowels, from costiveness, forms the second kind,
and is avery common occurrence. Dogs will bear costiveness
for many days before inflammation comes on; but, when it
has commenced, it is with difficulty removed. This kind is
known by the gradual manner in which it attacks, and by its
not being at first accompanied with any very active symp-
toms. The dog appears dull, dislikes to move, and hides
himself; his belly is hot, and sore also. The costiveness is
Sometimes so complete, that nothing at all comes from him;
at others a few drops of feces are strained out at every effort,
which is apt to make the observer suppose that the dog is not
bound, but, on the contrary, purged; he is, therefore, led to
neglect the principal means of relief.

In the inflammation arising from costiveness, the sickness of
‘stomach is not at first so distressing; nor is the dog so ex-
_ tremely anxious for water, as he is when it arises froma cold
taken, or when it comes on spontaneously. The obstruction
that exists, is commonly situated far back in the larger bowels,
so that, by introducing the finger into the fundament, a quan-
tity of hardened excrement may frequently be felt. This
occurs so often, that, whenever the bowels are even suspected
to be bound, the dog should be examined, by passing the fore
finger up the anus.

Obstructions may, however, exist in any portion of the in-
testinal track. I have in my possession an obstructed jeju-
num ; in the centre of which intestine is a cork, that had been
brutally forced down the throat. Needles and pins form fatal
obstructions sometimes, by getting across the bowels. I have
also known a splinter of a chicken bone imbed itself in the sub-
stance of one of the intestines, and form an insurmountable
obstruction. Intussusception also now and then occurs, in
_ which one bowel gets folded within another from spasm, and

,thus forms a complete stoppage to the passage of the feces.
Whenever we can ascertain, by the anus, that the obstruc-
tion consists of a simple accumulation of hardened excrement

84 INFLAMED BOWELS:

within the rectum, it is evident that purging medicines by the _
mouth can do little good, but may do a great deal of harm, by
forcing the contents more into a mass. The hardened matter
should be carefully broken and separated by the finger, or
by a forceps, or handle of a spoon; and it may then be brought
away piecemeal. If this cannot be effected, or the obstruc-
tion is otherwise situated, clysters should be constantly kept
up the intestines ; that is, as soon as one comes away another
ought to be thrown up. The dog should also be put into a
warm bath frequently, which proves often the most effectual
means of removing costiveness. Medicines by the mouth are
not to be neglected, particularly where the obstruction does
not exist within the reach of the finger ; on the contrary, a
large dose of castor oil may be first tried, which, if it fails,
should give place to stronger means. From three to six or
eight grains of calomel may be mixed with from half, to one |
or two drams of aloes, according to the size and strength of
the dog. If the stomach rejects the first dose, add_half-
quarter of a grain of opium to the second: or, try a dose of
Epsom salts, which I often prefer. Repeat the purge every
four hours, but with decreased strength.

In the third inflammation, or that which comes on aan
neously, or is the effect of cold; there is great heat, thirst,
panting, and restlessness, even from the first attack. The
stomach is incessantly sick, and throws up; and all foed is
refused. The belly is extremely hot, and painful to the touch;
the eyes are red, and the mouth and nose first hot and thea
cold. The animal frequently lays on his stomach, and ex-
-presses great anxiety in his countenance.

In this complaiut the dog should be early and freely bled.
From three to six ounces may be taken away, according te
the size and strength of the patient. A laxative of castor oil
should be administered ; but unless the bowels are obstinately
-bound, and have been so for several days, nothing stronger
should be given by the mouth, as it would only heighten the

INFLAMED BOWELS. 85

inflammatory symptoms. The animal should be bathed in
warm water every three or four hours. If that is found tco
troublesome, from his size or other circumstances, the belly
may be rubbed with hot water, or fomented with hot flannels,
but one or the other must by no means be omitted. Clysters
of castor oil, with mutton broth, should be frequently thrown
up, till evacuation is procured; and, when the case is des-
perate, the belly may also be rubbed with oil of turpentine
between the bathings; or a mustard poultice may be applied.
No food should be given, and cold water should be removed ;
but the dog may be drenched with mutton broth. In case the
vomiting continues obstinate, with every dose of castor oil,
and with every drench of mutton broth, give from ten to
twenty drops of laudanum. In these cases, when the animal
becomes paralytic in his lower extremities, when the sickness
proves incessant, and the mouth and ears become cold and
pale, mortification is near at hand. This kind of inflammation
is not always accompanied with obstinate costiveness; in
some there is very little; and in a few cases the bowels are
even lax. But, in the greater number of instances, costiveness
to a certain degree is present; for, even when it does not
exist previous to the attack, it is pretty sure to be brought on
by it. A moderate laxative is, therefore, always proper. I
have, in the absence of castor oil, used mild doses of Epsom
salts with advantage; and, in some instances, these have re-
mained on the stomach, when castor oil has been rejected.

‘Bilious inflammation of the bowels forms the fourth kind
of these intestinal affections before noticed. I have already
remarked, that dogs, in common with all animals who live
indiscriminately on animal and vegetable matters, are subject
to a disordered state of the liver, and to a vitiated secretion
of its biliary fluid. .

This bilious inflammation of the bowels, I suspect, origi-
nates primarily from some affection of the liver, which alters
its secreting qualities, and makes it, instead of engendering a

86 _ INFLAMED BOWELS.
healthy bile, secrete one of a black noxious kind; which, as
soon as it passes into the bowels, irritates and inflames them
most highly, This species of intestinal inflammation may be
distinguished from the other kinds, by the early vomiting of
a black or yellow feetid matter, and likewise by the bilious
gripings and purgings. Poisonous substances will, however,
sometimes produce similar appearances in the stools; great
caution is therefore requisite in deciding between the two,
as the treatment for the one, and that for the other (see Pot-
SONS), should be very different. In the inflammations arising
from mineral poisons, the stools are bloody as well as black,
and there is seldom much bile comes from the stomach. The
sickness is also even more frequent and distressing than in
the bilious affection ; but particularly it may be distinguished
by the thirst, which is insatiable under the action of poison.
Bilious inflammation is not a very untiactable complaint,
when judiciously managed. When the purgings are already

considerable, nothing stronger than castor oil should be given ;

but this should never be neglected, unless the evacuations are
extremely frequent and profuse. When the evacuations by the
bowels are very trifling, a mild mercurial purge even should
not be neglected, which I have sometimes found of the greatest
service ; as, .

Calomel crcccrcccccscsccsecccrevesevoureese: 10 grains
FROGS | paowusneusdionnasusncascs Aho a ee. 3 drams.

Make into four, six, or eight balls, according to the size of the
dog, and give one every four or five hours till relief is

obtained. It will be prudent to give clysters of mutton .

broth, some of which may also be foreed down the throat,
unless the sickness is very obstinate. The warm bath, or
fomentations, should be likewise made use of, in case the belly
feels hot and tense.

It will, however, frequently happen that the evacuations
from the bowels are, from the irritating quality of the bile,

.
,

INFLAMED LIVER. 87
profuse before the disease is at all attended to: and in addition
to the quantity evacuated, the stools, in some of these cases,
begin to be tinged with blood. Here no laxatives should be
used, but, on the contrary, the following should be given :—

‘Powdered colombo SCHSSSH HF SHH STE GES ETHSET TEE SOBOTE SLES 1 dram

Powdered chalk seeeseotsogs SHS KSoSes assesses SsTaesesscest ese 1 dram
Powdered gum arabic ...escsoccceseess ees escesseseveees 1 dram
Powdered Opium «..scccseerccscsesccssonee Cnccvoesoutesnes 1 grain.

Mix, and divide into three, five, or seven balls, according to
the size of the dog, and give one every three or four hours.
In addition to this, a starch clyster may also be given, if the
case is desperate. The distressing sickness that sometimes
accompanies these aggravated cases, and the bloody evacua-
tions, render it very difficult to distinguish them from those
that occur from the administration of mineral poisons ; for, in
these cases, the bile proves a real poison to the bowels. The
sickness is, however, best relieved in all of them by the drug
colombo, given in moderate but frequent doses,

ccece’

Inflamed Liver.

THIs organ in dogs is the subject of two inflammations,
one rapid and acute, the other slow and chronic,

Acute inflammation of the liver is not a very frequent dis-
ease, but I have several times met with it. It may be brought
on by cold, and shews itself by .dulness, restlessness, pant-
ing, and inclination to drink. There is also, in some cases,
frequent sickness; but it is never of that distressing kind
which characterises inflammations of the stomach or bowels,
It may be distinguished from inflamed lungs, by the absence
of an intensely cold feel in the nose and mouth; neither is
there a watery exudation from them, as in pneumonia: nor is
the head held up to facilitate breathing. . From inflamed bowels
it may be distinguished, by the general symptoms being less

88 INFLAMED LIVER.

severe; neither is the region of the belly so hot and tense ;
although I have observed the right side enlarged and tender.
On the second day of the inflammation the urine becomes
yellow, and the eyes and mouth also appear the same.

This disease is sometimes attended with purging, but much
oftener with constipation. When active purging is present,
the complaint usually degenerates into the fourth kind, or the
bilious inflammation of the bowels. Hepatitis, or inflamed
liver, is commonly fatal, unless attended to sufficiently early.
When the sickness becomes frequent, when the limbs appear
paralytic, and the mouth is pale and cold, a fatal termi-
nation may be expected. |

. The proper treatment of the complaint consists in an early

and plentiful bleeding. A stimulating or blistering applica-

tion should be applied to the belly, particularly towards the
right side. A moderate purge should also be administered ;
and, if circumstances should prevent the application of any
stimulant to the region of the liver, the dog should be put
into warm water twice or thrice during the day. After the
purge has operated, give the following every three or four
hours :—
Powdered foxglove sssccocssersccecscertecceccercessesse © QTAiNs

Antimonial POWAET coccvccrcerecsecens eevee svepseuendde 16 grains
Nitre in powder ...sseee+ dédsedesbubinnsiohe vniebe ste nshies 1 dram.

Mix, and divide into seven, nine, or twelve powders ; or make

into as many balls, according to the size of the dog. If

amendment does not become apparent, repeat the bleeding
and other remedies.

Chronic inflammation of the liver arises sometimes spon-
taneously, and is idiopathic. In other cases it is brought on
by the agency of other affections. Long continued or in-
verted mange will tend to produce disease in the liver. In
some cases of distemper, also, a dull inflammatory action
of the liver occurs, and which is almost always accompanied
with a pustular eruption over the belly. ‘The skin is also

——

INFLAMED LIVER. 89

commonly tinged with a biliary suffusion, but the urine is
invariably impregnated with a very large quantity of bile.

This complaint produces dulness, wasting, a staring coat,
and very often a tumour may be felt in the right side of the
belly. From the unhealthy appearance of the hair, it is often
mistaken for worms; but it may be distinguished from that
complaint by the want of the voracity of appetite which
characterises worms, and also by the increased dulness of
manner. | :

The treatment of this disease should be commenced by a

mercurial purge, after which give, night and morning, one of
the following balls :—

Calomel ...00..sccsosseccccssccvcscccccvessseccsscoccessees 20 ZTAaiNs
Antimonial powder .....cccccsscsssseossecscssersessoss OO rains
Powdered myrrh .....ccccccsssserscesececcverscesessees. 2 Grams
Powdered OULIAM, nn demsinwaacesoeidrqivedetanpedgqnneses 2 Grams
Reh alias sa incas'sengengunexnaylppecdaimerspanans | 2iSTATAS
Mix with any adhesive matter, and divide into fifteen, twenty,
or twenty-five balls, according to the size of the dog.

Mercurial ointment TIP TIPS Ie TIS tir litt iii iii iit) 1 ounce
Blistering ointment SOHC SSS SES SES SHH SEE See SEF eseE SEH ESF eete 2 drams
Yellow. basilicon SOSH SSH SHC SSE SSE SEE SES SHEETS SEF EEE EEEE 1 ounce,

Rub into the region of the liver a small portion of this oint-
ment (the size of a nutmeg) once every day. Pursue this
treatment some time, carefully watching the mouth, to guard
‘against sudden and violent salivation. A moderate soreness
of the mouth is, however, to be encouraged and kept up:
nor have I ever succeeded in removing the complaint with-
out it. : , at
— eeacee

Inflamed Lungs.

PNEUMONIA jis not an unfrequent complaint among dogs.
In some years it is remarkable that it rages in an epidemic

90 INFLAMED LUNGS.

form, ‘and destroys vast numbers. In general cases it may,
however, be traced to arise from the action of. cold om the
body. I have seen it brought on, m a great number of in-
stances, by the cruel practice of clipping or shearing rough
dogs in cold weather. Throwing dogs into the water, and
afterwards neglecting to dry them, is also not an uncommon
cause of it. In fact, any unusual exposure to cold may oc-
casion it.

_ The complaint is commonly rapid, and usually fatal: its
fatal tendency being much increased by the circumstance, that
it has in most instances arrived at such a height, before it at-
tracts sufficient notice, as to baffle all attempts at reducing
the inflammation.

During one of the times it raged in an epidemic form, which
was in a warm mild spring, hardly any dog survived beyond
the third day ; about which time most of those affected were
choaked by the quantity of water formed within the chest.

The disease frequently originates from distemper also, but
it is then less rapid.

A serous effusion is a very frequent, but not an invariable
termination of the complaint. 1 have seen it destroy by a
congestion of blood within the lungs. It also, if early at-
tended to, terminates sometimes by resolution and returning
health.

Inflammation of the lungs shews itself by a very quick labo-
rious breathing ; the heart beats in a very rapid but oppressed
manner. The head is held up to enable the dog to breathe
more freely, and which peculiar posture very strongly charac-
terises the complaint. In almost every instance also there is
a considerable moisture distilling from the nose; which, toge-
ther with the ears and paws, are in general extremely and
unnaturally cold. There is often a short quick cough, but
this is not invariable. ~

The cure should be begun by bleeding, and that very
largely ; but it must be particularly remembered that bleed-

INFLAMED LUNGS, 91
ing ought only to be attempted early in the complaint: if it
is performed after the second day, the dog commonly dies
under the operation. This circumstance should never be for-
gotten by a practitioner who may happen to be called in, the
recollection of which may save him much mortification and
disgrace. The first bleeding, if early attempted, may save,
provided it is a full and copious one. For every pound a dog
weighs, as far as eight pounds, he may lose half an ounce of
blood. From that weight upwards, he may lose a quarter of
an ounce for every pound, unless it should be a very large
heavy dog, when the proportion must be moderated. The
whole chest should likewise be immediately blistered between ,
the fore legs, and behind the elbows, by rubbing in a blister-
ing ointment, and covering the parts afterwards with a cloth,
If blistering ointment is not at hand, oil of turpentine, well
rubbed in, and repeated at interyals of two or three hours,
will do nearly as well. A clyster should also be given, and
no time should. be lost.in administering the following by the
mouth likewise :—

Powdered foxglove srecrrcsserseesecsereseeserece 12 grains
PTRYCAL CHICO 1251. Uéccdecsseecacccccevessccecees 3 grains
INGE TE sess csc src cnecescscscecenccccenecccee peeceseesieoe 1 dram

Mix, and divide into six, nine, or twelve powders, or form
into balls, and give one every two or three hours. But if
there should be much cough present, then substitute the fol-
lowing :—

Tincture Of foxglove ...ccoccsccscseseecccersoos 1 dram
Tartar Ometic, .ic5.00.ciecs ses eseens oven ba tacearvest 3 grains
RN te onde ccc ctcenaecweniosew onzensons 1 dram
Omyel .rcccrssecsecee edsdssisiasinsvocccccccsesccee 2 ounces

Give from a tea to a desert-spoonful of this mixture every
two or three hours. If either of these medicines pukes the
dog, moderate the dose, ;

In this complaint it is peculiarly requisite to keep the dog
in a cool temperature. Provided his skin is sereened from

92 INFLAMED STOMACH. : | ;
the access of cold, it is no matter how much cool air he has. If
amendment does not appear evident in four hours, the bleed- ;

ing may be repeated, and the blistering likewise. But if, in
spite of these renewed applications, the nose and mouth con-
tinue intensely cold, and the head remains held as high, or
even higher, than before, a fatal termination may be expected:

Inflamed Stomach.

THE stomach is less frequently affected with idiopathic
inflammation than the bowels; it is, however, now and then
the seat of primary inflammation, and it often becomes affected —
when the bowels are so. When the stomach is primarily in- :
flamed, the sickness is incessant and most distressing, the .
thirst is unquenchable, and whatever is taken in, is imme-
diately thrown up again. There is also very great distress in
the countenance, but the dog has less disposition to hide him-
self than in simple bowel affection. The mouth slavers, and
is hot and cold by turns. | HEE Yyhr s

Gastritis, when violent, is seldom relieved, even by any
treatment. When it does admit of cure, it is done by bleeding
early and largely; with warm bathing, and injections. ‘The chest
should be blistered also, but nothing should be given si the
mouth.

The stomach, it is evident, must be she liable to become
inflamed from poisonous substances; but in these cases the
treatment proper to pursue is very different.—See Poisons.

Ceees}

Looseness, or Purging.

Docs are very subject, under various circumstances, to
diarrhea. It is seldom that dogs have the popular disease
termed the Distemper, but that they are purged with it; and

LOOSENESS, OR PURGING. 93
this looseness is one of the most fatal accompaniments the dis-
‘ease can have. In the distemper, the colour and consistence
of the loose stools vary much; sometimes they are glairy or
mucus-like, at others yellow, and sometimes totally black:
but, when the purging has lasted some time, they invariably
become yellow. Another common cause of purging among
dogs arises from worms ; in which cases, the stools are less
liquid, but more glairy and frothy: they vary also from day
to day, being at one time loose, and at another costive.

‘ Dogs, who have a diarrhea for many days, become in-
flamed and slightly ulcerated within the fundament, by which
a constant irritation and tenesmus is kept up; and the poor
animal, feeling as though he wanted to evacuate, is continually
trying to bring something away. Persons seeing this are fre-
quently led into error; for, under a supposition that there
exists actual costiveness at the time, they give purging medi-
cines, which greatly aggravate the complaint, and frequently
destroy the dog. When the diarrhea is considerable, there
is always violent thirst, and cold water is sought after with
great eagerness ; but which increases the evil, and, therefore,
should be removed, and broth or rice-water should be sub-
stituted in its room.

The cure of diarrhea must depend on the light in which
we are led to consider it; whether as a disease of itself, or as
merely the symptom of some other existing disease. For in-
stance, a bilious purging, which may come on suddenly with
violent vomiting, must be cured by carrying off the offending
vitiated bile from the bowels. In the looseness occasioned by
worms also, purgatives, or other means, must be made use of
to remove the cause, and not astringents, which would merely
apply to the effect. But when diarrhea appears an idiopa-
thic affection, that is, as a diseased action of the bowels them-
selves ; and also when it is produced by distemper, it should
in either case be immediately checked, or it may produce
such weakness and emaciation as will destroy the dog. In

94 LOOSENESS, OR PURGING,
the distemper it. is particularly necessary to check the loose-
ness very early ; as, when it is continued beyond the third or
fourth day, its. invariable effect is to destroy the appetite,
after which, of course, the weakness increases in a double
degree. a 3
The remedies employed, when diarrhea is a primary com-
plaint, are generally either of an absorbent or an astringent
nature: but experience proves that the loosenesses and scout-
‘ings of dogs are best combated by a proper mixture of both;
In that kind which accompanies distemper, however, the disease
frequently proves very obstinate, and even bafiles every endea-
vour to remove it. Suet, boiled in milk, has been long a favour-
ite domestic remedy, and in slight cases is equal to the cure.
Alum-whey has also proved useful, but more frequently as an
injection, than by the mouth, Great benefit’ has ,also: been
experienced from an infusion of the inner rind of the bar-
berry, particularly when the evacuations have been glairy and
mucus-like. In cases where there has been av appearance of
much bile in the stools, and the dog has been strong, 1 have —
found it prudent sometimes to premise an emetic of ,ipeca-—
cuanha, after which either of the following recipes may be
used with advantage. In point of efficacy they are to be
ranked, according to my experience, in the order in which
they stand.
No. 1.—-Catechu, powdered iesccssescccoessrceeeees 1 dram —
Gum arabic, powdered ...cosscecceorses coves, 1 dram
Prepared chalk ..ccsecasssepeeesccscovecesescmss IAMS.
Make .into. balls, with conserve: of roses, and give, from the
size of.a hazelnut to that of a small walnut, two or three
times.a day, according to the urgency of the symptoms, &c. &c.
No, 2.-Powdered rhubarb s.sssssssesssssesseeevees half'a dram
Powdered ipecacuanha ...cccsscosscscescoresse 1 scruple

Powdered opium SOOSHS SESH SSSHOH SHORES EESEESaEOE 3 grains
Prepared chalk SSCOSSSSsS CSP SsOGASGtTseeegovass ees 2 drams.

Mix, prepare, and. give, as above,

LOOSENESS, OR PURGING. 95

No. 3.—Magnesia MG eossesecce Ore cecorserecsscssessorscess 2 drams
Powmderdd alum... sscacsoaspissesecd eases. 1 scruple
ETCH. COIOMDO. occescusscactssicenvesevases.. 1 Glam.

Mix, with six ounces of boiled starch, and give a desert or a
table-spoonful every four, six, or eight hours.

It is necessary to be aware that the action of astringents
is varied and uncertain. In one case one remedy only will
be successful, and in another a very different one will alone
do good. But in the looseness that accompanies distemper,
none succeed so well as those called absorbent astringents.
In very desperate cases of diarrhcea, when other means have
failed, I have derived great benefit from astringent clysters ;
and this so frequently, that I would, in all such cases, strongly
recommend their adoption. From the benefit that is fre-
quently experienced from their use; and from the tenesmus,
and appearance of the stovuls, in which a drop or two of blood
is squeezed out at last, I am strongly inclined to think that
the rectum, or sometimes the colon, is the principal seat of
the complaint.

Astringent clysters may be composed of alum whey, which
is nothing more than milk curdled with alum. Suet, boiled
in milk, is also an excellent clyster for the purpose; Boiled
starch is likewise a valuable astringent clyster, and perhaps is
the very best that can be used, if the powder No. 1 be added
toit. In.diarrheea, it is of the greatest consequence that the
strength should be supported by liberal but judicious feed-
ing; and it must not be forgotten that, when the appetite
ceases, starch, with gravy, should be forced down in small
quantities, but often. The animals affected with this com-
plaint should be kept very quiet and warm, both which parts
of the treatment must be carefully attended to, In some in-
stances I have witnessed the good effects of a daily warm bath.
I have also observed, where the: diarrhcea of distemper has
existed in a dog who had been before closely confined, that

L

96 5 MADNESS.

removing him into a more free and pure atmosphere has tended
greatly to check: the Eee |

ceceés

Lumbago.

See RHEUMATISM.

coeces&

Lungs, inflamed.

See INFLAMED LUNGS.

cCeeees

Madness.

Tus work being intended as much for domestic, as for pro-
fessional use, I shall treat on this important subject under its
popular and generally received term of Madness. Among
philosophers, naturalists, and medical persons, it. is however
usually distinguished by that of Rabies. But an attentive
examination of this specific malady, will ‘shew that these ap-
pellations are almost as much misapplied as that of hydro-
phobia, by which it is sometimes also called. To prove the
misapplication of these terms, it is only necessary here to re-
thark, that there is very seldom that total alienation of intel-
lect in rabid dogs to deserve the epithet of mad: ‘on the con-
trary, in the greater number of these cases, there is perfect
recollection, a clear discrimination relative to objects and
persons, and but little interruption ‘of any of she Maniives ‘of
the mind.

The subject of rabies becomes doubly ss cre and im-
portant, from the connection it has with the welfare of ‘man-
kind in general; under which point of view I’ shall stand ex-
cused if I dilate rather largely on it. Some years ago Mr.
MEYNELL, a celebrated sportsman, favoured the world ‘with

MADNESS,” 97°

a short detail of madness, as it appeared in his kennel; and

most extraordinary it is, that these remarks, slight as they
were, formed the first account professedly on the rabid malady

which’ had then appeared. \ These observations were pub-’

lished in the 19th volume of the Medical Commentaries ; and,
from the novelty of the subject, were considered highly in-
teresting. But whatever form the complaint might have put
on in this particular instance ; as a general description of the

disease, Mr. M.’s account is a vague and erroneous one; and:
was probably less the result of his own observations, than’
derived from the information of his huntsman, whose expe-

rience was most likely confined to the few cases that he had
met with. among the dogs entrusted to him. Very different

would have been Mr. MEYNELL’s description of it, had his

opportunities for personal observation of rabid cases been

more. numerous; or had the dogs, in which the disease ap-:
peared, been of a kind to have allowed a more perfect domes-.

tication with; by which he would have been enabled to mark
the commencement and progress of the complaint more ac-
curately. '

From the period when this account of Mr. MEYNELL’s ap-

peared, until the time that a description of madness in dogs:
was first-published by me in 1807, nothing on the subject had.

been presented to the public. But from the number of hy-
drophobous: cases that unfortunately occurred in the human,

and the extreme prevalence of rabies in the brute subject,’

about this time; much curiosity was excited in the public mind.
Thesé circumstances gave rise to several treatises on hydro-
phobia; some of which affected to treat on rabies also. One
gentléman in particular, resident in Hampstead, did me the
favour t0' give, as his own account of the disease, what was
almost literally copied from these remarks. If they at all

___ assisted'the great’ cause! of humanity, he is most welcome to”
them; and, had ‘he been candid enough to have acknowledged

98 MADNESS.
the source from whence: he derived his iniformiation)* it would.
not, I hope, have discredited his cause. un y SRM

_ The following statement of the rabid malady in dogs, I may’
venture to assert, will bear the test of experience : it is ‘the
result of many years’ diligent attention to the subject, com-
bined with opportunities perhaps never before enjoyed by any
person, resulting from the examination of many hundred ‘cases,’
a great proportion of which number was carefully opened and
examined after death. These professional opportunities deeply
impressed the subject on my mind; and, when I considered”
its importance, combined with the many erroneous and dan-
gerous ideas that universally prevailed relative to it, I felt it
a duty I owed to society to give it a much greater proportion |
of attention than it had ever before met with.

The necessity of a precise and clear knowledge of this
complaint cannot but be evident, when we consider how to-
tally it has hitherto been misrepresented and misunderstood.
Perhaps hardly any other popular subject presents such a
complete tissue of error as this. I have before had occasion
to remark, that the very term of madness, by which it is so
generally and universally known, conveys an idea of it most
remote from the truth. But this is truth itself, compared to
the impropriety of the term Aydrophobia, by which also it is
not unfrequently known. The former is sufficiently incorrect ;
but the latter term is as inapplicable to. the malady, as it:
would be to the human small pox or measles,

_ The simple misnomer is, however, the least part of the mis-
chief; for, unfortunately, a dread of water is considered, by
persons in general, as the universal and grand characteristic
of the complaint, and as one by which it may be infallibly
known. I shall have further occasion to remark on the com-
plete fallacy of this opinion; it is sufficient here to state, that
it is so utterly at variance with the truth, that rabid dogs,
instead of shewing any dread of water, in most instances seek |
it with avidity, and lap it incessantly.

MADNESS. 99

It is incalculable the mischief that this universal prejudice
has.produced ; it has rendered thousands of persons miserable
for months and years even: many others it has also lulled into
-a fatal security. If a poor dog, from illness, or an affection
of any kind whatever, is prevented from swallowing, he is
immediately pronounced mad, and is unreluctantly destroyed ;
while horror afterwards pervades the mind of every one who
has been within his reach. Nor are the unfortunate persons,
who. may have been bitten by this same dog for months or
years even before, exempt from the panic; for, among the
other popular opinions that prevail, it is believed that, if a
dog becomes mad, any person, who may have been formerly
bitten by the animal when he was in perfect health, is equally
in danger of becoming mad, as though he had been bitten
when the animal was really affected.

On the other hand, if a dog, under any complaint, can drink,
he is pronounced free from all danger of madness; and so
universal is this opinion, that Dr. H., an eminent physician
now in yery extensive practice in the western part of London,
who was consulted by a person bitten, immediately inquired
whether the dog, by which he was endangered, could drink ;
and, on being informed that he could, he peremptorily pro-
nounced that there was no danger of madness, and actually
recommended that no precautions might be taken. This
gentleman was guilty of a piece of professional presumption
and ignorance unworthy his rank and situation; and his ad-
vice, had it been followed, might have caused the death of
three persons. Fortunately for them, his opinion was not at-
tended to, and I dissected the wounded parts out of each of
them. In five weeks, an unfortunate spaniel, who had been
bitten by this same dog, became mad; and in six weeks a
horse, bitten by him, became mad also.

It cannot, therefore, be too strongly inculcated, that dogs,
labouring under the rabid complaint, never have the least

distaste to water, nor the slightest dread of it: on the con-

100 .MADNESS.
trary, in almost every instance they fly to it with eagerness.
Very frequently, from a paralysis of the muscles of:the lower
jaw, or perhaps of those of the tongue, the watertaken re- —
turns as fast as it is lapped; ‘but this circumstance ‘ought
never to lead into error, because, in all;such ;iistances,: the
dog still hangs anxiously over the liquid, and continually laps
it, though probably he swallows none. But his whole manner
is most remote from betraying any fear, dread, »or disgust,
either to water, or to the act of swallowing liquids!in general.
I have very frequently seen the nose thrust up tothe eyes
into a vessel of .cold water, purposely to enjoy the, sense ‘of
cold occasioned thereby ; for there is evidently a violent ‘fever
present, in which tht thirst is most sae 8 om the sense
of heat not less’so. | you st
It may again, therefore, be renéthied upon the dinged of

considering the disease either absent or present, according
as the suspected dog does or does not drink. Nor can it be
too strongly insisted. on, that no judgment whatever.can be
formed relative to it on such grounds; and every ai ,
to be taken to stop the diffusion of this error. = 9 > | w

_ Another popular prejudice prevails ‘also with | regard to ‘ra-
bies, which is, if possible, more absurd, though perhiaps rather
less dangerous than the preceding; but is.as generally received,
and:as widely diffused: and, as though it was tot sufficiently
so already, itis still further propagated in many late works of
elegance and popularity. The error alluded to. is,:that'the
-Temoving a supposed worm from under the. dog’s! tongue, will
prevent his becoming rabid at any future time. Others:do—
not go this length entirely; but they are equally certain, that,
if he does go mad, he cannot bite when he is so. It appears
almost contemptible to combat such childish and ridiculous
notions; and nothing but their widely-extended reception,
and their baleful influence, could make me consent gravely to
refute them.

There is, in the first place, no ‘such thiee as a worm, ‘or any

MADNESS. 101

thing like one, in any part of a dog’s mouth. Anatomists all
know that most pendulous organs, partially attached to others,
have a doubling of the skin to secure them in their situation,
anatomically termed a frenum, or sort. of bridle. It is this
duplicature of ‘skin under a child’s tongue that is cut by nurses
to’ give it more liberty... This frenum immediately appears on
opening a dog’s mouth and lifting up his tongue ; extending
from almost the point to the root of it, like a prominent por-
tion of skin, that evidently was intended to confine the tongue
from passing backwards into the throat, which otherwise it
might readily do under convulsions. This skin is doubled,
and has besides an interposed elastic ligamentous substance to
strengthen it.: Itis common, in the operation called worming,
to strip off this freenum from the tongue; the violence made
use of in doing which puts it on the stretch, so that, when
removed from the mouth, its recoil is adduced as a proof that
itis alive, and proves it a worm, in the opinion of credulity.
That this is no worm, and that there is no such thing as a
worm in the: mouth, any person may easily convince himself
of by examination ; and, having convinced himself of this, it
must be evident that the simple removal of a portion of skin,
whose use is so apparent, can have no effect in preventing
madness. »It is to: be regretted that, in so respectable a work
as the new Cyclopedia of Dr. REEs, this gross error is pro-
pagated, together with several others almost as absurd, on the
subject of dogs. It would have been more candid in the in-
genious collator of the abeve work, had he placed his autho-
rities opposite to each article of information. By this arrange-
ment he would have avoided a very manifest injustice to some
of the contributors. Much of the matter on the diseases of
dogs was furnished by the author of this work, at the express
request of Dr. Rees. It was also presumed, that so much
had been contributed as to leave the subject as complete as
the nature of circumstances, and the limits of that work would
admit of; but, not content with what long experience and

‘

102 MADNESS.

attentive observation had made unquestionable, : the» collator
chose to: mix with these the farrago of sportsmen, kennel
keepers, and grooms; and, among other vulgar errors fully
detailed, is this one, of the mode of extracting the worm from
under the dog’s tongue. It may be also remarked, as a proof
of the literary liberality manifest in that work, that the arti-
cles which. were furnished gratuitously, and had a claim to
originality, have no acknowledged author; while those which
have been collated from questionable sources, and of still more
questionable merit, have the names of their supposed serene
meee them.

A third erroneous and dangerous prejudice prevails on this
subject. This, which has been before hinted at, consists in —
the popular and very common name of madness, by which the
complaint is almost universally known; but which, as already
observed, is almost as much a misnomer as hydrophobia. By
the term mad, persons naturally suppose that a dog, to be af-
fected with the rabid malady, must necessarily be wild and
furious ; and in every written description it is so made out:
but so far is this from being the true case, that in hardly any
one instance in an adult dog did I ever observe a total aliena-
tion of the mind; and in very few have the mental faculties
even been much disturbed: on the contrary, the unhappy
subjects of the complaint commonly know the voice of their
master, and are obedient to it, frequently to the very bap: mo-—
ments of their existence.

In other animals, however, there is more propriety in the
term; for even the peaceable sheep becomes astonishingly fe-
rocious in this malady. In the rabid horse, the sight is most
terrific ; I have seen one clear a six-stall stable of racks, man-
gers, standings, and posts ; and every thing, but the bare walls,
was levelled into ruins around him. On the mal-appropri-
ation of this widely-diffused term I shall have numerous other —
occasions of remarking.

A fourth erroneous-idea also prevails, and which J shall

MADNESS. — 103,

- probably find great difficulty in combating ; but it is my firm

opinion, contrary to the general one, that no dog breeds mad-
ness; that is, that no dog becomes mad from any other cause
whatever, but his being bitten or inoculated by another dog,
It may be asked, How came the disease at first? In answer,
How came human small pox, measles, or syphilis? They were
all first generated by combinations unknown to us, but are
never now produced but by infection. Out of the vast variety
of cases that have come under my notice, I never met with one
in which I could not trace the certain exposure of the animal
to danger; although | have often had to examine very closely
to come at the truth; so willing are persons often to deceive
themselves.

It may be, I believe, regarded as an incontrovertible fact,
that every rabid dog has been previously bitten; nor can any
disease, pain, nor irritation, bring on the malady: nothing
short of inoculation by the bite of a rabid animal (probably of
the dog and cat only, and their kinds), or any insertion of the
rabid. virus.into a wound.or abraded surface. .I should not
hazard an opinion, so opposite to the generally received one,
had .I) not. carefully. considered the matter, and had I not
gtounded my opinions on long experience.

It,is also, I believe, equally erroneous to suppose that mad-
ness, as it is called, is more prevalent in summer than in winter,
as is very generally considered ; but which is equally incon-
sistent with reason as with fact: for, if the malady depends
wholly on inoculation, it is evident that the prevalence of it
must be entirely accidental. Neither have heat and drought
any effect in producing it: in some of the countries under the
torrid zone it is unknown. |

However tradition and error may have implanted the fore-
going prejudices and opinions in the mind of the public, they
will be found, on attentive examination and experience, to
be wholly without foundation; and the reception of them

104 MADNESS.
‘Teads*to false ow ‘as well as to ppt fear'and
dread.

I shall proceed now to enna) tee syuaptolnes of the qerer
malady as they appear under the numerous varieties of the
complaint ; varieties which are so considerable as to make it —
very difficult to decide upon the disease in many instances,
except by those much accustomed to its appearances, and who
have ‘paid particular attention to the subject. |
* The disease commonly commences with some peculiarity in
the dog’s mamer, some departure from his usual habits, or
the introduction of new ones. In a considerable number of
‘instances, this peculiarity consists in a disposition to pick up
straws, thread, and paper; it is particularly the case with
smaller dogs, who generally reside within doors. . I have often
seen one clear a carpet so perfectly, that not the smallest loose
object of any kind has remained on it. \ Others again, as the
first symptom, shew an eager disposition to lick the anus and
ptivates of another dog. In one instance, I foretold the ap-
proach of the disease by the uncommon attachment of a pug
puppy to a kitten, which ‘he was continually licking; as well
as the cold nose of a healthy pug that was with him. » He was
disposed to do the same likewise to every thing cold, as the
grate, fire irons, &c. A similar propensity I have remarked
in several other cases. In some there is an eatly sickness of
stomach, but it is very seldom that this continues through the
disease. It is much more usual for them to piek up all sorts
of ‘indigestible matter, during the latter periods ‘of its conti-
nuance, and to retain them tothe last within the stomach.
The appetite is not always lost; in many instances food
continues to be eaten, and in some cases it appears to be di-
gested ‘too, during the first stages of the affection. No opi-
nion of ‘the complaint is, therefore, to be drawn from these
‘circumstances, although much stress was erroneously laid on
4hem m Mr. MEYNELL’s account,

MADNESS. 105
«| In'some' cases, ‘the earliest symptom:is 2 violent scratching,
licking, or even biting, of some part of the body. ©This:ap-
pearance always arises from a morbid ‘sympathy in the origi-
nally,,bitten part,: which I believe in»every instance, both in
the, human and brute, first shews marks: of affection. I have
seen a dog, who had been known to be bitten in the foot,
some weeks afterwards begin to lick the:same part gently, then
violently, incessantly whining: over itat the same time, as

though distressed ; till at: last: he proceeded to actually gnaw -

it. .L have seen the) same.-also happen ‘to: the shoulder. In
others I have observed .a violent rubbing of the dips, or of the
ars, previous to, other symptoms of affection: but'in all cases
where, these appearances, occur, the morbid sympathy remains
equally distressing in the part ; during the continuance of the
analady. Some, dogs, early.in the’ disease, will eat their own
excrement. .Lapping their own water is also very commonly
observed among them, and is: so usual a:mark of the Psweats
that it should alwaysbe inquired after.

.) Another, very common symptom of rabies, riarticalady of
she) irritable «and mischievous kind, .is: an <antipathy to cats’:
even the cats they have heretofore lived in friendship with,
are, very early in the complaint, the objects of their unceasing
annoyance. The progress of \this irritability and aversion to
ether avimals is often'clear and well marked. °Cats are the
first objects of their anger, while no dislike is manifested to-
wards dogs. Next however dogs, particularly strange ones,
are attacked’; but those they are acquainted with are still ré-
spected. As, however, the disease‘advances, they do not even
spate those dogs they are aceustomed’ to; and, ‘last’ of alll,
they sometimes bite even.human persons around ‘them: but,

except in a moment: of irritability, ces sie Sctaoin' abso:
Jutely attack any human being. |
» \In contradiction to this it-may lis isleadl How thet are pete
sons ‘bitten in the streets :by passing dogs’? “This ‘may be 'sa-

106 - MADNESS,

tisfactorily answered and readily accounted for, without in the
least weakening the former assertions. |

One of the most common but extraordinary accompaniments
of madness, as it is called, is an irresistible impulse in dogs to
propagate the disease among their species. Roving about with
this intent, they become irritated ; and, by a momentary im-
pulse of anger, may occasionally bite human persons. As for
instance, when some one may run against a dog in this state,
or may incautiously lift up a stick in threat, or, in some way
or other, may offer him an offence. But as the intention to
propagate the disease is more an instinctive than a rational
effort; and, as this morbid intent appears confined to their
own species; so the very fact of their thus roving about, in-
stead of proving a mischievous disposition towards human
persons, proves directly the reverse. In very few of these
cases do they, I believe, turn out of their way to attack even
a horse, still less a human subject, unless they have been pre-
viously hunted, or unless the disease occurs in a young dog,
in whom, as I shall shew, it puts on a different appearance to
what it does in the adult. Under irritation from offence, they
may, and occasionally certainly do, bite both one and the
other during these wanderings ; but the instinctive mischievous
principle is directed mostly to their own species.

It must be remembered that, in all these remarks, I am
guided by the broad scale of a general and extended expe-
rience. A solitary fact may, and does now and then, occur,
which is at variance with many or with most of these appear-
ances; much also may depend on the natural temper of the
rabid animal. In dogs habitually ferocious, and in all those
who are less perfectly domesticated, as hounds, &c., the com-
plaint may assume more violence. It must, however, be re-
membered, that such dogs, in the country particularly, are
apt to be hunted into fury; under which treatment even the .
patient ox will become wild and vengeful. But even in these

MADNESS. 107

dogs, when the disease is left entirely to itself, it will assume
nearly the appearances described. The foregoing observa-
tions will, therefore, be found correct in the aggregate.

It cannot, however, be denied, that a great many rabid dogs
exhibit a very considerable degree of irritability; but it is
contended, that this irritability is devoid of wildness, ferocity,
or mental alienation. It is more like the irritability and
peevishuess of a child or a sick person, at least such is the
case in the early stages of the disease; during which the
gentleness, attachment, and obedience, common to them at
other times, are preserved nearly entire: by degrees, however,
they will snap gently, or run at a person’s foot, as though in
play; yet they will not, at this time, bite, but will rather take
the foot or hand into the mouth with a certain sort of playful
quickness. It is however peculiar, that a stick held to a dog,
even in this stage, is sure to excite his anger, even from those
he is most fond of, and he will seize and shake it with violence.
This is a very common symptom in the complaint; and, as it
serves peculiarly to characterise it, so it should be particu-
larly attended to, as well as the other marks of occasional irri-
tability that may be present. For, even in those cases where
the usual attachment to the owners is very manifest, yet there
is au evident and remarkable impatience of controul; and
the subjects of the malady are with difficulty frightened.
Indeed, with regard to temper it must be owned, that the
disease exhibits great contradiction, as may be gained from
these accounts: but what I would wish to impress on the
minds of persons concerned, is, that the term of madness is
misapplied, and that the character of ferocity and wildness
expected from the term, is seldom to be met with.

On the contrary, in many instances the usual meekness,
attachment, and obedience, continue to the very last; and,
when this is the case, as is not uncommon, particularly with
those dogs who have been closely domesticated, and have
been strongly attached to their owners, it is then very difficult

108 MADNESS.
for the persons around, to be) persuaded, that what is called
madness is present. »I have, however;>seen'a vast number of
cases where»there*was: not the smallest disposition to bite or
to. prove: offensive; but, on the contrary, the poor animals
affected have constantly looked) up to those about them with
distress and) apparent) entreaty for relief. When) it has been
allowed, I have seen the parched *tongue eagerly carried over
the hands and feet of those the suffering brute has been used to,
with even more than the usual fondness'and! regard) I have
also been consulted in numberless instances, in which rabid
dogs have. followed persons quietly through the streets ' to my
house, or have. been brought there in the arms. In these’cases
the total disinclination to. do mischief, has completely misled
their owners with regard to the real nature of) the allness ap
parent. | | fiecgk’) eean

I have dwelt on these circumstances with more minuteness
than may to some seem requisite. But I have been’ indaced
to do so, to reconcile: the seeming contradictions implied, ‘to
guard the unwary against surprise, and to ease the unhappy
from unnecessary dread and fear. 1 am by no means disposed
to throw any one off his guard, or to encourage ‘an unwarrant-
able security, with regard to the peaceableness of ‘the temper
in rabies. I would, on the contrary, strongly..impress on the
minds of my readers, that there is a constant necessity for
caution in these cases, from the irritability present 5,and like-
wise from a peculiar treacherous | disposition that very often
exists, and cannot be too much guarded against. These cau-
tions I would as strongly inculcate for the security of the pub-
lic, as I have already endeavoured to combat the prejudices
relative to the existence of:a wild ferocious manner, so strongly
characterised by the name of madness ; to which both'the irri-
tability and treachery are unlike. -

The treachery and irritability displayed, from whence alone
arise what danger exists, it is my particular wish to prove, are
not dependent on perfect alienation of mind, but are the effects

MADNESS. ees: 109

either of a momentaty impulse, or of the instinctive wish to
propagate the disease already noticed. The treacherous part
of ‘the disposition is well marked by the manner,of the animal,
who will in such a case readily come, when called for, with
every mark of tractability ; will wag his tail, and seem pleased
with: attention; yet. he will, be very likely to turn, on a sud-
den, and snap at the person who is caressing him, When,
therefore, a treacherous irritability of this kind happens to a
dog;:at other times. good tempered, it ought to be regarded as
a suspicious circumstance; and, if the animal has other symp-
toms of illness, this ought greatly to strengthen the supposition
thatche is rabid. ;

I cannot more appropriately, than in this, place, introduce
the notice. of a very extraordinary circumstance attendant on
this malady, and one which may have had considerable influ-
ence towards gaining it the wild mischievous character in
general, cases ,erroneously attributed to it. When a puppy,
or a:dog lately, or not yet arrived at his full growth, becomes
affected with, rabies, the complaint assumes a very different
eharacter to what it does in an adult or older dog., This is
very remarkable, and is very difficult to be accounted. for ;
but the fact is, I believe, invariable. In such cases there is
really. much, wildness, and much mischievous tendency, not
only towards dogs, but towards every thing living. There is
also,-in many of these instances, a considerable alienation of
mind. . |
» It is within a, month from the writing this, that a mongrel,
about three parts grown, ran up toa favourite terrier I have,
with an eagerness I well knew was characteristic of madness,
My sharp call to my dog drew. the attention of the other, and
heimmediately attacked me with uncommon fury; but I baffled
his attempts to bite, though unarmed. He then left me, and

ran down)the street I -was in; but, seeming to recollect him-

self, he» turned back on a’sudden, when half way, down the
street, to renew the attack on: me, which I again fortunately

Ce Tare

nen

110 ‘MADNESS.
parried with my foot. Although paralytic, and nearly covered
with mud, his fury rendered him nimble in the extreme ;.and
the violence of his teeth snapping, in ‘his angie to bite,
might be heard ata considerable distance. bie
Among sportsmen there are described two varieties of the
complaint, under the names of raging and dumb madness;
but whoever is attentive to the malady will find there is little
ground for such a distinction, these two nominal kinds being,
in fact, often blended in the same subject. I have, I hope,
fully proved that the wild raging kind is uncommon, unless
in a very young subject, or in one who has been hunted into
it by pursuit or fear. On the other hand it very frequently
happens, that, in what is known by the term dumb madness,
there will be much irritability, restlessness, and) occasional
howling. These distinctions cannot, therefore, be with pro-
priety maintained, farther than that some are affected with
paralysis of the muscles of the jaws, while others are but little
so: in fact, the varieties in the disease are so great, that no
two cases are alike; and the symptoms are so numerous and
so different, that nothing hardly can be observed in any
other complaint but what may be occasionally met with in
this,
The distinctions that really belong to the disease, are
the effects of the difference of parts principally attacked by
it. When the inflammation exists most in the bowels,» it
generally produces an affection of the neck and throat. .This
affection consists in a trifling enlargement of all the parts.
around ; the tongue hangs out, and is discoloured, and, from
a partial paralysis of the muscles of deglutition, there is fre-
quently a difficulty, but never any disinclination, to swallow-
ing. In such cases there are also greater heaviness, stupor,
and distress, with a marked weakness of the hinder parts.
It is this kind, from the dropping of the jaw, that sportsmen
are led to call dumb madness; but it is evidently incorrect:
so to call it, because it is often accompanied with howling.

MADNESS. 111

On the contrary, when the lungs are the principal seat of
the affection, there are usually much more quickness and irrita-
bility in the dog’s manner. He rather barks, with a hasty
and altered tone, than howls. He snaps at passing objects,
as flies, and shakes his chain, or the vessels he drinks out of,
with seeming violence: but all this is the irritability of a mo-
ment; for the voice of his owner will generally quiet him at
once. As in some cases, however, both the abdominal and
thoracic viscera are nearly equal partakers of the. specific
inflammation; so these symptomatic appearances are often
blended, and appear, though in mitigated degrees, in the same
‘subject. I shall have further occasion to notice this matter
when treating on the morbid anatomy connected with rabies.

The tones of voice should be particularly attended to in
dogs suspected of madness. When the throat is much af-
fected, the jaw nearly paralytic, and the tongue pendant,
there is often a deep choaking noise, which issues from the
throat, and is very characteristic of the malady. A few are
wholly silent; but in geveral either howling or barking is heard :
if the latter, itis with an altered tone, and quicker. It is,
however, more common to hear from them a very peculiar
- and characteristic noise, composed of something between a —
bark and a howl; being made up of tones longer than the
one, and shorter than the other. Although more howl-like,
it,is yet so peculiar a sound, that, when once heard and
noticed, it can never be forgotten. It is so familiar to my
own ear, that, in one or two instances, I have actually
heard it from one street when I was myself in another ; and,
by following the sound, was enabled to apprise the owners of
their danger.

In one particular instance the howl attracted my steps into
a farrier’s shop, where the master of it had been drenching the
dog for a supposed stoppage in his bowels. The hands of the
farrier, which he had passed into the dog’s mouth, were covered
with scratches, the effect of his business, which, without my

M

F12 MADNESS,

caution, would have remained unattended to, though super-
abundantly inoculated with the poison. This peculiar noise
made by rabid dogs is more like the giving tongue, as it is ©
called, of a heavy slow hound than any thing beside, and is
commonly made with the head held up in the air.

There is likewise either great distress apparent in the coun-
tenance, or a quick anxious look: the eyes are commonly red,
particularly in the early stages; frequently the inflammation
is such as to produce matter, and not unfrequently there is
ulceration of the pupil also. The sight, in some instances,
becomes deceptive, and the affected subjects snap at objects
they fancy they perceive. Flies are eagerly watched by them,
and snapped at with great eagerness; and frequently, from the
deceptive vision, they imagine they see them when they do
not. . .

A very common symptom also of the disease is a disposition,
in the affected dogs, to carry straw about in their mouths,
which they appear to make a bed of. It is also as common to
observe them scratch the straw they are littered with under
them with their fore feet; the mode of doing which is not the
common one practised when making their beds; but is evi-.
dently an effort to apply the straw to their bellies, and arises
from a wish to relieve a distressing sensation in their intes-
tines, which, it may be remarked, are always observed in these
particular cases to be very highly inflamed after death. Itis
a similar sensation in the stomach that induces them to eat
‘trash, and likewise to gnaw boards, or whatever surrounds
them.

When the lungs are principally affected, it is usually cha-
racterised by a disposition to tear, with much irritability,
whatever happens to be about them, as chains, ropes, &c. &c.
~The vessels that ‘hold their food or water are often taken up
and shaken with immense violence. But, although there may
be much irritability of temper in this, still it is, in general
eases; more dependent on a distressing sensation, felt in the

MADNESS. q 18

affected parts, than on a mischievous: disposition; for, as
before observed, the action is immediately desisted from as
soon as they are spoken to. Nor would they but seldom, at
these moments, bite any human person. Indeed, there is often
present, during this violence, a favourite companion of their
own species, who escapes unmolested.

I have already hinted at the propensity to rove, so common
with those in whom the paralysis and stupor are not extreme.
In these, the attempts to escape, form a very remarkable trait
in the disease. It is not an attempt to run away altogether;
neither is it at all the effect of delirium: but it is a most
peculiar instinctive disposition to effect the propagation of
the disease. Such a dog trots along, and industriously looks
out for every other dog within his reach or sight. Whenever
he discovers one, little or large, he goes up and smells to him,
in the usual way of dogs, and then immediately falls on him,
usually giving him one shake only: after which, he commonly
trots off again in search of another object. The quickness
with which this attack is made very frequently surprises the
bitten dog so much, as to prevent his immediately resenting
it: but nothing is more erroneous than the supposition, that a
healthy dog instinctively knows a rabid’ or mad one. I have
watched these attacks in numerous cases, and I have seen the
mad dog tumbled over and over, without the least hesitation,
by others that he had attacked.

When a rabid dog has roved about for an indeterminate
period, as ten or even twenty hours, he will return home
quietly, if not discovered and destroyed in ‘his progress ; which,
in cities and large towns, he seldom is. But in the country
it is different, and, therefore, this peculiarity has not an op-
portunity to shew itself; for there the unfortunate animal is
‘soon detected by the strangeness of his manner, and is imme-
diately hunted; - If not overtaken, he-is too much alarmed to
return soon; and, before he has time to recover his fright, he
is discovered in some other situation, and falls a sacrifice to

M2

-

114 MADNESS.

the anger of his pursuers. The very hunting will, of course,
do to him what it would to any other dog ; it will beget fury:
otherwise there would very seldom be much ferocity appa-
_rent; and in most instances such a dog would return home
when thoroughly tired.

During this march of mischief, rabid dogs very seldom,
however, turn out of the way to bite human passengers.
Neither do they often attack horses, or any other animals but
their own species. Sometimes they will not go out of their
line of march to attack these even; but, trotting leisurely
along, will bite only those who fall immediately in their way.
In other cases, however, where the natural habit is irritable
and ferocious, and where dogs may have been used to worry
other animals, as bull dogs, farmers’ dogs, terriers, &c., the
disposition to bite other animals is sometimes apparent ; and
by such, horses, cows, sheep, and pigs, if they fall in the way,
are all indiscriminately bitten. It is in such cases also that,
if a passenger's hand is exposed, or if his foot accident-
ally strikes the rabid dog, a snap is sometimes made, and
the animal passes on.

In the early stages of the disease, when their activity is yet
considerable, rabid dogs will travel immense distances, im-
pelled by the instinctive desire to propagate the malady.
Under these circumstances, it must be evident that they are
liable to be beaten by other dogs, or attacked by persons ;
and I have known numerous instances of their returning home
apparently half killed from the injuries they have met with,
Whienever this has happened, I have invariably observed that
the progress of the complaint has been in some degree ar-
rested: such dogs have uniformly been more calm for two or
three succeeding days, so much so, as to deceive those around
them, and give hopes of recovery. | This is a very curious fact,
but it is no less certain than curious. The constitution, in
these instances, seems to have received a shock that is capable of
diverting the morbid fever into another course. Soon, however,

MADNESS. 115
the deadly poison resumes its vigour, and the wretched animal
sinks. ? sb al | al |
‘When the rabid malady attacks by what*is called dumb
madness, which is the most prevailing form of it; that is,
when the excitement is probably less considerable on the
brain; or what there is produces torpor and a dull heavy
sluggish appearance? there is usually considerable affection
of the mouth and throat. To speak anatomieally, the whole
of the pharynx and larynx are tumefied, and the surrounding
muscles affected with paralysis. From this cause the lower
jaw drops, and is incapable of remaining closely applied to
the upper. The tongue becomes also affected with the para-
lysis, and hangs pendulous without the mouth. A similar
torpor apparently pervades the blood vessels of these parts,
which become filled with venous blood: the tongue in parti-
cular is black, more especially so at the apex or point: some-
times a black stripe extends along the whole extent. The
paralysis extends to the back of the esophagus, from which a
great difficulty is frequently experienced in swallowing; but
in no instance is any dread of liquids expressed ; nor does
even the attempt to swallow appear to give pain. The larynx,
participating in the affection, occasions a deep choaking kind
of noise, which seems to issue from the bottom of the glottis.

Sometimes the mouth is quite dry and parched ; at others it
is very moist, and a quantity of saliva continually flows from
the jaws. When the mouth is affected in this manner, the
sufferings of the poor animal are extreme, for his thirst impels
him to be continually lapping; but the paralysis of the lower
jaw prevents his retaining the liquid in his mouth, and it falls
out as fast as taken in.

The mischievous tendency in rabies is apt to be overrated
in most cases; but in those, where the mouth and throat are
affected in this manner, it is usually even still less manifest.
Nor does this peaceable disposition arise, as is usually sup-
posed by persons, from an inability to bite; but it more fre-

116 MADNESS,

quently depends on a total want of the inclination toe do it.
Indeed, in many cases of this kind the tractability of character
and mildness of @isposition have appeared to be even increased
by the disease, and «that to a degree that will not permit
strangers to suppose’ it. possible for rabies to be present. It
would sensibly affect any one, to witness the earnest imploring
look I have often seen from the unhappy sufferers under this
dreadful malady. Thestrongest attachment has been mani-
fested to those around during their utmost sufferings; and
the parched tongue, as I have before noticed, has been ‘carried
over the hands and feet of those who — — with more
than usual fondness. :

This disposition has continued to the last moment of. life,
in many cases, without one manifestation of any inclination to
bite, or do the smallest harm. ‘I have observed this particu-
larly in pugs, as well as other lap dogs.

A very great number, of those who are affected, have obstit
nate costiveness; the’ removal of which does not, however,
produce any relief. This constipation appears fo arise from
the peculiar inflammation that‘exists in the bowels; to which
cause we must also attribute, that it is so common for’ them
to appear paralysed and weak in the loins. I :have seen this
affection of the bowels produce a tendency in a dog ‘to sit
constantly on his rump, wholly upright; in others it has pro-
duced convulsive spasms not unlike St. Vitus’s dance. I have
also seen one side wholly paralysed, while the other has re-
mained unaffected: many varieties occur, but* an evident fail-
ing in the loins is a very common accompaniment to the dis-
ease.

These appearances are, I believe, dependent om the inflamed
state of the bowels principally. Other symptoms sometimes
occur that shew that. the brain also suffers in some cases, in
common with the other important organs. «In ‘some instances
it seems to possess an increased degree of excitement, pro-
ducing watchfulness, starting, and irritability: but, however

MADNESS; LI7

watchful a dog may appear in such case, he is commonly ob-
served every now and then to yield to a dozing momentary
stupor, In some other cases, the brain appears to suffer from
diminished energy, as may be Eases ines the foregoinane cata-
logue of symptoms. |

- The duration of the complaint is also various; few die sooner
bis the third day, and very few survive longer than the
seventh. The average number die on the fourth and fifth
days. In other rabid quadrupeds the existence is protractest
to a similar period.

The intervening time between the inoculation by the rabid
bite, and the appearance of the consequent disease, is uncer-
tain. In the majority of instances, the effects commence be-
tween the third and the seventh week. Cases, however, do
now and then occur, where three, four, or even a greater num-
ber of months have elapsed before they take place. In general,
however, after eight weeks have passed, the danger may be
considered as trifling. A-week is the shortest period that I
ever knew between the bite and the appearance of the dis-
ease.

I am inclined to believe that accidental circumstances also
influence the early or late appearance of the attack. I have
known it come on very soon after inoculation, being appa-
rently hastened by a long journey in the dust and heat. I
have likewise known the estrum, or heat of a bitch, produce,
to all appearance, a more early attack. A cold taken, or any
other accidental ailment, may also, I believe, prematurely for-
ward it. I have observed likewise, that those subjects, who
have been bitten in the head, have seemed to be more speedily
affected than those who have been bitten in other parts of
the body.

Having thus enlarged upon the living appearances, I shall
next endeavour to detail those that occur after death. Nor
is the morbid anatomy but little less important than the living
tokens; for very frequently it is not until after the dog is

2 ee steerer stnsestepseteteneseseninssssmytesneneimaten

118 MADNESS,
dead, that he is suspected of having been rabid or mad, ak -

though he may have bitten several persons during his illness. -

Under such circumstances it is evident, that it is of the utmost ..
importance to be able to decide, from an inspection of the —
dead body, whether the rabid malady did or did not exist. «.

Most fortunately, the appearances that present themselves
after death are, to those conversant with the subject, suffi-.
ciently decisive to enable them to form a clear judgment on _
the matter by these means. From the immense number of cases
in which I have examined these morbid appearances after
death, they have become so familiar to me, that I never wish
other guide or clue, relative to the existence of the disease,
than the suspected body. 3

Important as this subject.is, it is remarkable that until I
inserted some years ago, in the Cyclopedia of Dr. REEs, an
outline of the morbid anatomy of the rabid dog, no mention of
it had ever been made in any work I am acquainted with.
Since that time, however, several slight accounts have ap-
peared; the principal of which was ungenerously pirated and
compiled from the former account published by me.

It is not a little remarkable that, in the human subjects ake

have died of hydrophobia, hardly any alteration of the organs.’

of the body has been discoverable after death: while, on the
contrary, in the dog, vast and decided marks of disease are
always apparent.

In such rabid dogs as have exhibited, during life, nour
irritability, panting, and a disposition to mischief, there will.
commonly be found, on dissection, a little increased vascula-
rity of the brain and its membrane; but the inflammatory
appearances never exist in a degree sufficient to make them a
characteristic mark of the complaint. Throughout the cavity
of the mouth, but more particularly at its hinder part, anato-
mically called the pharynx, some marks of inflammation are
always found: but these are not always in proportion to the
degree of affection exhibited in the symptoms during life. It

MADNESS, 7 119

is worthy of remark, however, that a peculiar inflammatory
spot is always discoverable at the back of the fauces, which
very strongly characterises the disease, and is, I believe, never
absent. The slight tumefaction that existed, during life, about
these parts, usually disappears after death; but an inflamma-
tory tinge remains which envelopes the rimaglottis, and some-
times extends downwards: less frequently does it pervade the
esophagus.

Proceeding onwards, we shall meet with sufficient charac-
teristics from the morbid appearances that invariably appear
in the viscera, of either the chest or, belly, or of both; and it
is to the lungs, or the stomach, or the bowels, that we must
look for certain marks of specific affection.

In the human medical practitioner it will excite some sur-
prise to learn, that cavities, so distinct as those of the thorax
’ and abdomen, should be united in one common inflammation;
a circumstance undsual in other affections of the trunk of the
body. But, in the dissection of rabid subjects, such is inva-
riably the case. In those instances where there have been
much restlessness, panting, and irritability, with continued
howling or barking, the lungs are usually very much in-
flamed; but the stomach and bowels not equally so. Some-
times one side of the chest is most affected, in others both are
equally so; but the inflammation in some part of the cavity
is always, in these cases, considerable. When also the animal
is allowed to die by the force of the complaint, and is not
prematurely destroyed, the lobes will be found actually black
and gangrenous.

But, when the disease has been attended’ with symptoms of
_ less irritability, when the paralysis has been more considerable,
and; when an early tendency has been observed to gnaw
boards, &c., take up trash, and to eat indigestible substances,
then the stomach and bowels, particularly the former, will be
found highly inflamed ; but the lungs probably much less so.

In these cases, distinguished among sportsmen by the term of. —

120 MADNESS.
dumb madness, when thé ‘paralysis extends to the jaws ‘and
tongue, and when a deep choaking noise is heard in the
throat, the stomach and bowels will also be found very highly
inflamed ; but the lattér rather the most of the two. The
intestines will more certainly be found the principai seat of
the complaint also, when the disposition to dig and to scrape
straw or other articles under the belly has been observed ;
and likewise when there has been an saan degree of
paralysis of the hinder parts. = iia

This inflammation of the stomach and bowels is truly of a
specific kind, and produces symptoms very different from
idiopathic inflammation of these organs. The sickness which
usually characterises gastritis and enteritis, is not observed
here. It is true there is very usually some sickness present |
early in the disease ; but it is very seldom violent, nor does it
usually continue through the complaint. In the true gastritis,
the distress, on receiving any thing within the stomach, is very
great; but in this specific affection, on the contrary, there is,
instead of ejection, a Very peculiar tendency, unknown in any
other disease, to take into the stomach substances of the most
extraordinary nature, such as hay, hair, rope, matting, wood,
coals, and, in fact, any thing that can be got at and swallowed.
This disposition is almost invariable to every variety of the
malady, and sometimes exists from the very first attack of the
complaint; but in other cases only comes on the fourth or
fifth day. These substances may, at the first, be thrown up
again; but, strange as it is, as the disease advances, and the
inflammation becomes more violent, they become retained ;
and it almost invariably happens, that a rabid stomach is
found, after death, nearly filled with a mass of indigestible
matter, composed of some one or more of the substances I
have mentioned.

In describing the criteria of the disease, I have purposely
omitted before enlarging on this particular, that I might here
do it more fully, and that I might at once describe cause and

MADNESS, 121

effect: but I must now remark, that, of all the characteristic
marks of the complaint, I consider this as the most genuine,
and as the one liable to the least variation. I will not say that
I never saw a rabid stomach, after death,’ without this crude
indigestible mass ; but, during the examination of more than
two hundred cases, 1 do not recollect to have met with more
than two or three without if; and in those, the nonappearance
was, perhaps, to be attributed to a fit of nausea or some other
occasional cause. This genuine characteristic cannot, there-
fore, be too strongly kept in mind, because it is one that may
be sought for by one person as well as another ; by the most
uninformed ; and by the amateur as well as the professional
man. Itis also more important, because it may be found long
after death, when the other marks have become blended in
the universal decomposition and decay of the body. I cannot
exemplify this better, than by relating a circumstance of my
being sent for, to a considerable distance in the country, to
examine a suspected dog, who had been already buried three
weeks, but was now dug up for my inspection. All other
marks to be gained from the morbid anatomy had, of course,
disappeared ; and I must have been left in doubt (for the dog
had come some distance, had accidentally bitten a child who
was caressing him, and was in consequence killed on the spot;
nothing, therefore, of his history was known), had it not been
for this unfailing criterion, which I found to exist, in this in-
stance, in its full force, and from which I was led, without
fear of error, to decide that the dog had been rabid.

' The mass that is found within the stomach is sometimes not
very great, but it is commonly considerable; sometimes it is
enormous. It is also mixed and composed of matters wholly
unfit to be eaten, and ‘of a nature that nothing could induce a
dog to swallow them but’a peculiar morbid*sensation in the
stomach, utterly unusual with other affections of ‘this organ.
Puppies may, in play, swallow ‘a small quantity “of matters
around them; but these are always taken in small quantities,

Eee eee

192 MADNESS.

and are always either soon thrown up or digested. But iu
these cases the quantity is commonly considerable, and the
composition most incongruous; and although, in the early
stages, it may be thrown up; or although, during aw early
period of the disease, the dog may even eat and digest; yet,
towards the close of it, the very peculiar sensation, produced
by the specific inflammation of the stomach, generates this
disposition to take in a quantity of anomalous and indigestible
trash, which remains there till death.

The stomach of the rabid dog, when this indigestible mass
is emptied out, presents marks of very intense inflammation,
both within and without. The whole of the underline, or the
great curvature, is, in general, more particularly affected,
sometimes in spots, sometimes in lines: and I have observed
that the rug are, commonly, more discoloured than the inter-
vening portions. In some cases, this part an the stomach has
been completely gangrenous.

The degrees of inflammation between the stomach oa
bowels are not always correspondent ; but when the stomach
is affected, the intestines are never wholly free, and vice versa.
The inflammatory appearances, found on the intestines, are
exactly similar to those observed on the stomach; and they
exist both within and without. Sometimes one intestine and
sometimes another is the most highly inflamed; but, in gene-
ral, the diseased marks are diffused and extensive. ~The
mesentery is usually overcharged with blood, and: the dia-
phragm and liver partake in the common affections often. ©

The inflammation, however, of the mesentery, diaphragm,
and liver, I conceive, arises only from a sympathetic influence;
and partakes not of the specific character; for. think there
is no reason to doubt, but that the. true character of rabies
consists in a specific inflammation of the lungs, stomach, and
bowels ; and that, in every instance that occurs, these organs
are always affected, although in different degrees. I have,
now and then, seen the inflammation of the intestines very

MADNESS. 123

slight ; but it is very seldom that this is the case; and it is
even still more rare for the affection of the stomach to be so
moderate. But I have always found that, when one of these
has been less affected, the other has been more so: and it is
equally common, that when neither of these are intensely in-
flamed, that the lungs are then the principal sufferers ; under
which ‘circumstances, as before observed, the complaint as-
sumed, while the animal lived, a more active type; having
panting, irritability, and a desire to rove, with a more mis-
chievous tendency than is usual with the other varieties.

On the contrary, when the morbid appearances are princi-
pally confined to the bowels, such cases have always, during
life, exhibited distress, paralysis, with all those marks we
have mentioned, as appertaining to what is distinguished by
sportsmen by dumb madness.

The bodies of those dogs, who die of this disease, soon
become putrid; but there is no peculiarity of smell attends
them : neither are they so offensive as I have often witnessed
in other cases of inflamed bowels, particularly of that kind
produced by mineral poisons. I have frequently offered to
a healthy dog various parts of the body of rabid dogs, but I
‘could never distinguish any marks of dread or disgust. I am,
‘therefore, convinced that, living or dead, there is nothing in
‘the smell that characterises rabies from one to the other, as
has been so often alledged, among the other vulgar errors ene
tertained. ' | |

The rabid malady is, I believe, in every case fatal. I never
‘met with an instance to the contrary, nor did I ever hear of
an authenticated one. I have carefully tried every remedy
‘that has ever been mentioned on any respectable authority, as
“well as numerous others on my own suggestion ; but all with
“equal want of success. The active mineral preparations; the
narcotic tribe; stimulants; tonics, and sedatives ; I have given
them all in turn ; but the only means, that seemed at all to
-atrest the complaint, were profuse bleeding, as it has been

a

194. MADNESS.

practised on the human subject in America. In a few cases,
where bleeding was carried to a large extent, it certainly ap-
peared to give a considerable check to the disease; but the
benefit. was not, permanent, in.any one of the instances. The
particulars of some of these cases are eens before the public
inthe Medical Journal *. ‘

Having brought this subject thus far, I may remark, that
by some I shall be considered as having been already infinitely
too. prolix and. minute. , At.the same time I shall probably
have barely satisfied the eager curiosity of others on this in-
teresting topic; the importance, of, which can only be duly
estimated by considering, that not only is the welfare of a
valuable animal. concerned, but that the safety of many human
_ beings is also implicated. .

In many points of view, the necessity of forming a just judg-
ment of this malady is very great, for upon it the peace of
mind. of thousands depends. I have witnessed the most dread-
ful effects from the. impressions, of fear needlessly entertained
on this subject.. In these unhappy cases, it has been in vain
to oppose reason to prejudice. The errors by which they
were occasioned have been long received, and can only be
combated when the. mind. is ey unimpressed with an
immediate sense of danger. indi

It has, therefore, been my anxious endeavour to set the
facts, relative to the rabid malady, in their true light; by
which most of the false impressions, and much of the dread
which exists relative to it, may be dissipated. It is incon-
ceivable how extensive. is this dread, and to what an extent it
is carried in the minds.of many: so much does it influence
some persons, that the whole race. of dogs is feared and hated
by them solely on this account. There are others again who,

* An account has somewhere appeared of the hydrophobia having been
cured, in Germany, by very large doses of vinegar; but I am not aware on
what authority it rests.

MADNESS. 125

though fond. of these animals, yet dare not indulge themselves
in the pleasures of their association, from the fear of some
future attack... rap

But surely much of this fear may be proved unnecessary ;
indeed all apprehension should vanish, when it is known, that
no dog can become mad from fright, pain, or anger; nor will
any illness degenerate into it. Nothing but the actual bite of
another dog, in a rabid state, can produce it. Of this, I be-
lieve, no possible doubt can reasonably exist.

_ And even when a dog may be suspected to have been endan-
gered, or when the chance is entertained that he may, at some
future time, become,so, unknown to his owner ; still there is
no necessity for dread. So little danger is there from the
first stage of the complaint, that I should not at all object to
living in the same room with half a dozen dogs, all duly ino-
culated with rabid virus. The slightest degree of attention
will always detect some peculiarity in the affected dog’s man-
ner—some departure from his usual habits: and this may be
observed one day at least, commonly two days, before the
more active symptoms commence, or before the most mis-
chievous cases shew themselves in a dangerous point of view.

But, in a great number of the cases that occur, no mischievous
disposition at all towards human persons appears through the
whole complaint, except it is called forth by opposition and
violence ; whieh consideration tends, to reduce the danger still
more materially, |

It ought likewise in no small degree to lessen the dread and
fear of this malady, that, even when the worst has happened,
and a human person has been unfortunately bitten by a rabid
animal ; still that a ready, simple, and efficacious remedy is at
hand, the application of which is attended with little incon-
venience, while the consequences are certainly productive of
all the safety that can be wished for. _ |

Fortunately for suffering humanity, the extirpation of the
bitten part, when properly performed (which in almost every

126 | MADNESS.

instance is sufficiently easy), has never yet been known to
fail. On this subject I shall again have occasion to remark.
At present I shall proceed to state, that the same means are
equally productive of safety to every animal, provided the
inoculated parts can be discovered: but as, unfortunately,
this cannot always be done, this preventive loses, therefore,
much ofits certainty with regard to them.

1 have had so many opportunities of witnessing this uncer-
tainty, and of feeling, therefore, the want of some internal
preventive, that could be at all depended on, against the effects
of a rabid inoculation; that I was, very early in my profes-
sional career, much interested with regard to every thing that
was reported to have any efficacy of this kind. Having had
the benefit of a regular medical education, I was, in common
with the rest of my brethren, not likely to be very credulous
with regard to the virtues of any nostrum: but, on the other
hand, I was determined to give every thing a fair and liberal
trial. The result has exceeded my expectation; but I dare
say that I shall not easily impress the medical world with an
equal degree of faith with that I feel myself; so difficult is it
to overcome the prejudices of education. _

Early in life, I had many opportunities of witnessing the
total inefficacy of salt water bathing, of the Ormskirk powder,
and of various other supposed antidotes to the rabid malady.
Impressed, therefore, with a conviction that these were useless,

.and being but too fully aware that the certain human preven-
tive (extirpation) is not always applicable to the brute ; some-
thing further was to be looked for. The uncertainty of the
means made use of as a preventive to the human subject, arises
from the difficulty of finding all the bitten parts ; for, search
a dog over, who has been exposed to danger, never so accu-
rately, and you cannot oftentimes discover the smallest mark
of bite; but some weeks after, the rabid attack too clearly
evinces the fatal truth. | ,

A preventive is also even more necessary, in some points of

MADNESS. 197

view, for the brute than for the human subject ; for, out of
twenty human persons bitten, perhaps not more than one or
two would become affected. But, out of the same number of
dogs bitten, it is probable that more than, half would receive
- the infection.

For some years I had. been. informed that there lived, near
Watford, a cottager of the name of WEBB, who dispensed
~ what is commonly called a drink, as a preventive of rabies as
well as of hydrophobia. The many testimonies I had received
from gentlemen, relative to its efficacy, gave me reason to sup-
"pose that it really possessed some preventiye properties: but,
till the year 1807, I had not embraced any opportunity of
putting its qualities to the test of experiment. About that
time rabies proved very prevalent, and the public curiosity
became very much excited on the subject. Independent of the
general interest, I felt for others, I had reason also to be in
some’ measure anxious on my own account; for I was unfotr-
tunately, about this time, bitten by a dog unquestionably
rabid. The part was immediately cauterized, and although I
had, therefore, little to fear for myself, yet my attention was
awakened by the circumstance more fully, to the advantage
of such a preventive, not only for the brute, but also for the
- human in some cases; such as extensive laceration, where a
complete extirpation might be rendered doubtful; or where,
from the depth of the wound, its situation, or other circum-
stances, the application of the knife or actual cautery might

not be advisable.
To endeavour, therefore, to ascertain the grounds on which
the reputation of this remedy stood, 1 went to Watford, and
"prosecuted my inquiries with such success ; that, from one of
the two brothers who had dispensed it, I gained the original
- receipt, which had been before verified on oath before a
_magistrate. I immediately presented the public with the com-
position, with all I had learned relative to it, through. the
“medium of the Medical Review for December 1807, where

N

125 MADNESS.

the original. recipe, and mode of preparation, may be seen at
length. The following, which is an improvement: on the ori-
ginal formula, is that which, after much psa I pare ev
best method of preparing the remedy :— b
Take of the fresh leaves of the tree box ...e-. 2 ounces’)
Of the fresh leaves Of THe .issseecesecesseee 2 OUNCES
JOE, BAZ oan cara ise che nse app epeees ccveeb ccbene oye, dlalh aR OUNCE. 4454

Chop these finely, and, after boiling them in a pint of water
to halfa pint, strain and press out the liquor. Beat them ina
mortar,. or otherwise bruise them thoroughly, and boil them
again, in a pint of new milk, to ‘half. pint, which press out as
before. After this, mix both the boiled liquors, which will
form three doses for a human subject. Double this quantity
is proper for a horse or cow; two-thirds of it is sufficient for a
large dog, calf, sheep, or hog; half of the quantity is’ required
for a middling sized dog; and. one-third for »a’ small one.
These three doses are said to be sufficient, and are directed to
be given, one of them every morning fasting. Both the human
and brute subjects are treated in the same ‘manner, a arg
to the proportions directed, |

In the human subject I have never foundti it ddan any
effects whatever but a momentary nausea from disgust. To
prevent this disgust operating disadvantageously, the old re-
cipe directs it to be given two or three ‘hours’ before’ rising,
which is not a bad ‘plan, because it will be ‘less likely to be
brought up again by such precaution; which so large and un-
pleasant a dose might otherwise be. Neither im any animal,
except the dog, have I ever witnéssed any violent effects from
the exhibition of this remedy. \ In°dogs, however, I have fre-
quently seen it produce extreme nausea, panting, and distress ;
in two or three it has even proved fatal: but, as I conceive
that it is more likely to be efficacious, when it shews ‘its effects
on the constitution; and as, at the same time, it is proper to
guard against these effects being too violent : so it is prudent
always to begin with a smaller dose than the one prescribed,

\

MADNESS. 129
and to increase it each morning till it shews its activity, by
sickness of the stomach, panting, and evident uneasiness. In
such eases, perhaps five doses are not too much.

In a long and successful practice, I have given this remedy
to nearly three hundred living beings. About fifty human
persons have taken it, eight or nine horses, several sheep, and
a few cows and hogs. The rest were dogs; but in almost all
I was enabled to trace the history of the danger, to a convic-
tion, that the animal concerned had been bitten by a dog un
questionably mad. Out of this number, I am happy to: state,
and which I: conscientiously and solemnly do, that only nine
or ten instances of failure have occurred; but eandour obliges
me to own that four or five of these were palpable and fair
eases; for the medicine was given apparently with every cau-
tion*. In fourof the cases of failure among dogs, all were
bitten in the head ; and, from what I have seen in many other
instances, I believe’ that the inoculation more certainly takes
effect, and the disease appears in a less time, when re-
ceived in the head, than elsewhere. A ‘horse, which was
among the failures, was also bitten in the lip as well as in
other parts. Out of the number of human persons who tried
this remedy, I believe not more than three or four of them

* It is very unfortunate that this remedy should be so bulky, and so nau-
seous, . Its bulk renders it very difficult to give to a dog, particularly without
waste ; and, its being so nauseous, makes it very liable to be brought up
again : either of which circumstances must, of course, render its efficacy
doubtful. To obviate these inconveniences, I have endeavoured to condense
the dose, by making an extract of the box, in which I believe the efficacy
consists. But I have every reason to believe, that its preventive quality is

lessened, if not destroyed, by these means. Nor have I succeeded in any

other attempts at lessening the dose. , These inconveniences must, therefore,
be put up with, and, as much as may be, obviated, by taking every care to
give the animal the whole ; and great attention must be also paid, to watch

that it is not brought up again. If such should be the case, the dose must.

he repeated till it remains.
N 2

150 . ' MADNESS,

trusted.to its preventive powers alone: in all the rest I -ap-
plied either the cautery or the knife, to the complete extirpa-
tion of the parts bitten, Those who trusted solely to this in-
ternal preventive, did it at their own express desire, from their
dread of the other and more established means of relief; for I
am free to confess, that I think this remedy ought to be much
more certainly established in its reputation, before any human
being should be allowed to depend upon it alone. It is, how-
ever, a matter worthy of attentive research; and it is clear that
decisive proofs of its efficacy can only be established on brutes ;
for, as before remarked, in them the disease is much more
certain of following the inoculation than in the human sub-
ject. Ee aire

I have now brought this important subject to.a close, as far
at least as it relates to the rabid malady among brutes: but,
although I shall probably be considered as travelling out of
the record, I cannot altogether conclude without introducing
a few remarks, with regard to the same matter in the human,
which are the result of long experience and much research.
The knowledge that I had paid a particular attention to this
subject, and the connection that naturally occurred, between
being first consulted on the rabid dog, and then on the bitten
person, has tended to bring under my observation and direc-
tion, a much greater number of persons bitten by rabid dogs
than has fallen to the lot of the most eminent surgeon of this
metropolis. Neither has hardly any case of notoriety occurred
in the practice of others, on which I have not been also con-
sulted. Of those, who immediately trusted themselves to my
direction, I have operated on more than fifty; all of whom
remain alive and well.

- This extensive experience, united with an attentive inquiry
into all the subjects connected with it, have enabled me to
clear up some doubts that have existed for a long time.
Having submitted all I advance to the test of a long acquaint-
ance and minute examination, J am not in the least dread of

MADNESS. 131

committing myself by the subsequent statements ; among which
the following consolatory fact stands foremost, and may be
most implicitly relied on.

- It is very generally considered, that the destruction of the
bitten part is the most certain preventive of hydrophobia ; but
it is little credited, that it is of no consequence that the exci-
sion, or the cauterization, of the wounded part should be tmme-
diately effected. Nevertheless, I firmly believe (and indeed am
as certain of it as I can be of such a matter), that the opera-
tion may be performed, with equal certainty of success, at
any time previous to the secondary inflammation of the part
bitten, as though it had been done the first moment after
the accident. However, as it is always uncertain at what
time this secondary inflammation may take place, so it is
always prudent to perform the excision, or cauterization, as
soon as is convenient: but it is frequently a matter of immense
moment to the peace of those, unfortunately wounded in this
manner, to know that, when any accidental cause has delayed
the operation, that it may be as safely done at the end of one,
two, or three weeks as at the first. I have frequently removed
the bitten parts many days after the original wound has been
perfectly healed up, and the operation has always proved com-
pletely successful.

The truth of this important fact has been denicuhtnigéd,
not only in my own practice, but in that also of several
others. As, therefore, it has such a body of testimony in its
favour, and as not one instance is on record to the contrary, so
it may be regarded as indubitable; and the knowledge that it is
so, cannot be too widely diffused. It is more particularly
necessary likewise that it should be generally made known,
inasmuch as many medical persons have hitherto thought dif-
ferently ; and it is, unfortunately, among other persons the

ommonly received opinion, that immediate extirpation is alone
a guarantee against the dreadful effects of the rabid virus.
On the absorption of poisons, numerous opinions prevail.

132 MADNESS.

With regard.to this -particular poison, I have Jong considered
that the safety of the operation does not-consist in. preventing
immediate absorption, and therefore it is of no consequence
whether performed immediately or not. But, on the con-
trary, I am) firmly of opinion, thatthe poison is absorbed
directly the wound is inflicted, and) is immediately, carried
into the circulation, I am, however, persuaded, that, in this
primary state of its circulation, the virus can never produce
rabies in brutes, or. hydrophobia in man. . It, is, ,on the con-
trary, absolutely necessary, before it fully exerts, its banefal
influence, that it should undergo some further, change. dt
must return to. the part it was originally received by, and it
must there occasion a new inflammation, probably a, specific
one. It isthe absorption of some active matter, generated by
this ‘secondary inflammation, that is alone capable of pro-
ducing rabies. or hydrophobia. Consequently, when the part,
that was originally bitten, has been removed, either by jcauteri-
zation er excision, no secondary inflammation can take place.
The first received virus remains inert, for it:is incapable of
acting on any other than the original wound. 5

That ‘such is the case seems beyond a doubt, when we con-
sider that in every instance on record, beth in the human and
brute, a very active inflammation always occurs in the »part
originally wounded ; and this always prior to the other:symp-
toms of the malady. | Iam aware that I may, perhaps, lay myself
open to animadversion and criticism by these remarks; but,
whatever may be offered against the theory, the facts cannot,
I am persuaded, be disputed ; and the establishment of them
is my principal aim, for the benefit of suffering humanity.
Mange.

Dogs are not subject ‘to a great number of diseases of the
skin; ‘but the prevalence of what.is called mange among the

MANGE: — 133
whole'zace, amply compensates for the deficiency. This dis-
ease-has been compared. to itch in the human, and not without
justice!;-as, if 1 am not greatly mistaken, the canine mange is
capable-of producing the human itch: but, whether the itch |
can bé given to dogs, 1 am not able to say, although from ana-
logy I see no reason why it should not.

~The canine mange is a chronic ssdletevatile of the skin,
dependent, in some instances, on a morbid action of the con-
stitution: in others, it is the effect of infectious communica-
tion. » It is not, however, so infectious as is supposed ; for, I
have known dogs to sleep with others troubled with it for som¢
time, without becoming mangy ; but, in other instanees, the
predisposition to it is such, that almost simple and momentary
contact will produce it. That mange, which is the effect of
infection, is more aeadily given to another than that which is
generated.

Mange is also hereditary. A bitch, lined by a mangy jad
is very liable to produce mangy puppies ; but the progeny of
a mangy bitch is certain to become affected sooner or later.
I have seen puppies covered with it when a few days old.

The morbid constitutional action, by which mange is gene-
rated, is excited im various ways, and by various causes. Ifa
number of dogs are confined together, the acrid effluvia of
their: transpiration and urime soon begets a most virulent
mange, very difficult to be removed. If a dog is fed on salt
provision, it.is likewise a sure parent of the disease: thus
dogs, who have come from distant countries, on board of
ships, are generally.affeeted with mange. Poor living, united
with cold and filth, will also produce it. It is also a little
curious, that the reverse is even more certain to bring it on;
thus too full feeding, with a heated situation, are almost cer-
tain forerunners of the complaint. In both, the balance be-
tween the skin and internal cireulation is not preserved, and
the disease follows as a necessary consequence.

134 MANGE,

The mange has some permanent and fixed varieties; it has’
also some anomalies. One of the most common forms under’
which it appears is by a scabby eruption, which breaks out
on various parts of the body : it is often confined to the back :

in other cases it extends to the arms, thighs, and joints. These’

eruptions are first pustular; but in some cases they are simple
cracks of the skin, which, exuding a serous: discharge, con-
crete into a scab. :
_ Another very common form is. called the red mange, from
the red inflammatory colour of the skin. present in the disease.
In this variety there is less pustular eruption, but nearly the.
whole skin of the body, particularly in white haired dogs, is
in a state of active inflammation: it is also hot to the feel,
and itches intolerably.. In this kind of mange the hair is
often specifically affected, and becomes altered in its colour,

particularly about the extremities. It also falls off, and leaves’
the body almost bare. The strong coarse kind, called wire —

hair, is peculiarly liable to suffer this discolouration.
Another form of mange, but much less frequent than either

of the former, shews itself by an affection of the sebaceous —

glands, in which these parts appear to be internally ulcerated
with a smaller outlet. The affection seldom shews itself uni-
versally, but partially, over the face, around the joints, and in.
patches. over the rest of the body. The affected parts are
tumid, shining, and look spongy; from the little openings. of
which, a moisture between mucus and pus, issues. I have:

never seen this affection but in the larger breeds of doges)

and usually, I think, in pointers and setters.

A fourth appearance mange frequently assumes is that
which is called by sportsmen a surfeit. It appears, im many
Cases, the consequence of an active inflammatory state of the
Constitution, and then puts on something of an acute form.
Thus bitches after pupping, and dogs newly recovered from
distemper, are often attacked with it: other irritating causes

4
H

MANGE. 135

may also produce it. When a dog travels during a great part
of:a very hot day, and becomes afterwards exposed to cold,
a surfeit is sometimes the consequence. Or sometimes, after
other inflammatory attacks, suddenly an eruption appears,
accompanied with great heat and redness. It usually is seen
inthe form of blotches, and but seldom extends universally
over the body. In some cases there is little appearance of
scab, but large rough patches shew themselves, from which
the hair falls, and leaves the skin bare, except a branny scaly
eruption, which itches with more or less violence. Some
sportsmen think surfeits occasioned by giving .the dog’s vic-
tuals too hot. Salt provisions, I know, will occasion it; and
long-continued feeding on oatmeal aunt barleymeal will also
bring it on. |
The Anomalies of mange are several. Canker within the ear,
and that without also, are affections whose origins are mangy.
Inflamed scrotum and ulcerated claws are of this class, as
well as ulcerated eyelids also. The general treatment of
all. these must be the same; the immediate applications pro-
per, are detailed under the several heads.
‘An acute mange also now and then appears. In these cases
a violent febrile affection attacks the animal; he pants, and:
is.very restless. Some part of the body soon begins to swell,
usually the head, which, the second or third day, gives place
to ulceration of the nose, eyelids, lips, and ears. This ulcera-
tion proves superficial, but extensive ; and continues a longer
or a shorter period, as the treatment is more or less judicious,
Bleeding, aperients, and febrifuges, form the constitutional
remedies. The topical ones are tepid fomentations the first
two days; and, when the tumefaction lias given place to ulcer-
ation, the application of a cooling unguent of sugar of lead,
with spermaceti ointment. What remains of the affection, in
-a.week or ten days’ time, may be treated as common mange.
Mange is universally considered as troublesome and loath-

136 MANGE. «

some, but it is not generally considered as otherwise hurtful.
It will, perhaps, excite some surprise therefore, when I affirm,
that it is not only very hurtful, but very often fatal also.
When long continued, it is very apt .to end in dropsy. » In
some cases-it diseases the mesenteries,; and the animals die
tabid; and in no instance can it be neglected with impunity.
In sporting dogs, its existence greatly unfits them for their
various uses. It vitiates their ‘scent, and lessens their wind
and. strength ; and, as before hinted at, I) do’ not think dogs
healthy companions for their owners, when much affected’ —
this complaint. ho

- Treatment of Mange.—Whatever similarity may ‘enti the: :

tween this complaint and the human itch in other respects, a
very great difference is observed between the obstinacy of
the one, and the ease with which the other is cured. Medical

practitioners among the human, consider the itch as local; but — -

veterinarians; to their vexation, will find mange constitutional :
too often very deeply rooted also. Like the human itch, it is
best cured by remedies that excite absorption; and the grand
remedy of the one is also the general application for the other,
which is sulphur: but, as mange exhibits greater varieties,
and is altogether more difficult of cure, it is seldom that we

can trust to this alone for that end. The following formule

are adapted for the first described form of mange :—

No, 1.—Powdered sulphur, yellow or black ...... 4 ounces ¢
Sal ammoniac, crude, powdered ..........2. half an ounce a
Aloes, powdered ....s.ccsccscssccescscsecseeee 1 dram
Venice turpentine «.ersessocccocooeseseeceosess half an ounce
Lard, or other fatty matter cseccccsseseeeeees 6 OunCes,——-Mix.

Or,

No, 2.—Tobacco in powder c.sccrccccssonscsresesseeses Half an ounce
White hellebore in powder s.cccccocseeeeese half an ounce
Sulphur in powder cccccccseccccsecscercceveese 4 OUNCES
Aloes in POWET ccccccccrececesescorscce secsers & Grails
Lard, or other fatty mattet ccossescsccecseoees OUNCES,

:

' MANGE. 137
Or;
No. 3.—-Powdered charcoal . ...scscsescsess sevcssevessses 2 OUNCES
Sulphur, powdered ..rcccovececceserserescseees 4 OUNCES
Potash .+essereceeceseseccecss spessvesecesceecceens 1 dram
“ol et sestarsesseencnses . 6 ounces

Venice turpentine estedeorssoesecs eeeeesosccscese half an ounce.

, Or, 3

NO, 4.=-Oil Of Vitriol ...,soccecsccsccccoresccorsercoesecees 2 AM
MAGE ote eck ceciee ee evap eased tceecce CR
DAE aiacs.ceconte cht deviverevhsh evowisbievecsieveud! © OUNCES
Powdered lime ccocsocsscsccvecesooverserveveoses. 1 OUNCE.

Or,

No. 5.—Decoction of tobaccO ....cessscsesssesecsseseers 9 OUNCES ;
| Decoction of white hellebore .....ssso0esseese SOUNCES

Corrosive sublimate oecicccocs csenevcce avccnspecdew 5 grains. oy ob tse a.

Dissolve the corrosive sublimate in the decoctions, which
should be of a moderate strength: when dissolved, add ‘two
drams of powdered aloes, to render the mixture nause .
prevent its being licked off, which should be: ‘very care
guarded against. | MORSE ae
The formule for red mange are as follow :— de ae ae
No, 6.—Of either of the ointments already prescribed, 1, 2, or 316. aT ces

Mercurial ointment, mild seer PPTITITITITIT Tt Tounes.’
3 Mix.

: 1) | a
No. 7.—=Powdered charcoal ..scccosccccessercescesesessee 1 OUNCE —
Prepated Chalk c.vesscesssgap cogcqestecapaprevecss | 2 ONES
tier OF Lead, soaks csvedacevucrascevodvesswctucs | 1 Wait
“m0 White precipitate .ciisecsessscsecscesesscessceess 2 UFAMS
SRO PPORET a cab cbieiehied vd dd cbicssdidseddsecesncedess (2 OUNCES:
Datel c cians Sepp bonaptlchpps qoeycupannecagshoupidenspecy<; P: OURRGE LE.
» dn some cases, the mange ointment, No. 4, alternated with
No. 6, one being used one day, and the other the next, will
be found beneficial. In others, benefit has been derived from
the wash, No. 5, united with lime water. In slight cases of
red mange, the following ee been found singularly suc-

ey :

138 MANGE.

No. 8.==Corrosive sublimate, powdered .....0sccesees 6 grains
Liver of sulphur ...cccoccccscssesscvecsrcssecese half an ounce
- Lime water .ecreccscccececesccncsocssecsceseseeee 6 OUNCES. —=Mix.

The third variety requires a considerable difference in the
treatment. When the little spongy openings, piercing the
cellular tissue, will admit of it, they should be injected by
means of a very minute syringe, with the wash No. 8. The
general surface should also be anointed with the following :—

No. 9.—-Ointment of nitrated quicksilver esease 2 drams
Goulard OIntMent ...cccccccrcocseecoeeeee 1 OUNCE
Washed flowers of sulphur .......e.2e. halfan ounce.-Mix.

The fourth kind of mange, called surfeit, requires. little
variety in the treatment, except that bleeding, purging, with
every other part of a cooling treatment, is here more parti-
_ cularly necessary. With regard to the external applications,
it should be remembered both in this, and all the other kinds
of. the disease, that, when the sores are very irritable, and
much. inflamed, it will be frequently essentially necessary to
allay the heat and irritation in them before they will bear any
of the regular mange applications. The best means of doing
this will be by anointing them with the following a few
days:x—

Peer Of lead ciccsvenvacecsousesscessconecsusasse f GUSEn

Spermaceti Ointment csccsscrecccccceccescessese 2 OUNCES.
When the irritation is allayed, proceed with the ointment
No. 3, or alternate this with No. 6.

Besides the fixed varieties, before described, mange puts on
different appearances in different subjects; but they may be
all referred eventually to one or other of these heads. Nu-
merous domestic remedies are in use; but, I believe, no one
article acts so favourably as several united. It may, perhaps,
not be too much to say, that the recipes already given will
meet every variety. ‘They are ote by long experience,
and a successful practice. —

Tobacco water is often used for the cure of this couithdes;

ery
oF 3
eat 2 sf «
re. £4e *
Pe hg

MANGE. 139

and, in very slight cases, frequently does some good; but,
unless used with extreme caution, it is a most dangerous re-
medy, from the tendency all dogs have to lick themselves ;
and when they do this with tobacco, the effects are often fatal.
I have myself seen several poisoned by these means. Great
caution is also requisite, for the same reasons, with all kinds
of washes in which there is any thing active, as mercu-
rials, &c.

It is a common practice also, as a domestic remedy, to dip
mangy dogs in the tanners’ pits; but it is a very filthy, and
not often an efficacious, one, except in very slight cases: in
such instances, an infusion of oak bark, with a little alum,
would of course do as well.

Having detailed the outward applications, it becomes ne-
cessary to mention the internal ones that are required. When
mange is generated, the constitution must be at fault to pro-
duce it; and, when it is caught, it will itself affect the consti-
tution: so that in all, except very slight cases indeed, some
internal remedies are requisite. In very full habits, and par-
ticularly in red mange, bleeding is very proper. I have also,
in some instances, experienced benefit from a seton placed in
the neck as a counter drain. It is also very requisite to at-
tend particularly to the food: whatever has been injudicious,
both as to quantity and quality, should be altered. Frequently
a total change in the manner and matter of feeding assists the
cure very materially.—See the subject of FEEDING.

Purges, when regularly administered, often prove very use-
ful ; for which purpose Epsom salts may be given, two or three
times a week, in mild doses. But the most effectual internal
temedy is a judicious use of alteratives. Red mange requires
the aid of mercurial alteratives, Indeed, they assist in every
variety of it, but this one can hardly be cured without. The
following formula is a good one :—

$ JEthiops mineral SSOTWPssSegeessssHecessesesessese 1 ounce

ae
rs
~

WOICONT OR CAEEAD ccbaspeebbuccrancdcassenecevesceseen © GUNCE

.
ee Nitre 030 05900000680000800000 000000020080 059 0000020008 2 dramts. Vil

140 MANGE.

Divide into sixteen, twenty, or twenty-four doses, according to
the size of the dog, and give one every morning or evening.
Any of the other medicines of this class, mentioned under the
head ALTERATIVES, may be also used on these occasions.

In desperate cases the following may be tried, after the
others have proved unequal to the cure :—

Oil of vitriol .....06 Seoweene Saicvsitsuweheawaceebaes 10 drops
Conserve of r0SeS ..eccsccscees saageutn ck vaskuene 1 ounce
Flour of sulphur ...s.eccs0 erivsssocvets iddedd . halfan ounce. »

Divide into eight, twelve, or fifteen balls, according to the
size of the dog, and give one every day.

With regard to the external applications, they should, in
most cases, be used every day. The mercurial ones require
some caution, both to prevent the dog from licking them,
and also to watch that salivation may not be occasioned by
their use. When mercurial preparations are licked by dogs,
they are apt to occasion violent and dangerous diarrhoea.
Not only, therefore, should the licking be yery carefully
guarded against ; but, when any danger of this kind has oc-
curred, a dose of castor oil should be immediately given ; and,
after that, some astringent balls, with a small proportion of
milk of sulphur in them. :

In the use of ointments, it is necessary to remark, that they
are too apt to be smeared over the hair, without being applied
to the skin, It requires, at least, two hours to dress a dog
thoroughly, The hair should be parted almost hair by hair,
and a small quantity of ointment should be rubbed actually on
the skin, between the parted. hairs, by means of the end of
the finger. After every part is done, the hair may be smoothed
down, and the dog will appear, when the operation has been
neatly managed, as though nothing had been applied. After
three or four dressings in this way, the dog may be washed
with soft soap and water, and the ointment again applied till
the cure is complete. In old and bad cases of mange, it will
be frequently requisite to continue the treatment a very con-

NECK, SWELLED....PALSY. 141

siderable time, to ensure a perfect removal of the complaint.
I once dressed a very favourite setter, who had had virulent
mange five years, every day, or every other day, for twelve
months, before I could completely conquer the disease: but
this determined perseverance effected a permanent cure.

Ceese$és:

Neck, swelled.

YouNG dogs are very liable to have a glandular swelling
at the front of the neck, or throat, immediately before the
windpipe. This is treated.on as BRONCHOCELE, Another
cause of swelling in the neck arises from cold, and is rheu-
matic; inwhich ease the animal appears with his neck swel-
led ; the parts are very stiff, and the head is often held to one
side, There are likewise great pain and soreness, and the
dog cries on being moved.—See RHEUMATISM.

Paralysis, or Palsy.

A toss of the motive power of the limbs is very common
to dogs from a number of causes. Either partial or universal
palsy is very usual in rabies. The loins and hinder extremi-
ties are the parts in general affected ; sometimes, the throat
principally suffers, and now and then it is universal. In dis-
temper it is very common for the dog to become palsied in
his*loins and hinder extremities: »sometimes it affects the
head also, and ‘the fore extremities. Now and then it con-
tinues ‘through life. Invery had: cases, all the muscles of the
body become affected with a spasmodic affection, very similar
to St. Vitus’s dance in the human, and which often ends in com-
plete paralysis. Accidents may also occasion paralysis, as
blows, crushing of carriage wheels, &c.. But as frequent a
cause as any of canine paralysis, is rheumatism ;—which see.

142 PARALYSIS, OR PALSY....PHYSIC. » +

It is evident that the ¢reatment must vary according’ to the
cause producing the affection. ‘General warmth, with’ sti-
mulating applications to the immediate parts, forms the out-
line of the treatment proper for most cases. Sometimes: the
cold bath, however, proves most efficacious; but still, during
the intervening time, the body should be kept warm. As a
general remedy, an extensive pitch plaster is a very good one.
Blisters, and electricity are sometimes useful. For accidental
injuries, a seton opposite the injured part is proper.

COs >
Physic.

ON many occasions, purging medicines are very proper
and useful to dogs. In sickness, by purging we frequently
restore health; and, in health, by the same means we often
ensure its continuance. Costiveness is very prevalent among
dogs, particularly among those who have little exercise, and
are fed wholly on flesh. If neglected, it not unfrequently
degenerates into absolute and obstinate constipation; and
many dogs are destroyed by it. In such cases, a proper pur-
gative, given in time, would prevent these) consequences.
Fits frequently arise from a costive habit, and the want of
proper physic. Worms are also frequently removed by pur-
gatives. Without physic, dogs: cannot readily be got into
hunting condition: when judiciously managed, it increases
their wind, vigour, and durability.

Many things may be given as physic to dogs. For small
weakly ones, the safest purgative is castor oil; but sometimes
the stomach refuses to retain it. Another liquid purgative is
syrup of buckthorn, which agrees with some dogs very well.
Jalap is not a bad purgative to some dogs ; others it operates
little on. Senna I have no experience of. Gamboge is, too
violent. Calomel is an excellent. auxiliary to’ other purga-
tives; but alone, it frequently proves more emetic than pur-

PILES. 143
gative ; and a dose sufficient to purge, when given alone, will
sometimes either inflame the stomach and bowels, or it will
salivate. Aloes, therefore, proves the most unexceptionable
and convenient drug for purging of dogs; but an infinitely
greater quantity is necessary for this purpose than is required
by a human person. Halfadram of aloes may be considered
as a dose for a small dog; a large dog will take from two to
three drams. To quicken its action, or in cases of worms, or
as a cleanser, from two to six grains of calomel may be added.

cCoeces]

Piles.

Docs are very subject to piles, but the symptoms, by
which the complaint shews itself, are by no means known as
such, although they are not very dissimilar to the human
hemorrhoids. Piles are brought on by confinement, heat,
and heating food; and shew themselves by a sore red pro-
truded anus, which the dog aggravates by dragging it on the
floor.

Piles are frequently the effect of costiveness. Diarrhea
will also often occasion tenesmus, which may readily be mis-
taken for piles, the anus appearing red and sore. In sucha
case, to effect a cure the looseness must be restrained, and
the sore anus may be anointed with the ointment directed
below, omitting the tar.
~ The habitual piles will be greatly relieved by the use of the
following ointment :—

Take sugar of lead cisessccccssessccsccrceserscsscscere 6 Stains
TAL pss osveseessaevecsenss phys ohennonns esvecnecsocs half a dram
Elder ointment, or fine lard ........008 eosesee O Grams.

_ Mix, and anoint the fundament with it two or three times
a-day. To keep down the habit towards the disease, feed
_ moderately on cooling food, exercise sufficiently, and, as long
9

144, i POISONS.

as the disposition to it is considerable, give daily one of the
following powders :—

INIETC, POWUCKER asncoccast-ncassacsees veoee half a dram.
Milk of sulphur ....cccseosesevereee couveee S drams.

Divide into nine, twelve, or fifteen doses.

Ss

Poisons.

Docs are very frequently poisoned by design or accident,
generally with either arsenic, corrosive sublimate, white lead,
or crowfig, When arsenic er corrosive sublimate has been
given, the effects soon shew themselves, by incessant vomiting,
with unquenchable thirst, great distress, and pain; the animal
hiding himself, and seeking a cool retreat. ‘These active
poisons soon affect the bowels also, which become violently
purged: the latter stools are commonly bloody; great pro-
stration of strength follows; the extremities become cold, and
death closes the scene.

It would often be very satisfactory to ascertain those casés
in which poison has been administered, from those in which
inflammation followed from other causes. It may be remarked,
that the inflammation brought on by either of these mineral
poisons is much more rapid in its progress, and produces more
pain and distress, than inflammations from other causes.

In these cases, after death, the stomach, on being opened,
will appear with partial spots of inflammation on it; and the
villous folds of its inner surface will exhibit gangrenous and
ulcerated spots. The intestines will also be found more highly
inflamed on the inner than on the outer surface, with similar
gangrenous specks to those of the stomach; an appearance
not often observed in other inflammations, The bowels also
will be filled with a thick bloody mucus. But, as an absolute
dependance cannot be placed on these appearances ; whenever

POISONS. 145

it is determined more satisfactorily to ascertain fhe matter ;
some of the contents of the stomach and bowels should be
saved, and should undergo an analysis by an experienced
chemist, who, provided the smallest remains of the poison are
present, will be able to detect them.

When paint is left carelessly exposed, dogs will sometimes
lick it, and injure themselves. When there is lead in the paint,
the effects produced are stupidity, dislike to food, and irre-
gular pains in the bowels, which make the dog scream out by
fits and starts: there is generally costiveness also. After
_ death, in such cases, a slighter degree of inflammation appears ;
some, however, is always present, particularly of the bowels,
and the inflamed parts appear in patches, but not in ulcerated
spots, as when arsenic or corrosive sublimate has been given ;
ner are the appearances of gangrene so considerable.

A very common poison also is the mux vomica, or vegetable
called crowfig, which produces its deleterious effects, by
robbing the nervous system of all its energy in a few minutes.
In a.case of madness, I destroyed a very strong Newfoundland
dog, in five minutes and a half, by a dram of this substance ;
and where it is necessary, from peculiar circumstances, to de-
stroy a dog, this forms one of the best means. Dissection
cannot detect this poison with any certainty; and, unless an
emetic is given within a mimute or two after the poison ‘has
been taken (provided the dose has been a full one), no benefit.
can arise from any medicine. The crowfig, however, proves
very irregular in its action. Some dogs are hardly affected by
it, while others are destroyed by a-slight dose. A strong in-
fusion of laurel is equally poisonous, and even more certain in
its deadly effects.

Opium, which forms a very powerful and common poison
to the human subject, from ‘being immediately brought up,
has:no deleterious effect on dogs. It becomes a useful re-
medy, ‘but .it will'inmo-instance, nor in any quantity I have
ever seen given, prove seriously injurious.

02

146 POISONS....POLYPUS.

The treatment, in cases of poison, must necessarily be prompt,
and even then too often fails. When it can be ascertained
that a dog has taken either an arsenical or mercurial poison,
an emetic, composed of sufficient ipecacuanha (as from one to
two or three scruples), with the same quantity of liver of sul-
phur, should be immediately given; and this should be done
even though the stomach is already agitated with vomiting :
unless, indeed, the vomiting has been long and violent, in
which cases give only the liver of sulphur dissolved in boiled
milk, and repeat it every hour or two; throw some up as a
clyster also in milk. When the stomach seems a little ap-
peased, give laudanum and castor oil.

When a dog may be suspected of having taken lead through
the medium of paint, active purgatives of calomel, in doses of
four to eight grains, with a moderate proportion of aloes,
should be given, and repeated every six or eight hours till the
bowels are perfectly cleared out. Afterwards keep the belly
open, by mild doses of castor oil, and feed very lightly. A
very common consequence of anointing dogs with mercurial
ointment, is the licking themselves, by which they become
poisoned ; often very fatally so. The stomach is but shghtly
affected, but a diarrhea of great violence follows, attended
with ulcerated bowels and bloody stools. In such cases, a
mild dose of castor oil should be first given; after which, pro-
ceed to wash off all the remaining ointment,. and then pursue
the treatment by astringents, as in LoosENEss ;—which see.

Ceesse]

Polypus.

Now and then an excrescence protrudes itself from some
cavity, of an indeterminate form, but usually pendulous and
nipple shaped. I have seen one grow in the nose, within the
sheath of the penis, and from other parts also: but by muck

PULSE, ~ 147

the most usual situation, in which polypi are found, is within
the sheath or vagina of the bitch.

When the pedicle of the polypus can be reached up to its
origin, it may be taken off by excision. When this cannot be
conveniently done, still a ligature may commonly be intro-
duced around its base, and suffered to remain till the whole
drops off. I have frequently removed polypi. by both these
methods, without future inconvenience or reproduction.

Coces]

Pulse.

From the greater irritability of lesser animals, and the ex-
treme quickness of their circulation, the motions of the heart
and arteries do not present such exact criteria of health and
disease, as they do in the horse and other large animals. In
cases of very great affection, the action of the heart, and the
pulsations of the larger arteries, may, however, be felt with
propriety, and will serye as some guide to ascertain the degree
of disease. The pulsations will not only be increased in quick-
ness, but will present a vibratory feel in violent inflammatory
affections. In inflammations of the lungs they will be very
quick and small, but will increase in fulness as the blood flows |
during bleeding. Something like the same will occur, but
not in an equal degree, in inflammations of the stomach and
bowels also. As the pulsatory motions, therefore, are not
so distinct in the dog as they are in larger animals; so, in
general, the state of the breathing, which, in most cases, is
regulated by the circulation, may be principally attended to
as a mark of greater or less inflammatory action. Whena dog,
therefore, pants violently, his circulation, or in other words his
pulse, may be considered as quickened,

COeees

143 PUPPING AND PUPPIES.

Pupping and Puppies.

GREAT numbers of dogs die every year in bringing forth
their young. A life of art has brought the human curse upon
them, and they seem, in common with their female owners, to
be doomed to bring forth in sorrow-and pain. |

When bitches are at heat, care should be taken to prevent
their intercourse with dogs much larger than themselves,
otherwise they are very frequently destroyed; the size of the
puppies being such, that the mothers cannot bring them into
the world.—See SpPAyiNG.—Thus cats, as being nearly all
of one size, seldom die in kittening. All dogs, who are much
_ domesticated and confined, appear particularly subject to
difficulty in bringing forth. Sometimes the constitution is not
equal to the exertion; and sometimes there is false presenta-
tion. Whenever a difficulty in pupping occurs, which has
existed more than four or five hours, the bitch should be exa-
mined by the parts of generation ; and, if any portion of a pup
should be found to present itself, so as to be reached with the
finger, a skain of worsted should, if possible, be fastened
around it; and, during the throes of the animal, it should be
gently drawn away. If it cannot be reached this way, a little
longer time may be allowed; but if, after all, it proceeds no
farther, a pair of forceps may be used. It is a good practice
to give a mild purgative as soon as any symptoms of pupping
appear; and, when delivery seems much delayed, it will be
prudent, in all cases, to bathe in warm wafer, and to give
occasional doses of laudanum, which may be united with
ther, if any convulsive appearances come on. The patience
of bitches in labour is extreme, and their distress, if not re-
Jieved, is most striking and affecting. Their look is, at such
times, particularly impressive.

A wish to relieve them, has very frequently engaged me in
performing the Cesarean operation; but I never succeeded in

PUPPING AND PUPPIES. 149

any one instance. I attribute this failure, however, princi-
pally to the delay in the time, which humanity suggests ; and
not to the nature of the operation altogether, which is, how-
ever, sufficiently dangerous. Whenever pupping is protracted
considerably, the puppies surely die; and, in those cases where
the young are already dead from the effect of accident, they
are the sure occasions of a protracted labour. Dead pup-
pies come away piecemeal; sometimes many days after the
natural time, and occasion a feetid discharge for many days
afterwards.

From a wish to rear too many young ones, persons are in-
duced, after a bitch has pupped, to overload the mother;
and thereby they often lose both parent and progeny. ‘Such
a bitch will go on very well perhaps for one, two, or even
three weeks; suddenly, however, she will be seized with con-
vulsions, which will follow each other with rapidity, and carry
her off. The cause is seldom suspected, but always arises
from debility thus brought on. A bitch should always, there-
fore, be allowed to suckle only as many puppies as her con-
stitutional powers are equal to. To specify a precise number
is totally impossible, as some mothers can bring up five or six
with more ease than others can rear three. Strong healthy
bitches, that have before brought up young, may rear four
or five. Delicate ones are sufficiently burthened with three ;
many can only bear two.

When a bitch, therefore, who suckles has had a fit, imme-
diately remove the puppies: one or two may be put ‘to her
for half an hour, morning and evening; or, if she is much dis-
tressed at ‘their loss, and has much milk ‘left, one may be left
with her: but, unless the majority are taken away, she cannot
he saved, Give also the following :—

‘Strong ale SHO SHCSS ES HSH SSO TSH SESOES SSS ESS ORE GEOEs 2 ouncesi==Mix.

Give from a desert to two table-spoonfuls of this mixture,

150. PUPPING AND PUPPIES.

according to the size and strength of the patient, repeating
the dose every three or four hours. Force down also some
nutritious matter, solid or liquid, as diet ; and, as soon as the
animal will eat, let the food be of the very best kind, and in
sufficient quantities. In such cases the warm bath is often
very useful likewise.

Puppies are born blind, and remain so for many days, the
eyes opening gradually, and the ears becoming pervious by.
degrees. The skin, when born, is of a beautiful pink colour
throughout. Such parts of it as are to be dark, as the roof
of the mouth, paws, and nose, begin to change about the fourth .
or fifth day. The upper teeth, both cutting and grinding,
appear first, aud are tolerably complete at a month old; but .
the others are not completed till some time afterwards, pro- |
bably to defend the teats of the mother from being bitten, _
The testes do not descend into the scrotum till the third or |
fourth week in most instances; but they may be felt a week .
before this within the belly, by the side of the penis. Puppies |
are often born with supernumerary dew claws, which should |
be taken off.—See CLaws and CROPPING. |

Several diseases are peculiar to young dogs. One very fatal
one, to which they are liable, seems to belong to some breeds;
that is, some bitches, particularly among terriers and pugs,
always bring forth young ones who are either already diseased,
or soon become so, in their mesenteries. Others are born
healthy, but take on the disease only after they have been
subjected to bad air, or bad milk, from the poverty of the
mother, &c; In these cases of diseased mesenteries, the belly
is large, but the rest of the body dwindles, and the bones stare,
The animal grows but little, and at last dies tabid. It is
seldom that any treatment will relieve this affection, unless
when it originates from worms ; in which cases, mercurial pur-
gatives, with tonics and good food, will sometimes save the
animals, . This liability to worms in puppies is extreme, and
eften occasions fits in them, as well as other ailments.

- PUPPIES....RABIES. 151

Puppies are also very liable to rickets, the smaller terriers
and pug puppies peculiarly so: in some breeds of terriers
the complaint is hereditary and cultivated; these are called
wry legged, and are used for vermin hunting. Rickets ap-
pears derived from the same sources as the mesenteric affec-
tion, and can only be cured by free exercise, pure air, clean-
‘liness, and good living. Puppies are also liable to be seized
with a violent cramp, or spasmodic affection, of their bowels.
I have known it epidemic. The pain is excessive, and gives
way only to active mercurial purgatives; and not always to
those even.

Puppies should be early accustomed to restraint, with a
chain and collar; otherwise, when accidentally put on, they
become frightened into fits: but, on the other hand, thon-
sands of them are rendered ricketty and weak by too much
confinement. In sporting and other large dogs, close confine-
meut always spoils the feet, and spreads them into thin nar-
row phalanges, instead of the upright compact form which
characterises the foot of the cat, and which is so much and so
justly admired among sportsmen.

SOoeees

Rabies.

Tuls is the term by which naturalists and medical persons
designate the disease popularly called madness; and which,
from the popularity of the term, is therefore treated on under
that head. It will, however, be there seen, that neither the
one nor the other appellation is strictly applicable to it.

BCBOOO
Rheumatism.

THERE is no disease, except distemper and mange, to
which dogs are so liable, as to a rheumatic affection of some
part or other of the body. AF of

152 RHEUMATISM.

Rheumatism has almost as many varieties in dogs as it has
in man; and it has some peculiarities in canine pathology
that are observed in the dog only. One very extraordinary
one is, that the rheumatism never exists in a dog without its
affecting the bowels ; that is, whatever part of the body be-
comes rheumatic, either an active rheumatic inflammation
exists in the bowels also, or there is a painful torpor in them :
and, in either case, there is commonly costiveness present.
The most usual form of this complaint, is one similar to the
human lumbago. In this case a dog is, in general, seized with
a total loss of the use of his hind legs; his back, about the
loins, appears tender, and painful toe the touch. He screams
on being moved, and he has in general costiveness, but always
pain and affection, of the bowels. Sometimes there is not
total paralysis of the hind legs, in-which case the complaint
is only less violent ; while-at others not only the hinder legs,
but the fore legs also, are completely paralysed and helpless.

A certain prognostic of the termination of this complaint is
very difficult te form ; for sometimes the limbs recover them-
selves very speedily, at others more slowly: while, in some
other cases, the paralysis remains complete through life, and
the dog drags his hind legs after him as long as he lives, or
carries them completely from the ground by the strength of
his fore quarters. When the paralysis is universal, the chance
of perfect recovery is less than when it is partial; though from
this also they do now and then recover by proper treatment.
Even after the recovery appears in other respects complete,
there is sometimes a considerable weakness left in the back :
and it may be regarded as a rule from which there are few
deviations, that, when a dog has once had rheumatism, he will
be peculiarly liable to it again on the access of cold.

There is another kind of rheumatism that seems to be com-
bined with a spasmodic affection, which peculiarly affects the
neck, causes it to swell, and produces great pain and stiffness
to the dog. Sometimes also it attacks one or both fore legs,

RHEUMATISM, 155

in all which eases, the bowels also are always affected ; and
it is a remarkable fact that, when they are relieved, the vio-
lence of the complaint is always mitigated in the limbs or
neck.

I have not found any one kind of dog to be more prone to
rheumatic affections than another; all seem alike subject to
them: but those are most so who live most artificially, and
who, though usually kept warm, become accidentally exposed
to wet or cold, suddenly or long applied.

The spring produces more instances of this disease than
any other time of the year; the reason of which appears to be,
that easterly winds prevail then more generally: for it will be
found that this wind is peculiarly injurious in this way to ten-

der dogs. I have known many of them who could not be
exposed to an easterly wind for a quarter of an hour, without
certainly becoming affected with rheumatism.

The treatment of this complaint should be as follows :—In
every instance the bowels should be particularly attended
to; and in no way does it seem better effected than by first
placing the animal in warm water, keeping him there for a
quarter of an hour, and rubbing him well over the affected
parts during the time. When taken out, wipe him nearly dry ;
wrap him up in a blanket very closely and carefully, and place
him within the warmth of a fire: first, however, giving him
the following :— |

Tincture of opium ....:. dec erdbecenerscece ess 20 drops
Ether Seecesesesceseseesse seasreseveoses ett eteses 30 drops

Castor Gil srcsscceccecgesces eeeenes tecseese esese L OUNCE.

This is proper for a middling sized dog, and may be in-
creased or diminished in strength at pleasure. Should it not
be found to operate, a clyster should be likewise administered ;
and, in default of that acting also, give the following ball,
increasing or diminishing its size and strength according to
circumstances :— _

154 | | RHEUMATISM....RICKETS. |

) Calomed (cock ctectee sodas eedavdttacusescdice Agora ERE:

Powdered opium ...c.cccccovesccssecsesecess. Quarter Of a grais

Oil of peppermint ccoccecrecerereercvcececese 1 drop |

FAIGES _copeersdnnnnnsn asians gcensnegsaueienueaad en Oe Pee
Make into a ball with lard or butter, which give; and, if
necessary, repeat every four hours till the bowels are perfectly
open: in which state they must be moderately kept for several
days. The affected parts should also be embrocated two or
three times a-day with the following :—

Oil of turpentine eveseresseosecese ose eseeseae os ounces

Spitit.of Hartshorn . icdacncancutenctignengan 2 ounces
Laudanum See ceeeseeescesseaes eee oes cesses eeeorer Q drams
“OEE piped - ie picenlom ccvescccseevecs © OUNCES

The warm bath should be repeated at intervals of one or
two days, according to the quickness or slowness of the amend-
ment ; moderate feeding should be allowed: sometimes. food
is eth hee refused ; more frequently the animal is as willing
to eat as at other times. It is not a little remarkable also
that he is, in these cases, often voracious,

When the paralysis, occasioned by rheumatism, cditinkes
to deprive the limbs of their mobility, I have experienced some
good effect from electricity, in others from mercurial frictions,
and in some cases from blisters along the spine. When the
hinder limbs ouly are paralytic, a very large pitch plaster,
applied over the whole loins, reaching to the tail, and covering
the upper parts of the thighs, should continue to be worn for
two months, or even longer. In a few cases I have expe-
rienced. benefit from the cold bath; but the warm bath,
though the most admirable remedy during the rheumatic at-
tack, I have never found to give relief to the future paralysis.

cocess

Rickets.

-Puppigs are often born ricketty, or become so as soon as
they begin to walk, Pugs, and the smaller terriers, are very

SCHIRRUS.. ae
liable to it. ‘There is a breed of larger terriers, in whom the
deformity is hereditary; these are called wry legged,’ and:
are much used for hunting rabbits, &c. &c. The affection
attacks all the joints of the extremities, which it enlarges,
and also makes the limbs crooked. Cleanliness, good air,:
free exercise, and wholesome food, will commonly prevent it;
they will also amend it in those already affected.—See Pup-
PIES.

loo <a ar em o> a]
Schirrus.

In the human subject this is considered as the primary
stage of cancer ; but dogs, though very subject to schirrus,
are but little liable to cancer. [t is true these schirrous tu-
mours very frequently ulcerate, and such ulceration proves
obstinate, and spreads; but it reaches only through the ex-
tent of the gland, and very seldom attacks the surrounding
parts. On the contrary, it may be regarded as mild in it§
character, little painful, and not attended with any particular
foetor in the discharges made therefrom. It is also worthy of.
remark, that an examination of the schirrous tumours of the
dog presents a different appearance from those of the human
subject. In the former, instead of exhibiting various strata of
morbid matter, the innermost of which is the most condensed,
there are seen, in the canine tumours of this kind, appearances
more resembling a collection of glands, or of firm hydatids ;
each of which presents, on a section of it, a distinct diseased
process. :

Schirrous indurations appear to be principally occasioned
by the same causes that tend to the production of mange;
namely, vitiated or superabundant secretions of some parts,
the effect of a general fulness of habit striving to relieve itself.
These tumours are, therefore, most frequent among dogs who
are hotly kept, suffer much confinement, and are over-fed, _

a SCHIRRUS..

Schirrous Teats of Bitches——These parts area very usual
seat: of schirrous tumours, particularly among these bitches.
who have not been allowed to breed. They are also common
to these who live’ a confined life, and are too full fed. The:
origin of these tumours may be very frequently dated from an
inflammation in the mamme, when puppies have died; or
from the coagulating of that milk which forms, by sympathy,
about the period a bitch would have pupped, provided she
had been allowed to breed. A small knot or kernel, not
larger often than a pea, is first felt within the gland, which
sometimes increases fast; at others it enlarges very slowly,
appearing to give little uneasiness, till its weight makes it
prove troublesome. if the schirrus is not dispersed in this
state, the tumour, sooner or later, proceeds to ulceration’;
previous to which, one or two small shiimg vesicles form on
its surface, which break, and ooze out an ichor or glairy fluid,
but seldom at first produce a healthy matter. The first open-
ing often heals up, but others follow; and, in the end, two or
three, or more, appear at the same time, which, breaking in
different parts, are soon licked inte one sore by the animal,
and it then seldom heals afterwards.

While the tumour is externally whole, and is throughout
indurated, without hydatid-like vesicles, it may be, now and
then, dispersed by the application of active discutients, as
brandy, vinegar, and sali, salt and water; or by the repeated
application of leeches, which forms of all others, in many in-
stances, the best mode of treatment. In some cases, the same
means, recommended for the cure of bronchocele, prove use- |
ful. During the attempts at discussing these tumours, a repe-
tition of the causes producing them should be carefully avoided,
such as a: sympathetic repletion of ‘the teats from coagulated
milk, and the obstruction to its passing off, by depriving them
too early of their young; as well likewise a ego reple-
tion of the system.

As, however, all means at dispersing rns tumours are very

SCHIRRUS. a

apt to fail, and ulceration is the too common consequence, it
- follows that extirpation, or the cutting of them out, is the
remedy usually necessary to be resorted to for their complete
removal. This operation may be safely performed, in every
instance, with only common precautions: out of innumerable
cases, on which I have operated, I never lost one. It is how-
ever, in general, prudent to let the tumour increase, till, by
its weight, it becomes pendulous, and detached from the abdo-
minal muscles, when it may be dissected out without any
danger of opening the peritoneum, or of wounding large arte-
rial branches. In dividing the integuments, care should be
taken to destroy but little of their surface, except such as may
be actually diseased ; for, by dissecting the tumour from out
of the integuments, and by not removing integuments and all,
the wound much sooner closes, and the cicatrix which follows
is necessarily smaller, and less corrugated. As the excision
proceeds, the blood vessels should be taken up; and, when
the tumour is removed, two or three stitches. should be intro-
duced into the opposite edges of the skin to bring them toge-
ther; by which the cure will be considerably expedited.
These stitches, however, ulcerate out m three or four days ;
but they have performed their office, and the remaining wound
will require only common dressing, with the addition of band-
ages sufficient to prevent the dog from interrupting the healing
by his nose and tongue.

Wens and schirrous tumours are not confined to the teats
only ; nor are dogs without them, as well as bitches. There
is scarcely a part of the body but what I have seen these wen-
like enlargements on: the treatment of which in nowise dif-
fers from the plans already laid down.

The ¢esticles in dogs are sometimes also the seat of sinaieies
induration. In such cases, one or both of these glands be-
come hard, painful, and rather tender, with a shining fulness
in the scrotum, If the tumour does not readily give way to
the application of the active discutients (steadily applied),

158 SCROTUM, INFLAMED....SETONS.

that are recommended for these cases in the teats of bitches;
assisted by mild daily doses of calomel internally, proceed,
without delay, to castrate, to prevent the disease from ex-
tending up the spermatic chord.—See CASTRATION.

CeSeeeS

Scrotum, inflamed.

‘AN acute inflammatory affection, not unlike human erysi-
pelas, often falls into the bag of dogs, which is, in fact, a spe-
cies of acute mange. It is most distressing and painful, being
in the highest state of irritation, heat, and swelling. It some-
times becomes raw, and produces pus; at others it remains
red and tumefied, but without ulceration. Although it is a
mangy affection, yet, like that which attacks the head, it must
be deprived of its irritable state before any of the applications
detailed for the cure of mange can be borne. The cure, there-
fore, should be begun by bleeding, purging, and cooling alte-
ratives, with sparing food. The parts themselves may be
dressed with the following, taking care to prevent the dog
from licking them, which only aggravates the complaint, robs
the parts of their remedy, and may injure the health.

Sugar of lead eecoecresestecesese esCececeoecoseccen 10 grains
Spermaceti ointment onvecddcosnvaccusconseueenate ounce.#=-Mix.
COoSSSES
Setons. »

SETONS are artificial drains to the constitution, either to
lower it generally, or to draw a deposit or a secretion of mat-
ter from one part to another. Country farriers and grooms
make setons by piercing the skin through with a red hot iron;
but this is barbarous, and leaves a bad scar. The proper
mode of performing the operation is by means of a seton
needle, which is a well-known instrument, not unlike a pack-

SICKNESS, EXCESSIVE. 159

‘ing needle, but three times as broad. This, being armed with
a skain of thread, or a piece of tape, about six or eight inches
long, is passed through about two inches of the skin, com
monly of the neck, though any other part may very properly
have a seton placed in it if requisite. The needle is then re-
moved, and the tape suffered to remain, either tied end to
end, or a knot may be made at each end to prevent its coming
out. ,

Setons are used in a variety of cases, but the most general
one is in distemper, in which they are very commonly used ;
_ but not, I think, in many instances with the benefit expected

_ from them,

Seees=

Sickness, excessive.

‘THe stomach sometimes takes on a disposition to reject
every thing taken into it. Various causes may produce this ;
such as too strong an emetic, which will sometimes occasion
incessant sickness for two or three days after it has been taken.
In such a case, give every now and then, or after each vomit-
ing, a few drops of laudanum in a little gravy, gruel, or rice
water. In instances of frequent sickness, arising from a weak-
ened stomach, boiled milk will sometimes remain when every
thing beside is rejected. In such cases, the bitter stomachics
should also be tried, as colombo, camomile, and gentian, with
the addition of very small doses of opium.

A foul stomach, as it is called, shews itself also by frequent
sickness. Indigestion, or worms, or more frequently bile,
may be the origin of such nausea, In cases of indigestion,
an emetic should be first given; and then stomachics may
properly follow. The sickness arising from worms may also
be treated in the same way, concluding with a course of worm
remedies. Bilious vomitings may be known from the bile

P

160 | SPASM.

appearing with the matter brought up. When’ this kind of
sickness is not accompanied with inflammation, give an emeti¢é
also, and then a putgative: but, when the sicknéss is incés-
sant and distressing; it shews there is bilious inflammation 5
which see. The most urgent’ and continued vomitiigs arise
from the action of poisons, and from idiopathic inflammation
of the stomach.—See these heads. |

cesses}

Spasm.

By spasm is understood an irregular motion in the nitscular
fibre; consequently, we can readily suppose it may be partial
or general. When general, it is usually called convulsion.
Dogs are very subject to spasm from a variety of causes: it
is also an accompaniment to numerous diseases. Rheumatism
produces spasmodic affections of the bowels; and often of the
neck; fore extremities; &c. Distemper is also a very fertile
source of spasm, sometimes in the form of universalor partiah
twitchings, very like St. Vitus’s dance ; sometimes im bowel:
affections, and sometimes in general convulsion. In iabies,
spasmodit contractions are very common; and these also somex
times produce appearances exactly similar to those seen im St.
Vitus’s. dance.. Spasmodic colic is not unfrequent:im) dogs 5
it also affects puppies im their. bowels in» avery particular
manner. One distressing state of spasm .im: the:bowels: pro-
duces vertigo, and a: disposition to turn, constantly: tovone'
side: in which cases the head) neck, and: at.last: all the ex-
tremities, become contracted by it.—See CoLic.

Cramp, which is the familiar term for spasm anrong sports-
men; I have known’ to seize the limbs suddenly, first onevand
then the other. [ have met with two or three imstances' of te-
tanus, or locked jaw, also. .

The best antispasmodics are the warm -bath, with warm

SPASM....SPAYING. 161

cloathing afterwards. In some cases extraordinary warmth is
useful, with volatile embrocations externally applied. Inter
nally, the following may be given :— :

SEINEE didhinsindp thsvntens «bs sbsbadenvcancaunaa’ 2Olto 60 drops

Laudanuim ...ccccccccccsieussceseccscnses »» 20 to 60 drops

MEAMIPHOL ...000 csc scans snccessescssaseccaie.. & tO 6 prains.
Mix these together,. and give, in a table-spoonful of ale, or
wine and water, according to the urgency of the symptoms.
No fear need be apprehended from an over-dose of laudanum ;
the analogy between the human and brute does not hold good
in this instance: a dog will bear five times a greater quantity
of opium than a human person. When spasm affects the
bowels, sometimes much benefit arises from clysters with
lauddnum in them; but in such cases double the quantity of
the opiate, given by the mouth, may be used.—See Co ic,
SPASMODIC.—Warm bathing, as before noticed, should never
be omitted as a reniedy in general spasm ; but, in some cases
of long continued spasmodic affection, as in the twitchings
arising fron distemper; tonic remedies, with cold bathing,
aré more proper.

eoeces

Spaying’.

Tuis isa cruel and commonly an unnecessary operation, fre-.
quently practised to prevent inconvenience to the owners: but
humanity should forbid its being resorted to, except in cases
where the omission of it would endanger the life, as some
_ peculiarity that prevents a bitch pupping with ease and safety ;
or when she has been connected with, and is found to be
breeding by, a dog much larger than herself. In this case, as
she would probably die in labour, it is not improper to remove
the puppies, at three or four weeks advance in pregnancy.
The operation is performed by making an opening in the flank

P2

162 — THE STONE IN DOGS.

on either side, and drawing the ovaria out, which are then cut
off. Bitches, after they have been spayed, become fat, bloated
and spiritless ; and commonly prove short lived.

SCeeceS

Stomach, inflamed.
See INFLAMED STOMACH.

Seceee®

The Stone in Dogs.

THIs, though not a very common complaint, sometimes
does exist. I have not less than forty or fifty calculi by me
which I took from a Newfoundland dog, after his death, which
was occasioned by the obstruction to the passage of the
urine by means of these stones. Death had already happened
before I was called in, or probably relief might have been
afforded by an operation. I have likewise witnessed other
similar instances. When a small calculus obstructs the ureth-
ra, and can be felt, it may be cut down upon and removed
with safety ; or a catheter, firm bougie, or sound, may be in-
troduced, and the stone pushed again into the bladder.

But it must be remembered, that the urethra of the dog, in
passing from the bladder, proceeds nearly ina direct line back-
~ wards; and then, making an acute angle, if passes again for-
wards. It must be, therefore, evident that, when it becomes
necessary to pass a catheter, sound, or bougie, into the blad-
der, it must first be passed up the penis to the extremity of
this angle: the point of the instrument must then be cut down
upon, and, from this opening, the instrument can be readily
passed forwards into the bladder.

coecece

‘ST. VITUS’S DANCE.,..SURFEITS, 163

St. Anthony’s Fire.

Do6Gs are subject to two affections, not unlike to human
erysipelas. The one attacks the head, and is described with
ManGeg, and with Tumovuks also. The other affects the -
scrotum, and may be seen under INFLAMED SCROTUM.
Until the diseases of dogs are more clearly defined, these may
both of them be considered as an acute state of mange. They ~
both depend on repletion, and are both removed by means
that deplete the system.

COCEOEOS

St. Vitus’s Dance.

AN irregular action of the muscular fibre now and then
occurs, that very much resembles chorea sancti viti. That
which remains after distemper sometimes, resembles it very
intimately, Other causes will also produce a similar appear-
ance ; all of which are detailed under SpasmM,

COESES

Surfeits.

— Wuart is known by the name of a surfeit, is nothing more
‘than mange. Thus, when a sudden breaking out appears,
with great heat and redness, it is termed a surfeit. When,
also, there are a number of dry bare blotches, they are called
the same. ‘These cases appear to require more active lower-
ing of the habit, by bleeding, physic, and vegetable diet, than
the other varieties of mange. -

Surfeits are very commonly the effect of some inflammatory
‘tendency in the habit; thus bitches, after pupping, frequently
break out into extensive eruptive spots or inflamed patches :
sometimes there is much ulceration also. Similar appearances
occur often to dogs after distemper.—See MANGE, where the
proper treatment is detailed.

coeees]

164 TESTICLES, DISEASED.... TUMOURS.

Swelling’.

See TuMOURS. og |

CeSese

Tailing of Puppies.

See CROPPING,

CcEece’

Teats, swelled.
See BREEDING, SCHIRKUS, GLANDULAR SWELLINGS, and
TUMOURS.

CESEES

Testicles, diseased.

SOMETIMES dogs are attacked with a redness and swelling
of the scrotum or bag, attended with much heat and irrita-
tion. This is nothing more than an acute mange, and is
treated of under that complaint, and also under SckRoTuM,
INFLAMED. But sometimes the testicles themselves may
become enlarged and indurated, which is a much more seri-
ous disease,—See CASTRATION and SCHIRRUS.

ecoseec}

Throat, swelled.

See NECK, SWELLED; and BRONCHOCELE.

cee

Tumours.

Does are subject to a variety of swellings or tumours. If
we commence our account with the head, we shall find that
it is the subject of a peculiar tumefaction, not very unlike

TUMOURS,,:; ULCEROUS AFFECTIONS. 165

human - erysipelas. -In dogs of a gross full habit, begetting
repletion ; and, in such also as experience over-feeding, the
head will sometimes become suddenly enlarged, hot, tender,
and painful, accompanied with great fever in the constitution.
In a day or two a general breaking out takes place, which
proves. to be a kind.of acute mange.—See MANGeE.—In dis-
teniper also, a tumour sometimes forms upon some part of the
face, generally about the lower jaw, which soon breaks into
an open and bad ulcer.—See DisTEMPER.—The flap of the
ear is also subject to a very considerable tumour, contaiving
serum:—See TUMEFIED FLAP OF THE EAR.

The neck is likewise subject to tumefactions. The princi-
pai of these arises from an enlargement of the glands on each
side the windpipe, and is called BRONCHOCELE; which ‘see.
The neck will: sometimes also become,swollen from rhew-
matism. .

On the body,-glandular tumours, or wens, will likewise form
jn various parts: there is hardly any situation in which Ihave
not seen them; nor scarcely any part I have not extracted
them from.—See CANCER and GLANDULAR SWELLINGS.>
But the most frequent glandular tumours, are those ‘that form
in the teats of bitches ——See ScuHiRevus.—In old: bitches there
often appears a tumour, or enlargement, on. each side ‘the
back about the loins ; which, though it elevates: the skin ex
ternally,yet-is evidently more deeply situated. . These 'swellings
arise ftom large accumulations of fat about the ovaria, and aré
best kept:down by exercise, moderate feeding, and alteratives.

goeeee
0 lero Affections

pe jare. subject. to apenas of various parts of the body,
dependent,on yery.,different causes. .Cancer, which <is ‘the
worst plcer we. are: acquainted with,,is but ,little;commonan
the dog... Those cases, however; in canine pathology, that de

2

166 © © ULCEROUS AFFECTIONS.

‘approach .its character, are noticed under the head CANCER.
A very malignant ulcer sometimes breaks out in the lips,
face, or neck, in distemper, and is there noticed. In virulent
canker, the internal, and sometimes the external ear also, be-
come now and then violently ulcerated. I have seen ulcera-
tion proceed so far in these cases as to destroy the dog. The
eyes become very commonly ulcerated in distemper; and as
commonly, when the distemper is cured, they reinstate them-
selves, although the ulcerative process was very considerable.
Glandular parts in dogs are very liable to ulceration; the |
most common among which are the teats in bitches.—See
ScuHirrus.—The vagina, sheath, or bearing, and sometimes
the womb also, are found to be affected with a morbid ulcer-
ous state, which is very usually accompanied with a fungous
excrescence, from which blood exudes, or a bloody ichor.
This disease participates more of the nature of cancer than
any other to which dogs are generally liable-—See CANCER.
The penis is likewise the subject of an ulcerous affection,
which is also commonly accompanied with a spongy fungous
excrescence, exuding a bloody ichor: but it does not erode
the neighbouring parts, aud appears to partake more of the
nature of a vascular warty substance, than of that of cancer. —
This fungous excrescence on the penis is often mistaken fora
disease. of the kidnies or bladder. A few drops of bloody
fluid appear now.and then to come from the dog; and, as:in
the act of making water, the last effort squeezes the fungus,
and forces a drop or two at that time, so it is concluded, that
either the urethra, or the kidnies, or bladder, is affected.
But, in these cases, if the dog is held, and the prepuce stripped
all the way down, so as to expose the penis throughout its
whole length, there will generally be found one or more large
fungous knobs, from which proceed this bloody secretion.
The cure consists in removing every one of these’ exeres:
cences, carefully and completely, with the knife, leaving’ no
part.of the base’ or pedicle of each. Having’ done’ this,

URINE, BLOODY. " 167

sprinkle the excised part with a little alum in fine powder ;
and, unless the excrescence was very considerable (when it
will be necessary to remove the prepuce every day to prevent
an union of it to the penis), the rest may be left to nature. In
very slight cases, where these fungi have appeared as warts
only, which is not uncommon, I have removed them by merely
sprinkling them daily with powdered savine three parts, crude
sal ammoniac two parts. Other ulcerous affections are noticed
under the head WounDs.

COSes=

Urine, bloody.

BitcueEs seldom have any disease of the bladder or kid-
nies. When, therefore, there is any bloody issue from the
parts of generation in them, it commonly proceeds from some
affection of either the vagina, or womb. Such appearances
may be the effect of a polypus ;—which see. Or they may
arise, which is also more probable, from a caucerous affection.
—See CANCER.

In dogs, also, bloody urine is not uncommon. In them, the
neck of the bladder becomes sometimes injured, or a part of
the urethra ruptured, from brutal persons forcing them from
bitches in the copulative act. In such cases, during active
inflammation, bleed by the neck, and foment the part. When
the inflammation has subsided, the following balls wm com-
monly effect the restoration of the parts :—

a OE pee eae sis sswescascescons 2 drams
Gum arabic, powdered .......c2ssecescsseseeses 8 drams
RRO FA YET A Gs ncn codcccvewseucsecdvcovctenencte half a dram
Gum benjamin ............ GS. Lath 6322.00 half a dram
Balsam, Peradeuees jyeppedqnenp demaevyaion . half a dram.

Mix, with honey, into twelve, atiianes or twenty balls, accord-
ing to the size of the dog; and give one night and morning.
A more frequent, but, to persons unacquainted with the

168 WARTS IN, AND WASHING OF, DOGS.

diseases of dogs, a more-obscure source of bloody urine, arises
from fungous excrescences on the penis.—See ULCEROUS
AFFECTIONS. | |

BOQCOCS
Warts in Dogs.

IT is not uncommon for dogs to be troubled with warts'on
some parts of the body; the most frequent of which are the
lips, the penis, and the prepuce. These excrescences may be
either cut off, or, when they exist in clusters, they may be
sprinkled with equal parts of crude sal ammoniac and pow-
dered savine; which commonly effects their removal. .

Ceses® i
Washing of Dogs.

Tus becomes, under some circumstances, a very necessary
practice ; and, when judiciously managed, is salutary: but,
when otherwise, it is productive of more mischief than persons
are aware of. There is not a more fertile source of disease to
dogs, thau suffering their coats to remain wet after washing
or bathing. In the first place, it subjects those who are
unused to’ it to colds, which end frequently in distemper, in-
flammations, or asthma; and in those, to whom it is common,
it is searcely less pernicious ; for, though it may not occasion
immediate illness, it nevertheless, in the end, frequently pro-
duces canker or mange. It may be observed, as a proof of
this, that dogs, who often go into the water, are seldom with-
out some affection of this kind. Canker, particularly, is
almost confined to dogs who .swim much, or who are washed
often, without being properly dried afterwards. It should,
therefore, be most attentively observed, that when dogs are
washed, that they are also carefully dried after it. Very
small dogs, for this purpose, may be wrapped up in a blanket :

WASHING OF DOGS:... WORMING. 169
large dogs, after being well rubbed, may be permitted to run
into a stable among clean straw, which is a very excellent
means of drying them, and, from its warmth, a very safe one.

» It should be remembered that, in ascertaining the proper
warmth of the water for washing of dogs, the heat, which
appears trifling to the hand of a servant always used to dab-
bling in suds, will scald an animal unused to any thing but
cold water.’ Washing should not be repeated oftener than
once a week, even with the best care; for it certainly pro-
motes mange and canker. Rubbing the skin with a flannel
and dry bran is better. In slight rednesses of the skin, wash-
ing with common gin will often remove them.

But, however hurtful a too frequent system of water wash-
ing may be to healthy dogs; to diseased ones, both the hot and
cold baths are of the greatest service.—See BATHING.

cs €s5

, Wens.

See ScHIRRUS.
neces
fl Worming.

‘PERHAPS I could hardly choose'a better opportunity than
the present, to shew how lamentably ignorant the generality
of persons, even of those who are otherwise well-informed,
are, relative to the animal economy of this useful quadruped.
Many of those, likewise, who pride themselves on their know-
ledge of dogs, actually suppose that a worm exists under the
tongue of every one of them, the removal of which ywill prevent
them’ from going mad. Those, who do not carry the opinion
_ to this length, are still convinced that, provided the dog who
has had this imaginary worm removed should become rabid
at any future time, the removal will effectually prevent him
from biting. | |

170 WORMING....WORMS.

The mouth, in some mad or rabid dogs, certainly becomes.
so swollen, or rather so paralytic, that it is with difficulty the
jaws can be closed: but this may happen to an unwormed or
to a wormed dog equally.—See this subject in RaBIES, where
it is further enlarged on. :

Worming is also practised to prevent gnawing, which young
dogs are very prone to do, first from a playful habit, and
next to favour the removal of the present, and growth of the
future, teeth. In infants, also, the same habit is observed.
But worming only prevents gnawing, by making the mouth
sore; for, as soon as the wounded part is well, the dog recurs
to the practice again.

_. Worming is a custom, therefore, founded on ignorance,
and should not be perpetuated by any written directions how
to perform it.

SSeS

Worms.

Docs are very subject to these animals, several kinds of
which infest their stomachs and bowels. The tenia, or tape
worm, is a common kind, of which I have often known four
or five hundred joints passed by a dog, whose united length
would encircle his body many times. I have, likewise, seen
them coiled up into a ball, which thus formed an impene-
trable obstruction in the bowels, and destroyed the animal,
The long round worm is another kind to which dogs are very
subject. ‘They sometimes make their way from the bowels
into the stomach, and are then brought up by the sickness
ghey occasion. A third kind has short bodies, resembling
maggots, with a. red or black head, This kind does not, I
believe, produce such serious consequences as the two former,
A fourth kind resembles the human ascarides, or thread worm,
and principally inhabits ;the rectum, Of all the different
worms, these are the least prejudicial to the health.

WORMS. 171

The constitution of some dogs appears particularly favour-
able to the breeding of worms ; for, destroy them as often as
you will, they will soon return again. The tape worm is par-
ticularly hard to wholly subdue. Some dogs continue for
months and years even to pass some joints every day, appa-
rently, in some instances, without much inconvenience. The
danger, in such cases, is, that a sudden convulsive attack
will ensue, or sometimes an inflammatory one, which shall
collect all the lesser evils into one dire effect. Worms are
particularly fatal to puppies; and when not fatal, if they
exist in considerable quantities, they are sure to prove preju-
dicial to them in some way. ;

Worms are easily detected, even though they should not
pass away; for, when a dog has many of them, he has usually
a slight cough, his coat stares, he eats voraciously, yet seldom
fattens: but the stools prove the most unequivocal symptom ;
- for they are peculiarly irregular, being at one time loose and.
slimy, and at another rather more hard and dry than natural.
The belly likewise is often hard, and sometimes swelled. When
puppies have worms, the first that pass are seldom noticed,
for they seem to affect the health but little; but gradually
purging becomes more frequent; the animal, though lively,
wastes, and his hip-bones may be plainly felt, though the
staring of the coat may make him still appear fat. ‘The growth,
likewise, becomes impeded, and in this way it is very common
for him to continue, till a fit or two carries him off, or he
dies tabid. In grown dogs, worms are less fatal, though, from
the obstructions they form, they not unfrequently kill them
likewise. In both the young and the full grown, they very
commonly produce fits. It does not follow, because no worms
are seen to pass away, that a dog, who exhibits the other
symptoms of them, has none: neither, when they are not seen,
_ does it follow even that none pass; for, if they remain long
in the intestines after they are dead, they become digested
like other animal matter. _

172 WORMS.

The treatment of worm cases in dogs has been like that of
the human, and the remedies employed have been intended
either to destroy the worms within the body, or otherwise to
drive them mechanically, as it were, out of the bowels by
active purgatives: but, as these latter‘means were violent
(for, without the very mucus of the bowels, as’ well as the
feces, were expelled, no benefit was derived’ from them), so
the remedy, in iiany instances, became worse than the disease.
Many substances have, therefore, been tried, ia hopes of de-
stroying these animals within the body; and it is evident, that
any thing that could certainly do this would be most import-
ant, as it would obviate the necessity of having recourse to
the violent purgative means heretofore employed. :

For this purpose, mercurials in small doses, pewter; tin,
sulphur, bitters, and numerous vegetables, have: been tried ;
but most of them with’ very dubious success. Cowhage, how-
éver, seems to claim a considerable preference over the rest.
Where dogs can be made to take them, Epsom salts, in iio-
derate daily doses, often prove ati excellent verinifuge, as well
as mild purgative. The ascarides are best destroyed! by
aloetic clysters. The tape worm is not unfrequently removed
by mercurial purges. As a general vermifuge, either of tlie
following may be tried with confidence, particularly the latter:

CSOWNABES ceccrzcccsdocsesqoncn sts peqnosece sponse seoscessese half a dram

Common salt ...scccccceevee vovnedbudsauenc if tewEeE
Tin filings, made with ate Giese possible file ...... 2 drams.

Or,
Levigatetl irom: ssecseceebsssbesecsscesccversesecssecsoroose! 1) Atami
Levigated tin. pint .erddesdence coneese coccocssbiccsedces’ 1 tam
A distemper powder, No. i (p. 45)

Form either of these into four, six, or cight balls, and give one
every morning. If the first proves emetic, omit the salt.

WOUNDS. 173

Wounds.

Docs are liable to become wounded in various ways, and
these wounds are not, generally, much attended to, from an
opinion that the animal’s tongue is the best dressing. This
is very questionable ; in some instances, I anrcertam, no ap-
plication cai be worse than his own tongue. Whetiever dogs
are at all inclined to foulness, a sore, so licked, is sute to be-
come mangy, and to be aggravated by the licking. ,

In all extensive and lacerated wounds, a stitch or two
should be made with a large needle and thread, as it will
reduce the wound ; but, as such stitches soon ulcerate out in
the dog, so the edges should be still further secured by slips
of stickitig plaster. A recent wound should be cleansed from
the dirt; aiid them covered up: when it begins to suppurate,
dress with any mild ointment. In thorn wounds, or others
made with splinters, carefully examine that nothing is left
within’ them; otherwise no attempts to produce healing will
prove sttecessful. The most common wounds in dogs arise from
the bites: of other dogs. Under such circumstances, should
any suspicion arise that the dog was mad, by whom the
wounded one was bitten, first carefully wash the wounds with
warm water, and immediately afterwards wash the dog all
over also. The bitten part itself should then be cauterized,
either with the actual cautery, or with lunar caustic. Should
the wound be an extensive one, or much lacerated, the lunar
caustic will prove the safest application, and by far the most
convenient. The wounds, arising from common bites, in ge-
neral soon heal of themselves: if, however, they are very
_ extensive, wash them with Friar’s balsam, to prevent their
becoming gangrenous.

_ Fistulous wounds, in glandular parts, often prove very ob-
stinate. In such cases, means must be taken to get at the
bottom of the sinus, and to raise a more healthy inflammation

174 WOUNDS.

therein. This may be either done by injecting something
stimulant into it, as a vitriolic wash, or by passing a seton
through it. Some fistulous wounds, such as those in the feet,
and about the joints, will often not heal; because either the
bones, or the capsular ligaments, are diseased. In these
cases, the wound, in general, requires to be laid open to the
bottom, and to be stimulated with oil of turpentine, or
with tincture of Spanish flies, daily, till a healing process
shews itself. ; 8.2%

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Diseases of Cats.

THOUGH these animals are very inferior, in al! their pro-
perties, to dogs, yet they are not only useful to mankind,
but, as being domesticated with him, humanity is very mate-
rially concerned in a due attention to their welfare and com-
fort. Cats are subject to but few diseases compared with
the number entailed on dogs; one principal reason for which
appears to be, that domestication has done little towards re-
claiming their natural habits: and hence they are less sub-
_ jected to the variations in health that are consequent to a life
of art. But a still more cogent reason may be possibly found
in» the inferiority of their natures in the scale of animated
existence. |

Kittens are generally brought into the world without much
difficulty or pain to their mother. Like puppies, they are
born indigent; being wholly blind and helpless. At about
a week old, their eyes open; and from this period, to that of
their attaining their full growth, which is about nine or ten
months, a cat is one of the most interesting and amusing
animals in existence. During their growth, they are fre-
quently subject to

Fits, which are likewise common to them at all ages, but
more particularly so while they are young. I believe the
most general cause of these convulsions arises from worms,
to which these animals are peculiarly liable. Their fits may
also, now and then, be occasioned by costiveness; but, from
the cleanly habits of cats, it is extremely difficult to detect

re)

176 DISEASES OF CATS.

this cause: in some cases the cause is altogether hid. These
fits in cats are usually very violent, and commonly inspire
considerable dread; for, among these animals, as well as
among dogs, when any unusual violence is observed, it is
directly attributed to madness. But, though a rabid cat has
much more ferocity and proneness to mischief than is usually
observable in the same disease in dogs, yet the rabid mania,
when it actually does exist in them, is very different from the
wild and unintentional violence committed» by a cat in fits ;
such as turning round, hiding itself one minute,» and the next
running under the fire, or up the chimney. These marks of
total alienation of mind need, therefore, never be dreaded :
on the contrary, humanity dictates that every thing should be
done for the relief of the suffering animal. A dose of castor
oil should be immediately given, and afterwards the worm

medicines, prescribed under that head in Dogs,’ should be
resorted to.

Worms IN Cats do not, however, always produce fits ; on
the contrary, they sometimes make the animal waste and pine;
the belly becomes either very much enlarged, or otherwise
pinched tight. up, and the coat stares: there is also, as in
dogs, great irregularity in the appetite. In these cases, like-
wise, a similar treatment should be pursued to that detailed
under the head Worms 1N Does, which I have always found
efficacious in cats also.

DISTEMPER IN CaTs.—Little similarity as there is be-
tween the dog and cat, yet they partake of this disease in
common between. them; and each is capable of giving or
receiving it from the other, This disease’in cats puts on?’
now and then, perfectly an epidemic form. In’ 1803 it ra-
vaged almost all Europe, and nearly one-half of the cats died
of it. . It produces cough, sneezing, running fromthe nose and
eyes, with great wasting and weakness, and sometimes purging.

|
:
:

DISEASES OF CATS, 177

I never found but‘one: remedy effectual for'it in. cats, and that
was the popular Distemper Powder, universally known as my
discovery. This remedy proves to cats even more certainly and
immediately efficacious than it does to dogs, and should, there-
fore, never be neglected. It may be: given in smaller but
repeated doses.

MANGE IN CaTs.—This is also not an uncommon com-
plaint among cats, and is, with them, commonly obstinate and
difficult of cure. -It is easily detected, from the hair coming
off, and the»skin beneath being: covered with scabby erup-
tions. There is little difference in the treatment of the dis-
ease, to what is proper in dogs, except that cats bear mercu-
rials better; and I have ever found them not only salutary,
but essentially necessary to the cure. The common mercurial
ointment, mixed with either of the two first formule directed
for mange in dogs, is a proper remedy.

CoNsuMPTION IN CaTs.—These animals are liable to
consumptions of the lungs, of which I have seen numerous in-
stances in them: very frequently, however, such weakness and
emaciation arise from other causes. Worms, as before men-
tioned, will sometimes produce them. Cats also, now and then,
become tabid from diseased mesenteries, in the same way
with puppies and monkeys. There is likewise, at times, a
slow wasting observed, which is usually attributed to the
animal’s having eaten a rat ; but which, I believe, very often
arises from the licking of paint, to which they are very
liable ; for, in prowling about, they must frequently daub their
coats or feet; and, as we know they cannot bear any offensive
matter about them, the paint is certain to be licked off. I
am confident that this slow wasting is, in some instances,
attributable to this source ; and which has been further proved
by the benefit that has been derived from the use of calomel
purges, with mercurial alteratives. Still, however, the most.

Qo2

178 DISEASES OF CATS.

frequent cause of their consumptions or wastings arises from
distemper.

CANCER IN CaTs.—This is a much more appropriate
term for a disease that exists in cats, than it is for what it has
been applied to among dogs.—See the subject CANCER IN
Does, where this complaint in cats is described.

CASTRATION OF CaTs.—See this subject in Docs, where

the mode of it is described, and where also is detailed the

manner of conveniently confining cats for any operation re-
quired, | |

INDEX.

a

ABSCESS of the eyes, 61—very

- frequent in distemper, 51—not
unusual in madness also, 112.

Age of the dog, how ascertain-
ed, 8.

Aloes, the best purgative for dogs,
143,

Alteratives for dogs, their nature,
properties, and doses, 9.

Asthma, 11— causes, symptoms,
and consequences, 12, 13—
treatment of it, 14.

Astringents in general described,
16—particularly useful in loose-
ness, 94— Astringent injections,
174—Astringent clysters, 32.

B

‘Bag, or serotum, swelled and in-
flamed, 158—internally tume-
fied from schirrous testicles,
157-164.

Balls, how to give them, 4.

Bathing of dogs described, 16—
mode of it, and cases when re-
quisite, 17, 18—Washing not so
salutary to healthy dogs as is
supposed, 26, 168.

Belly swelled, how to distinguish
between pregnancy and dropsy,
Bilious inflammation, 85—Bilious
colic, 2b.—Bilious vomiting, 160.
Bitches, heat of, 21—pregnancy
~ of, 20—how distinguished from
dropsy, 54—bringing forth, 148
_ s=when suckling, subject to a
_ very fatal kind of fits, 75—their
teats liable to become inflamed,
22—often ends in schirrus, 157
—injuries to the parts of gene-
‘ration, 155, *

Bladder, inflamed, Si.
Bleeding, mode of it described,
18—cautions relative to it, 91.

Blindness, various causes of it, 19.

Blistering of dogs, mode of, and
when required, 19.

Bloody stools brought on by vari-
ous causes, as distemper, 42—
bilious colic, 85—mineral poi-
sons, 144—and sometimes from
mercurial applications licked off
the body in cure of mange, 140.

Bones, fractures of, 78—additional
hints how to detect them, 41. *

Bones proper to be given to dogs,
72—exceptions to this, 7b.

Bowels, various affections of them,
82—Inflammation from rheu-
matism, ib. 152—from obstruc-
tion, 88—from cold taken, 84—
from bile, 85—from madness,
120—Spasmodic affections of
them, 33—a particular kind
common to puppies, 151—A pe-
culiar affection appeared in the
year 1805, 47—lable to be
greatly disturbed by mercury,
140—and other poisons, 144,

Breeding among bitches, cautions
and directions relative to it,
21,22.

Bronchocele, 24.

C

Calomel an excellent alterative, 10
—a good emetic in particular
cases, 59—a useful application
for diseases of the eyes, 63,

Cancer in general, 25—of the

sheath and parts of generation.
in bitches, 166—schirrus much
more common than cancer, 155.

180

Canker of the ear, internal, 26—
treatment, 27—F xternal canker,
28—rounding sometimes used
as a cure, 39—Cankered tu-
mour on the flap of the ear, 29.

Castration, how performed, and
when proper, 30—of cats, and
how performed, ib. © ©.»

Clysters, 31—cases in which they
are beneficial, 32—a convenient
medium. for nourishment, 2b.—
mode of giving them, 2b.—fur-

ther use of them, 37--Astringent ’

clysters, 32—of great service in
some cases, 95.

Colic in general, 32—spasmodic,
33—a particular kind appeared
mm. 1805, 47—a kind peculiar to

puppies, 151. |

Condition of dogs, 34—very neces-
sary for sporting dogs, 35—
mode of getting them into con-
dition, 36.

Costiveness, its consequences, 36
—mode of removing, 2b, 83—
inflammation from it, 83.

Coughs, various kinds, 37—causes,

effects, aud treatment, 7b.—

Cough of distemper, 42—of

asthma, 13. .
Cropping, how performed, 38,

Crowfig, a deadly poison to dogs,
145. |

D

Dew claws, 30.

Diarrhea, or looseness, 92—treat-
ment of it, 94—a common ac-
companiment of distemper, 45
—a bad kind occasioned by the
use of mercurials, 140.

Dislocations, 40 — often united
with fracture, ib.—mode of de-
tecting them, 41—treatment of
them, 2b.

Distemper, detail of it, 42-47—
treatment of it, 47-53-—abscess

in the eyes from it, 61—popular.

distemper powder, 48.

Index.

Diuretics, useful in dropsy, 55—
form of, 56.

Dogs, their qualities, Introduction,
i-l—in anatomical structure they
resemble the human, 1—their
diseases also, bear a great ana-
logy, 2—this analogy not so
striking in the operation of va-

‘rious medicinal articles, 3—
mode of giving medicines to
dogs, 4—in sickness they require
great care, 5—nutriment proper
for sick dogs, 2b.—their irrita-
bility very great, 6—their age,
how ascertained, 8 — licking
their wounds erroneously sup-
posed salutary, 31—condition
particularly necessary for sport-
ing dogs, 34—naturally subject
to a costive habit, 36—exercise.
essentially necessary for their
health, 59—how to teach them
to exercise themselves, 60.

Dogs, their breeding, 20—capable
of superfcetation, 22—opinion
on breeding from consanguinity,
23-——pupping, 148—rearing of

_ puppies, 148-153,

Dog-grass, the natural emetic for
dogs, 58. bOr-Tal

Dressings, for mange, 137, 188—
how performed, 140.

Dropsy; 53—of the belly, 54—of
the chest, 56—of the skin, 57—
eucysted, 2b,— hydatids, S8—
Dropsy of the eyeball, 63.. -

E.

Ears, cropping of them, 39—
rounding them, 2b.—Ears can-
kered, 26—the flap swelled, 29.

Emetics generally, 58—excellent
in asthma, 14—useful in dis-
temper, 47, 48, 53—calomel a
good one in some cases, 59—
dog-grass the most natural one,

Epidemics, distemper sometimes
so, 44-46, 176--inflamed bladder

Index.

proved. so in 1810, 81—inflamed
lungs also sometimes epidemic,

Epilepsy, 73.

Exercise of dogs, 59—great use of
it, 60—particularly useful) in
preventing an undue accumula-
tion of fat, 65.

Eyes, diseases of, 61--ulcer in, ib.—

spurious ophthalmia, 2b.—very
common in distemper, 51—
true ophthalmia, 61—cataract,
62,

F

Fatness, excessive, 64—its conse-
quences, and how to prevent it,
65—a common cause of asth-
ma, 12,

Feeding of dogs; 65—physiology
of digestion, 66—excessive feed-

ing productive of disease, 1b,—
“various kinds of food, 67-72—

food proper in sickness, 5—
mode of administering it, 4-6—

~ clysters often a convenient me-
dium of conveying nutriment in
sickness, 32—nutritious feeding
particularly necessary in dis-
temper, 49—feeding and exer-
cise should be regulated in rela-
tion to each other according to
circumstances, 61,

Feet, sore, 73,

Fever, 73.

Fits in dogs, their various kinds,
73—causes of them, 74—very
common in distemper, 45, 51,
75— often. arise. in otherwise
healthy dogs, particularly in
pointers, setters, and spaniels,
from an excess of irritability,
74—a very fatal kind brought
on in bitches who suckle, 149—
common to puppies, 148, 170—
a particular convulsive appear-
ance dependent on. spasmodic
colic, 33—worms a frequent oc-
casion of fits, 170,

181
Flap of the ear, swelled, 29. a
Fleas in dogs, how destroyed, 77.
Fractures of the bones, with the
mode of reducing them, 77—
how detected, 40—often united
with dislocation, 26.—-compound
fractures,79—treatment of them,
ib.—-when imperfect union takes
place, how consolidated again,2b.
Fungous excrescences, 166.

G

Greyhounds, condition particularly
necessary for, 35—distemper
particularly fatal to them, 44—
exercise very salutary, 60,

Glandular swellings, 80.

Gravel, 80,

H
Hair, wire, such dogs very liable
to be affected with mange, and

such hair sooner becomes dis-
coloured, 134.

Hemorrhage, 80.

Head, swelled, 81.

Heat in bitches, 21.

Husk, 81.

Hydatids, 58. pragunh

Hydrophobia, 81i—a‘ misnomer for
rabies in the dog, ’98—an in-

ternal preventive for, 127—how
it arises, 132.

Hydrothorar, 56.

I

Inflammation, 81.

Inflamed bladder, 81.

Inflamed bowels, 82—from. rheu-
matism, ib. 152—from_ obstruc-
tion, 83—from cold, 84—from
vitiated bile, 85—specific kind
of inflammation in rabies, 120—

_ inflamed from poisons, 144,

Inflamed liver, 87..

Inflamed lungs, 89.

182

Inflaméd stomach, 92—from poi-
‘sons, 144— specific kind in ra-

_ bies, 120. he

Irritability of dogs great in sick-
ness, 6—often productive of fits
in healthy dogs, 74.

Jaundice common to chronic in-

/flammation of the liver, 88—
and to distemper, 45,

L

Liquids, how to give them, 4.

Liver, acute inflammation of, 87
—chronic inflammation of, 88

" =a particular kind present in
distemper, 45.

Looseness; or diarrhoea, 92—very
common in distemper, 50—a
bad kind brought on by mercu-
rials, 140-145.

Locked jaw, 160,

Lumbago, 96.

Lungs, inflamed, 89.

M:

Madness, 96—when first noticed,
97—errors with regard to the
names it is known by, 98—
dangers arising therefrom, 99-
100—worming no_ preventive,
400—erroneous general opini-

_ ons entertained relative to it,
97-103—symptoms of the ma-
lady, 104-113—instinctive dis-
position to propagate the dis-
€ase among their own species,
4113—the mischievous disposi-
tion towards man much over-
rated, 115, 116, &c., &c., &c.
—morbid anatomy of rabid

‘dogs, 117—stomach filled with
indigestible substances a strong
“characteristic of the disease,

120—unnecessary dread rela-

tive to the dangers from mad
dogs, 124—extirpation a certain
preventive in-the human, 125—
reasons why it is less applicable

Index:

to the brute, 126—detail of an
internal preventive, 127,
Mange, 132—its varieties, 134—
its anomalies, 135—treatment
of it, 136—frequently ends in
dropsy, 53.
Medicines, mode of giving, 4.
Mercurials easily raise salivation
in dogs, 10—are apt to produce
violent diarrhcea, or looseness,
- 140-145. Bisaaas
Milk in bitches, when not drawn
off, apt to occasion schirrus,156.

N
Neck, swelled, 141.

Nuz vomica, a deadly poison to
dogs, 145. , wee

O-
Obstructions in the bowels, how
' to overcome them, 83—clysters
very useful for this purpose, 32.
Opium, no poison to the dog, 145
_ —an excellent remedy in asth-
ma, 15.
Ophthalmia, 62—common in dis-
temper, 51.

P

Paint, dogs often poisoned by the
lead in it, 145. .

Palsy, or paralysis, 141.

Paralysis, or palsy, 141—a com-
mon accompaniment to miany
complaints, 33, 45, 152.

Penis liable to be affected with
fungous excrescences, or proud
flesh, 166.

Physic for dogs, 142.

Piles, 143. )

Pointers and setters subject to fits

_in hunting, 74—become splay-
footed by confinement, 151.

Poisons, 144—-when necessary to
destroy, crowfig the best, 145—
opium no poison to the dog, tb.

Index. 183

_—mode of detecting poison, 7b. |

-—treatment of poisoned cases,
ib.—tobacco a frequent acci-
~ dental poison, 139.
Pregnancy, 20—how distinguish-
ed from dropsy, 54.

Preventive against rabies, 127.

Pugs have distemper badly, 44.

Pulse in dogs, 147—best detected
by the breathing, 7b.

Puppies, 148--151—diseases of,
150—their claws, 30, 100-many
produce fits in the mother, 149,
75—have a spasmodic colic, 34,
151—mode of cropping and tail-
ing them, 39—should be early
accustomed to restraint, 151—

‘are injured by much confine-
ment, ib.

Pupping, 148—when assistance
requisite, 149—Czsarean opera-

tion, ib,— bitches killed from
-rearing too many pups, ib.

Purging, 92—how treated, 93—
very common in distemper, 45—
a very dangerous kind brought
on by mercury, 140, 146,

R

Rabies, 151— internal preventive
for, 127.

Rheumatism, 151— its varieties,
-152—causes of it, 153—treat-
ment of it, 7b.

Rickets common to puppies, 150,
151—in the wry-legged breed
of terriers this deformity is pro-
pagated, 2b.

Running round, a symptom of
spasm in the bowels, 39.

Ss
Salivation easily excited in dogs,
10.
Salt forms a good domestic eme-
tic, 50—a vermifuge also, 172.
Schirrous tumours, 155—morbid
appearance of these tumours, 10,

—schirrous teats in bitches, 156
—schirrous testicles, 157.
Scouring in dogs, 92.
Scrotum, inflamed, 158.

Setons, 158—not so beneficial as
supposed in distemper, 51, 52.
Setters and pointers, their condi-

tion necessary to be attended
to, 35—setters most liable to
internal canker, and pointers
most to external canker, 60—+
bitches will sometimes bring
pointers and setters in the same
litter, 22.
Sickness, excessive, 159.

Spaniels, long lived, 8—subject to
fits in hunting, 74.

Spasm, varieties and treatment of,
161—spasmodic colic, 33—the
same in puppies, 151.

Spaying, 161.

St. Anthony’s fire, 163.

St. Vitus’s dance, 163.

Stomach, inflammation of, 92—
from poisons, 144—specific kind
in rabies, 120—stomach, foul,
159--when full of an indigestible
mass, strongly characteristic of
rabies, 120,

Stone in dogs, 162.

Sulphur overrated as an altera-
tive, 11.

Surfeit, 138, 163.

Swellings, 164.

T

Tailing of puppies, 39, 150.

Tupping of dogs for dropsy, 55.

Tartar emetic the best general
emetic, 59.

Teats, schirrous swellings of them
in bitches, 157—-mode of pre-
venting them, 22,

Testicles, diseased, 164—swelled
with schirrus, 157—-mode of

castration,.30, <

184

mistaken for piles, 143. -
Tetanus, or locked jaw, 160.

ged breed, 155. '

Tobacco, a frequent poison to dogs,

.

Aves, affections of 30—sore from :

e- travelling, 73.
Fubiiours in ane described, 165.

U

Ulcerous affections in general, 165
—of the eye, 61.

Urethra in dogs, how placed, 162.
Urine, bloody, 166, 16—in bitches
' often a sign of cancered womb,

' 25—when evacuated by drops,
a sign of inflamed bladder, 82.

V
Vertigo, or turning round, often

J. Compton, Printer, Middle Street,

Cloth Fair, London.

Index.

Tenesmus, treatment of it, 143—
common in diarrhoea, 93—often |
| Vitus, St., his dance, 163,
| Vomiting, excessive, 159—bilious,
Terriers, short lived, 9—a wry leg | : ; 9

dependent on a particular affec-
- tion of the bowels, 33.

160—when the effect of poisons,
144—from inflamed stomach,
92.

Ww

Warts, 168.

Washing of dogs, 168.»

Water in: the belly, how distin-
guished, 54—in the chest, on or,

Wens, 157, 169.

Worming, 169— no preventive

- against madness, 100.

Worms, 170—remedies for, 172—
occasion a particular colic, 33.
Wounds in dogs, how, treated, 173.

ohh
Yard of the dog often affected with
fungous excrescences, 166.

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