Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. va “Caribbean Forester wiAn 1 6 1951 CURRENT SERIAL RECCRODS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE TROPICAL FOREST RESEARCH CENTER RIO PIEDRAS, PUERTO RICO VOLUME 21 NOS. i AND 2 JANUARY - JUNE, 1960 Caribbean Forester El Caribbean Forester es una revista semes- tral gratuita publicada en Puerto Rico desde el afio 1938 por el Centro Tropical de Inves- tigaciones Forestales del Servicio Forestal del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Esta publicacién esta dedicada a promover la mejor ordenacion y utilizacién de los recursos forestales del trépico con especial énfasis a la regidn del Caribe. Provee informacién a los que laboran en la dasonomia y ciencias afines sobre los pro- blemas especificos que confrontan, las politi- cas forestales vigentes y el progreso del tra- bajo que se lleva a cabo para mejorar la or- denacion y utilizacién de los recursos fores- tales tropicales. 'También sirve como medio informativo sobre los resultados y el progreso de los programas experimentales, en ordena- cién forestal tropical y utilizacion, que se Ile- van a cabo en el Centro de Investigaciones en Puerto Rico. ‘También le brinda una opor- tunidad a otras personas interesadas en la dasonomia tropical para presentar el resultado de sus trabajos. Se solicitan aportaciones de otras fuentes en el campo de la dasonomia tropical siempre que no estén considerandose para publicacién en otras revistas. El manuscrito generalmente no debe exceder 20 paginas escritas a maqui- na a doble espacio, aunque ocasionalmente po- dria aceptarse un articulo mas largo cuando tuviera un interés especial. Los articulos deben someterse en la lengua vernacula del autor, deben incluir su titulo o posicidn que ocupa y un resumen corto. De- ben estar escritos a maquina a doble espacio, solamente en un lado de la pagina, en papel blanco primera, tamafio 814 por 11 pulgadas. Las tablas deben numerarse consecutiva- mente, cada una en una hoja separada con su titulo. Las notas al pie usadas en las ta- blas deben escribirse a maquina como parte de la tabla y designarse por medio de nt- meros. Las ilustraciones deben designarse con nt- meros y numerarse consecutivamente. Los ti- tulos para cada ilustracién deberan someterse en una pagina separada. Las fotografias so- metidas como ilustraciones deben ser claras, bien definidas y en papel glaseado, preferible- mente 5 por 7 u 8 por 10 pulgadas en tamajfio. Las notas al pie deben numerarse consecu- tivamente con un nimero de llamada siguiendo la palabra en el texto a la cual hace referen- cia la nota al pie. La nota al pie debe apa- recer en el texto en la linea siguiendo el ni- mero de referencia y separada del texto por medio de una linea corta hacia dentro desde el margen izquierdo del texto. Las notas al pie se usan para dar crédito a material no publicado y a comunicaciones. Si se hacen solamente unas pocas referencias a la litera- tura entonces dichas citas pueden aparecer - como notas al pie. Las citas incluiran el nom- bre del autor, el afio de publicacidén, el titulo del trabajo, y el nombre y paginas de la pu- blicaci6n. Los manuscritos deben enviarse al Lider del Centro Tropical de Investigaciones Forestales, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. Las opiniones expresadas en esta revista no coinciden necesariamente con las del Servicio Forestal. Los articulos publicados en el Carib- bean Forester pueden reproducirse siempre que se haga referencia a la fuente original. The Caribbean Forester is a free semi-an- nual technical journal published since 1938 in Puerto Rico by the Tropical Forest Research Center, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. This publication is devoted to the development of improved management and utilization of tropical forest resources, with special interest in the Caribbean region. Through the pages of the journal tropical foresters and workers in allied scientific fields are informed of specific problems of tropical forestry, policies in effect in various countries, and progress of work being carried out for the improvement of the management and util- ization of forest resources. It furnishes a means of distribution of information on the progress and results of the experimental pro- grams of the Tropical Research Center in Puerto Rico. In addition, it affords an op- portunity for other workers in the field of tropical forestry to make available the results of their work. Contributions for the journal are solicited. However, material submitted should not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should not ordinarily exceed 20 (Continia en la portada #3) The printing of this publication has been approved by Director of the Bureau of the Budget (June 26, 1958) The Tropical Forest Research Center is operated in cooperation with the University of Puerto Rico. Vou. 21 Nos. 1 AND 2 JANUARY - JUNE, 1961) Caribbean Forester Crom tems S Uhiea (Clie ne Page 1959 Annual Report Tropical Forest Research Center ____ 1 An Approach to Mahogany Tree Improvement __________~ 12 F. Bruce Lamb Raw Material Prospects for the Colombian Paper Industry 21 Walter L. Bender E] Crecimiento de los Eucaliptos en Regiones Semi-Humedas Sif. TSYCUCOMIS/A TEI FeV] Se ee op de 24 Thomas F. Burgers Service Life of Some Puerto Rican Fence Post Species Tested With Ten Percent Pentachlorophenol by Cold Soaking __ 38 George H. Englerth The Acidity of Selected Puerto Rican Woods _____________ Al José Pereles Experimental Design and Analysis in Forest Research (Give Verve) erie ere Sas eS DS A5 C. B. Briscoe Recent Observations on Forestry in Tropical America _____ 46 F. Bruce Lamb, C. B. Briscoe, and George H. Englerth JANUARY - JUNE 1960 1959 Annual Report Tropical Forest Research Center The vear 1959 favored the Center with a full staff for the first time in many years, and correspondingly greater progress in forest re- search, demonstratien, and assistance. Re- search was intensified on both the search for superior forest crops and the prolongation of the service life of forest products. Demon- strations of the results of research led to more and better forest plantings and prospective new wood uses and industries, both in Puerto Rico and in the Virgin Islands. Early in the year the Center was saddened by the loss and later passing of F. Ralph Throop, the training officer who led the 1958 Tropical Forestry Training Course. He was replaced by Dr. F. Bruce Lamb, a forester with 20 years of tropical experience. Dr. Lamb served as training officer for the 1959 Training Course and has had the responsibil- ity of training other students, maintaining the library, preparation of Center releases, and research on forest plantations in Latin America and on variations in mahogany. The Section of Forest Management Re- search was taken over early in the year by Dr. Charles B. Briscoe, a former professor at Louisiana State University and with previous tropical forestry experience. With this ap- pointment the six professional staff positions were filled. Two agronomy students in the College of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico were employed during the summer as has been the practice in recent years. There is a good prospect that one of these will take profes- sional training in an accredited forestry school on the Continent. Training of personnel was intensified dur- ing the year, with all employees receiving some type of formalized training and five partic- ipating in technical training activities in the United States, the latter covering forest man- agement research techniques, forest products research orientation, kiln drying, furniture manufacture, multiple-use forest administra- tion, and accounting techniques. Several of the facilities of the Center were improved materially during the year. The 26,321-acre Luquillo Experimental Forest is being enlarged by 1,557 acres through a land exchange which is nearing completion. With- in the forest 6.7 miles of highway are being reconstructed and an additional 3.1 miles of new road are being surveyed for future con- struction to facilitate the use of the area. Other new facilities include an air-con- ditioned laboratory and herbarium room pro- viding much-needed protection for instru- ments and research equipment. A bolter saw and experimental kiln, together with the woed shop already at hand facilitate further devel- opment of new uses of little known sawtimber species. The non-pressure preservative treat- ment plant of the Center has been supple- mented by an experimental pressure-treatment plant financed by the Commonwealth govern- ment. A mechanical post peeler was acquired to facilitate preservation research and for demonstration purposes. In the Virgin Islands the sawmill was subjected to extensive repairs and a small non-pressure preservative plant is nearing completion. A second post peeler has been put to work to supply the piant. The Center library, containing some 7,000 selected titles on or related to tropical for- estry, has been improved through subscrip- tion to the Centralized Title Service of the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, providing prompt receipt of all titles of importance within the field. About half of the library material was reclassified and catalogued ac- cording to the Oxford system during the year. The mailing list for the Caribbean Forester and other Center publications, in spite of annual circulation to restrict it to currently interested recipients, stands at about 1,000, as large as it has ever been. FOREST MANAGEMENT RESEARCH The new project leader, unfamiliar with Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, made a thorough review of the whole management re- search program. Some results of the review are evident in this report; others will take longer to become apparent. Fundamental studies will receive somewhat more attention in the future, but no major revision of the management program is planned. At the beginning of the year there were 143 active studies. Eleven of these were closed during the year and eleven new studies were begun. DENDROLOGY The manuscript for a semi-popular book “Arboles Comunes de Puerto Rico e Islas Vir- genes” has been completed. Publication by the University of Puerto Rico is expected in the near future. PHENOLOGY For purposes of site description instru- ments were installed at four locations on the Luquillo Experimental Forest for the contin- uous measurement of temperature and hu- midity and for the weekly measurement of rainfall, Ten trees of five species have been located near each weather station for the first local weekly growth measurements and ob- servations on the development of leaves, flow- ers, and fruits. Deciduous species under ob- servation are bigleaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King), teak (Tectona grandis L.), and roble (Tabebuia heterophylla [D.C.] Britton). Evergreen species are tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa Vahl), maria (Calophyl- lum brasiliense Camb.), yagrumo hembra (Cecropia peltata L.), and yagrumo macho CARIBBEAN FORESTER (Didymopanax morototoni [Aubl.] Dec. & Planch.). Mahogany, roble, and yagrumo hembra are present at all four stations; the remaining four species are found only at two. No conclusions are possible yet, but weekly diameter changes appear to be associated with rainfall, lagging about one week. VARIATION AND SELECTION Four mahogany types, based on leaf size, have become apparent during past work: typ- ical bigleaf (Swietenia macrophylla), inter- mediate leaf irom a bigleaf parent, typical small-leaf (Swietenia mahegoni), and inter- mediate leaf from a small-leaf parent. Seed- lings of each type have been planted in rep- licated plots on St. Croix, Virgin Islands to determine whether patterns of growth and development are associated with a particular leaf type. In addition, stands of typical bigleaf and typical small-leaf without the opposite species near enough to be probable source of cross fertilization have been located as seed sources for progeny testing. Results are expected to indicate whether the intermediate forms are interspecific hybrids or intraspecific varia- tions. NATURAL REGENERATION Two areas previously cutover were under observation to appraise the natural reproduc- tion of yagrumo hembra. Three months after cutting, an area of about half an acre with 10 percent shade contained two seedlings and two sprout clumps, from a 6-inch and an 18-inch stump. The taller seedling was three feet; the tallest sprout eight feet. Another half-acre area with 50 percent shade had oniy one seedling and no sprouts. Observations as to site preferences of this species are contin- uing. SPECIES ADAPTABILITY A continuing need in artificial regenera- JANUARY - JUNE 1960 tion is information as to the sites to which a promising species is adapted and as to what species are adapted to a site of special interest. True Pines Nearly a hundred attempts were made before any of the true pines were introduced successfully inte Puerto Rico. The first was slash pine (P. elliottii elliottii Engelm.) on Nipe clay, inoculated with mycorrhizal ma- terial two years after planting. In late 1958 several thousand seedlings of slash and loblolly (P. taeda L.) pines already containing mycor- rhizae, were flown in from the southern United States. They were planted on a variety of sites and subjected to differing degrees of care. The principal test was successful; mycorrhizae developed satisfactorily on all sites. Other indications at the end of the first twelve months: 1. Survival of both species absolutely re- quired protection from overwhelming vines and grass. 2. Height growth of slash pine was sig- nificantly greater than of loblolly on sandy soils. 3. Survival percentage of loblolly pine was greater than of slash pine on all sites except one, where they were equal. This year seed of P. caribaea Morelet col- lected at low elevation (less than 500 feet above sea level) in Cuba and higher elevation (above 2000 feet) in British Honduras were imported. Potted seedlings were inoculated in the nursery with mycorrhizal material from Maryland. Survival three months after plant- ing was 95 percent for each species. The British Honduras seedlings averaged three times as tall as the Cuban; the latter, how- ever, had a much better color on some of the more degraded sites. Therefore, mycorrhizae have now been successfully introduced in three ways: as inoculum applied to established seed- lings in the field, as inoculum applied to very young seedlings in nursery beds, and on the roots of seedlings of planting size. SU) Shallow Loam Area The plantings during 1958-1959 in the steep, drouthy, shallow loam area in the cen- tral mountains are mildly encouraging. The following figure for each species represents the average survival of 300 trees at six loca- ticns and in at least twelve plots, except Cupressus, which was planted at only three locations. Species Survival Percentage 12/59 Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Dec. & Planch. q Hernandia sonora L. 14 Castilla elastica Cervantes PALL Eucalyptus kirtoniana F. Muell 20 Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook 24 Cecropia peltata L. 46 Casuarina equisetifolia L. 55 Cupressus lusitanica Mill. 60 Spondias mombin L. 68 Spathodea campanulata Beauv. 74 All species 39 Spondias mombin L. was first direct seed- ed; few seed germinated, and no seedlings survived the first dry season. The Spondias plots were then planted with seedlings in October, and have net, therefore, passed through a dry season. Other Svecies Yagrumo hembra (Cecropia peltata) plant- ed on a deep clay in the eastern mountains has progressed satisfactorily. Sixteen months aiter planting, average height was only 3.2 feet on a badly degraded ridge, but ranged up to 15 feet on a lower slove. On the ridge, fertilized seedlings averaged 1.2 feet taller than unfertilized, a highly significant differ- ence. Yagrumo hembra was also planted on sandy loam soils with the new pine plantings, at six locations. Kauri (Agathis robusta [C. Moore] F. M. Bail.) was planted on deep clay at two loca- tions in the eastern mountains. Survival after four months was 98 percent. American sycamore (Plaianus occidentalis L.) was planted with the kauri at one location and with the pines at six locations. Initial survival was 97 percent. The granadillo (Buchenavia capitata [Vahl.] Eichl.) planted in 1951 on deep friable clay, at 600 feet, rainfall 100 inches, was completely eliminated in right-of-way clearing for a new highway. Height growth had averaged about two feet per year, and color and form were excellent. Diameters, hewever, averaged somewhat less than two inches at age eight. Manjack (Calyptracordia alba [Jacq.] Britton) planted on the dry south coastal plain, rainfall 35 inches, in 1954 has developed satisfactorily as a live fence post and a source of posts. It also yields abundant fruit for wildlife. Although the form is bushy and survival was very low, growth was good; the trees averaging 15 feet and 3 to 4 inches d.b.h. at age five. Avelluelo (Colubrina arborescens [Mill.] Sarg.) planted in 1948 on a steep, rather shallow soil at 3000 feet elevation has been disappointing after a very promising begin- ning. Although the trees are widely spaced with relatively little competing vegetation, growth has been almost completely lacking for the last four years, and the form is poor. GROWTH OF TREES AND STANDS Growth records for approximately 24,000 trees were put on punch cards for analyzing by data processing machines as funds become available. Routine measurements were made of a number of studies. Satinwood (Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl) planted in 1938 on the moist limestone hills, rainfall 80 inches, began with rather slow growth, which has gradually de- creased. Dominant and codominant trees averaged 2.6 inches d.b.h. at 11 years and CARIBBEAN FORESTER 3.9 inches at 21 years. In the first five years of this period mean basal area growth per tree was 0.034 square feet; in the second, it was only 0.012 square feet. At the current (1954 - 59) rate of growth dominants and codominants require an average of 100 years to grow six inches in diameter, a rate offering little hope of economical management. Plant competition can hardly be reduced; basal area per acre of satinwood is only 25 square feet and that of other woody stems in the plot is only 9 sauare feet. Several adaptability studies have been closed successfully, and growth plots estab- lished. Capa prieto (Cordia alliodora [Ruiz & Pay.] Oken.) in the eastern mountains on deep clay at 600 feet elevation with 120 inches rainfall averaged 4.7 inches d.b.h. with a maximum of 6.6, at age 10. Tree form was excellent, and the height of dominant and codominant stems averaged 55 feet. Roble (Tabebuia heterophylla [DC] Britton) is one of the best species for reclaim- ing degraded crop and pasture lands and im- proving the site so that better species can be introduced. Wildings planted in _ severely eroded pasture in 1948 at 600 feet elevation, 120 inches of rainfall, averaged 5.1 inches d.b.h. at age 11; height of dominants and codominants was 47 feet, basal area per acre is 86 square feet. Blue mahoe (Hibiscus elatus Sw.) at age 14 ranged up to 7.0 inches d.b.h. on lower slopes in the moist limestone hills near sea level with 60 inches of rainfall. Average d.b.h. was 5.4 inches. Form was excellent, and heights of dominants averaged 75 feet. On a narrow stream bottom at 2500 feet eleva- tion in the central mountains, mahoe the same age had an average d.b.h. of 6.9 inches with a maximum of 13 inches. Mexican cypress (Cupressus lusitanica Mill.) in the central mountains at 3200 feet elevation, with 100 inches of rainfall, averaged 8.5 inches d.b.h. at age 10. This species has JANUARY - JUNE 1960 given very erratic results and frequently suf- fers blowdowns, but at best it is very promis- ing. Primavera (Cybistax donnell-smithii [Rose] Seibert) has shown promise; at age eight in the moist limestone hills near sea level with 69 inches annual precipitation the average d.b.h. was 3.1 inches, and height of dominants averaged 41 feet. On a deep friable clay in the eastern mountains at 600 feet elevation with 120 inches precipitation prima- vera averaged 6.5 inches d.b.h. at age seven, with a maximum d.b.h. of 11 inches. Height of dominants averaged 72 feet. A nearby planting on a somewhat less degraded site averaged 8.1 inches d.b.h. at age eight. A third planting, also on a better site, averaged 11.0 inches d.b.h.. with a maximum d.b.h. of 16.4 inches at age twelve. CHEMICAL ARBORICIDES Various treatments begun in 1958 and re- ported previously failed to show results su- pericr to the standard, 5 percent 2,4,5-T in cortinuous frills. A solution of 50 percent sodium arsenite in continuous frills killed 60 percent of the pomarrosa (Eugenia jambos L.), which has so far been resistant to 2,4,5-T; however, sprouting is abundant and final eval- uation must be delayed until the ultimate fate of the sprouts is observed. Application of soil sterilants will be tested in early 1960. PILOT MANAGEMENT The pilot management study, covering 6,734 acres in the Luquillo Experimental For- est, has now completed its fourth year of operations, with 5,079 acres treated to date. A total of 1,598 acres were treated during 1959. -Treatment consisted of removal or poisoning of unwanted trees. Only a small portion of the area was sufficiently accessible to treat through timber sales. The average stumpage yield was slightly less than $1.00 per acre. Poisoning, including marking and direct supervision, cost 10.3 man hours per acre. Labor, materials, and field supervision cost $6.92 per acre. The establishment of more than 400 per- manent plots within four compartments of this study was completed during the year and summary and analysis are under way. The weather stations mentioned earlier were es- tablished on these study compartments to de- termine climatic differences among them. Analysis of the plot data, not yet completed, indicates that the improvement cutting has reduced stand density and volume about half and has made a marked improvement in com- position. A full report on the initial stands and treatment is to be published as soon as the analysis is complete. FLANTATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA The numerous but scattered forest plant- ations established in Latin America have long been recognized as one of the best sources of information which might guide future planting in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Yet few of these nlantations have been described in the literature in such a manner as to make it possible to appraise the results in terms which indicate their applicability elsewhere. The Center began during the year a survey by correspondence to collect information of this character. A form was devised to provide detailed information on the history, environ- ment, and productivity of each plantation. Forms were sent to some 125 forestry depart- ments and foresters in Latin America, request- ing cooperation in providing information re- garding the more successful plantations. By the end of the year reports on 95 plantations had been received. These, plus 34 reports on local plantations, were published by the Cen- ter and distributed widely in both Spanish and English in response to a request from the Latin American Forestry Commission of FAO. The reports received to date provide very incomplete coverage of the area. Efforts will continue to obtain additional information by correspondence, and, as opportunity permits, through direct observations in the more im- portant plantations. CARIBBEAN FORESTER RR Figure 1. ae Upper. left. Se: The four types of mahogany leaves, left to right: typical bigleaf (Swietenia macrophylla); intermediate leaf from a bigleaf mother-tree; intermediate leaf from a small-leaf mother-tree; and a typical small-leaf (S. mahageni). Upper right. Treated south- ern pine piling of known history for the deter mination of creosote retention in relation to service life, in cooperation with the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis., and the Amer- ican Wood Preservers’ Association. Lower left. Fence posts set on concrete blecks and piled loosely for fast and uniform drying. Lower right. Setting fence posts for durability tests at Cambalache Forest; the 3000 6-foot pests in this plot were set 15 inches in the ground and 3 feet apart. FOREST UTILIZATION RESEARCH Tests of preservative treatment and service life of fence posts occupied the Section most of the year, although sawmilling, air season- ing, and machining of local woods also re- ceived research attention. Fence posts of 51 species plus the common bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.) were treated with a five-percent solution of pent- achlorophenol in diesel oil by cold soaking. An additional 22 species were treated by the hot-and-cold bath method. Ten species were treated with a 50-50 creosote-diesel oil solution by each method. Penetration and retention of preservative were determined for each of the 20 posts in each treatment. Results are not yet completely analyzed, but retention result- ing from the hot-and-cold bath method is generally much superior to that from cold soaking. A complete report is in preparation. Treated and untreated control posts from the study just described, a total of about 4700 posts, were set in two rural areas: on the Cambalache Forest, representative of the north coast dairy region, and on the Guavate JANUARY - JUNE 1960 Forest, representative of the upland pasture region in the eastern mountains. Their service life will be determined by periodic reexamina- tions. The double diffusion method of preserv- ative treatment which was developed by the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin and has proven successful under some conditions elsewhere, was tested by the Center on 30 of the most common fence post species, and the common bamboo. A primary advantage of this method over others is its applicability to green material immediately atter felling. For the double diffusion test freshly cut and peeled fence posts were subjected to two different treatments, as follows: 1. Full-length immersion for 72 hours in a 4 percent aqueous solution of sodium fluoride followed by an equal period in a 7 percent aqueous solution of copper sulfate. 2. Full-length immersion for 48 hours in a 10 percent aqueous solution of copper sulfate follewed by an equal period in a 50-59 mixture of 13 percent aqueous solutions of sodium chromate and sodium arsenate. The sodium solutions were prepared in a 4 by 4 by 8-foot metal tank, and a plywood vat of the same size was constructed for the copper sulfate solution. The chemicais were mixed in the vats with an air stream conveyed to the bottom by a lead pipe. A related test of the double diffusion method was made using barrels and drums for half-length treatment. Since weight change is not characteristic of treatment by this process the absorption can be determined only by chemical analysis. Arrangements are being made to have this done. Preliminary observations on cross sec- tions of immersed posts suggest that both treatments resulted in diffusion into the wood of most species. Rapid deterioration of usual wood finishes exposed to the weather on signs led to a test | of the natural finish for this purpose developed by the Forest Products Laboratory. This fin- ish, described in Laboratory Publication No. 2096, was applied to woods of 50 species in a test exposure panel. At the end of the year, after six months exposure to full sunlight, the finish was in good condition. The wood of palo colorado (Cyrilla race- miflora L.), available in some quantity in mountain forests but of little utility to date primarily because of degrade in seasoning, was promoted by the Center for a local specialty use. As a result a manufacturer joined with the Center in testing the milling outturn of this species and its air-seasoning characteri- stics under restraint. A test run of 500 board feet sawed well on the bolter. Degrade during seasoning was not entirely eliminated, but its importance has not yet been determined. FOREST ADMINISTRATION The Luquillc Experimental Forest, as the largest remaining block of natural forest in Puerto Rico and as the closest scenic area of high mountains to a metropolitan population recently found to exceed 400,000 people, is of importance for many purposes. In addition to its primary use as an area for forest re- search, it provides timber and other forest preaucts for the local market, water for power and industrial and domestic needs in several communities, a nursery area for the product- ion of planting stock for farm forestry plant- ings, a recreational area which locally is unique for week-end drivers, tourists, pic- nickers, and hikers; habitat for interesting, rare wildlife; sites for organization camps and summer homes; and outstanding peaks for radio transmission. These multiple uses are accommodated within this restricted area jointly wherever they are compatible and through area allotments elsewhere. Land exchanges under negotiations, al- ready described, will improve the Luquillo forest as an administrative unit, consolidating ownership, reducing the length of boundaries, and preventing developments on critical areas within the exterior boundaries which may not be in the public interest. One of these exchanges is to nass the Toro Negro Division of the Caribbean National Forest to the Com- monwealth Government. It is hoped that these exchanges will be completed within a year. Trespass, although a minor problem, is a continuous hazard along the 70 miles of boundary of the forest, part of which are adjacent to concentrations of rural population. Boundaries were systematically reposted during the year. Four cases of timber or grazing trespass arose, three of which have been settled satisfactorily without court action. Mapping of the foot-trail system was un- dertaken, and the field work was nearly completed. This work is preliminary to the preparation of new base maps upon completion of pending land exchanges. TIMBER DISPOSAL A total of 49 sales of forest products were made during the year. Included were 83,000 board feet of timber and small amounts of miscellaneous products such as bamboo, moss, and fruits, yielding revenues of $2,308. An additional $662 worth of forest products were provided free to 110 farmers in and near the forest. Of the payments received a total of $1,762 was reserved to pay part of the costs of sale area betterment. SPECIAL USES Permits for 185 special uses within the forest (including the Toro Negro as well as the Luquillo) were active during the year. This represents a decline over the previous year due mainly to the elimination of culti- vation within the Luquillo forest and the mi- gration of parceleros to private lands. The largest group of permits (60) was for radio transmission. Forty-seven were for residences, CARIBBEAN FORESTER 21 for cultivation, and 54 for miscellaneous uses and rights-of-way. The largest expansion in public use of the Experimental Forest was for recreation. During the year a total of 265,000 persons visited the Forest, most of them to the La Mina Recreational Area. One youth organi- zation camp was in operation and a second is being readied for use. Plans are being made for a new 3-mile road to serve a Navy radar facility on one of the peaks. FORESTRY ASSISTANCE IN PUERTO RICO The Center continued its assistance to the Commonwealth Government and to private individuals concerned with forest production and utilization. Assistance, both financial and technical, was given to the Commonwealth Government in its programs of production and distribution of forest tree planting stock and technical as- sistance to landowners in forestry. These programs were responsible for distributing 741,000 trees to farmers throughout Puerto Rico and for the establishment of 544 farm forests in an 8-municipality zone of concentra- tion. Technical liaison was maintained with the staff of the Commonwealth Division of Forests. A joint training session in timber stand improvement for both agencies was held in the Luquillo Experimental Forest and a demonstration of poisoning techniques was made in the Cambalache Experimental For- est. In resnonse to a reauest from the Gov- ernor of Puerto Rico a thorough analysis was made of the pvotential returns which could be expected from forestry and progress to date. A report was submitted with suggestions for a public forest policy; land classification; the protection, management, and utilization of JANUARY - JUNE 1960 forest lands; and for related public education in forest conservation. Technical consu!tation was provided to the Puertc Rico Industrial Development Company to assist their promotion of wood-using in- dustries. Subjects included were manufacture of table ornaments, furniture, and lamps; problems of shrinkage in shipment oi pro- ducts to the States; the establishment of local sawmills for both local and imported woods; the suitability of the local environment for plywood manufacture; the prospects for using wooden containers for shipment of fresh produce to the States; and the economic basis for a non-pressure fence post preservative treatment industry in Puerto Rico. Additional direct technical assistance in the field of forest products utilization was undertaken. Included were the installation of a pilot pressure-treatment preservative plant for the Division of Forests, Fisheries and Wildlife of the Commonwealth; determination of the rate of moisture take-up in imported kiln-dried gunstocks; preparation of samples of several local wood species for knife handle manufacture; and the shipment of wood samples for testing for meat smoking by the owner of a new slaughter house being con- structed in Puerto Rico. Publicity displays, and demonstrations in the field of fence post preservation led to the installation of the first commercial facilities for non-pressure treatment. The plant, larger but designed after the pilot plant of the Center, was nearly completed by the end of the year. Two rural demonstrations of pre- servative treatment of fence posts were con- ducted in cooperation with the Division of Forests and the Agricultural Extension Service. Samples from 13 marine piling from St. Thomas and San Juan harbors were collected for investigation by the Forest Products Labo- ratory and the American Wood Preservers Association as to the cause of early failure. FORESTRY ASSISTANCE IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS For the fifth year the Center administer- ed for the Virgin Islands Corporation a for- estry program concerned with forest planting, stand improvement, utilization of sawtimber, fence post preservation, and related activities. As in the past, the work in 1959 was con- centrated on the island of St. Croix. FOREST PLANTING Experience with planting stock of mahog- any produced in plastic pots in 1958 led to a complete shift to this technique in 1959. During this year, 7,800 trees of Dominican mahogany and 4,000 trees of Honduras ma- hogany were produced. Two seeds were sown directly in alluvial soil in each pot. Germina- tion was adequate to provide at least one seedling in nearly all pots. Below-normal and poorly distributed rain- fall in 1959 reduced the survival of late 1958 plantings and made inadvisable in 1959 the spring plantings which were successful during the previous year. Planting was not under- taken until October and November. Replant- ing of former plantations was done on 111 acres (12 sites) with 7,400 trees. New plant- ings, using 4,400 trees, were established on 26 acres (7 sites). About one-fifth of the new planting and one-third of the replanting were on public lands. Mahoganies planted on St. Croix during the past five years now total 66,000. The planting technique, unchanged from previous years, involved clearing of strips 3 feet wide 25 feet apart in low brush. The trees were planted at 10-foot intervals within the strips. The cost of strip cutting was 4 man-days per acre and for planting an ad- ditional 1.6 man-days. The seedlings are provided without charge to cooperating landowners. The absence of trained labor in the small local community 10 has led to the provision, by the Program, of the service of planting and plantation main- tenance, paid for by the landowner. Teak (Tectona grandis L.) planting was continued on St. Croix, using 2,500 seedlings received from Puerto Rico. The future of this species on St. Croix has recently come into doubt because of its disappointing form and growth rate on certain sites. Existing plantations will continue under close observa- tion and only a limited planting program is anticipated. FOREST IMPROVEMENT The program has as one of its objectives the improvement of some 300 acres of dense mahogany forest, most of it privately owned. Pressure of other phases of the program have precluded emphasis on this to the present. However, on the 132-acre experimental forest at Estate Thomas this work has begun. Dur- ing 1959 the acreage released from wolf trees and thinned increased from 15 to 27. A deterrent to more rapid progress has been the lack of a good market for the material re- moved. However, with the early prospect of preservative treatment of fence posts it was possible to fully utilize the sawtimber, round- wood and fuelwood. The success obtained in 1959 with chemical arboricides on worthless trees promises economies which will also make this practice more attractive to landowners. SAWTIMBER UTILIZATION The existence on St. Croix of large old roadside and forest trees of Dominican maho- gany with wood of high quality yet without commercial facilities for the efficient utiliza- tion of this wood led the Program to include the operation of a portable sawmill as a service function. Services offered at cost include log- ging, milling, and drying. During 1959 only CARIBBEAN FORESTER 2,900 board feet were milled, but the dried lumber brought a price of fifty cents per board foot, and the slabs and chunks brought four cents per pound. The existence of manufac- tured lumber of high quality, small as the quantity may seem, attracted two artisans in- terested in the manufacture of specialty items ideally suited to the economy of St. Croix. Considerable interest developed from the dis- covery of “birdseye” figure in certain mahog- any logs. Several trees with such figure have been located as pessible sources of propagating material. Interest was also developed concern- ing thibet (Albizia lebbek [L.] Benth), an- other common local wood. WOOL’ PRESERVATION The importance of pasture fences on St. Croix, the dwindling supply of fence posts, and the brief service life of most of those remaining led the Program to set-up a hot- and-cold bath preservative treating plant in 1959. Late in the year, when the plant was completed, a few posts were cut, peeled with a mechanical tight-chain peeler, dried, and treated experimentally. Using a 5 percent solution of pentachlorophenol in diesel oil retentions of more than 5 pounds per cubic foot were obtained 48 hours after heating. Further tests are in progress. FORESTRY TRAINING The sixth tropical forestry short course was held in the spring of 1959. Sixteen train- ees from nine countries attended. Details have been described in the Caribbean For- ester 20 (1 & 2) 11-16, 1959. In addition to the regular course the Center was host to 55 man-days of other forestry trainees from for- eign countries. These trainees were interest- ed in a variety of subjects but chiefly forest products utilization. Some participated in preservative treatment tests. JANUARY - JUNE 1960 A PUBLICATIONS Briscoe, Charles B. EARLY RESULTS OF MYCORRHIZAL INOCULATION OF PINE IN PUERTO RICO. Carib. Forester 20: (3 & 4): 73-77. illus. & A. P. DuBarry Jr. A SIMPLIFIED GERMINATION TEST FOR AMERICAN SYCAMORE. Tree Planters Notes. No. 35 U.S. Forest Service. Englerth, George H. AIR DRYING CONDITIONS FOR LUMBER IN THE SAN JUAN ARPA. Tropical Forestry Notes No. 1. Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras. 2 p. illus. Lamb, F. Bruce PROSPECTS FOR FOREST PANAMA. Trop. Woods. No. 110:16-28. LAND MANAGEMENT IN 1959 TROPICAL FORESTRY TRAINING COURSE. (1 & 2): 11-16. illus. THE Carib. Forester 20: A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MA- KOGANY. Carib. Forester 20: (1 & 2): 17-37. THE COASTAL SWAMP FORESTS OF NARINO, CO- LOMBIA. Carib. Forester 20: (3 & 4): 79-90. illus. Tropical Forest Research Center. 1958 ANNUAL REPORT. Carib. Forester 20: (1 & 2): 1-10. Wadsworth, Frank H. NATURAL REGENERATION OF WHITE MANGROVE AFTER CLEAR CUTTING. Carib. Forester 20: (3 & 4): 59-71. illus. & George H. Englerth EFFECTS OF THE 1956 HURRICANE ON FORESTS IN PUERTO RICO. Carib. Forester 20: (1 & 2): 38-51. illus. 12 CARIBBEAN FORESTER An Approach to Mahogany Tree Improvement F. BRUCE ‘LAMB Tropical Forest Research Center Puerto Rico The expense of establishing and maintain- ing productive stands of forest trees makes it imperative that trees be established which will produce the most desirable type of wood in the shertest possible time. Tree improve- ment programs have been developed as a means of finding better methods of forest man- agement. Widespread interest in the genetic approach to the problem of tree improvement has resulted in the accumulation of a consider- able body of knowledge on the subject. How- ever, tree improvement studies have been confined largely to temperate zone forest trees. Little work has been done with tro- pical species. Mahogany! a tree oi tropical America is now well enough known to justify tree im- provement studies. Experience with manag- ing mahogany in both plantations and nat- ural forests indicate that trees of the genus Swietenia Jaca, could play an important role in the maintenance of forest Jand in a pro- ductive state in tropical regions of the world (16). Observations by ecologists and foresters indicate the presence of a wide ecological am- plitude in the plant material available in this genus (15). Observation of the variability of this group has resulted in the present in- terest in the possibilities of tree improvement. The purpose of this article is to call at- tention to some aspects of the problem and invite cooperation in developing a program of adequate scope to attain reasonable progress. An evaluation of the potential improvement l/ Tre U. S. Forest Service recognizes the use of the name mahogany only for the various species of the genus SWIE- TENIA. to be achieved working with the wide range of plant material available entails an exper- imental program of such magnitude and long duration that the cooperation of technicians from several organizations and many fields of specialization will be required. TREE IMPROVEMENT Based on information available, it seems reasonable to expect that tree improvement work with mahogany will be as productive of beneficial results as it has been with other forest trees. The success or gain from forest tree improvement work by the application of genetic principles depends on the inherent variability of the experimental plant material (15). The process of selection for improve- ment within a species can only be effective within the range of genetic or heritable varia- tion found. For the sake of clarity a discus- sion of what constitutes a species may be worthwhile before considering the genetic aspects of the natural variation found in the three recognized species of mahogany. The species concept has developed from one based strictly on morphology to one that now includes the hypothesis of evolutionary relationships along with geographical and cy- togenetic criteria (3). Emerson (9) defines a species as “an evolved (and probably evolv- ing), genetically distinctive, reproductively isolated, natural population. Occasional hy- brids between two species do not invalidate the species concept.” Biologically a species is generally recognized as a very large pop- JANUARY - JUNE 1960 Figure 1. — Variation in mahogany leaves and fruit from mixed pepulation, from left to right: typical small-leaf typical bigleaf (S. macrophylla). ulation, as a rule consisting of thousands of biotypes arranged in a pattern of local pop- ulations, ecotypes, and geographic sub-species. Most widespread forest tree species appear to be composed of geographical clines or moder- ately distinct geographic ecotypes (35). A species population to a geneticist, ac- cording to Darlington (6) usually consists of hundreds to thousands of genotypes, and all fertilizations except those between members of the same genotype result in hybrids. To the ecologist and geographer, species consist of local races, ecotypes and geographical sub- species . Intraspecific hybrids are recognized between such groups, but lesser differences are not considered. The taxonomist is con- cerned with interspecific hybrids when he encounters occasional individuals (F,;) and swarms of back crosses (3). NATURAL VARIATIO™ The three recognized species of mahog- any~ are relatively isolated from each other zh Swietenia mahagoni Jacq., S. humilis Zuce., S. macrophylla ing. (Swietenia mahagoni), inter mediate (S. mahageni x macrophylla?), and geographically in their natural distributions. Each species in turn is divided into subgroups of interbreeding populations by partial or complete discontinuities in distribution. Con- siderable differences within each species have been reported from different parts of their re- spective ranges (21). In addition to wide variation in the leaves, flowers, and fruit of a particular species, there are also differences in the structure and other characteristics of the wood. This variation has been largely at- tributed to differences in rate of growth due to environmental conditions. However, species which have been broken up into many sepa- rate breeding populations, among which there is little or no interchange of genes, increase in variety within the species. Natural selec- tion results in the subdivision of species into adapted biotype groups which correspond to different habitats (3, 11, 20). The genetic variability within species enables the sum of the species biotypes to have considerable geographical range and ecological tolerance. Genetic plasticity is the basis for survival in an uncertain world of environmental change 14 (4). The range of differences between groups or populations depends on many factors in- cluding the extent of environmental differ- ences, genetic recombination and mutation. Recombination and mutation cause variation within populations while natural selection and genetic drift cause variation between popula- tions (7). The genetic significance of the reported variation in mahogany species apparently has not been investigated. It remains to be de- termined whether the observed diversity can be correlated with botanical subspecies, eco- types, races or forms. The recognized dif- ferences, however, give an indication of the possible gain to be achieved through a tree improvement program based on genetic prin- ciples. Swietenia macrophylla There are several fairly large gaps in the distribution of this species over its wide range from Latitude 23°N near Tampico, Mexico south to the headwaters of the Paraguay River at Latitude 18°S in Bolivia and Brazil. Differences in the appearance, density, tex- ture and technical properties of mahogany wood are shown throughout this extensive range. Trees grown in dry or well-drained, rocky soils tend to produce hard compact wood, while many of the trees occurring in more or less permanentiy moist locations pro- duce comparatively soft, straight grained woed lacking in figure (21, 25). In British Honduras local variation in the technical properties of mahogany occurs be- tween the wood from trees grown on different sites (22). The wood from the “poorer types of forest”? (successional) is much redder and harder than that found in the climax type forest, which tends to be free-grained and cedar-like in color and properties. Lundell (18) described the form growing in British Honduras in “poorer type of forest” (broken ridge) as a species distinct from S. macro- phylla basing the separation on morphological differences in the leaves and flowers. CARIBBEAN FORESTER According to Gleason (10), the woodsmen working with Krukoff in the Amazon reported the existence of two distinct varieties of ma- hogany with recognizable differences in the fruit and leaf characteristics. Krukoff, how- ever, was not able to verify this variation in the field. Three varieties are recognized in Bolivia (1). Perera (23) reports that in Ceylon as in India, where mahogany has been introduced, there appear to be two varieties of Honduras or bigleaf mahogany (S. macrophylla) grow- ing side by side. One has smooth bark and soft wood. The other has bark that is con- spicuously fissured, often flaking off in ver- tical strips which have a tendency to roll up- ward. The latter type has slower growth with wood of deeper color than the former. Trees producing wood of unusual quality were reported to the author by Slater? as occurring in Honduras on the Rio Ylanga, a tributary of the Rio Aguan, on the Prudot property called “Ganzal’. The trees were relatively small in size, containing fine grained, dense wood with a deep pink color. This wood was not typical of that produced from trees in the general area of the Rio Aguan. The species S. candollei Pittier from Vene- zuela, S. tessamannit Harms from Peru, S. krukovii Gleason & Panshin irom Brazil, and S. belisensis Lundell from British Honduras may show variations in comparison with S. macrophylla King. However, many auther- ities now agree with Standley (29) who does not recognize them as distinct species, but only forms of the latter species. Swietenia humilis This species occurs largely on the Pacific coastal plain of Central America from Sinaloa, Mexico (Lat. 24°N) to Guanacaste, Costa Rica (Lat. 10°N). In its typical form this is a small tree 10 meters tall with leaves and %3/ George M. Siater, Inter American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Turriatba, Costa Rica. JANUARY - JUNE 1960 fruit considerably smaller than those of S. macrophylla. Another species has been de- scribed from this area, S. cirrhata Blake, with characters nearer those of S. macrophylla. It is considered by Standley (28) to be only a form of S. humilis. The distribution of this species is marginal to or overlaps that of S. macrophylla on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, in Guate- mala and also in southern Nicaragua. Ob- sarvations in plantations in Honduras and Cuba indicate these two species merge (16). Swietenia mahagoni West Indies or small-leaf mahogany occurs naturally in the Greater Antilles of Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, in the Bahamas and _ the southern tip of Florida. In Jamaica this species has been described as thriving on many soil types, but as being variable in its grain and wood texture from one area to another. That which grows on rocky ground is small in diameter, but pro- portionally of closer grain, heavier weight and more beautifully veined than wood produced n low, rich, moist lands (2). The tree of this latter type is Jarger in dimensions, the wood lighter, more porous, and paler in color. In Cuba different types of mahogany wood are recognized, that coming from the port of Santiago being the hardest and darkest in color. Wood coming from Hispaniola has been considered the highest in quality, and little variation has been reported (25). EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS From the findings of plant geographers it may be interred that Swietenia macrophylla, because of its wide distribution, is the oldest species, from which the other two species have evolved (38, 27, 37). Schuchert (27) states that neotropical life forms from South America moved into Central America via the Isthmus of Panama and on to Mexico and North America after Miocene time. The in- troduction of South American tropical flora 1h into the Antilles took place via Central America so long ago that plants have evolved into local species of which S. mahagoni is probably an example. Speciation is usually a population-periphery phenomenon which gains expression through the migration that allows isolation and selection according to Cain (3). Closely related species that have developed because of geographical isolation may be found to be fully cross-fertile if isola- tion is overcome through migration, or either purposely or inadvertently by man’s activities. Two related species, once sufficiently isolated to have developed distinct genetic characters, may, if they meet, lose their identity through hybridization. The interaction of genes from different species may result in characters not revealed by either species. The various species of mahogany have been planted in close proximity in many parts of the tropical regions of the world, but in- dications of hybridization have been reported only recently (14, 31, 32, 33). Mahogany is not native to Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles. However, S. mahagoni was introduced to many of these islands soon after it became an important item in the colonial lumber trade. There is a record of this species cultivated in gardens in St. Croix as early as 1793 (84). It was introduced to the area around Ponce, Puerto Rico by Rivast before 1860. Stehle (32) states that S. mahagoni was reported in Guadeloupe in 1892 and in Martinique in 1897. Stahl in- troduced this species from Santo Domingo into several areas of Puerto Rico including Aguadilis, Toa Alta and Bayamon around 1896 (13). ‘he intreduction of S. macrophylla to these islands apparently did not occur until about the beginning of the 20th century. On ‘Martinique in 1905 the Agyicultural Service established 5 hectares of this species in clear- 1/ Carlos Purcell, Univ. of Puerto Rico Extension Service. 1960 correspondence. 16 ings, using seed presumably brought from the botanical garden at St. Pierre (5, 32). There is a record of the introduction of this species to the Agricultural Experiment Station in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico from British Hondu- ras in 1994° and from Venezuela in 1918°. The trees of this species found on the Lavallee and Davis Bay Estates in St. Croix were ap- parently introduced early in the 20th century also. In many locations where S. macrophylla was established it was in close proximity to the earlier introductions of S. mahagoni. Dur- ing the 1930’s in both Puerto Rico and Mar- tinique it was observed that plants obtained from local grown seed of S. macrophylla were extremely variable in their leaf size and growth characteristics. Marrero’ noted the wide var- iation in the morphological characteristics of nursery stock being used on the University of Puerto Rico campus at Rio Piedras in 1935-36. This variation can still be observed in the trees that have developed on the University campus. Stehle (30, 31) reports that the so called mahogany hybrid was ob- served as early as 1939 in Martinique. More recent observations in Puerto Rico, St. Croix and Martinique indicate that the occurrence of an intermediate form between bigleaf mahogany (S. macrophylla) and small- leat mahogany (S. mahagoni) is quite com- mon in the progeny of these two species when the parent trees of the two are in close prox- imity. (See Fig. 1) The author is not aware of any controlled cross pollination or other cytogenetic studies being carried out to test the occurrence of hybridization between these two species. However, considerable circum- stancial evidence is accumulating to indicate that hybrids with both species as mother trees are showing up. It is also probable that F. generation hybrids occur by this time. / Ann. Rept. P. R. Agri. Expt. Sta. Mayaguez 1904 p. 395. w 3/ Intreduction Record Agr. Expt. Sta. Mayaguez 1918, 7/ José Marrero, Trepical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R., Personal communication. cies or ecotype. CARIBBEAN FORESTER IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM In plant breeding success depends on the ability to discern fundamental differences of importance in the plant material available and to select and increase the more desirable types (12). Forest tree breeding is still in a relatively early stage of development if compared with the fields of agriculture and horticulture. Methods to be used should take into account work in these fields that have produced worthwhile results with other spe- cies. New approaches to the problems should be sought along with the necessary adapta- tion and modification of established proce- dures. Species Evaluation The first problem in the genetic improve- ment of forest species is assessment of the ge- netic status af the species as it occurs in nature (24). The full extent of the natural variability of the species under study should be surveyed. Segregation and evaluation of the racial components of the three mahogany species is essential to the selection of superior individ- uals for further study. Provenance tests carried out under a variety of site condi- tions with adequate replication for statistical analysis will be required to classify ecotypes within the species. Categories should be estab- lished on the basic of phenology, morphology, habit of growth, rate of growth, resistance to insect attack and disease attack. Seed sources for such tests should be carefully evaluated phenotypically whenever possible since the parent tree represents an expression of the interaction of the genetic potential of the in- dividual within the existing site condition or environment (19, 30). Superior Tree Selection The first steps in selection are usually based on the general outward appearance (phenotype) of individual trees within a spe- The characters usually con- JANUARY - JUNE 1960 sidered are comparative rate of growth, stem form, branching habit, resistance to disease and insects, amount of seed produced and specific gravity of the wood. A rapid rate of growth is desirable, other factors being equal. The stem should be round and straight, with little taper. Bark characteristics sometimes give an indication of wood quality. Branching habit includes the angle from the trunk, size of branches, occurrence of forking, and crown shape. An angle near 90° is preferred, slender branches are desirable (not more than \4 the stem diameter at point of occurrence), the absence of forking is essential, and a narrow crown is preierred. Disease and insect re- sistance are important and large volume of seed production desirable. Phenotypic selection, however, is only one step in the process of tree improvement. Clonal and progeny tests using cuttings and one-parent and two-parent controlled seed should be set up to test and compare superior trees that have been selected. Work of this nature is needed to establish the range of variation for traits of economic importance, and to determine the proportion contributed by environmental as opposed to genetic fac- tors (7). The degree and rate of improve- ment depends to a large extent on the herit- ability of the characters responsible for qual- ity (19, 26). A review of tests made with open pollinated seed of both superior and inferior trees shows that many of the traits important to foresters in establishing, managing and harvesting for- est stands are heritable (7,26). Among the characters reported by Schreiner (26) to be usceptibie te genetic improvement in forest irees are: stem form, branching habit, wood density, anatomical characteristics, chemical composition and dimensional stability. “~~ Along with progeny testing, diagnostic criteria should be sought as a basis for eval- uation and selection. Biochemical and phys- ical tests should be developed that can be applied at various stages of tree growth. Di- agnostic methods of selection in the juvenile stages are important in working with forest trees because of the length of the life cycle. Tests for tannin content in the bark, specific gravity of the wood, and other physical tests may prove helpful in judging young mahogany trees. Observations in Puerto Rico and St. Croix indicate that the so called mahogany hybrid can be selected out in the nursery on the basis of growth rate and morphology. In Puerto Rico phenological observations have been started and work has been under- taken to identify mahogany trees or stands where the source of seed can be determined as a basis for selection and studies of varia- tion. Stands of S. mahagoni have been es- tablished in the past with seed from Haiti and Santo Domingo, and recent introductions include seed from Jamaica and Florida. Seed of S. macrophylla from Venezuela, Panama, and Peru has been used to establish planta- tions, and introductions from other sources are planned. Recent introductions of S. humilis from El Salvador and Guatemala have been made and additional material from other loca- tions will be added for provenance studies. One-parent progeny tests have been started by planting seed from isolated pop- ulations of both bigleaf and small-leaf mahog- any mother trees along with seed of mixed populations and seed from trees of the inter- mediate type. A preliminary comparison of five month old seedlings indicates that small- leaf mahogany seed from unmixed populations produces all small-leaf progeny, bigleaf seed from a bigleaf seed tree in an unmixed pop- ulation produces only bigleaf progeny. Seed from both small-leaf parents and bigieaf par- ents in mixed populations produces a high proportion of intermediate forms. Seed from the intermediate type, so-called hybrid, pro- duces an array of all three types indicating F, generation hybrids. The seedlings from these progeny tests will be observed at dif- ferent stages of their development in the fu- ture and the findings published. 18 Centrolled Pollination The most significant results in improve- ment programs working with planted stands will probably come according to Wright et al. (35, 36), from programs where every parent involved is carefully selected and progeny- tested, and where controlled pollinations play a major role. Before controlled pollination studies can be undertaken with mahogany, a considerable amount of cytological and phenological study will be required to establish the details of the reproductive process of the species involved. It is not known for instance the extent of self and cross pollination that takes place in ma- hogany. The technique of controlled pollina- tion may be difficult because the perfect flowers are small with the stamens born in a narrow stamen tube just below the stigma. It will be difficult to eliminate the anthers in order to prevent self pollination without destroying the flowers. The mahogany flowers occur in many flowered panicles and genev- ally only one flower of the inflorescense pro- duces a fruit. Rao (24) reports that control- led pollination efforts with this type of in- florescense have been very disappointing be- cause of the loss of flowers and consequent low production of fruit. The possible gain through hybridization however, makes it im- portant to develop methods of controlled cross pollination. Mergen (19) states that evidence obtained from interspecific hybridization has shown that desirable traits of two or more species can be combined in one individual. In addition the interaction of genes from dif- ferent species may result in characters not re- vealed by either species (3, 12). Preliminary observation of the interme- diate form between small-leaf and bigleaf ma- hogany found in Puerto Rico, Saint Croix, and Martinique indicate ‘the possibility of producing a tree with the vigorous growth of the bigleaf mahogany and the desirable wood characteristics of small-leaf mahogany CARIBBEAN FORESTER (14, 32). The exact status of hybridization between S. macrophylla and S. mahagoni, and whether or not S. humilis can be brought into the complex with advantage remain to be determined. In view of the possible difficulties in controlled cross pollination with mahogany, other means of producing and testing hybrids should be sought. Comparative studies of chromosome numbers may provide a basis for determination of genetic relationships within the genus (8). A comparison of the mor- phology of the progeny from mixed and un- mixed populations of known origin of the various species may also provide clues as in- dicated by progeny test described earlier. While more specific data on hybridization is being developed it seems worthwhile to es- tablish isolated mixed plantings of selected individuals of bigleaf and small-leaf mahogany to produce material for testing. This step has been taken by Cuevas® at the forest nursery at Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico, but no offspring have yet been produced. Similar plantings should be started in other areas, using ecotypes of the three recognized species of mahogany. Tests of intraspecific hybridiza- tion are also needed. Desirabie Types of Wood In the mahogany trade soft, light colored, coarse-textured wood has always sold at a discount, while a premium has been paid for firm, straight grained wood with fine texture. At various times during the 300 years that mahogany has been an item in the world lumber trade various special types of figured wood have sold at a premium. However, the demand for special figures has changed with changing tastes in the use of wood. A tree improvement program is at best a long term affair, and should take into account long term trends in wood utilization. From 8/ Armando Cuevas Lopez, Coordinador Forestal del Sureste, Agencia General de Agricultura, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Me- ‘xico. Personal communication. JANUARY - JUNE 1960 past experience it appears that forest planta- tion and management programs that include the use of mahogany should establish means, through tree improvement techniques, to avoid propagating trees that produce soft, open textured wood. The aim should be to produce fast growing, well formed trees that contain wood of potentially high value. Findings in the field of forest genetics indicate that this objective is attainable through the organized and coordinated effort of trained technicians. SUMMARY Mahogany, as a _ potentially important element in tropical forestry programs, should be investigated to find the most desirable ma- terial available. In its natural environment covering a considerable range of site condi- tions, mahogany shows significant variation in its morphological characteristics including the wood produced. Tree improvement programs based on ge- netic principles provide methods of selecting and preducing planting stock that will pro- duce wood with the required properties in the shortest time. ‘To initiate a program with mahogany a survey of the natural variability of the three recognized species should be made. Work should then be undertaken to evaluate and segregate the best racial material avail- able. Finally interspecific and intraspecific hybrids may be tested to determine whether the best of the natural plant material can be further improved. LITERATURE CITED (1) Berthon, P. 1959. LA CREACION DE NUEVAS INDUS- TRIAS FORESTALES Y LA MODERNIZA- CION DE LOS ASERRADEROS. Informe al Gobierno de Bolivia. FAO No. 962, 127 pp. Rome. (2) Browne, P. 1756. CIVIL AND NATURAL HISTORY OF JAMAICA. 503 pp. T. Osborne & J. Shipton. London. (4) (5) (7) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) i Cain, Stanley A. 1944. FOUNDATION OF PLANT GEOGRA- PHY. 556 pp., illus. Harper & Bros. New York. Camp, W. H. 1956. THE FORESTS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT. Chap. 2 of A World Geography of Forest Resources. 736 pp., illus. Ronald Press, New York. Chapuis, J. 1955. LE MAHOGANY ET L’AMELIORA- TION DE LA FORET MARTINIQUAISE. Rev. For. France. 7 (2):89-94. Darlington, C. D. 1937. WHAT IS A HYBRID? Jour. Herec. 28:308. Dorman, Keith W. 1952. HEREDITARY VARIATION AS THE BASIS FOR SELECTING SUPERIOR FOR- EST TREES. S.E. For. Expt. Sta., Sta. Paper No. 15, 88 pp. illus., 123 refs. Duffield, John W. 1942. THE CYTOLOGICAL BASIS OF FOR- EST TREE IMPROVEMENT. Jour. For. 40 (11) :854-864, illus., 5 refs. Emerson, A. E. 1938. THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES: A RE- VIEW OF DOBZHANSKY, “GENETICS ANU THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES”. Ecology 19:152-154. Gleason, J. A. and Panshin, A. J. 1936. SWIETENIA KRUKOVIE A NEW SPECIES OF MAHOGANY FROM BRAZIL. Amer. Jour. Bot. 23(1):21-25. Hardin, G. 1959. IN FRAISE OF WASTE. Sat. Eve. Post, 232 (9): 18, 81-83. Hayes, H. K. & Immer, F. R. 1942. METHODS OF PLANT BREEDING. 432 p., illus. McGraw-Hill. N. Y. Holdridge, L. R. 1936. CAOBA. Revista de Agri. de Puerto Rico. Suplemento No. 3: 25-30, illus., 6 refs, Huguet, L. & Verduzco, J. 1952. ECONOMIA FORESTAL DE YUCA- TAN. Mision Forestal de la FAO en Me- xico. 95 p., illus., 46 refs. 20 (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) Khan, A. W. 1959. RECENT WORK IN FOREST GE- NETICS. Pakistan Jour. For. 9(2)124-131. Lamb, F. B. 1954. UTILIZATION, DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TROPICAL AMERICAN MAHOGANY. 441 p., illus., 269 refs. Ann Arbor, Mich. Univ. Microfilms No. 7679. 1959. A SELECTED, ANNOTATED BIB- LIOGRAPHY ON MAHOGANY. Carib. For- ester 20:17-37. Lundell, C. L. 1941. STUDIES OF AMERICAN SPERMA- TOPHYTES-1. Contrib. Univ. Mich. Herb. No. 6., 65 pp., Univ. of Mich. Fress, Ann Arbor. Mergen, Francois 1959. FOREST TREE BREEDING RE- SEARCH. Unasylva (13(2):81-88, illus., 5 refs., and 13 (3):129-137, illus., 25 refs. Muntzing, A. 1938. GENETICS IN RELATION TO GEN- ERAL BIOLOGY. Hereditas 24:492-504. Office of Economic Welfare. 1943, THE PROCUREMENT OF AMERICAN MAHOGANY, (SWIETENIA SPP.), SR-31- 325. 68 pp., illus. Wash., D. C. Oliphant, J. N. 1928. FORESTRY IN BRITISH HONDURAS. A statement prepared for the Brit. Emp. For. Conf., Australia & New Zealand. 21 pp., illus., Belize. Perera, S. P. 1955. SWILETENIA MACROPHYLLA (BROAD LEAVED OR HONDURAS MA- HOGANY) AND ITS PROPAGATION BY STRIPLINGS. Ceylon Forester 2(2) NS:75- 79, 8 refs. Rao, H. 8S. 1959. PROBLEMS IN INDIAN FOREST BREEDING. Indian Forester 85 (9):515- 527, 10 refs. Record, S. J. & Mell, C. D. 1924. TIMBERS OF’ TROPICAL AMERICA. 610 pp., illus., Yale Univ. Press: New Haven. Schreiner, Ernst J. 1957. FOREST GENETICS AND THE PRO- DUCTION OF HIGH-QUALITY TIMBER. Froceedings, U. S. Forest Service, Timber _ (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) CARIBBEAN FORESTER Quality Conference. Paper No. DO-174-14, 16 pp., 43 refs., Madison, Wis. Schuchert, C. 1935. HISTORICAL GEOLOGY OF THE ANTILLEAN-CARIBBEAN REGION. 1707 pp., illus., John Wiley & Sons. N. Y. Standley, P. C. 1920. CONTRIBUTION FROM THE U. S. NATIONAL HERBARIUM. 23(3) :559-561. & Steyermark, J. A. 1946. FLORA OF GUATEMALA. Fieldiana: Botany. Field Mus. Natl. Hist. 24(5) :456- 459. Stebbins, G. L. Jr. 1950. VARIATION AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS. 643 pp., illus. Colombia Univ. Press, New York. Stehlé, Henri 1946. LES TYPES FORESTIERS DES ILES CARAIBES. Carib. For. 7 (Supp. No. 2) 337-709. 1958 Les Mahoganys Des Antilles Franc- aises et Le SWIETENIA AUBREVILLEANA Stehle et Cusin, Nov. Spec. Bull, de la Soc. Bot. de France. Memoires 1956-57, 41-51. Tropical Forest Research Center 1960. 1959 ANNUAL REPORT. Carib. For- ester 21 — in press. West, H. 1793. BIDRAG TIL BESKRIVELSE OVER ST. CROIX, MED EN KORT UDSIGT OVER ST. THOMAS, ST. JEAN, TORTOLA, SPANISHTOWN, OG CRABENEILAND, 363 pp., Copenhagen. Wright, J. W., Bingham, R. T., and Dorman, K. W. 1958. GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN GEOGRAPHIC ECOTYPES OF FOREST TREES AND ITS ROLE IN TREE IM- PROVEMENT. Jour. For. 56(11) :803-808, 35 refs. Wright, J. W. 1959. SPECIES HYBRIDIZATION IN THE WHITE PINES. For. Science 5 (3) :210-222. Wulff, E. V. 1950. AN INTRODUCTION TO HISTOR- ICAL PLANT GEOGRAPHY. Chronica Bo- tanica, 223 pp., illus., Waltham, Mass. JANUARY - JUNE 1960 21 Raw Material Prospects for the Colombian Paper Industry © WALTER L. BENDER Timber Management Specialist U. S. Operations Mission to Colombia Colombian tropical hardwoods are being used for the first time in the manufacture of paper. In July 1959, the firm Carton de Co- lombia in Cali began experimenting with local tropical hardwoods for this purpose. They will be followed soon by the firm Celulosa Pulpapel in Barrancabermeja. This is only the beginning of the utilization of Colombia’s forest resources for paper as a substitute for high-priced imported pulp. The first major paper plant started pro- duction in Colombia in 1944. Numerous small plants followed and have been producing var- ious grades of paper. These have been made principally from imported long-fibered pulp, waste paper and some bagasse. Raw materials from Ceclombia forests, which cover 50 per cent of the country’s total area of 1,138,000 square kilometers have not been used. The Agricultural Service (STACA), a cooperative entity of the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture and the U. S. Operations Mis- sion to Colombia (Point IV), has actively sup- ported efforts to utilize local raw material such as wood in developing the pulp industry 1/ U. S. Technical assistance to Colombia in the field of forestry goes back to 1954 when the first cooperative water- shed management project was established in Medellin, Antioquia. Similar projects were subsequently established in Cali (Valle) and Neusa (Cundinamarca) for introduction of forest protec- ticn, management and utilization practices, and training of Colombian personnel. A major field of assistance is the development of programs, policies and practices for the National Forest Service established in 1958. Technical personnel trained by the cooperative pro- gram (STACA) were selected for the new service. key positions in the Training of professional and sub-professional forestry per- sonnel is another important phase of the cooperative program. STACA has provided 2 tetal of 16 schclarshins for under- graduate training in Colombia and has employed 67 students for on-the-job training during vacations. Eleven short courses have been given for practical training of forestry personnel in the STACA cooperative projects. in Colombia. Technical assistance has been given in making pulpwood resource surveys of various forest areas!. The source of pulp for paper consumption will continue to come from waste paper, bag- asse, imported long-fibered pulp and Colom- bian hardwoods (short fibered pulp). In 1960 approximately 8,000 tons of pulp will be produced from Colombian hardwoods. By 1965 this production should have reached 27,500 tons, an increase of approximately 3% times. NEEDS OF THE INDUSTRY The increased use and development of local pulp resources for the Colombian paper industry require: 1. Continued testing of hardwoods for pulping and paper making character- istics. 2. Managing the tropical forest for pro- duction of pulpable species. 3. Local production of long-fibered coni- ferous pulp. Hardwood Testing The use of tropical hardwoods, while sure to increase, necessitates considerable exper- imentation before standard pulp for some types of paper and board can be produced. Also, production costs must be competitive with those of other local materials such as bagasse and waste paper. 22 The firm Cart6a de Colombia intends to establish a small laboratory at the plant in Cali for testing various woods for pulping characteristics. This will be the first of its kind in Colombia and will save much time and money in making it possible to do the testing in the country. Preliminary tests made outside the coun- try indicate that Sajo (Campnosperma pana- mensis) has desirable pulping and paper making characteristics. The pure stands of Sajo, containing an estimated 90 to 100 tons of pulp per hectare, extend further south on the Pacific Coastal area of Cauca and Narifo states. The Sajo forest appears to be a promising resource, though at present, shipping costs to Buenaventura make this raw material more expensive than woods from Buenaventura. Preliminary tests on Cativo (Prioria copa- ifera) made at the Madison Laboratory also indicate that it might serve the pulp industry. This species grows in pure stands in the Rio Atrato drainage. It is now exported for veneer and lumber. In the meantime, this company continues to experiment with making paper and board on a commercial scale with various tropical hardwoods. They are able to use some quan- tities of tropical hardwoods since they are making a number of different grades of paper which require different strength properties. For instance, in some types they are able to use large percentages of tropical hardwood pulp while in others none at all. One interesting point is the reluctance of some consumers to accept paper made of tro- pical hardwoods because it differs in color and texture from that now used even though the paper has the same strength characteristics, Changing the consumer’s habits is a slow process. It may take some time to overcome a customerx’s objection to a difference in color or texture. CARIBBEAN FORESTER Newsprint The use of hardwoods in the manufacture of newsprint is rapidly becoming a technical and economic probability. Hardwcods are currently being used to some degree by three newsprint mills in the United States. Con- siderable experimentation has been done in the Lake States with hardwoods for com- mercial manufacture of newsprint. The experiments conducted with Colom- bian woods at the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, show some advantage for newsprint, according to G. H. Chidester, Chief of the Pulp and Paper Division. Some of the species produced a good quality ground- wood pulp which could either be used in blends with long-fibered pulps or with long fiber and cold soda pulp. The best combination obtained to date in the Lake States area is a combination of 60 per cent aspen groundwood, 15 percent cold soda pulp from mixed hardwoods (which Carton de Colombia is producing), and 25 per cent long-fibered pulp. Management of Tropical Hardwood Forests It is in the field of tropical silviculture for pulpwood production where technical as- sistance from the Colombian government could be of great help to industry. However, little scientific information is available to serve as a guide for this work. Cooperative studies should be set up as soon as possible to develop forest management procedures suitable for the type of forest found in Co- lombia. Cart6n de Colombia has undertaken the enormous job of expanding into a_ pulp producing operation by obtaining a 15,000 hectare forest concession. The eventual silviculture applied to their Buenaventura concession for the production of pulpwood will probably have to be a com- JANUARY - JUNE 1960 promise between species that can be regener- ated after initial cuts and species that have good pulping qualities. Local Production of Long-Fibered Coniferous Pulp In 1959 Colombia imported about four mil- lion U. S. dollars worth of long-fibered pulp. This is consumed principally by two compa- nies, Cartén de Colombia and Celanese Corpo- ration. More companies which are at present planning to establish plants, such as Papeles Colombiana of the Canadian Kruger organ- ization, will import long-fibered pulp for their needs. Coniferous plantations should be the an- swer to this ever increasing demand. Colom- bia is in an excellent position for developing coniferous plantations. There is a ready mar- ket for every piece of pine pulpwood that is produced. Cartén de Colombia alone esti- mates that they can use the growth of 50,000 hectares of pine. The climatic zones for good pine growth exist, and preliminary data are available on the growing of various pine species in Colombia. New Zealand is an outstanding example of the successful building of a new industry — pulp and paper — on the growth of exotic bo GO pine plantations which provide a source of long-fibered pulp. Their forest industry ranks fourth in importance today in that country. Establishment of exotic pine plantations in Colombia is a project that deserves full governmental support. It involves selection of areas within the climatic zones favorable to pine development, selection of species, and establishment of large plantations. These plantations could be established by individ- ual companies, by the government, (national, state or municipal) and by large and small land owners. The latter presents a challenge to forest extension programs in convincing people to put idle or worn-out land to produce short rotation pulpwood. With the establishment of numerous ex- perimental plots for adaptability studies, STACA has made the first step in the intro- duction and election of species in different altitudinal and climatic zones. Species like Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and a mexican pine (Pinus patula) have had ex- ceptional growth (14 feet and 12 feet height respectively in 2 and 3 years). The pulp and paper industry probably has possibilities for faster development and showing greater economic benefits than any other forest products field in Colombia. 24 CARIBBEAN FORESTEK El Crecimiento de los Eucaliptos en Regiones Semi-Humedas y Semi-Aridas POR THOMAS F. BURGERS Oficial Forestal de la FAO, El Salvador El] uso del eucalipto en los programas de reforestacién en el mundo esta aumentando continuamente. Este hecho indica la impor- tancia de evaluar la informacién disponible sobre plantaciones ya establecidas como base para programas de reforestacion en el futuro. Las observaciones presentadas aqui, re- sultados del establecimiento de 1500 hecta- reas de plantaciones de varias especies de fjucalyptus y la ordenacion de 3000 hectareas de plantaciones de Eucalyptus globulus, se ba- san en 15 afios de experiencia en las Minas de Rio Tinto y Almonte, Provincias de Huelva, Espafia, y de observaciones sobre plantacio- nes de varias especies de Eucalyptus en El Salvador, América Central. Esperamos que la informacion sea de valor para dasdnomos trabajando bajo condiciones similares. PLANTACIONES DE ALMONTE Un estudio preliminar hecho en 1928-29 de pequefias plantaciones ya establecidas en la region dié una indicacion de la productivi- dad en escala mas grande. Medidas tomadas indicaron crecimientos anuales como siguen: Eucalyptus camaldulensis - 17 a 28 metros cubicos por hectarea por afo. Eucalyptus globulus - 21 a 47 metros cfbicos por hecta- rea por ano. Ya en aquel tiempo se consider6 que estas plantaciones se encontraron en terrenos es- pecialmente fértiles y en circunstancias favo- rables. Por esta razén se adopté para los calculos un crecimiento medio anual de 20 metros cubicos por hectdérea por afo. Vere- mos mas abajo que en plantaciones extensas el crecimiento es atin muy inferior a este numero. Ambiente El suelo es arenoso, profundo y suelto de origen diluvial y aluvial. La talda freatica se encuentra a una profundidad de 1 a 4 metros. Principales especies de la vegetaciOén es- pontanea:Helianthemum halimifolium Willd., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Halimium libanotis Lang., Ulex parviflorus Purr., Lavendula pe- dunculata Cav., Chamaerops humilis L. Datos sobre el clima consisten de tempe- ratura media anual 16.9°C., pluviosidad me- dia anual 658 mm., minimo absoluto de la temperatura -10°C., maximo absoluto de la temperatura 49°C., sequia casi total en julio y agosto y sequia mas o menos pronunciada cn mayo, junio y septiembre. Preparacion del Terreno Después de un afio de agricultura se lim- pid el terreno de los arbustos que atin queda- ban, como el Ulex parviflorus y el Chamaerops humilis y se hicieron los hoyos de una pro- fundidad de 60 centimetros y a distancias de 4 x 4 metros. Se usaron plantas de 5 a 6 meses de edad en otofo o plantas de 8 a 9 meses en la primavera, criadas en almacigas y plantadas en el terreno a raiz desnuda. Mas tarde se usaron plantas criadas en ma: cetas de barro y latas de conserva. Las plan- tas de macetas dieron los mejores resultados JANUARY - JUNE 1960 y desde 1936 se usaron solamente estas plan- tas. La semilla se obtuvo del Sr. Vilmorin Andrieux en Paris y era de origen australia- no. Un kilo de esta semilla de Eucalyptus globulus daba unas 40,000 plantas. Plantaciones Las plantas fueron puestas en el terreno en hoyos de 60 centimetros y a una buena profundidad, muchas veces hasta 25 centime- tros desde la superficie. Después de haberse hecho la siembra se araba el terreno hasta una profundidad de 15 centimetros en dos direecciones. Las fallas se repusieron tan pron- to como se observaron. En varias ocasiones era necesario enderezar las plantas caidas por el viento. Se aré el terreno durante alguno: afios, hasta aleanzar la densidad suficiente de las copas de los arboles para la conserva- cién y proteccién de las plantaciones. Aprovechamiento El plan original era utilizar la madera para una {iabrica de celulosa pero dicho plan no llegé a ejecutarse. El] volumen insuficien- te de la madera y la segunda guerra mundial hicieron imposible el proyecto. Desde 1940 se utiliz6 la madera para palos de minas, carb6n vegetal, madera para tablas de minas y embalaje, palos de telégrafo y teléfono, pa- los de construccién, traviesas de ferrocarril, y para celulosa para una fabrica en 2] Norte de Espafia. Las hojas de las podas y de las cortas se utilizaron para la extraccion de acei- te esencial. Rendimiente Las tablas 1 y 2 demuestran la produc- cién de las plantaciones durante el primer y segundo turno. Tabla 1. — Produccién de la plantacién de Eucalyptus globulus durante el primer turno Calidad DAP Altura Vol. a Cree. Anuz! Arboles del Medio Media por hect. Cree. Medio/hecé. por Sitio Edad em m, m3 m2 m3 hect. I 7 15.0 16 58 20 8.3 482 8 16.8 18 78 20 9.8 472 9 18.2 20 98 20 10.9 462 10 19.7 21 118 20 11.8 452 iat 20.9 23 138 20 12.5 442 12 2200 24 158 16 lay 432 13 = _ L74 2 13.4 = 14 = = 186 iil 13.3 . 15 = _ 197 8 ilatal _ II if 14.8 15 4] 15 5.9 395 8 16.4 17 55 15s 6.0 393 9 feed 18 70 15 HES 391 10 19.6 20 85 15 8.5 387 11 20.1 Pal 100 15 9.1 387 12 21.0 22 1Lalf5} 11 9.6 385 3 é. 126 10 9.7 A 14 » = 136 8 9.7 = 15 _ 144 6 9.6 = 26 CARIBBEAN FORESTER Il i 14.5 14 31 11 4.4 337 8 16.0 16 42 11 O52 337 9 17.3 V7 53 2 5.9 337 10 18.3 18 65 11 5.5 337 11 19.2 19 76 1] 6.9 337 12 20.0 20 87 10 7.3 337 13 2 = i 8 GD _ 14 a 2 105 fi (ee 7 15 hs Z 112 6 fe. : IV 7 14.3 13 23 7 3.3 268 8 15.6 15 30 7 4.0 268 9 16.8 16 af 7 4.1 268 10 17.6 17 44 8 4.4 268 11 18.3 18 52 8 4.7 268 12 18.9 19 60 7 5.0 268 13 7 67 6 5.2 _ 14 _ a 73 5 5.2 _ 15 2 78 4 5.2 2 Vv a 14.0 12 ‘ley 5 2.4 224 8 13.2 14 22 5 2.8 224 9 16.3 15 OH 5 3.0 224 10 16.9 16 32 5 3.2 224 11 17.5 17 37 5 3.4 224 12 179 18 42 5 3.0 224 13 a = 47 5 3.6 a 14 e : 53 5 3.8 a ules = 58 4 3.9 Tabla 2. — Produccién durante el segundo turno Calidad ee DAP s Altura’ Vol. - Crec. Anual Arboles del Medio Media por hect. Crec. Medio/hect. por __Bitio Edad _ cm m : m3 m3 m3 Hect. I 3 9.2 11 4 3.3 ales! 136 4 9.7 12 18 14 4.5 507 5 10-2 13 33 15 6.6 115 6 Tit 13 48 15 8.0 825 7 13.5 17 63 15 9.0 648 8 15.2 Pal 78 15 9.8 510 II 3 8.9 10 3 2.4 1.0 119 4 9.3 11 14 11 3.5 468 5 9.7 12 25 11 5.0 704 6 10.6 14 37 12 6.2 751 7 12.5 16 49 12 7.0 623 38 14.0 19 ' 61 12 7.6 521 JANUARY - JUNE 1960 27 LB Bt 3 8.6 10 z 1.6 O57 85 4 8.9 11 10 8 2.5 361 5 9.3 12 18 8 3.6 552 6 10.0 13 26 8 4.7 633 ff 11.5 15 35 9 5.0 561 8 12.7 17 44 9 5.5 509 IV 3 8.3 9 1.5 12 0.5 Te 4 8.5 10 ) 4.5 i) 263 5 9.0 11 10 4 2.0 355 6 9.5 12 15 5 2.5 440 7 10.5 13 20 5 2.9 447 8 11.4 15 26 6 3.2 421 V 3 8.0 8 1 0.9 0.3 62 4 8.2 9 2 1.0 0.5 105 5 oe 10 3 1 0.6 125 6 9.C tt 5 2 0.8 177 7 9.4 Ww, 7 2 1.0 208 8 10.1 13 9 2, ia 216 Estos nimeros se han obtenido por medi- ciones de 102 lineas experimentales durante los ahlos 1932-1947. El ntmero de Arboles de las calidades I y II del primer turno dismi- nuye como consecuencia de la entresaca de arboles perdidos por sequia, vientos y heladas. En las calidades III, IV y V el ntimero queda constante porque las pérdidas ocurren mas temprano y sin aprovechamiento posible. En el segundo turno aumenta el ntimero de fus- tes como consecuencia del hecho que un nt- mero cada vez mayor de fustes llegan al dia- metro minimo de 7 centimetros. Estas tablas de produccién tienen sola- mente un valor local y representan un prome- dio general de las plantaciones de esta region. En la practica, el tiempo, la frecuencia de las labores de conservacién y las podas pue- den causar varlaciones que son mucho mas importantes que con especies de crecimiento mas lento. Las variaciones del crecimiento con estas circunstancias se pueden apreciar de manera global en la Tabla 3. Tabla 3. — Crecimiento de E. globulus en relacién con precipitacién y tratamiento ~ Crecimiento - - Preparacion i *s- Area Corriente Precivitacion del Ano Hect. 7 Por Hect. m3 : Anual mm. _ Terreno ; Podas 1940 2649 5.75 679 normal normales 1941 2825 6.80 776 be a 1942 2967 6.84 853 insuficiente intensas 1943 3022 7.02 540 4 és 1944 3022 7.10 362 ee ‘ 1945 3022 6.07 +350 a 5 1946 2965 3.48 +500 ‘s ” 1947 2965 3.58 +700 y ‘ 1948 2965 2.96 +600 zy i. 28 En los anos 1946-1948 se observan las consecuencias de los anos secos de 1943-1946 y las labores insuficientes.. Los efectos de la poda en el caso de una poda normal son minimales. Ein el caso de una poda intensa se puede observar algunas diferencias durante medio afio después de la poda, pero el creci- miento rapido de la copa restablece el creci- roiento en poco tiempo. La poda de un roda) de eucaliptos se puede comparar con la entre- saca en rodales de otras especies, disminuye aigo el consumo de la humedad del suelo por la disminucién del volumen total de las hojas y asi se puede tal vez salvar algunos Arboles que de otra forma se hubiesen secado en la temporada seca. Otro efecto de los afios secos y de las la- bores insuficientes es la disminucién del peso especifico de la madera. Asi el rendimiento del carb6én por metro ctibico de madera en los anos 1940-1945 era 140 kilogramos y en los afios 1945-1948 solamente 90 kilogramos. Un estéreo de lefia seca pesaba 600 kilogra- mos en las orillas de los arroyos y 450 kilo- gramos en el terreno mas alto y seco. Iin las tablas locales de Almonte es tam- bién notable el hecho que el nimero mayor de 4rboles por hectarea, o sea la mayor den- sidad, se encuentra en las calidades mejo- res, mientras las calidades inferiores tienen un numero menos de Arboles por hectdarea. Ksto es contrario a otras tablas de produc- cién existentes y demuestra en mi opinién que el bosque de eucalipto en Almonte tie- ne caracteres de “bosque de sdbana” de las zonas climaticas semi-dridas. Las plantas se sembraron a distancias de 4 x 4 metros y asi resultaron 625 drboles por hectdrea. Des- pués del replante de las fallas siempre quedan algunas pérdidas en el orden de 5 a 15%. Kistas pérdidas continuaron en los afios suce- sivos, especialmente cada fin de verano, hasta CARIBBEAN FORESTER el momento en que la densidad del bosque Negaba a una cierta estabilidad. El ntmero de arboles por hectarea es también variable dentro de amplios limites como demuestra la siguiente relaci6n: la Calidad 300 a 525 Promedio 432 2a ‘ 225 a 525 a 385 3a . 200 a 500 ” 337 4a is 200 a 500 ia 268 5a i 200 a 475 id 224 Iixisten bosques que con solo 300 arboles por hectarea, o sea con fallas de mas de 50%, peeden todavia llegar a pertenecer a la pri- mera calidad de produccién. Durante toda la vida del besque y especialmente en ocasi6n de Jas cortas se siguen perdiendo Arboles por- que siempre hay un porcentaje de arboles cor- tados que no brotan. Aunque siempre es pre- ferible un mayor nimero de arboles por hec- tarea, estas pérdidas no son tan graves como parecen a primera vista. Esto se puede de- mostrar con el siguiente ejemplo de un bosque de 3 hectdreas plantado en 1903, cortado por primera vez en 1927 y medido en 1941. Este bosque tenia 177 arboles por hectarea, que representa una pérdida del 71% del nimero original de plantas. El nimero de fustes era 730 (4 por cada planta como promedio), el didmetro medio 25 centimetros, la altura media 28 metros v el volumen 409 metros cu- bicos por hectaérea. En varios claros de esic bosque se encontraron ejemplares de Pinzus pinea nacidos espontaneamente. La influencia de la sequia, calor y del frio sobre el crecimiento del Eucalyptus globulus se puede ver en la siguiente relacién del area basimétrica medida a una altura de 1.30 metros incluyendo 30 arboles escogidos medi- dos el dia 15 de cada mes: JANUARY - JUNE 1960 Tabla 4. — Crecimiento de E. 29 gkobulus en relacion con la precipitacién y la temperatura Area” @* oe = Temperatura Basimétrica Precipitacion media de 30 Arboles Aumento del mes del mes Mes _m* ee cm? _ mm. °C Nov. 38 a ae 22 15.8 Dic. ’38 1.5775 = 123 10.8 Enero 739 1.5884 79 58 11.3 Feb. ’39 1.6045 191 67 ne 2 Marzo 1.6429 384 36 12.6 Abril 1.6745 316 65 14.0 Mayo Le iboo 391 16 17.5 Junio 1.7421 285 56 lees Julio 1.7485 64 0 25.6 Agosto 1.7499 14 0 23.2 Sept. 1.7842 343 24 Pal 3} Octubre 1.8362 520 370 Lied Noviembre 1.8818 456 114 13.2 Dic. 739 1.8909 91 258 10.3 Enero ’40 1.9084 175 189 10.9 Feb. ’40 1.9393 309 52 12.4 Marzo 1.9505 112 76 15.3 Abril 1.9959 454 30 15.8 Mayo 2.0228 269 24 17.4 Junio 2.0421 193 4 20.3 Julio 2.0540 119 0 23.3 Agosto 2.0902 362 il 24.9 Sept. 2.0810 - 92 88 Zio Octubre 2.1292 482 13Z, 16.1 Nov. ’40 2.1655 363 a = Se nota una disminucién del crecimiento en diciembre y enero por el frio y otra en julio y agosto por la sequia. En el ano 1940 después de un invierno muy himedo la dis- minuci6n apenas es notable. La temperatura influye también en forma indirecta por su efecto sobre la evaporaci6n; asi algunas fuen- tes secas en agosto empiezan a dar agua en septiembre antes de las Iluvias. Para ver si podian encontrarse especies mas resistentes a la sequia y al frio 0 especies de crecimiento mayor se hicieron experimen- tos con otras especies. En el arboretum de Almonte se experiment6 con 172 especies, la mayor parte eucaliptos, pinos y--acacias. Luego se plantaron pequenos rodales. de al- gunas de las mejores especies. Las siguientes especies se distinguieron: Eucalyptus botryoides. — Crecimiento igual al del E. globulus y ademas tiene la ventaja de ser mas resistente en terrenos menos pro- fundos y sueltos. No produce aceite esen- cial como el E. globulus. Eucalyptus viminalis. — Crecimiento igual o superior al E. globulus, y mas resistentes 30 a las heladas. No produce aceite esencial. Eucalyptus macarthuri. — Crecimiento mayor que el E. globulus y resistente a las heladas y a la sequia. Recomendado en la literatura para terrenos dificiles. Eucalyptus saligna. — Crecimiento algo inferior al E. globulus, pero produce fustes muy derechos. Sensible a las heladas y a la sequia. Eucalyptus nitens. — Crecimiento bueno. Eucalyptus robusta. — Crecimiento bueno a las orillas de los arroyos, en terrenos infe- riores. Eucalyptus camaldulensis. — Crecimien- to en terreno fresco y compacto 25 metros cubicos por afo por hectdrea. Donde falta la frescura del suelo el crecimiento es mucho mas inferior al del E. globulus. CARIBBEAN FORESTER cie tal vez puede producir mas aceite esencial que el E. globulus. Eucalyptus melliodora. Crecimiento lento, buena salud, muy resistente a la sequia. Eucalyptus algeriensis. Crecimiento aun mayor que E. camaldulensis en terrenos frescos. Cardcter y aspecto muy similar al E. camaldulensis. Eucalyptus hemiphloia. — Crecimiento bueno. Eucalyptus rudis. — Crecimiento algo in- ferior al EL. camaldulensis en terrenos frescos. En el cardcter se parece mucho al E. camal- dulensis. Eucalyptus rubida. — Crecimiento bueno. Eucalyptus acmenioides. — Crecimiento bueno. En la Tabla 5 se presenta una compara- Eucalyptus maideni. — Crecimiento y _ cidn del crecimiento de E. globulus con varias aspecto casi igual al E. globulus. Esta espe- especies plantadas en pequefios rodales. Tabla 5. — Comparacién de crecimiento de varias especies de Eucalyptus Especie Terreno Indice Eucalyptus globulus — 100 E. robusta insuficiente frescura 57 E. camaldulensis c 59 y 62 E. camaidulensis fresco 113 E. botryoides alguna frescura 90 y 141 E. maideni normal (falda fredtica 4 metros) 103 y 117 E. hemiphloia normal 121 FE. macarthuri normal 194 E. saligna normal 87 E fresco 81 . rudis De estos crecimientos no se pueden sacar conclusiones definitivas para plantaciones ex- tensas. En los rodales pequefios es muy fre- cuente la extensién de las raices hasta gran- des distancias fuera del rodal, y también es probable que la plantacién se hizo en terreno JANUARY - JUNE 1960 de fertilidad superior al promedio del Euca- ivptus globulus. Sin embargo parece proba- vle, que en terrenos algo dificiles pero frescos se deben preferir E. camaldulensis, E. alge- riensis, E. botryoides y E. macarthuri y tal vez en terreno normal también EF. macarthuri, E. botryoides, E. hemiphloia 0 E. maideni. PLANTACIONES DE MINAS DE RIO TINTO Las plantaciones de Eucalyptus en esta zona son nuevas en comparacion con las de Almonte. Ambiente La mayor parte del terreno esta compues- ta de pizarras, mientras que en lugares aisla- dos ocurren porfidos y diabasas. El terreno es quebrado con laderas hasta 45° y mas. Los lugares frescos, aptos para la plantacién de eucaliptos se encuentran en las laderas norte y en los valles y pequefas llanuras, siempre y cuando el terreno tenga suficiente profun- didad. La vegetacién natural consiste de Quercus ilex L., Quercus suber L., Pistacia terebinthus L., Erica australis L., Erica arborea L., Phil- lyrea angustifolia L., Viburnum tinus L., Cis- tus ladaniferus L., Cistus salviaefolius L., Cis- tus monspeliensis L., (en porfidos), Lavendu- la peduneculata Cav., Rosmarinos officinalis L. Los datos sobre el clima consisten de tem- peratura media 18°C., precipitacién media anuai de 716 mm. durante 1887-1936, 770 mm. durante 1937-1946, y 812 mm. durante 1946- 1953. El aumento de la precipitacién es a consecuencia de la aforestacién de 3500 hec- tareas con Pinus pinea y con Pinus pinaster en 1914 y 1915. Minimo absoluto de la tem- peratura es -3°C., mientras que en los valles y laderas al norte deben ocurrir temperaturas hasta -10°C., maximo absoluto es 43°C. Preparacion del Terreno Después de algunos experimentos con otros métodos, se demostré que la mejor prepara- cidn consiste del arranque de todos los ar- bustos, amontonamiento de los arbustas arrancados en hileras horizontales para evi- tar la erosién de las laderas y la preparacion de hoyos de 50 x 50 x 50 centimetros de ta- manio a distancias de 3 x 3 metros. Plantaciones Se usaron plantas de almacigas con raiz desnuda para evitar los costos elevados que causa el transporte de las plantas en macetas en terreno montanoso. A pesar de los buenos resultados obtenidos en muchas ocasiones usando plantas a raiz desnuda, mas tarde se usaron plantas criadas en macetas de barro, debido a la necesidad frecuente de efectuar resiembras cuando el tiempo seco caus6 pér- didas elevadas entre las plantas a raiz des- nuda. Donde las laderas lo permitieron se labr6é el terreno con arado durante varios afios. En muches lugares no fué posible entrar con arado y aqui fué necesario repetir el arranque de los arbustos cada dos afios. En los pocos lugares donde existia vegetacién abundante de Quercus coccifera o Myrtus communis era casi imposible la exterminacién de los arbus- tos por la cantidad de raices que brotan des- pués del arranque. La preparacién del suelo es sumamente importante en este clima relativamente seco. Un suelo labrado evita la competencia de los arbustos y hierbas y conserva la humedad. Esto se puede ver demostrado, cuando se la- bra un terreno parcialmente y después de uno o dos meses se labra nuevamente en direccidn contraria. Tcdas las faias labradas con ante- rioridad tienen humedad mientras las fajas no aradas son secas. Una tierra suelta tiene también mejor ventilacidn, calefaccién y desa- rrollo de las bacterias y luego recoge mejor el agua de la lluvia. Lo ideal seria una labor con grada de discos después de cada Iluvia 32 para evitar la formacién de una costra en la superficie. Kstas medidas de cultivo y el arranque de los arbustos sobre todo son operaciones costosas y por lo tanto es deseable estudiar la posibilidad que ofrecen otras soluciones. Las siguientes pueden ser soluciones posibles: 1. La plantaci6n o la siembra de otras especies forestales entre los eucaliptos, para obtener una densidad mayor, es dificil de formar. Con este fin se hicieron experimentos con Acacia longifolia, Pinus pinea, Pinus pin- aster, Quercus lusitanica y Quercus suber. Los mejores resultados se han obtenido con Quercus lusitanica y Quercus suber, dos especies espontaneas de la regién. Se forma- ron buenos rodales con un piso superior de eucaliptos y un piso inferior de Quercus. El Pinus pinaster no crece bien entre los euca- liptos, mientras que con Acacia longifolia y Pinus pinea no se conocen atin los resultados. Entre las acacias tal vez seria preferible es- coger las especies, que corresponden a los ti- pos climaticos homdlogos de Australia, en nuestro caso la Acacia pycnantha. En zonas de clima mas himedo tal vez no sera posible llevar un piso inferior porque los eucaliptos dejaran insuficiente luz. 2. Exterminacion de los arbustos y de las hierbas, que invaden el eucaliptal por me- dio de productos quimicos como 2,4,5T; 2,4D o M.C.P.A. Los primeros experimentos con estos productos resultaron demasiado caros, comparados con la exterminacién a mano. Sin embargo es muy posible que otros méto- dos de reparto con maquinas motorizadas o variaciones en las substancias humedifican- tes de los productos pueden dar resultados satisfactorios. En Suecia estos productos son usados en gran escala para eliminar las plantas dafinas para los rodales de abeto rojo, como son el chopo y el abedul. 3. Eleccién al arrancar los arbustos. Es CARIBBEAN FORESTER probable que entre los arbustos que crecen espontaneos en el bosque se encuentren al- gunas especies menos dafiinas, por ejemplo los arbustos de pequefas dimensiones u otras de raices profundas. Se pueden dejar crecer estos arbustos o plantas mientras se arrati- can los mas dafiinos. No se han hecho expe- rimentos con este método pero vale la pena probarlo. Rendimiento Algunos rodales plantados en los anos 1929 y 1930 corresponden a la primera cali- dad de la tabla de produccién de Almonte y se puede estimar un crecimiento medio anual de 13 metros ctbicos por ano por hec- tarea. Otros rodales de esta edad eran muy inferiores y se pueden estimar en un creci- miento medio anual de 1 o 2 metros ctbicos por afio por hectaérea. Después del estudio de estas plantaciones viejas se decididé sola- mente proceder a la repoblacidn forestal de terrenos escogidos. Para el presupuesto se estimo el crecimien- to medio en 4 metros ctbicos por ano por hectarea. Después de alguna experiencia se aumento esta estimacién a 5 metros ctibicos con la condicién de efectuar limpiezas ‘fre- cuentes de la maleza y la hierba. No se dispone atin de ntmeros suficientes sobre la producci6n de madera. Algunas me- diciones en las plantaciones de antes del 1950 han indicado que los mejores rodales corresponden aproximadamente a la primera calidad de la tabla de Almonte mientras otras corresponden a las calidades 4 y 5 de esta tabla. Esto depende también de la diferencia de especies, porque generalmente en Minas de Rio Tinto se planté primero el FE. globulus y luego fueron replantadas las fallas con E. camaldulensis, E. botryoides, E. rudis y E. tereticornis. Estas especies tienen en el prin- cipio un crecimiento mds lento. Se puede te- mer que en varios casos también tendran un JANUARY - JUNE 1960 crecimiento lento mas tarde, cuando llegan a una edad mayor, porque las parcelas de %. camalduleznsis plantadas en 1939 tenian en 1954 a la edad de 25 afios volumenes de sole 25 a 50 metros cuibicos por hectarea. Las especies mas resistentes en sueles po- bres de poca profundidad y en los terrenos de gran irescura al lado de los arroyos son: E. camaldulensis, E. rudis, E. tereticornis y E. botryoides. Las especies mas resistentes 2 las heladas en jaderas norte son: E viminaits y E. maideni. Las mas resistentes a la sequia son: E. sideroxylon, E. melliodora. Estas es- pecies tienen buena salud, pero un crecimien- to muy lento. PLANTACIONES EN EL SALVADOR, AMERICA CENTRAL Las plantaciones experimentales en E} Salvador no son extensas pero los datos reu- nidos son suficientes para una orientacion. Ambiente La precipitacién anual en la mayor parte del pais es entre 1600 y 2000 milimetres, la temperatura media anual entre 27°C. al nivel del mar hasta 15°C. a 2000 metros sobre el nivel del mar. La experiencia con varias especies de eu- calypto en esta zona indica que es necesario un terreno de por lo menos una profundidad mediana y no demasiado arcilloso. Flantaciones Probablemente en zonas tropicales la ne- cesidad de labrar la tierra es mds importante atin que en la zona del Mediterraneo. La copa del eucalipto suele dejar pasar mucha luz y asi se forma un piso inferior de maleza de arbustos y hierba que compite por la hu- medad del suelo y frena al crecimiento de los arboles. La pobre sobrevivencia de algu- nas especies es posiblemente debida a esis causa. En El Salvador los fustes se suelen lim- piar solos y no es necesario la poda. Al con- trario seria deseable que las copas fuesen mas grandes. No conozco la causa de la pequefiez de las copas pero sospecho que en la larga temporada seca no hay suficiente humedad en la tierra para mantener frondosa toda la copa. Una buena y continua labor de la tie- rra tal vez seria el remedio. El inconveniente del monocultivo también existe. Se pueden ensayar mezclas con Leucaena u otras espe- cies como subpiso, pero es posible que esto reste crecimiento al eucalypto en la tempo- rada seca en los suelos de poca y mediana proftundidad que abundan en El] Salvador. Rendimiento No se deben tener esperanzas exageradas del crecimiento en plantaciones comerciales. Ksto es igual de cierto que en la zona del Medi- terraneo. El] crecimiento en zonas tropicales seré mayor, pero si se calcula un crecimiento de 82 metros ctbicos por hectdérea por afo para 15 ejemplares de E. kirtoniana en un camino, no se puede calcular con mas de 20 a 25 metros para plantaciones comerciales en tierras de mediana calidad. Los turnos pue- den ser bastante mas cortos que en el Medi- terraneo. Posiblemente se alcanzan buenas producciones con turnos de 5 a 10 ajfios. A continuacién se indican especies nota- bles en El Salvador: Eucalyptus kirtoniana. — Se han plan- tado algunos ejemplares en 1956 en un lado de un camino en la Hstacién Experimental de San Andrés. La edad es ahora 4 afios. El espaciamiento es de 3 metros. La sobre- vivencia es 90%. Los didmetros van de 15 centimetros hasta 31 centimetros. La altura es 18 metros. Si con estos datos se calcula 34 un volumen por hectaérea y un crecimiento medio anual se obtienen nimeros demasiado favorables para calculos de plantaciones co- merciales, ya que los Arboles tienen espacio libre a ambos lados. Asi el volurnen de 330 metros cubicos por hectarea y el crecimien- to medio anual de 82 metros cutbicos sola- mente indican una posibilidad de alta pro- duccién, pero en plantaciones comerciales no se puede contar con mas de 20 a 25 metros ciibicos ce crecimiento en tierras de profun- didad mediana. E. citriodora. — Es de crecimiento pare- cido y ademas tiene fustes muy derechos. Kixisten solamente ejemplares aislados. E. saligna. — También crece muy bien en plantaciones de caminos. EF. alba, — ‘También es de crecimiento bueno, aunque la forma del fuste es algo in- ferior sin llegar a ser mala. E. tereticornis. — Una pequefa planta- cién tiene 5 afios, un espaciamiento de 3 me- tros, una sobrevivencia de 100%. Los fus- tes tienen mala forma y brotes adventicios. I.os didmetros son de 7 a 18 centimetros y la altura 14 metros. E. eximia. — Una pequena plantacion tie- ne 5 afios, un espaciamiento de 3 metros, una sobrevivencia de 15%. Los fustes son bien formados y las copas saludables. Hay flujo e savia por rajaduras en la corteza. Los diametros son 18 a 25 centimetros y la altura 17 metros. E. siderophloia. — Una pequefia planta- cién tiene 5 afios, un espaciamiento de 3 me- tros y una sobrevivencia de 80%. Los dia- metros son de 18 a 26 centimetros y la al- tura 19 metros. E. robusta. — Una pequefia plantacién tiene 5 afios, un espaciamiento de 3 metros | CARIBBEAN FORESTER y una sobrevivencia de 50%. Los didmetros son de 11 a 13 centimetros y la altura 9 metros. EF. macrorrhyncha. — La edad es de 5 anos, el espaciamiento 3 metros y la sobre- vivencia 75%. Los didmetros son de 15 a 21 centimetros y la altura 28 metros. Hay varias otras especies de eucalipto cuyo crecimiento es inferior y cuyos nombres se han perdido. Se puede sacar la conclusién que las especies prometedoras son E. kirtoni- ana, E. citriodora, E. saligna y E. siderophloia. Hay que tener en cuenta que el terreno para todas estas especies es fértil, de buena profun- didad y frescura. Si consideramos el clima de El Salvador, con una precipitacién anual de 1600 a 2000 milimetros en la mayor parte del pais, una temperatura media anual de 27°C. al nivel del mar, 21°C. a 1000 metros de elevacién y 15°C. a 2000 metros de elevacién, y un periodo seco de 5 a 7 meses, podemos elegir teérica- mente las especies de eucalipto que se adaptan a cada una de las tres zonas. Especies de zonas tropicales. — Con un promedio anual de 25°C. temperatura son solamente las siguientes especies: FH. alba, es original de las Islas Flores y Timos en Indonesia en elevaciones inferiores y media- nas; E. naudiniana = EH. deglupta, original de Filipinas (Mindanao), Indonesia (Celebes, Molucas), Nueva Britania, Nueva Irlanda y probablemente Nueva Guinea, en elevaciones de 0 a 1000 metros, crecimiento en ensayos en Indonesia 34 metros ctbicos por ano por hectarea. EH. decaisneana, es original de Ma- laya e Indonesia, en elevaciones de 500 metros en adelante. E.kirtoniana, desconozco el ori- gen, pero por su buen crecimiento en una ele- vacion de 400 metros en El Salvador, hay que suponer que es también una especie de zonas tropicales, E. kirtoniana = E. patentinervis. JANUARY - JUNE 1960 Especies de zonas subtropicales. — En Aus- tralia con temperaturas de invierno de 10/ 15°C. y de verano de 25/28°C. o un promedio de 20°C. aproximadamente se adaptaran a una zona subtropical de 800 a 1600 metros mas o menos. Son casi todas originales de Queens- land, Australia como E. paniculata, E. grandis, E. saligna, E. acmenioides, E. citriodora, E. siderophloia y E. maculata. Warias de estas oe ies como E. saligna, E. citriodora y E. peo han dado ya buen resultado en vador en elevaciones de unos 400 metros s buenas. Especies de zonas frias. — En lugares de alrededor de 2000 metros de elevacioén con 15°C. temperatura media anual, que en El Saivador son relativamente escasas, entran en consideracién todas lias especies importantes que crecen también en la zona del Mediterra- neo y originales de Tasmania, Victoria y N. S. Wales en Australia como E£. globulus, E. camaldulensis, E. botryoides, E, viminalis y E. maiden. CONCLUSIONES La experiencia de Almonte y de Minas de Rio Tinto sirve como base para las si- guientes conclusiones: La diferencia entre el estudio preliminar basado en mediciones de rodales pequefios y la prdctica de plantaciones extensas es siem- pre grande. Los rodales pequefios se encuen- tran casi siempre en lugares de excelente fer- tilidad y con frecuencia pueden extender sus raices a grandes distancias fuera del rodal y también la conservacién es mas intensa. En piantaciones extensas no es posible escoger los terrenos con muchos escripulos porque asi se haria una plantacién dividida en pe- quefias parcelas y figuras poco practicas. Normalmente se dejan atrds los lugares muy pobres con arena suelta o agua estancada y suelo duro, pero aun asi el promedio de la 35 fertilidad permanece muy inferior a la fer- tilidad de suelos en rodales pequefios. Las observaciones del crecimiento medio de la Tabla de Almonte podria llevar a la conclusién que el turno de maxima produc- cién seria 14 0 15 afios y el turno financiero quizds 12 afos. Sin embargo es necesario tener precaucién con tales conclusiones por- que la disminucién después de 15 afios pudiera ser causada por afios secos o por labor insufi- cliente y no por el propio caradcter del euca- lipto en este clima. Para un calculo exacto del turno se necesitaria un periodo de obser- vaciOn mas largo. Cuando tratamos de averiguar cual es el tipo ae vegetacién normal correspondiente a la temperatura y la precipitacién anual, en- contramos como normal un “bosque de sa- bana’. En estas circunstancias seria equivo- cado esperar un numero elevado de arboles por hectaérea y un crecimiento de la cantidad de 20 a 30 meleos cubicos por afio por hec- térea. Estos crecimientos pueden ocurrir lo- calmente en sitios frescos, pero una planta- cién de eucalipto de gran extensi6n prove°2 ciertamente un descenso de la falda freatica y escasez de agua especialmente en los largos periodos de sequia Con medidas de conservacién como la la- bor del suelo y la poda de los Arboles se pue- den obtener mejoras notables de las condicio- nes generales, pero en mi opinién habria que repetir estas operaciones durante toda la vida de la plantacién y no solamente en los pri- meros anos. En las zonas climaticas y en !os suelos similares de otros paises, se pueden esperar mds o menos los mismos crecimientos. Las conclusiones de Espafia tienen valor también para otros lugares del Mundo, especialmente en los paises mediterraneos. Algunas compa- raciones se han reunido en la Tabla 6. CARIBBEAN FORESTER Tabla 6. — Comparacién de temperatura y precipitaci6n en varios lugares Lugar Temperatura media anual Precipitacion media anual Almonte, Suroeste de Espafia llanura Minas de Rio Tinto, Suroeste de Espafia, montafia Pontevedra Noroeste de Espana Salamanca, Interior de Espana Alicante, Este de Espafia Albury, Interior de Australia Manfredonia, Italia 16.9°C, 658 mm. 18.0°C. 770 mm. 13.9°C. 1397 mm. 12.3°C. 284 mm. 178°C, 440 mm. 17.0°C. 500 - 750 mm. - 400 mm. Por regla general las zonas climaticas de Australia, donde crecen los eucaliptos mas importantes como el Eucalyptus globulus (Yasmania), Eucalyptus viminalis (Tasma- nia, Queensland, N.S. Wales, Victoria), E. maident, E. botryoides, E. marginata, E. re- stnifera, E. macarihuri, E. maculata Hook, E. regnans, E. saligna, E. gigantea, etc. son de temperatura media mas baja que en los paises del Mediterraneo y muchas veces con mayor cantidad de lluvia. En la regién australiana de Albury, donde existe un clima homodlogo con el clima de Almonte se encuentran: E. sideroxylon, E. melliodora, E. hemiphloia, E. macrocarpa, E. albens, E. bridgesiana y E. camaldulensis en las orillas de rios y arroyos. En los terrenos pobres crece el Callitris glauca, especie com- parable con el Pinus pinea del Mediterraneo. En E] Salvador no se reunen las condicio- nes para el cultivo exitoso de plantaciones comerciales de eucalipto. Las especies mas prometedoras son E. kirtoniana, E. citriodora, E. saligna y E. siderophloia. Hay que tomar en cuenta que estas especies necesitan terre- no fértil de buena profundidad. No hay giandes extensiones de tierras de mediana fertilidad y hay todavia abundancia en el mercado de otras maderas de mejor calidad. En el resto de Centro América es atin posible, que se encuentren terrenos ade- cuados pero solo grandes minas o industrias pueden aprovechar la produccién. En casos especiales como en provincias pobres en ma- dera y densamente pobladas el eucalipto puede suministrar en poco tiempo palos de construcci6n para casas de campesinos. Hl Instituto de Colonizacién Rural de El Sal- vador probablemente plantarad en los prdéxi- mos afios unas 25 a 50 hectareas de eucalip- tos en su finca Metalio cerca de Acajutla. RESUMEN Recapitulando se pueden dar las siguien- tes reglas generales para el cultivo del Euca- lyptus en zonas secas: 1. Primera condicién para el éxito es la elecci6n de terrenos de suficiente frescura y fertilidad. 2. Las labores con grada o arado son muy beneficiosas y casi siempre necesarias JANUARY - JUNE 1960 3. En bosques de llanura la poda sin exa- geracion es beneficiosa. En montafia las po- das provocan un crecimiento mayor de los arbustos dafiinos. 4. Turnos de 15 a 25 afios y en los terre- nos favorables de 10 a 15 afios son probable- mente los mejores y mas ventajosos. 5. No se deben tener esperanzas exage- radas del crecimiento en grandes extensiones. Esto puede dar lugar a graves errores en el 37 caso del aprovechamiento industrial y tam- bién para las contribuciones territoriales rts- ticas. 6. Un punto débil en el cultivo del euca- lipto sera siempre la tendencia del suelo a empobrecer por el monocultivo y el aprove- chamiento intensivo en algunos casos inclu- sive las hojas. El cambio de especie después de 3 o 4 cortas y la mezcla con especies de Quercus, Acacia etc. pueden ser posibles so- luciones. También se puede pensar en abonos. CARIBBEAN FORESTER Service Life of Some Puerto Rican Post Species Tested With Ten Percent Pentachlorophenol by Cold Soaking George H. Engierth Tropical For st Research Center Preservative treatment of posts by cold soaking in pentachlorophenol was first under- taken experimentally in Puerto Rico in 1951. This study originally contemplated the de- termination of the depth and mechanics of penetration of the preservative into the wood of 65 common species. Before completion, however, the size of the study was reduced, and the extra posts appeared adequate for a preliminary service test. This report describes the condition of the posts after 8 years of ex- posure. The study included 263 posts 2 to 4 inches in diameter by 4 feet in length, and repre- senting 57 species. The number of posts per species varied from one to ten, with no con- trols. The posts were peeled and dried about a year before treatment. Treatment was by immersion for 120 hours in a 10 percent so- lution of pentachlorophenol in Diesel oil at about 75°F. The long period ot seasoning of these posts before treatment may have resulted in unusually high retention of the preservative and subsequent service life. The posts were not only drier than would be normal under commercial practice, but many of them were perforated by powderpost beetles. Particu- larly susceptible to insect attack were Albizia lebbek, Inga laurina, I. vera, Laguncularia ra- cemosa, Andira inermis, Leucaena glauca, and 1/MacLean, J.D. 1951. of railing ties. R886. 7pp Percentage renewals and average life U. S. Forest Products Laboratory. Report No. Ficus laevigaia. Two exposure sites were selected. In the Cambalache Experimental Forest, at sea le- vel, the mean temperature is about 78°F. and the precipitation averages 60 inches annually. Soil is sandy and well drained. In the Toro Negro Forest, at 2700 feet elevation, the mean temperature is about 70° F. and the precipi- tation averages about 110 inches annually. The soil is a heavy clay which is frequently saturated. Posts were tested on the site closest to the habitat of the trees. A few generally distributed species were set at both sites. The posts were treated in late 1951 and set at Toro Negro in February 1952 and at Cambalache two months later. The condition of these posts 8 years after setting is described in Tables 1 and 2. In these tables species with less than three posts have been omitted. The species are listed in apparent ascending order of service life. The expected service life of species still service- able has been estimated from the normality curves developed by MacLean!. Decay was responsible for all of the failures and most of the deterioration. Two posts at Camba- ache had slight termite attack along with decay. The service life of these posts probably varies with three interrelated factors: The inherent durability of the wood, the propor- tion of heartwood, and the amount of pre- servative retained. The first two of these JANUARY - JUNE 1960 factors may not vary greatly. Most post species tested untreated in other studies under these conditions are serviceable for no more than 24 months. Most of these posts had little or no heartwood, although no measure- ments of this were made. For seven of the species it was possible to compare results to date at the two sites. Only two of these species have deteriorated sufficiently in both sites to permit estimation Table 1. — Condition of fence posts treated 39 oi probable service life. For Cordia sulcata it is 9.7 years at Cambalache and 10.9 years at Toro Negro. For Ficus laevigata it is 10.5 years at both places. Assuming an average service life untreat- ed, of 2 years, these data indicate that cold soaking for 5 days in 10 percent pentachlo- rophenol can add from 3 to 10 years to their effective use. with 10 percent pentachlorophenol by cold soaking for 120 hours and exposed for 8 years at Cambalache Estimated Condition at 8 yrs. Species service Unservi- Posts Preservative life Decayed ceable* in test absorption yr. % % No. Ibs/cu. ft Cideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. aya 100 3 3.8 Coccoloba diversijolia Jacq. 7.72 33 67 3 2.9 Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. 8.5 38 50 8 15a Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn 9.0 56 44 9 3.4 Andira inermis (W. Wright) H.B.K. 9.1 60 40 5 G2 Cordia sulcata DC. 9.7 67 33 3 6.9 Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. 9.7 67 33 3 Pea Cassia siamea Lam. 9.9 70 30 10 4.3 Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. 9.9 60 10 10 4.6 Ficus laevigata Vahl. 10.5 15 25 4 A, Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Dec. & Pl. 10.9 80 20 5 8.7 Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Brit. 10.9 20 20 5 5.0 Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth. al 44 12 9 13} Sideroxylon portoricense Urban - 100 0 3 46 Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. E 100 0 3 3.5 Citharexylum fruticosum L. = 100 0 3 1.6 Inga laurinae (Sw.) Willd. = 75 0 4 6.2 Casearia arborea (L.C.Rich.) = 80 0 $ 4,4 Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gartn. z 43 0 7 ae, Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth. Ae 80 0 10 8.9 Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. a 40 0 10 7.9 1/ Sound posts not included therefore sum of decayed are unserviceable does not equal 100%. 2/ Actual service life. 40 CARIBBEAN FORESTER Table 2. — Condition of fence posts treated with 10 percent pentachlorophenol by cold soaking for 120 hours and exposed for 8 years at Toro Negro Estimated Condition at 8 yrs. Species servicy Unservi- Posts Preservative 7 life Decayed _—_—ceable__ in test —_absorption yr. % % No. Abs/cu. ft Ficus laevigaia Vahl. 10.5 50 25 4 5.6 Cordia sulcaia DC. 10.9 0 20 5 8.0 Trema micrantha (L.) Blume 12.1 76 12 4 6.7 Eucalyptus kirtoniana F. Muell. _ 67 0 3 To Eucalyptus robusta J. EK. Smith _ 33 0 3 6.5 Sloanea berteriana Choisy 7 0 0 3 7.9 Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Dec. & Pl. a 50 0 4 9.7 Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. 7 0 0 4 7.0 Andira inermis (W.Wright) H.B.K. _ 100 0 5 5.7 Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. 2 40 0 5 7.6 Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Brit. _ 0 0 5 5.7 Casearia arborea (L.C. Rich.) _ 67 0 6 5.0 Ormosia krugii Urban = 50 0 10 5.4 Inga vera Willd. is 30 0 10 3.1 Micropholis chrysophylloides Pierre - 0 0 10 ie JANUARY - JUNE 1960 4] The Acidity of Selected Puerto Rican Woods JOSE PERELES Tropical Forest Research Center Acidity and alkalinity have long been recognized as important factors in practically all branches of research and industrial work. Sugar manufacturers, electroplaters, paper manufacturers, sanitary engineers, agricul- turists, bacteriologists, and workers in many other fields have studied the effects of these reaction conditions. They have found that the stability of various materials, the corro- sion of metals,! the absorption of dyes by fabrics and clays, the growth of various bac- teria,2 and the yield and quality of products in numerous industrial processes all depend on maintaining definite values of acidity or alkalinity. No research has been done previously to determine the reaction of the woods of Puer- to Rico. The purpose of this project was to measure the pH values of some of the more common locai woods. The work was done as a science project while the author was a student at the Ro- binson High School in Santurce, Puerto Rico. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution is expressed by the pH scale. The units on this scale are called pH values. pH is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration. 1/ Gray, V.R. 1958. The acidity of wood. Timber Development Assoc. Ltd. London. 14 p., 9 refs. Mimeo. unpub. 2/ Hartley, C., Davidson, R.W., and Crandal, B.S. 1959. wood, bacteria, and increased pH in trees. Jisease Lab. 98 refs., Unpub. Wet- Beltsville Forest On the pH scale a value of pH 7.0 represents neutrality. A normal solution of a strong acid has a hydrogen ion concentration of 1 so that its pH is O, while a normal solution of strong alkali, having a hydroxyl ion con- centration of 1 has a pH value of 14. pH values less than 7 represent acid solution and those greater than 7 represent alkaline so- lution. The principle of making pH measure- ments is based on the fact that various indi- cators change color when they are acted upon by solutions of different acidities or alkalini- ties. In order to make accurate pH determina- tions it is necessary to employ sensitive indi- cators with distinct color changes. In this work a series of La Motte? pH indicators (5 percent solution) was used (see Table 1). The indicators started at a pH value of 2.6 and range upwards to pH 8.4. Each indicator has a distinct color change over its active pH range. Bromphenol blue, for example, extends from yellow at pH 3.0 through various shades of yellowish green to blue at pH 4.6. This range of pH values was used because wood in general is slightly acid. In using these indi- cators a measured quantity of the indicator solution is mixed with a measured quantity of the solution to be tested. The color of the indicator is measured by matching against known color standards.4 3/ La Motte Chemical Products Company. The ABC of pH control. Chestertown, Maryland. 17p. 4/ Clark, W.M.D. 1928 color chart of indicators. 2p The determination of hydrogen ions, William & Wilkins Co. Baltimore. 42 CARIBBEAN FORESTER Table 1. — Indications used to determine pH of wood Indicator pH range Color change La Motte yellow 2.6.2 4:2 Red - yellow Bromphenol blue 3.0 - 4.6 Yellow - blue Bromcresol green Do. = 4 Yellow - bluc Methyl red 4.4 - 6.0 Red - yellow Clorphenol red 5.2 - 6.8 Yellow - red Bremcresol purple 5.2 - 6.8 Yellow - red Brothymol] blue 6.0 - 7.6 Yellow - red Phenol red 6.8 - 8.4 A total of 28 species of wood cut 5 years previously, and 7 species freshly cut were used in the study. The former specimens of wood were cut from mature trees, and in- cluded either sapwood, heartwood, or both, while the latter 7 specimens were selected from post-sized trees and included sapwood only. The surface of each specimen was sand- ed lightly to facilitate more accurate read- ings, and then marked into eight divisions, one division for each pH indicator. The in- dicator dyes were painted on the wood, and the pH determined after about 15 minutes when each indicator reacted with the wood. Since the indicators overlap in their pH values, it was possible to determine the pH of a wood from two to four separate indi- cators. It should be emphasized that the number of specimens of wood of each species tested was inadequate to show more than approxi- mate pH values for each wood. RESULTS The results of the pH readings of 28 Puer- Yellow - red to Rican woods are shown in Table 2. All woods had an acid reaction. Mango (Mangi- fera indica L.) had the lowest pH with a reading of 3.4 and jaguey (Ficus laevigata Vahl) the highest with a pH of 5.6. Most woods, however, were in the pH range of 4.4 to 5.0. The pH values for the woods of the 7 post-size trees are shown in Table 3. ‘These specimens were sapwood only. The heart- wood of comparable woods had generally a somewhat lower pH than the sapwood. CONCLUSIONS Both the sapwood and the heartwood of ali species examined were acid in reaction. Additional work is needed, however, to de- termine more fully the differences between sapwood and heartwood, and the pH ranges within a family, genus, or species. The ef- fects of acidity upon wood quality, are not completely known, but pH may possibly be used to determine superior or inferior wood within a species. JANUARY - JUNE 1960 AY Table 2. — The pH values of 28 Puerto Rican woods cut from mature trees about 5 years previous to study Common name Scientific name Sapwood ort pH heartwood value Mango Mangifera indica L. sapwood 3.4 Caracoliilo Homalium racemosuim Jacq. heartwood 4.0 Tabonuco Dacryodes excelsa Vahl. sapwood 4.0 Matayba domingensis (DS.) Radlk. heartwood A.2 Laurel avispillo Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb. sapwood A2 Ausubo Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev. heartwood 4,2 Roble Tabebuia heterophyila (DC.) Brit. sapwood 4.2 Yagrumo macho Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Dec. & PI. sapwood 4.4 Nemoca Ocotea spathulata Mez sapwood 4.4 Nuez moscada Ocotea moschata (Meissn.) Mez sapwood 4,4 Manzanillo Sapium laurocerasus Desi. sapwood 4,4 Panapén Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg sap & heart 4.4 Aguacatillo iZeliosma herbertiu Rolie sapwood 4.4 Maricao Byrsonima coriaceum (Sw.) DC. heartwood A.4 Masa Tetragastris balsamijfera (Sw.) sapwood 4.4 Algarrobo Hymenaea ceurbaril L. sapwood 4.6 Caoba hondurefa Swietenia macrophylla King heartwood 4.6 Laurel Sabino Magnolia spiendens Urban heartwood 4.6 Caimitillo Micropholis chrysophylloides Pierre heartwood 4.6 Laurel geo Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) sapwood 4.6 Guayacan Guaiacum officinale L. sap & heart 4.6 Laurel prieto Nectandra membrancceae (Sw.) Griseb. sapwood 4.6 Higterillo Vitex divaricata Sw. sap & heart 4.8 Palo de matos Ormosia krugii Urban sapwood 4.8 Yagrumo hembra Cecropia peltata L. sapwood De Mago ‘Hernandia sonora L. sapwood 5.2 Ceiba Ceiba pentandra (L.) sapwood 5.4 Jaguey Ficus laevigata Vahl. sapwood 5.6 has ne known heartwood. 1/ After the wood dried, it was sometimes difficult to deter- mine the type of wood. Some wood such as yagrumo hembra CARIBBEAN FORESTER 44 Zc VG re : ‘Od (‘we'yq) SUBDIUIZADUL WENPAXOYZUD Tetqna ourdsy eg GG 0S 0S og 0g O'¢ olistgq sapiozAydosckuys sioydo1yy OT[41WUTe*) 0's 8'y 0's 0S xs ‘boep mospyow vusjamg BUBOIULWIOp BqORD 0's 0S og O'S O'g ‘TT sapioiyoi.y DaLDNH oensereny SP oP S'P oG SP "qastIy (MG) 02901109 DIPUD}IE NT o][tdstae Joiney LY oP SP OT 7 sury oAydoispu DIUusezeING euoInpuoy Bqoes vy IF VP vr vv ‘ya COG) ot ydosaqay vingeqny a on[va ad e) a V IWUIEU SITTUIIVS suivu UOWIWIOg Hd osvi9Ay ~ 9013 Jo Hd en arti ; ; 7 $aad} azis-ysod wouif Ajysasf ynd saqoads upa1y oJ1ang uaaes jo poomdns ay2 fo sanjoa Yd ayy — *€ 919VL JANUARY - JUNE 1960 45 Experimental Design and Analysis in Forest Research By J. N. R. Jeffers Almgqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm 172 pnn., 1959 Review This excellent book has been prepared under the auspices of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations. As noted in the introduction it is intended to give a description of the more important designs and analyses used in forest research, and to explain when and why they are used. It is quite obviously written for the beginner, and even for the pre-beginner, in the field of statistics. As such it is very well done. The examples are easy to follow for anyone with even a faint memory of college algebra, and it is a refreshing change for someone moderately familiar with the statistics literature to be able to dip into the middle of a new book without having to thumb frantically forward and backward to solve still another system of symbolic notation. In view of the audience to which this book is directed, perhaps the least satisfactory section is that on Miscellaneous Aspects of the Design of Experiments, and in this sec- tion the most unsatisfactory discussion is that of Randomization, which is covered in one very brief paragraph. Here also is found one of the relatively few typographical errors. Since misconceptions concerning the tech- niques and necessity of randomization are so common and since faultless and efficient randomization is often difficult even for the initiate, a fuller discussion would certainly be justified in any future revisions of this work. Another complaint which may be justifi- ably levelled at this book, when its intended audience is considered, is the lack of emphasis on the more important statements. For ex- ample, in the discussion of regression analysis, page 116, the last four lines in a 19-line paragraph are as follows: “By plotting the basal areas and their corresponding volumes in Figure 61, the regression line can be drawn in on the dot- diagram. The line evidently gives a satis factory fit through the dots on the dia- gram. No line should be extended beyond the range of points for which it was cal- culated.” The first two sentences refer to the par- ticular example being discussed. The final sentence is a cardinal rule of regression anal- ysis of data and certainly merits special em- phasis so that the uninformed reader may realize the importance and significance of the statement. An excellent illustration of the fact that “Small habits well pursued, betimes, May oft attain the dignity of crimes.” is the continual references of the author to sections elsewhere in the book, especially the frequent references to the appendixes, with- out the citation of the corresponding page numbers. These are, however, minor criticisms of a work of great value. The book can hardly fail to arouse interest and increase under- standing in anyone who takes time to study it. Few workers in the field of forest research will fail to benefit by reading it at least once, and most will return again and again to re- fresh their minds on the details that slin away while field work is being brought up to date and office work is inexorably falling behind. Experimental Design and Analysis in For- est Research is probably the best single book available to the beginner. C. B. Briscoe 46 Recent Observations on Forestry Tropical CARIBBEAN FORESTER in America F. B. Lamb, C. B. Briscoe, and G. H. Englerth ~ Tropical Forest Research Center Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico During recent months members of the Tropical Forest Research Center staff have travelled to many of the countries of the Caribbean area. The purposes of these trips have been to see trees, forests, and silvicultural and utilization practices that might be useful in Puerto Rico, to collect data on forest plan- tations for the Latin American Forestry Com- mission of FAO, and to obtain information of value to the forestry training program of the Center, set up to serve this area through the cooperation of the International Cooperation Administration. Forest management work and plantations were studied in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, Central America, Co- lombia and Ecuador, the lower Amazon Valley of Brazil, Surinam, British Guiana, Trinidad, St. Lucia, Martinique, and Jamaica. Forest utilization was observed in Trinidad, British Guiana, and Surinam. Mexico Observations in Mexico were confined to Yucatan, Campeche, and Quintana Roo. At Colonia Yucatan interest has been shown in forest management since the development o! the plywood plant in 1946. Studies have been made of natural regeneration, direct seeding, and planting Spanish-cedar (Cedrela odorata L.). The forest contained an un- usually high concentration of commercial-size cedar trees (9 per hectare) probably as a re- sult of past Maya cultivation. Natural re- generation of cedar after cutting was found to be unsatisfactory. Planting in recent clearings has failed primarily because of in- solation and shoot borer (Hypsipyla grandella Zeller) attack. Failures have also resulted in planting in lines opened up in selectively cut forest because of shade and competition. However, plantings made in lines cut in low second-growth vegetation look promising. Re- cent direct seeding trials in abandoned logging roads and cleared strips in the forest also appear successful. Mahogany is not native to this area oi northern Yucatan but it is growing vigorously where planted in lines cleared through second- growth vegetation. It has failed where plant- ed in the open or under selectively cut forest. In Campeche experimental plantings of ce- dar and mahogany were seen at the Agricul- tural Experiment Station of Cayal and in the area of Escancega. Interesting direct seeding experiments are underway in the Branson area near Escancega, under a high shelter- wood and in cleared lines in second-growth vegetation. Where seedlings were planted in cleared lines through selectively cut forest the success appeared to be associated with the density of the forest cover. Good survival and vigorous growth of planted trees in the area called Tormento appeared to be a result of light upper canopy cover allowing for abun- dant light in the understory. At kilometer 20 on the Escancega-Chetumal road the plant- ing appeared much less successful due to heavier shade in the lower canopy levels. Mahogany plantation success appeared to be correlated with shade conditions also in the area of Laguna San Felipe in Quintana Roo Territory. Forest inventories carried out by the Quintana Roo Forest Department in this region are of real interest because of the complete enumeration made of mahogany of all sizes. JANUARY - JUNE 1960 At the Chetumal forest nursery bigleaf, or Honduras, mahogany (Swietenia macrophy- lla King) has been planted in mixture with small-leaf, or West Indies, mahogany (S. ma- hagoni Jacq.) to determine whether cross pollination and hybridization take place. The progeny of these trees will be of interest. British Honduras Projects of special interest as yet unreport- ed except in the Annual Reports of the For- estry Department are the pine forest man- agement program at Augustine and the hard- wood forest management program in the Chi- quibul area. Forest inventories have been made and the rate of cutting is adjusted to the capacity of the forests to produce on a con- tinuous and permanent basis. Studies of re- production, tree growth, and methods and effects of fire control have been set up in both areas to gather information to guide forest management. A more recent development is the an- nouncement of the offering for bids of a long- term forest management license for the Cocks- comb Basin area. The area includes 189 square miles of tropical forest with a total volume of 378,790,000 board feet of mixed tropical hardwood timber. To obtain and hold the license an operator must fulfill certain conditions, such as the establishment of a lo- cal woodworking industry and the mainte- nance of a productive forest. If these con- ditions are met the right to exploit the forest may be held by the licensee in perpetuity. This important prospective development in the general effort to establish permanent woodworking industries based on the utiliza- tion of mixed tropical forests will be watched with great interest. Guatemala In the highlands of Guatemala the tree most extensively established in plantations is cypress (Cupressus lusitanica Mill.). This tree has been planted with some success on sites varying from the subtropical dry forest at 1500 meters elevation all the way to the tropical montane wet forest at 3090 meters. Logs of commercial size are being cut from a 64-year-old plantation near Antigua. Data is not yet available to predict the productivity of cypress plantations on various sites, but there is little doubt that this will be an im- portant species in the development o: forestry programs in the Caribbean area where sites are similar to those on which the tree is found in Guatemala. From the tropical zone of the Pacific slope several recent shipments of primavera logs (Cybistax donnell-smithii [Rose] Seibert), called ‘“‘palo blanco” locally, have revived interest in this wood. The logs came from plantations approximately 30 years old and were reported to have produced veneer of ex- cellent quality. This tree is widely planted in the lower part of the coffee zone in Guate- mala but no longer exists in commercial quan- tities in the natural forest. In this same area promising young teak (Tectona grandis L.) and mahogany plantations should provide val- uable information for future forest manage- ment projects. The distribution of the Pacific-coast type mahogany (Swietenia humilis Zucc.) was found to extend to the Atlantic slopes of Gua- temala in the Departments of Progreso, Chi- quimula, and Zacapa. Seed was collected for comparative studies in Puerto Rico. Honduras Probably the most extensive experimental reforestation in Central America has been that of the United Fruit Company. In Honduras teak is the species planted on the largest scale, more than 2000 acres. Plantations up to 15 years of age at various spacings clearly show that a minimum of care is needed to obtain an adequate yield of first class products. Plantations with wide initial spacing (15 x 48 15 feet and 10 x 20 feet) tend to produce trees with short boles and excessive branch- ing. Younger plantings spaced at 6 x 6 feet have, because they were not thinned, produced excessively tall thin trunks that will now be difficult to manage. Trial plantings of more than 20 tropical species have been made, some of which could become important plantation species in the Caribbean area. On well drained sites Euca- lyptus naudiniana F. Muell (Syn.: E. deglup- ta Blume) has made exceptional height and diameter growth in the tropical moist forest and in the wetter margins of the tropical dry forest. Limba (Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels) has grown more than one inch in diam- eter per year in the early stages of develop- ment on well drained sites in the tropical moist and tropical dry forests. Long, straight boles with rapid self pruning of lower branches are characteristic. Terminalia ivoriensis A. Chev. has shown similar growth characteristics on a small scale in the tropical moist forest. Individual trees of Khaya ivoriensis A. Chev. and Entandrophragma rederi Harms have shown remarkable development and deserve more extensive trials. Nicaragua A program of land classification under way in Nicaragua should point up the importance of forestry in obtaining a product of economic importance. from non-agricultural land. In northern Nicaragua pine stands have been mapped. A program of fire control is under way to increase pine reproduction. Complete elimination of fire will probably be found not to be possible nor necessary. On the Rio Escondido important experi- mental plantings of teak and bigleaf mahog- any are found on the lands of the El Recreo Experiment Station and of the Cukra Develop- ment Company. Costa Rica In the highlands of Costa Rica plantations CARIBBEAN FORESTER of Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Cupressus lusi- tanica, and Alnus jorullensis H.B.K. present outstanding examples of what can be expected from forest plantations in lower montane wet and montane wet forests. An introduction of nogal (Juglans sp.) from Nicaragua shows remarkable development near San José with diameters up to 20 inches and heights to 90 feet in 18 years. On the tropical lowlands of the Pacific coast well developed plantations of teak are found on United Fruit Company divisions of Quepos and Golfito. Panama At Puerto Armuelles the Chiriqui Land Company has established 1,500 acres of teak plantations that show excellent development. Smaller plantations of Spanish-cedar and ma- hogany show less spectacular results but will provide important information on these trees if protected until the end of one rotation. The Summit Gardens in the Canal Zone of Pa- nama has been an important center for the distribution of forest tree seed both native and exotic, but there are no forest plantations of interest on this area. It is unfortunate that a part of the 35 square miles within the Canal Zone has not been dedicated to at least small demonstration projects in forest man- agement. No other productive use is made of this land. Land classification and watershed man- agement studies in Panama will no doubt pro- vide a basis for natural resource development that depends to a considerable extent on the forests, one of the country’s most important natural resources. Colombia The domestic paper industry in Colombia is important and is growing rapidly. An expe- rimental program of establishing plantations of exotic conifers is directed toward reducing JANUARY - JUNE 1960 imports of long-fiber pulp needed for the local paper industry. Outstanding Eucalyptus globulus planta- tions are found in abundance in the highland savanna country around Bogota, most of them on private land. Many plantations need improved management if maximum pro- duction is to be achieved. The need for thin- ning operations are particularly obvious in some locations. Ecuador Ecuador probably has more extensive plantations of eucalyptus than any other La- tin American country except Brazil. E. glo- bulus plantations are found under a variety of site conditions, a wide range of age classes, and with many types of treatment. In the Department of Guayas plantations of tropical species of Ceiba, Prosopis, Swie- tenia, Cedrela and Tectona have been estab- lished on a small scale. Jamaica Jamaica is especially interesting to a visit- ing forester from Puerto Rico because of the very close similarity of sites and conditions. In addition a great deal of forestry work has been done, too much to be examined thor- oughly in one short visit. The central plateau, in the Christiana- Gourie area, is about 3000 feet! above sea level. The soils vary from friable clay loam to very heavy clays. The underlying limestone presents outcrops occasionally, especially on steep slopes, and is responsible for the sink- holes which are so common in the Gourie plantation area. Mahoe (Hibiscus elatus Sw.) planted about 1950 has developed very well in the bottoms of the sinkholes, but vigor decreases rapidly with distance up the slope. Wood 1 Elevations, rainfall, soil and other background information given is often based on informed estimates or extracted from mental fies and is subject to a certain amount of error. 49 grown here is thought to be denser and stronger than that grown on the better sites, and a sample collected had a specific gravity of 0.49 compared to 0.36 for a sample collect- ed in the eastern mountains. Eucalyptus species and patula pine (Pinus patula Schl. & Cham.) planted about the same time on the upper slopes and ridges have been disappointing. Since 1954 many of these areas have been re-planted with Honduras pine (P. hondurensis Loock), which has been much more promising to date. Santa Maria (Calophyllum brasiliense anti- llanum [Britton] Standl.) planted in this area made a slow start but has improved tremen- dously since replacement pine has begun to afford it some shade and site protection. There are tentative plans for direct seeding Santa Maria under established pine plantations for a second crop. The difficulty of obtaining seed has severe- ly limited the acreage of Antillean pine (P. occidentalis Sw.) which has been planted, but the few plantations established show perhaps the most promise of any species planted in this region. The cockpit country, because of its rugged local relief, contains most of the virgin and near-virgin forest left in Jamaica. Among other interesting species is goldspoon (Antir- rhoea jamaicensis [Gr.] Urb.) which is re- ported to attain a dbh (diameter breast high) of 24 inches and produce a clear, straight bole of more than 35 feet on steep rocky slopes where most associate species are worthless brush. Most of the plantations established are mahoe; the growth and form, especially in the bottoms and lower slopes of the glades, are excellent. Of the small-leaf mahogany seen on the northwest coast about half had typical leaves and half had an intermediate leaf form ap- preciably larger. This, combined with the 59 CARIBBEAN I‘ORESTER ee hae Ries : . ook ia 55 i. : me Figure 1. — Pines in Jamaica. Upper left. Honduras pine (Pinus hondurensis), 6 years old, Gourie Plantation. Upper right. Patula pine (P. patula), 10 years old, Geurie Plantation. Lower left. Radiata pine (P. radiata), foreground, and Honduras pine, 3 and 2 years old, respectively, Resort. Lower right. Uyam pine (P. merkusii), 6 years old, Belle Vue. widespreading branches and short bole, indi- The arboretum near Moneague in the cates that these trees, previously considered eastern mountains has several species of in- to be naturally established from native pa-. terest: Antillean pine is as promising here rents, may well have been planted. as it is on the central plateau, averaging 4 JANUARY - JUNE 1960 inches dbh and 35 feet tall at age 6. Hondu- ras pine 5 years old is up to 6 inches dbh and 40 feet tall; this year it is producing its first fruit. Eucalyptus patentinervis R. T. Baker (Syn.: E. kirtoniana F. Muell.), at age 6, is up to 11 inches dbh and 60 feet tall. Melia compositae Willd. averages about 6 inches with a maximum of 14 inches at age 5. Near Resort, goldspoon and Terminalia latifolia Sw., are off to a good start. Hondu- ras pine kas shown much better initial sur- vival and grewth than Monterrey pine (P. ra- diata Don.). Underplanted Spanish-cedar ha; made an excellent start, but has not yet reached merchantable size. This area contains many acres of excellent mahoe, including some outstanding glade stands. Even on upper slopes in this area mahoe plantations 15 years old are up to 8 inches dbh and with 32 feet of clear bole. Near Bell Vue, Masson Pine (P. masso- niana Lambert) is growing adequately at about 4500 feet elevation but produces a ra- ther knotty bole. Uyam pine (P. merkusii Jungh.) at 5200 feet has a periodic annual increment of 6 feet in height and one inch in dbh. Because of the near-constant winds on this exposed ridge, many stems are deformed, but a great many are as straight as could be desired. Eucalyptus patentinervis on moist, well-drained soil in a protected swale has a periodic annual increment of 10 feet in height and nearly 2 inches in dbh. The same species on a nearby ridge is quite inferior. Mahoe has not developed satisfactorily in this area except where underplanted Eucalyptus has outgrown it and now affords protection. Cf special interest to a forester from the southern United States is the longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) growing at Cinchona above 4000 feet elevation, whereas its native site seldom approaches 400 feet. Eucalyptus globulus has been planted fairly extensively in this area, down to about 3400 feet, but ap- parently this is below its optimum site as development is quite patchy. The native 51 juniper (Juniperus gracilior Pilger) can be found both natural and planted in this area. Possibly as a result of past selective cutting, most remaining trees have very poor form; however, a few, especially in one young plan- tation, are excellent. Here, as elsewhere on the island, develop- ment of patula pine has been disappointing, but a small area on a moist, protected site has basal area near 200 square feet per acre and tremendous cubic-foot volume at age 7. Masson pine has a higher specific gravity, 0.48, than Honduras pine or uyam pine which average about 0.38, but the bole form is inferior to either of the faster-growing lighter-woeoded species. Summarizing, Jamaica has the oldest and some of the best planted pine seen. Hondu ras pine has done well everywhere tested, and limited trials of Antillean pine indicate that it may be even better: initial growth of uyam pine above 5000 feet is very promising. The mahoe plantations certainly seem to have justitied their establisment, but more informa- tion is needed on the site requirements and wood quality of the species. Eucalyptus have shown the fastest growth here, as else- where, but the lack of present or foreseeable markets severely limits their usefulness. Martinique Plantation work in Martinique continue;, as in the past, to be concentrated on bigleaf mahogany. Most new plantations are being established through the taungya system, with seedlings grown in temporary nurseries near the planting sites. There are perhaps 2500 acres of mahogany plantations now establish- ed, up to about 32 years old. Practically all the plantings have been pure mahogany, and shoot-borer damage has been fairly extensive. Damage appears to be more extensive on wind- ward slopes, and tree form is better to the leeward. In addition variations in tree form suggest that seed source varied from year to CARIBBEAN FORESTER 52 asthe Toe Radi x Figure 2, — Bigleaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in Martinique, showing variationin form; 16-18 years old, Deux Choux. year. Natural reproduction is common throughout the plantations. It is especially imposing on a cove site in the southeastern portion of the island, at about 700 feet above sea level. There advanced reproduction is abundant and of outstanding form. In this same area simaruba (Simaruba amara Aubl.) has excellent form and volunteer reproduction in mahogany plantations is com- pletely undamaged even where the mahogany is severely infested by the shoot-borer. Work has begun recently with pine, but has not continued long enough to do more than indicate some promise. St. Lucia Time was very limited here, but excellent teak was seen barely outside the city limits of Castries, and at the Barre de L’Isle nursery area were excellent Eucalyptus resinifera Smith, mahoe, and simaruba. Mahoe stands are being thinned to a lower residual density here than elsewhere, and their comparative development will be of interest. Trinidad It would be needlessly repetitious to re- view again the excellent work being done in JANUARY - JUNE 1960 Trinidad with teak and Honduras pine (Beard, 1943; Brooks, 1939, 1941la, 1941b; Cater, 1941; Chalmers, 1958; and Ross, 1958), as well as the Tropical Silviculture being test- ed in the Arena Reserve. However, certain points have not been agcented previously. Honduras pine has a soft, even texture with a very pleasing birds-eye figure when cut from very young thinnings. If sufficient quantity becomes available in the future, it should command a premium price for special uses. The lumber being manufactured from thin- nings in teak plantations 15 years and older is remarkably iree from defects. Even boards from the heart center are graded almost en- tirely on the presence or absence of pith ra- ther than through any consideration of knots. Of the other species tried on a more limit- ed basis than the extensive plantations of teak and pine, bigleaf mahogany has shown severe cankering which appears superficially to be caused by a virus. The fact that this disease makes a tree completely worthless combined with the importance of mahogany in Latin America as a whole suggests that for the benefit of the entire region studies should be undertaken to determine the nature and control of the disease. Simaruba, which was seen in good natural stands and plantations on clay soil in Marti- nique and St. Lucia respectively, also can be seen in an excellent plantation on the very sandy soils in the Arena Reserve in Trinidad. On clay soil derived from limestone at about 900 feet elevation are excellent small plantings of Spanish-cedar, Cordia alliodora R. & P. (Cham.), Gmelina arborea Linn., and Enterolobium cyclocarpum Gris. At age 12, the cedar is up to about 10 inches diameter breast high, the Cordia about 7 inches, and the Gmelina 24 inches; at age 11 the Entero- lobium is up to 29 inches dbh. All these species have satisfactory form, at least for short logs; the Gmelina is definitely the least desirable. oy In the field of utilization one of the most significant developments in the Caribbean area is the success of the Brickfield forest industry in Trinidad utilizing small teak logs (Ross, 1958). Teak is being used extensively in re- iorestation in this area and the utilization of thinnings is already a problem elsewhere. The Brickfield installation, organized and operated by the Trinidad Forest Department, consists oi a gangsaw, a resaw, a hot-and-cold creosote treating plant, and a picket fence factory. During 1959 this plant produced from teak thinnings 27,400 treated fence posts, 19.5 miles of wirebound picket fencing, and 187,000 board feet of lumber at a net profit f $19,450.00. The fence posts and pickets are produced largely from thinnings from 5- and 10-year old plantations. The sawlogs, with a 5.5 inch minimum diameter, come from thinnings in the 15-year or older plantations. The main product of the sawmill is 2 x 4 inch dimension stock. However, 1/2 x 2, 1 x 2, 1 x 3 and 1 x 4 inch boards are also produced. The 2 x 4’s are bought up by the construction trade, and the 1-inch lumber goes into furni- ture, flooring, and miscellaneous items. The freedom from knots and other defects indicates that high quality teak lumber will be produced from the mature trees when they reach rotation age. Consideration is being given to the possibility of diverting the larger sawlogs to a local band mill in order to im- prove the grade of the material recovered from these logs. The Brickfield plant serves as an example of what can be done to utilize small material from forest plantations in other areas of the Caribbean where raw material and market conditions are similar. It is an important link in the chain of development required to maintain forest land in a productive state. In Trinidad a total of 12,397 acres of teak have been planted since 1928, with 770 acres established in 1959. In recent years in- creasing interest has been shown in planting pines, especially on sandy soils unsuited for 54 es Brickfield Forest Industries. rs 5 Cs oh “PP aed Figure 3. — Utilization in Trinidad. Upper left. Upper right. Fence CARIBBEAN FORESTER nee? eons eak (Tectona grandis) logs being delivered to post treating plant, Brickfield. Lower left. Fab- rication of fence from teak thinnings, Brickfield. Lower right. Pressure treating cylinder, Port of Spain, teak. The oldest plantations are 12 years old, with 465 acres planted to date. The publicly owned forest reserves of Trinidad amount to over 328,000 acres or 26 percent of the land area. From these forests 3,450,100 cubic feet of timber, 904,700 cubic feet of fine wood, and 227,700 cubic feet of other split wood were cut in 1959. The total sawtimber cut from all lands amounts to 31.5 million board feet. Nearly all of this was consumed locally. An addi- tional 1,505,000 cubic feet of coniferous tim- ber, mostly from British Honduras, was im- ported. A pressure treating plant is in operation in Port of Spain using Wolman salts as a pre- JANUARY - JUNE 1960 servative and treating about two million board feet of lumber yearly. Plans for a se- cond plant are being developed for San Fer- nando, the second largest city of Trinidad. This indicates the favorable reception of treat- ed lumber in the Trinidad market. Lumber is treated to retain 1.5 pounds of the Wolman salts per cubic foot and the lumber is air- dried to 20-22 percent moisture content. British Guiana Recent work in timber inventory from aerial photographs in British Guiana has given some of the most encouraging results yet re- ported from mixed tropical forests. More than 25 different forest associations have been dis- tinguished on the photos, and estimates of greenheart (Ocotea rodiaei [Rob. Schomb.] Mez) volume from the pictures have shown as — Pr Figure 4, OO Or excellent correlation with actual volumes available. Natural regeneration of greenheart fol- lowing cutting has been good. In the area visited greenheart appears to be on the way toward making up a higher proportion of the stand in the cutover areas than it was in the original forest. Pine plantings have been made in the last five years. Growth is better on the brown sandy loams, but even on the white sands which support a very inferior native vegetation pines are promising; slash pine is off to a faster start than Honduras pine. The most important problems to date are the high cost of site preparation and the coushi (Atta spp.) ants which defoliate the pines, especially after they have been cleaned of competing weeds and brush. The ants are poisoned in their 56 Other promising species are Ocotea rubra Mez., O. caniculata Mez., simaruba, Tapirira spp., and Peltogne spp. The latter is appa- rently a very rapid grower for a wood of such high specific gravity. The Forest Department operates the Cen: tral Timber Manufacturing Plant on an expe- rimental basis to interest the local market in a wider variety of species. This installation is comparable to lumber concentration yards found in the southern United States where rough ungraded lumber is bought from small mills, then sorted, dried, surfaced and gradec for resale. The plant now handles about 23 species. The price paid to the small mills depends on the species, type of sawing, and whether or not the lumber is of export grade. In 1958 1,609,000 board feet of lumber were purchased and 1,019,000 sold with about one million board feet remaining in inventory. The spread between buying and selling prices appears sufficient to provide for a profit. Some adjustments can perhaps be made in admi- nistrative, machining and other costs to im- prove the picture. A concentration and re- manufacturing yard prospers in a market where specialization and prefabrication are a part of the manufacturing process. Some educational effort in the local market will pro- bably be required to sell the advantages of well manufactured, dry lumber. Of the commercial sawmills the British Guiana Timber Corporation mill is one of the largest. It is a band mill with two head saws, cutting mostly greenheart for export. This material is well manufactured and treat- ed against splitting with end coating. The lumber for local consumption is not so care: fully prepared. This company also has an experimental pre-fabricated house program, based on a pilot model prepared by the Forest- ry Department, which should contribute to the utilization of non export lumber. A particle board plant using wallaba (Eperua spp.) has recently started production. The panels being produced appeared some- — CARIBBEAN FORESTER what darker and heavier than the product found on the general world market. The furniture industry producing for local consumption is not well developed. A con- siderable portion of the furniture is made in small home shops. It shouid be noted in passing that the Georgetown museum contains some interest- ing wood exhibits well worth seeing. Surinam Tremendous strides are being made in the utilization of the Surinam forests. Har- vesting is carefully planned and controlled for economical cutting of the forest without un- necessary waste. Silvicultural studies are in progress for improving the composition of the existing overstory, obtaining natural reproduc- tion of the desirable species, enrichment plant- ing of the high forest following selective cut- ting, and establishing pure plantations of na- tive and exotic species, besides more basic studies of the phenology and growth of the more important species. In ccoperation with a Netherlands paper company an extensive trial is being made of Honduras pine on the white sands. Results to date are very encouraging on the better sites and some small] tests of densa pine (P. elliottii densa Little & Dorman) have been made on the drier ridge sites; test plantings of slash pine (P. elliotti elliottii Engel.) are being considered for moist flats and along waterway margins. The best of the Hondu- ras pine, near Jodensavanna, have a periodic annual increment of 9 feet in height and 1.5 inches dbh. Branches seem a little more per- sistent than elsewhere for this species. Of the other species being tested in plan- tations, okoume (Aucoumea klaineana Pierre), baboen (Virola surinamensis Warb), Carapa guianensis Aubl., and simaruba are the most promising. In Surinam the wood utilization picture JANUARY - JUNE 1960 by bulldozing. Jodensavanna. burrows with liquid dieldrin but complete control on these porous sands is very difficult. is dominated by the Bruynzul plywood and parcticle board plant. This is an outstand- ing woodworking installation producing pro- ducts to exacting specifications. The princi- pal raw material is baboen. Waste from the plywood plant provides the bulk of the raw material of the particle board plant. A gang- mill and flooring mill are also in operation producing end-matched and parquet flooring of high quality. The Forestry Department has specialists to advise the local woodworking industry. The furniture plants visited showed the results of this technical help. Although small and with limited equipment, these factories turn out well designed, well made furniture. Care was used in organizing and assembling the parts, and the latest resin adhesives were using used to turn out a pleasing product. There is a wood treating plant in Surinam using both Wolman salts and copper naph- thenate. This plant treats flooring, panelling, Figure 5. — Pine in Surinam. Left. Honduras pine, 1 year old, planted 5 months after natural forest cleared Right. Honduras pine, 7 years old. lumber, and poles. Brazil On the grounds of the Instituto Agrono- mico do Norte, Belem, some small plantings of forest tree species have been made in re- cent years. Brazilnut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.), bigleaf mahogany, cumart (Couma- rouna odorata Aubl.), Eucalyptus alba Reinw, E. tereticornis Sw., Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) Nicholson, and Spanish-cedar, have made a promising start. Eight-year old stands of jacaranda (Jacaranda copaia [Aubl.] D. Don) and simaruba are up to about 6 inches dbh and 50 feet tall, with truly excellent bole form. Most of these plantings are spaced 1 meter by 3 meters, which per- mits cleaning them with a tractor-mounted rotary mower. At Santarém studies are being made of en- richment of natural forest, and of pure plant- ations. On heavy black soil Gmelina and sima- ruba look best in plantations; on red clays jacaranda grows as rapidly as the local species of Cecropia and attains a larger size and better CARIBBEAN FORESTER Figure 6. — Curua silvicultural operation. Upper left. Loading legs on barge for shipment to Santarem. Upper right. Cutting fozs, bandmill on moving carriage with log fixed. Lower left. Simaruba (Simaruba amara), 26 months old. Center. Cupiuba (Goupia glabra), 14 months old. Lower right. Jacaranda (Jacaranda cepaia), 26 months old. form. Several species show promise under- planted under high forest, but the Spanish- cedar is outstanding. A sawmill here has made an excellent start in studying the properties and working characteristics of some of the lesser known Brazilian woods. Logs are being supplied from the Curua Silvicultural Study Area. The silvicultural studies being made at Curua, like the studies at Santarém, are being conducted by the FAO Forestry Mission in cooperation with the Brazilian Forest Serv- ice. The basic pattern of study at Curua is essentially the same as in Surinam: improve- | ment of the high forest by eliminating weed trees, striving for natural regeneration of the best native species, and enrichment planting under the native high forest; at the same time studies are being made on a limited scale on the establishment of pure plantations. Bigleaf mahogany, Spanish-cedar, and Ca- rapa have all shown promise in the under- plantings. Many of the more than forty species test- ed in pure plantings are promising, but cupi- uba (Goupia glabra Aubl.), jacaranda, and simaruba are outstanding. Several eucalypts have shown their usual rapid growth but have JANUARY - JUNE 1960 59 relatively poor form and have suffered fre-report is now in preparation at the Tropical quent damage from leaf-cutting ants; of these, E. citriodora Hook has shown the most prom- ise. Progress in forestry in the Caribbean area, as elsewhere, depends to a considerable extent on the interchange of ideas and information among foresters. Here, more than in most regions, distance and language present obsta- cles to free exchange of ideas. The inspec- tions reported here were made to help bridge these gaps in communication. More detailed reports on successful plan- tations will be found in the second report on Forest Plantations in Latin America of the Regional Committee on Forest Research, La- tin American Forestry Commission, FAO. This Forest Research Center. It is hoped that additional material will be submitted for publication in the Caribbean Forester as a result of the stimulating discus- sions that developed from the contacts made in the area. If only a part of the information available in the minds and files of the foresters visited could be published it would provide an important stimulus to the practice of forestry in the Caribbean area and elsewhere. The staff of the Tropical Forest Center take this opportunity to express their thanks for the cordial hospitality and the stimulating and helpful assistance given during the visits and hope that they in turn may extend similar courtesies in Puerto Rico. Literature Cited 1. Beard, J. S. 1943. THE IMPORTANCE OF RACE IN TEAK, TECTONA GRANDIS L. Car. For: 4:3:135-139. 2. Brooks, R. L. 1939. FORESTRY IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Car. For. 1:1:14-15. 1941a. THE REGENERATION OF MIX- ED RAIN FOREST IN TRINIDAD. Car. For. 2:4:164-173. i. ROSS, P- 4, —_—_______ 1941b. NOTES ON PURE THAK PLAN- TATIONS IN TRINIDAD. Car. For. 3:1:25-28. ja Carterm dC. 1941. THE FORMATION OF TEAK PLANTATIONS IN TRINIDAD WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF PEASANT CON- TRACTORS. Car. For. 2:4:147-153. 6. Chalmers, W. S. 1958. OBSERVATIONS ON SOME CARIBBEAN FORESTS. Car. For. 19:1 & 2:30-42. 1958. THE UTILIZATION OF TEAK IN TRINIDAD. Car. For. 19:3 & 4:80-85. Ae ot = ES 2 : « a - 3 a a a oe : ve on - aes a = i‘ 7 . A Pe 7 = 2 - 7 5 i Sew a ' ee < 1 t 5 double-spaced typewritten pages, although an occasional longer article of special interest may be acceptable. Articles should be sub- mitted in the author’s native tongue, and should include title or position of the author as well as a brief summary of the material. Manuscripts should be typewritten, double ispaced, on one side of the page only, on 814 x 11 inch white bond paper. Tables should be numbered consecutively, each on a separate sheet with a title. Foot- notes used in tables should be typewritten as part of the table and designated by numerals. Illustrations should be designated as figures and numbered consecutively. Captions for each illustration should be submitted on a separate sheet. Photographs submitted for il- lustrations should be clear, sharp, and on glos- sy paper, preferably 5 x 7 or 8 x 10 inches in size. Footnotes should be numbered consecutive- ly, with a superior figure placed after the word in the text to which the footnote refers. The footnote should appear in the text in the line following the reference number, separated from the text by a short line running inward from the left margin of the text. Footnotes are used to give credit to unpublished material and communications. If only a few references to literature are made, literature citations may be placed in footnotes. Literature citations should include the author, year published, ti- tle of the work cited, name of publication, and pages. Manuscripts should be sent to the Leader, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. Opinions expressed in this journal are not necessarily those of the Forest Service. Ar- ticles published in the Caribbean Forester may be reproduced, provided reference is made to the original source. & Le “Caribbean Forester” est une revue semi- annuelle qui a été publiée depuis l’année 1938 en Puerto Rico por le Centre Tropique de Recherche Forestier, Service Forestier du ‘Départment de l’Agriculture des Etats-Unis. Cette revue est dediée a l’aménagement et a Yutilisation des forests surtout dans la region caraibe, Par les pages de cette revue les personnes qui travaillent aux tropiques peuvent etre in- formées sur les problemes specifiques des fo- rets tropicales et sur les travaux effectués pour realiser une ameilloration technique par Yaménagement et l’usage des resources fores- tiéres. Cette revue pourvoit aussi un moyen de destribuer l'information et les resultats ob- tenus par le programme experemental du Cen- tre Tropique de Recherche Forestier de Puerto Rico; en plus cette revue offre ses pages a les autres travailleurs forestiers des pays tropi- caux pour qu’ils purssent publier les resultats de leur travaux. Cette revue accepte volontiers des contribu- tions ne depassant pas 20 pages dactilografiées a double espace, cependant que certains tra- vaux du intéret spécial plus long purvent etre acceptés. Les contributions doivent etre ecri- tes dans la langue maternelle de |’auteur et doivent bien preciser son titre et sa position professionnelle, l’appert doct etre accompagné d’un résumé de l'étude. Les manuscripts doi- vent etre dactilografiées en double espace su du paper 814 por 11 pouces. Les tables du travail doivent etre numero- tées en ordre sur page separée et les notes au pied de ces tables doivent etre dactilografiées, comme une partie du table. Les illustrations doivent etre designées avec des numeros consecutifs. Les titres de chaque illustration doivent etre sumis sur une page separée Les photographies comme les illus- trations doivent etre bien claires, bien definies et sur papier glacé preferablement 5 x 7 pouces au 8 por 10. Les notes au bas de la page doivent etre numerotées apies le mot qui fait reference a la note. La note au pied devra aparaitre dans le texte sous la ligne qui suit le numero de reference, separée de texte par une ligne courte couront de gauche a driole de la marge du papier. Les notes au pied sont usées pour faire honneur aux travaux qué nént pas été publiés. Si on fait seulement quelques-unes reference qua la litterature pauvent designée les comme notes au pied. Citation au littera- ture publiée doivent comprendu, |’auteur, ]’an- née publiée, le titre du travail, le nom de la revue et les pages de cette revue. Les manuscripts doivent etre evnooyés a: “Leader, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.” Nous voulons rappeller a nos lecteurs que les opinions expumées dans cette revue ne sont pas necessairement les opinions du Forest Service et que les articles publiés dans la re- vue le “Caribbean Forester” peuvent etre re- produits mais doivent jaire reference a cette revue, a ly » Hee Wr gg = ee ° Caribbean Forester U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ; FOREST SERVICE 4 TROPICAL FOREST RESEARCH CENTER Af) RIO PIEDRAS, PUERTO RICO { A ~VOLUME 21 NOS. 3 AND 4 JULY - DECEMBER, 1960 Caribbean Forester Ei Caribbean Forester es una revista semes- tral gratuita publicada en Puerto Rico desde el afio 1938 por el Centro Tropical de Inves- tigaciones Forestales del Servicio Forestal del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Esta publicacién esta dedicada a promover la mejor ordenacién y utilizacion de los recursos forestales del trépico con especial énfasis a la region del Caribe. Provee informacién a los que laboran en la dasonomia y ciencias afines sobre los pro- blemas especificos que confrontan, las politi- cas forestales vigentes y el progreso del tra- bajo que se lleva a cabo para mejorar la or- denacién y utilizacién de los recursos fores- tales tropicales. 'También sirve como medio informativo sobre los resultados y el progreso de los programas experimentales, en ordena- cin forestal tropical y utilizacién, que se lle- van a cabo en el Centro de Investigaciones en Puerto Rico. También le brinda una opor- tunidad a otras personas interesadas en la dasonomia tropical para presentar el resultado de sus trabajos. Se solicitan aportaciones de otras fuentes en el campo de la dasonomia tropical siempre que no estén consideradndose para publicacién en otras revistas. El manuscrito generalmente no debe exceder 20 paginas escritas a maqui- na a doble espacio, aunque ocasionalmente po- dria aceptarse un articulo mas largo cuando tuviera un interés especial. Los articulos deben someterse en la lengua verndcula del autor, deben incluir su titulo o posicién que ocupa y un resumen corto. De- ben estar escritos a maquina a doble espacio, solamente en un lado de la pagina, en papel blanco primera, tamafio 814 por 11 pulgadas. Las tablas deben numerarse consecutiva- mente, cada una en una hoja separada con su titulo. Las notas al pie usadas en las ta- blas deben escribirse a maquina como parte de la tabla y designarse por medio de nt- meros. Las ilustraciones deben designarse con nt- meros y numerarse consecutivamente. Los ti- tulos para cada ilustracién deberdn someterse en una pagina separada. Las fotografias so- metidas como ilustraciones deben ser claras, bien definidas y en papel glaseado, preferible- mente 5 por 7 u 8 por 10 pulgadas en tamafio. Las notas al pie deben numerarse consecu- tivamente con un nimero de llamada siguiendo la palabra en el texto a la cual hace referen- cia la nota al pie. La nota al pie debe apa- recer en el texto en la linea siguiendo el nt- mero de referencia y separada del texto por medio de una linea corta hacia dentro desde el margen izquierdo del texto. Las notas al pie se usan para dar crédito a material no publicado y a comunicaciones. Si se hacen solamente unas pocas referencias a la litera- tura entonces dichas citas pueden aparecer como notas al pie. Las citas incluiran el nom- bre del autor, el afio de publicacién, el titulo del trabajo, y el nombre y paginas de la pu- blicacion. Los manuscritos deben enviarse al Lider del Centro Tropical de Investigaciones Forestales, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. Las opiniones expresadas en esta revista no coinciden necesariamente con las del Servicio Forestal. Los articulos publicados en el Carib- bean Forester pueden reproducirse siempre que se haga referencia a la fuente original. The Caribbean Forester is a free semi-an- nual technical journal published since 1938 in Puerto Rico by the Tropical Forest Research Center, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. This publication is devoted to the development of improved management and utilization of tropical forest resources, with special interest in the Caribbean region. Through the pages of the journal tropical foresters and workers in allied scientific fields are informed of specific problems of tropical forestry, policies in effect in various countries, and progress of work being carried out for the improvement of the management and util- ization of forest resources. It furnishes a means of distribution of information on the progress and results of the experimental pro- grams of the Tropical Research Center in Puerto Rico. In addition, it affords an op- portunity for other workers in the field of tropical forestry to make available the results of their work. Contributions for the journal are solicited. However, material submitted should not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should not ordinarily exceed 20 (Continua en la portada #3) The printing of this publication has been approved by Director of the Bureau of the Budget (June 26, 1958) The Tropical Forest Research Center is operated in cooperation with the University of Puerto Rico. VOL. 21 NOS. 3 AND 4 JULY - DECEMBER, 1960 Caribbean Forester Geom rem ts S) Uleal elie © Page Policy and Economic Problems in the Conversion of Old Growth Forests to Managed Stands in Tropical South America ____ 61 A. F, A. Lamb Eiducacion de Dirigentes Politicos e Industriales en Materia Forestal ___ eS ee 68 Enrique Beltran Natural Regeneration in the Humid Tropical Forest ______ 73 Alistair Foggie The Regeneration of Tropical Forests by Planting ________ 82 Frank H. Wadsworth Surveys Particularly Applicable to Extensive Areas ______ 90 Dammis Heinsdijk Obstacles to Tropical Forestry — Lack of Markets and Incomplete Utilization ________ 99 M.N. Gallant —— NOTE The general policy of the Caribbean Forester is not to print any ma- terial published elsewhere. This issue, however, is composed of articles to be published in the Proceedings of the Fifth World Forestry Congress. We hope they will thus inform and stimulate foresters in the tropics who will never see the complete Proceedings of the Congress. NOTA La politica general del Caribbean Forester es no reproducir manus- ccritos publicados en otras revistas. Esta edicién, sin embargo, esta com- puesta de articulos a publicarse con las Actas del Quinto Congreso Mun- dial de Silvicultura. Esperamos que los mismos informen y estimulen a aquellos dasOnomos en los trépicos que no tendran la oportunidad de leer las Actas del Congreso completas. JULY - DECEMBER 1960 61 Policy and Economic Problems in the Conversion of Old Growth Forests to Managed Stands in Tropical South America A. F. A. LAMB Ministry of Natural Resources & Agriculture Port of Spain, Trinidad What are the problems of adjusting from an economy based on old growth timber to one based on managed second growth from the standpoint of land management adjust- ments, forest industry adjustments, and social and labour adjustments? The moist tropical forests occupy a vast area in the Amazon basin, parts of Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama the upper reaches of the Orinoco, the coastal range in Venezuela, and the catchment of the rivers flowing north- wards through French Guiana, Surinam, Bri- tish Guiana, and Venezuela south of the Ori- noco. Trinidad is part of northern South America that has become an island in com- paratively recent times and contains similar forest. North of Panama the moist tropical forests extend as far north as British Hon- duras and Southern Mexico. The climate varies from equatorial to monsoon with rain- fall usually over 60 inches per annum. In these regions population is still sparse. Over large areas it is less than one person per square mile of forest. Demand for wood for the needs of the forest inhabitants is so mea- gre in comparison with the abundance of trees that the forest may be looked upon as the dominant ecological factor. The Amerindians have made relatively little impression on this forest by the small clearings they make on which to grow their cassava crops. It can hardly be said therefore that a forest econo- my exists in the remoter forests. The forests known best to the author le in Trinidad and British Honduras where rain- fall varies from 50 inches to 120 inches per annum and the climate has a dry season from February to May. It is necessary to mention first the salient features of a forest economy based on old growth timber. Examples of such an economy may be found in the Amazon, British and French Guiana, Surinam, and British Hondu- ras. In the tropics with few exceptions this has meant an economy based on “creaming” of mixed tropical hardwood forest by the ex- traction over large areas of a few valuable and usually large timber trees and their subse- quent export as logs to more advanced in- dustrial countries or their conversion at the: port by large sawmills into sawn timber which is dried, graded, and largely exported. In the case of British Guiana a main export has been Greenheart piling. In these countries there is an abundance of forest and a low population mainly concen- trated on the coast. The local market can- not absorb the output of the forest and therefore only the most valuable trees are cut. Unlike temperate forests which are usually composed of a few species, the valuable species form a small proportion of the total crop in a tropical forest. Their re- moval makes little difference to the light reaching the forest floor and is in fact a thin- ning of the forest in favour of the less 62 valuable species, which, if continued over long periods may reduce the crop to a stand of mediocre or useless trees. In none of the countries mentioned has the adjustment of the economy from old growth to second growth gone far. The first step in such adjustments is a land capability survey to determine what areas are to become the permanent forests of the country whether they are owned by the state or by private individuals. With this basis it is possible to constitute the forest estate, demarcate it on the ground and set about the collection of data for managment plans. The first plan must take account of the area of forest re- maining outside the permanent forest estate and allow for it to be exploited and sub- sequently converted to other use. This and the rest of the mature forest will then form the capital which will be liquidated over a suf- ficiently long period to permit the regenerat- ed forests to reach timber size before the last of the mature forest has been cut. How very different from theory is practice. It is quite feasible to carry out a land capa- bility survey using aerial photographs and soil surveys. This can be followed by demarca- tion of the forest estate. But the conversién of the mature forest to regrowth on a large scale by natural regeneration must await the devel- ‘opment of markets for a large proportion of the trees in the forest. There are areas of for- cest m British Honduras where the economy is based on regrowth. These are the drier areas of the north where mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) is the dominant tree and where hurricanes in the past have kept the forest open and _ permitted natural regeneration to maintain the — stocking of mahogany. Occasionally natural re- generation invades abandoned farms and burnt areas or landslides. There are also areas in British Guiana where Greenheart (Ocotea rodiaei) is so common that the opening caus- ed by exploitation of the straight medium sized trees for piles and timber is sufficient to ensure the stimulation of advance growth CARIBBEAN FORESTER present, but these are exceptions. Generally the conversion of old growth by natural re- generation to managed regrowth is successful only on sandy soils and must be preceded by opening of the canopy. This involves the poi- soning of useless trees and the cutting of shrubs and creepers leaving an open canopy or shelterwood of pole size timber trees and all advance growth of valuable species. The cost ot the poisoning, creeper and shrub cutting, and subsequent cleaning of the young rege- neration necessitates a fairly complete use of the mature timber trees to pay for it. Likewise in forests where clay soil pre- dominates natural regeneration may be un- successful. The alternatives are either lines planted through the degraded old growth or clearance of the forest and planting of the land with either a pure crop or mixture of val- uable timber trees. In the tropics the taungya system has been evolved to achieve this. Under it the trees are planted in farms clear- ed by shifting cultivators but if considerable areas of forest remain unused outside the permanent forest estate, no land hunger is likely, and without it, the taungya system does not work efficiently. To do the work of clearance by paid labour is costly, less sa- tisfactory in the absence of the cultivation given to the food crops, and rarely possible on a large scale. These basic factors governing the spread of forest management were well brought out in a paper on Silviculture in Costa Rica pre- pared by L. R. Holdridge! for the Fourth World Forestry Congress when he stated seven general policy precepts to be used as guidance when applying silviculture to the mixed trop- ical hardwood stands of Latin America. The best and most advanced example of balanced adjustment in forest management known to the writer is found in the small is- land of Trinidad (1,863 square miles) which has 45% of its surface still covered by forest. ijoeoldridae: L. R. 1957. The silviculture of natural mixed tropical hardwood stands in Costa Rica. FAO Forestry & For. Prod. Study 13. Tropical Silviculture 2:57-66. JULY - DECEMBER 1960 By historical accident the rapid expansion of population, industry, and wealth took place after the appointment of the first Forest Of- ticer in 1901. The revenue from oil helped development, a pitch lake cheapened road de- velopment, and there was an adequate and fully constituted forest estate available to sup- ply local needs. The result was an internal market that made it unnecessary for the timber industry to depend on fluctuating foreign markets in which only the cream of forest produce could be marketed. The local markets were mainly in the drier West of the Island and the forests in the wetter East. Rainfall varied from 120 inches in the north- east to 60 mches per annum in the south- west. The sawmill industry started with numerous small mills using inserted tooth circular saws to cut local needs with no faci- lities for seasoning or preservative treatment and inadequate equipment for dressing and finishing the sawn timber. The efficient ex- port mill, so useful as a training centre else- where, was absent. This industry was based on old growth, it was very wasteful due to the inserted tooth saws and lack of thinner resaws and the pro- duct was of mediocre quality. Until the second world war the favourite species were Cedrela mexicana, Manilkara bidentata, and Carapa guianensis hauled by bull for up to five miles to a motor road by small contractors who sold at roadside to sawmill owners owning trucks or to timber merchants who used a convenient sawmill to convert the logs. These contractors were repeating the “creaming” operation char- acteristic of the forest economics of parts of the Amazon Valley today. The war brought an enormous increase in the demand for timber. Much of this was supplied by imports but the effect on the local forest economy was the provision of markets for many formerly unsaleable species and for much charcoal. The accessible forests were “creamed” again but a shelterwood was retained and the residue was converted to charcoal in selected forests thus providing ideal conditions for the extension of intensive forest management in the depleted forests. By this time several techniques for creating second growth forest had been evolved; the tropical shelterwood system was started in Arena forest in 1931°/ and the conversion of the forest on calcareous clay soils to teak Zectona grandis) plantations started in 1913 and gradually expanded. To these was added the conversion from hardwoods to pine plan- tations of the forest on acid sandy soils. This was started experimentally in 1948, and was followed in 1952 by the conversion to valuable mixed hardwoods of accessible and fertile parts of the Northern Range of mountains by the taungya system. There was, in addition, an important development on private estates where the more fertile parts had been convert- ed from hardwood forest to cocoa and coffee plantations. This conversion created condi- tions ideal for the growth of the valuable fur- niture woods Cedrela mexicana, Cordia al- liodora, Swietenia macrophylla, and Tabebuia pentaphylla all of which are light demanders. These species had not proved easy to grow in Government timber plantations and _ their spread by windborne seed through the 150,000 acres of cocoa provided a supplement to the income of the private owner and to the output of the permanent state forest. They formed a mixture among the Erythrina, the planted shade tree, and reached maturity in forty to fifty years. When mature, estate owners usual- ly felled them themselves to minimise dam- age to the cocoa and sold them at stump for $1.10 per cubic foot to contractors. On sev- eral estates timber sales are now a major source of revenue especially when cocoa and coffee prices are low and when the old cocoa trees are being replaced by new high yielding clones. When conditions became more normal after the war it was already evident that the waste and inefficiency inherent in conversion by z Moore, D. 1957. The effects of an expanding economy on the tropical shelterwood system in Trinidad. Seventh British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, in Australia and New Zealand. 64 innumerable small circular sawmills could not be tolerated if Trinidad’s policy was to be maximum self sufficiency in timber. The cooca estates were producing considerable quantities of the furniture woods, teak thin- nings were beginning to influence markets in Southern Trinidad, and logs from the old growth forests were becoming inaccessible. At the same time imports of coniferous timber of good manufacture were tending to make in- roads into the local market owing to low stand- ards of manufacture of local hardwoods and lack of seasoning after sawing. Since before the war the Forest Department had endeavoured to persuade the sawmilling industry to replace the circular with bandsaw- mills. However it was not till 1951 that the first self contained British Stenner 48-inch bandmill started operation. This change had been advocated in the interests of economy in wocd, especially in the smaller material beginning to come from regrowth stands. By 1956 a revolution in the sawmilling industry had been achieved and thirty bandmills were operating. This result was due to the fact that much of the sawing is “custom sawing”’. When the log owner had his wood cut in a bandmill he got more boards per cubic foot of log and therefore the circular sawmills went out of business. It was remarkable also how quickly the Trinidadian sawmillers mastered the technicalities in sawing large, very heavy, hard woods like Mora excelsa with small band- saws. Since 1956 the tendency has been to put in larger bandmills with 54-inch and even 60-inch pulleys. This tendency to larger units has the advantage that sawmilling be- comes a full time business instead of a part- time estate activity. It is then easier to im- prove the grading, seasoning and preservation of timber to make the local product competi- tive with the imported article. However these new mills could not convert the small teak plantation poles under 12 inch- es in diameter economically. The flow of this material as thinnings from the 12,000 acres of teak plantations was rapidly increasing. CARIBBEAN FORESTER To use this, a series of small forest in- dustries was started by Government which used 5- and 10-year old thinnings for wire bond split teak fencing, 10- and 15-year old poles fence and house posts, and larger poles from 20 - 30-year old trees for the production of sawn scantlings, flooring strips, and furni- ture squares. A het-and-cold creosoting plant was part of the equipment and was used to render fencing and fence posts durable. The organization of the marketing of teak thinnings has made use of innumerable small contractors. 'The 5- and 10-year old thin- nings are felled by the government forest workers but their subsequent conversion to pickets is done by small contractors who sell to the fencing factory. The factory workers are paid on out-turn of 25-foot rolls of fencing. After drying, the rolls are creosoted and mar- keted through depots in the larger cities. Si- milarly, larger poles for sawing are delivered from a radius of up to 30 miles by contrac- tors owning lorries. The price for transporting them is decided by tender and all thinnings in the older plantations have to be extracted unless rejected by the Forest Rangers owing to defect. Of all timber used the size 2” x 4” is the commonest. Twenty-year old teak poles give one such scantling 12-14 feet long and may. give in addition two flooring strips from the off-cuts and fence posts or pickets from the top. Conversion is by twin bladed circular gangsaw and resaw in an electrically powered mill. There is in addition a large market for creosoted fencing posts. Most of the teak thinnings are saleable and consequently much of the cost of these plan- tations is being recovered at an early stage in their growth. It has not been so easy however to market the intermediate yield of the mixed hardwood stands. There is less uniformity in the products, it is usually not durable and may be less concentrated. The first successful sale was in a 12-year old research area where the stocking in the regenerated stand was reduced to 75 trees per acre. How far thinning in re- ‘generated mixed hardwoods can be paid for JULY - DECEMBER 1960 by revenue from sales remains to be seen but is probable that this form of thinning will be necessary on an extensive scale. Because of the abundance of the regeneration much will depend on the possibility of economic produc- tion of chipboard and paper in Trinidad. Another development which has improved the quality of timber sold in Trinidad was the installation in 1956 of a commercially operat- ed wood preservative plant in Port of Spain the capital. This treated both the imported soitwoeds and the local hardwoods and will prevent much of the termite damage so preva- lent throughout Trinidad. It has become pos- sible to render perishable woods and sapwood durable in this way and has extended the market for the faster growing and _ softer timbers. When the Northeast Mora Forest Working Plan was introduced to control cutting in 19,000 acres of forest where Mora excelsa was dominant, its most important provisions were the concentration of all felling operations in three cutting sections. These were made ac- cessible by public roads which were extended as new, all weather forest roads to permit the 120 small contractors working there to extract their logs and charcoal economically. The previous unplanned creaming of the whole forest had made supervision expensive, rege- neration impossible on an organised basis, and yield control unsatisfactory. There was much opposition to planned management at first but the provision of easy access to formerly inac- cessible untapped stands won over the con- tractors. The very complete utilization which followed concentrated working, caused much soil disturbance and plentiful regeneration has been the result. Nevertheless most of this re- generation is of low grade timbers and silvi- cultural work to improve its quality is es- sential. By the middle nineteen fifties it was pos- sible to draw up a forest development plan for the whole country indicating the lines along which the adjustment of the forest economy from being chiefly dependent on old growth 65 stands to being supplied by second growth forest, could be carried out. Throughout the half of Trinidad covered by privately owned estates, timber production as shade above co- coa and coffee and as shelterbelts would tend to become more concentrated on the sites best suited for the food trees. On these the high yielding cocoa strains would received manu- rial treatment. On some estates plantations of mahogany, teak, and pine were being de- veloped and, on parts of the Northern Range, natural regeneration of mahogany had proved successful in mixed hardwood forest after opening of the canopy. It was estimated there- fore that output from private estates would be maintained and might increase under a Government sponsored forest dedication scheme which has been started. The state forests would eventually cover about 318,000 acres or 25 percent of the coun- try Of this 100,000 acres was protection forest on high steep hills on the Northern Range and Trinity Hills, 8,128 acres were swamp, and 50,000 acres were scheduled for conversion to teak plantations. The pine plan- tation scheme was still being developed but was likely to absorb 50,000 acres of acid sand and sandy clays of the Talparo type at a planting rate of 1,000 acres per year and na- tural regeneration of mixed hardwoods was already planned over 31,800 acres at 1,000 acres per year on a 30-year cycle. These add up to 131,800 acres of state forest allocated for treatment out of approximately 190,000 acres which may eventually be made acces- sible. Parts of the unallocated portion have been and will be included in nature reserves and will receive no treatment other than pro- tection, but the major part unallocated will come under regeneration treatment when the soils have been mapped. This conversion plan will be paid for mainly by the revenue from the mature forest. In Trinidad owing to the very large number of small contractors, forest produce is not nor- mally sold by auction to the highest bidder but at fixed royalty rates, although it may be 66 worth considerably more. This is done to safe- guard the small contractor but it has admin- istrative disadvantages in areas where demand exceeds supply. If sale by tender were permitted a much higher Government revenue might well be possible. The population of the country is now about 750.000 and it absorbs approximately 1,328,- 000 cubic feet of imported sawn wood and 2,630,000 cubic feet of local sawn wood or 5.65 cubic feet per head. By the end of the century the population may well exceed 1,200,000 with a requirement of 9,000,000 cu- bic feet of sawn timber and a considerable absorption of small wood in chipboard, match- es, and possibly a paper factory. There may then be 36,000 acres of teak and 40,000 acres of pine plantation producing an estimated volume of 4,000,000 cubic feet of sawn wood per year and the regenerated mixed hardwood forest with an increment provisionally estimat- ed at 40 cubic feet sawn wood per acre per annum over 40,000 acres providing. 1,600,000 cubic feet of lumber per annum. Timber from private estates may amount to 400,000 cubic feet per annum. There may always be a large import of wood but these conservative figures give some indication of how Trinidad may develop its managed forests to supply its need. In carrying out the plan, the plantation pro- gramme, whether a conversion to teak, pine, or furniture woods, depends on the cooperation of an adequate number of gardeners willing to grow food crops on the area to be converted each year. Future prospects in this respect are good because of the rising population. In the mixed hardwood forests, however, although there is a good market in the match factory for one suitable species, Didymopanax moroto- toni a new market is required to absorb branchwood, defective trunks, and unsaleable species. In the past this has been sold as firewood and the bulk of it has been converted on the spot to charcoal by primitive pit meth- ods. However in recent years there has been a gradual change in domestic practice from cooking on charcoalpots to cooking on oil or CARIBBEAN FORESTER electric stoves. This trend is likely to spread with higher living standards and the demand for charcoal and firewood may fall. The chances of developing a new market for this low grade material are dependent on several economic factors. Cordwood from mixed tropical forest is variable both in hard- ness and shape compared with debarked coniferous billets available in temperate coun- tries. It is liable to insect attack and decay in storage. The yield per acre is usually low in mixed tropical stands and no convenient cold season occurs to harden the ground and pro- vide easy skidding conditions. Nevertheless the all weather road system being developed in the forests, the concentrated plantations, and the short distances, should make pros- pects in Trinidad better than in most other tropical forest countries. A recent United Kingdom _publication® “Board Mill Survey,” H. M. Stationery Of- fice, London, December 1958, lays down the price that could be paid at mill for bone dry debarked billets of coniferous thinnings as Pds. 8:10:0 per long ton and remarks that this is the equivalent of typical North American costs of coniferous pulpwood thinning. About 10,000 bone dry long tons per annum would be necessary for the smallest economic unit. This is equivalent to 750,000 cubic feet of billets obtained from pine, teak, and mixed hardwood sources. Such an output should be quite possible from the Trinidad forests pro- vided mixed species of varying shape and hard- ness are acceptable. However a great deal of investigation into the technique of chipping such mixed raw material would be necessary. Teak, for instance, is an abrasive timber and so are several local hardwoods. There are also in Trinidad several groups of sawmills pro- ducing waste and a large source of raw ma- terial in the form of bagasse, an offshoot of sugar production which is now exported to England for manufacture to Celotex but could be used for insulation board in Trinidad in 3/ Amnon. 1958. Board Mill Survey. H. M. Stationery Office, ‘ London JULY - DECEMBER 1960 an integrated fibre and chipboard factory. It would be necessary to render the products of such a factory resistant to termite attack by the inclusion of a suitable wood preservative during the process of manufacture. Markets would lie in the Caribbean and adjacent Latin American countries. The stage now reached in Trinidad is be- yond the experimental stage of management and silviculture. 'The population appreciates the value of the forests to the country, funds are not a limiting factor to expansion. Future development will however be greatly accelerat- ed if cordwood can be readily marketed as chipboard or in a fibre board factory. The problems that face tropical South Ame- rica in improving its mixed hardwood forests are common in greater or lesser degree to all mixed hardwood tropical forests. Large ma- nufacturing units prefer a uniform raw ma- terial; extraction costs per ton in the wet tro- pics are usually high unless level country, sandy soils roads, and/or water transport are available; yield per acre and increment in the mixed hardwood stands are usually low com- pared with pure plantations*’; silvicultural work is expensive except where a ready mar- ket permits the removal of low grade material without cost; markets in the tropics tend more and more to prefer “manufactured” wood which is stable, insect proof, and uniform in its properties. Industries based on temperate coniferous forests and tropical plantations of pines and Eucalypts have major advantages in mass production of a standardised product. The new particleboard factory in British Guia- 4/ Dawkins, H. C. 1958. The volume increment of natural tropical high-forest and the limitations of its improvement. 2nd Session of the Inter-African Forestry Conference Pointe Noire. na uses only wallaba (Eperua falcata) a very hard durable wood which grows pure on poor sandy soil. Their problem is the cost of trans- port to distant markets. It is evident therefore that in tropical forests, silviculture is greatly influenced by utilization. Heavy expenditure on silviculture can be justified only where revenue is high or where there is an assured high increment such as occurs in tropical pine plantations. There will indoubtedly be a market for fur- niture woods grown in mixture and for woods which have special uses such as balsa but the size of it will probably be less than ten percent of total demand. The trend is towards: natural regeneration and plantations of one or a few fast growing species of proved value for bulk supplies. Nevertheless there will be areas allocated to forest in each country where the removal of the mixed forest and its replacement by pure, or even mixed, plantations may be unsound silviculture because of rapid soil deterioration under tropical conditions. Examples are the Arena sands in Trinidad, and the sandy soils of British Guiana, and the Benin sands of Nigeria. Even on these however the shelter- wood technique is tending towards a forest of a limited number of species which regene- rate prolifically. Policy should aim at cheap uniform bulk supplies and a much smaller production of valuable woods for furniture and_ special purposes. This is Trinidad’s policy. It will tend to spread in other tropical countries as increased population develops more balanced land use and creates internal markets for- est products. 68 CARIBBEAN FORESTER Educacion de Dirigentes Politicos e Industriales en Materia Forestal por ENRIQUE BELTRAN Recursos Forestales y de Caza Mexico, D. F. Como sucede en todos los casos que se re- fieren a la conservacion, fomento y correcto aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales, es- pecialmente los de cardcter renovable, el pro- blema fundamental para asegurar el futuro de los bosques, y la maxima utilizacion de la ri- queza potencial que encierran —obtenida en forma que no ponga en peligro su conserva- cidn— es lograr una correcta educacién ciu- dadana, que pueda servir de base clara y solido apoyo al desarrollo de una buena politica fo- restal. Frecuentemente sin embargo, la opinién pt- blica en materia forestal oscila entre dos acti- tudes igualmente nocivas a los bosques y a los mejores intereses sociales. La primera, es de absoluto desprecio para el monte y puede manifestarse de dos maneras. Ein primer lugar es frecuente, especialmente en paises poco desarrollados y con notoria ri- queza forestal, que se considere ésta como de ‘gran valor econémico, pero inagotable; y que, cen consecuencia, se explote en forma desorde- nada e intensa, superior a sus posibilidades de reemplazo, lo que pone en peligro su fu- turo. En otras ocasiones, cuando la mentalidad de las colectividades es fundamentalmente agricola o pastoril —y ésto se ve frecuente- mente cuando se trata de grupos que han emi- grado hacia zonas boscosas provenientes de otras regiones— es frecuente que se piense que el bosque no es sino un obstaculo para la agricultura y la ganaderia. En tales casos su destruccion es sistematica, con objeto de dejar ‘superficies mas o menos grandes de tierra abiertas a las nuevas actividades. Y aunque naturalmente se hace uso de la madera de los arboles derribados, y ésta tiene importancia en la vida de las comunidades para la cons- truccién de casas, cercas, aperos de labranza, o bien para combustible, solo se considera ello cosa secundaria, pensando que, fundamental- mente, lo esencial es lograr los mayores pro- ductos agricolas o ganaderos, para que con el valor de éstos, se pueda tener en el futuro la madera necesaria, por compra y no por corte directo. Y frente a éstas dos actitudes, que tanto dano han causado y causan a la conservacion de los bosques, encontramos otra diametral- mente opuesta, que en principio parece correc- ta, pero que en realidad causa también graves perjuicios. Nos referimos al amor romantico y el culto fetichista del Aarbol que, usando figu- ras poéticas, habla del sufrimiento de uno de éstos seres cuando recibe el golpe del hacha o siente los dientes de la sierra y que —exage- rando la metafora— compara sus secreciones con la sangre de un animal sacrificado. Esta actitud romantica no comprende cual es el verdadero significado y el ciclo ineludible de los seres vivientes que, sin excepcidén alguna, nacen, crecen, se reproducen, y mueren; en consecuencia, no porque el hombre deje de uti- lizar el Arbol productor de madera en el mo- mento mas adecuado, va éste a conservarse in- definidamente, pues acabado su ciclo entrara en un periodo de franca decadencia, que aca- bara con su muerte y desintegracion. Consecuencia de esta actitud, que no alcan- za a entender que ei Arbol es cosa transitoria .— mientras que lo permanente es el bosque— JULY - DECEMBER 1960 son las orientaciones politicas fuertemente res- trictivas, que postulan, como Unica manera de proteger los recursos forestales, prohibir o es- torbar al maximo posible su aprovechamien- to. No es necesario que ampliemos la descrip- cin de estas actitudes de todos conocidas. Ni es tampoco menester enfatizar los graves per- juicios que a los bosques han causado, pues también ésto es perfectamente conocido, es- pecialmente para un auditorio especializado, como el aqui reunido. Es necesario y urgente, si queremos asegu- rar el futuro del bosque y de la industria fo- restal, orientar a la opinién publica, creando una actitud correcta frente a estos problemas, que se alce indignada contra una explotaci6n irracional, que amenaza agotar una riqueza que debe ser permanente; y que también se oponga enérgicamente a los desmontes con fi- nes agricolas o ganaderos, cuando no estan justiticados. Y que —nor otra parte— no sdlo no mire con aprension y trate de estorbar o impedir el aprovechamiento racional del bosque, sino que lo estimule basado en dos premisas fundamentales: (a) que el hombre tiene derecho a utilizar en su provecho los recursos que la Naturaleza le brinda a través de los arboles; y (b) que un bosque bien ex- plotado, no se encuentra en peligro de extin- guirse, sino que tiene mayores posibilidades de conservarse y mejorarse que uno sujeto a las causas naturales de destruccién, en cuyo cuidado no intervenga un movil de interés economico que, como bien sabemos, es el mas importante de todos. Educar al pueblo en materia forestal es de extraordinaria importancia. Y frecuentemente se piensa la forma en que tal educacién debe darse a los escolares, a los agricultores, 0 a las masas de adultos en general, pensando pre- ferentemente en grupos de obreros 0 campe- sinos. Pero a menudo se olvida que en la forma- cidn y mantenimiento de la opinién publica, intervienen otros sectores sociales de gran im- 69 portancia, entre los cuales hay que mencio- nar muy especialmente a los dirigentes politi- cos, sociales, o industriales. iin las colectividades actuales, la accién de estos elementos sigue siendo tan importante, como lo fué en las sociedades primitivas. La democracia moderna, permite la intervencién del mayor numero posible de individuos para orientar la marcha de los pueblos; pero en realidad, muchas veces esta intervencién co- lectiva se manifiesta sobre todo para dar res- paldo y poder a un grupo de personas —pre- cisamente los dirigentes que menciondabamos— quienes adquieren con ello fuerza capital pa- ra orientar la opinion publica. Es pues indis- pensable educar también a estos dirigentes en materia forestal, pues la experiencia muestra que frecuentemente abrigan a este respecto ideas que por lo absurdas y anticientificas no difieren de las que tienen los sectores menos preparados. Es pues necesario aceptar que este tipo de ciudadanos, de actuacién tan decisiva en la vida moderna, requieren una educacién en materia forestal, como la que pueda requerir cualquier otro grupo social. Pero hay que sefalar también las serias dificultades que existen para convertir en rea- lidad ese propésito; mucho mayores que las que se presentan en otros grupos sociales mas facilmente accesibles. No nos referimos, claro esta, al caso de los escolares, donde cualquier tarea de educacién resulta relativamente sencilla puesto que, en esta etapa de la vida, la sociedad ha hecho comprender al ser humano que su principal mi- sién es la de adqurir conocimientos y expe- riencia. Entre los adultos, quienes no logran un éxi- to en la vida que los coloque en situacién pre- ponderante, frecuentemente tienen una actitud de relativa humildad, y facilmente aceptan sus limitaciones y su ignorancia. En estos casos lo unico que hay que vencer, para adoctrinarlos, es la fuerza de la inercia; una vez logrado, se 70 tiene un auditorio al que en nada ofende que ‘se parta del presupuesto de que no conoce el tema sobre el cual se le va a ilustrar, y que al ‘conocerlo, obtendra gran provecho en su su- peracion cultural. Pero cuando se trata de personas destaca- das, cuando se trata de dirigentes — como los que se mencionan en el titulo de este trabajo— la situacion varia. El hombre que ha tenido éxito en la vida —en cualquier for- ma que sea— se encuentra en situacién de predominio que le permite influir en el destino ‘de otros seres que han caminado con menos ‘suerte. Y consecuentemente esta sujeto a una continua adulacion, de muy variadas formas, pero en la que los aduladores destacan siem- pre la gran capacidad y profundos conocimien- tos del halagado. Y este llega a creer sincera- mente que la habilidad que le permitié colo- carse en el sitio destacado que ocupa, le ca- pacita también para opinar —y aun imponer su opinidén— en cualquier otro terreno. En tales condiciones, la persona a quien se quiere educar en material forestal no suele recibir con simpatia la sugestidn de que debe y puede ser educado. Por el contrario, piensa que sus ideas erréneas, falsas, o insubstancia- les, son en realidad las que deben aceptarse, y que en consecuencia, ninguna necesidad tie- ne de cambiarlas. Hay pues que recurrir a medidas sutiles, y a una serie de artificios para lograr que este sector, al que es urgente educar, se preste a ‘ello. Desgraciadamente, como el medio en que actian los diversos tipos de dirigentes politi- cos, sociales, 0 econdémicos es muy variado, re- sulta casi imposible sugerir una medida gene- ral que permita allanar el camino para llegar hasta ellos y lograr que, posiblemente sin darse ‘cuenta, se coloquen en una aptitud receptiva, ‘que es la primera e indispensable condicién para lograr que una ensenhanza cualquiera pueda fructificar. Habra que estudiar, caso por caso, cua- les son los intereses de cada grupo y, en lo CARIBBEAN FORESTER posible, usar como punto de partida la admi- racion que puedan tener sus integrantes para quienes lograron destacarse en el mismo, y que en alguna forma —directa o indirecta — puedan haber dicho o hecho algo de valor pa- ra la causa forestal. Exponer las ideas de un técnico, de un hombre de ciencia, de un trabajador profesio- nal en materia forestal, seguramente no servi- ra de mucho, pues el espiritu de grupo, y esa autosuficiencia que como antes dijimos suele ser compafnia inseparable de los dirigentes hu- manos, le haran pensar que aquel individuo, cuyo éxito material en la vida seguramente no se compara al suyo, pudo también estar equi- vocado en lo que decia; mientras que él, que tan alto se ha colocado, debe seguramente te- ner ideas mas claras sobre esos problemas. Pe- ro si se logra encontrar un representante de su mismo grupo que haya hecho o dicho algo en materia forestal —aunque a veces ésto tenga que exagerarse en su significado— pensara que el juicio de aquel si es valido y que, en con- secuencia, él] también debe interesarse por esos asuntos. Por otro lado, dentro de la tésis pragmati- ca que generalmente suele predominar en este grupo de personas, sera conveniente encontrar alguna ilustracién facilmente comprensible, de cémo una correcta actuacion con respecto a la cosa forestal, puede directa o indirectamente beneficiarlo. Tomemos por ejemplo un lider en el campo politico; esto es, un alto funcionario en cual- quier ramo de la administracion, un legislador, o el miembro destacado de algtin partido. En tal caso, sera conveniente hacer notar cémo la correcta administracién de los recursos fores- tales no solamente puede contribuir al desa- rrollo de la economia nacional, y a una mejor marcha de la cosa publica, sino que, ademas, coloca a quien tiene estos conocimientos en situacion de poder destacarse frente a sus otros colegas en el campo de la politica, que carecen de tal preparacién; lo que indudablemente re- opercutira en su propio beneficio. Es decir, JULY - DECEMBER 1960 habra que hacer ver los resultados practicos que se persiguen, y tratar de ligar tanto como sea posible el interés colectivo con el indivi- dual del que escucha. Si se trata de lideres de caracter social, es decir de dirigentes de masas obreras 0 campe- sinas, habra que abordarlos explicandoles c6mo los grupos que conducen y representan, pue- den beneficiarse grandemente con un adecuado tratamiento de los bosques. Cuando se trata de grupos campesinos esto es relativamente mas sencillo, puesto que el hombre de campo se encuentra ligado con la Naturaleza, y en muchas ocasiones deriva del bosque productos importantes para su vida. Pero atin en el caso de aquellos que no estan directamente ligados con el bosque sino que se dedican a actividades agricolas o ganaderas, existe siempre la posi- bilidad de demostrarles que un buen manejo de los bosques en las cuencas hidrograficas, se traduce en mejor conservacion del suelo y me- jor utilizacioén del agua, recursos basicos para obtener buenas cosechas o tener pastos de me- jor calidad para el ganado. Y asi también, jun- to al aspecto de interés colectivo, puede colo- carse el de interés particular, mostrando a di- cho lider que el tratar adecuadamente un te- ma que muchos de sus compaferos enfocan in- correctamente, no sdlo le da mayor prestigio, sino que le permite explorar nuevos caminos en su tarea de dirigente. Por ultimo, si se trata de personas destaca- das en el campo economico, esto es de dirigen- tes relacionados con la industria, el comercio, o las finanzas, podra hablarse ante ellos de que, en el complicado engranaje de la sociolo- gia y economia modernas, la correcta explota- cién de todos los recursos esta estrictamente ligada y, en consecuencia, la falla que en el aprovechamiento de cualquiera de éstos pudie- ra incurrirse, habra de repercutir en todos los demas. Claro esta que si se trata de un indus- trial que beneficie la madera, 0 de un comer- ciante que trafique con productos forestales, o de un financiero que maneje créditos para actividades silvicolas, no seré mucho lo que habra que decir para despertar su entusiasmo, fal ni tampoco sera menester insistir para que comprendan que cualquier falla que pueda ocurrir en el campo forestal, habra de tener repercusiones en otras actividades con las que ellos estan ligados. Si se logra este punto fundamental de apro- che, si se llega a conquistar la confianza de tales dirigentes, el siguiente paso sera seleccio- nar cuidadosamente el material que debe usarse en esta tarea de educacion forestal. Tal material debe ser lo mas concreto y con- ciso posible. Hay que tener desde luego en cuenta esa peculiar psicologia a que antes alu- dimos, que hace pensar a los miembros de es- tos sectores privilegiados que poseen conoci- mientos de los que en realidad carecen y, en consecuencia, si comenzamos nuestra tarea ex- presando algunas verdades fundamentales en forma de correcta exposicidn pedagégica, co- rremos el riesgo de despertar su antipatia, pen- sando que les hacemos perder el tiempo con ello. Por eso, sera menester hacerles suponer que pensamos que ellos ya tienen un conoci- miento basico sobre la materia, que poseen ideas claras y constructivas, y que lo tnico que se requiere es clarificar y sistematizar las mismas para ponerlas al servicio de una bue- na causa. Es también indudable frente a estos indivi- duos, que no van a intervenir de manera direc- ta en el manejo de los bosques, que no seria util darle normas y orientaciones de caracter técnico. Lo que se requiere, es brindarles con- ceptos generales, mostrar que deben aceptar con simpatia lo que los especialistas en la ma- teria exponen y que, ellos a su vez, con su gran influencia social, deben procurar que la buena semilla fructifique. Es decir, hay que crearles la psicologia del sembrador, haciéndoles no- tar claramente que si nos dirigimos a ellos, no es tanto porque pensamos que ignoran el pro- blema, sino porque queremos utilizar su in- fluencia para que nos ayuden a hacérselo com- prender a quienes si lo ignoran; y que, en con- secuencia, nuestra aportaci6n mas que para brindarles nuevos conocimientos la dirigimos 72 simplemente a darles una técnica con la cual puedan exponer estos problemas para influir a la opinion publica. Los conceptos basicos que deben hacérseles llegar son extraordinariamente variados, y de- penden grandemente del estado general de la conciencia forestal en cada pais o region. Por ejemplo, en algunos paises con conciencia fo- restal atin no desarrollada o con una opinion publica que se ha conducido por caminos err6o- neos, sera necesario insistir sobre tres o cua- tro principios basicos, de enorme importancia inmediata, para usarlos como cimiento de fu- turas construcciones. En estos casos, sera int- til tratar asuntos detallados de indole mas ele- vada, puesto que los problemas a que se re- fieren no podran ser enfocados, hasta en tanto no se hayan superado las primeras etapas. En cambio, si tratamos de enfocar asi el pro- blema en un pais con una industria forestal sdlida y bien orientada, donde los ciudadanos ya estan familiarizados con muchos de estos conceptos, no hariamos sino repetir lugares co- munes y, en consecuencia, rapidamente perde- riamos el interés de nuestro auditorio. Hemos hecho pues el agrupamiento de los conceptos basicos que en materia forestal de- ban tener los dirigentes sociales, distribuyendo a éstos en tres grupos: (a) aquellos de paises con una gran riqueza forestal, que por inac- cesibilidad de la misma, escasez de poblacion, u otras causas no ha sido atin tocada; (b) aquellos de paises que tuvieron una riqueza forestal en el pasado, pero que por un trata- miento inadecuado de la misma han llegado casi a extinguirla; (c) aquellos otros que aun tienen una riqueza forestal apreciable y que la estan explotando de manera inadecuada que, de continuar por algtin tiempo, pondra en pe- CARIBBEAN FORESTER ligro su futuro; (d) aquellos otros en que exis- te riqueza forestal, y ésta se maneja en tesis general de manera correcta; y (e) por ultimo, el de aquellos paises practicamente sin recur- sos forestales de valor econémico, pero en los cuales la forestacién pudiera ser esperanza pa- ra el futuro, ya sea por el papel protector de los bosques en las cuencas hidrograficas, por su importancia como sitios de recreo — en el caso de los Parques Nacionales— o bien por la posibilidad de crear nuevas fuentes de ri- queza. Cada uno ae estos casos requerira un trata- miento que, orientando en forma semejante en lo que hace a la técnica de transmisién del conocimiento y formacién de una conciencia forestal, diferira sin embargo notoriamente en lo que respecta a las peculiaridades especifi- cas de los temas abordados. Naturalmente, cuanto mas concreta sea la manera de exponer los problemas en cada caso, cuanto mas ligadas estén las ilustraciones que se ofrezcan con la vida diaria o con las expe- riencias pasadas del sujeto, mas facil sera des- pertar su interés y cautivar su atenci6n. En consecuencia, aun aceptando la posibili- dad de usar como guias los lineamientos ge- nerales acabados de mencionar, resultaria es- téril entrar en detalles que, para ser utiles, de- beran enfocar aspectos peculiares, imposibles de abordar en una generalizacion. La cooperacion del experto en problemas fo- restales, el psicdlogo practico, y el especialista en relaciones putblicas, dara las bases conve- nientes para formular, en cada pais, un ade- cuado programa de educacion forestal para sus elementos dirigentes, que tanto necesitamos para clarificar y orientar la opinion publica. JULY - DECEMBER 1960 73 Natural Regeneration in the Humid Tropical Forest ALISTAIR FOGGIE Chief Conservator of Forests Ghana This paper is general to conditions of the humid tropical forest but, as the writer has had experience of these forests only in West Airica his personal experience is limited and considerable reference has had to be made to the literature. The paper is based largely on Ghanaian conditions with notes on pertinent variations noted from other countries. What the term “natural regeneration’’ means in the conditions of the humid tropical forest must be defined. As a forestry term in the forests of the temperate zone ‘natural regeneration” has a reasonably logical mean- ing. The ecologist also uses the term but his na- tural regeneration is the process by which a climax community maintains itself. A very large proportion of the commercial forests of the world are not climax communities but seral stages. Left undisturbed the existing species would be superseded by others and the forest- ers operations to stimulate natural regenera- tion of the existing crop is actually perpetuat- ing a seral stage and not letting nature take its course. The humid tropical forest, with very few exceptions, is a most complex mixture with hundreds of tree species growing intimately together of which the commercially usable species only furnish a very small percentage. Natural regeneration in the ecologist’s sense here has a perfectly valid meaning: that the forest should be perpetuating itself by new seedling growth of the whole or greater part of the great mixture of species; that it is going to remain forest of relatively similar type; that it will neither die away and: be replaced by another vegetative type, say tropical wet grass- land, nor remain forest but be replaced by an entirely different set of species or a single species. The “natural regeneration” of the tropical forester is quite different. His business is to bring the forest to the highest productivity for man’s use. He is concerned therefore with the regeneration of these species which are either of known present value or those which are likely to be usable by man. Only if other species are conducive to such regeneration or to its health, which includes the very import- ant factor of maintenance of the soil, will they be considered and fostered by the forester. All others can only be considered detrimental, as reducing the growing space of, and competing for light, moisture and nutrients with the favoured trees, and as such are weeds. “Naturally regenerating” the humid tropical forest is an attempt to convert a very com- plex mixture of species into a much simpler one with a high proportion of certain species (de- termined on the basis of their utilisable po- tential and not of their silvicultural or ecolo- gical characteristics) and as small a propor- tion as possible of any others. Further, we wish this regeneration to arise in quantities which will at least replace, but much more often greatly exceed, the amount of these species taken by commercial exploi- tation from the existing forest. This replace- ment must, therefore, be not only equal in quantity but at the same rate, which involves the subsequent growth of the regeneration. Lastly, in practically every case in which it has so far been attempted this “natural rege- neration” has also aimed at the conversion of 74 the existing forest, which is allaged or at least all-sized, into a roughly evenaged crop in which all stems will have arisen within 10 - 20 years of each other. This is another enormous change in the ecological environment, the full effects of which are still unknown. The “natural” part of such regeneration is therefore reduced to the reliance upon existing seedlings and saplings or to seedlings arising from seed from individual stems of the desired species in the existing forest. All the techniques so far used and the results are quite “un- natural” as they do not occur in nature and are artificial. I should like to refer again to the condition that such ‘‘natural regeneration” must at least replace, and preferably exceed trees removed by commercial exploitation. This would appear to conflict with the foresters maxim that the yield must be based on the growth. Net growth in the undisturbed mature humid trop- ical forest is nil, such growth as occurs is re- placement of death and decay. If exploited for commercial species but otherwise untreat- ed, further growth will occur in the forest but largely of the remaining unwanted species. Restrictions of yield to estimated potential growth on the remaining portion of the com- mercial species in the stand would be quite uneconomic and the forests would simply not be worked or developed for timber. Almost certainly the remaining areas would be taken over for other cultivation. Enormous areas have already vanished to cultivations which are of doubtful permanent value but give an immediate return. The only sure way to stop this process is not by legal (but barren) pro- tection of the remaining forest but by show- ing that these forest can yield an economic and increasing return to mankind as forests, in preference to the “mining” by temporary cultivation of the accumulated nutrients in their top soil. The tropical forester must work on the basis that a yield to justify the opening up and treatment of the forest will be cut and it is up to him to replace and grow the trees to make this good. When it is known that a ° CARIBBEAN FORESTER fair average productivity of timber from the lands devoted to its production is being at- tained then the yield should be restricted to the growth in the interests of sustention. The regeneration of the tropical humid for- est must be assessed on this basis and if na- tural regeneration will not ensure reasonable productivity then recourse must be made to artificial method such as compensatory plan- tations or enrichment planting. The decision as to whether natural or arti- ficial regeneration should be followed is not however a matter for ex-cathedra decisions. It can only be taken in respect of one parti- cular forest or type of forest as it actually exists on the ground. In Ghana certainly, natural regeneration is the most suitable for some types while in others it is so unlikely to attain the desired ends that resort must be made to artificial regeneration. I think cir- cumstances in other countries are likely to be similar. Before passing on to the techniques current- ly employed by the forester I should like to discuss what is known of the natural regene- ration as the ecologist considers it. Though, as pointed out above, the forester must employ largely artificial means these would be doom- ed to failure unless they took into considera- tion the silvicultural characters of the species concerned and the general ecology of the for- est. The first question is whether the humid tropical forest as it exists today is in seral stages or is true climax vegetation. In West Africa it is very doubtful any of these forests are truly primeval. The great bulk, through- out the centuries since man became a culti- vator, must have been broken at some time for cultivation. After a period of between 60 and 100 years since such cultivation, it is im- posible in the writer’s experience to differenti- ate with certainty from the vegetation alone whether there has been any disturbance by man. The investigations of the Cambridge Botanical Expedition to the Benin Forests of JULY - DECEMBER 1960 Nigeria, which showed from evidence in the soil that these forests must all have been cul- tivated anything between 200 and 400 years ago, demand a considerable readjustment in the idea of what is primeval forest and also I consider of the climax concept. With the absence of growth rings in all the major trop- ical trees the forester and ecologist is depriv- ed of one of the most useful tools for the study of forests, but from such growth rate studies as have been made the life span of most of the emergent species would appear to exceed 300 years. To ensure that the existent vegeta- tion was the climax it would be necessary to know that the same emergents were dominant 600 years previously which is practically im- possible in West African conditions. The question whether the general type of forest occurring in each region can be broken down into a series of associations or associes with definite composition or whether it can only be considered a wide pan-association with the proportion of the component species vary- ing fortuitously is also of interest when it comes to treatment designed to favour certain species. In Ghana the bread pan-association concept appears the more reasonable. Over the whole area of the humid forest zone, 30,- 000 squares miles, we have only been able to distinguish five or six broad types correlated with rainfall and soil and not solely by species composition. Nigeria has tended to drop even these distinctions and at present considers that the whole humid forest should be treated as one type until more is known about it. In Malaya conditions would appear to be the same, they divide their forest into Lowland Dipterocarp Forest and Upland Dipterocarp Forest but do not differentiate further and the late F. H. London was quite definite as to their status: ““The undisturbed forests have reached ecological maturity and fluctuations in time and spare are probably due more to chance than anything else.” In British Guia- na however much more clearly defined types correlated with different soils which can be considered as associations are evident. They ~ WI are however, climax associations regenerating themselves. Uganda, whose humid forests are outliers of the great Central and West African Forest, is the exception, distinct seral stages are to be found in these forests leading to a potential climax dominated by Cynometra alexandri and the regeneratior in each seral associes is not its own but that of the next colonisation stage. In the Belgian Congo the botanists con- sider they can define associations in the ma- ture forest. It is considered however that the greater part must have been subject to dis- turbance by cultivation at some time in the past and that they are in stages of develop- ment subsequent to this. The very important stands of okoumé, Aucomea klaineana in Ga- bon and French Equatorial Africa are also known to be seral stages following disturbance. One cannot therefore generalise too far and expect that a single silvicultural technique will be valid over all the humid tropical for- ests. In Ghana early investigations showed that most of the desired trees such as the Khayas and Entandrophragmas required fairly full light for their development. They were defi- nitely light demanders. As the undisturbed for- est is generally dense with only a very little light reaching the forest floor the regeneration of these species would appear to be threaten- ed and a gradual change of the forest towards one composed solely of the shade bearing spe- cies to be expected. We have however, now enumerated 64,280 acres in sample strips cov- ering 4,362 square miles of Forest Reserves dispersed ever the humid forest zone, all fairly mature forest, some still at the stage where effects of past cultivation can be detected, the majority probably cultivated during the past 5 centuries and some areas possibly truly pri- meval. When the all-species number/girth curves from these enumerations are examined they all show that the forest as a whole is: being regenerated as there are ample smaller stems to replace the larger, and when indivi- dual species curves are prepared the great 76 majority show the same position. The Khayas and Eniandrophragmas definitely show that there are sufficient young individuals to re- place all the existing mature individuals allow- ing for the heavy mortality which occurs in the undisturbed forest, so that in spite of their being light demanders it is evident they do find sufficient niches for successful regenera- tion to maintain themselves. We have dis- covered that there are two valuable trees Triplochiton scleroxylon, one of the common- est trees, and Terminalia ivorensis both fast growing and very strong light demanders which have practically flat curves, similar numbers being found in each size class. These might with more reason be considered species due for suppression and extinction with time but very curiously this is repeated in all the enumerations examined. In none are they re- presented by a few old individuals with a com- plete absence of young regeneration though, as our sampling must cover a very wide range of maturity of the forests, this would be ex- pected to occur. How they maintain them- selves is not completely clear but it is evident that they do. From the literature it is evident that simi- lar conditions exist throughout this type of forest in West and Central Africa, Malaya, and British Guiana. This regeneration is geared to the rate of natural change in the forests, with the emer- -gents and dominants of the upper storeys sur- viving until death by old age or destruction by storms. Natural fires do not play any part within the tropical humid forest proper. The rate of regeneration is therefore very slow, and unchanged would be most unlikely to meet man’s demands upon these: forests for timber production. That this natural regeneration in the ecolo- gists sense is established for large areas is however not unimportant. In those areas where forest must be retained solely for pro- tective reasons it can be taken to be self perpetuating without further treatment than’ CARIBBEAN FORESTER simple protection, and, if at some time it be- comes technically and economically possible to exploit these forests they will be no poorer in valuable species than at the present time. Also forests which are not specifically protective but are uneconomic to exploit at the present time due to lack of access or transport facili- ties are unlikely to deteriorate if protected. It is not only in Ghana but is fairly general throughout the tropical humid forest that the commercially desirable species are light de- manders. ‘They are practically all emergents or trees of the dominant canopy and as such are physiologically adjusted to the full light to which they are exposed for most of their lives. The strong shade bearers are the species of the middle and lower storeys which rarely attain dominant or emergent status. As the young individuals of the emergents have at some time or another to pass through the lower shady canopies of the forest their seed generally germinates in the shady conditions of the forest floor and the seedlings are capable of surviving for a time. If there is any break in the canopy they will develop to saplings and again survive for a period in this stage. They cannot however continue growth and develop- ment unless some accident opens the canopy above them. The seed of these emergents are dispersed either by wind or by animals, and though the dispersal mechanisms are in many cases not very efficient and the bulk of the seed descends fairly near the mother tree oc- casional seedlings and saplings are found at considerable distances. Seeding in many species tends to be periodic rather than an- nual but in most years it is profuse. For the purpose of maintaining these species in the undisturbed forest it is adequate but the irre- gular seed years may have to be taken into account in silvicultural treatments for concen- trated regeneration . Besides the emergents such. as Khaya, En- tandrophragma, Mimusops, and others which are regular constituents of fairly mature forest there is an ever increasing demand for light easily worked woods such as the Merantis of JULY - DECEMBER 1960 Malaya, Obeche or Wawa (Triplochiton scle- roxylon) from West Africa, Limba (Termina- lia superba) from the Congo, and Gaboon (Aucoumea klaineana) from Gaboon and French Equatorial Africa and this trend is likely to continue. These trees are all very strong light demanders and very fast growers and though. they occur sporadically through the natural undisturbed forest they are much more common in recently disturbed forest where they may constitute a seral phase. Their light requirements from youth are much greater than described above and that they maintain a fairly steady population in the mature forest would appear anomalous. In West Africa at least (I have not ‘seen it des- cribed so specifically from elsewhere) the re- generation of the natural forest appears to pro- ceed in cycles. It may have started partially even aged from past cultivation and develop- ed slowly to mature forest with a regular structure and full canpy. As more trees become emergent the middle storey becomes more sparse but as the emergents reach their life span and die the forest becomes vul- nerable to the occasional storms and large breaks in the canopy occur. Existing seedlings and saplings of the emergent species make a spurt in growth, seedlings of Musanga, Trema, Macaranga quickly colonise the area along with seedlings of Triplochiton, Terminalia su- perba, Ricinodendron, and many others. The lianes also swarm in, annuals and perennials, and within a year or two it is a dense climber tangle impenetrable except to the elephant who finds this an excellent grazing ground and if they are common may by their regular foraging maintain it in this state for a con- siderable period. Ii they are not present the normal succession would be for this dense thicket of stems to push gradually upwards the fastest growers, Musanga etc. forming the upper layers followed by the Triplochiton, Terminalias, etc. then the emergents of the mature forest. Initially they carry the climbers up with them but gradually these die away and do not regenerate below the thicket. The short lived initial secondary species die a little Ce later and the faster growing Triplochiton and Terminalias become dominant followed by the emergents of the mature forest till the general structure and composition of the forest is re- gained but with a proportion of these very strong light demanders among it. This is oc- curring over fairly large areas in the Benin forest of Nigeria, as described by Jones, pro- bably because larger areas were originally under cultivation. In Ghana it occurs on rela- tively small individual areas and is not main- tained by elephant as only in a few forests are they still present and then not in great numbers. A very similar colonisation sequence follows native cultivation but as fire is used the exist- ing seedlings and saplings are either killed out- right, or all stemwood is destroyed and they must start again from the root stock, but most recruitment is from new seed entering the area. With the increase of population and the in- troduction of cocoa outside the forest reserves the post cultivation seral stages are usually broken again when they are in the stage of mature Musanga, about 10 - 20 years, and the mature forest form is never regained. The canopy of the undisturbed forest gen- erally consists of an incomplete canopy of emergents, a fairly full canopy of the deep do- minant canopy, Richards B canopy, and a very dense canopy of the understorey. The leaves of lianes increase the density in all storeys but principally in the B canopy. When we turn from the natural regenera- tion as it occurs in the undisturbed forest to the cencentrated natural regeneration of eco- nomic species it is evident that as we are dealing almost entirely with strong or moderate light demanders a_ very considerable lightening of the canopy is indicated, either to induce growth on existing advance growth or that there will be sufficient natural seed falling and germinating to form the new crop, or to both. The initial stage is upon the lianes by an attack them at always severing 78 ground level and as high as can_ be reached. This not only lightens the canopy but allows mother trees freer crowns, reduces later felling damage, and reduces regrowth. In Ghana this is accompanied by a cutting of all the unwanted understorey species which can be severed by a cutlass. This is then immediately followed by the poison- ing of all larger unwanted trees in the lower canopy, any broad crowned trees, and a selection of other trees in the middle canopy to leave what we designate a medium canopy which has been raised from 10 to 20 feet (at which the bottom of the normal understorey ‘canopy occurs) to about 40 to 60 feet. In the following year a further poisoning is done reducing the everwood to the emer- gents both economic and worthless and un- derneath this a light open canopy consisting of medium sized economics and light crowned straight boled trees of other species. Under this regime the existing advance growth of economics has a chance to get away and we also, in most cases, get an appreciable re- cruitment from seed falling from the mother trees which are all still standing. In the third year the regeneration is cleaned and assessed by a grid of quadrats, in the 3rd and 4th year further cleanings are carried out. Exploitation takes place in the 5th, 6th, or 7th year and is followed by a cleaning, mainly of climbers, and coppicing of any regeneration damaged but not wholly destroyed by felling or hauling operations. This is repeated in the 10th year when a decision is taken as to how and when the remaining overwood is to be removed. We have only a few plots, and these all research plots, exceeding 10 years and the removal of the overwood, which, owing to the restricted range of commercial species, is still consider- able, is still a matter of research and we have not yet defined a standard practice for field use. It is however, known that removal of this remaining overwood is essential. We have by this method, in favourable cir- ‘cumstances which may be defined as in dry, not swampy, forest, of mature form with all CARIBBEAN FORESTER canopies reasonably represented, and with above average stocking of mature economics, especially if they include Entandrophragma utile, raised thicket crops with over 200 of cur Class I economics per acre in among a much greater number of stems of Class II species and with smaller numbers of other po- tential timber species and in which this thi- cket has closed canopy without too great a proportion of climbers. It has therefore been extended from the purely research project to prescribed treatment in a number of working plans for reserves in which these favourable circumstances given above occur. This is prescribed in Conversion Working Circles bas- ed on an annual treatment cf 60 to 100 acres per annum and a possible rotation of 80 to 100 years. In no case has the whole of a re- serve been allocated for conversion in one ro- tation. The labour cost to 10 years is 20 to 21 mandays per acre and as net revenue available for regeneration and improvement ranges from 3 to 12 mandays per acre this intensive conversion work must be subsidised from revenues from other areas. In Malaya and Nigeria complete conversion is being undertaken. Malaya, which initiated such natural regeneration treatment in the tropical humid forest, after starting with a technique rather similar to that now used in Ghana, have now greatly simplified it. Condi- tions are not however the same as they are now concentrating on raising the fast growing Merantis (Shorea spp.) of which a consider- able number class as a single timber, occupy the position rather of the nature that Triplo- chiton and the Terminalias occupy in West African forests, and after seed years (which are periodic, but not so irregular as Triplochi- ton of which the last full mast year was 1948 in Ghana) there is a very large seedling stock- ing throughout the forest. Exploitation with a strong internal demand is much more com- plete. Their technique is therefore, where an adquate stocking of seedlings has been found, to climber cut and clear the lower canopy, allow full exploitation of all marketable stems, JULY - DECEMBER 1960 and then poison all remaining overwood. The regeneration of all species on the ground, of which a large proportion is of economics, is then allowed to grow up as a dense thicket covered with climbers and not until it has reached a height at which a man can move underneath the canopy is any cleaning done. It is then restricted to climber cutting and cutting out some weed species but closed canopy is always maintained to prevent re-development of climbers. Nigeria, like Ghana, cannot rely on advance growth alone and must pre-treat some years before exploitation to induce a greater number. So far they have also been carrying out several cleaning operations but as they are working on a much larger scale, taking up several square miles annually, they are trying to re- duce cleanings and simplify all operations. They again open the canopy from the bottom upwards. In the Belgian Congo so far little reliance has been placed on natural regeneration in field operations but it has been the subject of research and Mr. Donis and Maudoux have devised a system which they term ‘‘Uniformi- sation par le haut.” This is not a straight natural regeneration scheme but an attempt to bring the forest into a state more fit for direct natural regeneration by freeing existing economic species in their varying stages with a view to treating the forest later, depending on the relative abundance in the various stages, as a number of periodic blocks to be re- generated successively. The initial treatment works from the top downwards. After the pre- liminary climber cutting the trees competing with existing economics are girdled or poisoned taking those from the upper canopies first. Recently the French foresters in the Ivory Coast have also commenced to work a system based largely on existing advanced growth but in the hope of stimulating further regenera- tion, or to be used with supplementary plant- ing, in which the canopy again is opened from the top downwards. Again the first operation is very careful climber cutting then the un- a wanted emergents are removed followed by thinnings in the middle canopy and only then is the understorey tackled and open- ings in this are carefully made to prevent the regrowth of climbers. If 100 naturally occur- ring saplings or poles per hectare are establish- ed in this canopy this is considered a sufficient basis for the new crop. If less than these numbers supplementary planting is used. To prevent the remaining understorey from swamping the valuable trees subsequent to this opening it is proposed to clean every 3 years to the 10th year. The importance oi climbers in all these na- tural regeneration operations is evident. The climbers like the emergents are light demand- ers and any treatment designed to give more light to the regeneration will also stimulate growth of the climbers. Continual cutting is merely a palliative and is shockingly expensive. The Malayan solution is dependent on really thick regeneration which is not always attain- ed in West Africa and the solution proposed by the French foresters is interesting. The young emergents require a clearing overhead but do not suffer so much from lateral compe- tition from trees in the same storey or below. Root competition for water and nutrients has not been fully investigated but the increase in growth upon removing the overwood above young regeneration on a test plot in Ghana was far greater than would have been expect- ed from the additional light made available alone. As the crops established by natural regene- ration are developing it has been found that though the aims of a simpler mixture and a very great increase in the proportion of the economic species have been attained and that the crops are even aged it has been found that this stand does not develop in the same way as similar temperate crops. The variation in growth rate between the species is enormous and very shortly, within 20 years, you are faced with a crop again in stages and revert- ing in appearance to the natural forest. The 380 same result has been found in mixed planta- tions, and even in pure plantations, as some of the species will not grow pure and can only be maintained if a matrix of other species is allowed. The further treatment of these crops is going to vary very greatly depending on which of the economics is most desirable, and in any case is going to provide a whole series of problems for the forester in the tropics. Ghana, for this and other reasons, has tend- ed to revert to the Selection System. It is evident that large amounts of natural regene- ration of the economic species are available in the undisturbed forest and that if this could be brought through without the enormous los- ses due to inter-specific competion, and the unwanted species deliberately destroyed, the aims of a much simpler mixture and a far higher proportion of economics could also be obtained but with an all aged stand. As ex- ploitation and treatment is by stems the very fast growers could be removed as they reach exploitable size very much more easily than in a uniform system. The main question is whether we can induce a growth rate and pro- ductivity sufficient to meet the demands both in gross amount and per unit of exploited area so that it is economic for the timber man to make the partial cuts entailed. in conclusion natural regeneration of the tropical humid forest has been shown to be a possible and valid technique but like every- thing in forestry it must be related to the eco- logical and economic conditions of the indi- vidual forest under consideration. There is no single solution to the silviculture of the tropical humid forest and an immense amount of research both on the regeneration tech- niques and on subsequent management is still required. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LITERATURE CONSULTED 1. Aubreville, A. 1938. LA FORET COLONIALE: LES FOR- ETS DE L’AFRIQUE OCCIDENTALE FRAN- CAISE. Ann. Acad. Sci. Colon. 10. 10. 11. 12. CARIBBEAN FORESTER A LA RECHERCHE DE LA FORET des 1957. EN COTE D’IVOIRE. Bois et Forests Tropiques Vol. 56 & 57. Barnard, R. C. 1950. ELEMENTS OF MALAYAN SILVI- CULTURE, LOWLAND DIPTEROCARF F'OR- EST. Malay. For. Vol. 13. 1955. SILVICULTURE IN THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST OF WESTERN NIGERIA COMPARED WITH MALAYAN METHODS. Malay. For. Vol. 18. Bergeroo-Campagne, B. 1958. EVOLUTION DES METHODES D’EN- RICHISSEMENT DE LA FORET DENSE DE LA COTE DIVOIRE. Bois et Forests des Tropiques. Nos. 58 & 59. Clarke, E. C. 1956. THE REGENERATION OF WORKED OUT GREENHEART (OCOTEA RODITAEI) FOREST IN BRITISH GUIANA. Emp. For. Rev. 35. Davis, T.A.W. and Richards, P.W. 1933. THE VEGETATION OF MORABALLI CREEK, BRITISH GUIANA. J. Ecol. 21 & 22: Dawkins, H. C. 1955. THE REFINING OF MIXED FOREST — A NEW OBJECTIVE FOR TROPICAL SILVICULTURE. Emp. For. Rev. 34. 1955. I.N.E.A.C. IN THE FOREST DENSE. IMPRESSIONS OF RESEARCH IN THE BELGIAN CONGO. Emp. For. Rev. 34. 1958. THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL TROPICAL HIGH FOREST WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UGANDA, IF.I. Paper 34. Donis, C. and Maudoux, E. 1951. SUR L’UNIFORMISATION PAR LE HAUT, UNE METHODE DE CONVERSION DES FORETS SAUVAGES. Publ. L.N.F.A.C, Serie Sci. 51. Donis, C. 1956. LA FORET DENSE CONGOLAISE ET L°7ETAT ACTUAL DE SA SYLVICULTURE. Bull. Agri. Congo Belge 47, JULY - DECEMBER 1960 13: 14. 16. if 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Eggeling, W. J. 1940. BUDONGO —AN EAST AFRICAN MAHOGANY FOREST. Emp. For. J. 19. 1947. OBSERVATIONS OF THE ECOLOGY OF THE BUDONGO FORESTS, UGANDA. J. Ecol. Vol. 34. Foggie, A. 1947. SOME ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON A TROPICAL FOREST TYPE IN THE GOLD COAST. J. Ecol. Vol. 34. 1953. ON THE PROBLEMS OF MANAGE- MENT OF THE FOREST REVERSES IN THE CLOSED FOREST ZONE OF THE GOLD COAST. Emp. For. J. 32. 1957. FORESTRY PROBLEMS IN THE CLOSED FOREST ZONE OF GHANA. Journl of the West African Science As -ocia- tion, Vol. 3. 1959. FORETS ET FORETERIE AU GHANA. Bois et Forests des Tropiques. No. 65. Gutzwiller, R. 1956a. LA CONSTITUTION DES FORETS DENSE EQUATORIALES. Schweiz. Z Forst. NOME VICOLES EN VICE DE LA PRODUCTION DE BOIS D’OEUVRE EN FORET DENSE EQUATORIALE. Schweiz. Z. Forst. 107. Jack, W. H. 1959. THE STRUCTURE OF THE CELTIS- TRIPLOCHITON FOREST ASSOCIATION IN GHANA AND ITS EFFECT ON MANAGE- MENT. Thesis for University of Edinburgh Ph.D. (unpubl.) Jones, E. W. 1955. SOME ASPECTS OF NATURAL RE- GENERATION IN THE BENIN RAIN FOR- EST. Emp. For. Rev. 29. 1955, 1956. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE RAIN FOREST IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA. Iv. THE FLATEAU FOREST OF THE OKO- MU FOREST RESERVE. J. Ecol. 43 & 44. 24. iw) or 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 81 Landon, F. H. 1955. MALAYAN TROPICAL RAIN FOR- EST. Malay. For. 18. Lane, D. A. 1958. NOTES ON SILVICULTURAL PRAC- TICE IN GHANA. Second Inter-Afr. For. Conf. Pointe-Noire. Mooney, J. W. C. 1958. SELECTION MANAGEMENT IN THE TROPICAL SEMI-DECIDUOUS FORESTS OF GHANA. Second Inter-Afr. For. Conf. Pointe-Noire. Richards, P. W. 1952. THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST. Cambridge University Press. Small, D. 1958. SOME RESULTS FROM AN INVES- TIGATION INTO THE DISTRIBUTION OF GIRTH CLASSES OF TROPICAL RAIN FOREST TREES IN SIERRA LEONE. Emp. For. Rev. 37. Taylor, C. J. 1952. THE VEGETATION ZONES OF THE GOLD COAST. Forestry Bulletin No. 4 Gold Coast. 1954a. LA REGENERATION DE LA FORET TROPICALE DENSE DANS L’OUEST AFRI- CAIN. Bois et Forets des Tropiques No. 37. 1954b. RESEARCH METHODS AND RE- CORDS CONNECTED WITH THE TROFICAL SHELTERWOOD SYSTEM IN THE GOLD CCAST. Emp. For. Rev. 33. Wadsworth, F. H. 1954. TROPICAL RAIN FOREST. Proc. 4th World For. Congress Dehra Dun, Gen- eral Papers, 1. Various Authors 1954-1957. TROPICAL SILVICULTURE. Volumes I, II & III. F.A.O. Rome 1957. 82 CARIBBEAN FORESTER The Regeneration of Tropical Forests by Planting by FRANK H, WADSWORTH Tropical Forest Research Center U. S. Forest Service Rio Piedras, Puerto Rice A summary of past experience and future prospects for forest planting in the tropical world, prepared without personal familiarity with Asia and Africa where nearly all of the work has been done, necessarily must be general. It may be excessively influenced by experience on an island of the West Indies where population density and forest poverty are more extreme and economic development is more rapid than in most tropical areas. EXPERIENCE Historically, forest planting in the tropics first appeared in south-eastern Asia. Then it was extended to Africa and generally later to America. In India research on planting of teak began in i830. The famous teak plan- tations at Nilambur date from 1844. Early beginnings in Java are evident in the fact that the natural occurrence of teak there is debat- ed. Plantation techniques were well develop- ed by 1880. Ferest planting was first under- taken in Burma in the 1840’s, and in Ceylon in 1890. Forest planting spread to Thailand and the Philippines in the first decade of the present century. Soon thereafter planting was un- dertaken in tropical Australia and in Trinidad. In the 1920’s work started in the British, French, and Belgian colonies in Africa. Now it is probably safe to say that at least a. few forest plantations have been established in every tropical country, including the American republics. More than a million acres have been planted to date. In the western tropics extensive areas have been planted in southern Brazil, the northern Andes, and in Trinidad. Large-scale planting projects are continuing in Brazil, Trinidad, and Surinam. Species adaptability tests and smaller scale planting programs are being car- ried out in Mexico, British Honduras, Nica- ragua, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, the French West Indies, Venezuela, British Guiana, Co- lombia, Ecuador, and Pert. SITES AND SPECIES Planting sites in the tropical zone span the temperature range from sea level to ele- vations of several thousands of feet. In rainfall they range from semidesert conditions to hun- dreds of inches of precipitation per year. Sea- sonality of rainfall, sharply defined in many areas, has greatly influenced techniques and results. Planted soils range in texture from fine clays to coarse sands and from excessively drained to swampy. For tree species tropical foresters have drawn on the world’s richest flora and have traded seed without regard for distance. Cer- tainly more than 1,000 species have been planted in the eastern tropics and nearly half that number have been tested in tropical America. Widely planted genera include Aca- cia, Agathis, Albizzia, Casuarina, Cedrela, Cu- pressus, Eucalyptus, Khaya, Pinus, Swietenia, Tectona, and Terminalia. About a dozen indi- genous timbers and some 20 exotics now are being planted extensively in tropical Africa (6). Current large-scale planting programs in the American tropics also use a variety of species, mostly exotic. JULY - DECEMBER 1960 MAJOR TECHNIQUES At least two important forest planting tech- niques have had their roots in tropical ex- perience. The taungya system, initiated in Burma in 1856, ingeniously so uses the shift- ing cultivator that his ultimate product ra- ther than ruinate land, becomes cheaply es- tablished forest plantations. Applicable wherever laborers are willing to clear forest for food crops and where rapid growing tree species have proven adaptable, this system has given rise to hundreds of thousands of acres of excellent plantations in Asia, Africa, and on a lesser scale in tropical America, particularly in Trinidad. It has been particu- larly successful in the moist deciduous forest zone. A second major tropical planting technique is enrichment. The planting of trees within forests has held forth unusual promise in the tropics because (1) vast and increasing areas of cutover forest are inadequately stocked with desirable regeneration yet deforestation preparatory to planting is very costly, (2) many of the preferred tree species have not grown well when openplanted, and (3) controlling weeds and vines in young open- grownplantations has proven very expensive. The trees may be planted beneath natural openings in the canopy, in lines cut through the forest, or in small cleared blocks. Extensi- vely used in Africa and tested throughout much of the tropical world, the success of en- richment remains a subject of debate because of maintenance costs. YIELDS Published data en pure plantations under favorable conditions show a wide range of in- crement. Gymnosperms, including species of pine, Agathis, and Araucaria in tropical Aus- tralia and Indonesia at ages of 25 to 37 years range from about 200 to 400 cubic feet per acre per year (13,19). Eucalyptus naudiniana in tropical Australia has shown increments as high as 486 cubic feet (2). Teak in India, Java, and Trinidad at 30 years on the best sites ranges from 114 to 150 cubic feet and at 80 years from 85 to 109 cubic feet (1, 9, 17). Financial yields from thousands of acres of 65-year-old teak plantations at Nilambur sur- passed 4 percent, compound interest (17). At the other extreme, on 10-year fuelwood rota- tions teak and casia plantations have proven extremely profitable in Nigeria (4). PRESENT POSITION It is seen that in the tropics forest planta- tions are capable of spectacular increment, yet they cover an insignificant portion of the forested area. In only a few countries is plant- ing being done on a scale which will make an important contribution toward meeting future timber requirements. The reasons are various. Where large volumes of uncut forests re- main, as in parts of tropical America, interest in forestry may barely support a minimum degree of control over exploitation, let alone investments in the future crop. Where extensive forest resources and strong support for forestry both exist, foresters un- derstandably have been more impressed by the need to market in an orderly fashion the standing mature timber while protecting for future harvests the immature trees of market- able species and the vast volume in other species for which utilities may be just around the corner than with the prospects of starting on bare land. Thus, we see girth limits, im- provement fellings, shelterwood, or “‘clearcut- ting’ such as has recently been developed in Malaya. The results of these practices have not always come up to expectations, but they have generally been helpful silviculturally. Where dipterocarps or other species of high quality have regenerated abundantly, they are considered successful. Even where no large accessible timber re- source remains, the problem has generally been met by importation of timber supplies: rather than reforestation. This is in part be- cause forest planting in the tropics has been 84 fraught with failures, usually due to inade- quate knowledge of the site or the species. A number of factors other than those al- ready mentioned have produced in tropical foresters a degree of conservatism toward planting. Planting is considered costly at the outset and appears to involve risks of failure from unforeseen causes. These may include inferior wood quality, insect and disease at- tacks, and gradual site deterioration. There is evidence that these hazards may commonly be exaggerated (11, 14, 17). On the other hand, forest planting in the tropics is on the increase. In Trinidad, for example, the annual area of planting has doubled since the second world war. In coun- tries with extensive natural forests, such as the Philippines, Brazil, and Surinam, the planted area is rapidly expanding. Even in Malaya the prospect of extensive plantations has been under study. PROSPECTS The future of forest, planting in the tropics is dependent upon trends in the demand for the products or tropical forests, the area and character of the land which will be available for their production, and the effectiveness of the planting practices developed for this pur- pose. DEMAND FOR FOREST PRODUCTS Population growth in the tropics, now at unprecedent rates, will inevitably make heav- ier demands upon tropical forests. Trends in th United States suggest that overall con- sumption of forest products per capita is in- creasing (18). Rising standards of living and shifts of population from rural to urban areas can be expected to increase demands partic- ularly for the more valuable or highly pro- cessed forest products such as lumber and paper. Pulpwood consumption per capita in the United States has doubled in the past 25° years, and this product now makes up more CARIBBEAN FORESTER than 25 percent of all industrial wood con- sumed (18). The use of fuelwood and char- coal in the tropics can be expected to decline because of substitutions, a development which may eliminate an important incentive for deforestation preparatory to taungya plant- ations. LANDS FOR FUTURE FORESTRY The area and character of the tropical lands available for future forestry will depend in- creasingly upon the economic relationship between forestry and alternative land uses. COMPETITION FROM OTHER FORMS OF AGRICULTURE For centuries the growing populations of tropical areas have been encroaching upon the forests in search of land to cultivate. The grassy wasteland which surrounds the central African forest, a heritage from generations of shifting cultivation, is in places as wide as 180 miles (3). In Nigeria alone a thousand square miles of forest are destroyed by shift- ing cultivation every year (5). In the western hemisphere land clearing also has been a com- mon practice. As a result forests have largely disappeared from areas around population centers in tropical America. The demand for field and forage crops can be expected to rise further. The yields from these crops per unit of land area are also ris- ing. The overall effect of these developments may be to reduce the total area needed to sup- ply a specified yield. However, since popula- tion is rising rapidly, no permanent release of lands for forest use necessarily will follow. In fact, with every increase in yield per unit of area these crops can more forcefully compete with forestry for any lands capable of pro- ducing either crop. COMPETITIVE FORESTRY Uncontrolled forest exploitation in the trop- ics seldom contributes toward any other per- manent economic land use. Removal of the JULY - DECEMBER 1960 best trees may with little apparent effect leave the forest unproductive, yet the land has not been prepared for any other use. Large areas of completely deforested lands, because they do not sustain continued cropping, become abandoned and remain unforested or gradua- ily return to secondary brush, also of little value. In the face of growing demands for forest products the area covered with exploit- able forests is declining. Future requirements will soon have to be met by production on lands now cutover, brush covered, or defor- ested. Current timber productivity on most of these lands, even those under extensive man- agement may be so low that they are vulner- able to encroachment by land uses which are temporary in nature and destructive of the soil. To prevent this the returns from forest production must rise at least to a level that is competitive with other uses for these lands. There appear to be two ways in which this can take place, in higher yields of the best timbers per unit of area and in greater uni- formity of products. Large productive potentials of lands avail- able for tropical forestry, even where tree- covered, are largely untapped because of the presence of the following: 1. Tree species deficient in utility, of in- herently slow growth, small size at ma- turity, or poor form. 2. Genetically inferior trees. 3. Damaged trees too poorly formed to be utilized. 4. Areas overstocked with stems, many of which can never reach merchantable size. 5. Areas understocked, possibly supporting weeds. 6. Nutrient deficiencies. 7. Losses to insects and diseases. The removal of these limitations calls for drastic changes in existing forests, close con- trol of growing stock, and probably also the use of some of the same techniques which are 85 augmenting the returns from other forms of agriculture. The lack of uniformity in the size and qual- ity of the trees in most tropical forests, with relatively few per unit of area suitable for any one use, constitutes an obstacle to utiliza- tion which does not characterize most other crops. For this reason tropical evergreen for- ests are not a promising source of raw mate-- rials to supply growing paper requirements (7). Greater uniformity should foster the same efficiencies of mechanization in produc- tion, harvesting, and utilization of forest crops which are making other forms of agriculture more competitive. FUTURE PRACTICES The growing demand for forest products and the related need for financial returns from tropical forestry competitive with those of other land uses suggest that full consid- eration be given to those cultural practices which have been largely responsible for the increase in productivity of other forms of agri- culture. These are as follows: 1. Greater concentration on the most pro- ductive lands. . More specialized production. . Development of superior plant varieties. . Increased use of fertilizers. . Chemical control of weeds, insects, and diseases. Greater uniformity of production and resultant mechanization. ore Cw DO The nature of these deveiopments and the growing area of unregenerated land appar-- ently assures the establishment and manage-— ment of plantations a prominent place in the future of tropical forestry. The discontinua- tion of natural regeneration techniques is not foreseen, but if forestry is to profit by these developments a number of inherent advan- tages appear destined increasingly to favor plantations. The magnitude of these advan- tages is to be seen in the land requirement to supply a 100-ton paper mill in Malaya: 86 400,000 acres of mixed forest, or less than one quarter of that area of pure plantations (12). Paper companies in Surinam and Brazil, de- spite access to extensive mixed tropical for- ests, are establishing large areas of planta- tions. The only rational approach to intensifica- tion of tropical forestry is through research, some of which will require years to bear fruit. This circumstance is itself the best argument for early acceleration of tests of the best available sites, species, and growing condi- tions. SITE SELECTION The capacity of trees to grow on soils gen- erally unsuited for other crops and man’s preoccupation with the production of food on the other lands have focussed the attention of foresters on these relatively unfavorable sites. Advocates of other crops, in contrast, bid for the best lands available in anticipation of higher yields. It must be admitted that forest crops, as a group, may never surpass in financial re- turns the more important food and forage crops. However, the quality of land which forestry really merits will never be known until returns from intensive forest manage- ment are determined. Results in South Africa suggest tree planting on soils now in other crops (8). Accordingly it would appear in order to test plantations on a variety of sites normally considered “too good” for trees. These should have climate and soil favorable to plant growth, proximity to markets and labor supply, and slopes suitable for the use of mechanized equipment. SPECIES SELECTION In the selection of tree species for intensive management tropical foresters should main- tain a broad and flexible outlook, embracing changes in demand, the prospect of superior exotic species and, if indicated, prompt re- — CARIBBEAN FORESTER jection of former favorites. It is time that the forester, like the agronomist and horticul- turist, ceases to dwell on the question of “exotic vs. native’ species. Obviously this criterion has little or no influence on our se- lection of other crops. Added initial risks are involved with exotics, but with most other crops these risks have been found well worth facing, in view of the greater returns obtained. Long-term results with pines in South Africa (8) and with teak in Trinidad show that foresters may under favorable conditions ex- pect equal rewards. Trials of new tree species whatever their source, should not be made without an under- standing of the environment preferences of the species within its natural range. How- ver, tests need not be limited to these condi- tions. Pinus radiata, for example, a species with a very limited natural range, has been found adapted to a wide variety of con- ditions elsewhere and the trees in their new habitats show significant genetic variations not previously evident (10, 15). Tests of species adaptability, a task which has seemed almost endless and fraught with discouragement, is nevertheless a necessary prelude to intensive forestry. It could be greatly simplified if information on the prom- ising species and the results of tests to date were more available. In this regard, the cur- rent series of FAO Development Papers rep- resents a beginning. The survey of planta- tions now in progress by the Latin American Forestry Commission of FAO, is yielding more information of this character. A continued, world-wide search for superior species is war- ranted. Among the species considered for planting in the tropics the gymnosperms are receiving much attention now, and this apparently was long overdue. A recent survey by Weck (19) shows that of some 200 tropical conifers, 16 have already proven promising for planting, and in a wide range of conditions within the tropical zone. Included are the genera JULY - DECEMBER 1960 Agathis, Araucaria, Callistris, Cupressus, Da- crydium, Pinus, and Podocarpus. SEED SOURCES The prospects of genetic improvement of tropical trees are so great that results of many other types of tests will be materially affected thereby. The possible magnitude of greater returns through mere selection of seed sources is seen in a specimen of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Growing in a 27-year-old plantation in which other dominant trees averaged 16 inches in diameter, one tree had attained 27 inches (16). There this species shows marked variation also in tree form, silvicultural re- quirements, and timber (15). Superior trees to serve as seed sources for the more prom- ising species should be located before they are cut. Progeny and provenance trials, contin- ued selection, and breeding should lead to better tree adaptability, form, growth rates, disease resistance, and wood properties. SPACING Spacing of planted trees should be such that maximum financial returns are obtained. This involves quality as well as growth rates. Traditional spacings have been found too close for maximum financial yields from pines in South Africa (8). These findings may not be equally applicable to the tropics but tests are warranted, possibly in combination with chemical control of weeds. Another consid- eration in initial spacings of plantations is the prospect of more efficient plantation care and harvesting where trees are planted in a strict geometrical arrangement and sufficiently separated to permit machinery to pass bet- ween them. NUTRIENT SUPPLY Plantations using good sites, tree species of high quality from superior seed sources, and spacing favorable to high yields should grow at a rate which is limited primarily by the 87 supply of variable nutrients. This limitation is probably a major source of plant competi- tion on soils subject to the constant leaching typical of the humid tropics. With all other factors favorable, it may prove practical to remove this limitation by the application of fertilizer, not merely to eliminate obvious nu- trient deficiencies as has characterized much past work of this type, but to provide ade- quate levels of all nutrients. With some other crops, including forage grasses, it has prov- en economically advantageous to fertilize so heavily that the inherent supply of some nu- trients in the soil becomes unimportant, thus minimizing the limitations of infertile soils. CONTROL OF ENEMIES The control of insects and diseases in trop- ical forests, heretofore considered impractical under most conditions, may become more nec- essary in intensively managed plantations, but because of the high yields at stake it should prove correspondingly more practical. The use of low-volume mists, systemics, and other new practices developed for other crops should warrant trial. THE NEED TO COMBINE PRACTICES Testing of tree species, superior varieties, spacing, and fertilizers must take into consi- deration their interactions. Past experience in which one or two of these factors have proven effective probably does not indicate the pros- pects of fully combined effects. With other crops it is the combined effect of ALL desira- ble practices which brings the greatest return. PROSPECTIVE RETURNS How much would the intensification de- scribed increase yields? Would it pay? Only a few indications are available. As to yields, an intensively cultivated eucalyptus planta- tion in Nyasaland produced dominant trees of 4.4 to 5.1 inches d.b.h. and 40 to 45 feet in height 30 months after planting (20). In- tensive pine plantation culture in temperate 88 South Africa produced yields to 20 years which compare favorably with those of the tropical zone (8). A further indication may be evident in re- cent results in Puerto Rico with what appears to be parallel intensification with a similar crop, coffee. The typical coffee plantation in Puerto Rico has much in common with nat- ural tropical forests subject to extensive man- agement. A large portion of the stand (the shade trees) does not enter into the yield. The trees which provide the harvest (the coffee trees) are not of selected strains, and they vary considerably in productivity. Both the shade and the coffee stand, as a result of growth and natural regeneration, become and are maintained overstocked, with many low vield- ing coffee trees. Culture consists of occasional light thinning and pruning of the shade trees and cleaning sufficiently around the coffee trees to permit harvesting. The mean yield of these plantations is from 110 to 200 pounds of market beans per acre per year. Experiments in the intensification of coffee culture in Puerto Rico have introduced changes which are of the same order as those which should be tested for timber production, with the exception that better lands were not used. Different varieties showed similar yields under the prevailing culture, a situation which may apply equally to forest trees. Response to fertilizing old plantations was weak. More marked increases in yield followed the use of wider spacing of both coffee and shade trees and application of fertilizers. However a com- bination of all treatments using selected va- rieties, adequate separation of coffee trees, elimination of the nonproductive shade stand, heavy and frequent applications of fertilizer, and chemical control of insects and diseases, produced the first crop in two-thirds the time otherwise required, and the average for the first five annual harvests was 1,800 pounds of beans per acre. This increase was almost tenfold. Net profit rose at about the same rate. Harvesting costs were reduced one third. CARIBBEAN FORESTER The new intensive techniques in coffee cul- ture in Puerto Rico are not yet proven to the satisfaction of all. Skeptics still antici- pate unforeseen problems. However, now that the magnitude of the advantages of intensi- fication are known, far more can be invested than has ever been possible heretofore, if need be, toward the solution of such problems. The intensification of forest planting and plantation management in the tropics will re- quire much more complete knowledge of the factors of production, as well as substantial capital investment. It can only develop grad- ually. In large areas existing stands must be the basis for timber production for indefinite periods in the future. Nevertheless, as pop- ulation and demands for land and forest prod- ucts grow and as other types of agriculture progress, intensive plantation culture may prove to be the only economical source of timber in the tropics. LITERATURE CITED Alphen de Veer, E. J. van. 1957. TEAK CULTIVATION IN JAVA. In Tropical Silviculture. FAO Forestry and Forest Prod. Studies No. 13. II: 216-232. (2) American Geographical Society. 1956. A WORLD GEOGRAPHY OF FOR- EST RESOURCES. Serial Pub. No. 33. 736 pp., illus. New York. (3) Aubreville, André Marie A. 1947. THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE TROPICAL FORESTS OF AFRICA. Unasylva 1(1): 5-11. (4) Barnard, R. C. 1955. SILVICULTURE IN THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST OF WESTERN NIGERIA COMFARED WITH MALAYAN METHODS. Empire Forestry Rev. 34: 355-368. (5) Champion, H. G. 1948. AFFORESTATION AS A WORLD PROBLEM. Empire Forest Rev. 27: 260- 265. (6) FAO 1956. TREE PLANTING PRACTICES IN TROPICAL AFRICA. Development Paper No. 8, 302 pp., illus. Rome. JULY - DECEMBER 1960 (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) Hess, Robert W. 1951. PULPWOOD FROM TROPICAL FORESTS. Unasylva 5(3): 102-106. Hiley, W. E. 1959. CONIFERS: SOUTH AFRICAN METHODS OF CULTIVATION. 123 pp., illus. London. Lamb, A. F. A. 1957. TEAK. In Tropical Silviculture. FAO Forestry and Forest Frod. Studies No. 13. II: 179-186. Larsen, C. S. 1956. GENETICS IN SILVICULTURE. 224 pp., illus. Edinburgh. Laurie, M. V. and Griffith, A. L. 1942. THE PROBLEM OF THE PURE TEAK PLANTATION. Indian Forest Rec. (new series) Silviculture 5(1). 121 pp., illus. New Delhi. Peel, J. D. 1957. THE CASE FOR INVESTIGATING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PULPWOOD PLANTATIONS IN MALAYA FOR PAPER PRODUCTION. Malayan Forester 20: 187- 196. Rojers, L. J. 1957. PINE AND OTHER CONIFERS. In Tropical Silviculture. FAO Forestry and Forest Prod. Studies No. 13, II: 325-331. (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) 89 Scott, M. H. 1951. THE QUALITY AND USES OF EXOTIC SOFTWOODS IN SOUTH AFRICA. Empire Forestry Rev. 30: 235-249. Thomson, A. P. 1950. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PINUS RA- DIATA. Forest. Res. Note No. 1. Forest Res. Inst. New Zealand Forest Service. Wellington. Thulin, I. J. 1957. APPLICATION OF TREE BREED- ING TO NEW ZEALAND FORESTRY. Teach. Faper No. 22. Forest Res. Inst. New Zealand Forest Service. 11 pp., illus. Wellington. TROUP, R. S. 1921. SILVICULTURE OF INDIAN TREES. 3 Vols. 1195 pp., illus. Oxford. U. S. Forest Service. 1958. TIMBER RESOURCES FOR AMER- ICA’S FUTURE. Forest Resource Report No. 14. 713 pp., illus. Washington. Weck, Von J. 1958. UBERKONIFEREN EN DEN TRO- PEN FORSTWISS. Centbl. Vol. 77: 197-220 Willan, P. G. A. 1951. RAPID GROWTH OF EUCALYFTUS IN NYASALAND. Empire Forestry Rev. SO Relic 90 CARIBBEAN FORESTER Surveys Particulary Applicable To Extensive Forest Areas by DAMMIS HEINSDIJK F.A.O.T.A., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Modern development of aerial photo and sampling techniques has made it possible to perform in an efficient way surveys for exten- sive forest areas. For inaccessible regions and countries with few means of communication, the aerial photographer has opened the way for various kinds of accurate mapping, from which in the frame of this paper, the mapping of the general topography and the vegetation are the most interesting. These mapping pos- sibilities enable the forester to apply modern sampling systems to his survey, whereas ‘at random” sampling and its modifications can be added to the well-known “selective” and “systematic” sampling systems. Every survey is performed with a certain purpose. Mostly the aim is to obtain an es- timate of the volume of standing timber from a certain D.B.H. and up. The aims for sur- veys of extensive forest areas are more com- plicated. At the moment the Food and Agri- culture Organization of the United Nations is assisting the Brazilian Government in the ex- ecution of two large-scale forest surveys, i.e. one in the Amazon Basin and one in the State of Santa Catarina in the region where Parana pine or Araucaria angustifolia occurs. Both surveys have an entirely different aim. The purpose of the forest survey in the Amazon Basin is to get data about the composition of its mixed tropical rain forests, to help provide a base for a better economic consideration. The survey of the Parana pine forests is initiated because of a certain existing anxiety that they are overcut, so this survey has to find out what the actual situation is and what can be done about a proved “overcutting’’. | The mixed tropical rain forests of the Amazon Basin cover an area of approximately 400,000,000 ha. The region where Parana pine originally occurred and where this tree still is found either growing in groups or single, can be estimated at approximately 8,000,000 hec- tares. The first difficulty met in planning a survey for areas of this extent is: Where to start? In other words, which areas will have to be suveyed successively to make the sur- vey, from the start, as effective as possible. At the time the survey of the Amazon forests was planned, two of the three forest experts who made an economic survey of these forests, as given in F.A.O. report No. 171, were pre- sent and assisted in this planning. It was decided that a survey would be made of the central part of this forest area located close to the Amazon River and its big tributaries navigable for seagoing vessels, starting with the plateau or ‘“‘planalto” region South and South-East of Santarem (halfway between Belem and Manaus along the Amazon River). After having obtained present survey data covering an area of approximately 17,000,000 hectares, it can be said that this first part surveyed is still one of the most promising. The first or “pilot” area of the Parana pine region was selected by the director of the Federal Forest Service, because in that area the most Parana pine was cut and because of its central location on. the high plateau in the State of Santa Catarina. A first essential for any kind of forest sur- vey isamap. The minimum required is a con- trolled planimetric map. For most purposes, except of course for detailed inventory and JULY - DECEMBER 1960 management plans, scales 1:50,000, 1:100,000 and 1:200,000 can be regarded as useful and convenient. Neither for the Amazon Basin nor for the Parana pine region in the State of Santa Catarina were detailed planimetric maps available. These maps had to be made first. The best way to obtain maps is to let them be prepared by an aerial survey com- pany, but at the time maps were needed for th forest survey of the Amazon Basin, we could not order these maps through the Bra- zilian aerial survey companies, for reasons which will be explained shortly. At the start of the forest survey work in the Amazon Ba- sin only trimetrogon aerial photographs taken by American flyers during the last world war were at our disposal. Trimetrogon aerial photographs are mostly taken for recon- naissance purposes. The survey plane uses three cameras, one in the middle _ for the vertical photograph (in this case mainly on scale 1:40,000) and two at the sides for the oblique pictures. The three pictures taken at the same time cover a stretch of the surface of the earth from horizon to horizon perpendicular to the di- rection in which the survey plane moves. It has not been common practice and it is fairly difficult to make detailed planimetric maps from trimetrogon aerial photographs. To do this work for the Amazon Basin is the more difficult because this Basin is almost totally covered by dense tropical forests which conceal most of the natural topographical features of the region. Through previous ex- perience we knew that if the mapping of the topography from these pictures were done by people not accustomed to this special kind of photo-interpretation, we could at best ex- pect a map of the smaller and bigger rivers visible on the aerial photographs. However we wanted planimetric maps made from these trimetrogon photographs as detailed as pos- sible, so it was decided to prepare them in our own office by specially trained personnel. All other maps made from vertical photo- graphs were made by a Brazilian company. oT Before drafting a map from aerial photo- graphs can start, its geographical base must be provided. The denser the net of geodetic or astronomic station points which can be used for this base the more exact will be the geographical location and the more accurate and uniform will be the scale of the map. For the mapping work of the Amazon region only a few reliable astronomic station points were available. Sometimes the trimetrogon flight runs were too far apart, so it became difficult to tie them properly. The most accurate parts of these maps are those parts for which we could use the geodetic maps, prepared by the National Brazilian Oil Company or Petroleo Brasileiro, S.A., based on newly made astro- nomic station points. Most of our Amazon maps were produced on a scale 1:200,000, which does not pretend to give a high accuracy in distances and directions, but presents an xcellent overall picture of the country sur- veyed. Our other maps, made from vertical aerial protographs (the aerial survey compa- ny who prepared them guaranteed their ac- curacy, based on reliable astronomic station points available or provided by their own geodetic service) were produced on a 1:50,000 scale. After obtaining a network of triangulation points in which the single photograph can be fitted, the actual map can be drafted by photo-interpretation. Referring only to our map-making in Brazil, it can be said that the easiest part of it is: (1) the mapping of the artificial topographical features, (2) the draw- ing of the water limits or the borders of the rivers and sea as long as they are not obscured by vegetation, (3) the borders between forest, agriculture and grasslands and the borders: between forest and scrub or grass savannah. ™ reality these are all features or borders which can be observed directly in the stereo- scopic view of the aerial photographs and for which the common photo-interpretator does not need special training. In our experience the difficulties start always when the natural topographical features of the country are 92 hidden by the vegetation. For Example, in this case the borders between permanently or tem- porarily waterlogged areas and dryland can- not be observed directly but have to be de- duced from the appearance of the vegetation canopy. When the country to be mapped is completely covered by dense forests, as is true for most of the Amazon Basin, even the map- ping of the drainage system, 1.e., the mapping of the rivers and creeks up to the gullies, ‘causes considerable trouble and can only be perfermed by photo-interpretators who have had a special training in this kind of mapping work. Up to now all our maps were made as plan- imetric maps, i.e., maps without contourlines or indications about altitudes other than by way of formlines making edges of plateaux or “planaltos” and tops of outstanding hills. The areas mapped in the Amazon region with the help of the trimetrogon photographs are practically flat with differences in the plateau or “planalto” region of less than 150 meters, so the oblique pictures could be used. This has to be regarded as an advantage whereas in areas with high and steep hills or in moun- tainous country the hills and the mountains appear with their flanks on the oblique parts and hide all what is behind. Because the ob- lique pictures of these flight runs were often clouded or hazy, for the detailed mapping work they could not always be used up to the centre part; when on top of this the flight ‘runs were too far apart we had to leave here and there some gaps in these maps. The planimetric maps are made to serve as a base for the sample to be taken from the forests under survey and as the base for the ultimate forest type map. It will be clear that from the start as much information about the forests as possible was put on these maps by pure photo-interpretation. Through — the demarcation of the areas flooded by seawater, areas temporary and permanently waterlog- ged by river- and/or rain-water, and the dryland areas, the forests growing on these parts were automatically subdivided in for- CARIBBEAN FORESTER. mations, i.e. saltwater swamp, sweetwater swamp and marsh, and dryland forest forma- tions. Up to now in the Amazon region only dryland forests have been surveyed. It is pos- sible to separate inside these dryland forests, the secondary forests and the savannah or caatinga forests. According to our experience both forest types can easily be identified on aerial photo- graphs up to scale 1:45,000. They are lower than the surrounding forests and have a smooth crown canopy. In the secondary forest the pattern of the shifting cultivation fields can usually be recognized. At the border of the savannah or caatinga forests a gradual change can be observed from a coarse to a smooth crown canopy, contrary to the similar changes for the secondary forests, which are abrupt. The appearance of the savannah for- ests amid the common high, dryland forests in the Amazon region practically always par- allel a change in soil, i.e. from loam, clay or sandy soil into white sand soil covered by a thick layer of humus. In exceptional cases they were found on soil on which the rain water stagnated because of a hard clay pan underneath. These forests are often found on top of or near watersheds, their average total height is around 20 meters, and rarely have trees with a D.B.H. of more than 35 centimeters. On the vertical photographs (1:25,000) from the Parana pine region in the State of Santa Catarina it is very easy to recognize the big Parana pine trees. When these trees grow in closed stands they show an unmis- takably clear pattern. When they grow mixed with other trees, they normally emerge high above the others and their typical disk- shaped crowns can easily be spotted. When they grow isolated on grass savannahs (cam- pos) or are left over on agriculture areas, they can always be recognized with certain- ty by their crown and/or their shadow. At the time the planimetric maps needed for the first survey of the Parana pine region in the State of Santa Catarina were ordered, JULY - DECEMBER 1960 the aerial survey company was asked to subdivide the dry-land forests on these maps into easily and surely identificable parts. It turned out that, from the stereoscopic view of the pictures, it was possible to divide these forests into the following types: (1) pure Parana pine stands, (2) broadleaf trees, mixed with Parana pine, (3) broadleaf trees, (4) secondary forests, (5) devastated forests from which most of the Parana pine were cut out, (6) grasslands or savannahs with scat- tered growth of Parana pine. In this last summing up of what can be achieved by pure photo-interpretation for the Amazon region and the Parana pine region, one of the main problems of the photo-inter- pretation for forestry purposes in tropical countries has been touched. In case of the survey of the Parana pine, being the only conifer growing in between broadleaf trees or in pure stands and as a light-demanding tree emerging above the broadleaf species or grow- ing up in the open, we are able to give part of these forests a floristic name. We were able to locate the places where Parana pine occurs with a high degree of certainty. By using only the stereoscospic view of the aerial photographs it is very difficult to give the real tropical rain forests their correct floristic name. The exceptions are: (1) The saltwater swamp forests, with only the spe- cies Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia nitida, (2) several marsh and swamp forests with only a few species in their upperstory and which have a distinctively shaped crown, as for example Hura crepitans and Véirola surinamensis, (3) some patches of dryland forest dominated by oxe tree species as for example Eperua falcata and (4) dryland for- ests with clearly visible concentrations of one species in the upperstory so the possibility exists to name at least one of the components of its composition. After five years of expe- rience in the field, we are not yet able to give the highly mixed dry land forests of the Amazon Valley a floristic name by pure photo-interpretation. The naming of concen- trations of an upperstory tree, which often was possible in Dutch Guiana, could here only be done for angelim pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum) and is questionable for massaran- duba (Manilkara huberi). For the planning of an aerial survey for for- estry purposes these facts are extremely im- portant. For example the possibilities of see- ing more of the smaller Parana pine trees on the aerial photographs by changing the scale from 1:25,000 to 1:10,000 or even to 1:5,000 are practically unlimited. Especially for de- tailed surveys and management planning these changes can be very useful. In practice such changes will have to stop there, where the savings in supplementary outdoor and sam- pling work will be less than the increase in expenses for the larger scale photographs compared with the costs of the smaller scale pictures; in addition to the growing expenses for the more time consuming photo- interpre- tation and mapping work. For the survey of the highly mixed tropical rain forests we use mostly aerial photographs scaled 1:40,000 and a few on scale 1:25,000 and 1:45,000. Scale 1:40,000 is sufficient to map the general topography and as a conse- quence is also sufficient to divide the forests into formations. When making a proposal for an aerial sur- vey of these forests with larger scale photo- graphy, it is necessary to have a very sound reason to do so. In general, the value of these forests is not high as long as only a few tree species are exploited. If through direct ob- servation in the stereoscopic view of the lar- ger scale pictures the trees to be exploited can be located with certainty, it is also possible to draw a stand map which can be used di- rectly for management purposes. If through observations made during previous explora- tory surveys it is known, that certain valuable forest types coincide with the occurrence of a palmtree visible between the upperstory trees, larger scale photographs offer a very good chance to map these forest types: 94 accurately and quicklv, by indirect observation in the stereoscopic view of the photographs. The larger palmtrees of the genera Mauritia and Maximiliana are clearly visible on photo- graphs scale 1:20,000 and the smaller palm- trees of the genera Euterpe on photographs 1:10,000. For the justification of the higher cost of aerial survey, it has to be considered that in the very inaccessible parts of these forests, i.e. the swamp and marsh forests, the outdoor and sampling work is very expensive and can never be done as well as similar work in the dryland forests. In these swamp and marsh forests the surveyor and his labourers can hardly move without having to overcome extreme physical difficulties. It can be ex- pected that the data obtained through pure photo-interpretation are in these cases, more reliable than those obtained through the com- mon amount of outdoor and sampling work. Based on experience in photo-interpreta- tion and observation made in the field, it can be assumed, for the time being, that for the Amazon Basin it is impossible to give the highly mixed dryland forests their correct floristic name through observing only its crown pattern under a sterecscope. From our experience with the clear and cloudless oblique parts of the trimetrogon flight runs of the Amazon region we know that the subdivision of these tropical forests into formations is very possible up to the centre part of the obliques. From the bottom of the obliques up to the horizon the scale of the picture changes grad- ually parallel with the flight direction and is near the centre more or less 1:70,000, pro- vided the scale of the vertical is 1:40,000. Given these facts the possibility exists that aerial photographs scaled 1:70,000 can do this job of mapping the forest formations and the general topography. When the financial means permit it, the intention is to make an experiment in this regard for an area already covered by one of our exploratory surveys so the results can be compared. The justifica- tion for this experiment is based on two very important reasons: (1) the cost of the aerial survey per square kilometer will be less than CARIBBEAN FORESTER half compared with a survey on_ scale: 1:40,000 and (2) the few cloudless days per year suitable for survey work in the Amazon Basin will give a much bigger photocoverage. For the Parana pine region we were also able to subdivide the area on which this tree grows into several density types. In the ster- eoscopic view of the vertical photographs scales 1:25,000 the big Parana pines were counted in squares of one hectare. The types separated are: (1) type 2, consisting of the pure Parana pine stands with an average crown density of 15 and more crowns per hectare, (2) type 1, consisting of the more mixed Parana pine forests (mostly mixed with embuja-Phoebe porosa) with an average crown density of 5-14 crowns per hectare and (3) type O, consisting of broadleaf forests with scattered growth of Parana pine with an av- erage of more than zero and less than 5 crowns per hectare. The planning of the sampling work and the choice of the sampling system depends always on former experience and the information ob- tained from the aerial photographs about the forests to be surveyed. At the start of our inventory work in the Amazon Valley very few qualitative descriptions based on quanti- tative observations or so-called samples were available for the Amazon forests in general and none about the forests in which the sur- vey had to start. The valuable Parana pine forests are of course much better known, but reliable quantitative data were few. Even volume tables for the standing timber of the virgin trees had to be constructed first. The objective of the survey of the Amazon forests is to get as quickly as possible infor- mation about their composition and _ their accessibility, to be able to select the most val- uable parts suitable for modern management, with a big degree of certainty. This selection can be done for direct use but the main pur- pose will be to preserve these parts for the future by transforming them into national forest reserves. Therefore the sampling JULY - DECEMBER 1960 system chosen was an exploratory survey with the accent on the exploring part. The objective of the survey of the Parana pine forests, which are practically all privately owned, is to find out if they are overcut or in other words if they are disappearing. Look- ing at the statistical data of sawn Parana pine 95 timber over the years 1954-1958 as given in Table 1, below, we see that a large quantity of timber is cut annually and it comes from states of the United States of Brazil. NOTE: For more and better information regarding this subject, it is recommended to consult ‘“‘The Consulting Department for Aerial Survey” of the International Training Centre for Aerial Survey in Delft, Holland, under the directorship of Prof. Dr. W. Schermerhorn. Table 1. — Data about sawn Parana pine timber obtained from Anuario Brasileiro de Economia Florestal. Afio 11, No. 11, 1959. Added is a comparison for the equivalent of standing timber with bark. a Be 1956 1957 a 1955 1958 State Quantity of sawn Parana pine timber in m® Sao Paulo — 2,640 4,750 5,010 5,040 Parana 1 137,002, 1,286,227 1,138,999 895,487 1,000,744 Sta. Catarina 1,340,173 1,492,489 1,293,115 1,294,335 1,424,210 R. Gr. do Sul 665,207 611,975 429,355 500,007 449,006 Total 3,187,452 3,393,331 2,866,219 2,694,839 2,879,000 Approximate volume of standing timber with bark needed for total amount of sawn timber given. In m*. Total 11,450,000 11,500,000 12,750,000 13,600,000 11,800,000 This widely scattered cutting made neces- sary recently taken aerial photographs. With- out previous knowledge of how to execute such a survey and the time it would take to accomplish it, it was thought inadvisable to start the survey for the whole Parana pine region at once, but perform first a “pilot’’ or experimental survey. In the State of Santa Catarina where the most timber is cut (see table) a comparatively small area of 550,000 hectares was selected for this experiment, to be performed with 1:25,000 aerial photo- graphs taken in the middle of 1957. The work for this survey started at the end of 1958 and has just been finished. After having chosen the sampling system, it is necessary to plan the actual sampling work in the field in such a way that an un- biased sample is obtained. For both the pure exploratory and the pilot survey it is not ne- cessary to know beforehand how big the sample must be to achieve a certain degree of precision, whereas it is one of the aims of this kind of survey to provide data about sample The Amazon maps gave only the location and the extension of the dryland forests. In the field we had to find out: (1) how to enter and penetrate these forests, (2) their compo- sition, (3) whether these forests can be sub- divided into types and (4) the best methcd to perform more detailed surveys. Entering an unknown forest type, as we always have to do during our exploratory surveys, and enumerating a sampling unit at the point of entrance, this sampling unit will 96 be unbiased, but when the second sampling unit is taken without following a prearranged plan it can be biased. Therefore, before our field trips started, the transects to be cut perpendicular on the topography of the coun- try were more or less regularly spaced along the rivers we assumed could be entered and attention was paid to regular distribution over the area to be surveyed. The sampling units of one hectare each were taken along the transects at planned intervals. Over the length of one kilometer the trees with a D.B.H. of 25 cm and up were enumerated five meters left and right from the centre of the transect. The sampling density of the exploratory surveys is about, and less than, one hundredth of a percent. For the Parana pine forests, the planime- tric maps with the vegetation types and the photographs with the crown density types gave us their exact location and extension. The only thing we had to find out in the field, by way of sampling, was the volume of standing timber and the diameter distribu- tions. Before the planning of the sampling work could start, a very interesting difficulty came up. The Parana pine grows practically everywhere, on grassland used for cattle grazing, on agriculture lands, etc. On those places the trees are also cut by the sawmills. Because the areas outside the forest types mapped are nearly three times as big as those occupied by these types it was thought pos- sible that these areas could produce a consid- erable amount of timber. Therefore these areas were included in the sampling procedure. On the planimetric maps from the whole area was drafted a network of east-west running lines two kilometers apart. The starting point of the network was chosen at random. If all these lines were transects in the field and five meters left and right all Parana pines were enumerated, this network could provide an unbiased sample of 0.5 percent for the whole area, it could given in reality: 2800 kilometer transects or 28,000 sampling units of one tenth of a hectare each, what was considered CARIBBEAN FORESTER to be a sampling density which could cope with exceptional variabilities in volume distri- bution. The actual sample taken was enu- merated in five groups. This separation was made to be able to make an analysis of vari- ance, i.e. to be able to find out if the Parana pine type called type 2 at the eastern side of the area can be regarded as belonging to the same or “homogeneous” type as that from the western side of the area. All Parana pines including the seedlings and the saplings were enumerated along the transects in sampling units of 0.1 of a hectare. This small sampling unit was chosen because some very small patches of Parana pine had to be crossed. The strip system was applied due to the very heavy undergrowth of these forests. On one occasion a transect had to be cut through an unbroken patch of bambu for the length of five kilometers. More than 600 kilometers of transect were cut, giving more than 6,000 sampling units or a sampling density of a little more than 0.1 of a percent. During the sampling work and after its conclusion the results are evaluated with the help of statistics. Especially for the Amazon region a considerable amount of experimen- tal work has been done, in which we were assisted by the Statistics Department of the Central Organization for Applied Scientific Research for the Netherlands. A. For the Amazon region our data showea that not all the species have the same chance to grow up and survive. Groups of species were found which were enumerated constantly in big numbers; groups of species which only locally were enumerated in big numbers and groups of species which were always enumer- atd in small and very small numbers. The conclusion is that the species of these forests do net appear “at random” but have a com- petitive power which differs substantially. After having obtained at present more than 1200 sampling units of one hectare each, ‘spaced out over a front of 1600 kilometers, ie. JULY = DECEMBER 1960 from the Rio Madeira up to the Rio Mara- cassumé in the State of Maranhao, it can be said that the composition of these forests is very uniform. The occurrence of the abiuranas (Pouteria spp.) is practically constant from the Rio Madeira up to south of Belem, i.e. more or less ten percent of the number of trees enumerated or 12 trees of a D.B.H. of 25 cm and up per hectare, what can be re- garded as a big number for this kind of highly mixed forests. Going to the eastern tip of the Amazon forests in the State of Maranhao slight changes in composition occur, the dom- inance of the abiuranas is taken over by the mata matas (Eschweilera spp.) Except these latter forests the others can be called abiurana forests belonging to an abiurana as- sociation. Inside these abiurana forests were found several types of facies. Mainly in the understory appeared at once a species in abundance not yet found elsewhere or only occasionally or seldom. The division of these forests into types or facies was based on the occurrence of these species appearing in abun- dance, which characterized part of the abiurana forests. The borders of these types were defined by way of sampling. Only on one occasion these borders could also be de- fined with the help of the aerial photographs, Le. for the “planalto” forest types whose borders coincided with the border of the flat top of the plateau or “planalto’’. To obtain a representative sample of a for- est type it is necessary to take a sample of 30 sampling units of one hectare each. It appeared that the trees of most of the species were distributed ‘“‘at random” and followed a Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution was used because it deals with the occurrence of isolated events in a con- tinuum of area. Applying the distribution to the data, it was frequently upset by one or some sampling units with a very large number of trees. The larger the average numoper of trees per hectare becomes the more often this happened. This means in reality that the species of these forests tend to grow ot in clusters or colonies. The species with the greatest tendency to grow in colonies are the species which characterise one of the forest type or facies. A statistical rule could not be applied to the distribution of these species. To get an estimate of the average number of trees per hectare of tree species not char- acter species with a precision of 10% with a chance of 5% of making a mistake, it is nec- essary to take an unbiased sample containing 400 to 500 trees. This is nothing uncommon if a species appears at a rate of 5 to 6 trees per hectare but becomes very difficult and expensive when a species appears only once on 20 ha. How many trees of one species have to be enumerated to obtain the same precision and reliability in volume estimate was also cal- culated. These calculations were performed for 95 species. For 91 of these species 400 - 500 trees were more than sufficient and for four species they were not. The calculations for these last four species were based on very few trees. For the groups of valuable or so-called economic tree species a sample of 200 hec- tares maximum can give the same accuracy in estimate as mentioned for the number and the volume of the trees of the single tree species. B. The evaluation of the sampling results for the Parana pine forests which seemed at first sight to be very similar to a survey of conifer forests in the temperate region caused sume very particular difficulties. The sam- pling unit of 0.1 hectare gave, especially for the areas outside the forest types, large num- bers of zero sampling units. The volume of standing timber without bark was calculated for the trees with a D.B.H. of 20 cm and more (paperwood limit) and for the trees with a D.B.H. of 40 cm and more (the le- gitimate limit for tree cutting) in tenths of am*. Through the omitting of the small- er diameters the amount of zero sampling units increased once more. 98 It is possible to transform the sampling series obtained into a Poisson distribution by grouping the units into volume classes. For example, from a certain part of secon- dary forest outside the Parana pine forest class 0 (0.0 m? ) 20031) =26:0sma) 2 (Gide ale 701) oO (12:1 18.0)-° “) Total The observed distribution (units found) is nearly a perfect Poisson distribution and has a chi-square of 1.28, between the 0.750 and 0.500 level. This means in reality that these volume classes are distributed ‘at ran- dom” throughout the area occupied by the Parana pine forest types or the areas outside these types where the Parana pine occasional- ly appears. Through this transformation the calculations for the accuracy of estimate and sample size become easy and simple. The survey work mentioned for the Amazon region is described in detail in the F.A.O. reports No. 601, 949, 969, 992, the report “Caeté-Maracassumé” (not yet released), the report “A 100% survey in the Curua-Una” (FAO Report 1271), and an Interim report in six parts (not yet released). The survey work mentioned for the Para- na pine region is described in detail in Bole- tim No. 1 and Boletim No. 3 (not yet releas- ed) from the Inventory section of the Fed- eral Forest Service of Brazil. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES Forest Inventory Results F.A.O. Expanded Technical Assistance Pro- gram. Reports to the Government of Brazil on a Forest Inventory in the Amazon Valley: No. 601 The survey of the region Rio Tapajoz - Rio Xingu CARIBBEAN FORESTER types, we have 549 sampling units, from which 464 are zero for the trees of D.B.H. 40 cm and up. By grouping these units into volume classes of 6 m* the following distribution is obtained: 464 units found 461.8 P.D. iGo" ik (a 6.9 ” 0.4 ” 549.0 No. 949 The survey of the region Rio Xingu - Rio Tocamtins No. 969 The survey of the region Tapajoz - Rio Madeira No. 992 The survey of the region Tocamtins - Rio Guama Rio Capin No. 1250 The survey of the region Caeté - Rio Maracassumé No. 1271 A 100% survey in the Cura region Not yet released: Rio Rio and Rio (1) Interim report for the region Rio Madeira - Rio Capin (in seven parts) (2) A survey of the forests along the road Belem - Brasilia Boletims of the Inventory Section of the Federal Forest Service of Brazil: No. 1 Volume Tables for Parana pine trees, by Heinsdijk, D. 1959. 2 The survey of the Amapari-Ma- tapi - Cupixi region in Amapa, by de Miranda Bastos, Arthur. 1959. 3 A Pilot Survey in the Parana pine region, by Heinsdijk, D., Onety Soares, Roberto and Haufe, Hel- muth. 1960. . 4 Basic elements for the statistical evaluation of Forest Inventory Results, by Haufe, Helmuth and Onety Soares, Roberto. 1960. No. No. JULY - DECEMBER 1960 99 Obstacles to Tropical Forestry - Lack of Markets and Incomplete Utilisation by M. N. GALLANT The forested area of the world can be di- vided more or less equally into temperate and tropical forests. Yet the production of indus- trial wood from the tropical forests is a mere 7% of the production from the temperate forests. Production of fuelwood, including wood for charcoal, is however of much the same order in the two zones, when allowance is made for the unrecorded production of the tropical forests, which is certainly much high- er than for the temperate forests. The dis- parity between the production of industrial wood in the temperate and tropical forests cannot be ascribed in any great measure to the degree of accessibility in each, if we accept country assessments of this factor. For accord- ing to these assessments, as much as 40% of the area under tropical forests is rated to be accessible as against 55° fcr the temperate forests. Nor can the disparity be resolved more than partially by considering industrial wood production in relation only to the area of forests in use, which term might be con- strued to be an expression of effective acces- sibility. The area of forests in use is presum- ably determinable with greater precision than the area of accessible forests, for accessibility in the generally acknowledged sens of area within exploitable distance of existing com- munications and their short term expansion potential is susceptible in practise to fairly wide interpretation. Of the area under trop- ical forest cover, about 16% has been report- ed in use as compared with 44% for the tem- perate forests, and per hectare production of industrial wood from the tropical forests in use is then only about 16% of that from the temperate forests in use. Corresponding per- centages per unit area of forests in use for the three main subdivisions of industrial wood adopted in FAO Forest Products Statistics also provide an interesting commentary — they are 21.4% for sawlogs, veneer logs, and logs for sleepers, 7.4% for pulpwood and pit- props, and 8.3% for other industrial wood. To sum up, for each hectare of tropical for- ests under significant exploitation there are roughly 2.2 hectares of temperate forests sim- larly engaged to produce about 14 times as much industrial wood. It will have been noted that production of pulpwood and pit- props, of which pulpwood comprises the dom- inant item, is markedly more backward in the tropical forests. It represents only 13% of the industrial wood production from the trop- ical forests, as against 29% for the much larger production from the temperate forests. Since growing stock and annual gross in- crement per hectare are if anything higher on average in the tropical forests than in the temperate forests, we must ascribe th poor performance of the tropical forests in indus- trial wood production to be due for the greater part to the fundamentally poor market for all but a select few of the very numerous trop- ical species. Of course, marketability and in- tensity of production of tropical woods vary greatly with circumstances. In the compara- tively few more or less gregarious tropical stands of commercially acceptable species in reasonably accessible locations, the intensity of production can be comparable to that in many temperate stands operated on a selec- tion system of felling. Instances are — the. greenheart stands of British Guiana, the trop- ical pine forests of Central America, and the. occasional pure dipterocarp forests of South- east Asia. And there are the cases, of which: almost any major tropical city will provide an: instance, where the demand, whether for 100 industrial wood or for fuel, from dense centres ‘of population on forests in their near vicinity ‘can be such as to endanger the continuity of the growing stock through overcutting. This danger is of course more acute where forest management is indifferent, which is unfortu- nately so often the case in the tropical regions. Indeed, the tendency for some time past has ‘been for effective timber production to recede farther and farther away from most major tropical cities, and as the distance increases between forest and the markets it serves, so the demand on species and specifications be- come more selective. But far the greater part of the tropical for- ests is of heterogeneous composition and lies in remote sparsely inhabited regions served by poor communications. These regions include some of the most backward in the world, where emergence from a subsistence economy is yet incomplete. The commercial cut in these distant forests is quite often negligible ‘and almost invariably highly selective, while the light timber demands of the local popula- tions are ordinarily gathered in person by the ultimate users, with little impact on the vast store that may be available. In such regions, the most serious threat to the growing stock is the practise of shifting cultivation that is so prevalent among the under-developed peo- ples. That accessibility varies with species as well as with distance and with the effectiveness of communications is the major difficulty con- fronting the rational exploitation of tropical timber. An extreme case is teak, which cons- titutes the only species that can be profitably extracted from the remote headwater forests of Burma and Thailand, where communica- tions are virtually limited to stream beds ca- pable of floating timber only during brief pe- riods of spate in the monsoons. ‘Teak owes this distinction not only to its high price in world markets, but also to its buoyancy after girdling and to its invulnerability to insect attack and decay during prolonged periods of transit from forest to sawmill. In Ghana, CARIBBEAN FORESTER which may be taken as characteristic for West Africa, more than 75% of the commercial timber production is accounted for by five species only — mahogany, wawa, sapele, utile, and makore; and of the many hundreds of species to be found in the tropical rains for- est zone, significant commercial exploitation extends to only 20 or so. Home markets are in general much less se- lective, both as regards species and specifica- tions, than export markets, but they become progressively more selective as the distance from the forests increases. For one thing, the nearer the forests to the markets, the more possible is it to absorb the waste from commer- cial production, the lop and top in the forests as well as the slabs and offcuts in the saw- mills, for domestic heating and inferior con- struction of a temporary nature, or for pack- aging and dunnage. In the home markets, national timber is often afforded substantial protection in one form or another against im- ported timbers. However, the competition be- tween timbers from different national sources remains. It is for this reason that Belem at the mouth of the Amazon makes so much more liberal and comprehensive use of the timbers of the Para forests than a comparably pop- ulated unit in the Distrito Federal some 2,000 miles away by sea, where competition from Parana pine, peroba and other south Brasilian timbers is intense. That the home markets will take up lower specifications than the ex- port markets is partly ascribable to the less exacting constructional and forniture stand- ards of the tropical regions in general. Unfor- tunately, the home markets in the tropical re- gions are seldom of a magnitude to absorb more than a fraction of the potential produc- tion of the forests, despite the progressive im- provement with rising living standards and increasing populations. India provided an ex- ception, but the indigenous timber production potential of India is able to furnish little if any surplus to demand, while along the very heavily populated Ganges valley, supply from local forests falls well short of demand. The JULY - DECEMBER 1960 backwardness of the tropics in regard to con- sumption of industrial wood may be judged from the fact that per caput it is appreciably below 10% of average per caput consumption in the temperate zone. It is hardly surprising therefore that the timber industry of so many tropical countries is heavily oriented to sales abroad. Of the export markets, those located within the tropics are in general less exacting both as to species and specifications than the markets of the temperate zone. This is partly an effect of lower transport costs and partly of easier user standards. Thus the Hongkong market will accept a wider species range and lower specifications from Southeast Asia than say the European markets. But tropical intra- regional timber movements are comparatively light. As an instance, for Southeast Asian hardwood exports in 1955 and 1956, only about 14% of total sawnwood exports and less than 17% of log exports went to tropical markets. The various markets for tropical timbers, the near and distant home markets, the intra- regional and inter-regional export markets, are all of them complementary to each other, but as will be deduced from the foregoing they are seldom in proper balance to offset each cther effectively. At the root of the problem, there is the inadequate offtake of the less favoured species and of the poorer specifications by the sparsely inhabited, eco- nomically backward forest hinterlands. Utili- sation of available timber is therefore frac- tional, and as for waste in forest and sawmill, the greater part of it has to be left to rot or burn. The price paid for a timber is dependent on its intrinsic properties and on the specifica- tions in which it can be produced. Basically it is fixed within comparatively narrow bar-- gaining limits by world market levels, which in effect are a compounding of prices for com- peting materials, including non-ligneous ma- terials. The break-even points for the differ- LOE ent tropical timbers that enter trade are smoothed out to some extent by differential royalties or stumpages, export duties, rail freights, etc. FOB prices for timbers sent overseas are conditioned by many considera- tions at the buying end: competition with tim- bers from all other sources, temperate and tropical, differential shipping rates, import duties, foreign exchange regulations, quotas. preferential treatments, etc. Thus imports of sawnwood to much of Continental Europe are subject to considerably higher duties on the whole than log imports, and this constitutes a hurdle to be surmounted by tropical coun- tries in the general drive to process timbers as far as possible prior to export. With UK tim- ber imports, Commonwealth countries are fa- voured by a preferential tariff, placing non- Commonwealth tropical timbers at a compa- rative disadvantage. As a rule, export of tim- bers from tropical countries are oriented to- wards countries with close political associa- tion, as from Ghana, Nigeria, and Malaya to the U K, from Surinam to the Netherlands, and from Amazonian Brazil to Portugal. Ad- verse effects of quota restrictions are exem- plified in the case of India, whose timber im- ports since the war have been subject to a monetary ceiling, causing difficulties to the Burma teak trade owing to the resultant in- adequate offtake of secondary grades that are not in demand by Europe. And as for the ef- fect of unstable foreign exchanges, the com- plicated procedure for timber transactions be- tween Paraguay and Argentina will provide an example. Marketability of individual tropical species is again dependent on the usage pattern, traditions, and idiosyncracies of the various markets. Least marketable anywhere and in particular in any export market are the more refractory heavy to moderately heavy tropical woods of dubious durability and poor perme- ability to preservatives. It is unfortunate that so many of the tropical species, particularly of those found in the tropical rain forests:, fall into this category. Naturally durable 102 heavy woods on the other hand are much sought after in tropical markets, where timber in general is so prone to insect attack and decay. The use of preservatives is spreading in a number of tropical countries, broadening the range of acceptability of species for local consumption, though much still remains to be done in this field. There has been an increas- ing resort to the preservative treatment of woods for sleepers, piling, decking, and con- struction. Impressive progress in this regard has been achieved in parts of the Caribbean and in Malaya. As for the export demand for the very heavy timbers, it is circumscribed by the somewhat limited call for wood for piling, wharf decking, heavy duty flooring, etc. Tim- bers that are much sought after for these pur- poses include greenheart from British Guiana and azobé from West Africa. The prices of- fered for the heavy, non-buoyant woods or- dinarily do not warrant too deep a penetra- tion of the forests on their account alone, so that their extraction is confined largely to the near vicinity of motorable roads and rail- ways, and to a narrow zone along main water- ways where bamboos, reeds, and other rafting materials are freely available or where trans- port by barge or mechanical craft is possible. Durable, stable constructional woods in the moderately heavy class, such as teak and afrormosia, are in brisk demand in export markets and are often highly priced. But the less durable, less stable woods of this weight rclass are priced as utility timbers, so that it is only when they are easily accessible and ‘in fair concentration in the forests, like the Southeast Asian dipterocarps and_ shoreas, that they can be worked effectively. These timbers are used locally in fair volume, but the lower specifications developed during pro- ‘duction for export in most cases all but sat- isfy any local demand. Popular woods for furniture and interior trim generally range from moderately light to moderately heavy in weight, with emphasis on the less weighty timbers. in tropical home markets is uneven and de- Their receptio” . CARIBBEAN FORESTER pendent on living standards and traditional usages. The demand for the cedrelas in Latin America for instance is such as to leave very little surplus of this excellent timber available for shipment overseas. By contrast, mahogany in Latin America is indifferently appreciated, though its use has been growing in recent years, partly on account of the growing insuf- ficiency of the supply of the cedrelas. It was the easy access and insect-repellent properties of the cedrelas, allied to bland working pro- perties, that was largely responsible for the traditional usage of the timber. But the trop- ical market for furniture woods is in general of secondary importance, the poor tropical demand for furniture of a standard acceptable in the temperate zone providing little incen- tive for the setting up of industrial produc- tion within the tropics. So that the main outlet for the tropical furniture and joinery woods is in export, either in the round for veneer and plywood manufacture abroad, or as sawnwood. Though the manufacture of ve- neer and plywood for export is developing in a number of tropical countries, such as in the Philippines, Ghana, Nigeria, and Surinam. Sarawak ramin is a utility furniture-cum-join- ery wood that virtually has only an export market, for it is too vulnerable to decay for local usage, even with the surface treatment to which all sawn stock must be subjected prior to export. The significance of medium weight furniture and joinery woods to the trade may be judged from the following — for Ghana, they constitute over 50% of total exports overseas; for the Amazon, they con- stitute about 60% of disposals to south Brazilian and overseas markets combined; while for Sarawak, ramin exports alone ac- count for more than 80% of total exports. Light weight, perishable woods find a very limited outlet in tropical markets, although their use has been expanding with the devel- opment of preservative treatment, notably in parts of the Caribbean. Indeed, in Trinidad a form of shelterwood sylviculture has been developed which favours the fast-growing soft JULY - DECEMBER 1960 hardwoods. The export market for the light weight woods with reasonably firm textures and good mechanical properties relative to density has increased very markedly since the war. They serve largely as softwood substi- tutes, strictly in the utility range, and are priced accordingly. The post-war demand for good grade light-weight timbers in the round for the European plywood industry has been outstanding. Quick extraction and the pro- tection of the logs from insect depredations and stain has been the key to development. The remarkable post-war transformation of the Ghana trade in wawa provides an interest- ing example. Exports of this timber from Gha- na, which were negligible in the pre-war, com- prised almost 60 of log exports in 1957 and 15% of sawn exports. A serious obstacle to development in the exploitation of tropical woods is the general infrequency of reasonable concentrations of commercially marketable trees oi «4 single species. Thus in British Guiana, of the 200 more common species only 10 of them provide on average more than one tree of 16 inches in diameter and over per hectare in those for- est blocks in which they are most favourably represented. In Ghana, the number of exploi- table trees per hectare —for which purpose 22 species, some of them of secondary signifi- cance, were enumerated —varies from 1.6 in the wetter to 9.5 in the drier forests. Only in the case of four species does the record show more than one exploitable tree of each per hectare in any single main block of forests. The tenuous representation in the forests of the greater majority of individual tropical species constitutes a damper on export in all but exceptional cases. It will be found to be more or less a general rule that the tropical timbers commanding most attention in world trade are among those of commonest occur- rence the forests, which seems logical enough an outcome of the marked preference of the trade for substantial and regular parcels of a single species. There has been resistance in export markets to mixed parcels of closely re- lated species, though within a narrow colour range and of similar working properties. Ma- laya has achieved most success in this field with the marketing of mixed Dipterocarps and Shoreas. The typically low yield of marketable tim- ber per hectare in the tropical forests puts severe limitations on the profitability of open- ing up long lines of land communications for the trucking of production. In Liberia for instance, where rail facilities are poor, the stands of exportable timbers, though in similar density in the forests to that in other parts of West Africa are mostly beyond economic trucking range. Transport costs can be al- leviated substantially by conversion of sub- grade logs in or near the forests, but mill waste then tends to be heavy and in excess of the power generating needs of the sawmills. For the movement of shorts and the lower specifications to main markets is often un- profitable. Increasing the volume carried over a transport system can change an operational loss to a profit. Thus for a West African costing for transport by road over a distance of 120 miles, an operational loss of 12.5% was converted into a profit of 10.5% by doubling the volume to be carried . Operators are there- fore content with a modest margin on the less valuable species and specifications in order to lessen the incidence of overheads on the main product. Even so, most tropical species are at present either virtually unmarketable or priced at levels that provide no margin over production costs, even with quite moderate haulage distances. Accessibility is in a sense delimited by the margin between price and production costs and it is from this margin that the incentive for development arises. What may be thought to be a fair operational margin can vary with the security offered to entrepreneurs by legislatory provisions and political stability. There are countries in the tropics where this security has not been rated too highly, particularly by foreign capital, and this has served as a brake on the development of the 104 ganisations with capital resources and the remote forests, where an assured medium term tenure is necessary to justify embarking on heavy outlay on equipment and commu- nications. In practise, the most satisfactory and rational method of exploiting the remote tropical forests is through medium to longish term concessions calling for fairly large or- technical know-how to render them profitable. With export the main objective, as it so fre- quently is, foreign capital may be highly de- sirable if not essential to development and the degree of security offered will define terms of entry acceptable to entrepreneurs. The ex- port trade of Southeast Asia, West Africa, and the far Amazon has been largely built up by foreign capital. Of price and production costs relative to tropical timber production in the post-war, it is production costs that appear to have provided the more flexible element. As will be seen from the tables in th annexure to this paper, FOB prices for tropical hardwood ex- ports have been comparatively static between 1950 and 1957. Of course, the figures obscure changes in quality and specifications of ex- ports. In the case ot tropical logs for instance, more of the cheaper light-weight woods were exported in 1957 than in 1950. Similar con- siderations, though of lesser moment, also ap- plied to sawnwood exports. But if prices for individual species are studied, it will still be apparent that, allowing for rising labour and equipment costs, the great post-war increase in the volume of tropical timber exports can- not be ascribed purely or even in serious de- gree to price movements; though the widening of the price gap between coniferous and trop- ical hardwood exports undoubtedly directed the attention of an expanding world trade to the merits of a number of tropical utility woods, such as the West African Triplochitons and Sarawak ramin. The main incentive to produce more tropical timbers and to extend the area of accessibility almost certainly arose from savings effected by improved production techniques. provement in West African production include Underlying causes for the im- . CARIBBEAN FORESTER improved road systems and port facilities, careful pre-planning of extraction on the basis of inventory, better mechanical equipment and the training of personnel to handle it, better sawmilling and seasoning standards, the grading of round and sawn output, and effective though superficial treatments of logs and sawnwood to minimise decay and insect attack. Much the same causes underly the increased production in the Philippines and other parts of Southeast Asia. In Sarawak, the increased post-war production of ramin can be ascribed to the development of a tech- nique of extraction along temporary light rail tracks from the fresh-water swamp forests, allied to advances in seasoning and preserva- tion processes. Sawmilling has increased considerably in many parts of the tropics since the war, from 1947 to 1957 by 250% for West Africa and by 55% for South and Southeast Asia. The increased production has served both the home and the export markets and has cer- tainly assisted in a more rational exploitation. But other forms of industrialisation of forest products have made small progress through- out the tropical regions, with rather better results in the field of veneer and plywood production than of pulp and boards. But the volume of tropical plywood production is still less than 4% of the world total. Even so, a considerable part of tropical plywood produc- tion is exported. Thus, almost all Surinam production leaves the country, and in the case of West Africa, more than 80%. The great plywood production and con- sumption centres of the world —North Amer- ica, Europe, and Japan— are of course con- cerned with the welfare of their own indus- try; and between them they have provided the major outlet for the better grade tropical veneer logs. With the need to import capital, equipment, glues, and technical know-how, the advantage to be derived from the setting up of plywood industry within the tropics, with export the principal objective, is gener- ally quite marginal. So that the security JULY - DECEMBER 1960 factor can turn the scales when decisions are made by foreign entrepreneurs as to the mer- its of investing in plywood manufacture to be located in the tropics. However, promising results have been achieved in plywood pro- duction by foreign enterprise in West Africa, Surinam, and Southeast Asia, the linkage be- tween the capital and its origins helping to direct output into amenable channels. Pro- duction of veneers for export, which requires a smaller capitalization, provide in some in- stances an interesting alternative to plywood production, where the home market for ply- wood is feeble. Progress with tropical produc- tion for export will certainly continue and seems rational in the sense that the nearer production is to source of the bulky raw ma- terial, the more economic will be the utilisa- tion of sub-grade logs.. But the rate of pro- gress must be dependent to a considerable degree on plywood consumption within the tropics, for it is the indifferent home market for plywood to date that has constituted a major obstacle to the free development of a tropical industry. In this regard it is signifi- cant that in Insular Southeast Asia, where home consumption of plywood increased by about 250% from 1951 to 1957, possibly the most substantial expansion has taken place in the tropical regions in the production and export of plywood. The slight home offtake in the tropics of boards from wood residues, such as the fibre- boards and the particle-boards, is even still more marked than for plywod. The tropical production of these two commodities is still in its infancy. It is of the order of only 1% of the world total, with the major part of the production coming from agriculture waste. Mexico has been producing hardboards from billets of mixed tropical species for some years past. There are very few particle-board plants to be found in the tropics that are based on wood residues as raw material and most of them are captive plants producing extruded boards. The prognosis for development of tropical production of these boards is for the 105 present much poorer than for plywood, since the export prospects are so much the less promising. The outlook for particle-board production may be the superior of the two, since capital expenditure for an effective plant is lighter than for fibreboard. The contribu- tion of tropical production of fibreboards and particle-boards to more complete utilisation is unlikely to be of particular significance for some time to come, especially so in view of the limitations that exist to the mixing of species during processing. As for pulp production in the tropics, the main interest still centres on the use of trop- ical pines and agricultural residues. Produc- tion from the mixed boardleaf species is tech- nically feasible, but has yet to command the serious attention of investment capital. Pro- gress has been achieved with bamboo, no- tably in India, with cetico in Peru, and there has been a recent interesting development in East Pakistan in the use for newsprint pro- duction of gewa — Excaecaria spp. It will be noted however that in not one of these cases is a mixture of species involved. Almost certainly, the serious pulping of mixed tropical hardwood species is unlikely to take place un- til tropical agricultural residues are more fully taken up for short-fibre pulp requirements. It is in long-fibre pulp that the tropical re- gions as a whole are deficient and attention has been focussed on the tropical pines in order to remedy this. The demand for paper and paper products in the tropics is develop- ing, somewhat unevenly but positively, but there is still a long way to go before the pulp- ing of tropical hardwood mixtures becomes a necessity. The brief account that has been given above of the vagaries of the domestic and export trade in tropical timbers and their derivatives has been aimed at providing not only a com- mentary on the difficulties attendant on an immense species range, but also evidence that the position is far from being static. Despite the many and serious obstacles to rational production of tropical woods, their export has 106 made remarkable advances in recent years, as can be seen in the tables in the annexure to this paper. Timber consumption within the tropics has also increased substantially in recent years, in South and Southeast Asia for instance, by as much as 50% between 1951 and 1957. The home markets for trop- ica hardwoods are due to expand still further ANNEXURE. I Area of forests — 1,000 hectares. Total area Accessible Forests in use II Removals 1957 — millions m*(r) Sawlogs, veneer logs & logs for sleepers Pulpwood & pitprops Other industrial wood Total industrial wood Fuelwood, including wood for charcoal Ill Sawlogs, etc. Pulpwood, etc. Other i.w. Total industrial wood CARIBBEAN FORESTER with increasing populations and improving living standards, so that the future should see an extension of effective accessibility and a market trend towards more complete utilisa- tion. The process can be stimulated by more inventory, by careful pre-planning of extrac- tion and by a continuance of applied research into the properties of tropical woods. (Estimates based on FAO Forest Products Statistics.) Tropical _ Temperate | 2,130 1,785 879 995 347 780 From tropical From temperate Removals 1957 in m*(r) per 1,000 hect ares. am forests __ forests 46.1 487.6 7.4 225.0 3.8 103.7 57.3 816.3 312.4 365.1 From accessible From forests forest in use Tropical Temperate Tropical Temperate 53 489 133 622 9 226 2a 289 5 108 i 132 67 823 —_ 165 1,043 a JULY - DECEMBER 1960 ANNEXURE. IV Export statistics — volumes in millions of m*, (r) for logs and (s) for sawnwood; values in millions of $; prices in $ per m® FOB. Volume of Value of Price per exports exports m3 1950 1957 1959 1957 1950 1957 LOGS Coniterous (185) 2.0 16.8 Bose 11.4 17.8 Hardwood Temperate 0.7 1.0 17.0 31.9 Head | Sel Tropical i) 6.1 36.4 113.6 19.2 18.6 SAWNWOOD Coniferous JAC? 29.9 620.0 1A SieD 29.2 38.1 Hardwood Temperate DA 1.8 136.7 93.9 64.5 53.6 Tropical 0.7 iyi Sy aw? 94.0 48.1 54.4 V_ Percentages increases from 1950 to 1957 in Volume of Value ot Price Per exports exports m3 LOGS Coniferous oD 210 56 Hardwood Temperate 40 87 34 Tropical 323 310 - 3 SAWNWOOD Coniferous 39 83 30 Hardwood Temperate -17 -31 -17 Tropical 258 292 13 acaSecreciae So aoe ele Bs a ee ee double-spaced typewritten pages, although an occasional longer article of special interest may be acceptable. Articles should be sub- mitted in the author’s native tongue, and should include title or position of the author as well as a brief summary of the material. Manuscripts should be typewritten, double ispaced, on one side of the page only, on 81% x 11 inch white bond paper. Tables should be numbered consecutively, each on a separate sheet with a title. Foot- notes used in tables should be typewritten as part of the table and designated by numerals. Illustrations should be designated as figures and numbered consecutively. Captions for each illustration should be submitted on a separate sheet. Photographs submitted for il- lustrations should be clear, sharp, and on glos- sy paper, preferably 5 x 7 or 8 x 10 inches in size. Footnotes should be numbered consecutive- ly, with a superior figure placed after the word in the text to which the footnote refers. The footnote should appear in the text in the line following the reference number, separated from the text by a short line running inward from the left margin of the text. Footnotes are used to give credit to unpublished material and communications. If only a few references to literature are made, literature citations may be placed in footnotes. Literature citations should include the author, year published, ti- tle of the work cited, name of publication, and pages. Manuscripts should be sent to the Leader, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. Opinions expressed in this journal are not necessarily those of the Forest Service. Ar- ticles published in the Caribbean Forester may be reproduced, provided reference is made to the original source. @ Le “Caribbean Forester” est une revue semi- annuelle qui a été publiée depuis l’année 1938 en Puerto Rico por le Centre Tropique de Recherche Forestier, Service Forestier du Départment de l’Agriculture des Etats-Unis. Cette revue est dediée a l’aménagement et a lutilisation des forests surtout dans la region caraibe. Par les pages de cette revue les personnes qui travaillent aux tropiques peuvent etre in- formées sur les problemes specifiques des fo- rets tropicales et sur les travaux effectués pour realiser une ameilloration technique par laménagement et ]’usage des resources fores- tiéres. Cette revue pourvoit aussi un moyen de destribuer l'information et les resultats ob- tenus par le programme experemental du Cen- tre Tropique de Recherche Forestier de Puerto Rico; en plus cette revue offre ses pages a les autres travailleurs forestiers des pays tropi- caux pour quwils purssent publier les resultats de leur travaux. Cette revue accepte volontiers des contribu- tions ne depassant pas 20 pages dactilografiées a double espace, cependant que certains tra- vaux du intéret spécial plus long purvent etre acceptés. Les contributions doivent etre ecri- tes dans la langue maternelle de l’auteur et doivent bien preciser son titre et sa position professionnelle, l’appert doct etre accompagné d’un résumé de l’étude. Les manuscripts doi- vent etre dactilografiées en double espace su du paper 814 por 11 pouces. Les tables du travail doivent etre numero- tées en ordre sur page separée et les notes au pied de ces tables doivent etre dactilografiées, comme une partie du table. Les illustrations doivent etre designées avec des numeros consecutifs. Les titres de chaque illustration doivent etre sumis sur une page separée Les photographies comme les illus- trations doivent etre bien claires, bien definies et sur papier glacé preferablement 5 x 7 pouces au 8 por 10. Les notes au bas de la page doivent etre numerotées apies le mot qui fait reference a la note. La note au pied devra aparaitre dans le texte sous la ligne qui suit le numero de reference, separée de texte par une ligne courte couront de gauche a driole de la marge du papier. Les notes au pied sont usées pour faire honneur aux travaux qué nont pas été publiés. Si on fait seulement quelques-unes reference qua la litterature pauvent designée les comme notes au pied. Citation au littera- ture publiée doivent comprendu, |’auteur, ]’an- née publiée, le titre du travail, le nom de la revue et les pages de cette revue. Les manuscripts doivent etre evnooyés a: “Leader, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.” Nous voulons rappeller a nos lecteurs que les opinions expumées dans cette revue ne sont pas necessairement les opinions du Forest Service et que les articles publiés dans la re- vue le “Caribbean Forester’ peuvent etre re- produits mais doivent jaire reference a cette revue. ge {eee } cpr OE PARICULTURE | 1! S..DEP bs {4 | \ | f am ) iS “~\ j - + 4 4 | RU sas RIAL RECORES | CURRENT SER U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE TROPICAL FOREST RESEARCH CENTER RIO PIEDRAS, PUERTO RICO JOLUME 21 SUPPLEMENT L ‘ DECEMBER, 19606 Caribbean Forester El Caribbean Forester es una revista semes- tral gratuita publicada en Puerto Rico desde e) afio 1938 por el Centro Tropical de Inves- tigaciones Forestales del Servicio Forestal del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Esta publicaci6n esta dedicada a promover la mejor ordenacion y utilizacién de los recursos forestales del trépico con especial énfasis a la region del Caribe. Provee informacién a los que laboran en la dasonomia y ciencias afines sobre los pro- blemas especificos que confrontan, las politi- cas forestales vigentes y el progreso del tra- bajo que se lleva a cabo para mejorar la or- denacién y utilizacién de los recursos fores- tales tropicales. También sirve como medio informativo sobre los resultados y el progreso de los programas experimentales, en ordena- cién forestal tropical y utilizacién, que se Ile- van a cabo en el Centro de Investigaciones en Puerto Rico. También le brinda una opor- tunidad a otras personas interesadas en la dasonomia tropical para presentar el resultado de sus trabajos. Se solicitan aportaciones de otras fuentes en el campo de la dasonomia tropical siempre que no estén considerandose para publicacién en otras revistas. E] manuscrito generalmente no debe exceder 20 paginas escritas a maqui- na a doble espacio, aunque ocasionalmente po- dria aceptarse un articulo mas largo cuando tuviera un interés especial. Los articulos deben someterse en la lengua vernacula del autor, deben incluir su titulo o posici6n que ocupa y un resumen corto. De- ben estar escritos a maquina a doble espacio, solamente en un lado de la pagina, en papel blanco primera, tamafio 814 por 11 pulgadas. Las tablas deben numerarse consecutiva- mente, cada una en una hoja separada con su titulo. Las notas al pie usadas en las ta- blas deben escribirse a maquina como parte de la tabla y designarse por medio de nt- meros. Las ilustraciones deben designarse con nt- meros y numerarse consecutivamente. Los ti- tulos para cada ilustracién deberdn someterse en una pagina separada. Las fotografias ‘so- metidas como ilustraciones deben ser claras, bien definidas y en papel glaseado, preferible- mente 5 por 7 u 8 por 10 pulgadas en tamaifio. Las notas al pie deben numerarse consecu- _ tivamente con un nimero de llamada siguiendo — la palabra en el texto a la cual hace referen- cia la nota al pie. La nota al pie debe apa- recer en el texto en la linea siguiendo el ni- mero de referencia y separada del texto por medio de una linea corta hacia dentro desde el margen izquierdo del texto. Las notas al~ pie se usan para dar crédito a material no publicado y a comunicaciones. Si se hacen — solamente unas pocas referencias a la litera- tura entonces dichas citas pueden aparecer como notas al pie. Las citas incluiran el nom- _ bre del autor, el afio de publicacién, el titulo ¥ del trabajo, y el nombre y paginas de la pu- blicacién. Los manuscritos deben enviarse al Lider del Centro Tropical de Investigaciones Forestales - Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. * Las opiniones expresadas en esta revista no ~ coinciden necesariamente con las del Servicio — Forestal. Los articulos publicados en el Carib- bean Forester pueden reproducirse siempre que se haga referencia a la fuente original. “a The Caribbean Forester is a free semi-an- nual technical journal published since 1938 in Puerto Rico by the Tropical Forest Research Center, Forest Service, U. S.'Department of This publication is devoted to —_ the development of improved management and utilization of tropical forest resources, Agriculture. with special interest in the Caribbean region. Through the pages of the journal tropical foresters and workers in allied scientific fields . are informed of specific problems of tropical a forestry, policies in effect in various countries, and progress of work being carried out for — the improvement of the management and util- — ization of forest resources. Puerto Rico. In addition, it affords an op- portunity for other workers in the field of 4 tropical forestry to make available the results of their work. Contributions for the journal are solicited. However, material submitted should not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. — Manuscripts should not ordinarily exceed 20 (Continua en la portada #3) The printing of this publication has been approved by Director of the Bureau of the Budget (June 26,1958) The Tropical Forest Research Center is operated in cooperation with the University of Puerto Rico. \ It furnishes a means of distribution of information on the ~ progress and results of the experimental pro- ‘grams of the Tropical Research Center in — DATOS DE CRECIMIENTO DE PLANTACIONES FORESTALES EN MEXICO, INDIAS CCCIDENTALES Y CENTRO Y SUR AMERICA Segundo Informe Anual Ge la Seccidn de Forestacidén COMITE REGIONAL SOBRE INVESTIGACION FORESTAL COMISLON FORESTAL LATINOAMERICANA ORGANTZACION DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA AGRICULTURA Y LA ALIMENTACION Frank H. Wadsworth Presidente Compilado en el Centro Tropical de Investigaciones Forestales Servicio Forestal Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos Rfo Piedras, Puerto Rico Diciembre 1, 1960 DATOS DE CECIMIENTO DE PLANTACIONES FORESTALES —— EN MEXICO, INDIAS OCCIDENTALES Y CENTRO Y SUR AMERICA La Seccidén de Forestacidén del Comité Regional Sobre Investigacion Forestal de la Comisidn Forestal Latinoamericana de la FAO, establecida en el 1958, presenta a continuacién un informe del trabajo realizado durante sus primeros dos afios. La Seccidn tiene por objeto recopilar y publicar informacidn concerniente a la regidn en cuanto a: (1) las con- diciones de crecimiento y productividad de las plantaciones que han tenido éxito, (2) las limitaciones de adaptabilidad de los drboles sefia- ladas por los fracasos de plantaciones, y (3) especies de arboles adicio- nales que merecen ser probadas. Hasta la fecha ei trabajo de la Seccidn se ha limitado casi totalmente al primero de estos objetivos. Una relacién del trabajo de la Seccidn durante el primer afio aparecid6 en su primer informe anual titulado "Plantaciones Forestales en América Latina" y publicado por el Centro Tropical de Investigaciones Forestales en diciembre del 1959. Durante ese afio se adoptdé un formula- rio para anotar la informacidn sobre las-plantaciones. -Noventa técnicos en representacidén de 25 pafses fueron invitados para que se unieran a la Seccidn y cooperaran enviando descripciones. Cuarenta cooperadores en representacidn de 17 paises enviaron datos sobre 129 plantaciones y 45 especies. El Centro arregld la informacidén recibida para que cada plan- tacion apareciera en una pdégina e incluyera todos los datos obtenidos en cuanto a productividad, sitio y-fuentes de informacidn adicional. El Segundo Afio de la Seccidn La experiencia adquirida por la Seccidn durante su primer afio de- _ mostré tanto las potencialidades futuras como las limitaciones actuales 3 de la coleccidn de descripciones confiables, comparables y completas por medio de correspondencia. Algunos cooperadores enviaron descripciones excelentes lo bastante completas para proporcionar ayuda substancial a otros dasdnomos. Otras descripciones presentaron solamente una informacidén minima. Tales descripciones se publicaron cuando tenfan suficiente infor- macién para indicar al lector la conveniencis de escribir a la fuente de informacién o de visitar la plantacidén sobre el terreno. Otras que care- cidn de informacidén bdsica necesaria para relacionar el comportamiento del drbol al sitio o que no se entendfan claramente fueron retenidas para com -pletarse mis tarde. Por lo tanto el primer grupo de descripciones publi- cado no presentdéd un cuadro completo ni exacto de las mejores plantaciones de la regiédn. Estas fallas motivaron comentarios utiles, correcciones y adiciones de varias ueteee. Sin embargo, se demostrdé claramente que la calidad de estas descripciones no podia mejorarse meramente por correspon- dencia. Por lo tanto, el Presidente de la Seccidn obtuvo autorizacidén del Presidente del Comité Regional Sobre Investigacidn Forestal para en- viar técnicos capacitados a la regién para ayudar a los dasdnomos locales a completar las descripciones ya recibidas y para obtener datos sobre mds plantaciones prometedoras - Dasénomos del Centro Tropical de Investigaciones Forestales al ser- vicio de la Seccidn examinaron durante el afio plantaciones forestales en muchas partes de la mitad norte de la regidn. El Dr. F. B. Lamb visitd la Peninsula de Yucatdn en Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras Britdnica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamd, Colombia y Ecuador. El Dr. Briscoe visit6 a Jamaica, Martinica, Sta. Lucfa, Trinidad, Guayana Britdnica, Surinam y la regidén baja del Amazonas en el Brazil. El Presidente de la Seccién visité la parte central de Mexico. Mayormente a consecuencia de estas visitas el nimero de miembros cooperadores aumentdé de 40 a 54 durante a: el afio, el nimero de plantaciones descritas aumentd de 129 a 257 y el nimero de especies informado aumentd de 45 a 72. El crédito por los logros alcanzados por la Seccidn durante el afio 1960 pertenece principalmente a aquellos miembros que contribuyeron informacidn nueva sobre las plantaciones de la regidn. Los viajes de los Dres. Lamb y Briscoe fueron especialmente significativos para el logro de este objetivo. La Seccidn debe reconocimiento especial a ambos por su trabajo de organizar, preparar para publicacidn y completar cuande podfan las descripciones aqui inclufdas. El Dr. L. R. Holdridge de Costa Rica también merece reconocimiento por sus comentarios witiles sobre los datos climdticos y la clasificacidén ecoldgica que aparecen en ‘el primer informe. Un examen minucioso del primer informe por el sefor Carlos Flinta de la FAO también produjo varios comentarios que nos fueron de utilidad al-preparar este segundo informe. Planes Para el Prdximo Afio La Séptima Sesidn de la Comisidn Forestal Latinoamericana celebra- da en la Ciudad de Mexico en agosto del 1960, solicitdéd del Comité Sobre Investigacidén Forestal que continuara este proyecto, ddndole atencidn especial al género Eucalyptus, en preparacidén para el Congreso Mundial Sobre Eucalipto a celebrarse en Sao Paulo, Brazil durante e1 otofo del 1961. Este informe describe 36 plantaciones de eucalipto pero esta incompleto en cuanto a esa parte de la regidn situada al sur del Rio Amazonas. La Seccidn se propone llevar a cabo este trabajo por corres- pondencia hasta donde sea posible pero también por medio de viajes adi- cionales utilizando dasdnomos aque tengan responsabilidades regionales. Se solicita de todos los dasdénomos de la regidn que se unan a la Seccidn y que contribuyan informacién concerniente a las plantaciones Lid prometedoras que corrija o suplemente la de este informe. Tal informacion ¢ debe enviarse al Presidente, Seccidn de Forestacidén, Apartado 577, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. Se suplirdn los formularios que se necesiten. Los nombres de los cooperadores se afiadirdn a la lista de envios para recibir copias de informes futuros segiin se publiquen. La nueva organizacidén de servicios establecida en el 1960 bajo la Oficina Regional Forestal de la Comisidén Forestal Latinoamericana, denomi- nada Grupo Asesor de Capacitacién e Investigaciones Forestales para América Latina" (GACIFAL) posiblemente represente una nueva fuente de informacion sobre plantaciones. Los planes preliminares de este Grupo presentados ante la Sesidn de la Comisidén en Mexico indican que posiblemente la Seccidn reciba mucha ayuda de dicha organizacidén a este respecto. Descripciones de las Plantaciones Este informe presenta todas las plantaciones estudiadas por la Seccidén desde sus comienzos. Por lo tanto es cumulativo y sus descrip- ciones substituyen las del primer informe. Esta duplicidad fué inevita- ble debido a las muchas correcciones y adiciones en las primeras descrip- ciones como resultado de comentarios subsiguientes recibidos y de los estudios de campo. Los nlmeros de las plantaciones anteriores se retu- vieron de manera que la referencia a cada plantacidén sea consistente. La agrupacién de las descripciones de las plantaciones en el primer informe por categorfas amplias de temperatura y lluvia ocasiondé algunos comentarios. Esta base para agrupar todavia parece servir mejor los objetivos de estas descripciones, a saber, permite al dasdnomo com- parar el desarrollo de todas las plantaciones de la regidn establecidas bajo sus condiciones sin considerar la especie o la localidad. Las plantaciones aparecen en el fndice no sdlo por especie como en el iv primer informe sino también por pais, cooperador y numero de plantacidn para facilitar asf la contrarreferencia. La clasificacidén de formaciones forestales del Dr. Beldrsaice!/ como base para agrupar plantaciones en medio ambientes similares tiene la ventaja que depende del Unico tipo de datos climdticos locales generalmente disponibles. Ademds los grupos son de una amplitud pro- porcionada con el conocimiento actual de diferencias climdticas de mayor significacidn en el comportamiento de los drboles en la region. Las bases esenciales de la clasificacidn segiin se modificaron para la preparacidén de este informe son como sigue: oO Temperatura : ; : Promedio °C : Oh C+ : 12 - 2h° s 16 = 12. Promedio de : : : : Precipita- : Tropical : Subtropical : Templado : Fresco cidn Anual : : (Sin heladas): (Con heladas): mm 8000+ 1. Pluvial 4000-8000 2. Muy hiimedo 6. Pluvial 11. Pluvial 2000-4000 3. Himedo 7. Muy hiimedo 12.Muy mnimedo 16. Pluvial 1000-2000 4. Seco 8. Himedo 13. Himedo 17. Muy Inimedc 500-1000 5. Muy seco 9. Seco 14. Seco 18. Himedo 0-500 10. Muy seco 15. Muy seco 1/ Holdridge, L. R. 1947. Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data. Science 105 (2727): 367-368. La Seccidén considera este compilacidn como un principio hacia un fondo de tales conocimientos: que aumentard indefinidamente. La infor- macién inclufda ahora es tan cuantiosa que el costo de la reproduccidn anual en un informe cumulativo, como se hizo este afio, podria hacerse prohibitivo. Por lo tanto las pdginas se han perforado al margen para encuadernarse’ y facilitar la insercidén de datos futuros segiin se publi- quen hasta que se haga una reproduccidn completa, posiblemente cada cineo afios. vi =o ars At < et : 1t--- > 2 lol tte ie Se) GILGsa wes CEQLe, GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Muy Htmedo | Bn Wak) @ ~ 4390 PATS Costa Rica PER ITE RERON CRECILEENTO DOPINANTES Y CODCMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m 3 10 8 el ST2T0 LAT. 10°N BONG. &4°0 "MELEV. 100 PRECIPITACTON 2220 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE mixta SUELO aluviael TOPCGRAFIA plana ORIGE! DE SERELEAS local : 7 STEMBRA PREPARACICN corte Ge malezas FECHA 2950 ESPACIAMIENTO 3x4 AREA 1.5 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda, 50 cm CUIDO 20 3 lirpiezes LUGSR Los Diamantes Nos. 1 & 2, 50 km al norte de San José CRIGEN DE INFORMACION G. Budowski, IICA, Turrialba, C. R. 2-2 ESPECIE Cordia alliodora GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Tropical Muy Hiimedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION- .231 — CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m it 22 12 30 SITIO LAT. 10°N LONG. 3°0 ELEV. 100 PRECIPITACION 4420 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE mixta SUELO aiuvial ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPCGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS rodal natural de la localidad STEMBRA PREPARACION Corte de maleza FECHA 1946 ESPACIAMIENTO 3x4 MATERTAL semillas CUIDO pocas limpiezas LUGAR Los Diemantes No. 3, 50 kms al norte de San José ORIGEN DE INFORMACION G. Budowski, IICA, Turrialba, C. R. ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Muy Himedo PAIS Jamaica Plantacion 132 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMENANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 5 10 L4h0 RENDIMIENTO. postes a los 10 afios SITIO nis | Lat. 18°N LONG. 77°0 ELEV. 600 PRECIPITACION 5000 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril, Julio-Agosto ~ “TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna "ROCA MADRE caliza © SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO aercilloso duro TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso duro REACCION 5 DRENAJE impedido ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA ondulada ASPECTO™ sg “ CONDICION ANTES ‘DE LA SIEMBRA ‘pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Honduras Britdénica, 300 m, 3000 mm STEMBRA PREPARACION desmonte completo FECHA 1950 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5. MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 95% @ los 3 meses; 91% a los 8 afios CUIDO Bos limpiezas al afio durante Zi afios; aclareo a los 10 afios EINES TO) users Pe Se eore ORICEN DE INFORMACION Goneervater of Forests, Kingston, Jamaica 2-4 ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Tropical Muy Himedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 133 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODCMINANTES DENSIDAD POR H&CTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 15 h1 ou 239 SITIO LAT. 8°30'N LONG. 83°30'0 ELEV. 4O PRECIPITACION 5800 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcil?.oso PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO modcvadamente degradado TOPCGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacion, Summit Garden, Panama Canal Zone SIEMBRA PREPARACION desmonte del bosque FECHA 1945 ESPACIAMIENTO 5x 5 AREA 10 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda _ HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA 60% a los 15 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales durante 3 afios; despues ocasionalmente REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Finca Calera, Km 50-51, Distrito Esquinas, Divisién Golfito COMENTARIOS troncos no circulares, ramosos ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Cia. Bananera de Costa Rica, Divisidn Golfito, San José, C. R. ESPECIE Casuarina equisetifolia GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Muy Hiimedo PATS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 3 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 8 13 15 1299 16 16 eh 23 19 28 eu SITIO LATS A6°20 "1 LONG... 65° 45'o ELEV. 100 PRECIPITACION 3429 SES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PRCMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita _ SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloco y con piedras grandes REACCION 6.2 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 5% inclinacién leve ASPECTO NO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén local STEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza con machete FECHA 1937 ESPACTAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.8 MATERTAL de vivero a raiz desnuda . HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 91% a los 8 afios CUIDO limpieza el primer afio; aclareos a los 16 y 19 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Sabana, Bosque Experimental de Luquillo COMENTARIOS Los arboles aparecen maduros a los 19 afios; disminucidn en el vigor. ORIGEN DE INFCRMACIOCN USFS Estudio #2019L, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 3-2 ESPECIE Cedrela mexicana GRUPO ECCLOGICO ‘Tropical Himedo PAIS- Puerto Rico PLANTACION 4 CRECIMIENTO | DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 16 22 a1 28 SITIO LAT. 18°15'N LONG. 65°45'O ELEV. 250 PRECIPITACION 3800 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilla pesada PROFUNDIDAD 3 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilla pedregosa PROFUNDIDAD 50 cm DRENAJE impedido ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRATIA inclinada 15% ASPECTO SO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMTLLAS desconocido SIEMBRA PREPAPACTON abrir calles FECHA 1936 ESPACIAMIENTO esparcidos AREA 100 &rboles MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIZNTAS zapapico CUIDO varias limpiezas LUGAR Tracto 41, Bosque Experimental de Luquillo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Estudio 1995L; Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. ESPECIE Cedrela mexicana GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Panama PLANTACION 134 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m 12 ek el SITIO LAT. 8°20'N LONG. 83°0 ELEV. 8 PRECIPITACION 2600 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE mixta SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 6 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 3+ REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA 7 afios al cultivo de guineos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION corte de maleza FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO Le5 x 9.2 AREA 4 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 12 aifios CUIDO 2 limpiezas REPRODUCCION semillas escasas LUGAR Finca Majagua, 11 km al N de Puerto Armueliles ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Chiriqui Land Co., Puerto Arnuelles, Panama ek MOTIATMAL a wala oS .omOT wog"’S TAI fiwdA-crsa ALUNGE a 2NeM = OO: MOTONTIGTOGAT eorpain MATE “OS OTGHMONT AMVTAMTDIGT feivefe OxWS . eixtm SAMAM ADOA wo 3 GAcEIORS packet conaxt OLNG dat AMAR | anonvd comet) OLGUGEUS IAM AMVTXET wsdif FLAMGAC 2.0 WOLSDARH +“€ GACIOMGORT — | sasig aTiAinogor soma t orthln to eat AOI Ad Sd OSTA WOTOTaNOD Lascol SAIS BI MuOTAD 6 soa = Se Be OMMMMMATOAE sbunaeb sket 8 otoviv ob dATSITAM " gclig SL sok a OR aTomavIvanama sewekgnil $ O@TuD asueoas eeliimes MOTIOUMOATHL sinned ig eh mae £2 gular ciNaang Benet ,eolfouwth ofsevT ,.0 haed tupixid) OLOAMAODIL Sa WEDTHO ESPECiIB Cordia alliodora GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo . PATS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 6 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 12 ah 889 10 SITIO LAT. 18°20'N LONG. 65°45'0 ELEV. 300 PRECIPITACION 3040 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO francc arcilloso PROFUXMDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderacamente degradadco TOPOGRAFTA 8% inclinacién ASPECTO NO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido SIEMBRA FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda HEPRAMIENTAS zapepico SUPERVIVENCIA 56% a los 10 afios CUIDO limoiezas durante 3 afhos REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Vivero Catalina, Bosaue Experimental de Luquillo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Estudio 2364, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 57/7, Rio Piedras, P. R. 3-6 ESPECIE Cybistax Donnell-smithii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION af CRECIMIENTO MINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD ;: DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBCLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 3 16 03 750 15 SITIO | LAT. 18°20'N LONG. 65°45'0 ELEV. 300 PRECIPITACION 3048 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso . PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPCGRAFIA jinclinada, 5% ASPECTO: NO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivedo _ ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Guatemala, Costa del Pacffico STEMBRA | PREPARACION cultivo FECHA 1951 ESPACTAMIENTO 3 x 3 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 68% a los 8 aiios CUIDO limpiezas a menudo durante los primeros ajfics REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Vivero Catalina, Bosque Experimental de Luquillo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Estudio 2365, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. ESPECIE Cybistax donnell-smithii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 8 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. i 15 ek 236 SITIO LAT. 9°59'N LONG. 85°45'0 ELEV. 10 PRECIPITACION 2300 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE mixta SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arena muy fina PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arena fina _ PROFUNDIDAD iat REACCION 6.6 DRENAJE pobre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado SIEMBRA FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 0.25 MATERTAL de vivero a raiz desnuda, 45 cm SUPERVIVENCIA (15% a los 7 afios) REPRODUCCION flores escasas LUGAR Granja Socorrito, Barranca, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; a 120 km, en carretera de San José a Puntarenas COMENTARIOS La larga temporada de sequia hace que la vegetacién nativa parezca pertenecer al grupo Tropical Seco. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. L. Lizano, Jefe, Seccién Forestal, Dpto. Tiérras y Bosques, Min. de Agri. e Ind., San José, C. R. 3-8 ESPECIE Cybistax donnell-smithii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 28 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 36 23 250 25 SITIO LAT. 15°45'N LONG. £&7°30'0O ELEV. 8 PRECIPITACION 2002 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 28° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso grueso PROFUNDIDAD 3+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICICN ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cuitivo durante 10 afios ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION abrir calles FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMZENTO 5 x 5 AREA 60 MATERTAL de vivero en potes, 60 cm HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA (62% a los 10 afios) CUIDO limpieza cada 4 meses REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, arbolitos escasos LUGAR San Alejo, 12 km al S del Puerto de Tela, Honduras ORIGEN DE INFORMACION P. L. Shank, Tela RR Co., Progreso, Honduras ESPECIE Enterolopium cyclocarpun GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PATS Trinidad PLANTACION 135 CRECISIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 12 a5 30+ 45 SITIO LAT. “E114 LONG. 60°H ELEV. 270 PRECIPITACION 3600 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° BELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso friable PROFUNDIDAD 8 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso friable PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE — ESTADO DEL SUELO ypoco afectado TOPOGRAFIA ebra, 10% inclinacidén ASPECTO QE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Grenada SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.2 x 1.2 AREA 0.5 MATERIAL semilias, 4/lugar SUPERVIVENCIA 50% al afio CUIDO 3 limpiezas / ao durante 3 afios, ocasionales hasta los 10 afios REPRODUCCION semiilas escasas LUGAR Brigand Hill COMENTARICS Germinacidén retardada un afio. La forma no es comparable al mehoe, pero trozendo con cuidado se obtendran de 2-4 trozas por 4rbol. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Port of Spain, Trinidad, B.W.I. 3 - 10 ESPECIE Eucalyptus navdiniane (syn. deglupta) GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 9 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES. Y CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP ecm : ALTURA nm NUM. ARBOLES: ARHA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 30 26 (400) 55 SLELO LAT. 15°40 i LONG. 187%30'Oxn2 ELEV. 30 PRECIPITACION 3084 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo TENPERATURA PROMEDIO 23 HELADAS - ninguna ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELC aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUFLO franco limoso PROFUNDIDAD. 50 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso con piedras PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO VEL SUBLO poco afectado | TOPOGRAFIA ondultada, 0-5%4 ASPECTO NO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivo 25 afios ORIGEN DE SEACLLAS Australia STEMBRA PREPARACION cultivado FECHA 1949-50 ESPACIAMIENTO 5 x 5 AREA 14 MATERIAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA 100% a los 10 afios CUIDO 3 limpiezas anuales durante 3 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Centro de Introduccién de Plantas de Lancetilla COMENTARIOS siembra en hileras ORIGEN DE INFORMACION P. J. Shank, Tela RR Co., Progreso, Honduras ESPECIE Eucalyptus naudiniana (syn. deglupta) GRUPO ECOLCGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras ls PLANTACION 136 CRECIMIENTO. DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTSS DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : PAP cm : ALTURA-m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 5 S38 20 70 2 SITIO LAT, 15°ho?* 7H - LONG. “87°O - ELEV. 20 PRECITPITACTON 208. MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TRMPSsnATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE mixta SUELO aluviel TaxXTURA DEL SUELO isrenco arenoso PROFUJNDIDAD 10 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO frenco arenoso - PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 5.5 ‘- DRSHAJE- Libre CONDICION ARTES DE LA STEMBRA eultivado ORIGEI DE SEMILLAS plentacién locel, de semillas austrelienas STEMBRA | POEPAPACICN limpieza FECHA 1955 ESPACZAMCENTO 4.5 x 4. 5 AREA 1 SUPERVIVENCIA (954 a los 5 afios) CUIDO 3 limpiezes por afio durante 5 afios - REPRODUCCION semillas abvndantes LUGAR Lancetilla Garden, Pilot 24: 6 km SE de Tela ORIGEN DE INFORMACION P. J. Shenk, United Fruit Co., La Lima, Hond. 3-12 ; ESPECIE Hibiscus elatus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Sti Lucid; B.W.I. PLANTACION 137 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 7 get e1 11 SITIO LAT. 14°N LONG. 61°0 ELEV. 20 PRECIPITACION 3000 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilioso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA pendiente mediana, 50% ASPECTO NO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivo 6 afios ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén local, semilias de Jamaica STEMBRA PREPARACION corta total FECHA 1953 FSPACIAMIENTO 1.8 x 1.8 AREA 0.5 MATERTAL de vivero a rafz desnuda, 60 cm HERRAMIENTAS machete SUPERVIVENCIA 80% al afio CUIDO 3 limpiezas durante 2 afios, 1 vez despues; aclareo del 50% al tercer afio; 25% al sexto eafio; poda hasta 2.5 m el tercer afio REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Barre de L'Isle ORIGEN DE INFORMACION W. G. Lang, Forest Dept., Castries, St. Lucia 3 - 13 - ESPECIE Hibiscus elatus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Hivmedo PAIS Jamaica PLANTACION 138 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP.cm : ALTURA m IWUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMBTRICA: VOL. 16 el 31 16 SITIO LAT. 18°N LONG. 77° 30'O ELEV. 300 EELADAS. ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO- residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso friable PROFUNDIDAD 17 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre TOPCGRAFIA abra ASPECTO O CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION quema y cultivo FECHA 194) ESPACIAMZENTO 2.5 x 2.5 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 90% al afio REPRODUCCION osturas abundentes LUGAR 13 kms al S de Duncans COMENTARIOS forma excelente ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Kingston, Jamaica 3-1 ESPECIE Hibiscus elatus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 30 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 11 23 23 500 RENDIMIENTO postes SITIO LAr. 39°23'°N LONG. 66°55'0 ELEV. 200 PRECIPITACION 2040 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROJEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO aluvial © TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilla pesada PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilla pesada PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE inpedido ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA inclinada, 5% ASPECTO O CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cuitivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Jamaica SIEMBRA PREPARACION cultivo FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 0.5 MATERIAT, de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapepico SUPERVIVENCIA 30% a los 11 afios CUIDO limpieza REPRODUCCION arbolitos escasos, retofios abundantes LUGAR Al norce dei Lago Guajataca, P. R. COMENTARIOS muchos retofios, pastoreo, perjudicado por herbicidas en fincas de cafia adyacentes. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577; Rio Piedras, P. R. 3a 15 ESPECIE Ochroma lagopus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PATS Honduras Britdénica PLANTACION 11 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 2 18 ale O14. Le 3 3 23 15 O14 30 150 SITIO LAR. 27° i LOWG. 88°25'0 ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 2600 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE metamdorfica SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arciiloso PROFULIDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMZLLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1956 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 a los 6 meses AREA 5 MATERIAL. semillas CULIDO 2 limpiezas durante el primer afio, 1 anual despues; entresaques semi-mecdénicos a los 6 y 18 meses. REPRODUCCION. semillas escasas LUGAR 8 km al O de la costa de Stann Creek COMENTARIOS Regeneracién natural; subplantadas por siembra directa de Swietenia macrophylla a 9 x 9m en 1960 ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Estudio 1956 Balsa, Conservator of Forests, Belize, B.H. 3 - 16 ESPECIE Pinus caribaea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS British Guiana PLANTACION 12 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMBTRICA: VOL. 5 13 13 | 25 SITIO LAT. 6°20'N LONG. 58°35'O ELEV. 60 PRECIPITACION 2650 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° TELADAS ninguna SUELO marino TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso zrueso brown PROFUNDIDAD 20 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm . ‘REACCION 535 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA ligeremente ondulada ASPECTO SO ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Distrito Cayo, Honduras Britdénica, 1700 mm y 600m SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1955 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.8 x 2.7 AREA 1 MATERIAL de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 5 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales durante 2 afios, luego segtn era necesario REPRODUCCION flores escasas LUGAR 2.4 Km al S de Bartica, detras del arboretum COMENTARIOS Kudzu tropical sembrado el mismo afio causdé un gran problema, pero ahora esta controlado ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Georgetown, B. G. 3-47 ESPECIE Pinus caribaea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Evmedo PAIS. Trinidad, B.W.I. PLANTACION 13 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR H&CTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL 6 14 13, 1074 SITIO LAT. 10°N LONG. 61°0 ELEV. 100 PRECIPITACION (200) MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE variable SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso arenoso REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO degradado TOPOGRAFIA pendientes hasta 60% CONDiCION ANTES DE LA SZEMPRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Honduras Britdnica STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1953 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.8 x 1.8 AREA 140 MATERIAL de vivero en potes,. 20-40 cm SUPERVIVENCIA 85% al afio CUIDO una limpieza el primer afio, 2 veces al afio los prdéximos 2 afios REPRODUCCION semiilas escasas COMENTARTOS Se siembra tambien en Bosaue Tropical Seco ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Port of Spain, Trinidad 3-18 ESPECIE Pinus caribaea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS British Honduras PLANTACION 33 CRECIMIENTO ‘DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m - NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 7 17 8 670 e3 35 fs) 18 10 670 25 4S SITIO : : LAT. 17°N LONG. 98°20'0 ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 2015 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° EELADAS ninguna -ROCA MADRE granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco erenoso PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso erenoso PROFUNDIDAD i+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadeamente degradado TOPOGRATIA levemente inclinada ASPECTO SE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque cortado ektieweiyemente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA : PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1951 ESPACIAMIENTO 3.1 x 3.1 AREA 38 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 10 cm HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA (75% a los 7 afios) CUIDO limpieza anual REPRODUCCION flores estadas” LUGAR 8 km al O de la costa de Stann Creek ORIGEN DE INFORMACION 1951 Pine, Conservator of Forests, Belize, B. H. ESPECIE Pinus caribaea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Honduras Britdnica 3 Aet? PLANTACION 34 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP om : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL i. 20 12 740 15 74 12 Pal Lh 7hO 18 99 RENDIMIENTO 19 m3 a los 11 afios SITIO “LAT. 17°N LONG. 8°20'0 ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 2015 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE grenito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION -.6.0 ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPCGRAFIA: levemente inclinada A ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS ilccal DRENAJE.. Libre STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y avema =. FECHA 1947 ESPACIAMIENTO 3.1 x 3.1 _AREA © 37 MATERIAL -de viyero en potes, 10 cm SUPERVIVENCIA (83% a los 12 afios) CUIDO 1 limpieza enual durente 8 ajfios REPRODUCCION flores escasas LUGAR 8 km al © de la costa de Stann Creek HERRAMIENTAS azada ORIGEN DE INFORMACION 1947 Pine, Conservator of Forests, Belize, B.H. 3 - 20 ESPECIE Pinus caribaea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras Britdénica PLANTACION 35 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m _ WUM.ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 1o 16 10 1360 18 86 14 18 13 890 20 110 SITIO LAT. 27 0 LONG. 88°20'O ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 2160 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUBLO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso compacto PROFUNDIDAD REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE (impedido) ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA velle poco profundo ASPECTO E-0O CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque cortado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 194) ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 14 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 10 cm HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA (56% a los 14 ajfios) CUIDO limpieza anual durante 6 afios, aclareo a los 13 afios REPRODUCCION flores abundantes LUGAR 8 km al O de la costa de Stann Creek COMENTARIOS fuego a los 11 afios maté muchos drboles ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Estudio 1944 Pine, Conservator of Forests, Belize, B. H. a ESPECIE Pinus caribaea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras Britdnica PLANTACION #262 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP ecm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 5 10 6 (1142) 5 80 SITIO LAT. 16°45'N LONG. 89°O ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 3200 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo - Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO medianamente arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 20 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION dacida DRENAJE impedido ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 1% inclinacién ASPECTO SE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DB SEMZLLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 195 ESPACLAMENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA -13 SUPERVIVENCIA 54% a los 2 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas el primer ano, anualmente despues LUGAR 21 im NO de Punta Gorda, por carretera de Punta Gorda- San Antonio ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Belize, B. H. 3 - 22 ESPECIE Pinus caribaea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Honduras Britdnica PLANTACION 139 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 13 19 11 741 SITIO LAT. 36°15! - LONG. .89°0 ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 3200 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO medianamente arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 20 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 4cida DRENAJE impedido . ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA inclinada 1% ASPECTO NO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1947 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 1.5 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 10-15 cm SUPERVIVENCIA (44% a los 13 afios) CUIDO 2 limpiezas el primer afio, anualmente despues; aclareo a los 12 afios REPRODUCCION semillones escasos LUGAR Plantacidédn Machaca, NO de Punta Gorda ORIGEN DE INFORMACION ‘Coriservator of Forests, Belize, B. H. 3.5 23 ESPECIE Pinus caribaea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Jamaica. . PLANTACION 140 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMI NANTES DENSIDAD: POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP ecm : ALZURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 6 43 it 1590 SITIO LAT. 18°N LONG. 77°0 ELEV. 900 PRECIPITACION :#:560 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ningyna ROCA MADRE pizarra SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNMDID/L 8 cm TEXTURA Ifi SUBSUELO franco arcilloso pesado REACCION. 5.5 DRENAJE libre | ay ESTADO JEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRA¥IA ypendiente mas cercana a la cumbre, 20% ASPECTQ WN CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SHR.ILLAS Honduras Britdnica STEMBRA PREPAFACION limpieza FECHA .1954 ESPACIAMIENTO .2.5 x 2.5 AREA 0.5 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 25 cm SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 6 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales por tres afios ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Kingston, Jamaica 3 - ah ESPECIE Pinus occidentalis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Jemaica PLANTACION 14 CRECIMIENTO. DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 5 15 11 SITIO : | | LAT ° iG? WV : LONG ° 77° 0 . ELEV ° 610 PRECIPITACION 3800 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE -caliza SUELO residual. TEXTURA DEL SUELO friable PROFUNDIDAD 46 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso’ -REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA montafosa CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIRMPRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Haiti, 1230 m SIEMBRA DL gem hee PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1953 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 -- MATERIAL: de vivero en potes, 30 cm SUPERVIVENCIA 98% a los 6 meses; 96% a los 5 afios CUIDO limpieza segun requerido; poda a 2/3 de altura a los 3 afios REPRODUCCION flores escasas COMENTARIOS especie prometedora; semilla dificil de obtener. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Kingston, Jamaica 35-25 ESPECIE Pinus oocarpa GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 141 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 11 22 20 1682 Se SITIO LAT. 15°40'N LONG. 87° ELEV. 6 PRECIPITACION 3084 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 27° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado ~ PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 5.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente cegradado TOPOGRAFIA inclinada, 40% ASPECTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local, Valle Quimistan SIEMBRA PREPARACION corta total FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO @x®2 AREA 0.8 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 30 em SUPERVIVENCIA 90% el primer afio (67% a los 11 afios) CUIDO 3 limpiezas anuales durante 5 afios REPRODUCCION semillas LUGAR Lancetilla Garden, 6 km SE de Tela; Lote 10 ORIGEN DE INFORMACION P. J. Shank, United Fruit Co., La Lima, Hond. 3 - 26 ESPECIE Simaruba amara GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Trinidad PLANTACION 142 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR BECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 16 30 28 19 SITIO LAT. 10°30'N LONG. 61°0 ELEV. 50 PRECIPITACION 2500 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna SUELO marino TEXTURA DEL SUELO muy franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO muy franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA ondulada ASPECTO NO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Grenada SIEMBRA PREPARACION azadonar FECHA 19h4 REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Arena Research Plot 3, 32 Km de Port-of-Spain ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad 3S 2¢ ESPECIE Swietenia humilis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS isons Rica PLANTACION 143 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 20 ie) SITIO LAT. 10°N. LONG. _ 85°0 ELEV.. 825 PRECIPITACION 2002 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS WNinguna ROCA MADRE volednica SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso fino PROFUNDIDAD 20 TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA inclinada 10% CONDICION ANTES DE LA STEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Provincia de Guanacaste STEMBRA PREPARACION corte de maleza FECHA 1938 ESPACIAMIENTO irregular MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda CUIDO limpiezas ocasionales REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Ingenio La Argentina, 50 km O de San José COMENTARIOS zona de transicidn ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Carlos Lizano, Sec. Forestal, Dpto. Bosques, Min. de Agricultura, San José, C. R. 3 - 28 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 15 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANIES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 5 h. 1037 23 30 589 23 26 33 562 33 RENDIMIENTO - : 170 m> de las entresacas a los 27 afos SITIO LAT. 16°20" LONG. 65°50'O BLEV. 200 PRECIPITACION 2286 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SULLO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso ' PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.5 DREWAS3 Libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPCGRAFIA pendiente mediana, 10% ASPECTO O CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS St. Croix, V.I.; fuente original desconocida STEMBRA PREPARACION cuitivado FECHA 1931 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapapico CUIDO Limpieza; aclareo hasta 23 m° érea basimétrica a los 21 afios, hasta 2k m- a los 27 afios REPRODUCCION arbolillos abundantes LUGAR Bosque Experimental de Luquillo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 192k, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. He 29 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 16 - CRECIMIENTO ; DOMMES & CODOMILNANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTIETRICA: VOL. © eS 1828 14 25 23 760 22 SITIO bs 2 E 44 LAT. 18°17'N _. LONG. 65°45'o _ ELEV. 200 PRECIPITACION 3429 MESES DE SEQUIA rebrero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO Bos HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUZLO residual . TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA D&I SUBSUELO arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 5.5 DRENAJS libre _ ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA inclinada 50% ASPECTO O CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA sombra de café ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Venezuela; 10°N, 70°0 SIEMBRA - PREPLRACION limpieza del soto bosque FECHA 1939 ESPSCTAMPENTO 2.5 x 2.5 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMTENTAS zapapico CUIDO aciareo por lo bajo a los 10 y 15 afios REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Camino Bisiey, Bosque Experimental de Luguillo COMENTARIOS huracdn del 1956 tumbd me 30% de los 4rboles | ORIGEN DE INFORMACICN FMR Estudio 2068L, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. 3.2 30 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Honduras Britdnica PLANTACION 20 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ;: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. IZ LT 1 550 20 SITIO LAT. 16°55'N LONG. 88°25'0O ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 2160 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE metamdrfica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1947 ESPACIAMIENTO 4.3 x 4.3 AREA 8 MATERIAL semilla SUPERVIVENCIA 75% a los 10 afios CUIDO 1 limpieza anual durante 8 afios, despues en afios alternados REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR & km O de la costa de Stann Creek ORIGEN DE INFORMACION 1947 Mahogany; Conservator of Forests, Belize, B. H. ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Honduras Briténica PLANTACION 144 CRECIMIENTO PAT DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR EECTAREA EDAD : DAP em : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 1 1 9 68h SITIO PA LAT. 16°13'N LONG. 88°40'0 ELEV. 350 HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO ercilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 13 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO areilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 1+ DRENAJE libre | ‘ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectedo TOPOGRAFIA inclinacién 16% ASPECTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO 3.6°x 3.6 °° AREA 8 MATERIAL semillas _ SUPERVIVENCIA 41% @ los 11 afios CUIDO limpieza anual | | | | REPRODUCCION semillas escasas LUGAR 5 km al E de Guatemala cerca ae eeibuveiclo del Rio Moho ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Belize, B. He 3fe 32 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Martinica PLANTACION 145 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD. : DAP em; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 36 52 30 ho SITIO LAT. 1b°ho'n LONG. 61°C ELEV. 480 PRECIPITACION 3990 MEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso friable PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arc illoso friable PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadaronte ¢cegradado TOPOGRAFIA abra ASPECTO NE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén de Martinica SIEMPRA £5 sof a © | FECHA 192) ESPACIAMIENTO 5 x 5 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 75% al afio CULIDO Limpieza durante 5 afhos REPRODUCCION semillones escasos LUGAR Balata, 6.6 km N de Ft. de France ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Directeur des Eaux et Forets, Jardin Desclieux, Ft. de France, Martinique Sue 33 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PATS Martinica PLANTACION 146 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 16 30 ek 35 SITIO LAT. 14°40'N LONG. 61°0O ELEV. 515 PRECIPITACION 3990 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 36 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 60+ cn REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOCRAFIA abra ASPECTO SE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEI' DE SEMILLAS plantacién de Martinica STEMBRA FREPARACION tumba FECHA 1944 ESPACTAMTENTO 2 x 2 AREA 2 MATZRLAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 15 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales durante 3 afZios; anualmente 2 afios REPRODUCCION semiilones abundantes LUGAR Alma; 13 km al N de Fort de vance ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Directeur des Eaux et Forets, Jardin Desclieux, Fort de France, Mart. 3 - 34 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Martinica PLANTACION 147 CRECIMIENTO ‘ . DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTARFA EDAD : DAP em : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 17 18 27 32 32 50 Bes Be RENDIMIENTO 10 madera para carbdén y 15 postes para casas SITIO ag LAT. 14°45"N LONG. 61°0 ELEV. 200 PRECIPITACION 3000 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 4O cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm REACCION 7.0 7 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 30% inclinada & Recor ASPECTO WN CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Honduras Briténica STEMBRA . PREPARACION limpieza completa FECHA 1928 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 3 AREA 16 MATERIAL de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA 80% al afio CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales vor 4 aiios; aclareo 25% a los 10 y 15 ajiios REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR Fourniols COMENTARIOS "Poda natural excelente a 2mx2m; ramoso a 5 x 5; 4rboles siempre mas ramosos en el lado de barlovento"--M. Marie ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Directeur des Haux et Forets, Jardin Desclieux, Fort de France, Mart. 3 - 35 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Nicaragua - PLANTACION 148 CRECIMIENTO | | DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 22 14 1€9 6 SITIO LAT. 12°N LovG. 84°o ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 3200 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE endesita | SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO areiiioso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradedo --« TOPCGRAFTA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Nicaragua & Honduras, mezclado SIEMBRA ‘ PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1950 ESPACIAMIENTO 4.5 x9 AREA 20 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda _ SUPERVIVENCIA (72% @ los 10 atfios) CUIDO 3 limpiezas el primer afo; 2 anuales por 3 afios; despues enuainente REPRODUCCION semillones escasos LUGAR Alejandrina, Rio Escondido COMENTARIOS Ataques del taladrador del tallo; bolo limpio 4-6m; mejores drboles en dique natural, inferiores en sitio pantanoso més lejos del rio. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Carl Thomson, Cukra Development Co., Bluefields, Nic. 3 = 36 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Nicaragua CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD: DAP em ; ALTURA m 2 18 13 29 18 SITIO LAT. 12°N LONG. PRECIPITACION 3200 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° ROCA MADRE andesita TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO -franco arcilloso REACCION 6.0 TOPOGRAFIA plana 8h°0 PLANTACION 149 DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 178 2 ELEV. 15 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Marzo HELADAS ninguna SUELO alluvial PROFUNDIDAD 20 cm PROFUNDIDAD 2+ ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Nicaragua & Honduras, mezclada SIEMBRA PREPARACION desmonte de calles ESPACIAMIENTO 4.5 x9 FECHA 1947 AREA 25 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA (72% a los 13 ajfios) CUIDO 3 limpiezas el primer afio; 2 anuales por 3 afios; 1 anual despues REPRODUCCION semillas escasas LUGAR Dominion, Rio Escondido, al O de Bluefields COMENTARIOS algunos ataques del taladrador del tallo; bolo limpio 5-6m ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Carl Thomson, Cukra Development Co., Bluefields, Nic. 3& 3f ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Nicaragua PLANTACION 150 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD PCR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURAm #NUM.ARBOLES:AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. i a 15 190 12 SITIO , LAT. 12°N LNG. 84°0 ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 2206 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PRCMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesite SUELO aluvial . TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Nicaragua y Honduras, mezclada SIEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO 4.5 x 9 ARBA 5 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA (76% a los 12 aiios) CUIDO 3 limpiezas el primer atio; 2 anuales durante 3 afios; despues anualmente REPRODUCCION seas escasas LUGAR Los Angeles, Rio Escondido al 0 de Bluefields COMENTARICS Copes ramosas; bolos limpios 3 - 5.5m ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Carl Thomson, Cukra Development Co., Bluefields, Nic. 3'= 38 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Nicaragua PLANTACION 151 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 7 8 ake) (2375) SITIO LAT. 22° iy LONG. 8°0 ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 3000 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco lLimoso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DREWAJS libre TOPOGRAFIA ondulada CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba FECHA 1947 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 2 AREA 0.3 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 6 meses CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales; una poda REPRODUCCION flores escasas LUGAR Lotes 13C, BE, @; 10 Im al O de Ciudad Rama ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Moisés Berrios, Técnico Forestal, El Recreo, Bluefields, Nic. Sy S32 ESPECIE Swietenie macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Nicaragua ~ PLANTACION 152 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURAMm - NUM. ARBOLES : AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 7 11 lo: (5904) | SITIO BAT. 22°nN 6B . LONG. 84°0 oooSLEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 3000 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso erenoso PROFUNDIDAD. 1+ ~ .REACCION...6.0 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA montahosa CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACZION tumba FECHA 1947 ESPACIAMIENTO & x }-; MATERTAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA ¢65%.8.los 6 meses CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales;-1 poda anual REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Lote 13B, 10 km al Ode Ciudad Rama, Rio Escondido ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Moisés Berrios, Técnico Forestal, El Recreo, Bluefields, Nic. 3 - ho ESPECIE Swtetenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Tropicel Hitmedo PAIS Nicaragua PLANTACION 153 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTARBA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES; AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 13 20 15 (296) SITIO LAT. 12°N LONG. 85°0 - “HLEV. 6 PRECIPITACION 3000 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ roe + etiase es REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba FECHA 19h) ESPACIAMIENTO 4 x 8 AREA 0.4 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 6 meses CUIDO 2 limpiezas por afio; 1 poda anual LUGAR Lotes 14A, B, C, D; 3 km del Pueblo Cukra Hill ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Moisés Berrios, Téenico Forestal, BL. Reereo, Bluefields, Nie. 3-- ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Tropical Htmedo PAIS -Nicaragua PLANTACION 154 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODCMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA om NUL. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 9 i3 1% 2400 20 SITIO LAT e i2° V 7 LONG. Bh° 0) ELEV e as PRECIPITACION 3000 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna SUELO eluvial- TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso limoso PROFUNDIDAD 60 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1 REACCION - 620: DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco: arectado TOPOGRAFIA onduleda CONDICICN ANTES Da LA SIES@RA ‘bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEIZLLAS local SIZMBRA PREPARACION tumba FECHA 1947 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 . . AREA O.1 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA (96% e los 9 afios) CUIDO 2 limpiezas v un acliareo anual REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Loves 11D, 12C, E &2&; 10 ka al O de Ciudad Rama ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Moisés Berrios, Técnico Forestal, Bl Reeréo, Bluefields, Nic. 3 - he ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Nicaragua CRECIMIENTO | DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 9 10 11 SITIO LAT. 22°H LONG. 8h°o PRECIPITACION 3000 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° ROCA MADRE andesita TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso limoso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso REACCION 5.4 ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado DRENAJE libre PLANTACION 155 DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA NUM. ARBOLES:AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. (594). . ELEV. 15 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Abril HELADAS ninguna SUELO aluvial PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm 2 TOPOGRAFIA ondulada CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba ESPACIAMIENTO 4x h FECHA 1947 AREA O.1L MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 6 meses CUIDO 2 limpiezas y 1 poda anual REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Lote 12Dfh 10 km al O de Ciudad Rama ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Moisés Berrios, Técnico Forestal, El Recreo, Bluefields, Nic. 3 43 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylle GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Panamdé PLANTACION 156 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP om: ALTURA nm = 22 35 SITIO LAT, 8°20'N LONG. 83°0 ELEV. 8 PRECIPITACION 2600 iWESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ningune ROCA MADRE mixta SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso friable PROFUNDIDAD 12 cm TEXTUFA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 3+ DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDISION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado 7 afios ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Honduras STEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 4.5 x 9.2 AREA 2.5 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 80% al afio; 75% a los 11 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Finca Higuito, 9 km al N de Puerto Armuelles COMENTARIOS bolo limpio 5 - 8m, etacado por el taladrador de tallos ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Chiriqui Land Co., Puerto Armuelles, Pan. 3 - 4h ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Pert PLANTACION 157 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 20 ho SITIO LAT. 3° hits LONG. O78?7'O ELEV. 106 PRECIPITACION 249) TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 31° ROCA MADRE mezclada SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 50 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso arenoso REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE eeenen | TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA STEMBRA spuilitdigd omni gence 7 ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Rio Pachitea & Rio Memdn STEMBRA FECHA 1936 ESPACIAMIENTO 4 x 4 AREA 7 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda, 1- 2m HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 6 meses; 65% a los 20 afios CUIDO frecuentes limpiezas por 10 afios, despues anualmente; podas anuales REPRODUCCION algunos semillones LUGAR Loretana 2.5 km al N de Iquitos COMENTARIOS se talaron varios 4rboles para madera durante el 1956. Plantacidn esté abandonada. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION. Jacob Guerrero Mora, Intendente Forestal de Iquitos, Casiffa“t72, Igwitos; Pert. “= wrist ra a taser een 5 wir ee 3.- 45 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Hiimedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 17 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMBTRICA: VOL. 20 36 oh 300 23 SITIO LAT. 18°20'N LONG. 65°50'0O ELEV. 180 PRECIPITACION 2286 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna RCCA MADRE andesita SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 7 cm TEXTURA DEL SUZSUELO arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 10% inclinacidén ASPECTO 0 CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA sombra de cazé ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Venezuela SITEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza-de sotobosque FECHA 1939 ’ ESPACIAMIEINTO irregular AREA 2 MATERIAL de vivero ea raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapepico SUPERVIVENCIA 30% a los 20 afios CUIDO liberado alos 3 afios REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Cienaga Alta, Bosque Experimental de Luquillo COMENTARTOS aparentemente resistente al viento ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. 3 - 46 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Puerto Rico CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m eh. 43 30 SITIO LAT. 18°22'N LONG. PRECIPITACION 2020 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° ROCA MADRE caliza TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pesado TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado REACCION 8.0 667:555.0 PLANTACION 38 ELEV. 200 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Marzo HELADAS ninguna SUELO aluvial PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm PROFUNDIDAD 1+ DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA ondulada 5% ASPECTO NE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA maleza ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido SIEMBRA PREPARACION desmonte ESPACIAMIENTO desconocido HERRAMIENTAS zapapico FECHA 1935 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda CUIDO 4 limpiezas el primer afio, 3 el segundo afio REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes, pocos arbolillos LUGAR Km 18.5 Carretera Camuy-San Sebastfan; lado S Lago Guajataca,P.R. COMENTARIOS rodal mezclado; algunos 4rboles quebrados por huracdn del 1956, pero no tumbados ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R. Bae 47 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 39 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 11 i533 15 1817 20 91 16 23 928 23 102 SITIO LAT. 128°20'N LONG. 66°45'0 ELEV. 250 PRECIPITACION 2020 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero - Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco limoso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso limoso PROFUNDIDAD i REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente deeradado TOPOGRAFIA plana, hoya CONDICION ANTES DE LA STEMBRA eunervade ORTGEN DE SEMILLAS Venezuela STEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1939 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.3 x 2.3 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapepico SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 16 afios CUIDO limpiezas los primeros afios; aclareo desde abajo a los 11 afios REPRODUCCION . ninguna LUGAR Quebrada los Puercos, Bosque Rio Abajo, P. R. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 1921 Ra, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R. 3 - 48 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 95 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. a. 72 . e2he 26 wh 16 23 1185 23 17 21 9971 22 SiTIO LAT. 18°17'N LONG. 65°45'O ELEV. 250 PRECIPITACION 3000 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso REACCION 5.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA quebrada, inclinacidén 70% ASPECTO WE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA sombra de café ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Zona del Canal de Panama STEMBRA PREPARACION corte vor lo bajo FECHA 1937-38 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.8 x 2.4 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapapico CUIDO limpieza 3-4 veces anuales por 3 afios; liberacién y aclareo desde abajo a los 11 anos REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Valle Coca, Bosque Experimental de Luquillo, P. R. COMENTARIOS rodal casi completamente eliminado por huracdén a los 20 alios ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 2067L, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R. 3 - 49 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLCGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras Briténica PLANTACION 18 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD ; DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM: ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 13 83 1210 > 20 x7 30 766 eh 53 SITIO LAT. 16°55'N LONG. 83°.25'0 ELEV. 15 ‘PRECIPITACION 2160 MES=S DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE metamérfica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco areilloso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO - arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ ’ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado — TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SITEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1941 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 4 MATERTAL semilla CUIDO limpieza anual durante 8 afios, despues en afios alternados; aclareo a los 17 etios REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR §& km al O de la costa de Stann Creek ORIGEN DE INFORMACION 1941 Mahogany, Conservator of Forests, Belize, B. H. 3 0 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras Brit4nica PLANTACION 19 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 20 eh 670 16 30 36 495 16 SLTLO LAT. (416° 5520 LONG. 83°25'0 -ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 2160 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE metandérfica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso limoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 5.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco arectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1923 ESPACTAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 2 MATERIAL semilla SUPERVIVENCIA 45% a los 30 afios CUIDO limpieza durante ) afios, despues a los 7 y 10 afios; aclareos alos 13 y 20 afios; poda a los 16 afios REPRODUCCION semillas escasas LUGAR 8 km O de la costa de Stann Creek, B. H. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION 1923 Mahogany, Conservator of Forests, Belize, B. H. 3- 51 ESPECIE Tabebuia heterophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 21 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURAm~. NUM. ARBOLES: AKEA BASTIMETRICA: VOL. ai LS 14 20 SITIO LAT. 18°20'N LONG. 65°45'0 ELEV. 300 PRECIPITACION 3048 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° ninguna ROCA MADRE andesite SUELO residual TEATURA DEL SUELO frenco arciiloso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE . Libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 5% inclinacién ASPECTO 0 CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pasto ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION abrir cailes FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 3 AREA 15 MATERIAL arbolitos silvestres a raiz desnuda ESRRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVLIVENCIA 35% a los 11 afios CUIDO limoiezas frecuentes durante 3 afios REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR Km 4.8, P.R. 191 COMENTARIOS invasién de Didymopanax morototoni ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 2363-01; Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R. are De ESPECIE Tabebuia heterophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 22 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM, ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 14 15 14 1000 18 SITIO LAT. 18°20'N LONG. 65°50'O ELEV. 250 PRECIPITACION 2540 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD @2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 15% inclinada ASPECTO NO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pasto ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza de calles FECHA 1944 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 5 MATERIAL arbolitos silvestres a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 40% a los 14 afios CUIDO limpiezes ccasionales REPRODUCCION semiiiones abundantes COMENTARICS drboles bien formados ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 2363-02, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R. 3 23 ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Honduras Britdénica PLANTACION 23 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA n NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 3 9 7 4h cf 10 2250 8 SITIO LAT. 16°44'N LONG. 88°25'0O ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 2160 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE metamérfica SUELO alluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD. 1+. REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre EST£DO DEL SUELO poco arectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén local SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1954 ESPACIAMIENTO .1.8 x 1.8 AREA 2 MATERTAL tocones HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA (73% a los 4 afios) CUIDO limpieza REPRODUCCION flores escasas LUGAR 8 km al O de la costa de Stann Creek, B. H. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Belize, B. H. 3 - 5h ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Tropical Htimedo PAIS Honduras Briténica PLANTACION 24 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA- m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 6 LS a 2960 20 7 16 13 1700 a5 SITIO LAT.” 16°55" LONG. 688°25'O ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 2160 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE metamérfica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacion local SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1951 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.8 x 1.8 AREA 0.1 MATERIAL ‘tocones HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA (5% a los 7 afios) CUIDO limpieza; aclareo a los 6 afios REPRODUCCION flores abundantes LUGAR 8 km O de la costa de Stann Creek, B.H. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION 1951 Teak; Conservator of Forests, Belize, «B. H. 3 90 ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Honduras Britdnica PLANTACION 158 CRECIMIENTO DOMENANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm; ALTURAm © WNUM.ARBOLES:AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. aS 26 20 480 22 RENDIMIENTO 10 afios - postes de teléfono SITIO LATS 27 LONG. 88°0 ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 2160 | MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE metamdorfica ' §UELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO:-ercilloso, arenoso ron: PROFUNDIDAD a REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE... lipre... . ESTADC DEL SUELO ‘poco: afectado. ... . TOPOGRAFIA plena CONDICION ANTES Dz LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Trinidad - Burma. SIEMBRA | PREPARACION tumba y quena FECHA 1947 ESPACLAMZENTO 1.5x1.5 AREA 0.4 MATERTAL tocones HERRAMIENTAS . azada SUPERVIVENCIA 60% a los 10 afios CUIDO limpiezas ocasionalmente; aclareo a los 10 afos REPRODUCCION ~semillas :abundantes LUGAR & km al O de la costa de Stann Creek, B. H. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Belize, B. H. 3 - 56 ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Trinidad PLANTACION 48 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES; AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 5 10 19 1432 35 10 14 16 766 110 15 19 19 4.92 154. RENDIMIENTO 5 afios 9 m3/HA ) 10 Te) ) entresaques para postes, madera para pisos LS ) SITIO LAT. LON LONG. 60°0O ELEV. 10 PRECIPITACION 2432 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE varias SUELO residual & aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso REACCION 5.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA levemente inclinada CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Tenasserin, Burma SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1945 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.8x1.8 AREA 300 MATERIAL tocones SUPERVIVENCIA 70 a 90% al afio CUIDO 3 limpiezas anuales durante 2 afios; aclareo cada 5 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes COMENTARIOS Siembra de teca comenzé el 1913, 5000 HA en total en 1960 ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Port of Spain, Trinidad 3. gal ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ZCOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS - Puerto Rico PLANTACION 55 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HCTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA mn. NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 13 16 LHe ef 20 21 el 22 720 23 RENDIMIENTO postes & postes de cerca de los aclareos SITLO LAT. 18°20'N LONG. 66°45'O ELEV. 350 PRECIPITACZON 2100 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO. 25° HELADAS ninguna RCCA MADRE caliza SUELO - residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco’ arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO. -arcilloso friable PROFUNDI-OAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRE NAGE oLtore: ESTADO DEL SUELO modersdemente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 10% inclinacién ASPECTO SO _CONDICION ANTES DE LA STEMBRA cultivado _ ORTGEN DE SEIOLLAS Trinidad - Beste SIEMPRA PPEPARACION cultivado: FECHA. 1938 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x 2.5 : AREA 10 MATERIAL -tocones EERRAMIENTAS zepapico SUPERVIVENCIA 72% a los 13 afios CUIDO iimpieza.en los primeros afios; aclereos a los 13, 16; y 21 aos REPRODUCCION semillas y retoios abundantes . LUGAR Camino Sarta Rose, Bosque Rio Abajo, P. Re ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FA Study 2070 Ra, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R. 3 ae ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 51 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTARBEA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 8 19 14 833 27 12 22 17 765 eo SITIO LAT. 15° 45'N LONG. 87%30'O ELEV. 8 PRECIPITACION 2400 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso grueso PROFUNDIDAD 3+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDIDION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado SIEMBRA PREPARACION cultivo FECHA 1946 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda 25cm HERRAMIENTAS barra SUPERVIVENCIA 75% @ los 2 afios CUIDO limpieza cada 4 meses durante 2 afios; aclareos a los 5 y 10 afios; podas a los 2 y 6 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR 12 km SO del Puerto de Tela, Hond. (San Alejo) ORIGEN DE INFCRMACION P. J. Shank, Tela RR Co., Progreso, Hond. He 59 ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras © PLANTACION 52 CRECIMIENTO 2 DOMENANTES & CODOMINANTES ~ DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA nm. NUM. ARBOLES: AREA EASIMETRICA: VOL. Sac aa 14 2ehl 12 12 eu 18 1976 20 RENDIMZENTO ninguno SLELO eee. LAT. 15°45'N LONG. 87°30'O - ELEV. 38 PRECIPITACION 2400 MESES DE SEQUIA. Marzo-Mazyo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUSZLO franco arenoso grueso: PROFUNDIDAD 3+ REACCION 6.0 DREWAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO “poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 1% inclinacién ASPECTO NO CONDISICN ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA 10 afios de cultivo | ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Trinidad - Burma STEMBRA | PREPARACION cultivo FECHA 1946 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 902 MATERIAL de vivero a refz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS barra SUPERVIVENCIA 75% a los 2 afios CUIDO limpieza cada 4 meses durente 2 afios; -aclareo a los 5 y 10 afios} poda a los 2"y G~arios .- » REPRODUCCICN semillas abundentes LUGAR 12 km al SO del Puerto de Tela, Hond. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION P. J. Shenk, Tela RR Co., Progreso, Hond. 3 - 60 SPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 159 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 8 16 14 eek1 LS 12 eh 17. 1976 20 SITIO LAT. 15°N LONG. 88°0O ELEV. 8 PRECIPITACION 2001 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Junio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO: franco arenoso grueso. PROFUNDIDARD @+.. REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFTA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado 10 afios ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Trinidad - Burma STEMBRA FECHA 1947 ESPACIAMIBFNTO 2x2 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS barra SUPERVIVENCIA 75% a los 2 atios CUIDO limieza cada 4 meses durante 2 afios; aclareos alos 5 y 1O afios; podas a los 2 y 6 afios REPRODUCCION semilias abundantes LUGAR Finca San Alejo, 12 km SO de Tela, Hond. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION P. J. Shank, United Fruit Co., La Lima, Hond. ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Honduras . CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES - EDAD :-DAP.cem:>: ALTURA in 1h 33 22 RENDIMIENTO 8-14 afios postes SITIO Oe a LONG. 88°0 PRECIPITACION 2400 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° ROCA MADRE granito TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso REACCION 6.0 3°- 61: PLANTACION 160 DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA si NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 260 25 ELEV. 20 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo HELADAS ninguna SUELO aluviel PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm PROFUNDIDAD 2+ DRENAJE Libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Trinidad - Burma STEMBRA PREPARACION ‘tumba y quema ESPACIAMIENTO 5.3 x 5.3 MATERIAL tocones FECHA 1946 AREA 5 SUPERVIVENCIA 90% al afio; (73% alos 14 afios ) CUIDO 3 limpiezas el primer afio, 2 Limpiezas durante 2 afios; 4 aclareos ligeros REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes ~ LUGAR km & Camp. Finca San Alejo, 15 km al O de Tela COMENTARIOS Se necesitan mas podas que con un espaciamiento mds unido, casi todos los bolos con 5 m de bolo limpio ORIGEN DE INFORMACION P. J. Shank, United Fruit Co., La Lime, Hond. 3.-- 62 ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 161 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 8 20 15 862 23 12 23 18 765 30 RENDIMIENTO 6-8 afios postes SITIO LAT. 15°N LONG. &8°0 ELEV. 20 PRECIPITACION 2400 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso fino PROFUNDIDAD @2 REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Trinidad - Burma SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 48 MATERIAL tocones SUPERVIVENCIA 98% al afio CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales por 4 afios; 3 aclareos ligeros REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Ulvita, 15 km al O de Tela COMENTARIOS bolos limpios, pero requiere entresaque ORIGEN DE INFORMACION P. J. Shank, United Fruit Co., La Lima Hond. 3 - 63 ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Nicaragua PLANTACION 162 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 12 32 16 222 18 SITIO LAT. J2° ne LONG. 84°0O ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 3200 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 20 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD Q+ REACCION. 6.0> ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPCGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Honduras - Trinidad - Burma SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO 4.5 x9 AREA 50 MATERTAL tocones HERRAMTENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA (89% a los 12 afios) CUIDO 3 limpiezas el primer afio, 2 anuales por 3 afos, 1 anual despues REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Dominién, Rio Escondido, al O de Bluefields ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Carl Thomson, Cukra Development, Bluefields, Wic. 3°= 6h ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical HUmedo PAIS Nicaragua PLANTACION 163 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP em : ALTURA m 8 18 16 SITIO LAT. 12°N LONG. 8°o ELEV. 15 PRECIPITACION 3000 MES3S DE SEQUIA Marzo-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso liviano PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD .1 REACCION 6.0 ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA ondulada CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario SITEMBRA PREPARACION tumba FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA O.1L MATERIAL tocones HERRAMIENTAS barra SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 6 meses CUIDO 2 limpiezas y 1 poda anuales; aclareo a los 9 aiios REPRODUCCION semillas y renuevos abundantes LUGAR Lote 310, 10 km al O de Ciudad Rama ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Moisés Berrios, Técnico Forestal, El Recreo, Bluefields, Nic. 3 - 65 ESPECIE Tectone grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Htmedo PAIS Nicaragua PLANTACION 164 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 12 29 20 400 SITIO LAT. 12°N “BONG. 8h°O NOBLEV. 15 _-PRECIPITACION 3000 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Maerzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita - SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso liviano PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm . TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso compacto PROFUNDIDAD 60 em REACCION 5.4 ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA ondulada CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario SIEMBRA . PREPARACION tumba ° - FECHA 1946 ESPACIAMIENTO 4x hk AREA O.1 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 6 meses CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales; 1 aclareo a los 9 afios; 1 poda anual REPRODUCCION semillas y retofios abundantes LUGAR Lote 31B, 10 km al O de Ciudad Rama ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Moisés Berrios, Técnico Forestal, El Recreo, Bluefields, Nic. 3 - 66 ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Himedo PAIS Nicaragua PLANTACION 165 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES;: ARFA BASIMBTRICA: VOL. 12 30 el 790 SITIO LAT. 12° LONG. 8h°a ELEY. 15 PRECIPITACION 3000 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco PROFUNDIDAD 20 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso arcillosc . PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 5.4 . DRSNAJE Libre TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosaue secundario SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba FECHA 1946 ESPACIAMIENTO 8 x 8 AREA 0.1 MATERIAL tocones SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 6 meses CUIDO 2 limpiezas al afio; 1 poda al ano REPRODUCCION semiilas y renuevos abundantes LUGAR Lote 31A, 10 km al O de Ciudad Rana COMENTARICS supervivencia pobre en espaciamiento amplio ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Moisés Berrios, Técnico Forestal, El Recreo, Bluefields, Nic. 3a ST ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Hiimedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 166 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 8 23 18 7Th6 ~ 20 SITIO : : LAT. 9°20'N LONG. 84°20'O ELEV. §& PRECIPTTACION 3000 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° ~ HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcénica SUELO aluvial &, | STCCK direct seeded TOOLS machete CARE allowed to be suppressed by neighboring trees. Thinning every 10 years. REPRODUCTION seed and flowers scarce LCCATION Plantation #2, W of Bungalow), Mt. Harris, Central Range . Reserve CCMENIS good form, broad crows SOURCE David Moore, Conservator of Forests, Trinidad 3 - 80 SPECIES Calophyllum brasiliense ECOLOGICAL GROUP Tropical Moist COUNTRY Trinidad PLANTATION 340 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND FER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA: VOLUMEY/ :M. A. I. 9 10 12 620 46 37 5 14 14 16 304. ho 60 8 19 18 19 186 LO 61 8 51 34. oul 50 YIELD 9 yrs. - 2 m3/HA 1 yrs. - 8 m3/HA 12 Ww W 19 Ww 19 Ww SITE LAT. 10°35'N LONG. 61°15' W ELEV. 46 ANNUAL RAINFALL 2438 DRY MONTHS March-April PARENT ROCK sandstone SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE fine sand & silt DEPTH 5 SUBSOIL TEXTURE fine sand & silt DEPTH deep REACTION 4.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY slope, 10% ASPECT E CONDITION AT PLANTING selectively cut forest SEED ORIGIN Trinidad ite we / ; f) ,, Lt de Hie p ween ay a ) PLANTING Preparation Learfeted? (wr i’ DATE 192 AREA 0.15 (plot) STOCK ball of earth TOOLS machete Spacing BGK be Hh REPRODUCTION seed, seedlings, and flowers scarce LOCATION S.P. No. 19, adjoining Arena Road COMMENTS Good form. Undergrowth dense. SOURCE David Moore, Conservator of Forests, Trinidad. 1/ After thinning. 3 - 81 SPECIES Cedrela mexicana ECCLOGICAL GROUP Tropical Moist \ COUNTRY. Trinidad PLANTATION 341. GROWTH DCMINANTS. & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBE ecm : HEIGHT m (NO. TREES: BASAL’ AREA: VOLUME:M.A.I. 1h 361 14 129 9 a 32 23 YIELD 14 years - 21 m3/HA SITE : LAT. 10°30' N LONG. 61°05' W ELEV. 91 ANNUAL RAINFALL elk | DRY MONS pe enna eee FROST none PARENT ROCK limestone * SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loan DEPTH 8 | SUBSOZIL TEXTURE cellon ages DEPTH 0.6 REACTION 7.0 - 8.0 " DRAINAGE free | | SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY lower slope, 20% ASPECT SE CONDITION AT PLANTING peeontay forest SEED ORIGIN natural stand - Trinidad PLANTING DATE 1946 STOCK bareroot nursery CARE 1 thinning REPRODUCTION flowers and seed scarce LOCATION Sample Plot Sl, Brigand Hill, 1946 Coupe COMMENTS excellent form SOURCE WU. S. Chalmers, Forest Department, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad 3 - 82 SPECIES Cordia alliodora ECOLCGICAL GROUP Tropical Moist COUNTRY Trinidad PLANTATION . 3h2 GROWIH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE _AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES:BASAL ARPA: VOLUME:M.A.I. 12 26 23 256 ial 85 8 YIELD 12 yrs. - 21 m9/HA. SITE LAT. 10°30' N LONG. 61°05'W ELEV. 152 ANNUAL RAINFALL 2h DRY MONTHS February-April FROST none PARENT ROCK limestone SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE heavy clay DEPTH 5 SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 15 REACTION 8.0 ' DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY ridge-exposed, 10% ASPECT WE CONDITION AT PLANTING virgin forest SEED ORIGIN plantation in Trinidad f PLANTING J7ey7 ovetur tle ae felled; coe 1948 2 STOCK bareroot nursery TOOS ee ot prea 2S CARE thinning in 1951 REPRODUCTION seed and flowers abundant LOCATION Sample Plot No. 52, 1948 Coupe, Brigand Hill COMMENTS good form - to 32 ft. clear. | SOURCE W. S. Chalmers, Forest Department, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad ESPECIE Casuarina cuadrivalvis & C. equisetifolia GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PATS Mexico PLANTACION 25 CRECIMIENTO p DOMINANTES & CODCIE NANTES DENSIDAD POR HsCTAREA EDAD : DAP em: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 5 20 > 1000 SITIO LAT. 19°N LONG. $6°0O ELEV. O PRECIPITACION 1300 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ningune ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO pilava TEXTURA DEL SUELO earenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1m TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso REACCiION alcalina DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO pcco atectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA STEMBRA dunas de arena ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS-. plantacidén local STEMBRA FECHA (1954) ESPACTAMIENTO 2x 3 AREA MATERTAL de vivero en potes, 60 em HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA 680% al afio; 60% a los 5 afios CULIDO limoieza REPRODUCCION semilla abundante LUGAR playa al N del Rio Vergara, Punta Gorda COMENTARIOS sembrado vara controlar las dunas ORIGEN DB INFORMACICN Porfirio Guanealo Guevara, Delegacién Forestal, Vera Cruz, Mex. Wooo ESPECIE Casuarina equisetifolia GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 2170 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD ;: DBH cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 22 LT 20 2396 SLEEo LAT. 19°N LONG. 96°0 ELEV. 5 PRECIPITACION 1615 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° SUELO playa TEXTURA DEL SUELO arena PROFUNDIDAD 2.5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arena PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 DRENA’E Libre TOPOGRAFIA plena CONDICION ANTES DE LA STEMBRA dunas baldfas ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocidco SITEMBRA FECHA 1938 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.9x1.9 AREA 35 MATERIAL semillones.de 30 cm con bola de tierra HERRAMIENTAS pala recta SUPERVIVENCIA 85% despues de 22 afios CUIDO riego durante el primer afio REPRODUCCION semillas viables, semillones ausentes LUGAR Playa Norte, Vera Cruz COMENTARIOS 90 m del mer; poda netural pobre ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Jesus Olvera Sanchez, Avenida Allende 122, Vera Cruz, Mex. ESPECIE Casuarina equisetifolia GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 171 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMIEANTES‘ DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP -em : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 12 7 16 6050 34 SITIO LAT. 19°N - -TONG. 9$6°0 FLEV. 2 PRECIPITACION 1615 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° SUELO arena de playa TEXTUPRA DEL SUELO erena PROFUNDIDAD 2.5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arena PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA dunas de arena ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantecién cercana de origen desconodico SIEMBRA ' PREPARACION ninguna FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.3 x 1.3 AREA 5+ MATERTAL semillones en potes, 30 cm ESRRAMTENTAS pala recta SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 12 aiios CUIDO ninguno REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Playa Norte, Vera Cruz COMENTARIOS 200 m del mar, mas cerca del mar la altura va disminuyendo, poda natural pobre ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Jesus Olvera Sanchez, Av. Allende 122, Vera Cruz, Mex. k= ESPECIE Casuarina equisetifolia GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 172 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 6 14 18 1885 23 SITIO LAT. 19°N LONG. 96°0 ELEV. 3 PRECIPITACION 1615 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° SUELO playa TEXTURA DEL SUELO arena PROFUNDIDAD 2.5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arena PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 TOPOGRAFIA pendiente baja CONDICION ANTES DE LA SI#PBRA dunas de arena ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidon cercana de origen desconocido SIEMBRA PREPARACION ninguna FECHA 1954 ESPACTAMIENTO 1.75 x 1.75 AREA 3 MATERIAL semillones en potes, 30 cm de altura HERRAMIENTAS pala recta SUPERVIVENCIA 65% a los 6 afios CUIDO nitguno REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Vera Cruz COMENTAPTOS 300 m del mar; protegido por una plantacidén mas vieja ORIGEN Ui INFORMACION Jesus Olvera Sanchez, Av. Allende 122, Vera Cruz, Mex. ESPECI£ Cedrela mexicana GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 26 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 25 17 eh 22 12 SITIO ; LAT. 18°20'N LONG. 66°35'0 ELEV. 100 PRECIPITACION 1780 MSSES DE SEQUIA Enero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE calizea SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso duro PROFUNDIDAD 1 REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderedamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA inclinacidédn mds baja, 15% ASPECTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba FECHA 1935 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 2 afios CUIDO limpieza durante 2 afios REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Sabana Hoyos ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. hk = 6 ESPECIE Cedrela mexicana GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 173 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTARRA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 13. 6 1075 SITIO LAT. 21°10'N LONG. 87°40'O ELEV. 10 PRECIPITACION 1128 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° EELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 20 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD - en bolsillos tn : REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION limpiar drea en forma de circulo Fecha 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA ho MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 30 cm HERRAMIENTAS pico y pala SUPERVIVENCIA 23% a los 5 ajios CUIDO 1 limpieza REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Zona Experimental 16, Colonia Yucatdn COMENTARIOS Quemadura por el sol y ataques de insectos han causado una alta mortalidad. Experimentos de siembra directa son prometedores. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION José M. Zepata, Colonia Yucatdén, Via Mérida, Yuc., Mex. ESPECIE Cedrela mexicana GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 174 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m § NUM.ARBOLES:AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 8 12 10 3700 18 SITIO LAT. 20°N LONG. 90°0 ELEV. 30. PRECIPITACION 1270 MESES DE SEQUIA Noviembre-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD +1 uniforme TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TCPOGRAFIA plena CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO 0.5 x 0.5 AREA 0.02 MATERIAL semillas CUIDO limpieza anual, 40% de las plantas removidas para siembra, poda durante los 4to, 5to y 6to afios REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Lote #3, Cayal Cempo Experimental, 45 km SE de Campeche COMENTARIOS vivero reducido de 4000 plantas a 60 durante tercer y cuarto afio ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Avel Ldépez Caballero, Agencia Geral. de Agricultura, Campeche, Campeche, Mex. - 4 - 8 ESPECIE Cedrela mexicana GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 175 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 13 23 £5 175 SITIO LAT. 25°N LONG. 88°0O : ELEV. 200 PRECIPITACION 1300 ~ MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza & volcdnica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco earenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1 REACCION 8.0 DREMAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOCRATIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Local . SIEMBAA EN2VATACION desmonte de calles FECHA 1947 ESPACTAMTENTO eS x 9 AREA 12 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 80% a los 13 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas por afio durante 10 afios; aclareo a los 11 afios REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Botones Camp, Amapa, 50 kn al 5S de La Lima ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Paul Shank, United Fruit Co., La Lima, Hond. ESPECIE Cedrela odorata GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Ecuador PLANTACION 176 CRECIMIENTO. | DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTARFA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES; APEA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 18-20 50 a5 Ss 173 32 SITIO | Lar. e°sé 2 -/Sgiona. 80% “OOBLEV. 25 PRECTPITACTON 1200 - MESES DE SEQUIA Mayo & Diciembre TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna RCCA MADRE varias SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco. arenoso PROFUNDIDAD / em ” TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plena CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA plantacidén de cacao ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Cuba SIEMBRA PREPARACION corte de hierbas FECHA 1940 ESPACIAMIENTO 9 x 9 ARRA 4 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 8 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales durante 4 afios; aclareo 5/HA REPRODUCCION semillas abvndantes LUGAR Hacienda La Mina, 25 kn al E de Guayaquil COMENTARTOS inundaciones cada 3 - 4 afios; sombra para café y cacao ORIGEN DE INFORMACION José Ubilla, Subdirector de Agricultura y Bosques, Ministerio de Fomento, Guayaquil, Ec. ly = JO ESPECIE Cedrela odorata GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Tropical Seco PAIS Ecuador PLANTACION 177 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 6 eh 18 (1125) pal SITIO ifn. 2°sS LONG. &0°O ELEV. 25 PRECIPITACION 1200 MESES DE SEQUIA Mayo & Diciembre TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 4 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Cuba STEMBRA PREPARACION corte de hierbas FECHA 1954 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 4 AREA 8 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 6 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales durante 3 afios; poda a los 3 afios REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Hacienda La Mina, 25 kn al E de Guayaquil COMENTARIOS necesita aclareo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION José Ubilla, Subdirector de Agricultura y Bosques, Ministerio de Fomento, Guayaquil, Ec. ESPECIE Ceiba sp. GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS” Ecuador PLANTACION 178 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD ; DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES : AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 13 18 at (8hL.) 22 SITIO LAT. 2°S LONG. 80°O . ELEV. 17 PRECIPITACION 1001 MESES DE SEQUIA Mayo & Diciembre TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE pizarra SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso muy, pesado PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Java SIEMBRA | FECHA i194 ESPACIAMIENTO 3.1 x 3.1 AREA 1 MATERIAL de vivero — HERRAMIENTAS pico & pala SUPERVIVENCIA. 95% a los 13 afios CUIDO limpieza anual durante 8 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Hacienda Barcelona, 12 kn al NE de Guayaquil ORIGEN DE INFORMACION José Ubilla, Subdirector de Agricultura y Bosques, Ministerio de Fomento, Guayaquil, Ec. 4 - 12 ESPECIE Cybistax donnell-smithii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS “Puerto Rico PLANTACION 27 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & COBDOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m Q S) 8 10 ai AS) LAT. 16°25'N LONG. 66°40'O ELEV. 60 PRECIPITACION 1433 MASSES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Abril, Junio-Julio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco ercilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO ‘franco arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 15-30 REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE libre BSTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA inclinacion baja, 5% ASPECTO O CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Guatemala, vertientes del Pacifico SIEMBRA PREPARACION abrir calles FECHA 1951 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 3.6 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 85% a los 8 afios CUIDO desyerbo varias veces durante 3 aflos, dosel aclarado REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Bosque de Cambalache ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 2365, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. 4 - 13 ESPECIE Cybistax donnell-smithii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS- Mexico PLANTACION 181 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA nm i 9 12 SITIO LAT. 19°N LONG. 88°0 ELEV. 14 PRECIPITACION 1200 MESES DE SEQUIA. Enero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna. ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEYTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pegajoso PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO piedra celiza PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.5 DRENAJE libre 3 = ESTADO DEL SUELO poco avectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA vivero ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Chiapas, bosque natural, 2000 mm precipitacién, 150 m elev. STEMBRA PREPARACION cultivo de vivero FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO irregular AREA 7C arboles MATERTAL semillas SUPERVIVENCIA 60% al afio, 10f a los 10 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas durante 2 afios; aclareo al gone o tercer atic y al novenc REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Laguna San Felipe, Cuartel #3, 50 km al O de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico i COMENTARIOS 4rboles bien desarrollados ORIGEN- DE INFORMACION Armando Cuevas, Agencia General de Agricultura, Chetumal, Quintana Roo,. Mexico ho - yh ESPECIE Cybistax donnell-smithii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS GUATEMALA PLANTACION 29 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 9 24 8 19 36 es el ho 23 504 eae 148 SITIO LAT. 14°10'N LONG. 91°0 ELEV. 75 PRECIPITACION 1375 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PRCFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre, nivel fre&tico alto ESTADO DEL SUSLO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SITEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1938 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 800 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda CUIDO limpieza durante 2 afos; REPRODUCCION escasa LUGAR Hacienda La Selva, Seccidn Los Cocos, 30 km al S de Siquinala, Esquintla, Guatemala COMENTARIOS Inundaciones durante periodos de mucha lluvia han causado la muerte de muchos drboles. Plantaciones subplantadas en bos- ques han fracasado. Buen drenaje y claridad son esenciales. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION J.B. Kinlock unpub. report 1946. F.B. Lamb unpub. report 1957. Eliseo Matos, Escuela de Capacitacidn Forestal, Amatitidn, Guatemala. k= 15 ESPECIE Cybistax donnell-smithii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 180 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 13 30 20 335 SITIO | LAT. 15°N LONG. 83°0 ELEV. 200 PRECIPITACION 1800 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza & volcdnica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso liviano PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso . PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPCGRAFIA’ plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quena FECHA 1947 ESPACIAMIENTO 4.5 x 4.5 AREA 0.4 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 70% despues de 13 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas durante 2 afios; aclareo muy ligero REPRODUCCION flores abundantes, semillas escasas LUGAR Botones tan, Amapa, 50 kn al S de La Lima COMENTARIOS ficres a los 12 afios, especie fracasa en sitios con drenaje pobre ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Paul Shank, United Fruit Co., La Lima, Hond. 4 = 16 ESPECIE Cybistax donnell-smithii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 179 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 36 23 250 2D SITIO LAT. 15°45'N LONG. 87° 30'0 ELEV. 8 PRECIPITACION 1990 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Junio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 28° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso grueso Os +. we DRENAJE libre ~o PROFUNDINAD 3+ REACCION 6.0 ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado por 10 afos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION talar y alinear FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 5x 5 AREA 60 MATERIAL de vivero, 60 em HERRAMIENTAS pala y machete SUPERVIVENCIA (62% a los 10 afios) CUIDO limpieza, talar hileras cada 5 meses despues de la siembra REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, semillones escasos LUGAR San Alejo, 12 km al S del Puerto de Tela COMENTARIOS En 1960 se haran estudios sobre crecimiento. Requiere sitios con buen drenaje. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Paul Shank; In Charge Forest Operations, United Fruit Co., La Lima, Hond. 4-17 ESPECIE Eucalyptus naudiniana (Syn: deglupta) GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 182 CRECIMIENTO DCMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTUPAm NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 3) 26 27 4.30 SITIO LAT. 15°N LONG. 88°0 ELEV. 200. PRECIPITACZION 18C0 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25°. - HELADAS ninguna RCCA MADRE caliza y volcanica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso liviano PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD i+ REACCION 8.0 TOPCGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS ‘Trinidad SITEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO ho5 x 4.5 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 98% a los 8 afios . CUIDO 2 limpiezas durante 2 aXos REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Botones Camp, Amepa, 50 km al S de La Lima COMENTARICS crecimiento excepcional ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Paul Shank, United Fruit Co., La Lima, Hond. h =. 18 ESPECIE Hibiscus elatus GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Tropical Seco PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 14. 14 22 SITIO LAT. 18°25'N LONG. 66°40'0 ELEV. 60 PRECIPITACION 1433 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Abril, Junio-Julio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIG 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO ‘franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 13-50 REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 10% inclinacidn ASPECTO O CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario 32 2 ecm Libre ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Dr. Chardon, Jamaica, Lat. 18°N., Long. 77°0O STEMBRA PREPARACION abrir vegetacién FECHA 1945 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.8 x 2.5 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIYENCIA 75% a los 14 aiios CUIDO varios desyerbos durante 3 afios REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Bosque de Cambalache ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 2366, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 4-19 ESPECIE Jacaranda copaia GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Brazil PLANTACION 183 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm-: ALTURA m 6 2 4 SITIO LAT. 2°33'S - LONG. 54°3'0 ELEV. 70 PRECIPITACION 1600 MESES DE SEQUIA Agosot-Noviembre TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO = 30° ROCA MADRE arena cuaternaria SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 3 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 60+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA de nivel hasta levemente inclinada ASPECTO N CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba, quema y arranque de tocones para nivelacion de carretera . FECHA 1958 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 X 205 MATERIAL de pen a raiz desnuda HERRAMITENTAS excavador de hoyos SUPERVIVENCIA 52% despues de los 2 afios CUIDO 3 limpiezas y acolchado en 1959; poda - corte de troncos multiples cuando necesaric REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR KM 5, Curud, Jacaranda ORIGEN DE INFORMACION John Pitt, FAO Forestry Unit, Belém, Brazil 4 = 20 ESPECIE Khaya nyasica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 184 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODCMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 11 na a5 1600 20 SITIO LAT. ous Ni LONGs «682.0 ELEV. 200 PRECIPITACION 1800 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza & volcdénica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso liviano PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Cuba - Northern Rhodesia SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 ARFA 0.4 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 98% al afio, 80% a los 11 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas durante 2 afios; entresaque de 4rboles mal formados; 1 poda REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Botones Camp, Amapa, 50 km al 5 de La Lima COMENTARIOS troncos enfermos en algunos 4rboles, espaciamiento muy estrecho . ~ ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Paul Shank, United Fruit Co., La Lima, Hond. ke 21 ESPECIE Simaruba amare GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Brazil PLANTACION 185 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m 6 e ? SITIO LAT. 2°33'S LONG. 54°8'O ELEV. 70. PRECIPITACION i700 MESES DE SEQUIA Agosto-Noviembre TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 30° SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm ' TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 60+ REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TCPOGRAFIA desde al nivel a ligeramente ondulada ASPECTO WN by E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Mécapa, Brazil STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba FECHA 1958 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 83% a los 2 afios CUIDO 3 limpiezas y acolchado; poda de troncos multiples - REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Km 5, Curud ORIGEN DE INFORMACION J. Pitt, FAO, Forestry Mission, Belem, Brazil 4 = 22 ESPECIE Swietenia humilis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Guatemala PLANTACION 37 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ;: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES : AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. a1 26 345 18 136 SITTO LAT.- 14°10'N LONG. 91°0 ELEV. 75 PRECIPITACION 1375 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 2 DRENAJE libre, nivel fredtico alto ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRE cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1938 ESPACTAMIENTO 3 x 3 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 20 afios CUIDO limpieza por 2 ajios REPRODUCCION escasa LUGAR Hacienda La Selva, Seccidén Los Cocos, 30 km al S. de Siquinala, Esquintla, Guatemala ORIGEN DE INFORMACION J. B. Kinloch y F. B. Lamb, informes sin publices. Eliseo Matos, Escuela de Capacitacidén Forestal, Amatitsian, Guatemala h - 23 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS St. Croix CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 52 kh 9 SITIO TAD. ey ASN LONG. 65°0 ELEV. nivel del mar PRECIPITACION 1373 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE leva SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcil®oso friable TEXSURA DEL SUBSUELO ercilloso REACCION alcalina DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco — i TOPCGRAFIA le-vemente inclinada, de 0 a 2% ASPECTO N CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado- ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido STEMBRA FECHA 1907 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 4.5 AREA 0.5 MATERIAL semillas SUPERVIVENCIA 28% a los 52 afios REPRODUCCION arbolillos abundantes LUGAR Bosque de W. M. Canaday, Davis Bay, costa N de St. Croix, Islas Virgenes COMPIITARIOS Unica plantacidén de caoba Hondurefia en Islas Virgenes sembrada durante la administracidn Danesa. Area ha sido usada para pasto de ganado. CRIGEN DE INFORMACION R. W. Nobles, U. S. Forest Service, Virgin Islends Steowt 2 a ely =. aly ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Tropical Seco PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 186 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ;: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. i 6 6 S16 RENDIMIENTO ninguno SITIO EATS. 223370 'N LONG. 87°40'0O ELEV. 10 PRECIPITACION 1128 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso rocoso PROFUNDIDAD en bolsillos 1m REACCION 7.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana con hoyas CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Laguna Zoh SITEMBRA PREPARACION abrir brechas FECHA 1952-53 ESPACTAMTENTO 5 x 3 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 30 cm HERRAMIENTAS pico & pala SUPERVIVENCIA 71% a los 5 ajiios CUIDO 1 limpieza anual por 4 afios; en 1958 se elimind la competencia REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Zona Experimental 5, Colonia Yucatan 3 km al N de Colonia COMENTARIOS Duefio de Colonia Yucatan ORIGEN DE INFORMACION José M. Zapata, Colonia Yucatan, Via Mérida, Yue., Mexico b= 25 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Mexico PLANTACION .187 ** CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 6 5 8 10,000 wae SITIO LAT. 20°N LONG. 90°0 ELEV. 30 PRECIPITACION 1170. - MESES DE SEQUIA. Noviembre-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26°: EELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO ezciilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 1+ TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado . REACCION 8.0 DRENAJZ libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA piana- CONDICION ANTES DE LA SISMPRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Esecarcege;s Campeche ~ SIEMBRA PREPARACION vivero FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO O.5 x 0.5 AREA 0.02 MATERIAL semilla CUIDO limpieza anual, 40% de las plantas fueron arrancadas durante el primer afio; poda a los li, 5, y 6 afios REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Lote 1, Cayal Campo Experimental, 45 km al SE de Ciudad Campeche COMENTARIOS vivero de 22h m@ reducido de 7000 plantas a 300 plantas durante el tercer y cuarto afio, necesita mas aclareo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Avel Ldévez Caballero, Agencia Geral. de Agricultura, Campeche, Campeche, Mexico = 26 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 188 CRECIMIENTO © DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 8 8 128 5000 19 SITIO — | LAT. 20°N LONG. 90°0 ELEV. 30 PRECIPITACION. 1170 MESES DE SEQUIA Noviembre-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pesado - . PROFUNDIDAD 1 TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado REACCION 8.0 DERI abye we ue SUELO moderadamente granada TOPOGRAFIA diene CONDICION ANTES DE LA STEMBRA cultivade ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Escarcega, Campeche; precipitacidn 1350, 200 m STEMBRA PREPARACION vivero FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO 0.5 x 0.5 AREA 0.02 _ MATERIAL semilla CUIDO limpieza anuel, 40% de las plantas arrancadas el primer ajfio; podas durante los 4, 5 y 6 ajfios | REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Lote #2, Gavel, Campo Experimental, 5 km SE de Campeche City COMENTARIOS vivero de 189 me reducido de 5000 a 100 plantas durante el tercer y cuarto afio, ahora necesita aclareo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Avel Lopez Caballero, Agencia Geral. de Agricultura, Campeche, Campeche, Mexico SP PWIA Loon 4 - 27 ESPECIE Swietenia macrovhylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PATS Mexico PLANTACION 189 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m § 12 6 SITIO LAT. 18°30'N LONG. §0°30'0O ELEV. 100 PRECIPITACION 1600 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA FROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 5-40 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO aercilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 1 REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE libre | ESTADO DEL SUELO poco azectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SITEMBRA PREPARACION abrir calles 1m de ancho a través del bosque FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO 3.5 x 10 AREA 100 MATERTAL de vivero en potes, 50 cm HERRAMIENTAS machete, pico SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 6 meses; 10% a los 11 afios CUIDO limpieza durante el to y octavo afio REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Km 20, Escarcega, carretera hacia Chetumal COMENTARIOS bosque cortado selectivamente pero no abierto lo sufi- ciente para que entrara la luz requerida por la caoba. Despues _ de 2 resiembras la supervivencia no pasé de 20% ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Alberto Lopez Sudrez, Agencia Geral. de Agricultura, Campeche, Mexico 4. 28 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 190 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 12 9 6 6000 25 SITIO LAT. 18°30'N LONG. 90°40'O ELEV. 100 PRECIPITACION 1800 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 50 cm ATURA DEL SUBSUELO rocoso PROFUNDIDAD 1 REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION vivero FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO 0.5 x 0.5 AREA 0.4 . MATERIAL semilla CUIDO 1 limpieza anual, aclareo 30% a los 4 meses, 40% a los cuatro afios, 60% a los 10 afios, poda al mismo tiempo que los aclareos REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR La Chiquita Lote 2, Escarcega, Campeche COMENTARIOS Plantas que dejaron en el vivero se entresacaron para formar una parcela parva medir crecimiento. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Alberto Lopez Suarez, Agencia Geral. de Agricultura, Campeche, México 4k - 29 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Mexico - _ PLANTACION 191 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD ;: DAP cm: ALTURA m 10 BA: 6 SITIO LAT. 19°N LONG. 88°0 ELEV. 14 PRECIPITACION 1200 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25°. HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pegajoso ~ PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO rocoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ — REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre a ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPCGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION abrir brechas a través del bosque FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 5 x 10 AREA 3000 MATERIAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS pela SUPERVIVENCIA 40% al afio, 10% a los 10 afios CUIDO limpieza anual durante 4 afios REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Laguna San Felipe, Lote #1, Anexo #1, Cuartel #3, 58 kn al NO de Chetumal COMENTARIOS. Fuegos durante 1952-53 y 58 han afectado 2500 Ha. ‘ El bosque aqui ha producido buena calidad de caoba. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Armando Cuevas, Agencia Geral. de Agricultura, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico h = 30 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Honduras Briténica PLANTACION 41 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. y) 3 3 45 SITIO CAT LONG. 89°0O ELEV. 300 PRECIPITACION 154% MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25. HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 25 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco azvectado TOPOGRAFIA 2% inclinada ASPECTO O CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local, Cubetas STEMBRA PREPARACION corte de maleza y se subplentdé FECHA 1954 ESPACIAMIENTO 3.6 x 3.6 AREA 1.5 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 5 afios CUIDO limpieza anual REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Cubetas, British Honduras COMENTARIOS Como el dosel era excesivo para un crecimiento bueno, durante el 1959 se elimindéd anillado de los a4rboles. Segtn observaciones en abril, 1960, la caoba este creciendo répida- mente como resultado de la liberacidén de la sombra. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Box 181, Belize, British Honduras. Study UeP. 54 C.F.R. ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Honduras Briténica PLANTACION 192 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. me gE 10 370 SITIO LAT. 1h LONG. 8&5°0 ELEV. 300 PRECIPITACION 1500 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 10 ecm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPCGRAFIA levemente inclinada CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA area auemada en 1945 ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION corta y quema ligera del sotobosque FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 3.6 x 3.6 AREA 12 MATERIA semillas SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 11 afios CUIDO limpieza ligera a los 9 afios REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR UP 41 Maria Camp, 8 km al SO de Mtn. Pine Ridge COMENTARIOS area quemada en 1945, cubierta forestal ligera sobre plantacién ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Box 181, Belize, British Honduras. a 2 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Honduras Britdnica PLANTACION 193 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. ay 9 10 2900 SITTO LAT. 17°N LONG. 39°0 ELEV. 300 PRECIPITACION 1500 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° ROCA MADRE caliza TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso rocoso PROFUNDIDAD 12 REACCION 7.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA rs PREPARACION cultivado FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.8 x1.8 MATERIAL semillas SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 11 ajfios CUIDO 1 limpieza anual durante 3 afios; aclareo de la mitad a los 9 afios REPRODUCCION flores ausentes COMENTARIOS estos drboles se dejaron en el vivero viejo, necesitan aclareo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Box 181, Belize, British Honduras 4 - 33 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Honduras PLANTACION 194 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA; VOL. 13 21 15 215 SITIO LAT. 15°N LONG. 88°0 ELEV. 200 PRECIPITACION 1800 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza & volednica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO erenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 13 cm _ TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.5 ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPCGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION desmonte de calles FECHA 1947 ESPACIAMIENTO 4.5 x 9 AREA 25 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 80% a los 13 afios CUIDO 1 iimieza cada ako REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Botones Camp, Amapa, 50 km al S. de La Lima ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Paul Shank, United Fruit Co., La Lima, Honduras ho - 34 ESPECIE Swietenia mahagoni GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 42 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD ;: DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 1 16 a3 938 14 SITIO LAT. I655'N LONG. 66°55'0O ELEV. 150 PRECIPITACION 1520 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Abril, Junio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE serpentina SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadenente degracado TOPOGRAFIA inclinacidén baja, 10% ASPECTO § CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido SIEMBRA PREPARACION cultivo FECHA 1940 ESPACTIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 2 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 15-30 cm HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 55% a los 19 afios CUIDO varios desyerbos durante 2 afios REPRODUCCION semillas escasas, semillones abundantes, pocos renuevos LUGAR Bosque Susua COMENTARIOS arboles empezando a mostrar ramas secas ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 136 Su, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. h - 35 ESPECIE Swietenia mahagoni GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Tropical Seco PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 44 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTSS & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em :- ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA. VOL. 20 - LT 1076 2 a9 16 stig S24 a | : | LAT. 18°15'N LONG. 67°13'0 ELEV. 125 PRECIPITACION 1685 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Marzo TEMPERATURA PRO}2D_O aS. HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE serpeacina SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSULO arcilloso pedregoso --——s=- PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 " DRENASE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO “ Beqereniere degradado TOPCGRAFIA 50% jaetigtesé4: = AEPECTO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido SIEMBRA FECHA 1931 ESPACIAMIENTO 3x 38 MATERIAL vivero SUPERVIVENCIA 70% a los 28 afios CUIDO desyerbo REPRODUCCION arbolillos aoundentes LUGAR Universidad Inter Americana, San Gernéa, Puerto Rico COMENTARIOS Ramas secas y aun algunos érboles muertos debido a enfermedad de origen desconocido. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 1934, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio. Piedras, P. R. 4 = 36 ESPECIE Swietenia mahagoni GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Puerto Rico CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 2s 18 10 ETLO LAT. 18°5'N LONG. PRECIPITACION 1680 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25 ROCA MADRE serpentina TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pedregoso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pedregoso REACCION 6.0 PLANTACION 45 DENSIDAD POR EECTAREA NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMBTRICA: VOL. o29 16 67° 3'0 ELEV. 125 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Marzo FELADAS ninguna SUELO residual PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm PROFUNDIDAD 1+ DREWAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA cumbre de cerro CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido STEMBRA PREPARACION preparar hoyos ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 MATERIAL de vivero CUIDO desyerbo REPRODUCCION FECHA 1931 AREA 3 SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 28 afios semillones abundentes LUGAR Universidad Inter Americana, San Germén, Puerto Rico COMENTARIOS condiciones en la cumbre del cerro son mds adversas que las de la plantacioén 4 - 36 situada en la ladera ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 1934, parcela de afuera, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. 4 - 37 ESPECIE Swietenia mahagoni GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PATS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 46 CRECIMIENTO . CRIORAA MOT DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURAm © NUM. ARBOLES:AREA BASIMBTRICA: VOL. 9 12 9 1076 3 17 17 15. 1076 16 STELOMOLS ARID LAT. 18°5'N LONG. 66°45'0 ELEV. 250 PRECIPITACION 1832 ‘MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE pizarres tuféceas SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 7 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arctlloso~ PROFUNDIDAD - 30 em REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severanente degradado TOPOGRAFIA inclinecién baja, 40% - ASPECTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido STEMBRA , | Le PREPARACION cortar pasto en lugares para la siembra FECHA 19hi2 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 10 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda CUIDO desyerbo y poda REPRODUCCION semillones abundentes, arbolillos escasos LUGAR Quebrada Honda, Guayanilla, Puerto Rico COMENTARIOS Varios arboles de forma buena, drboles en fruto. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Estudio 177 de plantacién privada, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. ke 3 GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 195 —CRECIMIENTO act DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD‘: DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES : AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 35 Ly 9 TEHSAOIaC: u5 SITIO ELEV. 100 PRECIPZTACZTON 1020 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Abril TBMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° | HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 3 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO pedregoso FROFUNDIDAD 20 cm REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 40% inclinacién ASPECTO N CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido STEMBRA FECHA 1925 ESPACITAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 3 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales por } afios REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR El Vigfa, lado N de Ponce ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Carlos Purcell, Servicio de Extensidén Agricola, Ponce, P. R. k= 39 ESPECIE Swietenia mahagoni GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS St. Croix, V. I. PLANTACION 43 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em :: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIME'RICA: VOL. 35 16 400 8 Rendimiento 35 ahos - postes SITIO LAT. 17° 45'N LONG. .64°45'0 . ELEV. 52 PRECIPITACION 12106 MESES DE SEQUIA Febrero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° ' HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso friable PROFUNDIDAD 13-50 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso friable PROFUNDIDAD O-2 REACCION alcalina DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA inclinacidén de 2 a 10% CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacién local SIEMBRA FECHA 1923 . ESPACIAMIENTO 1.8 x 3.6 ARFA 0.5 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda 30 em HERRAMIENTAS zepepico SUPERVIVENCIA 43% a los 35 afios CUIDO usado para pastoreo, a los troncos bajos se les removieron las ramas grandes _ REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR Parte N de la Hacienda de Ana Hope, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands COMENTARIOS existen 260 de los 600 érboles originales, la informacién de arriba es sobre 150 arboles aglomerados en el centro de la plantacion, hay pastoreo excesivo por ovejas y cabras ORIGEN DE INFORMACION R. W. Nobles, U.S. Forest Service, Virgin Islands Corporation, St. Croix, Virgin Islands i = ho ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 54 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMBETRICA: VOL. 8 10 8 1630 RENDIMIENIO ypostes pequefos SITIO LAT.’ 18°25'N LONG. 66°40'O ELEV. 60 PRECIPITACION 1433 MESES DE SEQUIA Marzo-Abril, Junio-Julio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Trinidad - Burma STEMBRA PREPARACION desyerbo alrededor de los hoyos FECHA 1950 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 16 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapepico CUIDO varias limpiezas durante 2 afios; aclareo a los 8 afios REPRODUCCION semiliones y renvevos abundantes LUGAR Bosque Cambalache COMENTARIOS corteza estropeada durante el huracén pero cicatrizando répidamente, crecimiento lento debido a la aglomeracidén ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 1398 Cm, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. h- da ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Seco PAIS St. Lucia PLANTACION .196 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP ecm : ALTURA m 14 15 18 SITIO LAT. 1°N LONG: 6530 ‘at ELEV. 151 PRECIPITACION 1500 - MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 25° ESLADAS ninguna RCCA MADRE arenisca SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO se - . . : . . = . - ve Ne ian U . ; : 7 ‘ ‘ : ih aie oo a - 4. 1% . i _ + ny gad ‘ ‘ er, . . or noe es. * v ) : ‘ = * aa - 1 aN 4 — - nm a ca ; : 7 = ne “ ba ) ‘ ; rat) : a - & —/ 5 —lasde 10s ‘a = : 7 : . Peery oe ~ : 5 = a a ave a ‘ z * . sance » ay j ' ‘ - a i) 4 : Led. ijeite , ” * . s rae ESPECIE Cedrela mexicana GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Muy Seco PATS Hedeo PLANTACION 202 CRECIMIENTO " DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m © NUM.ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA:VOL. 12 8 6 20. SITIO | LAT. 21°30'N’ - LoNc. 89°0 ELEV. 5 PRECIPITACION ~ 900 MESES DE SEQUIA Julio-Agosto, Febrero-Abril THLPERATURA PROMEDIO 28° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm T2XTURA DEL SUBSUELO rocoso PROFUNDIDAD bolsillos REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE muy libre ESTADO DEL SUELO seversmente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Buctzotz Yucatén 30 km SE STEMBRA PREPARACION vivero FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO 1lxil AREA 6&0 4rdoles MATERIAL semillas SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 12 afios CUIDO plentas que quedaron creciendo en el vivero abandonado; se regaron durante el primer afio REPRODUCCION semillones abundentes LUGAR Fince Serta Tereza, Dzilem Bravo » Yucatén COMENTARIOS condiciones de crecimiento muy adversas ORIGEN DE INFORMACIOI Dean Chandler, Maderas Laminadas, S.A.;, Mérida, Yucatén, Vex. 5-2 ESPECIE Prosopis inermis GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Tropical Muy Seco PAIS Ecuador PLANTACION 203 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 16 8 (148) h SITIO iAP. 3S LONG. 80°O ELEV. 50 PRECIPITACION 800 MESES DE SEQUIA Mayo & Diciembre TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 26° EELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE pizarra SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 4 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA 5% inclinacién ASPECTO N CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMERA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA FECHA 19h9 ESPACIAMIENTO 8 x 3 AREA 2 MATERIAL arbolitos silvestres a rafz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 10 afios CULDO: @ limpiezas el primer afio REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Hacienda Fernando, 41 km al NO de Guayaquil COMENTARIOS darboles sembrados para alimento de reses ORIGEN DE INFORMACION José Ubilla, Subdirector de Agricultura y Bosques, Ministerio de Fomento, Guayaquil, Ec. ESPECIE Swietenia mahagoni GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tropical Muy Seco PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 56 CRECIMIENTO DOM:NANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 20 14 ps 8 ee 25) 16 SITIO EAD. 27 95'h LONG. 66°53'0O ELEV. 60 PRECIPITACION 770 MESES DE SEQUIA 2 meses solamente con més de 0.10 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 24° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso suelto PROFUNDIDAD 15em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 68.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA inclinacién baja, 10% ASPECTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pasto y maleza ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido STEMBRA PREPARACION abrir calles entre pastos y maleza FECHA 1931 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.8 x 3.6 AREA 2 MATERIAL vivero SUPERVIVENCIA 60% a los 28 afios CUIDO muchas limpiezas, 1 poda antes de los 10 afios REPRODUCCION arbolillos abundantes LUGAR Parcela L, Bosque de Gudnica del Estado Libre Asociado de P. R. COMENTARIOS Lugar muy adverso; empezdé a producir fruto como a los 20 anos ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 1942 Gn, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, P. R. is i ae |. aun vu 2B wR tt a . ct NORAETeNpEna (1.0 of oc mw eGieeelos eomem @ ATDSUE GI azn ftepesies WALKS ‘i@ oUMMON? ASVAAeSE ssefom | odvaq ARGUS Ad Sl BizeA HoxoeMOS rhiseursom tin a1 esptae def a = Bmodipm | netnag owine eolfoe sits TOREATE omvre Gti | 8 AgmA af 2 Sd OTMTDATIAdS acitp 88 ee a god ATwEVIVANEE | Malin OL Dek ob conte ahog £ .nerelgats wae Omm0D aetwebarda eoliiiodw ‘wovoougonaA | ooh cot cht Ye aah ab gn «tates AACE ESPECIE Hibiscus elatus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Pluvial PAIS Jamaica PLANTACION 109 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm :. ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 8 eh 1). 1679 15 30 18 RENDIMIENTO §& afios - postes; 15 afios - cuartones SITIO . F LAT. 18° LONG. 77°0 ELEV. 1150 PRECIPITACION 5080 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril, Julio-Septiembre (2) TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 20° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 60 ecm REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA lederas enpinedas ASPECTO N CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Jamaica, Elev. 1000 m, Precipitacién 3810 mm. STEMBRA PREPARACION abrir calles FECHA. “194 - ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA = L0 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda, 76 cm SUPERVIVENCIA 80% 2 los 5 afios CUIDO desyerbo circular dos veces el primer afio; aclareo al afio y a los 9 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, semillones escasos LUGAR Greenhills, Jamaica. COMENTARIOS plantacién prometedora, suelo ha sido protegido por bosque secundario ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Box 472, Kingston,Jamaica 6-2 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Pluvial PAIS Jamaica PLANTACION 1 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ;: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES; AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 LO 10 1679 RENDIMIENTIO ypostes a los 10 afios SITIO LAT. 18°N LONG. 77°O BLEV. 600 PRECIPITACION 5000 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril, Julio-Agto. (7) TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 22° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso duro PROFUNDIDAD 46 cm REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE impedido ESTADO DEL SUBLO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA montafiosa, levemente inclinada ASPECTO 5 CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Honduras Britdénica, Elev. 300 mn, Précipitacién 4000 mm, Lat. 15°N SIEMBRA PREPARACION desmonte completo FECHA 1950 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 40 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda lm SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 3 meses, 90% a los 8 afios CUIDO 2 desyerbos durante 3 afios; aclareo a los 10 afos LUGAR no especificado COMENTARIOS especie prometedora, de crecimiento rapido y adaptada a varios sitios ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Box 472, Kingston, Jamaica ESPECIE Acacia decurrens GRUPO ECOLCGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS Colombia - PLANTACION 58 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMITIANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 6 12 12 SITIO LAT. 5° 4 "0 LONG. 75°32'0 ELEV. 2700 PRECIPITACION 2200 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE voleénica SUELO residual _ TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 48 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO ‘franco erenoso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 5.6 DRENAJZ libre . ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadsmente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 30% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacién local STEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza FECEA 1953 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 3 AREA 3 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda, 30-40 cm HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 94% a los 2 afios CUIDO limpieza; poda cada 2 afios REPRODUCCION semillones escasos LUGAR Manizales, Col. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. Gomez, Supervisor Forestal, Empresas Municipales, Manizales, Col. T=2 ESPECIE Agathis australis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htimedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 204 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 10 10 23 26 SITIO LAT, 18°10'N LONG. 67°0 ELEV. 630 PRECIPITACION 2667 MLSES DS SEQUIA Diciembre-Febrero TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 21° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE serpentina SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO francy avcil2oso PROFUNDIDAD 1 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO ercilloso REACCION dcida DRENAJE liore EST/DO DILL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPCGRAFIA inclinaeidén ASPECTO 5 ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Australia SIEMBRA PREPARACION desmonte FSCHA 19h0 ESPACIAMIENTO irregular AREA esparcidos REPRODUCCION semilias escasas LUGAR Bosque Insular de Maricao, Divisidn de Bosques, P. R. COMENTARIOS Sitio muy pobre con informes sobre fracaso de muchas especies ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 2383-06, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R. ESPECIE Alnus ferruginea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtrop:.cal Muy Htmedo PAIS Colombia - PLANTACION 59 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMTNANTES . DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 6 13 12 . 8 16 29 17 39 SITIO ; LAT. 5° 'N LONG. 75° 33'0 ELEV. 2820 PRECIPITACION 2200 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 11° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 48 om - TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso lémico. PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 5.6 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado © TOPOGRAFIA accidentade, 20-100% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA | ‘bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION limpiar con machete FECHA 1913 “ESPACIAMIENTO & x 4 AREA 5 MATERIAL arbolitos silvestres a rafz. desnuda, 40-50 em HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 98% a los 3 afios CUIDO limpieza anual; voda con tijeras y serrucho cada 2 afios hasta los 7 afios LUGAR Lote Pinares y Las Delicias, a 12 km de la cuenca hidrogrdfica de Nizeles: del Acueducto de Manizales ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conrado Gémez, Director of Reforestation, Empresas Municipales, Administracién Delegada, Manizales, Colombia 7 = ¥& ESPECIE Alnus jorullensis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 205 CRECIMIENTO ; DOMINANVTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 12 Te) 30 RENDIMIENTO postes, 8 aifios SITIO LAT. 10°N LONG. c°O ELEV. 1550 PRECIPITACION 3090 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcdénica SUELO coluviael TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUEFLO franco arencso PROFUNDIDAD @+ REACCION 6.0 RENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moederademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 10% inclinacicén ASPECTO S CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA FECHA 1943 ESPACIAMIENTO 6 x 6 AREA 0.2 MATERIAL arbolitos silvestres a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS pala - SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 12 afios CUIDO mantenido para pastoreo, aclareo de 50% del original REPRODUCCION semilias abundantes LUGAR Finca Luise Uribe, 10 km al N. de San José ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Carlos Lizano, Sec. Forestal, Depto. Bosques, Min. de Agric. e Industrias, San José, Costa Rica ESPECIE Alnus jorullensis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo: PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 206 CRECIMIENTO _ ** DOMENANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES : AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 5 18 8 29 i0 Be). 18 202 19 SITIO | LAT. 10°N LONG. 84°0 ELEV. 1550 PRECIPITACION 3097 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno menos de 21 mm TEMPERATURA PROMSDIO 15° -- HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE lava SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD ..2+ . DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente .degradado TOPOGRAFIA 5% inclinacién ASPECTO O CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA ESPACIAMIENTO 7 x 7 MATERIAL arbolitos. silvestres a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA (90% a los 10 afios) . CUIDO mantenido para pastos LOCAL Lote Volito COMENTARIOS Se sembré yerba para pastoreo, usada para cajas ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Carlos Lizano, Sec. Forestal, Depto. Bosques, Ministerio de Agric. e Industrias, San José, Costa Rica 7-6 ESPECIE Anacardium excelsum GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 81 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CCDOMINANTES _ DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 10 12 (1575) SITIO LAr. oO 56'N LONG. 83°65'C ELEV. 610 PRECIPITACION 2639 MESES DE SEQUIA 2 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° EELADAS ninguna SUELO residual THXTURAL DEL SUELO arcilloso suelto REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION desconocida FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 0.02 SUPERVIVENCIA 63% a los 10 afios CUIDO 1 limpieza anual; poda LUGAR Turrialba, Costa Rica ORIGEN DE INFORMACION G. Budowski, Interamerican Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Turrialba, Costa Rica ESPECIE Bombacopsis quinatum GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Eimedo PATS Costa Rica PLANTACION 82 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 13 10 50 (400) SITIO LAT. .9°56'N LONG. 83°65'0 ELEV. 590 PRECIPITACION 2639 MESES DE SEQUIA 2 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° SUELO alluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA FECHA 196 ESPACIAMIENTO 5 x 5 AREA 0.1 MATERIAL de vivero SUPERVIVENCIA 100% a los 13 afios CUIDO limpieza anual; 3 podas durante los tiltimos 6 afios REPRODUCCION flores escasas LUGAR Pochote, El Chino, 70 km al O de San José, por carretera COMENTARIOS Debido al emplio espaciamiento la forma es mala. Las - remas gruesas rueron podadas y cicatrizaron muy bien. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Gerardo Budowski, IICA, Turrialba, Costa Rica 7-16 ESPECIE Calophyllum brasiliense GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 83 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 22 15 a5 gee 20 SITIO TAT. 18°20'N LONG. 64°50'0O ELEV. 450 PRECIPITACION 3048 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 20% inclinacidén ASPECTO N CONDICION ANTES DE LA SZTEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Bosque natural, costa norte de Puerto Rico, al nivel del mar, 1500 mm precipitacidn STEMBRA PREPARACION cultivado FECHA 1937 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 20 MATERIAL semillas CUIDO limpieza durante los primeros 3 afios; aclareo a los 17 afios de 22m*/HA drea basimétrica o de 1800 dérboles/HA a 1158 arboles/HA REPRODUCCION arbolillos abundantes LUGAR Km 9.5 Carretera Cienaga Alta, Bosque Experimental de Luquillo, Puerto Rico ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 2065L, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R. ESPECIE Calophyllum brasiliense GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 84 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODCMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD -: DAP em : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES : AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 25 14 me 1296 21 315 33 23 el 1000 el RENDIMIENTO 175m3/HA pare. cerbén a los 25 afios ‘SITIO - ~ LAT. 18°10'N LONG. 67°0O ELEV. 630 PRECIPITACION 2667 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Febrero TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 21° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE serpentina SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO ercilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 15% inclinacidén ASPECTO S CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Costa N de Puerto Rico STEMBRA PREPARACION limpier calles a traves de pastos y malezas FECHA 192) ESPACIAMIENTO irregular AREA 2 MATERIAL semillas CUIDO limpieza con machete hasta despejarla; a los 20 afios aclareo desde abejo de 4ame/HA hasta 7 érea basimétrica; a los 25 afios aclareo desde abajo de hum@ /FA @ @ime/HA drea basimétrica; 33 afios aclareo desde abajo de 25m°/HA a 22m¢/HA érea basimétrica REPRODUCCION arbolillos abundantes COMENTARIOS el ntmero de Arboles indicado bajo el Area Basimétrica se figuré despues de los aclareos ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 2307 MR, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R. 7 - 10 ESPECIE Cedrela odorata GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS Jamaica PLANTACION 5 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMITANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRKICA: VOL. 5 8 300 SITIO LAT. 18°N LONG. 77°0O ELEV. 450 - 750 PRECIPITACION 2540 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril, Agto.-Sept. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 22° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE celiza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcillcso Liviano PROFUNDIDAD 30cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO medianamente arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 55 REACCION 4.5-6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA montafiosa, 15% inclinacidén CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Jamaica, bosque natural, varios sitios, Elev. 300-500 m, Precipitacidén 1800-2500 mm STEMBRA PREPARACION limpiar calles 6 m ancho FECHA 1952-1955 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5m en calles AREA 500 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda 21 m SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 3 meses, 580% a los 5 aiios CUIDO entresaque de drboles de sombra segin era necesario REPRODUCCION ninguna COMENTARIOS dificil de producir en plantaciones, susceptible al ataque del taladrador del tallo Hypsipyla grandella ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Box 472, Kingston, Jamaica ESPECIE Cupressus lindleyi GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS El Salvador PLANTACION 64 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES -° DENSIDAD. POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em : ALTURA m ~ NUM. ARBOLES ; AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 38 33 30 700 549 SITIO LAT. -14°N LONG. 89°O ' ELEV. 1400. - PRECIPITACION 2001 MESES DE SEQUIA 6 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 17°. - HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcanica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso -TEXTURA DEL SUBSUBLO rocoso _ DRENAJE ~ libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 40% inclinacién ASPECTO N CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA . pastos ORIGEN -DE SEMILLAS desconocido STEMBRA | = PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1920 ESPACIAMIENTO 3.3 x 3.3 AREA 15 - MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 80% a los 38 afios. CUIDO 3 limpiezas anuales por 3 afios; poda a los 15 y 25 aiios -REPRODUCCION. semillas abundantes LUGAR a 75 km de San Salvador. Selva Negra, Antonio Reyes, duefio COMENTARIOS Transicidén a Bosque Subtropical Himedo. Crecimiento estimado de 14.4m3/HA por afio ORIGEN DE INFORMACION T. F. Burgers, (FAO), Casa Clark, 7a Calle de Oriente No.-12, San Salvador, El Salvador T~ ‘12 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanice GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropicai Muy Himedo PAIS Puerto Rico - PLANTACION 385 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMBTRICA: VOL. 8 9 6 1500 SITIO LAT. 18°10'N LONG. 56° 30'0 ELEV. .'750 PRECIPITACION 2210 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno menos de 10 mm TEMPERATURA PROMEDIC 21° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SJELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso —~inoso PROFUNDIDAD e@ cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arciilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2 REACCION 4.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA loma baja, 20% inclinacién ASPECTO SO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS montafias de Guatemala, Lat. 14°50'N, Long. 91°0 SIEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza con machete por partes FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA O.1 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda, 46 cm HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 94% a los 8 afios CUIDO @ desyerbos anuales por 2 afios; poda hasta 2 ma los 5 afios REPRODUCCION flores, semillas, semillones abundantes LUGAR lado E del Lago Matrullas, Bosque de Toro Negro COMENTARIOS menos érboles caZdos' que en 7 -.13 ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 15847, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rfo Piedras, P. R. = 3 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION &6 CRECIMIENTO | DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 3 17 15 1000 SITIO LAT. 18°20'N LONG. 66° 30'O ELEV. 750 . PRECIPITACION 2210 MESES DE SEQUIA mninguno menos de 10 mm TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 21° HELADAS ningune ROCA MADRE andesite SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso limoso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm _TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arei2loso. PROFUNDIDAD 2 | REACCION 5.0 ~ DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderedamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA ladera baja, 30% -ASPECTO NO CONDICION ANTES DE.LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Montafies de Guatemala, Lat. 14°50'N, Long. 91°0 SIEMBRA = - : PREPARACLON limpieza por partes con machete FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA O.1 MATERIAL de vivero e raiz desnuda, 46 em HERRAMIENTAS zapepico SUPERVIVENCIA 62% a los 8 afios CUIDO 2 desyerbos anuales por 2 afios; pode hasta 2m alos 5 atios REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR Lado E del Lago Metrullas, Bosque de Toro Negro COMENTARIOS Perjudicado severamente vor el viento a los 4.5 afios; a&rboles sostenidos con estacas pero 90% inclinados ahora y algunos caidos. Copas densas y persistentes, no se forma hojarasca ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 15847, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R. 7-14 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 87 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 20 BS) 963 29 SrTiO TAP. “IS"07'N LONG. 66°35'O ELEV. 1000 PRECIPITACION 2525 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno menos de 10mm TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 20° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD @+cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ PEACCION 6.0 DFENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 50% inclinada ASPECTO SE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Montafias de Guatemala, Lat. 14° 30'N, Long. 91°0 SIEMBRA PREPARACION limpiar maleza cerca de la plantacién FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 1 MATERTAL de vivero | HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 60% a los 10 afios CUIDO cova: Liberadas dos veces al afio durante 2 aflos REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, semillones escasos LUGAR Boscus Ge Toro Negro, 1/2 milla al S del Pico Maravilla COMENTAPTOS 5% de Arboles cafdos, 20% inclinados; poda naturel lenta ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 20277, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R. (fe US ESPECIE Cupressus lusitenica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo PATS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 8&8 CRECIMIEITZO DOMINANTES & CODOM NANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP -em : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 8 8 mM 2350 RENDIMIENTO ninguno SITIO LAT. 18°10'N LONG. 67°0 ELEV. 650 PRECIPITACION 2667 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Feb. TEMPERATURA PROMEDICO 21° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE serpentina SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUBLO arcilioso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm XTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE livre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPCGRAFIA liana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS monteafias de Guatemala, Lat. 14°50'N, Long. 91°0 SIEMBRA PREPARACION cortar fajas a través de pastos FECHA 1951 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.8 x 1.8 AREA 0.8 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 30 - 46 om HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 686% ae los 2 ajios; 30% a los 7 afios; claros resembrados en 1953 CUIDO liberar copas de malezas, competidores arrancados a los 7 afios REPRODUCCION semillas escasas LUGAR Bosque de Maricao, a lo largo del Camino Rosario COMENTARTOS Copas ralas para esta especie, follaje interior de las ramas se torna color castafio antes de tiempo para esta especie ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 1749 Mr, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rfo Piedras, P. R. T+ 16 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 107 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES % CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 21 810 29 1550 SITIO LAT. 9°2h'N LONG. 83°45'0 ELEV. 740 PRECIPITACION 2100 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Febrero TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 22° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE sedimentaria SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 0-50 ecm REACCION 7.1 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA 25% inclinacidén CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos STEMBRA Fecha 1933 ? SPACIAMIENTO 2 x 8 AREA O.1 LUGAR Lote 15, San Ramén, San Isidro del General ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. L. Lizano, Jefe, Seccidén Forestal, Dpto. Tierras y Bosques, Ministerio de Agricultura e Industria, San José, C. R. (ae. i) ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 102 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 20 2153 23 1857 SITIO LATOLCEO® 5 Ni LONG. 8h.°'7'0 ELEV. 1900 PRECIPITACION 2380 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 20° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcdénica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 0-93 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA onduleda, 28% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA FECHA 1931 ? ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 0.1 CUIDO ni aclareos ni podas LUGAR Finca Esmeraldas, 36 km al NE de San José COMENTARIOS Lote Testigo, parte de una plantacién de 3 HA ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. L. Lizano, Jefe, Seccidén Forestal, Dpto. Tierras y Bosques, Ministerio de Agricultura e Industrias, San José, C. R. 7-18 ESPHCIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 103 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 20 18 1561 54 26 25 13 1236 61 SITIO LAT. Lo°'N TONG. ~ 84° O° ELEV. 1890 PRECIPITACION 2300 MESLS DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 20° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO francc arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 93 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 | DREWAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA 28% inclinacidéa CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA FECHA 1931 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 3 SUPERVIVENCIA (86% a los 20 afios) CUIDO aclareo a los 20 afios de 2156 drboles a 1561 4rboles/HA; a los 24 afios de 1561 drboles a 1236 drboles/HA. LUGAR Lote 5, Finca Esmeraldas, 36 im al NE de San José COMENTARIOS (Los didmetros indicados en la seccién de CRECIMIENTO, arriba, son los promedios de todas las clases de los drboles) ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. L. Lizano, Jefe, Seccidén Forestal, Dpto. Tierras y Bosques, Ministerio de Agricultura e Industria, San José, C. R. 7-19 ESPECIE Cupressus macrocarpa GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 60 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 6 10 7 SITIO | LAT. . 5°4'N LONG. 75° 32!0 -ELEV. 2700 PRECIPITACION 2200 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 40cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 5.6 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPCGRAFIA 30+% inclinacidon CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Bogota; 2600 m, 2000 m STEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1953 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 4 AREA 5 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 60% al mes CUIDO limpieza cada 6 meses; poda de une tercera parte del folleje vivo cada afio hasta los 6 afios LUGAR Lote 4, Las Palomas, 11 km al NE de Manizales ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. Gomez, Supervisor Forestal, Empresas Municipales, Administracién Delegada, Manizales, Col. 7 - 20 ESPECIE Dalbergia cubilquitzensis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 89 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 12 10 (1550) SITIO LAT. 9°56'N LONG. &3°55'O ELEV. 610 PRECIPITACION 2639 MESES DE SEQUIA 2 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° HELADAS ninguna SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso REACCION 6.0 DRENASH libre TOPCGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIFMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido STEMBRA FECHA 1949 2 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 0.02 MATERTAL de vivero SUPERVIVENCIA 70% a los 10 afios CUIDO limpieza anualmente REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR La Isla, Turrialba, C. R. COMENTARIOS 4 hileras,de forma mala; otras plantaciones con las mismas semillas tienen mejor forma ORIGEN DE INFORMACION G. Budowski, Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Turrialba, C. h. { #23 ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo PAIS Haiti PLANTACION 90 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m eal 50 20 SITIO LAT. . 18°24'N LONG. - T2°20'0 ELEV. 1500 PRECIPITACION 2221 -~ MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO.. 18° RCCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual - TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco erenoso PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm REACCION 6.2 DRENAJE libre «ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 20% inclinacién STEMBRA FECHA 1938 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Chapelle de Furey School ORIGEN DE INFORMACION E. F. Toussaint, Forest Service, Dept. of Agri., Port au Prince, Haiti 1 = 2 ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htimedo PAIS Haiti PLANTACION CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m a1 39 1). SITIO LAT. 18°2h'N LONG. 72°20'O ELEV. 1500 PRECIPITACION 2221 MESES DE SZQUIA Dic. -Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TOPOGRAFIA 20% inclinacién SIEMBRA > « PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1938 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 132 4rboles REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR plantacién de Mme. Ziegel ORIGEN DE INFORMACION E. F. Toussaint, Forest Service, Dept. of Agri., Port au Prince, Haiti 91 t.* 23 ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo | PAIS /Costa Rica PLANTACION 207 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES - DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD ;: DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 30 46 46 D9 SITIO LAT. 10°N. LONG. 84°30'0 ELEV. 1700 _ PRECIPITACION 3000 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Febrero TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE Lava . SUELO coluvial TEATURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso _ PRCFUNDIDAD 30 cm ‘TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco. arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 DREMAJE Libre ESTANG DEL SUELC moderadamente degradado TOPOGRATIA 5% inclinacidén ASPECTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS vplantacidén local SIEMBRA PREPARACION. desyerbo FECHA 1930 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 2 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda CUIDO limpieza durante 4 afios REPRODUCCION senillas abundantes . LUGAR -30 km al NO de San José COMENTARIOS 40% de los érboles del rodal original son dominantes ORIGHIT DE INFORMACION Carlos Lizano, Secretario Forestal, Dept. Ge Bosques, Ministerio de Agri. e Industrias, San José, CR. 7 + oh ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 208 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m 38 53 a SITIO LAT. 10°N LONG. 8h°0O ELEV. 2337 PRECIPITACION 3720 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 4O cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arena volcémica = — PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.2 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderacemente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 7 - 22% inciinacidén CONDICION ANTES DE LA STEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidn local STEMBRA FECHA 1917 ESPACIAMIENTO 4 x 4 MATERIAL de a a raiz desnuda REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Sanatorio Durén ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Carlos Lizano, Secretario Forestal, Dept. de Bosques, Min. de Agri. e Industrias, San José, C. R. he 29 ESPECIE Eucalyptus viminalis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Etmedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 62 CRECIMIENTO . _. | DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES © . DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA “EDAD : DAP ‘cm-: ALTURA m NUM, ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 4 14 OSs 2000 18 SITIO ois “b LAT. 5°h'1 LONG. 75°33'0 ELEV. 2560 PRECIPITACION: 2200 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO - 14° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volednica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO- frenco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 48 em ~TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso lémico _. PROFUNDIDAD e+ REACCION 5.6 - FEYAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUFLO moderedamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 15 - 404 inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Min. de Agri., Bogotd SIEMBRA dog “FECHA 1955 ~~ ESPACIAMTENTO. 2 x 4 AREA 2 MATERIAL" de vivero a rafz desnuda, 40 om HERRAMIENTAS -azeda SUPERVIVENCIA 85% a los 2 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas el primer aio; pode de una tercera parte de las ramas a los 2 y 5 aios LUGAR San Isidro-Las Palomas, 8 km al NE de Menizales ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conrado Gomez, Director de Reforestacién, Empresas Municipales, Administracidén Delegada, Manizales, Col. 7 - 26 ESPECIB Hibiscus elatus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Humedo PAIS Jamaica PLANTACION 10 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 6 18 9 (1120) RENDIMIENTO postes de cerca a los 7 afios SITIO LAT. 18°N LONG. 77°0 ELEV. 460 PRECIPITACION 3048 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril, Julio-Sept. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO friable PROFUNDIDAD superficial TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pegajoso REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado . TOPOGRAFIA montafnosa ASPECTO varios CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Jamaica; 300 m, 3040 m STEMBRA PREPARACION desmonte completo excepto lado de sombra FECHA 1917 | ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 500 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda, 1 m SUPERVIVENCIA 70% a los 5 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas por 3 afios; aclareo a los 5 aflos REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR Mt. Diablo COMENTARIOS Especie no se adapta en sitios degradados ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Box 472, Kingston, Jam. fae 21 ESPECIE Hibiscus elatus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htimedo. PAIS . Puerto Rico PLANTACION 93 CRECIMIENTO .. DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA “EDAD ; DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES:AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. "ga 20 Perdo 800 20 SITIO LAT. 18°15'N LONG. 66° 30'O ELEV. 600 PRECIPITACION: 2540 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO @1° .. 4HELADAS | ninguna ROCA MADRE -andesita SUELO. coluvial ‘TEXTURA DEL SUELO axcilloso limoso. . PROFUNDIDAD 7 em -TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO ercilloso PROFUNDIDAD 25 cm REACCION 6.0 _ DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA -a.lo largo del curso de una quebrada ASPECTO N _ CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Jamaica SIEMBRA PREPARACION aclereo . FECHA 1948 ESPACIAMIENTO. 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 0.4 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda SSRRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA alta CUIDO desyerbo hasta el tercer afio; aclareo a los 10 afios REPRODUCCION flores escasas LUGAR Doha Juana, Bosque de Toro Negro COMENTARIOS _ forma del tronco es sobresaliente ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 2366-03, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, P. R, 7 - 23 ESPECIE Montanoa lehmanii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 62 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 6 10 12 (A275) 12 SITIO LAT. S°u'N LONG. * 75°33'0 ELEV. 2570 PRECIPITACION 2200 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 1° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcénica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 48 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso idémico PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 5.6 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadeitente degracado TOPOGRAFIA accidentada, 40% inclinacidén CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION lLimpieza con azada FECHA 1953 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 4 AREA 2.5 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda, 40 cm HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 94% a los 2 afios CUIDO limpieza anualmente; poda anual por 4 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Lote 3, Las Palomas, 8 km al NE de Manizales COMENTARIOS Usado para postes en construcciones rurales y teléfono y lineas eléctricas ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conrado Gomez, Director de Reforestacién, Empresas Municipales, Menizales, Col. =< ESPECIE Pinus pseudostrobus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION “209 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA Mm 22 a aH SITIO. . LAT. ~ 10°20'N’ LONG. 84°20"0 ELEV. 2000 PRECIPITACION 3176 © MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Febrero TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 1° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE- lava SUELO coluviel TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco aréndso - PROFUNDIDAD 40 em TEXTURA DEL SUEBSUELO franco erenoso _° PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 10% inclinacién ASPECTO N CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Guatemala STEMBRA * FECHA 1935 - ESPACIAMIENTO 4 x 4 MATERIAL ‘de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 17 afios CUIDO desyerbo 3 veces al afio REPRODUCCION’ semillas ebundantes LUGAR Los Cartagos, 35 lan al NO de San José COMENTARIOS varece*que esta especie no se adapta bien al. sitio ~- ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Carlos.Lizano, Secretario Forestal, Dept. de Bosques, Min. de see e Industrias 5 San José, C. R. ; t = 30 ESPECIE Prunus occidentalis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS Puerto Rico | PLANTACION 94 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP em: ALTURA m U4 10 15 SITIO LAT. 18°15'N LONG. 65°45'0O ELEV. 400 PRECIPITACION 3810 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE diorita SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 8 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUBLO frenco-ezenoso .. . PROFUNDIDAD. 1+. REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE ‘Libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 70% inclinacidén ASPECTO SO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Jayuya, P. R. STEMBRA | FECHA 1945 ESPACIAMIENTO 3x 3 AREA 187 drboles MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda . HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 33% a los 6 meses, 5% a los 14 afios REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Valle Hicaco, Bosque Experimental de Luquillo COMENTARIOS Sembrado bajo Arboles de caoba hondurefia, liberados por el huracdén de 1956, sobreviven 10 drboles ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR Study 1335 L-B, Tropical femeck Resednch Center, Rfo Piedras, P. R. La 3l ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Himedo PAIS Puerto Rico PLANTACION 96 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD: DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES:.AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. el 19 1136 27 SITIO TATs> 18745!N LONG. 65°50'0 ELEV. 400 _PRECIPITACION 2286 MESES DE SEQUIA -Enero-Febrero TEMPERATURA. PROMEDIO 23° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE andesita SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 3 cm TEXTURA: DEL SUBSUELO- arcilloso ’ PROFUNDIDAD~ 50+ REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO. severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA oma, 20% inclinacidén CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Trinidad - Burma SIEMBRA PREPANACION arado FECHA 1933 ESPACIAMIENTO 2@x2 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA alta CUILO - limpieza por 3 afios REPRODUCCION. semillas abundantes LUGAR Parcela 105, Bosque Experimental de Luquillo | ORIGEN DE INFORMACION FMR 1970L, Tropical Forest Research Center, Box 577, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico t = 32 ESPECIE Weinmannia caripense GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACTION 63 CRECIMIENTO | DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 6 8 oe (1536) 7 SITIO LAT. «5° h'N TONG. 75° 3310 ELEV. 2670 PRECIPITACION 2200 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 14° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residual — TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 40 em TEXTURA DEL-SUBSUELO axrenoso- Ldémico. .PROFUNDIDAD 2+. REACCION 5.6 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA accidentada, 15%+ inclinacidn CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1953 ESPACIAMITENTO 2 x 3 AREA 2 MATERIAL arbolitos silvestres a rafz desnuda, 4O cm HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 92% a los 2 afios CUIDO limpieza anualmente; pnoda hasta una tercera parte del follaje en aflos alternados hasta los 7 afios REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR Lote 2, Las Palomas, 8 lm al NE de Manizales COMENTARIOS crecimiento lento; propio para madera, carbén - ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conrado Gomez, Director de Reforestacién, Empresas Municipales, Manizales, Col. 635 ESPECIE Araucaria spp. GRUPO ECOLCGICO Subtropical Muy Htmedo PAIS . Ecuador PLANTACION 230 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTSS & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 15°? eh. 16 LOO Litt SITIO EATS Ao" _ LONG. 79°0 ELEV. 1000 PRECIPITACION 2200 MESES DE SEQUIA Oct. -Nov. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 19° HELADAS ninguna SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 4 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO erenoso arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 5.5 DRENAJE libre ESYADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 5% inclinecién ASPECTO N CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido SIEMBRA ; PREPARACION corte del bosque FECHA 1945 ? ESPACIAMIENTO 5x5 AREA 12.5 MATERIAL dée vivero a rafz desnuda CUIDO 2 limpiezas REPRODUCCION ausente LUGAR Hacienda La Favorita, 58 ka al O de Quito, 2 km al N de Chiriboga, Prov. Pichincha COMENTARTOS pastoreo de ganado vacuno ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Mario Cardenas, Dept. Forestal, Min. Fomento, Quito, Ecuador 7 - 34 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Humedo ~ PAIS Ecuador PLANTACION 231 CRECIMIENTO . DOMINANTSS & CODOMTNANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTARFA EDAD ; DAP om: ASZUA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. e57 28 15 2174 SITIO . | LAT. 0° LONG. 79°0 ELEV. 1000 PRECIPITACION 2200 MESES DE SEQUIA Oct.=-Nov. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 19° HELADAS ninguna SUFLO aluvial — TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 4 em T3XTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 5.5: DRENAJE impedido ~ ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana - CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido STEMBRA PREPARACION corte de bosque . FECHA 1935 ? ESPACIAMIENTO 2@x 2 AREA 1.0 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 25 afios ~ REPRODUCCION flores y semillas escasas LUGAR Hacienda La Favorita, 58 kn al O de Quito, 2 km al N. de Chiriboga, Prov. Pichincha COMENTARTOS necesita aclareo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Mario Cardenas, Dept. For., Min. Fomento, Quito, Ecuador if ri ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Htmedo PAIS Guatemala PLANTACION 212 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em: ALTURA m ~ NUM. ARBOLES:AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 64. 64 1OL 39 120 30 SITIO | _ | LAT. 14°30'N LONG. 90°45'0O ELEV. 1500 PRECIPITACION 1300 MESES DE SEQUIA Nov. -Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDZO 13° - HELADAS 1 en 20 afios ROCA MADRE arena volcdnica SUELO alluvial » THXTURA DEL SUELO frenco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+. REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO - poco arectado - TOPOGRAFIA 20%) inelinacién ASPECTO WN CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA _ PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 11896 ESPACIAMENTO 8x8 - AREA 43 MATERIAL de vivero HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA (77% a los 64 afios) CUIDO. Limpieza anual REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, ‘semillones escasos LUGAR Porvenir, Finca. San Sebastién, 3 km al O de Duefias, Sacatepequez COMENTARIOS 25 HA sembrades en 1959, a@x2m ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Rodas, Direccidén Forestal, Ministerio de Agricultura, Guatemala, Gua. 8-2 ESPECIZ Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLCGICO Subtropical Htimedo PAIS Guatemala PLANTACION 212 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 20 26 25 1098 hy SITIO LAT. 1° h5'n LONG. 91°0O ELEV. 1700 PRECIPITACION 1400 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 18° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 35 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local, 2000 m STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1940 ESPACIAMIEINTO 2x 2 MATERIAL de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA (4% a los 20 afios) REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, semillones escasos LUGAR Puente 2, Finca Pampojila, San Lucas, Tolima, Dpto. Solola; 1 km al S de Pampojila ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Rodas, Direccién Forestal, Min. de Agricultura, Guatemala, Gua. ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Htmedo PAIS Costa Rica _ PLANTACION. 104 CRECIMIENTO ; DOMINANTES & CODO:MNANTES _ DENSIDAD FOR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ;: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 13 5011 Le 320 17 511 h6 354 SITIO LAT SS-10°-7N LONG.: 84°17'0 _ELEV.. 1820 PRECIPITACION 1100 MESES DE SEQUIA . Diciembre-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° HELADAS . ninguna ROCA MADRE arena volcdénica ‘SUELO, residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO ‘franco arenoso fino PROFUNDIDAD 38 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO . franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2 REACCION 4.9 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA .16-30% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos (7) ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS posiblemente de drboles aislados de la localidad STEMBRA FECHA 1934 - ESPACIAMIENTO 1lxl AREA O.1 MATERIAL - de vivero CUIDO aclareos irregulares LUGAR Meseta Central Occidental, 80 km al NO de San José COMENTARIOS Afectado por las cenizas del Volcén Poas = 1955 . ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. L. Lizano, Jefe, Seccidn Forestal, Dpto. de Tierras y Bosques, Min. de Agricultura e Industrias, San José, C. R. C= ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Htimedo PAIS Costa Rica PLANTACION 213 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA rn. NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 33 30 5.4. 822 62 1 32 30 , h6 SITIO LAT... ' LO? N Lona. 84°o ELEV. 1200 PRECIPITACION 1860 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 20° NELADAS ninguna ROCA MADR; volcdnica SUELD coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso arenosa PROFUNDIDAD 30 ? - ee TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenes arenoso PROFUNDIDAD Qt REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén local STEMBRA FECHA 1919 ESPACIAMIENTO 3x 3 AREA 0.5 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS pala CUIDO limpieza ocasional LUGAR La Paulina, Montes de OCA COMENTARIOS necesita aclareo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. L. Lizano, Jefe, Seccidén Forestal, Dpto. de Tierras y Bosques, Min. de Agricultura e Industrias, San José, C.R. ESPECIE Eucalyptus citriodora GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Htmedo PAIS Venezuela CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m PLANTACION 65 7 16 13 SITIO os 7 Lar. “orp **““ tone. “7220 ELEV. 2300 PRECIPITACION 1002 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° HELADAS ninguna © —- ROCA MADRE granito _;SUELO aluviel TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 40 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO rocoso REACCION. 6.0 -- DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA ‘10% °inelinacién - ASPECTO SE STEMBRA FECHA 199 ESPACIAMIENTO 1x2 MATERIAL de vivero en potes” LUGAR Plentacién Mucurubé, 4O im al NE de Mérida AREA 21 4rboles ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. Claverie Rodriguez, a través de G. H. Raets, Instituto: Forestal Latino-Americano, Apartado 36, Mérida, Venez. 8-6 ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Htimedo aise « ryerene PAIS Venezuela PLANTACION 66 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 13 54 23 SITIO LAT. ON | LONG. 71°0O ELEV. 2300 PRECIPITACION 1000 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADR! granito SUELO alluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 30-50 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO pedregoso REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUBLO moderadamente degradado TOPCGRAFTIA 10% inclinacidn ASPECTO SE SIEMBRA FECHA 1943 ESPACIAMIENTO 20 drboles aislados MATERIAL de vivero en potes LUGAR Plantacién Mucurubd, 40 km al NE de Mérida, Venezuela ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. Claverie Rodriguez, a través de G. H. Raets, Instituto Forestal Latino-Americano, Apartado 36, Mérida, Venez. ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Himedo PATS Venezuela PLANTACION 105 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m 9 18 16 SITIO LAT. 8° 35'N LOWG. F1°9'O ELEV. . 1600 PRECIPITACION 1316 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Febrero TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 19° HELADAS ninguna ~ ROCA MADRE granito | SUELO residual. -TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 50 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUZBLO pedregoso REACCION 6.4 DRENAJE libre =... ESTADO DEL SUELO. poco afectado ©“ TOPOGRAFIA 12% inclinacidn ASPECTO SO _STEMBRA FECHA 191-7 ESPACIAMIENTO 1x2 MATERTAL de vivero REPRODUCCION - ninguna LUGAR Zona Suburbena, al NO de ueEaa, Venezuela ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Carlos C. Rodriguez, a través de G. He Raets, Instituto Forestal Latino-Americano, Apartado 36, Mérida, Venezuela 8 ~ 8 ESPECIE Gmelina arborea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Himedo PAIS Honduras Britdnica PLANTACION 220 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 6 16 10 1490 16 SITIO LAT. ALP N LONG. 89°0 ELEV. 450 PRECIPITACION. 1600 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° HELADAS . ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 8 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.5 .: DREWAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 2% inclinacién ASPECTO S CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Plantacidén de Africa SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1954 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.5 x 1.5 AREA 0.4 "MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda | SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 6 afios CUIDO aclareo a los 3 y 4 afios; poda a los 3 afios REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR al O de Augustine COMENTARIOS En Africa la madera se usa para combustible y tambien para mejorar sitios , para secar sitios muy himedos. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Box 181, Belize, British Honduras ESPECIE Grevillea robusta GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Htmedo ‘PATS . Guatemala PLANTACION 221 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD :-DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 12 23 15 (278) el us 28 16 198 12 RENDIMIENTO lefia alos 12 afios SITIO : LAT. 14° 30'N LONG. 90°45'0O ELEV. 1500 PRECIPITACION 1300 MESES DE SEQUIA Nov. -Mayo TEMPERATURA PROVEDIO 18° HELADAS 1 en 20 afios ROCA MADRE arena volcdénica . SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco eascajoso PROFUNDIDAD 20 cm TEXTURA DEL SUESUZLO cascajoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 . DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado | _ TOPOGRAFIA plena CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén local SIEMBRA | . PREPARACION aclareo FECHA 1946 - ESPACIAMIENTO 6 x 6 AREA MATERIAL de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 12 afios CUIDO 3 limpiezas por afio; aclareo de la mitad de los 4rboles a los 12 afios Be REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR ‘San José, Finca San Sebast4n, 3 km al O de Duefias, Sacatepequez COMENTARIOS Sombra de café, corta final a los 30 afios ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Rodas, Direccidén.Forestal, Min. de Agricultura, Guatemala 8 - 10 ESPECIE Mimosa caesalpinaefolia GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Himedo -PAIS Brazil PLANTACION 106 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. ed a2 e; 23 1900 16 LOO RENDIMIENTO 1000 postes de cerca y 26 m3 de lefia a los 12 afios SITIO Ens 7S LONG. 35°42'0 ELEV. 580 PRECIPITACION 1200 MESES DE SEQUIA Sept. -Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 22° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso -—»— PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm” TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso ercilloso REACCION 6.6 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA ondulada, 10% inclinacidén CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacién local SIEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1947 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 2 AREA 0.5 MATERIAL semillas HERRAMIENTAS pico SUPERVIVENCIA 80% a los 12 afios CUIDO dos limpiezas en 3 aflos REPRODUCCION arbolillos abundentes LUGAR Escuela de Agronomia, Paraiba, Brazil COMENTARIOS Especie xerofita adaptable a climas con mds de 800 mm Ge precipitacidén. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Diniz Xavier de Andrade, Escuela de Agronomia, Paraiba, Brazil ESPECIE Pinus caribaea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Hiimedo PAIS Honduras Britdnica PLANTACION 222 CRECIMIENTO ‘ DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 6 9 6 1670 at SITIO LAT Caney’ N LONG. 89°O ELEV. 450 PRECIPITACION 1600 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO residual _TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 7 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 5.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA onduteda, 3% inclinacidén ASPECTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS — local STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1954 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 .. AREA 80 MATERTAL ~ de -vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA § 95% a los 6 afios CUIDO limpieza anual REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Lote B-l, al N del Punto de Vigilancia de Augustine COMENTARIOS Pastos con robles y pinos. P. palustris, P. taeda y P. elliottii son mds lentos en el crecimiento y proba- blemente no tendrén éxito. -ORIGEN DE INFORMACION - Conservator of Forests, Box 181, Belize, British Honduras . 8 - 12 ESPECIE Pinus elliottii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Htmedo PAIS British Honduras PLANTACION 36 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. > 3 1680 SITIO LAT. 17° N LONG. 89°O ELEV. 460 PRECIPITACION 1410 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 18 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION acida DRENAJS Libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severemente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 3% inclinac‘dén ASPSCTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Estados Unidos de América SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba FECHA 1954 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 15 cm de alto HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 80% a los 5 afios CUIDO limpieza anual REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR 400 m al NO del Punto de Vigilancia Augustine, Honduras Britdénica COMENTARIOS Originalmente crec’an pastos con encinos achaparrados y pinos esparcidos ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Box 181, Belize, British Honduras. Plot No. B. 1. M.P.R. @= 13 ESPECIE Pinus merkusii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Himedo PAIS Jamaica PLANTACION 223 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m 6 9 8 SITIO LAT. 18°N LONG. 76°30'0 ELEV. ‘1650 PRECIPITACION 1140 MESES DE SEQUIA Feb.-Abril,Julio-Aug. EELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE pizarra SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso friable PROFUNDIDAD 5 em | TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcillaso friable PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA oma, 30% inclinacién ASPECTO NO ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Burma STEMBRA PREPARACION tuniba FECHA 1954 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 1.5 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 20 cm HERRAMIENTAS zepapico SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 6 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas por 2 afios, despues anualmente REPRODUCCION ‘flores abundentes LUGAR Belle Vue, Compartimiento 3 COMENTARIOS loma alta y expuesta; muchos érboles deformados por el viento, pero muchos excelentes y derechos; se estan produciendo algunos conos ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Kingston, Jam. 8 - 14 ESPECIE Pinus oocarpa GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Himedo PAIS Nicaragua PLANTACION 224 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: ARHA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 18 25 30 30 SITIO LAT. 13°N LONG. 396°0O ELEV. 1200 PRECIPITACION 1900 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 17° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residval TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco ercilloso PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 30 REACCION 6.0 . DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 15% inclinacidén ASPECTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA FECHA 19h2 CUIDO quema prescrita REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Finca Daraili, Dept. Esteli COMENTARIOS bosque natural quemado anualmente ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Juan B. Salas, Dept. Forestal, Min. de Agric. y Ganaderfa, Managua, Nicaragua 8 = 15 ESPECIE Swietenia macrophylla GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Htmedo PAIS British Honduras ... PLANTACION 227 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm :.ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. aby 8 6 125 SITIO : LATA LN LONG. 89°0 ELEV. 450 PRECIPITACION 1600 MESES DE SEQUIA . Febrero-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° .- HELADAS -ninguna ROCA MADRE caliza — SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 8 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO ercilioso pesado _» PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 5% inclinacidén ASPECTO- -0. CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundaric ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA a . PREPARACION ‘talar sotobosque y quema — FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 3.6x3.6 |. ARFA. 1.5 MATERIAL semillas SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 11 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas en las calles REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Mtn. Pine, al O de Augustine COMENTARIOS De 100.a 125 d&rboles/HA suficientemente liberados pera dominar le vegetacién, otros més pequefios y suprimidos, drea para reproduccion natural de caoba; 2 semillas sembradas por hoyo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Box 181, Belize, British Honduras 8 - 16 ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Himedo PAIS Honduras Briténica PLANTACION 53 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL 5 9 6 2990 SITIO LAT..° 17°N LONG. 89°0 ELEV. 460 PRECIPITACION 1600 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE .granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco axénoso PROFUNDIDAD 8 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO A&renoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA 7% inclinaci¢én . . ASPECTO O CONDICION ANTES DE LA SINMBRA. bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Trinidad - Burma E SIEMBRA ’ PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1954 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.8 x 1.8 AREA 0.2 MATERIAL tocones HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 5 afios CUIDO limpieza anual REPRODUCCION flores escasas LUGAR 1.2 km de Augustine, en la carretera del vivero viejo, British Honduras 2 ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator of Forests, Box. 181, Belize, British Honduras. Plot Nose 5. M.P.R. 8 - i7 ESPECIE Tectona grandis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Himedo - PAIS” Honduras Briténica PLANTACION 228 CRECIMIENTO : DOMINANTES .& CODOMINANTES _. DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP:cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 5 8 Sic g 2838 9 SITIO - as | tr 17°N LONG. 89°0 ELEV. 4.50 PRECIPITACION 1600 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Mayo “TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 23° 2. HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE ¢aliza SUELO. residual” TEXTURA DEL..SUELO frenco arenoso . PROFUNDIDAD 30 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO -arenoso-arcilloso +~—-»~PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION. 7.0. . DRENAJE> libre. ESTADO DEL SUELO poco .afectado -TOPOGRAFIA © inelinacién lev ASPECTO Ss CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ‘ORIGEN DE. SEMILLAS. plaentacién. SIEMBRA ‘PREPARACION: cultivo intercalado - con maiz ~ ‘FECHA 1955 ESPACIAMIENTO ci 8 x 1.8 . AREA Ok MATERIAL: “‘tocones’ . SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 5 afios CUIDO limpieza anualmente; poda al afio y a los @ afios REPRODUCCION semillas escasas | LUGAR Lote B- “13, al J] ae Augustine i COMENTARIOS Neeonets dune previa; Santa Maria y iSabtiadetny La teca Se ve.mal excepto em sitios screen drenados y en suelos para especies de hoja -ancha,. ie ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Conservator oF Forests S, Box 181, pasar ea Brisa sip Hondiras 8 - 18 ESPECIE Araucaria angustifolia GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Htmedo PAIS Brazil PLANTACION 97 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. a, a 11 e912 26 92 14 13 13 e292 29 193 16 14 14 1645 a5 180 RENDIMIENTO: 29 m3 a los & afios; 16 m3 - 14 aos; 19 m3 - 16 afios SITIO LAT. 23°25'S LONG. 46°hL'0 ELEV. 730 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 18° HELADAS reras ROCA MADRE esquisto de mica SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD profundo TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO coupacto REACCION 6.7 DRENAJE libre TOPCGRAFIA 8% inclinacién ASPECTO WN CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS bosque natural; 22°55'S, 46°05'0; 1400m; 1600 mm SIEMBRA PREPARACION arada y nivelada FECHA 1942 ESPACIAMIENTO irregular AREA [7 | MATERTAL semillas SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 6 meses CUIDO 7 limpiezas con azada y 6 con grada entre calles; 3 aclareos desde abajo; poda eliminando ramas secas REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR 35 km al N de Sao Paulo, Brazil COMENTARIOS Esta plantacidén fué abonada durante 2 afios con abono verde (leguminosas). Aclareo desde abajo para dar mas espacio alos 4rboles dominantes pero sin abrir lo suficiente el dosel para formar ramas a los lados o dejar que los rayos solares llegasen al suelo. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Hasso Weiszflog, Companhia Melhoramentos de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 8120, Sao Paulo, Plantacion Qn 127 “8-19 ESPECIE Araucaria angustifolia GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Etmedo PAIS Brazil PLANTACION - 98 CRECIMIENTO | DOMINANTES &' CODOMINANEES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD: DAP cm: ALTURA-m NUM, ARBOLES: AREA PASIMETRICA: VOL. 23 20 aL 1056 37 ake 26 23 19 628 27 231 29 al 21 (592 29 270 32 27 22 108 . 19 190 RENDIMIENTO 118 m3 entre los 8 y 32 afios SITIO | ol Sine | LAT. . 23°25'S LONG. - 46°40 ELEV. 730 “PRECIPITACION 1470 MESES DE SEQUIA Abril-Sept. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 18° HELADAS raras | ROCA MADRE esquisto de mica " SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso areilloso PROFUNDIDAD profundo TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO coupacto -—«—«REACCION 67 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA lena ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS 22°55'S, 46°05'0; 1400 m; 1600 mm STEMBRA De. PREPARACION rastrillado FECHA 1927 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.4 x 1.3 AREA 6 MATERIAL semillas CUIDO 7 limpiezas con azeada y 2 con grada; 1 poda eliminando ramas muertas; 8 aclareos entre los 8 y 32 afios. REPRODUCCION.. semillas, erbolillos eseasos — LUGAR 35 km al N de Sao Paulo, Brazil (Caieiras) COMENTARIOS Se hicieron aclereos para liberar Arboles dominantes. Las condiciones del clima y suelo en Caieiras no-son tan buenas para _ esta especie como en los Estados del Sur, Parana y St. Catharina. Se han iniciedo siembras en Serra da Al ga ite Minas Gerais a una elevacién de 1500 m. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Hasso Weiszflog, Companhia Melhoremento de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal a Sao Pees: Brazil. .-Plantacién Qn 27. 8 -20 ESPECIE Cryptomeria japonica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Himedo PAIS Brazil PLANTACION 99 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 12 a 10 3810 34 a7 15 12 12 3140 36 193 18 13 13 2230 33 196 RENDIMIENTO 16 m3 a los 15 afios; 38 m3 a los 18 afios SITIO LAT. 23°25'S LONG. 46°44 ELEV. 730 PRECIPITACION 170 MESES DE SEQUIA Abril-Sept. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 18° HELADAS raras SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD profundo TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO compacto REACCION 5.7 DREMAJS libre TOPOGRAFIA 15% inclinacién ASPECTO NE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION quema FECHA 1939 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.5 x 1.5 AREA 2 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 55% @ los 3 meses CUIDO 6 limpiezas con azada y 2 con grada; 2 aclareos liberando los arboles dominantes y eliminando 4rboles ramificados; 2 podas eliminando ramas secas REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, arbolillos escasos LUGAR 35 km al N de Sao Paulo, Brazil ‘COMENTARIOS Ahora se estan iniciando plantaciones con semillones con bolas de tierra mezcladas con abono ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Hasso Weiszflog, Companhia Melhoramentos de " Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 8120, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Plantacién Qn105 8 - 21 ESPECIE Cryptomeria japonica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Htimedo PAIS Brazil PLANTACION 100 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD ; DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 16 14 16 3417 50 372 18 16 18 2117 h3 342 20 18 20 1450 36 319 RENDIMIENTO 47 m3 a los 16 afios; 81 m3 a los 38 afios; 68 m3 a los 20 afi SITIO LAT. 23°26'S LONG. 46°4k'0 ELEV. 730 PRECIPITACION 1470 MESES DE SEQUIA Abril-Sept. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 18° . HELADAS raras ROCA MADRE granito SUELO eluviel TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso PROFUNDIDAD os TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO cascajoso REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA 5% inclinacidén ASPECTO NE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Caieiras, Brazil, plantacidn SIEMBRA meee PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1930 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.5 x 1.5 AREA 0.4 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda, 20 cm HERRAMIENTAS azada “SUPERVIVENCIA 93% @ los 3 meses CUIDO 5 limpiezas con azada, 2 con disco; b aclareos extrayendo érboles bifurceados; 2 podas eliminando ramas secas LUGAR 35 km al N de Sao Paulo, Brazil COMENTARIOS buen crecimiento, mejor que el promedio ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Hasso Weiszflog, Campanhia Melhoramentos de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 8120, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Plantacién Qn 94), ™ 8 = 28 ESPECIE Cunninghamia lanceolata GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Himedo PAIS. Brazil PLANTACION 101 CiECIMIENTO -. DOMINANTES . & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR. HECTAREA . EDAD ; .DAP: ‘cm : ALZURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA’ BASIMETRICA: VOL. 9 12 (£58 2592 HL ON 108 13 16 12 2592 43 ahs 15 18 gh 2160 Ke) 321 - ORENDIMIENTO” 333 a los 10 afios; 16 m3 a’ los 15 afios SITIO . : CLAT.. "23"25' S “+ LONG. 46°kbto & - ELEVS 730 - PRECIPITACION 1470 . S DE SEQUIA Abril-Sept. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 18° HELADAS: raras: ROCA MADRE . esquisto de. mice SUELO coluviel “s TEXTURA DEL'SUELO. arenosy ereilloso, . __ PROFUNDIDAD profundo TEXTURA. DEL SUBSUELO: comagto ye. REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre 9. ..j TQPOGRAFIA 30-10% inelinacisn “pe CONDICTON! ANTES. DE'LA SLEMBRA -. cultivada ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS’. plantacién local . SIEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1943 ESPACIAMIENTO 2\x 1.2 AREA .2 MATERIAL de. vivero a rafz: desnuda - o> HERRAMIENTAS azada _o 4. . SUPERVIVENCIA . 73% al atio GUIDO: 8.desyerbos con azada; poda de ramas muertes hasta ama los: 10. afios,:con serrutho hasta’4 m alos 13 afios : REPRODUCCION semillas escasas. LUGAR 35 kn al N de Sao Paulo, Brazil 9° t - COMENTARIOS. Es necesario. eliminar..los Tenuevos , despues de cortados los renuevos echan rafces’ con facilided, Este. drbol produce una buena cubierta de hojas y ramas ‘sobre él suelo de los 12 alos 15 afios. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Hasso Weiszflog, Companhia Melhoramentos de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 8120, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Plantacidn Qn 139. ESPECIE Eucalyptus viminalis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Seco PAIS Venezuela PLANTACION 73 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODCMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALYURA m 6 a 15 SITIO LAT. 9°12'N LONG. 721°0O ELEV. 2260 PRECIPITACION 1000 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° HELADAS ninguna ROCA MADRE granito SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1 TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO pedregoso REACCION 5.7 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderedemente degradado TOPOGRAFIA al nivel STEMBRA FECHA 1950 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 MATERIAL de vivero en potes REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Escaguey, =5 km al NO de Mérida, Venezuela COMENTARIOS ‘Transicién a Templado Seco ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. Claverie Rodriguez, a través de G. H. Raets, Instituto Forestal Latino-Americano, Apartado 36, Mérida, Venez, ee ee ne ” 90st ohelquel s ddistunes: sOTaMTMIOD a 2 ob divert 9 .compithed eiveval> «0 BOTDANAOWET OF WEDINO : 3E oberugl ST EE RE ee : sano ahah 10-1 ESPECIE Casuarina cunninghamiana GRUPO ECOLOGICO Subtropical Muy Seco PAIS Peri PLANTACION 108 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 1 20 8 800 25 93 RENDIMIENTO 92 m3/HA a los 14 atios SITIO LAT. 12°S LONG. 76°47'O ELEV. 170 PRECIPITACION 31 MESES DE SEQUIA Oct. -Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 18° HELADAS ninguna RCCA MADRE granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1 TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso cascajoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 8.2 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severanente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 3-8% inclinacidén CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cubierto de piedras y maleza ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Bosque Mesemula, Lima SIEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza de piedras FECHA 1945 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.4 x 1.4 AREA 1 MATERTAL de vivero en potes ~HERRAMIENTAS zapapico SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 5 aos CUIDO riego, aclereos irregulares pero continuos, 60% removidos REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR Hacienda San Fernando, cerca de Pachacaémac, Provincia Lima, Pert COMENTARIOS Los 4Grboles necesitan riego para sobrevivir ORIGEMN DE INFORMACION Roberto Hooker Legufa, a traves de Flavio Bazan, Servicio Cooperativo Inter-Americano, Edificio Ministerio del Trabajo, Lime, Pert. od Ges ped GAR a SDD Ghai saute thei” oh seavytl WTA & ie Sel @ ho OUOTIPAION oaiqeger aaiiniiaga © geodon ae evty of JATURIAD fa? wl eo” atprineme cohivares GOS scons omy eer8\ sean ,opek: OGIO - pateatnain cacetca: ‘eainaiian ot me tac onc oy Sosee ita oe abt plniaipr abeimepmateesenn 4 ae matte on _ ESPECIE Araucaria spp. GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Templado Pinyvial-’ PAIS Ecuador PLANTACION 230 CRECIMENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. ee eh. 16 400 di: SITIO LAT DOC LONG. 79°O ELEV. 1000 PRECIPITACION 2200 MESES DE SEQUIA Oct.-Nov. TEMPERATURA PROMEDZO 19° HELADAS ninguna SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO erenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 4 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 2 + REACCION 5.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco arectado TOPOGRAFIA 5% inclinacién ASPECTO WN CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIAMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido SIEMBRA PREPARACION corte del bosque FECHA 1945 ? ESPACIAMIENTO 5 x 5 AREA 1.5 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda CUIDO 2 limpiezas REPRODUCCION ausente LUGAR Hacienda La Pavorita, 58 kn al O de Quito, 2 km al N de Chiriboga, Prov. Pichincha COMENTARIOS pastoreo de ganado vacuno ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Mario Caérdenas, Dept. Forestal, Min. Fomento, Quito, Ecuador ll -2 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Piuviah- PAIS Ecuador PLANTACION 231 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 25 7% 28 15 2174 SITTO LATSor LONG. 79°0 ELEV. 1000 PRECIPITACION 2200 MESES DE SEQUIA Oct.-Nov. TEMPERATURA PRCMEDIO 19° HELADAS ninguna SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 4 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ . EREACCION “585 DRENAJE impedido ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido SIEMBRA PREPARACION corte de bosque FECHA 1935 ? ESPACIAMIENTO 2x e AREA 1.0 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 25 afios REPRODUCCION flores y semillas escasas LUGAR Hacienda La Favorita, 58 km al O de Quito, 2 km al N de Chiriboga, Prov. Pichincha COMENTARIOS necesita aclareo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Mario Cérdenas, Dept. For., Min. Fomento, Quito, Ecuador 13-1 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitenica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Himedo . PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 232 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD: DAP cm ;: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 31 24 14 sf 1156 32 SITIO 7 LAT. 19°N LONG. .99°0 ELEV. : 2800 PRECIPITACION 1280 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Junio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 12° HELADAS Diciembre-Febrero ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO. residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO’ franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 : DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUBIO- moderacamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA inclinacién baja _. ASPECTO 0O CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos STEMBRA f ; FECHA 1929 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 Area 2 MATERIAL de vivero en potes - HERRAMIENTAS pico SUPERVIVENCIA 46%.a los 31 afios CUIDO ninguno REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR La Venta COMENTARIOS ramoso ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Jesus Olvera Sanchez,Avenida Allende 122, Vera Cruz, Mex. 13-2 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Guatemala PLANTACION 233 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 20 26 16 896 33 SITIO LAT OOS. 30°N LONG. .90°20'0O ELEV. 1700 PRECIPITACION 1016 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 1° HELADAS Dic., cada 2 0 3 ailos ROCA MADRE arena volcdénica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco ercilloso PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco cascajoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA accidentada, 5-20% inclinacién ASPECTO cima de loma CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION cultivado FECHA 1940 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 4 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 25 cm HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA (81% a los 20 afios) CUIDO 2 limpiezas anuales por 6 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR El Pino, Parcela 9, T. Castro, 25 km al NE de Ciudad Guatemala ORIGEN DE INFORMACION José Gallegos, Director, Escuela de Capacita- cién Forestal, Amatitldn, Guatemala mB - 3 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Guatemala PLANTACION 234 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 13 18 uy (1111) 32 18 19 Ly 500 18 RENDIMIZNTO postes a los 18 afios SITIO LAT. 14° 30'N LING. g0°20'0O ELEV. 1700 PRECIPITACION 2.016 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Abril TEMPERATURA PRUMEDZIO 13° HELADAS Dic., cada 2-3 aos ROCA MADRE arera volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO frenco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 4 em TEXTURA DEL SUBFUZLO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO See Temeaee degradado TOPOGRAFIA 5% inclinacidén ASPECTO WN ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION cultivado FECHA 19h2 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 MATERTAL de vivero en potes, 25 cm SUPERVIVENCIA 99% a los 18 afios CUIDO aclareo a los 16 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR El Pino, Parcela #1, 25 km al NE de Ciudad Guatemala COMENTARIOS La medicidn de la vegetacidén secundaria se hizo despues del aclareo ORIGEN José Gallegos, Director, Escuela de Capacitacidén Forestal, Anatitlén, Guatemala 13 - 4 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO ‘Templado Hiimedo PAIS Guatemala PLANTACION 235 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTARHA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 18 7 116 8h0 oh. RENDIMIENTO postes a los 16 afios SITIO LAT. Lh° 30'N LONG. 90°20°0 ELEV. 1700 PRECIPITACION 1016 MESES DE SEQUIA Dieienbre-Abril | TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 14° HELADAS Diciembre, cada 2-3 afios ROCA MADRE arena volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO. franco WORE cee PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco erenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.5 DREWAJE Libre ESTADO DEL SUELO 5% inclinacién | ASPECTO WN ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACZION cultivado FECHA. 19he ESPACIAMIENTO 2.8 x 2.7 MATERIAL de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA 98% e@ los 16 afios CUIDO aclareo a nee 16 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, semillones escasos LUGAR El Pino, Parceia #4, 25 kn al NO de Ciudad Guatemala ORIGEN DE INFORMACION José Gnidlevers Director, Escuela de Capaci- tacién Forestal, Amatitlén, Guatemala 15: = 3 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htimedo PAIS’. Colombia _ PLANTACION 236 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; /LTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 20 18 -AL5 6033 104 SITIO LAT. 6°N LONG. 76°0O oI ELEV. 2550 PRECIPITACION 1300 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Feb., Junio-Agto. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° _ HELADAS ocasioneles RCCA MADRE granito — SUELO- residual TEXTURA- DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 5 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUZLO txrcilloso pesado . . PROFUNDIDAD 2. REACCION 6.0 DiiNAJE libre ESTADO. DEL SUELO severainente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 40% inclinecién CONDICION ANTES DE. Lf. SIEMBRA bosque secundario STEMBRA - PREPARACION corte de maleza FECHA 1939 SPACTAMIENTO. 1.2 x 1.2 AREA 0.2 MATERIAL dé vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS pico CUIDO 1 poda REPRODUCCION semillas «bundantes ‘LUGAR Gran Via, Parcela 31, Hoya Hidrogrdéfica de Piedras Blancas, Municipio de Medellin ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Garcia Diaz, Min. de Agric. Sec. de Bosques, Bogoté, Colombia 13 - 6 ESPECIE Acacia mollissima albata GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 210 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 8 6 15 (1750) 32 516 SITIO LAT, (253 LONG. 7°0 ELEV. 3050. PRECIPITACION 1580 MESES DE SEQUIA Junio - Sept. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS Dic.-Febrero ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 60 ecm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 20% inclinacién ASPECTO NE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacion en Chile SIEMBRA FECHA 1951 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 2 AREA 1 MATERIAL de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA 70% a los 8 afios REPRODUCCION renuevos de raices abundantes LUGAR Lago Neusa, 103 km al N de Bogota COMENTARIOS se han hecho ensayos de las mejores especies en este sitio ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Garcfa Diaz, Sec. de Bosques, Ministerio de Agricultura, Bogoté, Col. 3 - 1 ESPECIE Araucaria angustifolia GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htimedo PAIS Argentina '. PLANTACION 112 CRECIMIENTO “DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR EECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA in NUM. ARBOLES : ARHA BASIMETRICA; VOL. 25 34 20 350 32 hhh SITIO . : £ LAT." 26° 30'S LONG. . 54° 40'0 ELEV. . 150-350 PRECIPITACION 1730 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 20° HELADAS 5 por afio ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residual ' TEXTURA DEL SUELO frenco areilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO pedregoso REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado. TOPOGRAFIA O - 20% inelinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Misiones, Arg.; 25-30°S, 50-55°0; 500-1200 m; 1500-2000 ma SIEMBRA ic PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1934 ESPACIAMIENTO 0.4 x 3 AREA 5000 MATERIAL semillas y arbolitos silvestres CUIDO 20 3 limpiezas vor 3 afios; aclareos a los 7 afios y despues & intervalos de 2-3 ahos; poda antes del primer aclareo REPRODUCCION semillas y arbolillos escasos LUGAR Puerto Piray, Misiones, Argentina COMENTARIOS El pino.Parand crece satisfactoriamente en la Provincia de Misiones solamente en zonas de lluvias univormes y en suelos rojos profundos. Durante un ciclo de explotacién de 25 afos, se calcula un rendimiento de 18 a 20 m3/HA por afio de madera de pasta. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Lamberto Golfari, Celulosa Argentine, S.A., Casilla Correo 3499, Buenos Aires, Argentina 13 - 8 ESPECIE Araucaria angustifolia GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Argentina PLANTACION 111 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 1) el 16 600 ey 260 SITIO EAT. «\26530" s LONG. 5h°40'O ELEV. 150-350 -PRECIPITACION 1730 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 20° HELADAS 5 por afio ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO pedregoso REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 0-20% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS bosque natural STEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA 1945 ESPACIAMIENTO O.4 x 3 AREA 5000 MATERIAL semillas y arbolitos silvestres CUIDO 2-3 limpiezas con azada por 3 afios; ningun aclareo REPRODUCCION semillas y arbolillos escasos LUGAR Puerto Piray, Misiones, Argentina COMENTARIOS El pino Parand crece satisfactoriamente en la Provincia de Misiones solamente en zonas de lluvias distribufdas unifor- memente y en suelos rojos profundos. Durante un ciclo de ex- plotacién de 25 afios se calcula un rendimiento de 18 a 20 m3/HA por afio de madera de pasta. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Lamberto Golfari, Celulosa Argentina, S.A. Casilla Correo 3499, Buenos Aires, Argentina 3-9 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Himedo -PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 214 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em : SLTUPA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 7 15 10 (1634) 25 366 STTIO $y astey ; 7 LAT. 5 N LONG. 7H 0 ELEV. 3050 PRECIPTTACION 1580 MESES DE SEQUIA Junio-Sept. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS Dic. - Febrero ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO residual | TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 60 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado y pedregoso. PROFUNDIDAD 2 REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre “ESTADO DEL SUELO poco arectado | TOPOGRAFIA 20% inclinecién ASPECTO WE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacion local SIEMBRA FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO 3x2 AREA 3 MATERIAL de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA 98% a los 7 afios CUIDO poda a los 7 aos REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Lago Neusa, 103 Im al N de Bogotdé COMENTARIOS muy ramoso, crece mejor en lomas empinadas (60%+) ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Garcia Diaz, Sec. de Bosaues, Min. de Agricultura, Bogota, Col. 13 - 10 ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 215 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. Lo 5h Tal 38 RENDIMIENTO postes a los 25 afios; varas y trozas para aserrar a los 40 afios ; SITIO LAT. 5°N LONG. 74°0 ELEV. 3000 PRECIPITACION 1200 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 14° HELADAS Diciembre-Enero ROCA MADRE arenisca y pizarra SUELO Sane TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco ercilioso = +PROFUNDIDAD 1 TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso avcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2 REACCION 5.0 DRLWACE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 40% inclinacidén ASPECTO 0 CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén local SIEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza de calles FECHA 1919 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 30 MATERIAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 25 aiios CUIDO limpiezas en afios alternados por 6 afios; poda a los 3 afios; aclareo a los 25 afios REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR Monte Cipa, Hacienda Pedregal en Zipaguira COMENTARIOS Plantacidén excelente, 50% del rodal original ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Garcfa Diaz, Min. de Agricultura, Sec. de Bosques, Bogotaé, Colombia OS = aL. ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tempiado Htimedo PATS Colombia PLANTACION 216 CRECIMIENTO ; DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD ;: DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA. VOL. T 14 18 (2000) 29 588 SITIO LATO?C5’N LONG. 74°o ELEV. 3050 PRECIPITAGION 1580 MESES DE SEQUIA Junio-Sept. _ TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS Dic. -iebrero ROCA MADRE arenisa SUBLO. residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO CATAT SITIO cf LAT. 19°N LONG. 99°O ELEV. 2250 PRECIPITACION 1158 MESES DE SEQUIA = Oct.-Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° -HELADAS Dic. -Febrero ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO. residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO frenco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO- franco -arcilloso ‘PROFUNDIDAD 20 REACCION ~7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO -severamente degradado. TOPCGRAFIA inclinecidn tajga ASPECTO 0 CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA PASTOS ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacién, origen desconocido STEMBRA PREPARACION ninguna FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 6 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 80 cm HERRAMIENTAS pico SUPERVIVENCIA 680% a los 8 afios CULDO ' Limpieza 2 afios; poda hasta 8 m a los.:3 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, semillones ausentes LUGAR Parque Los Remedios ORIGEN DE INFORMACTON Ignacio Narvéez Galdeano, Lota y Peta Pobre, Direccidédn de Recursos Forestales y os eee; | Aquiles Serdén 28, México 3 = 20 ESPECIE Eucalyptus saligna GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Argentina PLANTACION 114 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 8 19 16 1100 30 eke 11 29 25 320 20 252 SITIO LAT. 26°30'S LONG. 54°ho'o. ELEV. 150-350 PRECIPITACION 1730 MSSES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 20° HELADAS 3/afio ROCA MADRE volednica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 50-150 cm TEXTURA DEL SUELO pedregoso REACCION 4.3 - 5.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA O - 20 inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacién -22° 30'S, 47°30'0; 800 m; Rio Claro, brazil SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba y quema FECHA (1948 & 1951) ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2&2x2.5 AREA 1000 MATERIAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 90% CUIDO 2 limpiezas el primer aio; aclareo al rodal de 11 anos a los 7 afios; rodal de 8 afios sin aclarar REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Puerto Pirey, Misiones, Argentina COMENTARIOS Esta especie corrientemente se corta para pasta a los 60 7 aflos, y en svelos buenos produce mas de 25 13/HA/afio. E. granais y E. alba se siembren por lo regular con esta especie. ORIGEN DE INF OKMACICN Lamberto Golfari, Celulosa Argentina, S.A., Casilla Correo 3499, Buenos Aires, Argentina 13 - 21 ESPECIE Eucalyptus viminalis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htimedo PAIS _ Colombia PLANTACION 241 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODCMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 16 20 19 1000 ! 30 SITIO | LAT. 6°N LONG. 76°0 ELEV. 2550 PRECIPITACION 1800 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Feb., Og Junio-Agosto TEMPERATURA: PROMEDIO 15° HELADAS anualmente no ROCA MADRE granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso . PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 2 REACCION 6.0 > DRENAJE Libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente degradado CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario STEMBRA PREPARACION corte de maleza FECHA 1944 ESPACTAMIENTO =3>a 3 “SAREA 0.2 - MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda . HERRAMIENTAS pico REPRODUCCION semilias abundantes LUGAR Gran Via, Hoya Hidrograéfica de Piedras Blancas, nofiMeneieie ae Medellin’ COMENTARIOS Gomosis severa en la corteza, las grietas que se estan formando pueden ser la causa del fracaso de la plantacion. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Garcia Diaz, Min. de Agric., Sec. de Bosques, Bogotaé, Colombia 3 =- 22 ESPECIE Khaya senegalensis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Humedo PAIS Cuba PLANTACION 22 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm ;: ALTURA m i2 LO 18 13 10 19 SITIO . LAT. 22°N LONG. 80°0O ELEV. 635 PRECIPITACION 1600 MESES DE SEQUIA 6 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 19° SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco _DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 10% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario SITEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza FECHA 1940 ESPACIAMIBNTO 3 x 3 AREA 12 4rboles MATERIAL de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA 100% CUIDO no se han hecho ni aclareos ni podas LUGAR Topes de Collantes, unos cuantos km al N de Trinidad COMENTARIOS Especie prometedora. Estuvo bajo observacidn hasta el 1955. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Gerardo Budowski, Depto. Recursos Renovables, IICA, Turrialba, Costa Rica 13 - 23 ESPECIE Pinus ayacahuite GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Himedo > PATS \Méxiéo PLANTACION 2h) CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES - & CODCMIIANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTARBA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA DASTMETRICA: VOL. 12 16 8 1156 18 SITIO LAT. 19°N LONG. 99°0 ELEV. 2540 PRECIPITACION 1280 MESES DE SEQUIA Nov. -Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS Oct.-Febrero ROCA MADRE voleénica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco PROFUNDIDAD 15 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO ranco PROFUNDIDAD 1+ DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA valle ASPECTO NO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado 10 afios ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS bosque natural, San Andrés STEMBRA FECHA 19h8 ESPACIAMTENTO 2@x2 AREA 2 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 30 cm HERRAMENTAS azada . SUPERVIVENCIA (46% a los 12 afios) CUIDO poda hasta 2m alos 10 aflos REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR San Rafael COMENTARIOS leas forma ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Guillermo Aguilar Enriquez, Director de la Unidad Forestal, San Rafael, México 13 - 2h ESPECIE Pinus caribaea GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Hiimedo PAIS Cuba PLANTACION 248 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 1) 20 15 1600 61 15 77 16 4.90 30 RENDIMIENTO postes a los 15 ajiios SITIO LAT. 22°N LONG. 80°0O ELEV. 670 PRECIPITACION 1600 MESES DE SEQUIA 9 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 19° SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO laterita franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 4.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadcamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 20-40% inclinecién CONDITION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén en Pinar del Rfo; 22°10'N, 83°50'O; 150 m; 1800 mm SIEMBRA FECHA 19h0 ESPACTAMIENTO @ x 3 AREA 10 MATERTAL de vivero en votes CUIDO aclareo desde abajo a los 15 afios LUGAR Topes de Collantes, al N de Trinidad en el Hospital Antituberculoso COMENTARIOS Crecimiento muy lento y hubo considerable mortandad antes del aclareo a los 15 afios; especie de crecimiento rdépido durante los primeros afios; el drea basimétrica debe mantenerse de 30 a 35 me/HA. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Gerardo Budowski, Depto. Recursos Renovables, IICa, Turrialba, Costa Rica 13 - 25 ESPECIE Pinus montezuma GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Himedo “PAIS México PLANTACION 245 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES ~ DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 29 39 30 he 39 SITIO LAT... 19°HN LONG. 99°0 ELEV. 2800 PRECIPITACION 1230 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Junio TEMPERATURA 12° HELAD‘S Diciembre-Febrero ROCA MADRE volcdénica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO mcederadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA inclinacién protegida ASPECTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION ninguna FECHA 1931 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 3 AREA »5 MATERTAL de vivero en potes, 50 cm HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA (26% a los 29 afios) CUIDO ninguno REPRODUCCION semillas escasas, semillones ausentes LUGAR La Venta COMENTARIOS muy remoso, plantacién mezclada con P. patula ORIGEI DE INFORMACION Luis Sangri Namur, Unidad Industrial de Explotacidén Forestal, "Loreto y Pefia Pobre", Av. de los Insurgentes Sur No. 3496, Tlalpan, D. F. 13 - 26 ESPECIE Pinus montezuma GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Hitmedo PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 26 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 9 14 6 2016 18 SITIO LAT. 19°N LONG. 99°0O ELEV. 2470 PRECIPITACION 1180 MESES DE SEQUIA Nov. -Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS Octubre-Febrero ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 2 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA inclinacidén baja ASPECTO <:S CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION ninguna FECHA 1951 ESPACIAMIENTO @ x2 AREA 10+ MATERTAL de vivero en potes, 30 cm HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA (81% a los 9 afios) CUIDO Poda hasta 2 ma los 7 afos REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR San Rafael ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Guillermo Aguilar Enriquez, Director de la Unidad Forestal, San Rafael, Mexico ESPECIE Pinus patula GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tempiado Himedo CUIDO ninguno REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, semillones ausentes LUGAR La Venta COMENTARIOS plantacién mezclada con Pe montezume ' - -ORIGEN DE-TNFORMACION .Luis Sangri,Namur, Unided Industrial de Explotacién Forestal, "Loreto y Pefia Pobre", Av: de los Insurgentes Sur Io, 3106, Tiginan,. Dy» i. 13 - 27 ~Mexieo PLANTACION 2h7 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES. & CODOMINANTES _ ... DENSIDAD POR H2acTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m _ NUM. ARBOLES: ARFA BASIMETRICA: VCL. 29 34 -4g26 ge 010. -- 39 LAT. .19°N LONG.. 99°O.. - ELEV. 2800 _ PRECIPITACION 1280 MESES DE SEQUIA _ Dic. -Junio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 12°... HELADAS Dic.-Febrero ROCA MADRE _volcénica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO . franco arcilloso. PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA. DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD ) a REACCION 6.0-_ DiaEWAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO . mocerademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA --inclinacidn protegida , ASPECTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA . pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA PREPARACION ninguna. FECHA 1931 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x3 AREA 2 MATERTAL de vivero en potes ’ 50 cm HERRAMIENTAS. -azada SUPERVIVENCIA. (ug a los 29 afios) 13 - 28 ESPECIE Pinus patula GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 2h9 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. be 14 12 2250 22 SITIO LAT. 19°N LONG. 99°90 ELEV. 2500 PRECIPITACION 1180 MESES DE SEQUIA Noviembre-Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 3? HELADAS Octubre-Febrero ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso fino PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso arcilloso fino PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO no esta degradado TOPOGRAFIA inclinacidén baja ASPECTO SO CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque cortado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION ninguna FECHA 1949 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 10+ MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 30 cm HERRAMIENTAS azada .° #§ SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 11 afios CUIDO poda hasta 3m alos 7 anos REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, semillones ausentes LUGAR San Rafael COMENTARIOS Buena forma ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Guillermo Aguilar Enriquez, Director de la Unidad Forestal, San Rafael, Mexico 13 - 29 ESPECIE Pinus patula GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 250 CRECIMIENTO DOM:iNANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA mn NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 27 33 20 316 18 SITIO BAT AON LONG. ©99°0O ELEV. 2300 PRECIPITACION 1160 MESES DE SEQUIA Oct. -Mayo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cn TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 15 REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadenente degradado TOPOGRAFIA inclinecién baja ASPECTO 0 CONDICION ANTES Dz LA SITEMBRA postos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS La Venta SIEMBRA PREPARACION ninguna FECHA 1933 ESPACTAMIENTO x 4 ARFA 1 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 80 cm HERRAMIENTAS pico SUPERVIVENCIA (51% a los 27 afios) CUIDO limpieza 2 afios REPRODUCCION semillas escasas; semillones ausentes LUGAR Barranea Tecamachalco COMENTARIOS La forma es buena; ramoso ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Ignacio Narvdez Galdeano, Lota y Pefia Pobre, Direccién de Recursos Forestales y de Caza, Aquiles Serdén 23, México 13 - 30 ESPECIE Pinus pinaster GRUPO ECOLCGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 225 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. if 12 10 22 230 SITIO LAT... 5°N LOG. THO ELEV. 3050 PRECIPITACION 1580 MESES DE SEQUIA Junio-Septiembre TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS Diciembre-Febrero ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado y pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 2 REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco avectedo TOPOGRAFIA 15% inclinacién ASPECTO NE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidn en Espafia STEMBRA FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 1 MATERIAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS pico y pala SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 7 afios CUIDO poda a los 4 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Lago Neusa, 103 km al N de Bogotd COMENTARIOS No se da tan bueno como el P. patula en este lugar, pero esta desarrollandose bien en las inclinaciones. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Garcia Diaz, Min. de Agricultura, Sec. de Bosques, Bogota, Colombia ~ 33 = 32 ESPECIE Pinus pseudostrobus- GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo / “PATS Guatenela . .’> PLANTACION 251 CRECIMIENTO ; - DOMINANTES &- CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em :-ALTURA 2 NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 62 55 _ 30 174 , 22 RENDIMIENTO 24 m3 a los 52 efios SITIO EAT. 1° Yo'n- LONG. 90°30'70 © ELEY. —-1500 “PRECIPITACION 1250 - MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Abril > TEMPERATURA. PROMEDIO.. 18° HELADAS =Dic.-Enero ROCA MADRE volcénica — . SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco PROFUNDIDAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL-SUBSUSLO - compacto ». “PROFUNDIDAD 75 REACCION. 6.2 -. DRENAJE. libre ESTADO DEL SUELO’ poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 5 = 12% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS 14°36'N, 90°49'0; 1567 m; 1260 mm _ SIEMBRA - PREPARACION ningona FECHA — (1898) AREA 12 MATERIAL arbolitos silvestres CUIDO aciareo REPRODUCCION-* semillas abundantes © LUGAR La Giralda ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Rodas Z., Jefe de Estudios Forestales, Ministerio de Agricultura, Guatemala i = 32 ESPECIE Pinus pseudostrobus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Himedo PAIS Guatemala PLANTACION 252 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ;: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 19 29 540 35 el 36 32 540 37 SITIO ‘ LAT. 14°30'N LONG. 90°20'0O ELEV. 5500. PRECIPITACION 1016 . TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS Diciembre, cada 2 6 3 afios ‘ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco cascajoso PROFUNDIDAD 1. REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severamente desradado TOPOGRAFIA 40% inclinacién ASPECTO E CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION cultivado FECHA 1931 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 MATERIAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 50% a los 20 afios CUIDO 2 limpiezas en 6 afvios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes, semillones escasos LUGAR Parcela 6, El Pino, 25 km al NE de Guatemala ORIGEN DE INFORMACION José Gallegos, Director, Escuela de Capacitacién Forestal, Amatitlén, Guatemala a3 = 35 ESPECIE Pinus radiata GRUPO ECOLCGICO Templado Hiimedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 67 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINAINTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES : AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 3 22 LS 1400 59 492 SITIO | LAT. h° 36'N LONG. Tue :@) ELEV. 2750 PRECIPITACION 1001 MESES DE SEQUIA Snero-Merzo, Julio-Sept. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 14° HELADAS 2 meses ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO frenco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA DEL SUSSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 5.1 DRENAJE - libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 30-50% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacién del Ecuador STEMBRA FECHA 1946 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x2 AREA 4 MATERIAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS zapspico SUPERVIVENCIA {(56%-a los 13 afios) CUIDO poda de algunos darboles REPRODUCCION. flores escasas -LUGAR Mediatorta, 1 kn de Bogot4, Colombia ORIGEN DE INFORMACION ‘1mo Montenegro, Seccidn de Bosques, Min. de Agricultura, Apartado Aéreo 11768, Bogotd, Colombia . ' £3 = 3h ESPECIE Pinus radiata GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Himedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 226 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES TENSIDAD FOR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 5 10 4 16 O7 SITIO LAT.° 5°N LONG. 7°0 ELEV. 3050 PRECIPITACION 1580 VESES DE SEQUIA Junio-Septiembre TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELALAS Diciembre-Febrero ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 2 REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 5% inclinacién ASPECTO NE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA ~~. :pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS California STEMBRA FECHA 195) ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 1 MATERIAL de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 5 afios CUIDO poda a los 5 afios REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Lago Neusa, 103 km al IJ de Bogota COMENTARIOS Pinus radiata, muerte recesiva del renuevo principal, formacién de escobas de bruja, crecimiento en altura es pobre, aparentemente no se adapta a este sitio. P. patula de Mexico, aérboles esparcidos han desarrollado bien en inclinaciones, . 18 em 8 a 9 afios. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Garcia Diaz, Min. de Agric., Sec. Bosques, Bogotaé, Colombia 13 - 35 ESPECIE Pinus radiata GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Chile PLANTACION 115 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINAINTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALYURAm © NUM,ARBOLES:AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 16 20 26 1243 39 150 RENDIMIENTO 720 m3 a los 30 afios, calculado SITIO LAT. 37°S LONG. 73°0 ELEV. 170 PRECIPITACION 1400 MESES DE SEQUIA Nov. -Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS Junio-Oct. ROCA MADRE granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso. | PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso rojo PROFUNDIDAD 1 REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre | TOPOGRAFIA 15 - 25% inclinacién CONDICION AITTES DE LA SIEMBRA corta total del bosque ORIGEN DE. SEMILLAS plantacién local STEMBRA an pd tae FECHA 1939 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.5 x 1.5 AREA 71 MATERIAL reproduccidn natural SUPERVIVENCIA 100% a los 8 awos CUIDO limpieza hasta 1.5 x 1.5 a los 2 afios; aclareos cada 4+ afios despues de los 10 afios; poda a los 6 y 12 afios REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR Rodal Al, Fundo Los Rios, Curanilahue, 120 km al S de Concepcién COMENTARIOS El Sitio #7 Sociedad "Colcura" tiene 14,000 HA de plantaciones de Pinus radiata ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Troels Bey - Schmith, Casilla 22, Lota Alto, Chile, Socieded Agricola y Forestal, "Colcura" S.A. 13 - 36 ESPECIE Pinus radiata GRUPO ECOLCGICO Templado Htimedo PAIS Chile PLANTACION 116 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR H&ECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 12 15 15 2260 k5 320 19 21 22 1306 4 480 RENDIMIENTO 245 m3 de madera de pasta & 35 m3 de trozas para aserrar de los entresaques a los 12 y 24 afios SITIO LAT. 37°S LONG. 73°0 ELEV. 25 PRECIPITACION 1280 MESES DE SEQUIA Noviembre-marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 14° HELADAS Junio-Octubre ROCA MADRE. granito SUELO playa TEXTURA DEL SUELO arena fina PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arena fina PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA ligeramente ondulado CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA dunas con hierbas ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén local SIEMBRA PREPARACION desconocida FECHA 1935 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.5 x1.5 AREA 110 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda, 20 em HERRAMIENTAS barra SUPERVIVENCIA 51% alos 12 afios CUIDO aclareos cada 4-5 afios despues de los 10 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Playa Laraguate, 60 km al S de Concepcién COMENTARIOS A esta plantacién se le hard el Ultimo aclareo este afio, 1959, dejando 600 dérboles/HA. Sitio #3. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Troels Bay-Schmith, Sociedad "Colcura", Casilla 22, Lota Alto, Chile ES = 31 ESPECIE Pinus radiata GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Himedo PAIS '' Chile PLANTACION 117 CRECIMIENTO : DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm :. ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. L7 45 39 4e0 67 1037 RENDIMIENTO 17 m3 de madera de slap ape & 890 m3 de trozas para aserrar a los 52 aflos SITIO LAT. §37°S LONG. © 73°.0 ELEV. 150 PRECIPITACION 1230 MESES DE SEQUIA Nov. -Marzo TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 14° HELADAS . Junio-Oct.. ROCA MADRE > granito SUELO residual — TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso § — PROFUNDIDAD 20 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso rojo -¢ PROFUNDIDAD 90 -REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA jinclinaciones hasta 30% I ' WADIA CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Monterey, ee ~ STEMBRA REPARACION desconocida — FECHA 1907 AREA 16 MATERIAL de vivero e rafz desnuda CUIDO limpieza a los 2 afios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes - -LUGAR Rodal D-2, Tundo Tren-Tren, 40 km al S de Concepcidn,Chile ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Troels Bay - Sehmith, Sociedad "Colcura”, Casilia 22, Lota Alto, Chile 13 - 38 ESPECIE Pinus radiata GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Chile PLANTACION 118 CRECIMEENTO ie DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 19 25 22 786 38 376 RENDIMIENTO 190 m3 de madera de pasta y 550 m3 de trozas para aserrar durante un turno de 30 aijios, estimado SITIO LAT... 37°S LONG. 73°0 ELEV. 30 PRECIPITACION 1280 MESES DE SEQUIA Noviembre-Marzo ‘TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 14° HELADAS Junio-Agosto ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO playa TEXTURA DEL SUELO arena gruesa PROFUNDIDAD 10 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO erena cruesa PROFUNDIDAD 2 REACCION 6.5 DRENAJE libre TOPCGRAFIA liana ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacion local SIEMBRA FECHA 1935 ESPACTAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 100 MATERIAL de vivero a raifz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 70% a los 10 afios CUIDO 4 aclareos; 2 podas hasta 6 m REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Plantacién Buen Retiro en Casilla a 30 km de Concepcidn COMENTARIOS El sitio es el mds pobre de la zona lo que se refleja en la altura de los 4rboles. Clasificado como el Sitio #4. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Troels Bay - Schmith, Sociedad "Colcura", Casilla 22, Lota Alto, Chile £3) 39 ESPECIE Pinus radiata GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Hiimedo PAIS Chile i | . PLANTACION ‘hg CRECIMIENTO | DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 L5 19 * 2000 28 120 20 eu. 24. 1600 mat: 51 350 RENDIMIENTO. 90 m3 de madera para »esta a los 10 afios; 100 m3 de madera para pasta a los 20 afios SITIO. LATS, 3 3377:30'S LONG. 73°0 ELEV. 160 PRECIPITACION. 1330 MESES DE SEQUIA 4 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO. 13° ROCA MADRE voleénica SUELO aluvial __» TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre _ TOPOGRAFIA illana — CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacién en Monte eee 37°S, 73°03 1h0 m3 1330 mm STEMBRA } | PREPARACION se niveld el terreno FECHA (1939) ESPACIAMIENTO 2x 2 AREA 20,000 MATERBAL de vivero a raiz desnuda, 22 em -HERRAMIENTAS pala... SUPERVIVENCIA. 85% a los 3. afios CUIDO aclareo a los 8, 12, 16, 20 afios | REPRODUCCION ninguna . | LUGAR. Pinos de Cholgudn 550. ic, al S de Santiago, 120 km al O de Concepcidén, Chile COMENTARIOS 20,000 HA de plantaciones de 1 a 36 afios de edad ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Eduerdo Zafiartu B., Casilla 13232, Santiago, Cuaile 13 - ho ESPECIE Pinus taeda GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 253 CRECIMIENTO. DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 15 22 14 630 19 SITIO LAT. 6°N LONG. 76°0 ELEV. 2550 PRECIPITACION 1800 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Feb., Jun.-Agto. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° HELADAS no todos los afios ROCA MADRE granito SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso - PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado - PROFUNDIDAD 2 REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO severanente degradado TOPOGRAFIA plana STEMBRA PREPARACION corte de maleza FECHA 1945 ESPACITAMIENTO 1.7 x 1.7 AREA 0.2 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS pico CUIDO ninguno REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR La Escuela #66, Hoya Hidrogréfica de Piedras Blancas, Municipio de Medellin ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Garcia Diaz, Min. de Agric., Sec. de Bosques, Bogotaé, Colombia 13 - 41 ESPECIE Schinopsis balansae GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Htmedo PAIS’ Argentina PLANTACION 120 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD ; DAP’cm : ALTURAm . air + ARBOLES; AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 1G 6 r). 2 000 SITIO LAT. 27°17'S LONG. 59°2h'0 , ELEV. 52 PRECIPITACTON 1126 MESES DE SEQUIA Julio-Agosto “TEMPERATURA 21° EELADAS mes ROCA MADRE © (caliza) SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO ax¥illoso PROFUNDIDAD 20 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO erei}loso . ., PROFUNDIDAD @+ | REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO — atectado TOPOGRAFIA liana | CONDICION ANTES DE LA STEMBRA bosque explotado selectivamente ORIGEN.BE.SEMILLAS local SIEMBRA PREPARACION qvema y arado FECHA 1951 ESPACLAMIENTO. dic 2 AREA 8. MATERIAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA (80% a los 8 afios) CUIDO limpieza anual durante 5 afios; poda a los 8 y 10 aiios REPRODUCCION ninguna - wi SE dé Resistencia, 65 Km xa s a6 Grel,Obligado,12 kn Nombre - Reforestacidn Gr Obligado, Provincia is ineco COMENTARIOS El diémetro se -midié en le base de los érboles LUGAR ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Aja Valantini, a través de Elias Debas, Adin. Nacional de Bosques, Min. de Agricultura y Ganaderfa, Buenos Aires, Argentina 13 - 4e ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Himedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 254 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 7 15 10 (1637) 25 366 SITIO LAT. “5° N LONG. 7°O ELEV. 3050 PRECIPITACION 1580 MESES DE SEQUIA Junio-Septiembre TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS Diciembre-Febrero ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO residual FEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 60 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso pesado PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 6.0 RENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco avectado TOPOGRAFIA 20% inclinacidcn ASPECTO NE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén en Bogota SIEMBRA FECHA 1952 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 3 AREA 3 MATERIAL de vivero en potes EERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA 98% a los 7 afios CUIDO poda a los 7 anos REPRODUCCION semiitas abundantes LUGAR Lago Neusa, 103 km al N de Bogota COMENTARIOS Duefio - Banco de Ja Reptblica. Los drboles son muy > ramosos, no se han adantsadio muy bien al sitio. En sitios inclinados 60% de los érboies tienen mejor forma, ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Julio Garcia Diaz, Min. de Agricultura, See. de Bosques, Bogota, Colombia 13. = 43 SPECIES Eucalyptus globulus ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNIRY © Chile PLANTATION - 264 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE: DBH cm : HEIGHT nm. WO.TREES: BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 9 20 29 Peay (@ 28 SITE LAT, 37°-05'S LONG. 73°10'W ELEV. 110 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1¢h0- DRY MONTHS Nov. = March AV. TEMPERATURE 13° FROST July - August PARENT ROCK shale — SOIL vresidual TOPSOIL TEXTURE none — SUBSOLL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 mt » REACTION 5.0: - DRAINAGE. free SOIL STATE severely degraded - TOPOGRAPHY 20% slope -. ASPECT W CONDITION AT PLANTING secondary forest SEED ORIGIN Plantation nearby PLANTING PREPARATION cleared DATE 1952 SPACING 2x2 AREA ho STOCK bareroot TOOLS spade CARE Wo thinning or pruning REPRODUCTION, None, seeds produced - LOCATION Stand 3, Fundo Roble Huacho, 1 km SE of Lota, Concepcidén COMMENTS Excellent Form SOURCE Hector Lisboa, Sociedad Agricola y Forestal Colcura, Lota, Chile 13 - 4h SPECIES Eucalyptus globulus ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 265 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm ; HEIGHT m NO. TREES: .BASAL AREA : VOLUME 20 34 43 21.30 38 SITE LAT; 37°05'S LONG. 73°10'W ELEV. 100 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1240 DRY MONTHS Nov. - March AV. TEMPERATURE 13 FROST July - August PARENT ROCK shale SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 15 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH lm. + REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE ‘free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 50% slope ASPECT WN CONDITION AT FLANTING secondary forest SEED ORIGIN plantation nearby PLANTING DATE 1941 SPACING 2x2 AREA 48.8 STOCK bareroot TOOLS planting bar SURVIVAL 92% at 20 years REPRODUCTION None, seeds produced LOCATION Lot A2, Villagrdén, 5 km S. of Lota, Concepcidén COMMENTS Mature for mine timbers, form excellent SOURCE Hector Lisboa, Sociedad Agricola y Forestal Colcura, Lota, Chile 13 - 45 SPECIES Eucalyptus globulus ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate moist -~€QUNTRY Chile -PLANTATION 266 GROWIH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS --. STAND PER HECTARE AGE ; DBO em : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : YOLUME 47 48 37 260 Lh SITE LAT. ..37°05'S LONG. -73°10'W ELEV. 250 . ANNUAL RAINFALL. 1240 . DRY MONTHS November-March AV. TEMPERATURE. 13 FROST July-August PARENT ROCK Schist SOIL- residual | TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH -25-cm _€vAS2L TEXTURE cley DEPTH 15 cu Rméceson 5.0 DRAINAGE free Sori TATE Jittie disturbed TOPOGRAPHY lowe. slope,. 70% .. ASPECT SW - CONDITION AT PLA\TING secondary forest SEED ORIGIN plantation nearby PLANTING PREPARATION cleared DATE 1914 SPACING 2x@2 AREA 3 STOCK bareroot TCOLS shovel REPRODUCTION Abundant LCCATION Stand 3, Lomes del Ganado, 8 !m SE of Lota, Concepeién SOURCE Hector Lisboa, Sociedad Agricola y Forestal Colcuva, Lota, Chile 13 - 46 SPECIES Eucalyptus globulus ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 267 GROWTH . DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 16 26 33 ‘730 ES) SITE LAT. 37°05! S LONG. 73°10'W ELEV. 180 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1240 DRY MONTHS November - March AV. TEMPERATURE 13 FROST July - August PARENT ROCK Mica schist SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE None SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 50 cm REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE severely degraded TOPOGRAPHY Upper slope, 30% ASPECT If CONDITION AT PLANTING secondary forest SEED ORIGIN plantation nearby PLANTING PREPARATION cleared DATE 1929 SPACING 2x2 AREA 10 STOCK bareroot TOOLS. shovel REPRODUCTION abundant LOCATION Cerro Alto, 6 km SE of Lota, Concepceién COMMFNTS Ccppice efter cutting in 1945 SOURCE Hector Lisboa, Sociedad Agricola y Forestal, Colcura, Lota, Chile SPECIES Eucalyptus grandis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 283 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME ib 38 37 980 55 SITE LAT, 31°20' S LONG. 58°00" W ELEV. 50 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1220 DRY MONTES none AV. TEMPERATURE 19 FROST Mey - August PARENT ROCK granite . §0IL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE fine sand DEPTH 50 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH 1 m.+ REACTION. 4.5 DRAINAGE free SQIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation in Argentina PLANTING . PREPARATION plowed and disked DATE Oct., 1947 SPACING 3.x.3 AREA 0.2 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 90% at 14 years CARE Disked 3 times each of first 3 years. REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Colonia Ayuy, 25 km N of Concordia, Entre Rios COMMENTS Form excellent SOURCE Raul Rossi, San Martin 122, Concordia, Argentina 13 - 48 SPECIES Eucalyptus grandis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Humid COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 28) GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : BEIGHT m NO, TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 6 e5 a1 1050 30 SITE TAT” st 20" Ss LONG. 58°00' W ELEV. 50 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1120 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 19 FROST May - August PARENT ROCK granitic SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH 1m + SUBSOIL TEXTURE sand REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation in Argentina PLANTING PREPARATION plowed and disked DATE December 1955 SPACING 3 x 3 AREA 5 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 95% at 6 years CARE Disked 8 times per year for 2 years REPRODUCTION seeds ebundant LOCATION Yuqueri, 12 km W of Concordia, Entre Rios SOURCE Guillermo von Wernich, Concordia, Argentina 13 - 49 SPECIES Eucalyptus saligna ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Humid COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 285 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS _ STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES ;: BASAL AREA ; VOLUME WKS) ak 25 tina 1050 ee SITE LAT. 27°50'S LONG. 56°00' W ELEV. 20 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1348 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 21° - FROST June - August PARENT ROCK granite SOiL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE cley DEPTH 1 m.+ SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay REACCION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY flat ridge CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation in Argentina PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1953 SPACING 3x 3 AREA _ STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 95% at 8 years REPRODUCTION seed produced LOCATION 5 km S of San José, Corrientes SOURCE Lenberto Golfari, Celulosa Argentina S.A. Diagonal Note 933, Buenos Aires, Argentina 13 - 50 SPECIES Eucalyptus saligna ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate humid COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 286 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE ; DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES; BASAL AREA : VOLUME 23 38 43 3h5 48 SITE eT 40'S LONG. 55°40" W ELEV. 320 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1708 DRY MONIHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST May - September PARENT ROCK granitic SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 m.+ REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT W CONDITION AT PLANTING secondary forest SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION cleared DATE 1933 SPACING 2x2 AREA 1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Estacién Forestal, 8 km SW of Leandro Alem, Misiones COMMENTS Form good SOURCE Remén Narciso Gémez, Estacion Forestal, Leandro Alem, Misiones, Argentina 13. => 51 SPECIES Eucalyptus microcorys ECOLOGICAL GRCUP Temperate Humid COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 287 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DEH em : HEIGHT mn. NO. TREES: BASAL AREA :;. VOLUME 23 LO 35 560 32 SITE TAT. .27740' s LONG. 55° 40'W ‘ELEV. 320 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1708 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE . 20 FROST May - September PARENT ROCK granitic SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE. clay DEPTH im. + SUBSOIL texture clay REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY flat ridge CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING DATE 1938 SPACING 2x2 AREA 1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel REPRODUCTION seeds produced LOCATION Estacién Forestal, 8 km SW of Leandro Alem, Misiones SOURCE Ramdén Narciso Gémez, Estacidén Forestal, Leandro Alen, Misiones, Argentina 13° ~' 52 SPECIES Eucalyptus maculata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Humid COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 283 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm ; HEIGHT m NO.TREES; BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 23 41 34 280 37 SITE lat. e7ho's LONG. 55°40' W ELEV. 320 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1708 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST May - September PARENT ROCK granitic SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 m+ SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY flat ridge CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING DATE 1938 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.25 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel REPRODUCTION seed produced LOCATION Estacion Forestal, 8 km SW of Leandro Alem, Misiones COMMENTS Form excellent SOURCE Ramdén Narciso Gémez, Estacién Forestal, Leandro Alen, Misiones, Argentina 13 - 53 SPECIES Eucalyptus maculata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Humid COUNTRY © Argentina PLANTATION 289 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 5 el el 13.30 el SITE TAT. ©6730" Ss LONG. 5° hot W ELEV. 280 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1733 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST May - September PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE none SUBSOIL TEXTURE . clay DEPTH 1 m+ REACTION 6.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPCGRAPHY 5% slope ASPECT E CONDITION AT PLANTING virgin forest SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING _ PREPARATION cleared DATE 1956 SPACING. 2x2 AREA 0.1 STOCK potted TCOLS shovel SURVIVAL 45% at 5 years REPRODUCTION seeds produced LOCATION Centro Forestal, Puerto Piray, Misiones SOURCE Hugo Sartori, Celulosa Argentina, S.A. Puerto Piray, Misiones, Argentina 13 - 54 SPECIES Eucalyptus botryoides ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Humid COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 290 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE ACE : DBH cm: HEIGHT m §©§ NO.TREES: BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 5 21 25 1630 26 SITE LAT. 26°30' S LONG. 54°40" W ELEV. 280 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1733 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST May - September PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE none SUBSOIL TEXTURE cley DEPTH 1 m+ REACTION 6.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY 5% slope ASPECT NE CONDITION AT PLANTING virgin forest SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION cleared - DATE 1956 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0,1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 65% at 5 years REPRODUCTION seeds produced LOCATION Centro Forestal, Puerto Piray, Misiones SOURCS Hugo Sartoxi, Celulosa Argentina, 5.A. Puerto Piray, Misiones, Argentina 13 205) SPECIES Eucalyptus propinqua ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Humid COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 291 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO.TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 5 a eh 2000 29 SITE LAT. 26°30' S LONG. 54°h0'" W ELEV. 280 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1733 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST May - September PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE none SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1m.+ REACTION 6.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY 5% slope ASPECT NE CONDITION AT PLANTING virgin forest SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION cleared DATE 1956 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 80% at 5 years REPRODUCTION seeds produced. LOCATION Centro Forestal, Puerto Piray, Misiones SOURCE Hugo Sartori, Celulosa Argentina §.A. Puerto Piray Misiones, Argentina 13 - 56 SPECIES Eucalyptus paniculata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Humid COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 292 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE : AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 5 14 18 21:00 22 SITE LAT. 26°30' S LONG. 54°40" W ELEV. 280 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1733 DRY MONTHS. none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST May - September PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE none SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 2m. + REACTION 665 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY 5% slope ASPECT NE CONDITION AT PLANTING virgin forest SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION cleared DATE 1956 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0,1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel . SURVIVAL 95% at 5 years REPRODUCTION seeds produced LOCATION Centro Forestal, Puerto Piray, Misiones SOURCE Hugo Sartori, Celulosa Argentina, S.A. Puerto Piray, Misiones, Argentina 13 -= 57 SPECIES Eucalyptus alba ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate humid COUNTRY Argentine PLANTATION 293 GROWIH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUE p 23 27 1630 32 SITE TAT. +267%30' S LONG. . 54°40! W ELEV. 260 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1733 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST May - September PARENT ROCK baselt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE none SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay .- DEPTH 1 m.+ REACTION 6.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY 5% slope ASPECT WE CONDITION AT PLANTING virgin forest SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION cleared - DATE -1956 SPACING 2x2 AREA O.1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 65% at 5 years REPRODUCTION seeds produced LOCATION Centro Forestal, Puerto Piray, Misiones COMMENTS Good form SOURCE Hugo Sartori, Celulosa Argentina, S.A. Puerto Piray, Misiones, Argentina 13 - 58 SPECIES Eucalyptus rudis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate humid COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 29% GROWTH | DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS - STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm ;: HSIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 5 23 al MCs 1200 20 SITE LAT.- 26°30' s LONG. 5°40' W ELEV. 280 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1733 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST May - September PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE none SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay -DEPTH 12 m.+ REACTION 6.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY 5% slope ASPECT NE CONDITION AT PLANTING virgin forest SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING. PREPARATION cleared DATE 1956 SPACING 2x2 AREA O.1L STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 50% at 5 years REPRODUCTION seeds produced LOCATION Centro Forestal, Puerto Piray, Misiones COMMENTS form fair SOURCE Hugo Sartori, Celulosa Argentina, 5.A., Puerto Piray, Misiones, Argentina 23 = OF Species Eucelyptus grendis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 295 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m IO. TREES: BASAL AREA ; VOLUME he 51 Hike) 1260 99 SITE IAT. 22°20" LONG. 47°40! W ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 10 FROST June = August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSCIL TEXTUPE clay DEPTH 1 ecm SUBSOIL TEXTURE cley D=PTH -1l m+ REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT SE CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plansation SEED ORIGIN Australia PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.1 STCCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 494 at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 60 SPECIES Eucalyptus saligna ECOLOGICAL GROUP COUNTRY Argentina GROWTH DCMINANTS & CODOMINANTS AGE : DBH cm ; HEIGHT m ho Si Ke) SITE LAT. 22°20' S LONG. ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 AV. TEMPERATURE 20 PARENT ROCK basalt TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay Temperate Moist FROST PLANTATION 266 STAND PER HECTARE NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 1050 an 47° ELEV. 600 DRY MONTHS uvsune-Avguct Jury -August SOIL residual DEPTH .1 cm DEPTH 2 m+ REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Australia PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 45% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 im E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Guimaraes, Servico Florestal, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Clarc, Sao Paulo, Brazil 4 lo 4 ON bh SPECIES Eucelyptus alba ECCLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATZTON 297 GROWTH DCMINANIS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARES \GE ; DBA cm : HEIGHT w NO.TREES: BASAL ARZA : VOLUME he ite) 48 1120 13 SITE TAT. 22°20" S LONG. 7°40" W ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June - August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July - August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL yrssidual TCPSCIL TEXTURE clay DEPSH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 2 met REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE ‘free SOIL STATE moderately cograded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Java PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.4 STOCK potted TCOLS pick SURVIVAL 45% eat 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATION Eorto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimarees, Servico Florestal, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil 13 - 62 SPECIES Eucalyptus paniculata ECOLOGICAL G:.OQUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 268 GROWIH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : D3H cm ; HETCHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME he Tal Ta 970 62 SITE PAT. 22°20" s LONG. 47°40! W ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June - August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July - August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH J em SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 2 m+ REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE ‘free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION vlowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA O.4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 39% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km’ E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo. SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestel Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Brasil 13 - 63 SPECIES Eucalyptus botryoides ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 299 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODCMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME he bh tr) £30 55 SITE LAT. 22°20' § LONG. 7°40" W ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June - August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July - August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOLL TEXTURE clay DEPTH -1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH .2 m+ REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Australia PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 37% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo COMMENTS Form fair SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Compania Peulista De Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 64 SPECIES Eucalyptus citriodora ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 300 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : Usd cm : HETGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL ARHA : VOI, ho 41 4 E20 73 SITE LAT. 22°90! § LonG. 47°ho' w ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RATNFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June - August AV. TEMTERATURE 20 FROST July - August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 2 mt REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOFOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATS 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 33% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Ciaro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 65 SPECIES Eucalyptus punctata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 301 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES:BASAL AREA: VOLUME he LO 47 G20 TL SITE ee LATS 22320" S LONG. «7°40! W ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RATNFALE 1300 D2Y MONTES June - August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July - August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL resicval TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 2 m+ REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Africa PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 37% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATION orto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 66 SPECIES Eucalyptus maculata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 302 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE ACE : DBE cm : HETCHUT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME ho ho hs 720 76 SITE LAT, 22°20' § LONG. 47°40" W ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALI, 1300 DRY MONTHS June - Aucust AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July - August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPT 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 2 m+ REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2xe AREA 0.4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 29% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 67 SPECIES Eucalyptus microcorys ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 303 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO.TREES ; BASAL AREA : VOLUME he 3% LS 1000 58 SITE LAT. 22°20' § LONG. &7°4O' W ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTES June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July-August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 2 m+ REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Africa PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 44% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Brasil 13 - 68 SPECIES Eucalyptus resinifera ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY. Brazil PLANTATION 304 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DeH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREZS;: BASAL ARHA: VOLUME ue) He) ho 10k0 64 SITE LAT. 20°20' § LONG. 47°40! W ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July - August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residunt TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 2 m+ REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Australia PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING @x2 AREA 0.4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 42% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION Seed abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, |: km B of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo COMMENTS Excellent form SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil. 13 - 69 SPECIES Eucalyptus propinqua ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY. Brazil PLANTATION 305 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DMB cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME ho Ta yy 1620 78 SITE GAP. -B2520" S LONG, ./:7°40' W ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FRCST July-August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay TEPTH 2 m+ REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded --- TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantetion SEED ORIGIN Australia PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATS 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.2 STOCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 65% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km BE of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo COMMENTS Excellent form SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 70 SPECIES Eucalyptus robusta ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 306 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND FER EXCTARS AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 42 he 39 600 ran SITE LAT. @2°20' § LONG. 47°40! § ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1.300 DRY MOMS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 2C° FROST July - August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL resicual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH @mt+ REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.2 STOCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 24% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seed abundent LOCATION orto Florestel Navarro de Andrade, 4 km from Rio Claro, Sao Pavlo COMMENTS Fair form SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 2 23h oe SPECIES Eucalyotus tereticornis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 307 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME ho hi ho 1120 67 SITE LATS 22°20" S LONG. FO W ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 Diy MONTHS June - August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July - August PARENT RCCK basalt SOIL residual TOFSOIL TEXTURE clay DEP’"y = sem SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 2 m- REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT SE CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING . PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.4 STOCK potted TCOLS pick SURVIVAL 46% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil i3-'- 72 SPECIES Eucalyptus pilvilaris ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 308 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : Del em : HEICHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA ; VOLUME ho 56 50 (@) 64 SITE LAT. 22°20!. S LONG. 47°40" S ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONITSS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July-August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 2 mt REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT SE CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick SURVIVAL 19% at 37 years CARE cleaned yearly REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km from Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal, Companhia | Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 1385 (3 SPECIES Eucalynotus tereticornis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 309 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm: HEIGHT m ~ NC.TREES: BASAL AR=A ; VOLUME 14 eh 33 QO 2h YIELD 2) m2 cuttings, 16 m> fence posts, and le nm firewood/EHa. SITE LAT. 22°20' S LONG. 47°40" W ELEV. 580 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRE MONTHS June - August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FRCS? July - August PARENT ROCK basalt SCIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE- clay DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE. clay DEPTH 2 m+ REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT SW CONDITION AT PLANTING Eucalyptus plantation SZED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1947 SPACING 2x2 STOCK potted TOOLS pick CARE cleaned 2 years, thinned in 1960 REPRODUCTION seed and sprouts abundent LOCATION Lot 91, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, sao Paulo, Bresil 13 - 74 SPECIES Eucalyptus grandis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 310 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODCMINANTS STAND PER HECTARS AGE : DBH cm : HIGHT m NO. TRESS: BASAL AREA : VCLUME 11 28 28 1500 20 SITE ; LAT. “22 20" Ss LONG. 47°40' W ELEV. 620 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FRONS?T July-August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE sandy . DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sandy DEPTH 3 mt REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT W CONDITION AT PLANTING Eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1950 SPACING 2x2 STOCK potted TOOLS. pick CARE cleaned 2 years, thinned in 1960 REPRODUCTION seed and sprouts abundant LOCATION Lot 87, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil L3t= "(5 SPECIES Eucalyptus saligna ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 311 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 13 29 33 800 16 YIELD 2h m> cuttings, 16 m> fence posts, and 42 mn firevood/Ha. SITE LAT. 22°20' § LONG. 47°40' S ELEV. 610 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July-August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE sandy DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sandy DEPTH 3 m+ REACTION 5.0 DRAIN'GE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING Eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1948 SPACING 2x2 STOCK potted TCOLS pick CARE cleened 2 years, thinned in 1960. REPRODUCTION seed and sprouts ebundant LOCATION Lot 91, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo COMMENTS Some are forked SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estredas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Kio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 76 SPECIES Eucalyptus alba ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 312 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARS AGE ;: DBH cu ;: HEIGHT m NO. TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 13 oT 31 750 AT YIELD 2h m2 cuttings, 16 m> fence posts, and 42 nm firewood/Ha.: SITE LAT. 22°20' § LONG. 47°40' § ELEV. 610 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTES June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July-A.eust PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE sandy DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE . sandy DEPTH 3 m+ REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING Eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1948 SPACING 2x2 STOCK potted TOOLS pick CARE cleaned @ years, thinned in 1960 REPRODUCTION seed and sprouts abundant LOCATION Lot 91, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, ut km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal. Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13.= (1 SPECIES Eucalyptus citriodora ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brasil PLANTATION 313 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE .: DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 16 20 31 710 16 YIELD 78 mn fenceposts and 304 m3 firewood/Ha. SITE LAT. 22°20' S LONG. 47°40" W ELEV. 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1390 DRY MONTHS June - August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July = August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE sandy | DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sandy DEPin 3 m+ REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING Eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1945 SPACING 2x2 STOCK potted TOOLS pick CARE cleaned 2 years, thinned in 1960 LOCATION Lot 119, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 kn. E. of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Compenhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 78 SPECIES Eucalyptus punctata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATTON 324 GROWTH | DOMINANTS & CODCMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm ; HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 11 21 30 2200 3h SITE LAT. 22°20' § LONG. 47°40 W ELEV. 630 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-Lugust AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July-August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL resicugl SUBSOIL TEXTURE clayey DEPTH 3 m+ REACTION 6.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderatets dc.c-aded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING jvenlyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Busi7’] PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1950 SPACING 2x2 STOCK potted TOOLS pick CARE clcered 2 years REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Lots 106, Horto Plorestal Navarro de Andrade 4 km. E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubevs Foot Guimorees, Servico Florestal, Companhia Paulis..2 de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Fatilo, Brasil LS TS SPECIES Eucalyptus microcorys ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 315 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm: HEIGHT m NO. TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME he yh 39 39 ho SITE . LAR. 22°20" s LONG. 7°40' W ELEV. 640 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June - August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July - August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clayey DEPTH 3 m+ REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE ‘free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT N CONDITION AT PLANTING Eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Africa PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 3x4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick CARE several cleanings together with the coffee, thinned in 1954 and 1956 REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Lot 3, Horto Florestal Naverro de Andrade 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo COMMENTS Excellent form SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 80 SPECIES Eucalyptus paniculata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 316 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 10 22 30 2100 33 SITE LAT. 22°20' S LONG. 47°40' W ELEV. 630 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MOND SS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July-August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL resicual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clayey DEPTH 3 m+ REACTION 6.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately descuded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT W CONDITION AT PLANTING Uvealyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1951 SPACING 2x2 SICCK potted TOOLS pick CARE cleaned 2 years REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Lot 3, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 ku. E of Rio Claro, Sao Pauio COMMENTS Excellent form SOURCE Rubens Foot Guim: 2es, Servico Florestal, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13.- 81 SPECIES Evealyptus resinifera ECOLCGICAL GRCUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY. Brazil PLANTATION 317 GROWTH ; DOMIWANTS & CODOMINAMTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBE cm: HEIGHT a NO.T2ESS : BASAL AREA : VOLUME ho 66 Ike) ico 27 SITE _ LAT. 22°20' § LONG. 7°u0' W ELEV. 630 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DAY MONTES June - August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July - Auguet PARENT ROCK besalt SOIL residual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clayey DEPTH 3 m+ REACTION 6.5 DRAINACE ‘free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT WN CONDITION AT PLANTING cortfee plantation SEED ORIGIN Australia PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 3x4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick CARE several cleanings together with the coffee, 13 thinnings at 10, 15, 25, 30 years, and annually since 32 years REPRODUCTION seed and sprouts abundant LOCATION Lot 9, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 Im E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Ceixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 82 SPECIES Eucalyptus paniculata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 318 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANSS STAND PER HECTARE AGE ; DBH cm : HRICHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA ; VOLUME he h6 46 210 34 YIELD 17 m3 cuttings; 190 m3 fence posts; 156 m3 firewood/Ha. SITE LAT. 22°20' S LONG. 47°40O' W ELEV. 650 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTES June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July-August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clayey DEPTH 3 m+ REACTION 6.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT W CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 3x 3 STOCK potted TOOLS pick CARE several cleanings together with the coffee, 9 thinnings at 12, 18, and 29 years, annually since 32 years. REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km EB. of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo COMMENTS Excellent form SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia © Paulista de lstradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13= 83 SPECIES Eucalyptus tereticornis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 319 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBE cm: HIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME -- Dg 38 130 32 SITE LAT. 22°20' S LONG. !7°ho' W ELEV. 620 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 [RY MONTHS June - August AVY. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July - August PAREIVT ROCK basalt SOIL residual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clayey DEPTH 3 mt REACTION 7.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT WN CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1917 SPACING 3x4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick CARE several cleanings together with the coffee, thinning at 10, 18, 28, 34 and 38 years. REPRODUCTION seed abundant, sprouts scarce LOCATION Lot 22, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo COMMENTS forked at 10 m high SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 64 SPECIES Eucalyptus maculata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 320 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMT™.1TS - STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBS cm: HBEICUI m NO. TREFRS: BASALT ARHA : VOLUME 8 Ly UY, 2350 25 SITE LAT,.,..22°20' § LONG. 4&7°40' W ELevy. 680 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMETRATURE 20° FROST July-August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL resicual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clayey DEPTH 3 m+ REACTION 7.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT WN CONDITION AT PLANTING Eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1953 SPACING 2x2 STOCK potted TOOLS pick CARE cleaned 2 years REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Lot 26, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade 4 km E. of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo COMMENTS Excellent form SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil 13 - 35 SPECIES Eucalyptus saligna ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist — COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATICN 321 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBE cm : HSIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME hO 67 L6 1.20 28 SITE LAT.- 22°20" S LONG. 4&7°40' W ELEY. 680 ANNUAL RAINFALL- 1300 DRY MONTES June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July - August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clayey DEPTH 3 mt REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderateiy degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING coffee plantation SEED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1921 SPACING 3x4 STOCK potted TOOLS pick CARE several cleanings together with the coffee, several thinnings REPRODUCTION seed and sprouts abundant LOCATION Lot 37, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caixa 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil ; 13 - 8&6 SPECIES Eucalyptus micrccorys ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATTON 322 GROWIH DOMINANTS & CODOMENANTS STAND P&R HECTATE AGE DBH cm ;: HEIGHT m NO.TRSES: BASAL AREA: VOLUME 8 19 27 2350 22 SITE LAT. 22°20' § LONG. 4e°ho' w EVV. . 600 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONIES June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20° FROST July-August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clayey DEPTH 3 m+ REACTION 7.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECY W CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Rio Claro, Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1953 SPACING 2x2 STOCK potted TOOLS pick CARE cleaning 2 years REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Lot 56, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km EK of Rio Claro, Sao Paulo SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimeraes, Servico Florestal Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Caiza 29, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brasil SPECIES Acacia melanoxyla ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 325 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARES AGE ;: DBH cm : HEIGaT m NO.TE: 2S: BASAL 4REA ; VOLUME 45 36 37 32 SITE TAT. 3105" LONG. 73°30" ELEV. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1240 DRY MONTHS November-March AV. TEMPERATURE 13° FRCST 2 months PARENT ROCK mica schist SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEFTH 3 ecm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 30 cm REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY ridge ASPECT W CONDITION AT PLANTING secondary forest PLANTING DATE 1914 SPACING 2x2 AREA 4 STOCK bareroot nursery TCOLS shovel SURVIVAL 30% at 45 years REPRODUCTION seeds scarce; sprouts absent LOCATION 6 km SE of Lota, Province of Concepcidén COMMENTS apparently unthinred SOURCE Hector Lisboa, Sociedad Agr. y Foresval, Colcura, Chile 13 - 88 SPECIES Cupressus macrocarpa ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 326 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME ho 3h 32 ge SITE LAT. 37°05! LONG. 73°10! ELEV. 150 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1240 DRY MONTHS November-Merch AV. TEMPERATURE 13° FROST 2 months PARENT RCCK mica schist SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH & cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1m REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 20% slope ASPECT E CONDITION AT PLANTING secondary forest SEED ORIGIN plantation in United States PLANTING DATE 1921 _ SPACING 2x2 AREA 2 STOCK bareroot nursery TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 70% after 40 years REPRODUCTION seed abundant; sprouts absent LOCATION 6 km SE of Lota, Province of Concepcién COMMENTS Excellent form. Needs thinning and pruning SOURCE Héctor Lisboa, Sociedad Agricola Forestal Colcura, Lota Alto, Chile 13 - 89 SPECIES Pinus radiata ECCLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Chile PLANTASTON 327 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS SAND PER ESCTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TRESS: BASAL AREA: VOLUME 20 38 29 De SITE LAT. 36°40! LONG. 73° ELEV. 20 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1338 Dai MONTES November - March AV. TEMPERATURE 13° FROST 2 months PARENT ROCK granite sOi, residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE cley DEPTH 2 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH dees REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE Tree SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING cultivated. SEED ORIGIN plentetion in Chile PLANTZNG DATE 1942 SPACING 2x2 AREA 25 STOCK bareroot nursery FOOLS bar CARE thinning at 10 - 15 years REPRODUCTION seeds abuwadant LOCATICN San Carlos, & im N of Pemeo, 3 km S of Tome COMMENTS Maximum diameter in plantation 85 em. fge checked With increment borer. Cze ring fc..ed 4 ca. Within 1 km of sea. SOURCE Hugo Carcano, Galvarino 574, Concepcion, Chile 13 - 90 SPECIES Pinus radiata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 328 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE ; DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA: VOLUME 12 28 23 af SITE LAT. 36°40" LONG. 73° ELEV. 260 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1333 DRY MONTHS November-March AV. TEMPERATURE 13° FROST 2 months PARENT ROCK granite SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTUPE clay DEPTH 4 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING cultivated SEED ORIGIN plantation in Chile PLANTING DATE 1949 SPACING 2x2 “AREA 30 STOCK bareroot nursery TOOLS planting bar SURVIVAL 80% at 12 vears CARE thinning in 1955; prune to 3m in 1956. REPRODUCTION seeds abundent LOCATION Fundo El Edén, 25 km N of Coneepcién, 5 lm S of Tomé COMMENTS exposed to sea breezes. Whithin 1 km of sea SOURCE Hugo Caérceiio, Galverino 574, Concepcién, Chile 13 - 91 SPECIES Pinus radiata ECOLOGICAL GROUP ‘Temperate Moist COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 329 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE ; DBH em ; HEIGHT m NO,.TREES; BASAL AREA : VOLUME 19 3. 35 ho YIELD 14 years - 22.8 m> firewood; 70.2 pulp; 32.4 sawtimber m>/Ha.. SITE LAT. 36°50! LONG. 73°00! -: ELEY. 180 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1338 DRY MONTFS Noveuwber-March AV. TEMPERATURE 13° FROST 2 months PARENT ROCK granite SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loan DEPTH 4 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay loan DEPTH 50 cm REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE severely degraded TOPOGRAPHY upper slope, 20% ASPECT W CONDITION AT PLANTING virgin forest SEED ORIGIN plantation in Chile PLANTING PREPARATION clearcut and burn DATE 19he SPACING 2x2 AREA 50 STOCK bareroot nursery TOOLS pilenting bar CARE thinning at 14 years REPRODUCTION seed abundant, sprouts scarce LOCATION Fundo San Francisco, 20 km NE of Concepeidén COMMENTS Pruned too late. Limby. SOURCE Hugo Cdrcano, Galvarino 574, Concepcidén, Chile. 13 - 92 SPECIES Pinus caribaea ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temocrate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 347 GROWTH DOMENANTS & CODOMTNANTS STAND PER ERCTARR AGE : DBY em : H®IGH? m NO.TRERS : BASAL AKZA : VOLUME 5 8 7 2300 7 YIFUD none SITE LAT. 22°20' S LONG. 4&7°40' W ELEV. 710 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE £0 FROST July-August PARENT RCCK granitic SOIL residual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE imoderetely degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT N CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Cuba PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1957 SPACING 2x2 AREA O.1 STOCK potted TCOLS shovel SURVIVAL 92% at 5 yrs. CARE cleaned annually REFRODUCTION none LCCATION Lote 21, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 Km E of Rio Claro SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil 13 - 93 SPECIES Pinus caribaea ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 348 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME as Va So 200 ies YIELD none SITE LAT. 22°20' § LONG. 47°40! ELEV. 610 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July-August PARENT RCCK sandstone SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE sand EPTH lcm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH deep REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalipts. SEED ORIGIN Cuba PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1957 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.1 STOCK potted SURVIVAL 96% at 5 yrs. CARE cleaned annually REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Lote 92, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 Km E of Rio Claro SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil 13 - 9b SPECIES Pinus elliottii ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil - PLANTATION 349 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO.TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 6 12 8 200 19 YIELD none SITE | LAT. 22°20' § LONG. 47°40! W ELEV. 610 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July-August PARENT ROCK sandstone SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE- sand DEPTH deep REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalyptus plantation PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATH 1955 SPACING 2@xe2 AREA O.1 STCCK potted SURVIVAL $6% at 6 yrs. CARE cleaned annually REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Lote 92, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 Kn E of Rio Claro SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil SPECIES Pinus elliottii ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Argentina EBs ee PLANTATION. 350 ROW A nee & CODCMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBE cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 13 2 14 1239 Sie) SITE LAT SOLS LONG. 61°30'W ELEV. 80 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1029 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.2 FROST May-September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE sandy loam DEPTH 40 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sandy clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little affected TCPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 19% SPACING 222 APEA 1 STCCK potted TOOLS spade CARE cleaned 3 yrs, thinned 50% at 10 yrs, pruned to 2.5m at 6 yrs. REPRODUCTION few seedlings LOCATION Parcela 40, Estancia V.P. 20 Km SW of Los Toldos COMENTS Form fair to good SOURCE Enriaue Diaz, Estancia V.P Buenos Aires, Argentina - Los Toldos, Province of 13 - 06 SPECIES Pinus elliottii ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 351 GRCWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE ; DBA cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 22 31 19 Oh, 28 SITE LAT. 34°40" § LONG. 61°30' W ELEV. 80 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1029 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.2 FROST May-September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE sandy loam DEPTH 40 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sandy clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little affected TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1939 SPACING 2x2 AREA 4 STCCK potted CARE disked 3 yrs., thinned 50% at 17 yrs. and twice thereafter. REPRODUCTION few seedlings LOCATION Parcela 38, Estancia V.P., 20 Km SW of Los Toldos COMMENTS stems with sweep SOURCE Enrique Diaz, Estancia V.P. Los Toldos, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina 23 = OF SPECIES Pinus elliottii ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION. 352 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODCMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: RASAL AREA : VOLUME 6 10 6 200 13 YIELD none SITE LAT, 2°20' § LONG. 47°40! W ELEV. 710 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 «DRY MONTHS June - August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July.- August PARENT RCCK . granitic SOIT, residual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT N CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1955 SPACING @x2 AREA O.1 TCCK potted TCOLS shovel SURVIVAL 96% at 6 yrs. CARE cleaned annually REPRODUCTION none LCCATION Lote 21, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, } km E of Rio Claro SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil 13 - 98 SPECIES Pinus elliottii ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 353 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 10 293 <5 910 33 SITE LATS, “26730' 5 LONG. 54°ho" w ELEV. 250 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1733 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST May-September PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPHY 10% upper slope ASPECT NE CONDITION AT PLANTING virgin forest SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1951 SPACING 2 x 3 AREA 17 sTCCK potted CARE lightly thinned at 10 yrs. REPRODUCTION seedlings rare LCCATION 19 km E of Puerto Piray, Misiones COMMENTS form excellent SOURCE Hugo Sartori, Celulosa Argentina, S.A. Puerto Piray, Misiones, Argentina 13 - 99 SPECIES Pinus elliottii ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 354 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 12 eh £5 1050 39 YIELD none SITE LAT. 31°20' § LONG. 58°00 W ELEV. 50 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1120 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 19 FROST May-August PARENT RCCK grenite SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH 50 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE yellow clay DEPTH deep REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. PLANTING - PREPARATION plowed & diskea DATE 1919 SPACING 3x 3 AREA 0.5 ‘STOCK bareroot SURVIVAL 95% at 12 yrs. CARE disked 3 times for 3 yrs., no thinning or pruning REPRODUCTION none _ LOCATION Establecimiento 9 de julio, Colonia Ayuy, Concordia COMMENTS Form excellent SOURCE Raul Rossi, San Martin 122, Concordia, Entre Rios, Argentina 13 - 100 SPECIES Pinus insularis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 355 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES : BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 6 15 14 24.00 3D YIELD none SITE TAQ. | 22720" 6 LONG. 47°40' W ELEV. 710 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July-August PARENT ROCK granitic SOIL residual SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT WN CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Vietnam PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1955 SPACING 2x2 AREA O.1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL $6% at 6 yrs. CARE cleaned annually REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Lote 21, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 Km E of Rio Claro SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas dé Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil 13 - 101 SPECIES Pinus oocarpa ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist CCUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 356 GROWLH DCMINANETS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 6 14 12 2hoo ra YIELD none SITE LAT. 22°20' § LONG. 47°h0' W EBLEV. 710 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July-August PARENT RCCK granitic SOIL residual UBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderetely degraded TOPCGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT W CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Mexico PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1955 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 96% at 6 yrs. CARE cleened annually REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Lote 21, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 Km E of Rio Claro SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil #3 = 102 SPECIES Pinus patula ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 357 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 5 aa! 9 2500 19 YIELD none SITE LAT... 22°20' S LONG. 47°ho' w ELEV. - 610 ANNUAL RATNFALL 1300 DRY MONTES June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July - August PARENT ROCK sandstone SOIL residual TCPSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH 1 cn SUBSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH deep REACTION - 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN Mexico PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1955 SPACING @ xe AREA O.1 stock potted _ SURVIVAL 100% at 5 yrs. CARE cleaned annually REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Lote $2, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 Km E of Rio Claro SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil 13 - 103 SPECIES Pinus patula ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 358 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME yi aS 21 2380 33 YIELD none SITE LAT. 22°20' S LONG. 4&7°40' W ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July-August PARENT ROCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 7.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE moderately disturbed TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING secondary forest SEED ORIGIN Mexico PLANTING | | PREPARATION plowed DATE 1954 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.5 STOCK potted «SURVIVAL 95% at 7 yrs. CARE none REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Lote 90, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Claro COMMENTS Form only fair SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil 13 - 104 SPECIES Pinus taeda ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY: Argentina PLANTATION 359 GROWTH | ) DOMINANTS °& CODOMENANTS STAND PER HECTARS: | AGE ; DBH em : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 22 3h 18 550 35 SITE | ATs ai Oss "LONG. 61°30' W ELEV. 80 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1029 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16 FROST May-September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE sandy loan DEPTH 40 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sandy DEPTH deep REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little affected TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. - PLANTING PREPARATION plowed - DATE 1939 SPACING @x2 AREA 0.5 STOCK potted «© |: TOOLS spade CARE ‘disked 3 yrs., thinned 60% at 10 yrs, pruned to 2 meters at 6 yrs. REPRODUCTION seedlings abundant LOCATION Parcela 38, Estancia V.P. 20 Km SW of Los Toldos COMMENTS Form better than P. elliottii SOURCE Enrique Diaz, Estancia V.P. Los Toldos, Buenos Aires, Argentina 13-- 105 SPECIES Pinus teeda ECOLCGiCAL GRCUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 360 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODCMINANTS STAND FER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm :-HEIGET m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 6 10 6 2400 12 YIELD none SITE LAT. 22°20' § LONG. 47°L0'! W ELEV. 710 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 - DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July-August PARENT RCCK granitic SOIL residual SUBSOLL TEXTURE clay LEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free | SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT WN CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalyptus plantation SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1955 SPACING 2.x 2 AREA 0.1 STOCK potted TCOLS shovel SURVIVAL 96% at 6 yrs. CARE cleaned annually REPRODUCTION none LCCATION Lote 21, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km E of Rio Clare SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil 13 - 106 SPECIES Pinus taeda ECOLOGICAL GROUP Tenperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 361 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 6 13 3 2500 22 YIELD none SITE EAT 22520! 7S LONG. 47°hO' W ELEV. 610 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July-August PARENT ROCK sanastone SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sand . $$ DEPTH deep REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalypts plantation PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1955 SPACING 2x2 AREA O.1 STOCK potted SURVIVAL 100% at 6 yrs. CARE cleaned annually REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Lote $2, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 Km al E de Rio Claro SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Pavlo, Brazil 13 - 107 SPECI#S Pinus taeda ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUMERY.. Argentina PLANTATION 362 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO. TREES ;: BASAL AREA : VOLUWWE 10 32 20 390 30 YIELD wunimowm SITE LAT. .26°30' S LONG. 54°40' W ELEV. 20 NNUAL RAINFALL 1733 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 | FROST May-September PARENT RCCK Granite SOIL residual TOFSCIL TEXTURE clay loan DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPEY valley bottom CONDITION AT PLANTING swamp SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1951 SPACING 2 x 3 AREA 12 STCCK potted CARE thinned from below at 10 yrs. REPRODUCTZON none LOCATION 19 km E of Puerto Piray, Misiones COMMENTS more branchy than P. elliottii SOURCE. Hugo Sartori, Celulosa Argentina, S.A. Puerto Piray, Misiones, Argentina 13 - 108 SPECIES Pinus taeda ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 363 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT in NO.TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME a 25 LS 1050 39 YIELD none SITE EARS 377207 & LONG. 538° W ELEV. 50 ANNUAL RATNFALL 1120 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 13.8 FROST May-August PARENT RCCK granite SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH 50 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE yellow clay DEPTH deep REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. PLANTING PREPARATION plowed & disked - DATS 1949 SPACING 3x 3 AREA 0.5 STCCK bare root SURVIVAL 95% at 12 yrs. CARE disked 3 times for 3 yrs., no thinning or pruning REPRODUCTION none 3 LOCATION Estabiecimiento 9 de julio, Colonia Ayuy, Concordia COMMENTS form excellent SOURCE Raul Rossi, San Martin 122, Concordia, Entre Rios, Argentina 13 - 109 SPECIES Araucaria angustifolia ECOLCGICAL GRCUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 364 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m . NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 8 8 7 2300 9 YIELD none a LAT, 22°20' § LONG. 4&7 ho' wW ELEV. 610 ANNUAL RAINFALL 21300 DRY MONTHS June-August AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July-August PARENT RCCK sandstone SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH deep REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free . SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalypts SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1954 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.1 STCCK potted SURVIVAL 62% at 8 yrs. CARE cleaned annually REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Lote 92, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, 4 km al E de Rio Claro SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil 3 = 120 SPECIES Araucaria angustifolia ECOLCGICAL GROUP Tenperate Moist COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 365 GROWTH | DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE +. DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME Ege 32 20 555 23 223 YIELD 15 tons pulpwood at llyrs, 25 tons at 13 yrs, and 20 tons at 16 yrs. SITE LAT. 26°30' S LONG. 54°ho' w ELEV. 150 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1733 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST May-September PARENT RCCK basalt SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING virgin forest SEED ORIGIN natural forest, Argentina PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 19h) SPACING 2@ x 3 AREA 100 STOCK potted CARE thinned at 11, 13, and 16 yrs. REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Seccién 3 A, 3 km E of Puerto Piray, Misiones COMMENTS best site locally, excellent form SOURCE Angel Carlos Bianchi, Celulosa Argentina, S.A. Puerto Piray, Misiones, Argentina 13 - di SPECIES Araucaria angustifolia ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION . 366 GROWTH DCMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 20 23 20 1520 63 YIELD none ITE TAT: 2740! S LONG. 55°h0' W ELEV. 320 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1708 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20.5 FROST May-September PARENT ROCK granite SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPHY 10% slope ASPECT Wi CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN natural stand, Misiones, Argentina PLANTING DATE 1941 SPACING 2.5x 2.5 AREA 0.25 SURVIVAL 95% at 20 yrs. REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Estacién Forestal 3 Km SW of Leandro Alem, Misiones COMENTS Form excellent SOURCE Ramon Narciso Gémez, Estacién Forestal Leandro Alen, Misiones, Argentina 13 - 112 SPECIES Cunninghamia lanceolata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Brazil PLANTATION 367 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODCMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT mm NO.TREES : BASAL ARBA : VOLUME re) 13 3) 2h00 29 YIELD none SITE . . LAT. ~22°20' °S LONG. 4&7°4O' W ELEV. 610 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1300 DRY MONTHS June-August | AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST July-August PARENT RCCK sandstone SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH 1 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH deep REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING eucalypts plantation PLANTING | PREPARATION plowed DATE 1954 SPACING 2x2 AREA 0.1 STOCK potted SURVIVAL 665 at S years CARE cleaned annually REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Lote 92, Horto Florestal Navarro de Andrade, Ltn Bor Rio Claro SOURCE Rubens Foot Guimaraes, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil 13 a3 SPECIES Cupressus lusitanica ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 368 GROW; DCMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBE em : HEIGHT m NO.TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 20 25 138 1750 46 YIELD none SITE LAT. 3h°4O' S LONG. 61°30' W ELEV. 80 ANNUAL RATNFALL 1029 DRY MONTES none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.2 FRCST May-September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE fine sandy loam DEPTH 30 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE fine sandy loaw DEETH deep REACTION 6.0 at surface, 6.5 at 25 em DRAINAGE free SOL STATE little affected TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING. pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation, Argentina PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1941 SPACING 2x2 AREA 1.6 STCCK potted TCOLS spade SURVIVAL 70% at 20 yrs. CARE cleaned pegceias pruned to 2m at 11 yrs. REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Parcela 21, Estancia V.P. 20 Km SW of Los Toldos COMMENTS Form good but branchy, many suppressed and dying SCURCE Enrique Diaz, Estancia V.P. Los Toldos, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina 13 - 114 SPECIES Schizolobiun parahybun ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Moist COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 369 GRCWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES; BASAL ARTA : VOLUME LO 26 20 2000 73 YIELD none SITE TAT. 27 40" Ss LONG. 55°40' W ELEV. 320 ANNUAL RAINFALL 1708 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 20 FROST May-September PARENT RCCK granite SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN Brazil PLANTING DATE 1951 SPACING 2x2 AREA O.1 STOCK bare root SURVIVAL 360% at 10 yrs. CARE none REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Estacién Forestal, S Km SW of Leandro Alem, Misiones COMMENTS form good SOURCE Ramon Narciso Gomez, Estacion Forestal, Leandro Alen, Misiones, Argentina ay - 1 ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 70 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 9 15 | 1510 17 195 RENDIMIENTO 880 puntales de minas a los 9 afios SITIO LAT. 4Pho ny LONG. 74°3'0O ELEV. 2600 PRECIPITACZION 800 MESES DE SEQUIA 6 MPERATURA PROMEDIO 14° HELADAS 2 meses ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO frenco PROFUNDIDAD 40 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 50 REACCION 4.6 DRENAJE impedido TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacion al lado de Bogota STEMBRA FECHA 1950 , ESPACTAMIENTO 1.5 x1.5 AREA 4 MATERIAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS pico SUPERVIVENCIA 95% a los 8 afios REPRODUCCION semillas y renuevos abundantes LUGAR Km 15, Autopista de Bogota COMENTARIOS No resiste bien ni las heladas ni los suelos pobres, se esta investigando una enfermedad aparentemente "fungus” que esta atacando los Arboles. OIRGEN DE INFORMACION Elmo Montenegro, Seccién de Bosques, Min. de Agricultura, Apartado Aéreo 11768, Bogota, Col. 14 - 2 ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Tenplado Seco PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 71 CRECIMIENTO | | DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES - DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD - DAP cm; ALTURA m NUM, ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 9 1 6 2000 16 50 SITIO ao a LAT. 4° hon LONG. 7h°3'0 ELEV. 2600 PRECIPITACION 800 MESES DE SEQUIA 6 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 14° HELADAS 2 meses ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco PROFUNDIDAD. 4O em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 50 REACCION 4.6 © DRENAJE: impedido = TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén local . STEMBRA FECHA 1950 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.5 x1.5 AREA 4 - MATERTAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS pico SUPERVIVENCIA 95% @ los 8 afios REPRODUCCION semillas y renuevos abundantes LUGAR Km 15, Autopista de Bogota ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Elmo Montenegro, Ministerio de Agricultura, Apartado Aéreo 11768, Bogotd, Colombia 14 - 3 ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PATS Pert PLANTACION 68 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP em: /.LTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 23 22 1211 ne) 335 SITIO BAT. VISES LONG. 78°30'0O ELEV. 2950 PRECIPITACION 900 MESES DE SEQUIA 6 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS 2 meses SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 30-50 cm REACCION 6.0 - 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUEBLO moderadamente degradado ~ TOPCGRAFIA 40-70% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidédn local STEMBRA PREPARACION desconocida FECHA (1949) ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 1 MATERIAL de vivero HERRAMIENTAS pala CUIDO riego por 4 afios; 2 limpiezas el primer afio REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Hacienda Motil, 90 km de Trujillo COMENTARIOS 200 HA de las siembras de 1 a 40 afios de edad ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Flavio Bazan, Servicio Cooperativo Inter-Americano, Edificio Ministerio del Trabajo, Lima, Pert Fi oo ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Pert PLANTACION 69 CRECIMIENTO ; DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM, ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 8 16 16 (2250) 5e SITIO LAT. - 9° 54'S LONG. 76°30'0O ELEV. 2500 PRECIPITACION 700 ° MESES DE SEQUIA 6 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 1° HELADAS 1 mes SUELO. residual _ PROFUNDIDAD 40 - 60 em REACCION 6.0 ... DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 50 - 70% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMDRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén local SITEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza .. FECHA 1950 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x 2 AREA 100. MATERIAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA 90% a los 8 aiios CUIDO riego por 3 afios; limpieza anualmente REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Mitotambo, 30 km de Hudnuco | ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Flavio Bazan, Servicio Cooperativo Inter- Americano, Edificio Ministerio del Trabajo, Lime, Pert Wh = 5 ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Pert PLANTACION 76 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANZTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASTMETRICA: VOL. 20 30 30 peek 80 TTT SITIO LARS SS LONG. 78° 30'0O ELEV. 3100 PRECIPITACION 999 MESES DE SEQUIA 6 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 12° HELADAS 3 meses SUELO coluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 30-50 cm REACCION 6.0 - 7.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 40 - 70% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS vlantacién local SIEMBRA: ” ~ FECHA 1938 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 45 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda HERRAMIENTAS pala CUIDO riego por 4 afios; 1 o 2 limpiezas por afio REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Hacienda Chota, 92 km de Trujillo, Pert COMENTARIOS En este lugar las plantaciones de mds de 15 afios han sido cortadas y se estan obteniendo nuevas producciones por medio de renuevos. Transicién a bosque Templado Himedo. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Flavio Bazan, Servicio Cooperativo Inter-Americano, Edificio Ministerio del Trabajo, Lima, Pert 1h - 6 ESPECIE Eucalyptus robusta GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Argentina PLANTACION 121 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES .& CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR BECTAREA EDAD ; DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES:AR@A BASIMETRICA: VOL. P 2 9 1583 10 89 SITIO LAT. 27°S LONG. 63°0 ELEV. 152 PRECIPITACION shh TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 20° HELADAS Mayo-Septiembre -TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso PROFUNDIDAD -profundo DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA. liana “STEMBRA Bl : aed PREPARACION arada y rastrillade ' FECHA 1948 BSPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 0.2 | MATERIAL de vivero en potes - SUPERVIVENCIA 60% a los 2 afios CUIDO corte de hierbas pe nee ane ‘REPRODUCCION ninguna .- LUGAR Estacién Forestal, Fernéndez, Santiago de Estero, 2 km de Ferndndez | | COMENTARIOS La préxima medicién se hard en el 1960 a los 10 afios de edad . . ORIGEN DE INFORMACION PB. J. Cersosimo, por conducto de Blias Debas, Aan. Nacional de Bosques, Min. de eisai y Ganaderfa, Buenos Aires, Argentina we - 7 ESPECIE Eucalyptus tereticornis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Argentina PLANTACION 122 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD ; DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 14. 16 210 SITIO LAT. e2h°s LONG. 65°0 . ELEV. 1100 PRECIPITACION 678 MESES DE SEQUIA Junio-Agosto TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 17° HELADAS si ROCA MADRE mixta SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD variable REACCION levemente Acida SIEMBRA FECHA 19h8 ESPACIAMIENTO 2 x 2 AREA 8000 MATERIAL (de vivero) SUPERVIVENCIA 80% a los 10 afios LUGAR Zapla, Gen. Savio, Prov. de Jujuy, Argentina COMENTARIOS E. rostrata y EB. saligna han sido reportados bajo estas mismas condiciones. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Luciano E. Romanutti, Altos Hornos Zapla, General Savio, Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina rh - 8 ESPECIE Eucalyptus viminalis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco \ PAIS Venezuela PLANTACION . 72 CRECIMIENTO | | DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES cai : DAP cm : ALTURA m 6 8 SITIO | ‘i LAT... 9°N LONG. 81°0 |. ELEV. 2700 PRECIPITACION 900 . TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 13° HELADAS si ROCA MADRE granito _ SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO. arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD ‘70 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO pedregoso REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 10% inclinacidén ASPECTO SE “CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos “SIMERA FECHA 1950... ARER 66... MATERIAL de vivero LUGAR "Moconoque" 52 km al NE de Merida, Venezuela COMENTARIOS Transicién a bosques Templado Himedo y Fresco Himedo ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. Clayerie Rodriguez, por conducto de G. H. Raets, Instituto Forestal Latino-Americano, Ap. 36, Merida, Venezuela a-9 ESPECIE Eucalyptus viminalis GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Argentina -. PLANTACION 123 CRECIMIENTO DOMENANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 5 11 1, 1761 20 122 SITIO LAT. 35°40'S LONG. 50°50'O - ELEV. 40 PRECIPITACION 8h7 ‘TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 16° TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD profundo ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPCGRAFIA liana STEMBRA ea 7h na PREPARACION arado y rastrillado FECHA 1952 - ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 1064 SUPERVIVENCIA 70% a los 2 aiios | CUIDO corte de. hierbas | LUGAR Ruta feeional #3, Km 25 Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pte. Sarmiento | COMENTARIOS Se volverd a medir a los 10 afios en 1962. _ ORIGEN DE THSORMACION F. J. Ceréosimo, a traves de Elias Dabas, me “nam. Wacionel de Bosques, Min. de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Buenos Aires, Argentina a = 10 ESPECIE Pinus elliottii elliottii GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Argentina PLANTACION 124 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM, ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. t 15 7 2000 38 170 16 25 20 600 30 529 SITIO LAT, 34 °S LONG. 59°0 ELEV. 1-2 PRECIPITACION 950 MESE®: DE SEQUIA tinguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 16° HELADAS 10/afio ROCA MADRE mixta SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO limo arenoso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO ezenoso REACCION 4.2 - 5.5 DRENAJE impedido TOPCGPRAFTIA plana, nivel fredético 50cm ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Southern Seed Co., Baldwin, Ga. SIEMBRA PREPARACION arada y emparejada FECHA (1943) ESPACTAMIENTO 2x 2.5 AREA 1000 MATERIAL de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA 80% CUIDO limpieza 2 afios; aclareo a los 7 aiios y despues cada 2 6 3 ahos; poda despues de los 5 afios REPRODUCCION semillones escasos LUGAR Isla Victoria, Delta del Rio Paranda COMENTARIOS El P. taeda tambien se siembra en el Delta, con un de- sarrollo mejor que el P. elliottii durante los primeros 20 anos. Las plantaciones crecen mejor en terrenos de mayor elevacién al borde de los arroyos. En el Delta una plantacidén de este nino deberd producir mas de 20 m3 de madera descorte- zada/HA/atio. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Lamberto Golfari, Celulosa Argentina, S.A., Casilla Correo 3499, Buenos Aires, Argentina ay - 12 ESPECIE Pinus montezumna GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 255 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 17 18 11 1431 25 SITIO LAT. 19°N LONG. 99°0 ELEV. 200 PRECIPITACION 875 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-dJunio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 12° HELADAS Oct.-Febrero ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso. PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 7.0 DRENAJ# libre TOPOGRAFIA iloma liana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos. ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS La Venta, Mex.; 19°N; 2800 m STEMBRA PREPARACION limpiar pastos FECHA 1943 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 1 MATERIAL de vivero en potes > 30 cm HERRAMIENTAS azada y pico SUPERVIVENCIA 57% a los 17 afios CUIDO ninguno REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Zacayucan COMENTARIOS _— ramoso ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Luis Sangri Namur, Unidad Industrial de Explotacién Forestal, "Loreto y Pefia Pobre", Av. de los Insurgentes Sur No. 3496, Tlalpan, D. F. (4 = 12 ESPECIE Pinus patula GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco '°. PAIS. Colombia PLANTACION 74 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM, ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 25 21 1 1000 an 570 SITIO | | LAT. ’ho'n LONG. 74°2'0O ELEV. 2700 PRECIPITACION 989 MESES DE SEQUIA 6 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 14° HELADAS 2 meses ROCA MADRE arenisca SUILO residual * TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 20 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco erenoso PROFUNDIDAD 60 REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderaceme: nte degradado TOPOGRAFIA 0 - 30% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA.SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS . Mexico STEMBRA | a th FECHA 1934 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 AREA 3 MATERTAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS pico SUPERVIVENCIA (90% a los 25 afios) — REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR 1 km de Usaquen, Colombia COMENTARIOS Ha demostrado buena adaptacion a las condiciones de algunas partes de Colombia. Transicidn a bosque Templado Himedo. ORIGEN. DE INFORMACION _Elmo Montenegro, Seccidn de Bosaues, Ministerio de Agricultura, Apartado Aéreo 11768, Bogoté, Colombia 14 - 13 ESPECIE Pinus petula GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco ‘PAIS Mexico | PLANTACION 256 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURAm - NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA:VOL. ok 25 16 -. 62 21 SITIO LAT. 19°N | LONG. 99°0O ELEV. 2300 PRECGIPITACION 875 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Junio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 16° HELADAS Oct.-Febrero ROCA MADRE. volcénica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arcilloso §- . PROFUNDIDAD 15 em TEXTURA DEL SUBSUZLO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado - TOPOGRAFIA inclinacidén baja ASPECTO NE CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos | ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS bosque naturel en Le Vente, 19°N & 2800 m SIEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza — FECHA 1936 ESPACIAMIENTO 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 4 MATERIAL de vivero en potes, 30 cm HERRAMIENTAS pico y — azada SUPERVIVENCIA 95% al afio; 28% a los 2 afios REPRODUCCION semillas viables, semillones ausentes LUGAR Zaceyucen COMENTARIOS poda natural pobre ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Luis Sangri Namur, Unidad Industrial de Explotacién Forestal "Loreto y Pena Pobre, Av. de los Insurgentes Sur. No. 3496, Tlalpan, D. F. a ESPECIE Pinus taeda GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 257 — CRECIMIENTO ; DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA ~ EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES; AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 22 13 a 1621 28 SITIO LAT $2 19°R) LONG. 99°0 ELEV. 2400 PRECIPITACION 875 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Junio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 12° HELADAS Octubre-Febrero ROCA MADRE volcdénica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco ercilloso PROFUNDIDAD 5 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 6.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadeente cesradado TOPOGRAFTA loma llana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Estados Unidos de América SIEMBRA PREPARACION limpieza de cfreulos FECHA 1933 ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 1 MATERTAL de vivero en potes HERRAMTENTAS azada y pico SUPERVIVENCIA 65% a los 22 afios CUIDO ninguno REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Zacayucan COMENTARIOS Torcidos, forma pobre ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Luis Sangri Namur, Unidad Industrial de Explotacién Forestal "Loreto y Pefia Pobre", Av. de los Insurgentes Sur No. 3496, Tlalpan, D. F. 14-15: ESPECIE Populus deltoides GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 258 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 6 22 15 275 9 SITIO T, 19°N LONG. 99°0 ELEV. 2300 PRECIPITACION 980 MESES DE SEQUIA Dic.-Junio TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° HELADAS Dic.-Febrero ROCA MADRE volcdnica SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arcillos: PROFUNDIDAD 1+ REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA valle CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado por muchos afos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacidén local STEMBRA FECHA 1954 ESPACIAMIENTO 6 x 6 AREA 5 MATERIAL esquejes, 100 cm HERRAMIENTAS azada SUPERVIVENCIA 97% a los 6 afios CUIDO Aplastar con disco 3 veces/afio; riego mensualmente; abonado con 13-13-13, 1958-1960 REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Chalco COMENTARIOS forma excelente ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Jesus Aldape Rosales, La Imperial Fabrica de Cerillas, Mexico; D. F. 14 - 16 ESPECIE Populus deltoides GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco °° PAIS Mexico PLANTACION 259 CRECIMIENTO | | : _) -DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ;: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 26 32 is OT 736 34 SITIO et LAT.’ “19°N LONG. 99%0: ELEV. - 2300 - -""" PRECIPTTACION 984 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Junio (SC SEPMPRRATURA PROMEDIO 15° —- HELADAS Diciembre-Febrero ROCA MADRE volcénica SUELO © aluviel ‘ TEXTURA.DEL SUELO arcilloso — “TEXTURAL DEL SUBSUELO arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1+- -REACCION 8.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO no estdé dezradado. - TOPOGRAFIA velle “° “QONDICION ANTES DE LA STEMBRA cultivado por muchos afios ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Mississippi, Estados Unidos de América SIEMERA “ “RRCHA 1934 ESPACIAMIENTO 3x3 AREA 60 MATERIAL esquejes, 100 cm © ~—- SUPERVIVENCIA 66% a los 26 afios CUIDO pasar disco 3 veces/afio cada afio; riego mensual; abonado con 13-13-13, 450. Ker /HA/atio durante 1956-1960 REPRODUCCION flores ausentes LUGAR Finca Maderalba, Chalco COMENTARIOS forma excelente ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Jesus Aldape Rosales, La Imperial Fabrica de Cerillas, Mexico, D. F. t «A =. 17 ESPECIE Populus x euremericana ev. I-224 GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Argentina PLANTACION 125 CRECIMIENTO : DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES : AREA: BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 16 LS 1200 23 207 SITIO LAT. 34°S LONG. 59°0O ELEV. 12-2. PRECIPITACION 950 MESES DE SEQUIA ninguno TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 16° HELADAS 10/ afio ROCA MADRE mixta SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO limo arenoso TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO axenoso REACCION 4.2-5.5 DRENAJE impedido ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana, aivet fredtico de 0.5 cm ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS Valle del Po, Italia STEMBRA ; PREPARACION apisonar con tractor FECHA (1949) ESPACIAMIENTO 2x 3; AREA 2000 MATERTAL esquejes SUPERVIVENCIA 98% CUIDO limpieza por 2 afios; poda a los @2 afios REPRODUCCION. semillas escasas LUGAR Isla Victoria, Delta del Rfo Paranda COMENTARIOS Se espera un rendimiento de 20 a 23 m3 de madera de pasta en un turno de explotacidén de 10-12 afios. El Alamo 7214 tiene el mayor crecimiento, pero el Alamo #154 es de mayor difusidén. De las 100,000 HA de montes en el Delta, 15% es de dlamos y 83% de sauces. (S. alba calve y varios hforidos. ) ; ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Lamberto Golfari, Celulosa Argentina S.A., Casilla Correo 3499, Buenos Aires, Argentina ws - 18 ESPECIE Populus x euramericana (Dode) Guinier ev I - 214 GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Argentina PLANTACION 126 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES;: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 6 ce “19 900 qh 116 12 22 23 900 23 350 RENDIMIENTO 187 m3 a los 8 afios SITIO LAT. 34°S LONG. 58° 30'0O ELEV. 1-2 PRECIPITACION 980 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Feb., Aug.-Sept. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 18° HELADAS 2 meses SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO fino “PROFUNDIDAD 90 - 120 cm” TEXTURAL DEL SUBSUELO “médiazio™ REACCION 4.5 - 6.5 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA plana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA pastos SIEMBRA PREPARACION quema y se pasdé disco FECHA (1947) ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 MATERIAL esquejes, 50 cm SUPERVIVENCIA 97% al afio; 90% a los 5 afios CUIDO 3 limpiezas piennteras 3 aiios REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR 54 km al N del pueblo Gloss, Gevdeien Forestal "D.F. Sarmiento" | ORIGEN DE INFORMACION 0O. C. Catani, por conducto de Elias Dabas, Adm. Nacional de Bosques, Min. de Agricultura y Ganaderfa, ._ Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 -19 ESPECIE Populus euramericana I-154 GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Argentina PLANTACION 127 CRECIMIENTO DOMEINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 5 10 10 1380 4 161 SITIO LAT. 35°30'S LONG. 60°0 ELEV. 52 PRECIPITACION 872 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 15° HELADAS Abril-Cctubre TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD muy profundo DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA liana STEMBRA PREPARACION arado y restrillado FECHA 1950 ESPACIAMIENTO. 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 0.2 MATERIAL esquejes SUPERVIVENCIA 91% al afio CUIDO corte de yerbas REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Vivero Forestal 25 de Mayo, 8 km al § del pueblo 25 de Mayo, Prov. de Buenos Aires COMENTARIOS Prdéxima medicidén serd a los 10 afios de edad, 1960 ORIGEN DE INFORMACION F. J. Cersosimo, por conducto de Elias Dabas, Adm. Nacional de Bosques, Min. de Agricultura y Ganaderfia, Buenos Aires, Argentina ‘14 - 20 ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Seco PAIS Colombia . “PLANTACION . 229 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm ; ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 7 1 a1 80h. SITIO LAT. 6°N LONG. 73°0 ELEV. 2900 PRECIPITACION 800 MESES DE SEQUIA Diciembre-Febrero TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 12° HELADAS Diciembre-Febrero SUELO aluvial _ ‘TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 50 cm REACCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre . ‘TOPOGRAFTA 40% inclinacién ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS local STEMBRA FECHA 1952 ESPACTAMIEINTO. (265 Xx 3 AREA 250 MATERTAL de vivero en potes SUPERVIVENCIA 60% a los 7 afios CUIDO limpieza anualmente; aclareos cuando son necesarios REPRODUCCION flores abundantes | LUGAR Sano ineaniente 7 km al NO de Paz del Rio ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Jose V. Rodriguez, Min. de Agric. Serv. Tec. Agri., Col. Am. Calle 60 No. 10-09, Bogotdé, Colombia 1k - el SPECIES Eucalyptus camaldulensis ECOLCGICAL GROUP. Temperase Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 271 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARS AGE : DBE cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME ag 37 32 680 dy SITE TAT IZ" SO" § LONG. 56°40' W ELEV. 20 ANNUAL RAINFALL 980 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16 FROST May - September SOIL alluviel TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loem DEPTH 30 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 m.+ REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE modereteiy degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation *n Argentina PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1948 SPACING 2x2 AREA STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 27% at 13 years REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATICN Aeropuerto Ezeira, Buenos Aires COMMENTS poor form SOURCE Rosario Leonardis, Papelera Argentina S.A., Diagonal Norte 938, Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 - 22 SPECIES Eucalyptus viminalis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 272 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE ;: DBH cm : HIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 5 39 31 880 hh SITE LAT. 3h°20' S LONG. 58°410' W ELEV. 20 ANNUAL RAINFALL 980 DRY MONTES none AV. TEMPERATURE 16 ROST May - September SOIL azluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loam DEPTH 30 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 m.+ REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation in Argentina PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1946 SPACING 2x2 AREA 10 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 35% at 15 years REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATION Aeropuerto Ezeiras, Buenos Aires COMMENTS form variable SOURCE Juan Negrotti, Celulosa Arsentina, S.A., Diagonal Norte 938, Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 - 23 SPECIES Eucalyptus maideni ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 273 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 6 eT 22 2170 33 SITE TAT ee 3-10" S LONG. 59°40' W ELEV. 40 ANNUAL RAINFALL 986 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16 FROST May - September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loam DEPTH 30 cm SUBSCIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 m.+ REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little “isturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation in Madagascar PLANTING PREPARATION plowed and subsoiled DATE 1954 SPACING 2x2 AREA 1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 85% at 6 years CARE weeded 2 years REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION 3 km IW of Estacidén Cortines, Buenos Aires COMMENTS Form excellent SOURCE Julio van Houtte, Alsina 1475, Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 - 2h SPECIES Eucalyptus viminalis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 274 GROWTH DOMINANTS & COLOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HSIGHT m NO.TREES: PASAL AREA ; VOLUME 9 25 Co 1350 a SITE LAT. ~34°10'° § LONG. 59°40! W ELEV. 40 ANNUAL RAINFALL 986 DRY MONTES none AV. TEMPERATURE 16° FROST May - September SOIL alivuvial TOPSOIL TEXTUNES clay loam DEPTH 40 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1m.+ REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation in Argentina PLANTING PREPARATION plowed and subsoiled DATE 1952 SPACING 2x2 AREA 1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 80% after 1 year CARE cleaned for 2 years, thinned every 3 years, heavily in 1959 REPRODUCTION seeds ebundant LOCATION 3 km WW of Estaciér Cortines, Buenos Aires SOURCE Julio Van Houtte, Alsina 1475, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1h - 25 SPECIES Eucelyptus macarthuri ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 275 CROWIH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm ; HEIGHT n NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 13 29 25 1260 7 SITE LAT. 3h°20'S LONG. 59°00' W ELEV. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 9€0 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMBERATURE 16 FROST May = September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE cley loan DEPTH 40 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH i m.+ ACTION 6.0 "DRAINAGE “impeded SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN Australia PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1948 SPACING 2x2 AREA O.1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 45% after 13 years REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATION Estacidén Forestal Casteler, 3 km NW of Moron, Buenos Aires COMMENTS Form poor above 6 meters SOURCE J. J. M. Garcfa, Estacién Forestal Casteler, Casilla de Correo #7, Sucursal Tessei, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 - 26 SPECIES Eucalyptus sideroxylon ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 276 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS ' STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm ; HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA :. VOLUME 6 5 12 2250 30 SITE LAT. -“3h°20' S LONG. 59°00' W ELEV. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 9€0 DRY MONYHS none “AV. TEMPERATURE 16 FRCST May-September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loam DEPTH 4O em SUBSOIL TEXTURE cley DEPTH 1 m.+ REACTION 6.5 DRAINAGE free “SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY Jevel CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED: ORIGIN Australia PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1955 SPACING 2 x 2 AREA 0.1 STOCK potted SURVIVAL 95% after 6 years REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATION Estacién Forestal Castelar, 3 km NW of Morén, Buenos Aires COMMENTS Form excellent SOURCE J. J. M. Garcia, Estacién Forestal Castelar, Casilla de Correo #7, Sucursal Tessei, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 - 27 SPECIES Eucalyptus ovata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 277 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGAT m NO,TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 8 eh 25 1950 45 SITE TAT. += 34°20" & LONG. 59°00* W ELEV. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 980 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE i65 CST May - September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loam DEPTH 40 em SUPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 m.+ REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPEY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN Australia PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1953 SPACING 2x2 AREA O.1 STOCK potted TOOLS. shovel SURVIVAL 80% at 8 years REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATION Estacién Forestal Castelar, 3 km NW of Morén, Buenos Aires SOURCE Hector Mangeiri, Administracidén Nacional de Bosques, Azeuénaga 134, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1h - 28 SPECIES Eucalyptus viminalis ECOLOGICAL GROUP ‘Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 278 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES:BASAL AREA: VOLUME 10 29 20 1950 hi SITE LAT. 24°10' S LONG. 61°00' W ELEV. 80 ANNUAL RAINFALL 903 DRY MONTES none AV, TEMPERATURE 16 FROST May - September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE fine sand DEPTH 30 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH 1m.+ REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation in Argentire. PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1951 SPACING 2X2 AREA 11 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 80% at 10 years CARE disked for 2 years REPRODUCTION seeds produced LOCATION Lote 3, Estancia El Soleado, Baigorrita, Junin, Buenos Aires COMMENTS Form fair SOURCE Mario Argentino Copello, El Soleaio, Baigorrita, Junin, Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 - 29 SPECIES Eucelyptus viminalis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temberete Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATTON 279 EROWIH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm: HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME hy 6h 15 i10 O7 SITE EATS 36°20" S LOG. 61°h0' w ELEV. 1£0 ANNUAL RAINFALL 718 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 15 FROST Mey - September PARENT ROCK sandstone SOIL alluvial TOPSCIL TEXTURE sandy DEPTH 12 m.+ SUBSOIL TEXTURE sandy REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantvaticn in Argentina PLANTING DATE 1920 SPACING 4& x 4 AREA 2 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 65% after 41 years REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION 1 km E of Caseros (Daireaux), Buenos Aires COMMENTS form excellent SOURCE Lemberto Golfari, Celulosa Argentina SA, Diagonal Norte 978, Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 - 30 SPECIES Eucalyptus viminalis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 280 GROWTH DOMINANTS & COVOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm; HEIGHT m §=—* NO. TREES: BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 8 22 21 1570 3h, SITE LAT. 33°00' S LONG. 60°40" W ELEV. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 925 DRY MONHS none AV, TEMPERATURE 18 FROST May - September SOIL alluviel TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1 m+ SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STAVE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING cultivated 3 yrs. SEED ORIGIN Australia PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE. 1953 SPACING 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 95% at 8 years CARE harrowed 2 years, pruned to 2 meters REPRODUCTION seed produced LOCATION Andino, 20 km NW of Rosario, Santa Fe SOURCE Oscar E. Colcmbo, Celulosa Argentina S.A., Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina 14 - 31 SPECIES Eucalyptus tereticornis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 281 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em: HiiGHT m NO.TREES; BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 8 22 20 1570 hy SITs LATS. 733 00" S LONG. 60°40! W ELEV. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 925 DRY MONTHS none AV, TEMPERATURE 18 FROST May - September SOIL alluvial TOPSOLL TEXTURE silt loam DEPTH 1 m.+ REACTION 5.5 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE iittle disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING cultivated 3 years SEED ORIGIN plantation in Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1953 SPACING 2 x 2.5 AREA 8 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 95% after 8 years CARE cultivated 2 years REPRODUCTION seeds abundant LOCATION Andino, 30 km WW of Rosario, Santa Fe SOURCE Oscar E. Colombo, Celulosa Argentina S.A., Rosario, Senta Fe, Argentina 14 - 32 SPECIES Eucalyptus saligna ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 202 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA :VOLU-ME 14 36 35 430 30 SITE LAT. 33°00' S LONG. 60°10" ELEV. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 925 DRY MONYES none AV. TEMPERATURE 18. FROST May = September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE silt loam DEPTH 1 m.+ SUBSOIL TEXTURE loan REACTION 5.5 & 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING cultivated 3 years SEED ORIGIN plantation in Brazil PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 194-7 SPACING 2x2 AREA 1 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel CARE cultivated 2 years, heavily thinned in 1958, pruned to 2 meters REPRODUCTION seeds and sprouts abundant LOCATION Andino, 30 km NW of Rosario, Santa Fe COMMENTS Form good SOURCE Oscar E. Colombo, Celulosa Argentina, S.A. Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina 1 - 33 SPECIES Pinus patula ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Colombia - PLANTATION GROWIH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBE cm : HEIGH? m NO. TiS: BASSL AREA; VOLUME ho 25 459 SITE ; LAT, Shot N LONG. 74°2' W ELEV. 2700 ANNUAL RAINFALL 989 DRE MONTHS 6 AV. TEMPERATURE 14° FROST 2 months PARENT ROCK sandstone SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE silty sand & clayey DEPTH 20 SUBSOIL TEXTURE silty sand & clayey DEPTH 60. REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degreded TOPOGRAPHY hilly CONDITION AT PLANTING secondary forest PLANTING SPACING 3 x 3 AREA 6 SURVIVAL 73% after 22 years REPRODUCTION flowers abundant; seed and sprouts scarce LOCATION 1 km from Usaquén, Cundinamarca SOURCE Elmo Montenegro, Ing. Forestal, Investigacidn, Ministerio de Agricultura, Colombia 330 Vs = 3h SPECIES Pinus patula ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Colombia PLANTATION 331 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 22 45 28 Taye) SITE LAT. °ho' LONG. 74°01" W ELEV. “2700: ANNUAL RAINFALL 989 DRY MONTHS 6 AV. TEMPERATURE 1° FROST 2 months PARENT ROCK sandstone SOIL residuel TOPSOIL TEXTURE silty sand & clayey DEPT E20! REACTION 5.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY hilly CONDITION AT PLANTING. secondery forest PLANTING SPACING 3 x 3 AREA .63 SURVIVAL 77% after 22 years REPRODUCTION flowers abundant; seed and sprouts scarce LOCATION 1 km from Usaquén, Cundinamarca COMMENTS Trying to use this forest as an experimental area for the Universidad Distrital SOURCE Elmo Montenegro, Ing. Forestal Investigacién, Ministerio de Agricultura, Colombia 14k - 35 SPECIES Robinia pseudoacacia ECCLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 370 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AG& : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NQ. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME y) 16 13 990 16 YIELD None SITE LAT. 34°20' § LONG. 59° ELEV. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 980 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.5 FROST May-September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loam DEPTH 40 em SUBSOIL TEXTURE cley DEPTH deep REACTION 6.5 at surface, 6.0 at 15 cm DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little affected TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation - Argentina LANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1952 SPACING 3x 3 AREA O.1 STCCK bare root TOOLS spade SURVIVAL 90% at 9 yrs. REPRODUCTION few-+ seedlings LOCATION Estacisn Forestal Castelar, 3 Km NW of Moron, Province of Buenos Aires COMMENTS Form fair SOURCE Ing. J.J.M. Garcia, Estacion Forestal Castelar, Casilla de Correo #7, Sucursal Tessei, Buenos Aires, Argentina Lh - 36 SPECIES Gleditsia triacanthos ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina "PLANTATION 371 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS | STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 9 12 1 1100 13 YIELD none SITE | LAT. 34°20! § LONG. 59°W ELEV. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 980 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.5 FROST May-September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loan DEPTH 0 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 7.0 at surface, 6.0 at 15 cm DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little effected TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation - Argentina PLANTING ~ PREPARATION plowed DATE 1952 SPACING 3x 3 AREA O.1 STCCK bare rool SURVIVAL 100% at 9 yrs. REPRODUCTION seed but no regeneration LOCATION Estacion Forestal Castelar, 3 Km NW of Moron, Province of Buenos Aires COMMENTS form good SOURCE Ing. Hector Mengeiri, Administracién Nacional de Bosques, Azcuenaga 1344, Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 - 37 SPECIES Ulmus pumila ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 372 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 6 (before thinning) 2493 eh 127 6 (after thinning) 2302 22 122 10 17 17 1780 30 SITE ; TAT, Bbet0! 3S , LONG. . 59°40' W ELEV. 4o ANNUAL RAINFALL 986 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.5 FROST May-September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE heavy clay DEPTH 5 em SUBSOIL TEXTURE loam DEPTH deep REACTION 8.0 on surface, 6.0 at 10 em DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little affected TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN U.S.A., 1939 PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1951 SPACING @x2 AREA 2 STOCK potted SURVIVAL 99% at 6 yrs. CERE thinned lightly at 6 and 9 yrs, pruned to 6 m. at 9 yrs. REPRODUCTION sprouts abundant LOCATION Lote 13, Parcela de Observacion U.P.2, Km 80, 3 Kn. MW of Estacion COMMENTS form excellent SOURCE Julio Van Houtte., Alsina 1475, Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 - 38 SPECIES Populus X eurcamericana I 154 ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 373 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES : BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 16 25 et 370 16 SITE PAY. 33°40? LONG. 59°20! ELEV. O ANNUAL RAINFALL 950 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.5 FROST May-September PARENT ROCK sedimentary SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE heavy clay DEPTH deep SUBSOIL TEXTURE heavy clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little affected TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING secondary forest SEED ORIGIN plantation - Argentina PLANTING PREPARATION plowed & disked DATE 19h5 SPACING 3x 1.5 AREA 1 STOCK cuttings TOOLS shovel CARE disked every year, thinned 25% at 9 yrs, 25% at 10 yrs, and 10% at 15 yrs, pruned to 3 meters REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Tajiber, Seccion 2, Parcela J, 10 Km SE of Campana COMMENTS form fair, some loss to borers last 5 yrs SOURCE Jose M. Pizzichini, Casiiia #11, Campana, Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 - 39 SPECIES Populus X euroamericana I 15h ECOLOGICAL GROUP ‘Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 374 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE : AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m —sNO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 12 19 20 ee AONS 25 SITE LADS. 3iio' Ss LONG. 39° a W ELEV. 40 ANNUAL RAINFALL 986 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.5 FROST Mey - _ sented SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE ae Loam DEPTH 50 em SUBSOIL TEXTURE loam DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN Argentina plantation PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1948 | SPACING irregular, 3000/HA AREA 1 STOCK cuttings CARE pruned first year, thinned lightly almost every year REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Km 80 Norte, 3 Km NW Estacidén Cortines, Province of Buenos Aires COMMENTS form with slight sweep SOURCE Juiio Ven Houtte, Alsina 1475, Buenos Aires, Argentina 14 - ho SPECIES Populus X euroamericana x21 ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 375 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 6 ie} 45 600 16 SITE LAT. 33°40' § LONG. 59°20' W ELEV. O ANNUAL RAINFALL 950 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.5 FRCST May-September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE silt loam DEPTH deep SUBSOIL TEXTURE silt loan DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little affected TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING secondary forest SEED ORIGIN plantation, Argentina PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1955 SPACING 3 x 3 AREA 1.3 STCCK cuttings TCOLS shovel CARE disked each year, thinned 25% at 4 yrs, 20% at 6 yrs, pruned to 2 meters REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Tajiber, Seccion 4, Parcela A, 10 Kn SE of Campana COMMENTS form better than I 154 SOURCE José M. Pizzichini, Casilla #11, Campana, Buenos Aires, Argentina whe - 4d SPECIES Populus X euroamericana I 214 ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 376 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m™ (NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 2 19 13 560 16 YIELD none SITE LARS S234310255 - LONG. 61°W EURVEINSO ANNUAL RAINFALL 903 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.2 FROST May-September SOIL alluvial . TOPSOIL TEXTURE sandy loan DEPTH 30 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE sandy DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING secondary forest SEED ORIGIN Argentina plantation PLANTING PREPARATION . plowed DATE 1956 SPACING 4 x 4 AREA 1 STOCK cuttings SURVIVAL . 95% at 5 yrs. CARE disked 3 -times-annually, first 3 yrs. REPRODUCTION none LOCATION El Soleado (Baigorrita), 17 km S of Junin COMMENTS form good, better than variety 262 nearby SOURCE Mario Argentino Capello, El Soleado, Junin, Argentina 14 - he SPECIES Populus pyramnidalis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 377 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 23 ho he 450 }y SITE LAT. 34°20' S LONG. 70°50' W ELEV. 230 ANNUAL RAINFALL 562 DRY MONTHS November-March AV. TEMPERATURE 14 . FROST 2 months PARENT ROCK granite SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE heavy clay DEPTH deep SUBSOIL TEXTURE gravelly clay DEPTH deep REACTION 8.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING cultivated SEED ORIGIN Chile plantation PLANTING PREPARATION plowed & cultivated DATE 1933 SPACING double rows, 2x2, by 4 m. AREA 3 STOCK cuttings TOOLS bar . SURVIVAL high CARE Cleaned annually, thinned at 5 & 11 yrs., pruned at 1, 6, and 12 yrs. Irrigated 6 months each year. REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Fundo Naicura, 12 Km W of Rosario, O'Higgins Province SOURCE Ing. Bjorn Herlin, Compafiia Agricola y Forestal Copihue, Casilla 23, Estacidén Rosario, Chile 14 - 43 SPECIES Populus pyramidalis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 378 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm ;: HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME SE 31 3h pe ae SITE LAT. 34°20" s LONG. 70°50' W _ ELEV. 260 ANNUAL RAINFALL 562 DRY MONTHS November-March AV. TEMPERATURE 14 . FROST 2 months PARENT ROCK granite SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE heavy clay DEPTH deep SUBSOIL TEXTURE gravelly clay DEPTH deep REACTION 7-5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING cultivated SEED ORIGIN Chile plantation PLANTING PREPARATION plowed & cultivated DATE 1950 SPACING 2x 5 AREA 12 STOCK cuttings TOOLS bar SURVIVAL niga CARE cleaned annually, irrigated 6 months each year, eee at 5 yrs, pruned first & 6th years (to 4 meters) REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Los Culenes Arriba, 12 Km W of Rosario, O'Higgins Province SOURCE Ing. Bjorn Herlin, Compafiia Agricola y Forestal Copihue, Casilla 23, Estacidén Rosario, Chile 1h - bb SPECIES Populus pyramidalis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 379 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm . HETGHT i NO.TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME eh 4O 39 605 oe SIZE MAT: 34°00" Ss LONG. 70°50' W ELEV. 240 ANNUAL RAINFALL 562 ' DRY MONTHS November-March AV, TEMPERATURE 14° FROST 2 months PARENT ROCK granite SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loam DEPTH deep SUBSOIL TEXTURE gravelly DEPTH deep REACTION 7.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little degraded TOPOGRAPHY valley CONDITION AT PLANTING cultivated SEED ORIGIN Chile plantation PLANTING PREPARATION plowed & disked DATE 1937 SPACING double rows 2x2 by 4 m. AREA 6 STOCK cuttings TOOLS bar SURVIVAL high CARE Thinned at 5, 10, and 21 yrs. Pruned first year after each thinning. Fertilized 200 Kilos P50 and 1000 kilos CaCoo/HA when planted. Irrigated 6 months each year. REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Fundo Los Sauces, 4 Km S of Rengo, O'Higgins Province COMMENTS Form excellent SOURCE Ing. Bjorn Herlin, Compafifa Agricola Forestal Copihue, Casilla 23, Estacion Rosario, Chile Lh = 45 SPECIES Populus arnoldo mussolini ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 380 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HETGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 19 45 ho = 250 25 SITE LAT. 34°20! S LONG. 70°50' W ELEV. 230 ANNUAL RAINFALL 562 DRY MONTHS WNovember-Mareh AV. TEMPERATURE 14° FROST 2 months PARENT ROCK granite SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE heavy clay DEPTH deep SUBSOIL TEXTURE gravelly _ DEPTH deep REACTION 8.0 - DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little degraded TOPOGRAPHY valley CONDITION AT PLANTING cultivated SEED ORIGIN Italy plantation PLANTING PREPARATION plowed and cultivated DATE 19he SPACING double rows 2 x2 by 4m AREA 3 STOCK cuttings TOOLS bar SURVIVAL high CARE weeded annually, thinned early & heavily, pruned early. Fertilized when planted. Irrigated 6 months each year. REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Fundo Naicura, 12 Km W of Rosario, O'Higgins Province COMMENTS form inferior to P. pyramidalis SOURCE Ing. Bjorn Herlin, Compafiia Agricola y Forestal Copihue, Casilla 23, Estacién Rosario, Chile 1h - 46 SPECIES Casuarina cunninghamiana ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 331 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 15 26 20 1600 60 YIELD none SITE EAT. 3°20" Ss LONG. 53°40! W ELEV. 20 ANNUAL RAINFALL 980 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.5 FROST May-September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loan DEPTH 40 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE loam DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN Argentina plantation PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1946 SPACING @x2 AREA 3 STOCK potted SURVIVAL 50% at 15 yrs. REPRODUCTION seed but no regeneration LCCATION Parque Ezeiza, Buenos Aires COMMENTS straight but heavy taper SOURCE Ing. Rosario Leonardis, Papelera Argentina, Av. Roque Saeny Pena 935, Buenos Aires, Argentina at = Oy SPECIES Pinus taeda ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 382 GROWTH DOMINANTS & GODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 13 30 16 990 23 YIELD 35 tons pulpwood/ha at 7 yrs and 30 tms at 9 yrs. SITE LAT. 33°40" LONG. 59°20' ANNUAL RAINFALL 950 DRY MONTHS none AV, TEMPERATURE 16.5 FROST May-September PARENT ROCK sedimentary SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE silty loam DEPTH 10 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE silty loam DEPTH deep REACION 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little affected TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING secondary forest SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1948 SPACING 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 3 STOCK potted SURVIVAL 86% at 7 yrs. CARE Disked 2 yrs, thinned 25% at 7 yrs and 15% at 9 yrs. Pruned to 2 meters at 4 yrs and to 4 meters at 9 yrs. REPRODUCTION seedlings abundant LOCATION Tajiber, Seccién 4, Parcela C, Cuadro 14, 10 Km SE of Campana COMMENTS form better than P. elliottii SOURCE Jose M. Pizzichini, Casilla #11, Campana, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1h = 48 SPECIES Pinus taeda ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina ' PLANTATION 383 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES : BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 18 32 15 560 30 SITE : on kis LAT. 33°00' § LONG. 60°40' W ELEV. 30 ANNUAL RAINFALL 925 DRY MONTHS none AV, TEMPERATURE 185 FROST May-September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loan DEPTH 35 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE littie affected TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. PLANTING : PREPARATION plowed DATE 1943 SPACING 2x 3 AREA 5 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel CARE disked 2 yrs., thinned various times, pruned to 2 meters REPRODUCTION few seedlings LOCATION Campo San Fernando, Capitan Bermudez, 12 Km N of Rosario, Santa Fe COMMENTS more limby than P. elliottii nearby SOURCE Oscar E. Colombo, Celulosa Argentina, S.A. Andino, Santa Fe, Argentina 1h = kg SPECIES Pinus elliottii ECOLCGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina — PLANTATION 384 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 18 e9.. >" aS) pi ly) 23 SITE LAT. 33°S LONG. 60°40' W ELEV. 30 - ANNUAL RAINFALL 925 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 18 FROST May - September SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay loam DEPTH 35 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 © DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level — CONDITION AT PLANTING: pasture SEED ORIGIN U. S. A. PLANTING i PREPARATION plowed DATE 1943 SPACING 2x 3 AREA 5 - STOCK potted TOOLS shovel CARE cleaned 2 yrs., thinned various times, pruned to 2 meters. REPRODUCTION few seedlings LOCATION Campo San Fernando, Capitan Bermudez, 12 Km N of Rosario, Santa Fe COMMENTS good form, branches thin SOURCE Oscar E. Colombo, Celulosa Argentina, S.A., Andino, Santa Fe, Argentina 14 - 50 SPECIES Pinus elliottii ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 385 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HBIGHT m NO. TREES : BASAL AREA : VOLUME 14 29 19 920 37 YIELD 30 tons pulpwood/HA at 8 yrs., 25 tons at 11 yrs. SITE LAT. 33°40' LONG. 59°20' ELEV. 00 ANNUAL RAINFALL 950 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 16.5 FROST May-September PARENT ROCK sedimentary SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE silty clay DEPTH 10 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE silt DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE impeded SOIL STATE little affected TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN U.S.A. PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1947 SPACING 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 1.5 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 90% at 3 yrs. CARE disked 2 yrs; thinned 40% in 1955 & 20% in 1958; pruned at years 3 and & (to 5 m.) REPRODUCTION none LOCATION Tajiber, Sec. 4, Parcela E. Cuadro 4, 10 KM SE of Campana COMMENTS form good SOURCE Jose M. Pizzichini, Casilla #11, Campana, Buenos Aires, Argentina 14h - 51 SPECIES Pinus cenariensis ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 386 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME he 45 29 Dae 57 Yield none SITE LAT. =-36720' LONG. 61°40' W ELEV. 120 ANNUAL RAINFALL 718 - DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 15.3 FROST May-September PARENT ROCK sandstone . SOIL dune - TOPSOIL TEXTURE sand . DEPTH deep SUBSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH deep REACTION 5.0 at surface, 6.0 at 15 cm DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little affected TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture PLANTING ‘PREPARATION plowed DATE 1919 SPACING 2.5 x 2.5 ARFA 0.1 STOCK potted SURVIVAL 33% at 42 yrs. REPRODUCTION few seedlings LOCATION Estancia La Larga, Province of Buenos Aires COMMENTS very limby, many epicormic branches, bu& erect SOURCE Dr. Lamberto Golfari, Celulosa Argentina, Diagonal Norte 938, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1s - 52 SPECIES Pinus pinaster ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Dry COUNTRY Argentina PLANTATION 387 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME 34 35 15 625 Ta YIELD unknown volume of fuelwood SITE LAT. 36°20' § LONG. 61°40! W ' ELEV. 120 ANNUAL RAINFALL 718 DRY MONTHS none AV. TEMPERATURE 15.3 FROST May-September SOIL dune TOPSOIL TEXTURE sand SUBSOIL TEXTURE sand DEPTH deep REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little affected TOPOGRAPHY 15% slope - = ASPECT «SW CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantdtion, Argentina _ PLANTING PREPARATION none DATS 1927 SPACING 4 x 4 AREA 1 STOCK potted TOOLS spade CARE none REPRODUCTION seedlings & saplings abundant LOCATION Estancia La Irenita, 15 km S of Caceros, Province of Buenos Aires COMMENTS very branchy but only pine adapted to this region SOURCE Los Diaz, Estancia La Irenita, 5.A. Caceros, Buenos Aires, Argentina 15-1 ESPECIE Pinus radiata GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Muy Seco PAIS Argentina PLANTACION 129 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURAm NUM. ARBOLES; AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 10 12 ala ehie 27 164 SITIO LAT. 32°25'S LONG. 69°0 ELEV. 500 PRECIPITACION 193 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 16° HELADAS Junio-Julio TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso PROFUNDIDAD poco profundo DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA onduleda SIEMBRA PREPARACION arado y rastrillado FECHA “1948 ESPACIAMIENTO @x 2 AREA 0.2 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 96% al afio CUIDO corte de yerbas LUGAR Plantacién de los Hnos. Mosso, 5 km al O de Tunuydn, Mendoza, Argentina COMENTARIOS El crecimiento de los d4rboles en este clima drido probablemente se debe a la presencia de aguas subterrdéneas. La préxima medicidén seré en 1961 a los 15 afios. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION F. J. Cersosimo, por conducto de Elias Dabas, Adm. Nacional de Bosques, Min. de Agricultura y Ganaderfa, Buenos Aires, Argentina u5 - 2 ESPECIE Populus euramericana monflifera GRUPO ECOLOGICO Templado Muy Seco PAIS Argentina PLANTACION 128 CRECIMIENTO . DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 5 8 12 1970 16 172 9 14 el 1970 29 310 SITIO ' LAT. 33°25* S LONG. 69°O | ELEV. 500 PRECIPITACION 193 EMPERATURA PROMEDIO 16” HELADAS Junio-Julio TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso PROFUNDIDAD muy profundo DRENAJE libre TOPOGRAFIA lilana =. wo ow ae rn re ey SIEMBRA eis | PREPARACION ..arada y rastrilleda FECHA 1945 ESPACIAMIENTO 1 x.5 _ AREA 0.3 MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda SUPERVIVENCIA 99% al aiio CUIDO cortar hierbas REPRODUCCION ninguna LUGAR Plantacion de Manuel Ruano e Hijos, 3 km al O de Tunuyan, Prov. Mendoza _ - | COMENTARIOS El crecimiento de érboles en este sean brido proba- blemente se debe a la presencia de aguas subterréneas. La proxima medicién se hard a los 15 afios en 1961. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION F. Jd. Cersosimo, por conducto de Elias Dabas, Adm. Nacional de Bosques, Min. de peesher roms y Ganaderfa, Buenos Aires, Argentina . a ae SPECIES Eucalyptus globulus ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Very Dry COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION GROWIE DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH em : HEIGHT m NO.TREES : BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 12 aly ¢ 19 3030 28 SITE HAT. 735,20" S LONG. 71°40! W ELEV. 40 ANNUAL RAINFALL 438 Daf MONTHS November-June: AV. TEMPERATURE 14 FROST July - August PARENT ROCK granite SOIL residual TOPSOIL TEXTURE sandy loem DEFTH 10 cn SUBSOIL TEXTURE sendy loan DEPTH 30 cm REACTION 6.5 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING pasture SEED ORIGIN plantation in Chile PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1949 SPACING 2x1.5 AREA STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 90% after 12 years REPRODUCTION seed abundant, sprouts scerce LOCATION 1 km iV. of Las Cruces, San Antonio, Province of Santiago SOURCE René Fernéndez, Administracidén Forestal, Ministerio de Agricultura, Santiago, Chile 263 15-4 SPECIES Eucalyptus globuius ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Very Dry COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 268 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE ; DBH ci : HEIGHT m NO. TREES : EASAL AREA ; VOLUME 15 22 26 1640 25 SITE LAT. 30°20' § LONG. 71°30' W FLEV. 80 ANNUAL RAINFALL 129 DRY MONTES September-June, AV. TEMPERATURE 15 FLost July - August PARENT ROCK limestone SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE sandy DEPTH 2 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE Sandy DEPTH tlm. + REACTION 8.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TOPCGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING grazed SEED ORIGIN plantation in Chile PLANTING DATE 1920 SPACING 2x2 AREA 10 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel CARE Cut twice, second time in 1946, sprouts thinned REPRODUCTION seed and sprouts abundant LOCATION Fundo El Tanque, Ovalle, Provincia Coquimbo SOURCE Hugo Gonzalez, Fundo Infiernilio, Casil’.a 151, Ovalle, Chile 5D SPECIES Eucalyptus globulus ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperave very Dry COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 269 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTAR®S AGE : DBE cm : HEIGHT m NO.TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME oh lo ho 1600 78 SITE . TAT. 330740" -S LONG. 71°20" wW ELEV. 340 ANNUAL RAINFALL 129 DRY MONTHS September - June AV. TEMPERATURE 15° FROST July - Avgust PARENT ROCK granite SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE sandy loan DEPTH 5 cm SUBSOIL TEXTURE gravel DEPTH 1 m.+ REACTION 7.5 DRAINAGR free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING grazed SEED ORIGIN plantation in Chile PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1937 SPACING 2x2 AREA 1 STCCK potted TCOLS shovel SURVIVAL 60% after 24 years REPRODUCTION seeds and sprouts scarce LOCATION Vivero Forestal David Perry, Avalle, Coquimbo SOURCE Orlando Eustamente, Yivero Forestal David Perry, Recolecta Comuna, Ovalle, Chile 15 - 6 SPECIES Eucalyptus globulus COUNTRY Chile PLANTATION 270 GROWTH DOMINANTS & CODOMINANTS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGHT m NO. TREES; BASAL AREA ; VOLUME 16 36 hb 12):0 56 SITE LAT.. 30-40" 6 LONG. 71°20’ W ELEV. 200 ANNUAL RAINFALL 129 DRY MONTHS September-June AV. TEMPERATURE 15 FROST June-July PARENT ROCK granite SOIL alluvial TOPSOIL TEXTURE clay DEPTH 1.0 em SUBSCIL TEXTURE clay with gravel DEPTH 1 m.+ REACTION 8.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE little disturbed TOPOGRAPHY level CONDITION AT PLANTING cultivated SEED ORIGIN plantation in Chile PLANTING PREPARATION plowed DATE 1946 SPACING 2.5 x 2.5 AREA 10 STOCK potted TOOLS shovel SURVIVAL 60% after 16 years REPRODUCTION seed abundant LOCATION Fundo El Mirador, Ovalle, Coquimbo COMMENTS Form excellent, high water table SOURCE Felix Corral, Fundo El Mirador, Ovalle, Chile 15 <7 SPECIES Pinus radiata ECOLOGICAL GROUP Temperate Very Dry COUNTRY Chile PLANTAT=ON 332 GROWIS DOMINANTS & CODOMINANIS STAND PER HECTARE AGE : DBH cm : HEIGET m NO. TREES: BASAL AREA : VOLUME Li, 26 19 2 SITE LAL. -i59)20°.5 LONG. 71°30' W ELEV. 180 ANNUAL RAINFALL 438 DRY MONTHS November - June AV. TEMPERATURE 14° FROST ? PARENT ROCK granite SCIL residual TOPSCIL TEXTURE clay loan DSPTH 25 em SUBSOIL TEXTURE clay REACTION 6.0 DRAINAGE free SOIL STATE moderately degraded TCPOGRAPHY 5% slope ASPECT N CONDITION AT PLANTING cultivated SEED ORIGIN plantation in Chile PLANTING 194). SPACING 2x2 AREA 4 STOCK bareroot nursery TCOLS spade SURVIVAL 80% after 15 yeers CARE thinning from below at 15 years; pruning to 10 ft. at 15 years REPRODUCTION seeds scarce; sprouts absent LOCATICN Cruce Cartagena, Depto. San Antonio, Santiago Province COMMENTS good form SOURCE René Fernandez, Ministry of Agriculture, Santiago, Chile Fi vt ¥ + ‘t oe As 1 4 _ be La ; 4 hee AP Meee pee te ater Syaliot Sues Ge a ae ML iP an gsee pas 5 es Ye wee hed i own ¢ a i nal ge Pra ee a 1 satel 4 ues Hy SUP ee) a ; a pert vies AY we ar or \ “aoe ete a Pt a 21S, See . ito Ue WY ce is Jak Ri et . m ero : ie en rR! et at : His A Wad bake See _» ee oe Po raren wages cer - . ‘ ah fo Lath sakes mel av - fae ah bi ; { cl vat il fms Gr { a . - om th Bea — Oba Mem is , . 5 me Yount shot We , wey ay we td ran a a ve ; : : se y = ht my a a - S Pas sas alles aa x . x rset hai mney © t ’ : - 3 « Vet ery ’ t ee ar ae ena ar vane, Be : nt oh Dos, sare oe pe es Weedetl it ny ow Manne Fe igh | rnd, oe ae oiey ee, e* os 0 - wopud, : . 7 a os = pian ie, pes ; : Ay tl a , ‘i eat feet : - : 1 pac ee ae eh i, be ahd = * - ora EIR eT CNN , : noireme _ , * ‘Sen eee ae, ets Lat : oat y lea * oh avi ate _ ey cranes 4. fy , (Soho Pape tie oe ha ie ere ee | PAciee debe AS tess ahs . ¥ . ~ eGon iy eye rn “ a ArH Coat a Oo beget WAY Adin eer eee ¢ P mn ft boy Aisle ie til With he " if, et ee : 7 Moy yr Soe s) CMTGAD MeL, . we - at rs ert ae E _ ie La ee P - 7 et nyes Te ee ype. faye | " pe tpeey Tee at - ie teed Lo. thy aR al Santas Saks os Pee Sa try : " 5 PD dol by AL ( ; m ee eee ou 4 Py a iain “f & eens hh 8 i 4th c a tay, eeocy , . ‘ . nes ar € 2, . 7 i eT a at ett |G Adismcmschee ae ee Sera chore ae ee ea Sh f é 197% i” f neh be A - . ate y Cac jet | ISS Atel + oan ‘ ty vom nan Reet i hy = aya o PET ita yd : y upebere hide “sf oe 4 wl A aa oe ae enna riprt oe el oe Soa in Ags , , ¢ x Ly ee 8 ESPECIE Abies religiosa GRUPO ECOLOGICO Fresco Muy Htmedo PAIS Mexico PLANTACION.. 110 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 32 30 22 RENDIMIENTO 5743 m3 a los 40 afios SITIO LAT. 19° 35° LONG. 99°0 ELEV. 2800 PRECIPITACION 1200 MESES DE SEQUIA Enero-Junio HELADAS Octunne-Repners TEXTURA DEL SUELO ercilloso TOPOGRAFIA 30% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES Di LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS bosque natural STEMBRA PREPARACION ninguna FECHA 1918 ESPACIAMIENTO 3x3 AREA 280 MATERIAL” de’ vivero~° -- HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCTA 75% REPRODUCCION semillas soindaates LUGAR "La Venta", Cuajimalpa, D.F., 24 km de Ciudad Mexico ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Ing. Tomas Gubkedas? cones Unided TidesnRinNoLeNEeL Loreto y Pefia Pobre, Tlalpan, | D. F., Mexico 17-2 ESPECIE Cupressus sp. GRUPO ECOLOGICO Fresco Muy Himedo PAIS Ecuador PLANTACION 260 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 3 30 16 SITIO TAM, § —38°s LONG. 78° 33*0 ELEV. 3600 PRECIPTTACION 00 MESES DE SEQUIA Junio-Agosto ‘TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 7° HELADAS irregular durante el afio ROCA MADRE arena volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA Di SUELO arcilloso iimoso PROFUNDIDAD 12 cm -TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO cascajoso arenoso = PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 5.5 DRENAJS libre TOPOGRAFIA 30% inelinacién _ CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA dJilanura con pastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido STEMBRA ; FECHA 1927 ESPACIAMIENTO 3 x 3 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda CUIDO ninguno REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR 46 km al S de Quito, en la Estacién de Ferrocarril de Cotopaxi COMENTARIOS muy ramoso ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Mario Cardenas, Depto. Forestal, Min. de Fomento, Quito, Ecuador > eat: ESPECIE Cupressus lusitanica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Fresco Muy Himedo PATS Ecuador PLANTACION 261 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTESS DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALU URA m NUM. ARBOLES : AREA: BASIMETRICA: VOL. 26 ho el 29 hh eal 1096 SITIO TAT. .2°S LONG. 79°0O ELEV. © 2200. PRECIPITACION 1400 MESES DE SEQUIA Agosto-Sept. TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 10° HELADAS - ninguna ROCA MADRE arena volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco limoso . PROFUNDIDAD 40 cm TEXTURA DEL SUSSUELO ‘franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 2+ REACCION 5.0 “ DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA 10% inclinacién ASPECTO S$ CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque virgen ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS desconocido SIEMBRA PREPARACION tumba completa FECHA 1931 ESPACIAMIENTO 4.2 x 2.2 AREA 0.2 MATERIAL de vivero a raiz desnuda CUIDO aclareo del 50% a los 15 afios REPRODUCCION flores abundantes LUGAR Los Alpes, 48 km al SO de Quito CCMENTARIOS Pastoreo de ganado vacuno y cerdos. Casi todo el tiempo hay neblina. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Mario Cardenas, Depto. Forestal, Min. de Fomento, Quito, Ecuador 17-4 ESPECIE Pinus radiata GRUPO ECOLOGICO Fresco Muy Himedo PAIS Ecuador PLANTACION 75 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA m an 30 a 30 60 16 SITIO LAT. 38" Ss LONG. 73° S200 BLEV. 3600 PRECIPITACION 1001 MESES DE SEQUIA Junio-Agosto TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 7° HELADAS Junio & Noviembre ROCA MADRE arena volcdnica SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIAD 30 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO arenoso . PROFUNDIDAD 2 REACCION 5.0 - 5.5 DRENAJS libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco affect cado TOPOGRAFIA O = 30% inclinacién CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA vastos ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS comprada a Otto Katsenstein, Atlanta, Georgia SIEMBRA Fecha 1925 ESPACIAMIENTO 1.5 x 3 AREA 15,000 érboles MATERIAL de vivero a rafz desnuda, 50-60 cm HERRAMTENTAS barra SUPERVIVENCIA 65% a los 5 aiios CUIDO limpieza; poda a los i y 6 afios REPRODUCCION flores escasas LUGAR Cotopaxi, 60 km al S de Quito COMENTARIOS Sembrado con P. muricata, P. montezumae, P. patula, P. cenariensis, P. halepensis, | ae taeda, E Pe car70aea, P. thunbergii, Cupressus spp. > Thu: a spp., Sequoia SPD. , ~Taxodium Spp- & Chanaecyoaris. Solamente Be “radiata y P. muricata son vigorosos y de desarrollo rapido. ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Luciano Andrade Marin, Calle Luis F. Borja 500, Quito, Ecuador 18 -1 ESPECIE Cupressus lusitenica GRUPO ECOLOGICO Fresco Htmedo PAIS Colombia PLANTACION 78 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm: ALTURA nm NUM. ARBOLES: AREA BASITMETRICA: VOL. 15 20 12 < 800 28 302 SITIO LAT. 8° 36'N "SeLONG. 270 - ELEV. 2600 PRECIPITACION. $99 MESES DE SEQUIA 9 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 112° HELADAS 2 meses ROCA MADRE arenisca SUELO residual TEXTURA DEL SUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 15 cm TEXTURA DEL SUBSUELO franco arenoso PROFUNDIDAD 80 REACCION 4.8 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderademente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 30% inclinacién CONDICION ATES DE LA SIEMBRA bosque secundario ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plentacién - 4°32'N, 74°5'0; 2700 m; 1200 m STEMBRA FECHA 19hh ESPACIAMIENTO 2x2 AREA 2 MATERTAL de vivero en potes HERRAMIENTAS barra CUIDO desconocido REPRODUCCION semillones abundantes LUGAR Bosque del Acueducto, 5 km de Bogota ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Elmo Montenegro, Seccidén de Bosques, Min. de Agricultura, Apartado Aéreo 11768, Bogotéd, Colombia 18 -2 ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Fresco Himedo PAIS Venezuela PLANTACION 77 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES EDAD ;: DAP cm : ALTURA m 37 53 5) SITIO LAT. -8°48'n LONG. 70°55'O ELEV. 3270 PRECIPITACION ‘700 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 10° HELADAS si ROCA MADRE granito SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA 9% inclinacidn ASPECTO SO STEMBRA FECHA 1925 ESPACIAMIENTIO 4 xh AREA 51 4rboles MATERIAL de vivero LUGAR "Apartaderitos" 69 km al. NE de Merida, Venezuela ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. Claverie Rodriguez, por conducto de> G. H. Raets, Instituto Forestal Latino-Americano, Apartado 36, Merida, Venezuela 18 - 3 ESPECIE Eucalypt is g.obilus GRUPO ECOLOGICO Fresco Himedo PAIS Venezuela PLANTACION 79 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES Y CODOMINANTES EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m 9 20 Ig SITIO LAT. 8°47'N LONG. 71°0O ELEV. 2977 PRECIPITACION 708 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 11° HELADAS si ROCA MADRE granito SUELO aluvial TEXTURA DEL SUELO arenoso arcilloso PROFUNDIDAD 1 REATCION 5.0 DRENAJE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO poco afectado TOPOGRAFIA liana SIEMBRA FECHA 1947 ESPACIAMIEYTO 6 x 6 AREA 33 adrboles MATERIAL de vivero LUGAR Plaza Rangel, Mucuchies, 55 km al NE de Merida, Venezuela ORIGEN DE INFORMACION C. Claverie Rodriguez, por conducto de G. H. Raets, Instituto Forestal Latino-Americano, Apartado 36, Merida, Venezuela 15 = ESPECIE Eucalyptus globulus GRUPO ECOLCGICO Fresco Hitmedo PAIS Peru PLANTACION 80 CRECIMIENTO DOMINANTES & CODOMINANTES DENSIDAD POR HECTAREA EDAD : DAP cm : ALTURA m NUM, ARBOLES: AREA BASIMETRICA: VOL. 7 19 19 hoo 12 57 8 21 23 400 14 80 SITIO | LAT. 12°s LONG. 75°20'O ELEV. 3350 PRECIPITACION 962 MESES DE SEQUIA 5 - 6 TEMPERATURA PROMEDIO 11° HELADAS @ - 3 meses TEXTURA DEL SUELO arcilloso pedregoso PROFUNDIDAD 30 em REACCION 7.0 DREGE libre ESTADO DEL SUELO moderadamente degradado TOPOGRAFIA liana CONDICION ANTES DE LA SIEMBRA cultivado ORIGEN DE SEMILLAS plantacion local SIEMBRA — PREPARACION preparado el terreno con disco FECHA 1951 ESPACIAMIENTO 5x 5 AREA 130 MATERIAL de vivero en potes -— HERRAMIENTAS pala SUPERVIVENCIA 95% @ los 9 afios CUIDO riego por 5 afios; 2 limpiezas al afio; aclareo del 50% de un espaciamiento de 2.5a 5 REPRODUCCION semillas abundantes LUGAR Hacienda Porvenir, 4 km de Huancayo, Depto. Junin ORIGEN DE INFORMACION Flavio Bazan, Servicio Cooperativo Inter- Americano, Edificio Ministerio del Trabajo, Lima, Peru Species - Esvecie ——__ Abies religiosa Acacia decurrens mollissima albata Agathis australis Alnus Terruginea ; - jorullensis Anacardium excelsum Araucaria angustifolia unknown spp. Bombacopsis quinetum Calophyilum brasiliense Casuarina cuadrivalis cunninghemiana ., equisetifolia Cedrela mexicana odorata Ceiba unknown spp. Cordia alliodora Cryptomeria japonica Cunninghamia ee Cupressus . lindleyi lusitanica macrocarpa — £ unknown spp. © Cybistax donnell-smithii Dalbergia cubilquitzensis Enterolobium cyclocarpum Eucalyptus citriodora deglupta globulus naudiniana resinifera robusta SPECIES INDEX INDICE POR ESPECIES A-1 Report - Informe 17-1 7-1 13-6 7-2 7-3 7-455 7-6 8-16,19; 13-7,38 11-1 1-7 7-8,9 yet pape "3-13 4-2;3,4 3-2,33 4-5,65;7,53 5-1 49,103. 7-10 4-11 ee: 3-5 2 13, 14,15,16, 17,185 8-1,2, Leas 13-1,2, 3,4 $29 9 3- 2s Lis3 -19 7-2 -6,7,8; 4-12,13,14,15,16 7-20 So 8-5 See E. naudiniana 7-21,22,23,24; 8-6,7; 13-10, 13-12, 12,13,14,15,16,17,18; 14-1,2,3,4,5,20; 18-2,3,4 3-10,11; 4-17 - 13-19 14-6 A-2 Species - Especie Report - Informe Eucalyptus saligna hehO; 13-20 tereticornis 14-7 viminalis 7-253 9-1; 13-21; 14-8,9 Gmelina arborea 8-8 Grevillea robusta 8-9 Hibiscus elatus 3-12,13,14; 4-18; 6-1; 7-26,27 Jacaranda copaia 4-19 Khaya nyasica 4-20 senegalensis 13-22 Mimosa caesalpinaefolia 8-10 Montanoa lehmanii 7-28 Ochroma lagopus 3-15 Pinus ayacahuite 13223 caribaea 3-16 ,17,18,19,20,21,22 ,233 8-11; 13-2 elliottii 8-12 elliottii elliottii 14-10 merkusii 8-13 montezuma 13-25,26; 14-11 occidentalis 3-2h oocarpa 3-25; 8-14 patula 13+27528,293 14-12,33 pinaster 13-30 pseudostrobus (-29; 13-382 radiata 13-33, 3h» 3523637538 393 15-1; L7T- taeda 13-40; 14-14 Populus deltoides 14-15 ,16 euramericana monilifera 15-2 euramericana I-15 14-19 x euramericana cv. I-214 14-17 x euramericana (Dode) Guinier 14-18 Prosopis inermis 5-2 Prunus occidentalis 7-30 Schinopsis balansae 13-41 Simaruba amara . 3-26;4-21 Species - Especie Swietenia humilis macrophylla mahagoni Tabebuia heterophylla Tectona grandis Terminelia superba Weinmannia caripense A-3 Report - Informe 3-27; 4-22 2-3; 3-28,29, 30, 31, 32,33, 34,35, 3-36, 37,38, 39,40, 42,42 ,43, 44,45, 3-46 ,47,48,49,503 4-23,24,25,26, 4-27 ,28 ,29, 30, 31, 32,333 6-25 8-15 4-34, 35, 36,37, 38,393 5-3 3-91, 72 2-4; 3-53, 54,55, 56,57, 58,59,60, 3-61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,693 4-40 41, 42 43,4445 ,46,47,48; 7-31; 8-16,17 5-10 {-32 Ee en wor 6 tee etna me wf lit Sd See het e te petra mt foe ‘ COUNTRY INDEX INDICE POR PAISES Country - Pais Report - Informe "Argentina Brazil British Guiana British Honduras Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Ecuador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jgemeica El Salvador Mertinique Mexico Nicaragua Panemdé 4 Pert -sba= 70,20, 81; 14-6,7,9,10,17,18,193 15-1,2 4-19,21; 8-10,18,19,20,21,22 3-16 3 3-15,18,19,20,21,22, 30, 31,49,50,53,54, 553 4-30, 31,32; 6-8,11,12,15,16,17 13-18, 35, 36, 37, 38,39 7-1, 3,19,25,28, 32; 13=5,6,9,10,11,12,21, 13-30, 33, 34,40,42; 14-1,2,12,20 2-1,2,45 3-7,27,673 7-4,5,6,7,16,17,18, 7-20,23,24,29; 8-3,4 hekQs 13-22,2h 4-9,10,11; 5-2; 11-1,2; 13-13,14,15,16,173 17-2,3,4 he1h 22,42; 8-1,2,9; 13-2,3,4, 31,32 7-21,22 3-8,10,11,25,58,59,60,61,62,70; 4-8,15, 4-16, 7,20, 33,43,44,45,46,47 2-33 . 3+13,23,24; 6-1,2; 7-10,26; 8-13 7-11 3-32, 33, 34 4-1,2,3,4,6,7,13,24,25,26,27,28,29; 5-1; 13-1,19,23,25,26,27,25,29; 14-11,13,14, 14-15,16; 17-1 Begg rat Seed2e Or Sates 01709700 -l 3-3,43,68,69; 4-h8 3-44; 10-1; 14-3,4,5; 18-h. A-5 A=6 Country - Pais Report - Informe Puerto Rico. 3-1,2,5,6,14,28,29,45,46,47,48,51, 3-52; 5(5 4o5, i, 105, 34, 35> 36, Sis 38, W-lO; 5-33 7-2,8,9,12,13,14,15,27, 7-30, 31 St. Croix, V.I. 423,39 St. Lucia, B.W.I. 3-12; 4-h2 Trinidad 3-9,17,26, 56 Venezuela 6=5,6,73 9-1; 14-8; 18-2,3 COOPERATOR INDEX INDICE POR COOPERADORES Cooperator - Cooperador Report _- Informe Aguilar Enriquez, Guillermo 13-23,26,28 Aldape Rosales, Jestis 14-15,16 - Andrade Marin, Luciano 17-4 Bazén, Flavio 10-1; 14-3,4,5; 18-4 Berrios, Moisés 3-38, 39,40,41, 42 ,64,65,66 Budowski, Gerardo @-1,2; 4-49; 7-6,7,20; 13-22,24 Burgers, T. F. 7-11 . | Cardenas, Mario . 11-1,2; 13-13,14,15,16,17; 17-2,3 Chandler, Dean 5-1 Chiriqui Land Company 3- -3,43,68, 69 Compafifa Bananera de Costa Rica 2-4 Conservator of Forests : British Honduras 3-15,18,19,20,21,22, 30, 31,49, 50,53, 3-54,553; 4-30,31,32; 8-8,11,12,15, 8-16,17 British Guiana 3-16 Janaica a 33 3r13,23,24; 6-1,2; 7-10,26; -13 Trinidad. 3-9,17,26, 56 Cuanalo Guevera, Porfirio- Yad Cuevas, Armando 4-33,29 Dabas, Elias 13-41; 14-6,9,18,19; 15-1,2 De Andrade, Diniz Xavier 8-10 Directeur des Eaux et Forets Martinique 3-32, 33,34 Gallegos, José 13-2,3,4,32 Garcia Diaz, Julio 13-5, 3 79,10,11,12,21, 30, 34,40, he Golfari, Lamberto 13- 7,8, 20; 14- 10, 17 Gémez, Conrado T=1,;.3589525,20, 32 Grieve, Tom 3-67 Guerrero Mora, Jacob 3-44 Gutierrez Gémez, Tomas 17-1 Leng, W. G. 3-12; beh Lindsey, Walter 4-48 Lizano, Carlos L. a ets 7-4.,5,16,17,18,23,24,29; =35- Lépez Caballero, Avel 4-7,25,26 Lépez Suarez, Alberto 4-27,23 Matos, Eliseo 414,22 Montenegro, Elmo 13-33; 14-1,2,12 4 R-7 A-8 Cooperator - Cooperador Report - Informe _Narvdez Galdeano, Ignacio 13-19,29 Nobles, R. W. 4-23, 39 Olvera Sdnchez, Jests 4-2,3,43 13-1 Pitt, John bellow Purcell, Carlos 4-38 ‘Raets, @ 4H. 8-5,6,73 9-13 14-8; 18-2,3 Rodas, Julio 8-1,2,93 13-31 Rodriguez, José V. 14-20 Romanutti, Luciano EB. ~ 14-7 Salas, Juan B. 8-14 Sangri Namur, Luis 13-25,273; 1L4-11,13,14 Schmith 13-18, 35, 36,37, 38 Shank, Paul J. Neate 3-3,10,11,25,58,59,60,61,62, 703 h-8,15,16,17,20, 33, 42,43, 44,45, 4ol6 U7 Thomson, Carl 3-35, 36,37,63 Toussaint, E. F. {-21,22 Tropical Forest Research Center 3-1,2,5,6,14,28,29,45,46,47,48,51, 3-52, BTS 4-5, 1e5 aS 5 3h, 35; B6, 375 HehO; 5-33 (-2,8,9,12523,24,15, 7-27, 30,31 Ubilla, José 49,10,11; 5-2 Weiszflog, Hasso 8-18,19,20,21,22 Zafiartu B., Eduardo 13"39 Zapata, José M. 46,24 Biesktation Plantacién PLANTATION INDEX INDICE POR PLANSACIONES Report Informe 6-2 6 4 ON she ab eater ea icear eb e I Go ¢ 4 i] Getafe bet ND i] “—J] OVI ONO Plantation A-9 lantacién ~] ee UP a ee | | | WW Ovni WN NrwWwEe Www ERBAS = Deeley a aoa wid & Ow wy 14-3 te SADAADAAAW NVOUHP PERO OYA rP OW Fw Pv A-10 Plantation Report Plantation Report Plantacién Informe ____—s—~CSs~éPlant acién Informe 91 7-22 139 3-82 140 tig =23 95 7-27 41 3-25 ou. 7-30 1he 3-26 95 3-48 143 3-27 96 7-31 Vb 331 97 8-18 Vhs 3-32 98 8-19 146 3-33 OF 8-20 LET 3-34 100 8-21 1h8 3-35 101 8-22 Lh9 3-36 102 7-17 150 3-37 103 Yeas, 151 3-38 104 8-3 152 3-39 105 8-7 153 3-0 106 8-10 154 3-41 107 7-16 155 3-42 108 10-1 156 3-43 109 6-1 157 3-44 110 17-1 158 3-55 1a 13-8 159 3-60 12 13-7 160 3-61 113 13-18 161 3-62 114 13-20 162 3-63 115 13-35 163 3-65 116 13-36 164 3-65 a7 13-37 165 3-66 118 13-33 166 3-67 119 13-39 167 3-63 120 13-41 168 3-69 121) 14-6 169 3-70 122 14-7 170 ee 123 14-9 174. hw 3 12h 14-10 172 hob 125 14-17 73 LG 126 14-18 27h 17 127 14-19 175 L.8 128 15-2 176 4-9 129 15-1 ward h-10 130 e-1 178 he1L 131 2-2 179 4-16 132 2-3 180 4-15 133 e-4 181 h-13 134 3-3 182 17 135 3-9 183 h.19 136 3-11 184 4-20 13 3-12 185 4-21 138 3-13 186 42h Plantation Plantacidén Report Informe 4-25 4-26 4-27 4-28 4-29 4-31 h-32 ob ou CO D-III AT AT - com cots Ve Viel flea \O 4 OFNEO fo Dp MU FMD I oe ate el ed te 3 te 8 he Oo OP ae at ON FO FU | soe pall oe OOOEBE Food CoO CO CO pe ta toes ie CN Te eee Plantation Plantacién 23) 236 231 238 239 2ho Report Informe 13-4 13-5 13-15 13-16 13-17 13-19 13-21 13-22 hho 13-23 13-25 13-26 13-27 13-24 13-238 13-29 13-31 13-32 13-40 13-2 W-11 14-13 14-14 14-15 14-16 17-2 17-3 3-21 A-11 Seach Soe te \ take a Ni ONO ras Pr Las pus can > ie - My owe ofS aa ee SRE 9 ee wee 1c eee Val ir ao net ae od rey Vint eo 7 moe tay y bf ‘ha ee t res . p ten a A ie ah RLEN Oe t en: SS." 1 alg “f, hast f.8 ' ise EG.HE S prank i - ¢ may Opry i ' ayn nv a ‘ Pt " ern me 7 on é ‘ hoy Seager AP arpa to «4s gen teal ~ + ' q a SEL oe Pw th 1 7c. "OF é i ce Aig 7 che: 1% ey ns with ; oa H ' O8~p ins bit 4 A raat i Rec. ae a Ee aft |. L25 Tag - ay Oty oe ed, a, ae a4 ee ee 7 P nt ct he } > «oe vo” i‘ eb x Som pe \ : Bears ot ee ie, ' Proir ats rhe ote ‘dhe - er ' mor ot She ra A net 7 = ey ¢ Low n at ye e+ > ony a | try :** Lf teh ae +6. Bi ; fiok rt 4 ‘3 7 Pay if ra SN On a Be ay P= See ey a) jhe ares ee[t tikes Poy | ate won ite > der 7 S. ie double-spaced typewritten pages, although an occasional longer article of special interest may be acceptable. Articles should be sub- mitted in the author’s native tongue, and should include title or position of the author as well as a brief summary of the material. Manuscripts should be typewritten, double spaced, on one side of the page only, on 814 x 11 inch white bond paper. Tables should be numbered consecutively, each on a separate sheet with a title. Foot- notes used in tables should be typewritten as part of the table and designated by numerals. Illustrations should be designated as figures and numbered consecutively. Captions for each illustration should be submitted on a separate sheet. Photographs submitted for il- lustrations should be clear, sharp, and on glos- sy paper, prefevably 5 x 7 or 8 x 10 inches in size. Footnotes should be numbered consecutive- ly, with a superior figure placed after the word in the text to which the footnote refers. The footnote should appear in the text in the line following the reference number, separated from the text by a short line running inward from the left margin of the text. Footnotes are used to give credit to unpublished material and communications. If only a few references to literature are made, literature citations may be placed in footnotes. Literature citations should include the author, year published, ti- tle of the work cited, name of publication, and pages. Manuscripts should be sent to the Leader, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. Opinions expressed in this journal are not necessarily those of the Forest Service. Ar- ticles published in the Caribbean Forester may be reproduced, provided reference is made to the original source. ® Le “Caribbean Forester” est une revue semi- annuelle qui a été publiée depuis l’année 1938 en Puerto Rico por le Centre Tropique de Recherche Forestier, Service Forestier du Départment de l’Agriculture des Etats-Unis. Cette revue est dediée a l’aménagement et a l'utilisation des forests surtout dans la region caraibe. Par les pages de cette revue les personnes qui travaillent aux tropiques peuvent etre in- formées sur les problemes specifiques des fo- rets tropicales et sur les travaux effectués pour realiser une ameilloration technique par l’'aménagement et |’usage des resources fores- tiéres. Cette revue pourvoit aussi un moyen de destribuer |’information et les resultats ob- tenus par le programme experemental du Cen- tre Tropique de Recherche Forestier de Puerto Rico; en plus cette revue offre ses pages a les autres travailleurs forestiers des pays tropi- caux pour qu’ils purssent publier les resultats de leur travaux. Cette revue accepte volontiers des contribu- tions ne depassant pas 20 pages dactilografiées a double espace, cependant que certains tra- vaux du intéret spécial plus long purvent etre acceptés. Les contributions doivent etre ecri- tes dans la langue maternelle de |’auteur et doivent bien preciser son titre et sa position professionnelle, l’appert doct etre accompagné d’un résumé de l'étude. Les manuscripts doi- vent etre dactilografiées en double espace su du paper 84% por 11 pouces. Les tables du travail doivent etre numero- tées en ordre sur page separée et les notes au pied de ces tables doivent etre dactilografiées, comme une partie du table. 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Les manuscripts doivent etre evnooyés a: “Leader, Tropical Forest Research Center, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.” Nous voulons rappeller a nos lecteurs que les opinions expumées dans cette revue ne sont pas necessairement les opinions du Forest Service et que les articles publiés dans la re- vue le “Caribbean Forester’ peuvent etre re- produits mais doivent jaire reference a cette revue. ' = ph 3 328 NX 2 g ; i a