THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, DISSOCIATION, AND TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF CONDUCTIVITY FROM ZERO TO SIXTY-FIVE DEGREES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF A NUMBER OF SALTS AND ORGANIC ACIDS BY HARRY C. JONES PROFESSOR OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY A. M. Clover H. R. Kreider A. P. West The Experimental Work by H. H. Hosford E. J. Shaeffer G. F. White S. F. Howard C. A. Jacobson L. D. Smith A. Springer, Jr. E. P. Wightman L. G. Winston WASHINGTON, D. C. Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington 1912 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON Publication No. 170 PRESS OF GIBSON BROS. WASHINGTON, D. C. CONTENTS Part I. PAGE. The Method 5 Conductivity Cells 5 Cell Constants 6 Cell Constants at Higher Temperatures. 7 Solubility of Glass 7 Preparation of the Solutions 8 Water 9 Baths 9 Investigators Who Have Worked on the Problem 11 The Results 11 Lithium Chloride 12 Lithium Bromide 12 Lithium Nitrate 13 Lithium Sulphate 13 Sodium Chloride 14 Sodium Bromide 14 Sodium Iodide 15 Sodium Nitrate 15 Sodium Chlorate 16 Sodium Perchlorate 16 Sodium Sulphate 17 Sodium Carbonate 17 Sodium Acid Phosphate 18 Sodium Ammonium Acid Phosphate ... 18 Sodium Ferrocyanide 19 Sodium Tetraborate 19 Sodium Acetate 20 Potassium Chloride 20 Potassium Bromide 21 Potassium Iodide 21 Potassium Nitrate 22 Potassium Chlorate 22 Potassium Perchlorate 23 Potassium Sulphate 23 Potassium Acid Sulphate 24 Potassium Carbonate 24 Potassium Acid Phosphate 25 Potassium Phosphate 25 Potassium Sodium Sulphate 26 Potassium Nickel Sulphate 26 Potassium Chromium Sulphate (Violet). 27 Potassium Chromium Sulphate (Green). 27 Potassium Permanganate 28 Potassium Chromate 28 Potassium Dichromate 29 Potassium Ferrocyanide 29 Potassium Aluminium Sulphate 30 Potassium Acetate 30 Potassium Sulphocyanate 31 Ammonium Chloride 31 Ammonium Bromide 32 Tetraethylammonium Iodide 32 Ammonium Nitrate 33 Ammonium Sulphate 33 Ammonium Acid Sulphate 34 Ammonium Aluminium Sulphate 34 Ammonium Chromium Sulphate (Violet) 35 PAGE. Ammonium Chromium Sulphate (Green) 35 Ammonium Copper Sulphate 36 Calcium Chloride 36 Calcium Bromide 37 Calcium Nitrate 37 Calcium Chromate 38 Calcium Formate 38 Strontium Chloride 39 Strontium Bromide 39 Strontium Nitrate 40 Strontium Acetate 40 Barium Chloride 41 Barium Bromide 41 Barium Nitrate 42 Barium Formate 42 Barium Acetate 43 Magnesium Chloride 43 Magnesium Bromide 44 Magnesium Nitrate 44 Magnesium Sulphate 45 Magnesium Formate 45 Magnesium Acetate 46 Zinc Nitrate 46 Zinc Sulphate 47 Zinc Acetate 47 Cadmium Chloride 48 Cadmium Bromide 48 Cadmium Iodide 49 Manganous Chloride 49 Manganous Nitrate 50 Manganous Sulphate 50 Nickel Chloride 51 Nickel Nitrate 51 Nickel Sulphate 52 Nickel Acetate 52 Cobalt Chloride 53 Cobalt Bromide 53 Cobalt Nitrate 54 Cobalt Sulphate 54 Cobalt Acetate 55 Silver Nitrate 55 Cupric Chloride 56 Cupric Bromide 56 Copper Nitrate 57 Copper Sulphate 57 Lead Chloride 58 Lead Nitrate 58 Lead Acetate 59 Aluminium Chloride 59 Aluminium Nitrate 60 Aluminium Sulphate 60 Ferric Chloride 61 Ferric Nitrate 61 Chromic Chloride 62 Chromic Nitrate 62 Chromic Sulphate 63 Uranyl Chloride 63 Uranyl Nitrate 64 in IV CONTENTS. Part I — Continued. PAGE. Uranyl Sulphate 64 Uranyl Acetate 65 Hydrochloric Acid 65 Nitric Acid 66 Sulphuric Acid 66 Discussion of the Results 67 The Conductivity Measurements 67 A Dehydrolytic Time Factor 69 Molecular Conductivities 70 PAGE. Dissociation of the Various Salts 73 Temperature Coefficients of Conduc- tivity and the Solvate Theorjr of Solution 76 Substances with Slight Hydrating Power 77 Substances with Large Hydrating Power 77 Hydration and Ionic Volume 80 Temperature Coefficients of Conduc- tivity in Per Cent 81 Part II. Organic Acids 87 Cell Constants 87 Dissociation of Organic Acids 87 Values of fix for the Sodium Salts of the Organic Acids 89 Values of /u^ for the Organic Acids. ... 91 Acetic Acid 93 Dichloracetic Acid 93 Trichloracetic Acid 94 Cyanacetic Acid 94 Phenylacetic Acid 95 Propionic Acid 95 a-Brompropionic Acid 96 /3-Iodopropionic Acid 96 /S-Acetylpropionic (Levulinic) Acid 97 n-Butyric Acid 97 a-Brombutyric Acid 98 Isobutyric Acid 98 Hydroxyisobutyric Acid 99 Isovaleric Acid 99 Caprylic Acid 100 Malonic Acid 100 Dimethylmalonic Acid 101 Ethylmalonic Acid 101 Diethylmalonic Acid 102 Methylethylmalonic Acid 102 Isopropylmalonic Acid 103 Dipropylmalonic Acid 103 Butylmalonic Acid 104 Benzylmalonic Acid 104 Allylmalonic Acid 105 Succinic Acid 105 Monobromsuccinic Acid 106 Dibromsuccinic Acid 106 Pyrotartaric Acid 107 /-Tartaric Acid 107 Racemic Acid 108 Thiodiglvcolic Acid 108 Tricarballylic Acid 109 Cyanuric Acid 109 Diphenylglycolic (Benzilic) Acid 110 Hippuric Acid 110 Uric Acid Ill Citric Acid Ill Pyromucic Acid 112 Crotonic Acid 112 Maleic Acid 113 Fumaric Acid 113 Itaconic Acid 114 Citraconic Acid 114 Mesaconic Acid 115 Phenylpropiolic Acid 115 Meconic Acid 116 Benzoic Acid 116 o-Chlorbenzoic Acid 117 o-Nitrobenzoic Acid 117 m-Nitrobenzoic Acid 118 p-Nitrobenzoic Acid 118 1, 2, 4-Dinitrobenzoic Acid 119 1, 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic Acid 119 Picric Acid 120 Salicylic Acid 120 Acetylsalicylic Acid 121 Sulphosalicylic Acid 121 m-Hydroxybenzoic Acid 122 p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid 122 1, 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid 123 1, 2, 5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid 123 Gallic Acid 124 o-Aminobenzoic Acid 124 ??z-Aminobenzoic Acid 125 p-Aminobenzoic Acid 125 Metanilic Acid 126 Sulphanilic Acid 126 Picramic Acid 127 p-Sulphaminobenzoic Acid 127 Benzenesulphonic Acid 128 wi-NitrobenzenesuIphonic Acid 128 p-Toluenesulphonic Acid 129 1, 2, 4-Nitrotoluenesulphonic Acid 129 1, 4, 2-Nitrotoluenesulphonic Acid 130 o-Toluic Acid 130 w-Toluic Acid 131 ;;-Toluic Acid 131 Cinnamic Acid 132 Hydrocinnamic Acid 132 o-Phthalic Acid 133 4, 5-Dichlorphthalic Acid 133 Tetrachlorphthalic Acid 134 Anisic Acid 134 Vanillic Acid 135 Naphthionic Acid 135 Mandelic Acid 136 Camphoric Acid 136 Coumaric Acid 137 Discussion of the Results with the Or- ganic Acids 137 Dissociation of Organic Acids 139 The Dissociation Constants 140 Temperature Coefficients in Conductiv- ity Units 141 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent . . 143 PART I.-SALTS. The Experimental Work in Part First was Carried Out by Doctors Clover, Hosford, Howard, Jacobson, Shaeffer, West, and Winston. v*"^ * »*• PREFACE. This study of the conductivity and dissociation of electrolytes, and of the tempera- ture coefficients of conductivity, was begun eleven years ago in connection with the solvate theory of solution, which had been proposed in this laboratory shortly before that time. Certain relations of interest, and I hope of some importance, between the temperature coefficients of conductivity and the magnitude of the hydration of the dissolved salt were pointed out. The work, thus begun, was continued especially for the following reason: When reference was made to the literature for the conductivity of any electrolyte at any given temperature, and for the temperature coefficients of conductivity, we were frequently unable to find what was desired; or, if found, the data were often so dis- cordant that it was impossible to decide what were the true conductivities and dissociations in question. Since the magnitude of the dissociation of any electrolyte is fundamental to its scientific use in chemistry, it seemed desirable that such data should be made avail- able over the range of temperature most frequently used in the laboratory. With this idea in mind the work has now been continued here until it represents more than twenty years' continuous labor for one man, about 40,000 conductivity measure- ments having been made. Every one of the investigators has worked from one to two years on the problem, and Doctors Springer, West, and Wightman have each continued their investigations between two and three years. The result is, that the conductivities and dissociations of about 110 of the more common salts have been worked out from zero to sixty-five degrees, and over a range in dilution extending from about the most concentrated solution that could be used to the dilution of complete dissociation. The temperature coefficients of conduc- tivity have been calculated in both conductivity units and percentages. Moreover, similar data have been obtained, for about 90 of the more common organic acids, and their constants have been calculated by means of the Ostwald dilution law. It is hoped that this work, which has consumed much of the best energy of my laboratory for several years past, may prove to be of some value to other investi- gators in the field of general or physical chemistry. Harry C. Jones. INTRODUCTION. THE METHOD. The method of measuring the conductivity of the solutions, employed throughout this work, was essentially that of Kohlrausch. The bridge used in most of the work was the latest improved form made by Leeds and Northrup, consisting of a manga- nine wire between 4 and 5 meters long, wound around a marble cylinder. The wire was calibrated by the method of Strouhal and Barus.* The resistance coils were standardized against a rheostat which had been corrected by the United States Bureau of Standards. A number of forms of telephone receivers were tried, and finally a sensitive form furnished by Leeds and Northrup was adopted. The very satisfactory inductoria were also made by Leeds and Northrup. Three separate readings on the bridge were made for each solution at each temp- erature, different resistances being, of course, used for each reading. The average of the conductivities obtained by these measurements, which differed only slightly from one another, was taken as the true conductivity of the solution. The meas- uring flasks and burettes used in this work were generally calibrated by the method of Morse and Blalock.f For the work from 0° to 35° the measuring apparatus was all calibrated at 20°, and the results at lower and higher temperatures multiplied by the proper factor. For the work from 35° to 65° the measuring apparatus was usually calibrated at 50°, and the proper correction inserted into the results at the lower and higher temperatures. The conductivities are all expressed in terms of potassium chloride solutions which were used for standardizing the cells. CONDUCTIVITY CELLS. The form of cell used in this work is shown in fig. 1. The glass tubes carrying the electrodes are sealed firmly into the tops and bottoms of the ground-glass stoppers, and these tubes are sealed down tightly on to the platinum plates serving as elec- trodes. The plates are thus held firmly in position, and the distance apart is fixed for any given cell. In making a series of readings at any given temperature, as many cells were used as there were solutions of different concentrations of the salt in question to be measured. Eight such cells constituted a set, and the distances between the plates and the sizes of the plates were adapted to the concentrations to be studied. The conductivity of the water was determined in a cell especially constructed for this purpose. It consisted of two concentric platinum cylinders, about 1 mm. apart and 6 cm. long, shown in fig. 2. Glass tubes carrying platinum wires were sealed down on to the tops of these cylinders. These glass tubes were firmly sealed into the top and bottom of the ground-glass stopper. :Wied. Ann., 10, 326 (1880). fAmer. Chem. Journ., 16, 479 (1894). ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. The cells were generally covered with a little platinum black, to increase the sharpness of the minimum in the reading on the bridge. The cylindrical type of cell, however, was never blackened. The platinum plates used as electrodes were cut from sheet platinum about 1 mm. thick. The relatively thick plates were much less liable to bend and change the constant after it was once determined. CELL CONSTANTS. The cell constants were determined with standard solutions of potassium chloride whose molecular conductivity at 25° was determined with a high degree of accuracy. The cells to be used with the more concentrated solutions, and whose plates were therefore most widely apart, were all standardized with a n/50 solution of potassium m Fig. 1. Fig. 2. chloride. The cells to be used with the more dilute solutions were all standardized with a n/500 solution of the same salt, while the cylindrical cells were standardized with a w/2000 solution of potassium chloride. The solutions of potassium chloride of different concentrations were used for the different cells, in order that the resist- ance to be thrown into the rheostat would be of the order of magnitude to give a sharp reading on the bridge. The cell constants in every set of cells used in this work were redetermined once or twice a month during the entire time that this series of investigations was in progress. With reasonably careful handling the constant of any cell underwent very small change during an entire year's work. When the cells were used over the temperature range 35° to 65°, certain precau- tions were necessary in connection with the constants. It was found that at these ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 7 higher temperatures a strain seemed to develop in the cells unless they were kept at a fairly uniform temperature. This resulted in a small change in the cell constants, due either to a change in the distance between the plates or in the surfaces of the plates themselves. Errors would be introduced, especially in the case of those cells whose plates were close together — which had small cell constants. Since such a variation as that referred to above had not previously been observed over the temperature range 0° to 35°, it was thought that the changes in the cell might be reduced to a minimum by keeping the cells at a temperature which was about the mean of those employed in the experimental work. Accordingly, the cells, when not in use, were rilled with pure water and placed in a bath which was maintained continuously at a temperature of from 45° to 50°. To test the accuracy of the procedure adopted the following experiments were carried out. The conductivities of several different substances at the three dilu- tions, 5, 1024, and 2048 liters were measured in the cells ordinarily used for solutions of these concentrations. The measurements were first carefully made at 35°, then the solutions warmed to 65° and their conductivities determined. The solutions were then cooled down to 35° and their conductivities redetermined. If the con- ductivities found the second time at 35° agreed with those initially found at this temperature, it would be some evidence as to the reliability of the method used. In about half the cases the two sets of measurements at 35° agreed very satisfactorily , In the other half, the second readings differed slightly from the first, and the differ- ence seemed to be independent of the cell employed or the concentration of the solution used. In all of those cases where any difference was detected between the initial and final conductivities at 35°, this difference always disappeared entirely on allowing the cells to stand at 35° for two or three hours. This showed that any slight change that the cell might have undergone at the higher temperature disappeared when the cell was kept for a time at the lower temperature. SOLUBILITY OF GLASS. In conductivity work at ordinary temperatures this factor has always been neg- lected and probably is not sufficiently large to influence the results, even with very dilute solutions. However, at 50° the error introduced by this factor at a dilution of 1000 is greater than any of the other ordinary experimental errors. At 65° the solubility of the glass is still greater, and at 80° the conductivity of pure water is increased tenfold on remaining in the cell for a couple of hours. In this connection it may be stated that the cells employed were made of hard glass. Of course, the amount of glass dissolved depends upon the exact nature of the latter, and was found to vary considerably with the different cells used, and at different intervals in the case of any one cell. The idea of introducing a correction for the solubility of the glass was abandoned, but the difficulty was overcome in another way. It was found that after the cells had been heated with water, acid, and alkali for several days, the amount of glass dissolved gradually decreased and finally amounted to practically nothing. After this treatment, as the cells were kept in a bath at 45° to 50° and the water in them changed once a day, the solubility of the glass at 65° 8 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. was always negligible. It is quite certain that for cups made and treated as above described the solubility of the glass does not stand in the way of accurate work up to 65°. Since the solubility of glass increases very rapidly with the temperature above 65°, it was decided not to carry these measurements of conductivity to a temperature higher than 65°. PREPARATION OF THE SOLUTIONS. All of the substances used were obtained from Kahlbaum. These were purified by the method best adapted to each substance, and the purity of the compound tested in every case. Whenever the nature of the compound permitted, the mother solution was pre- pared by directly weighing out the amount of the pure compound desired. In other cases the mother solution was standardized by the best gravimetric method available for that purpose. In the case of the organic acids the mother solution was fre- quently standardized by titration against a standard solution of an alkali. Two sets of solutions of every compound were prepared — the one to be used for measurements from 0° to 35°, and the other set to be studied from 35° to 65°. The solutions to be used over the temperature range 0° to 35° were made up at 20°, and those solutions to be measured from 35° to 65° were generally made up at 50°, in vessels calibrated for 20° and 50° respectively. Since the coefficient of expansion of water increases greatly with the temperature, it is necessary to apply the proper correction to the conductivities of solutions taken at 35° and 65°, when the solutions were made up at 50°. When a standard solution is cooled from 50° to 35° there is a contraction in volume and a consequent increase in the concentration of the solution. The value of nv for any solution would, therefore, be slightly too large. The value of /ip as found must be multiplied by the factor 0.994 for results at 35° when the solutions were made up at 50°. The correction factor for solutions made up at 50° and used at 65° is 1.0076. The coefficient of expansion for distilled water is somewhat less than that for an aqueous solution. However, the difference in the coefficients for water and for our most concentrated solution is so small that it is negligible. By making use of the above correction it was necessary to prepare only one set of solutions for each salt for the temperature range, 35° to 65°; and, consequently, much pure material and time were saved. By preparing one set of solutions to be used from 0° to 35°, and another set of solutions from entirely new material for use from 35° to 65°, we had a test of the purity of the material used, the proper standardization of the solutions, and the correctness of the conductivity values herein given. The two sets of solutions were both measured at 35°, and when discrepancies in the two sets of results, of appreci- able order of magnitude, manifested themselves; as was inevitable in some cases where about 40,000 measurements were made, the work was repeated over the higher range in temperature, or over the lower range in temperature, or over the entire temperature range. From these two mother solutions all of the more dilute solutions were prepared, directly or indirectly, using carefully calibrated flasks and burettes. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 9 WATER. All of the water used in this work was purified by the method worked out a number of years ago in this laboratory by Jones and Mackay.* It consisted in distilling the distilled water of the laboratory from chromic acid (potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid), which burned up any organic matter present in the water, and then redistilling the water from barium hydroxide. The sulphuric acid held back all ammonia formed from the organic substances, while the barium hydroxide com- bined all the carbon dioxide formed from the oxidation of the organic matter by the chromic acid. a; w Fig. 3. When the water was distilled from barium hydroxide, it was distilled first from a Jena glass balloon-flask and the vapor conducted into a retort also containing a little of the hydroxide. The water-vapor after leaving the retort was condensed in a tube of block-tin. By this means 10 to 15 liters of water could be obtained daily, having a conductivitv of from 0.8 to 1.0X10-6 at zero. BATHS. The baths used for obtaining the various temperatures were constructed as follows. The zero bath is shown in fig. 3. The bottom of the bath into which the cells were plunged was filled with finely powdered ice moistened with a little pure water. The air above the cells was kept at very nearly zero by suspending just above the cells a pan filled with finely crushed ice moistened with pure water. In this way the solutions whose conductivities were to be measured at zero were kept to within 0.01 to 0.02 of zero. *Amer. Chem. Journ., 19, 91 (1897). 10 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTITIVES, ETC. The second temperature at which the conductivity measurements were made was at first taken as that of the hydrant water. A reasonably constant temperature could be obtained by allowing a rapid stream of hydrant water to flow through a large vessel of water. This was soon abandoned and a temperature of 10°, 12.5° or 15° was obtained as follows: A stream of hydrant water was allowed to flow through a large tub of water, which was warmed by a small flame placed beneath, and the temperature was regulated by the thermoregulator described by Reid.* The higher temperatures, 25°, 35°, 50° and 65° were obtained as follows: The water-bath used had the form shown in fig. 4. It consisted of a double- walled Fig. 4. metal tub, the outer walls being 18 inches apart and the inner tub being 14 inches in diameter. The space between the two walls was filled with asbestos cement, which is a very poor conductor of heat. The inner vessel was filled with water, heated by a flame placed beneath and regulated by a thermoregulator. The top of the bath was covered with a neatly fitting piece of asbestos board. It was possible to keep any one of these baths to within 0.02° to 0.03° of the temperature desired. When working over the higher range in temperature the cells were kept over night in the 50° bath. Amer. Chem. Journ., 41, 148 (1909). ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 11 INVESTIGATORS WHO HAVE WORKED ON THE PROBLEM. The work recorded in this monograph has been done by twelve investigators, who have worked from one to nearly three years each upon the problem. Drs. Clover, Hosford, Howard, Kreider, Smith, and Winston worked one year each. Drs. Jacobson, Shaeffer, and Wight worked two years each, while Drs. Springer, West, and Wightman worked between two and three years each. The following abbreviations are used after the name of the compound to show by whom the work in question was done; the first abbreviation referring to the inves- tigator who worked over the range in temperature 0° to 35°, and the second abbre- viation referring to the one who worked over the temperature range 35° to 65°. In a number of cases the same experimenter studied a given salt over both ranges in temperature. In these cases there is, of course, onty one abbreviation. C = Clover J = Jacobson Sm = Smith Wt = Wight H = Hosford K = Kreider Sp = Springer Wm = Wightman Hw = Howard Sh = Shaeffer W=West Ws = Winston THE RESULTS. The volume of the solution, or the number of liters, that contain a gram-molecular weight of the electrolyte, is expressed by v. The molecular conductivity calculated CVCL by the equation //„= — - is expressed by ju„ at the temperature in question; c being wo the constant of the cell, V the volume of the solution, a the reading on the arm of the bridge next to the rheostat, w the resistance in the box, and b the other arm of the bridge. The percentage dissociation, represented by a, is calculated from the equation a — — , /jv being the molecular conductivity at the volume v, and ju^ the molec- ular conductivity at complete dissociation. The temperature coefficients are expressed both in "conductivity units" and in "per cent." The coefficients in "conductivity units" are calculated thus — Coefficient = ^~M h-t where tx is the higher temperature and t the lower temperature. The coefficient in "per cent" is calculated by dividing the coefficient in "conductivity units" by /u„t, i. e., by the molecular conductivity at the lower temperature. The values of a for some of the salts are not given. This is the case with those salts for which the value of /z^ was not nearly reached at the highest dilution used in this work. Such salts are nearly always strongly hydrolyzed by water, and this is the chief reason why the maximum molecular conductivity was not obtained at the highest dilutions employed. In such cases it is not possible to calculate even the approximate dissociation. 12 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Lithium Chloride (J. and C). Lithium Bromide (J. and W.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V nfi° ixv\l.2° /iB25° M*35° jU,50° Mr65° V Hfi° M,9.3° /z„25° M,35° fJL„50° (jlv65° 2 S 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 41.33 47.27 49.20 51.11 53.96 55.55 56.08 57.34 55.26 64.18 67.33 69.91 73.92 77.52 77.62 78.64 75.79 88.41 92.89 96.24 101.5 106.3 107.2 110.4 92.34 107.2 112.3 116.7 124.1 128.6 130.2 133.9 117.7 136.7 144.1 167.7 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 44.83 55.94 78.52 96.02 137.0 139.3 168.4 170.4 49.84 51.51 53 . 10 56.57 57.44 57.97 61.05 63.42 66.75 68.77 73.70 75.06 75.99 80.68 89.78 95.03 98.66 106.7 108.2 109.9 114.8 109.5 114.9 119.5 128.6 130.6 133.3 138.3 149.8 159.3 165.2 167. 5 169. c 185.6 199.0 205 . 3 208.3 210.6 150.7 160.0 169.7 186.4 198.0 213.6 173.3 216.1 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation . V a0° all.2° a25° a35° a50° a65° V a0° a9.3° a25° a35° a50° a65° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 72.1 82.4 85.8 89.1 94.1 96.9 97.8 100.0 70.3 81.6 85.6 88.9 94.0 97.0 98.7 100.0 68.7 80.1 85.1 87.2 91.9 96.6 97.1 100.0 69.9 81.1 69.4 80.6 68.4 79.61 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 73.4 69.3 68.4 69.4 79.0 80.4 77.9 78.8 81.6 84.4 87.0 92.7 94.1 95.0 100.0 78.6 82.7 85.2 91.4 93.0 94 . 2 100.0 78.2 82.8 85.9 92.9 94.3 95.7 100.0 79.2 83.1 86.4 93.0 94.4 96.4 100.0 88.3 93.9 97.3 98.6 100.0 88.4 94.0 97.5 98.8 100.0 88.1 94.5 97.5 98.9 100.0 1 87.0 92.3 97.7 86.3 91.6 98.8 100. c 1 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-11.2° 11.2-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-9.3° 9.3-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 8 16 1.24 1.51 1.62 1.49 1.75 1.85 1.91 2.00 2.08 2.15 2.28 1.65 1.88 1.94 2.04 2.26 2.23 2.30 2.35 1.69 1.97 1.76 2.07 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.19 1.43 1.75 2.09 2.07 1.46 1.63 1.68 1.84 1.89 1.94 2.33 1.67 1.80 1.90 2.10 2.11 2.16 2.17 1.97 1.99 2.08 2.19 2.24 2.34 2.35 1.99 32 1 . 68 2.21 2.35 2.44 2.49 2.49 2.39 2.65 2.67 2.72 2.74 128 512 1024 2048 1.79 1.90 1.92 2.08 2.10 2.61 2.38 2.53 2.93 2.33 2.85 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-11.2° 11.2-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-9.3° 9.3-25° 25-3.-)° 35-50° 50-65° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 3.00 3.41 3.39 3.29 3.32 3.42 3.42 2.69 2.72 2.75 2.73 2.70 2.69 2.77 2.90 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.12 2.23 2.09 2.15 2.13 1.83 1.84 1.50 1.51 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.66 2.56 2.23 1.52 1.49 2.93 3.16 3.16 3.25 3.29 3 35 2.63 2.70 2.91 2.85 2.81 2 84 2.19 2.09 2.11 2.05 2.07 2 13 1.82 1.89 1.89 1.90 1.91 1 88 1.60 1.66 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.74 1.63 2.00 1.58 1.58 1.72 3.8 2 2. IIS 2.05 1.69 1.64 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 13 Lithium Nitrate (J. and W.) Lithium Sulphate (J. and W.) Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V M,0° /i.l0° At,25° //P35° juK50c n£5° V M„0° /iB9.6° iU»25° Mr35° M»50° /xB65° 2 4 8 16 38.65 52.29 70.56 82.20 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 47.08 61.97 89.59 107.5 119. C . 146.4 168.8 197.3 207.8 242.7 43.83 45 96 57.79 60.32 62.51 66.88 68.07 69.47 70.01 79.71 84.16 87.39 93.29 96.03 98.01 100.03 96.99 100.9 105.1 112.2 115.6 117.8 121.0 128.6 157.7 66.74 75.50 82.15 96.81 104.6 108.1 111.8 88.18 100.2 109.5 129.0 139.1 143.8 148 0 128.4 144.5 159.3 188.5 202.8 211.4 219.5 154.9 175.3 194.0 230.3 248.3 258.8 258.0 32 j 47.27 128 51.05 512 51.53 1024 52.00 2048 i 52.40 138.2 170.1. 150.1 184.9 154.2 192.4 160.3 197.8 245.7 290.5 324.3 336.3 338.7 301.8 302.3 405.0 1425.5 430.8 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al0° a25° a35° a50° a65° V a0° a9.6° a25° a35° a50° a65° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 73.8 74.7 70.4 67.9 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 42.1 41.9 40.8 40.1 74. e 80.2 74.0 79.7 49.8 58.2 48.2 56.3 83.6 97.7 90.2 97.4 98.3 99.2 100.0 82.5 86.2 98.3 95.5 97.2 99.2 100.0 79.5 83.9 87.1 93.0 95.7 97.7 100.0 80.2 83.4 86.9 92.7 95.5 97.4 100.0 59.7 67.5 73.5 86.6 93.8 96.7 100.0 59.6 67.7 74.0 87.2 94.0 97.2 100.0 58.5 65.8 72.6 85.9 92.4 96.3 100.0 57.8 65.4 72.4 85.9 92.7 96.6 100.0 86.2 86.0 93.6 93.5 96.2 93.5 100.0 100.0 72.5 85.7 95.7 99.3 100.0 70.0 84.1 94.0 98.7 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-10° 10-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65°; V 0-9.6° 9.6-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 4 8 1.26 1.35 1.64 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.55 1.68 1.79 1.48 , 1.94 ! 2.60 3.00 1 40 1.46 1 67 2.23 2.57 2.85 3.35 3.59 3.72 3.77 2.25 2.88 3.23 3.86 4.14 4.39 4.64 2.65 2.83 16 1.44 32 1.52 128 1.58 512 1.65 1024 1.75 2048 1.76 1.59 I 1.70 1.66 1 1.77 1 76 1 89 3.08 2.13 2.32 2.55 2.50 3.47 4.18 4.55 4.74 4.85 3.45 4.01 5.07 5.17 5.38 3.74 4.78 5.38 5.95 6.14 1.86 1.90 2.02 1.96 1.98 2.07 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-10° 10-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-9.6° 9.6-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 3 26 2 58 2.32 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 3.29 2.71 2.00 4 1.48 1.54 1.52 8 3 19 2 53 2.09 2.02 2.03 2.03 2.04 2 02 1.51 3.34 3.37 3.47 3.46 3.43 3.41 2.55 2.87 2.96 2.99 2.98 3.05 2.06 2.13 2.18 2.22 2'25 2.24 1.83 16 1 3.13 | 2.64 32 1 3.22 ! 2.67 128 3.10 2.63 512 3.20 2.73 1024 3 36 ! 2 73 1.54 i 1.53 1.65 1.56 1.78 1.52 1.64 1.66 1.77 1.81 1.74 2.04 2.00 204£ i 3.c .7 3. 15 2 .21 2.09 1.81 2045 1 3.; !7 3. 15 2 .21 2.09 ! 14 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Sodium Chloride (Sh. and C). Molecular Conductivity. v Ai„0° m*12.5c 48.1 53.5 57.5 60.4 62.3 61.6 62.2 62.6 66.4 74.7 80.6 84.9 87.8 86.9 88.0 ss :; ju825° M*35° si; r> 104.2 98.5 118.5 106.8 129.5 112.6 136.3 116.4 141.2 115.4 140.0 116.8 140.9 117.0 141.3 132.6 150.5 164.3 175.4 181.1 ■ 183.2 181.7 161.8 184.5 201.0 214.7 222.9 225.5 228.5 Perce n tage Dissociation . a()° ' al2.5° 2 77.2 8 85.8 32 92.4 128 96.9 512 100.0 1024 98.9 2048 100.0 4096 100.0 76.8 85.3 91.8 96.7 100.0 98.9 100.0 100.0 a25° a35° a50° a05° 74.3 84.6 91.7 90.6 100.0 99.1 100.0 100.0 73.8 83.9 91.6 96.5 100.0 99.1 100.0, 100.0 71.8 81.5 89.0 95.0 98.0 99.2 100.0 70.8 80.7 88.0 94.0 97.5 98.7 100.0 Sodium Bromide (W. and C). Molecular Conductivity. V M*0° /irll-8° M*25° 2 51.46 69.24 91.9 8 55.36 75.26 100.3 16 57.35 78.17 105 . 1 32 58.79 80.03 107.7 128 61 . 23 84.35 113.3 512 63.02 87.17 116.8 1024 2048 64.48 89.31 121.1 /Xr35° fJLv50C [06.25 131.1 119.2 151.4 M,65° 162.6 184.1 129. 136. 140 141. 142 164.5 201.0 174.6 212.6 180.11 219.5 180.9! 222.8 182. 0! 227.0 Percentage Dissociation. v Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 1.49 1.69 1.84 1.96 2.04 2.02 2.05 2.04 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c 1.60 1.77 89 09 21 28 28 30 32 2.00 2.27 2.37 48 46 2.41 2.38 89 13 32 61 66 88 92 95 27 45 62 79 82 92 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 3.12 3.15 3.24 3.24 3.27 3.27 3.28 3.25 12.5-25° 2.41 2.41 2.59 2.60 2.59 2.60 2.59 2.60 25-35° 04 03 03 11 12 13 06 02 35-50° 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.92 1.88 2.06 2.07 50-65° 1.47 1.51 1.49 1.49 1.54 1.54 1.58 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0° 79.8 85.9 88.9 91.2 95.0 97.7 100.0 all. 8° a25° a35° a50° a65° 77. 84. 87. 89. 94. 97.6 75.9 82.8 86.8 88.9 93.6 96.4 74.7 83.8 72.0 83.2 71.6 81.1 90.4 88.5 95.9 93.7 98.9 96.7 99.4 98. 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.7 90.1 98.7 99.4 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units v 0-11.8° 11.8-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 S 16 32 128 512 1024 204S 1.50 1.69 1.76 1.80 1.96 2.04 1.72 1 . 90 2.04 2.10 2.19 2.24 1.89 66 15 2.10 2. IS 2.14 2.34 2.37 2.11 2.40 36 53 64 63 65 2.43 2.53 2.63 2.79 3.00 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 'JOIN 0-11.8° 2.91 3.05 3.07 3.06 3.20 3.24 11.8-25° 3.27 2.48 2.52 2.61 2.62 2.60 2.57 2.69 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 1.88 56 80 1.60 1.44 1.99 2.07 2.03 83 85 88 86 86 1.48 1.45 1.46 1.54 1.65 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 15 Sodium Iodide (W.). Molecular Conductivity. v 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 M*0C 51.90 55.26 57.03 58.62 60.97 61.81 63.14 64.15 M.16° 77.22 83.52 86.36 89.02 93.20 94.91 96.28 98.40 M*25° 92.73 100 104 107 112 114 116 M»35c 119.1 111.6 115.9 121.6 125.8 130.6 136.8 139.3 141.8 144.5 M*50c 146.2 152.6 163.4 173.2 180.0 187.0 M»65° 179.0 187.5 200.2 213.2 222.0 234.1 Percentage Dissociation. a0° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 80.5 al6° 78.5 85.7 88.4 90.9 94.5 95.8 97.9 100.0 84.9 87.8 90.5 94.7 96.5 97.8 100.0 a25° 77.9 84.3 87.5 90.2 94.5 96.3 97.7 100.0 a35° 77.2 84.2 87.1 90.4 94.7 96.4 98.1 100.0 a50° a65° 78.21 76.5 81.6 80.1 87.4 85.5 92.6 91.1 96. 6i 94.8 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-16° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.58 1.77 1.83 1.90 2.01 2.07 2.07 2.12 16-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 1.72 ; 1.88 1.88 1.98 2.04 2.14 2.20 2.24 2.30 12 16 2.02 2.13 2.19 2.33 2.32 2.19 2.43 2.43 2.46 2.75 2.54 3.01 2.54 67 76 14 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-16° 16-25° 3.04 2.23 3.20 2.25 3.21 2.29 3.24 2.29 3.30 2.30 3.35 2.32 3.28 2.33 3.29 2.34 25-35c 2.03 35-50° 50-65c 2.11 2.07 2.16 2.16 2.14 2.18 2.13 1.74 1.75 i!68 1.78 1.98 2.12 1.49 1.52 1.50' 1.54 1.53 1.67 Sodium Nitrate (J. and C). Molecular Conductivity. 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 M»0C 43.34 50.27 52.57 55.38 59.28 59.34 59.39 59.93 ju,25c 78.1 90.9 97.5 101.3 107.7 111.3 114.0 116.6 Mc35c 91.7 111.3 117.5 122.5 128.9 134.8 138.5 141.0 M,50° 120.1 141.1 155.7 164.8 171.0 173.0 175.2 M»65° 146.0 171.4 189.0 201.3 209.6 213.2 213.2 Percentage Dissociation. v 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0° 72.3 83.9 86.1 92.4 1 98.9 ! 99.0 ' 99.8 : loo.o : i a25c a35c 67.0 77.9 83.6 86.9 .3 .5 92. 95. 97.8 100.0 65.0 78.9 83.3 86.9 91.4 95.6 98.2 100.0 a50° 68.5 80.5 88.9 94.1 97.6 98.8 100.0 a65° 68.5 80.4 88.6 94.4 98.3 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-25° 25-35° i 35-50° j 50-65° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.39 1.62 1.79 1.83 1.94 2.08 2.18 2.27 1.36 2.04 2.00 2.12 2.12 2.35 2.45 2.44 1.89 1.99 2.21 2.39 2.40 2.30 2.28 1.73 2.02 2.22 2.43 2.57 2.67 2.53 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-25° 2 3.21 8 3.22 16 3.41 32 3.30 128 3.27 512 3.51 1024 3.68 2048 3.79 25-35c 74 24 44 05 94 11 15 35-50° 2.06 1.79 2.09 1.80 1.86 1.78 1.56 1.62 50-65° 1.44 1.43 1.43 1.47 1.50 1.54 1.44 16 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Sodium Chlorate (Sh.). Sodium Perchlorate (Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V MfO° M*12.5° Mr25° fi 1 35° 90.0 104.4 Mt,50° Ai,,65° V nfi" /z,12-5° ^25° M*35° 2 8 41.6 47.4 57.5 66.1 74.7 86.7 8 32 49.4 53.2 68.9 90.2 74.5 98.3 108.0 118.1 132.1 164.4 32 51.7 72.4 95.0 115.2 151.6 186.3 128 50.6 79.2 104.1 126.2 128 54.7 76.9 101.1 122.5 158.4 198.7 512 57.0 80.0 105.7 127.8 512 56.0 78.9 104.6 127.0 165.2 204.4 1024 56.8 79.7 105.4 127.8 1024 56.2 79.0 104.1 126.3 167.8 211.3 2048 56.1 78.8 104.1 125.8 168.3 209.1 Percentage Dissociation . Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al2.5° a25° 71.4 82.9 a35° a50° a65° V a0° al2.5° a25° a35° 2 8 74.0 84.3 72.8 83.6 70.8 81.4 8 32 88.4 93.3 86.2 93.1 84.5 93.0 84.5 92.4 78.5 77.7 32 91.9 91.6 90.8 90.7 90.0 88.1 128 99.3 99.0 98.5 98.7 128 97.3 97.3 96.6 96.4 94.1 94.0 512 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9 512 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.1 96.7 1024 99.6 99.6 99.7 100.0 1024 2048 100.0 99.7 100.0 99.7 99.6 100.0 100.0 99.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 2 8 1.27 1.50 1.38 1.66 1.53 1.77 8 32 1.56 1.70 1.70 1.89 1.78 1.98 1.85 2.15 32 1.66 1.80 2.02 2.43 2.31 128 1.81 1.99 2 21 128 1.78 1.94 2.14 2.40 2.69 512 1.84 2.05 2.21 512 1.83 2.05 2.36 2.55 2.61 1024 1.83 2.06 2.24 1024 1.82 2.01 2.22 2.77 2.90 2048 1.81 2.02 2.17 2.83 2.72 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12.5 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 2 8 3.05 3.12 2.40 2.41 2.04 2.05 8 32 3.16 3.20 2.47 2.54 2.00 2.01 1.82 1.62 32 3.21 2.49 2.12 2.12 1.52 128 3.20 2.52 2.12 128 3.25 2.53 2.12 1.96 1.69 512 3.22 2.56 2.09 512 3.26 2.64 2.25 2.01 1.58 1024 3.20 2.57 2.12 1024 3.24 2.54 2.13 2.19 1.78 2048 3.22 2.56 2.09 2.25 1.62 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 17 Sodium Sulphate (Ws. and C). Sodium Carbonate (W.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V ^,0° \fJL„12.5° Mt>25° juc35° M»50° ixv65° v M,0° yU45.3° M»25° (JLvS5° (xv50° M»650 2 172 5 205.4 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 50.90 78.94 100.4 4 68.49 97.54 129.13156.71 145.9 168.5 190.9 219.0 237.9 271.9 8 32 78.51 111.46 146. 40 178. 24 221.8 274.3 94.51 132. 72 476. 76 215. 19: 262.21 337.21 70.70 79.75 87.28 99.10 105.8 110.8 109.1 123.8 134.7 155.4 166.9 173.9 137.8 155.4 170.8 197.9 209.0 218.1 128 107.54 512 117.46 1024 119.65 2048 125.95 4096 127. 73 152.49 203.10247.02 320.4 166.24 221.21269.50 353.2 169.61 226.34276.92; 176.08 235.35287.02 372.6 181.61243.42294.48 376.0 399.0 437.9 462 .5 408.7 209.0 241.9 258.0 269.7 272.1 318.3 330.7 350.1 343.4 403.3 424.7 439.5 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° I a05° v a0° al5.3° a25° a35° a50° a65° 2 45.9 43.8 2 4 53 . 6 53.7 61.4 73.1 84.0 53.1 60.1 72.6 83.4 53.2 60.5 73.0 83.9 91.5 94.0 97.4 100.0 4 8 10 8 61.4 32 73.9 128 84.1 512 91.9 1024 93.6 2048 98.5 4096 100.0 59. 0 58.5 09.7; 71.9 85.2 85.1 93.9 93.4 32 128 91.6 90.9 93.4 97.0 93.0 96.7 512 1024 99.1 9S.7 100.0 100.0 100. 0| 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-15.3° 15.3-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 2.19 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 1.83 2.21 4 2 32 2.53 f 2.76 2.80 3.18 3.52 3.84 4.05 4.39 4.40 ! 4.83 4.54 ! 5.06 4.74 5.17 4.94 5.11 3.00 3.41 3.13 3.49 8 2.63 32 3.05 128 ; 3.59 512 : 3.90 1024 4.00 2048 ! 4.01 4096 j 4.31 2.91 i 3.50 3.13 5.00 2.51 2.88 3.10 3.67 3.99 4.12 2.90 3.20 3.72 4.38 4.40 4.50 3.07 4.90 5.58 5.24 5.65 3.82 4.40 4.84 5.16 4.21 5.09 5.25 5.36 4.74 5.67 5.87 5.96 5.71 5.99 5.43 j 6.18 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-15.3° 15.3-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 1.27 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 3.59 2.80 4 8 32 128 512 1024 3.39 3.35 3.23 3.34 3.32 3 34 2.59 2.51 2.65 2.00 2.05 2 OS 2 14 2.05 2.02 1.64 1.59 2.17 2.17 2.16 2.18 2 19 1.63 1.46 2.00 2.07 1.58 1.91 1.64 1.60 3.55 3.61 3.55 3.70 3.77 2.71 2.04 2.77 2.82 2.04 2.23 2.24 2.22 2.39 2.00 2.10 2.04 1.74 1.78 1.74 1.70 204! 4091 1 3.: 3.: 18 $7 2 2 69 72 f r 5.20 !.10 2.00 1.84 1.61 1.64 102 1 3.' 12 2 02 c !37 1.99 18 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Disodium Acid Phosphate Sodium Ammonium Acid Phosphate (J. and Sh.). (Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V HJQ° p.o25° /xt,30° Hr-So° /i„50° /Ut>65° v ixv0° M2-5° juB25° m,35° 16 32 67.3 75.0 133.4 148.fi 164.3 215.3; 268.5 182.4 238.7 298.9 8 65.6 147.8 164.5 32 84 4 119.2 158.7 186.5 128 88.4 16S.6 188.1 212.1 278.4! 350.9 128 96.5 ; 136.7 181.4 216.6 512 91.7 182.3 203. S 231.6 304.7 384.6 512 100.7 141.4 186.4 221.6 1024 91.9 183.7 205.2 236.4 310.2 393.2 1024 104.7 145.7 193.6 235.2 2048 92.0 184.0 206.2 240.3 315.6 399.0 j 2048 103.9 144.7 190.9 229 . 2 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation . V a0° a25° a30° a35° a50° a65° V a0° al2.5° a25° a35° 16 68.8 ! 72.5 72.1 68.4 68.2 67.3 8 62.6 1 32 SI. 5 80.31 79.8 75.9 75.6 74.9 32 80.6 81.7 81.9 1 79.3 128 96.1 91.5 91.2 88.3 88.2 87.9 128 91.3 93.1 93.7 ! 92.1 512 99.7 99.1 98.8 96.4 96.5 96.4 512 96.3 97.0 1 96.2 94.2 1024 99.9 99.8 99.5 98.4 98.3 98.5 1024 100.0 100.0 i 100.0 1 100.0 2018 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2048 99.2 99.3 98.6 1 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-25° 25-30° 35-50° i 50-65° i V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 16 2 64 3 04 3 40 3 55 8 32 2.91 3.34 3.75 4.02 32 2.78 1 3.16 2.78 128 3.21 3.90 4.42 4.83 128 3.21 3.57 3.52 512 3.62 4.30 4.87 5.33 512 3.26 3.60 3.52 1024 3.67 4.30 4.92 5.53 1024 3.36 I 3.83 4.16 2018 3.68 4.44 5.02 5.56 2048 3.36 ! 3.70 3.83 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-25° 25-30° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 16 < 4 17 2 28 2 07 1 65 8 32 j 3.88 ! 2.26 2.06 1.69 32 3.30 2.65 1.49 128 i 3.63 2.32 2.08 1.73 128 3.32 2.61 1.62 512 3.95 2.35 2.10 1.75 512 3.24 2 . 54 1.58 1021 3.99 2.34 J 2.08 1.78 1024 3.22 2.62 1.76 2048 4.00 2.41 2.09 1.76 2048 3.23 2.55 1.67 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 19 Sodium Ferrocyanide (H. and Hw. Molecular Conductivity. v p.„0° //a2.5°j/xB25° /xv35 /ie50° /x„65 Sodium Tetraborate (Borax) (Ws. and H.) Molecular Conductivity. v ' /i„0° /x„12.5°l fiv25c 8. 136.7 16 32 151.3 167.1 128 203.5 512 234.2 1024 253.4 2048 266.4 4096 275.7 104 9 259.2 313.4386.89 469.61 215.5 287.0 347.7418.90 508.69 238.5 318.5 289.6 385.9 334 . 1 446 . 4 361.7 482.4 386. 2 487.20 464.5594.44 543 581 2730.35 593 . SO 727 . 68: 909.86 1024 16 57.99 32 64.36 128 512 ^35° MP50° [it65 83.76 113.54139.83182.8 92.74 125.49154.61 204.0 99 979.35 2048 380 .3 504 . 0 S12 . 0 S04 . 49 1000 . 84 398.1 527.1 632.2803.06 Percentage Dissociation. a0° a 12.5° a25° a35° a50° a65 4096 72.87 104.81 141.72174.52 78.04 112.22 152.00llS7.97 79.20 113.29 153.40! 189. 37 83.45 119.55 161.23198.31 So . 50 1 22 28 163 . 99 202 . 65 224.1 247.8 207.3 231.3 256.2 281.6 316.7 359.3 Percentage Dissociation . a0° al2.5° 8149.581 48.96 49.18 49.57:48.09 46.92; 16 67.8! 68.5 16 54.88 32 60.61 128 73.81 512 84.95 1024 91.91 204S 96.63 4096 100.00 54.13 54.45 55.00 52.07 50. S3 32 75.3 59 . 91 ' 60 . 43 1 61 . 00 60 . 57 ■ 59 . 33 72.74! 73.21 1 73. 47 73.891 72.71 83.92 84.69 S5.92 90. 78 ' 90.91 90.86 91.52 91.93 97.20 97.85 95.53 95.62 96.81100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.82 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 8 16 32 128 512 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 4.66 5.14 5.71 6.89 7.99 5.14 5.72 6.40 7.70 8.98 5.42 6.07 6.77 7.86 9.68 1024 8.66 2048 9.11 9.66 9.88 4.90 4.75 6.73 8.66 12.48 50 Ii5 5.51 5.99 7.10 8.88 11.90 128 512 1024 2048 4096 85.3 91.3 92.7 97.6 100.0 70.8 85.7 91.8 92.6 97.8 100.0 a25c 69.2 76.5 86.4 92.7 93.5 98.3 100.0 a35° 69.0 76.3 86.1 92.7 93.4 97.8 100.0 in0 a50 a65c 67.6 75.5 S2.9 91.7 100.0 CI t 71.3 78.4 88.1 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units v 13.38 13.16 16 32 12S 512 1024 2048 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65 2.06 27 56 73 73 89 9.90 10. SO 12.83 13.09 4096 2.94 3.34 3.87 4096 9.79 10.32 10.51 2.38 2.62 2.95 3.18 3.21 2.63 2.91 3.28 3.60 3.60 2.87 3.29 3.31 4.00 3.33 3.71 4.80 11.39 11.00 3.23 3.48 3.83 4.59 5.93 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50c 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 .41 .40 .42 .39 .41 .42 3.42 3.55 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 64 65 68 66 69 2.67 2.60 2.59 09 12 13 04 17 2.05 2.14 2.00 1 . 56 37 74 86 29 30 2.09 1.80 50-65° 1.42 1.43 1.46 1.49 1.63 1.68 1.63 1.38 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 3.55 3.53 3.51 3.50 3.45 3.46 3.44 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c 2.84 2.83 2.82 2.83 2.83 2.79 2.73 .32 .32 .32 .37 .35 .30 .36 2.05 2.13 1.S9 2.13 2.42 1.76 1.71 1.71 1.85 2 19 >0 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Sodium Acetate (W.). Molecular Conductivitij. p.E0° Mt>13.6° 2 | 28. 4 :•;<> 8 16 32 128 512 1024 34. 36. 38. 40 41 40 2048 41 30 37 11 !i 21 65 2S 41.93 50.73 53.86 56.59 60.22 61.63 61.15 61.97 M,25c M,35° juP50° ! /,tc65c 54.86 66.25 70.17 73.81 78.32 80.14 79.12 80.12 67.06 81.09 86.01 90.55 96.43 99.34 98.6 99.4 97.28 106.0 117.9 125.7 129.3 130.4 121.0 131.7 147.7 157.5 162.7 164.5 Percentage Dissociation. v 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0° 68.9 83.2 88.3 92.2 98^1 100.0 100.0 100.0 al3.6° 67.9 a25c a35° ! a50° 68.5 82.3 87.4 91.8 97.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.7 87.6 92.1 97.7 100.0 67.5 a65° 81.6 86.6 91.2J. 97. lj 100.0 100.0 100.0 . 74.6 81.3 90.4 96 99. 73.5 80.1 89.8 95.7 98.9 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-13.6° 13.6-25° ! 25-35° 1.00 1.21 1.29 1.36 1.46 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.13 1.36 1.43 1.51 1.59 1.62 1.58 1.59 1.22 1.48 1.58 1.67 1.81 1.92 1.95 1.93 35-50° 1.73 1.82 1.95 2.00 2.07 50-65° 1.58 1.71 1.99 2.12 2.23 2.27 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-13.6° 13.6-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 3.51 2.69 2.22 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 3.53 3.52 3.57 3.61 3.67 3.71 3.68 68 66 67 64 63 58 57 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.31 2.38 2.46 2.41 2.13 2.01 2.02 2.01 2.09 1.62 1.61 1.69 1.69 1.72 1.74 Potassium Chloride (W. and C). Molecular Conductivity. v 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 ^0° Mi4.3° m(15.5° ^25° fjLtSo° l /x„50° M.65 62.96 66.47 68.40 70.27 73.00 74.24 75.14 70.09 74.48 76.95 78.95 82.25 83.59 84.59 91.09 98.24 101.5 104.9 109.4 111.9 112.9 109.5 118.6 122.9 126.8 132.4 135.5 137.0 130.8; 161. 142.5 179. 147.7 . 152.5 159.9 163.0 165.4 9: 193.7 1 215.9 192. 204 209 211 212 8 234 1 3 ! 247 . 1 255.8 25S.3 259.3 Percentage Dissociatiori. v 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0° 83.8 88.5 91.0 93.5 97.2 98.8 100.0 a4.3° 82.9 88.0 91.0 93.3 97.2 98.8 100.0 al5.5c 80.7 87.0 89.9 92.0 96.9 99.1 100.0 azo 79.9 86.6 89.7 92.6 96.6 98.9 100.0 a35° a50° a65° 79.0 76.3 76.4 84.4 83.3 90.9 ' 90.3 96.3 95.3 98.6 98.6 100.0 98.8 99.6 100.0 100.0 86.2 89.3 92.2 96^7 99.5 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0^.3° 4.3-15.5° 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.66 1.86 1.99 2.02 2.15 2.17 2.20 1.88 2.12 2.19 2.32 2.42 2.53 2.53 15.5-25° 1.94 2.14 2.25 2.31 2.42 2.48 2.54 25-35° 35-50° 2.13 2.39 2.48 2.57 2.75 2.75 2.84 2.07 2.44 2.69 2.96 3.07 3.08 50-65° 2.12 2.45 2.75 2.85 3.11 3.11 3.15 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-4.3° 4.3-15.5° 15.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.63 2.78 2.91 2.87 2.94 2.92 2.93 2.68 2.80 2.85 2.94 2.94 3.03 2.99 2.13 2.18 2.22 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.25 1.94 2.01 2.02 03 08 03 07 1.58 1.71 1.76 1.85 1.88 1.86 1.31 1.37 43 40 49 1.47 1.49 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 21 Potassium Bromide (W. and C). Molecular Conductivity. HvO° 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 65.82 68.01 70.10 71.84 74.79 75.73 79.23 jM4.5° 93.21 98.45 101.7 104.6 109.0 111.3 115.6 M,25c 114.4 121.3 125.2 128.8 134.5 137.6 143.5 M»35° Mi.500 /xp65° 136.2 145.6 150.5 154.6 162.0 165.5 172.6 165.1 181.4 195.3 206.0 211.6 213.6 216.7 196.7 218.1 236.5 250.0 256.6 260.3 263.7 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° al4.5° a25° 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 83.1 85.8 88.5 90.8 94.4 95.6 100.0 80.6 85.2 88.0 90.5 94.3 96.3 100.0 79.7 84.5 87.2 89.8 93.7 95.9 100.0 a35° 7S.9 84.4 87.2 89.6 93.9 95.9 100.0 a50c 76.2 83.7 90.1 95.1 97.6 98.6 a65° 74.6 82.7 Potassium Iodide (W.). Molecular Conductivity. v 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 M»0° 65.78 68.45 70.17 71.90 74.41 76.35 77.77 79.20 juB10.1° m,25° 83.88 88. IS 90.51 93.32 90.67 98.91 101.9 104.9 112.8 120.7 124.5 128.0 133.7 137.3 141.8 147.2 /ip35e 144.5 148.4 153.0 160.2 165.9 170.9 177.2 Mr50e 174.8 181.5 M,65° 194.2 202.0 213.3 217.6 212.7 221.2 235.8 248.0 201.4 268.1 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° 89.7 94.8 97.3 98.7 100.0 100.0 1024 98.2 2048 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-14.5° 14.5-25° 25-35° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.89 2.02 2.10 2.18 2.18 2.24 2.26 2.30 2.35 2.43 2.45 2.50 2.51 2.66 18 43 53 58 2.75 2.79 2.91 35-50° 1.93 2.39 2.71 2.93 3.07 2.73 50-65° 2.11 2.45 2.75 2.93 3.00 11 13 3. 3. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-14.5° 14.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 83.1 86.4 88.6 90.8 94.0 96.4 al0.1° 80.0 84.1 S6.3 89.0 92.1 94.3 97.1 100.0 o25° a35° i a50c a65c 76.6 82.0 84.6 87.0 90.8 93.3 96.3 100.0 96.4: 100.0 100.01 87.9 92.5 97.5 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.87 3.09 3.07 3.15 3.14 3.24 3.17 2.17 2.21 2.20 2.20 2.23 2.25 2.30 1.90 2.00 2.02 2.00 2.04 2.03 2.03 1.42 1.64 1.28 1.35 1.75 1.81 1.86 1.58 1.41 1.42 1.42 1.46 1.45 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1021 2048 0-10.1° 10.1-25° 1.79 1.95 2.01 2.12 2.20 2.23 2.39 2.54 1.94 2.18 2.28 2.33 2.48 2.58 2.68 2.84 25-35° 2.09 2.38 2.39 2.50 2.65 2.86 2.91 3.00 35-50° 2.47 2.75 2.79 3.16 3.11 50-65° 2.53 2.65 2.77 3.07 3.22 3.37 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-10.1° 2.72 10.1-25° 25-35° 2.31 2.84 2.86 2.95 2.96 2.92 3.07 3.21 2.47 2.52 2.50 2.57 2.61 2.63 2.71 1.85 1.97 1.92 1.95 1.98 2.08 2.05 2.04 35-50c 50-65c 1.71 1.45 1.46 1.80 1.74 1.90 1.82 1.43 1.52 1.51 1.55 22 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Potassium Nitrate (W. and C). Molecular Conductivity. Potassium Chlorate (Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. »fl° M)10c 2 |54.02l 69.67 8 61.94 16 65.33 32 67.92 128 512 1024 204S 72.05 76.34 76.31 80.22 84.31 87.78 93.57 98.71 99.80 M,25° VtSo0 95.21 113.2 111.0 116.3 121.31 129.5 137.0 139.0 131.8 M,50c 141.3 165.0 145.3 154.7 159.1 161.2 160.9 182.0 194.1 199.8 202.7 202.5 M,65° v nfi° /zr12.5 170.0 199.6 220.4 235.4 242 1 245.2 246.1 Percentage Dissociation. a0° a 10° a25° a35° a50° a65c 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 64.3 68.5 70.1 70.6 71.2 72.4 88 94 96 97 98 100 /ir25° /x,35° m^0° /x,fi5 8 58.9 80.8 104.7 i 124.9 158. 6i 192.1 115.2 122.8 126.1 127.8 128.4: 131.4 137.3 146.5 150.9 153.1 173.4 211.9 185.0 228.8 193 197 239 241 154.0 200.8 244.9 157.6 204.3 249.7 Percentage Dissociation. 2 70.8 69.8 8 81.2 80.4 16 85.6 84.5 32 89.0 88.0 128 94.4 93.8 512 100.0 98.9 1024 100.0 100.0 3048 68. 79. 83. 86.9 92.8 5 .3 70 81 69. 81. 69.0 81.0 v a0° al2.5° a25 a35° a50° 90 96 89.9 95.9 9S.11 98.9 98.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 89 95 8 32 128 4 512 5 1024 .3 2048 98.3 81.3 88.8 94.6 96.8 97.5 80.2 87.6 93.5 96.0 97 97 79.7 87.5 93.2 95.9 97.2 97.7 99.5 4096 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 79. 87. 92. 95 97 97.7 77.6 84.9 90.6 94.6 96.6 98.2 a65° 76.8 84.8 91.6 95.7 96.7 98.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-10c 1.56 1.83 1.90 1.99 2.15 2.24 2.35 10-25c 1.70 2.05 2.13 2.23 2.40 2.55 2.65 25-35° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 1.80 2.08 35-50° | 50-65° ! 1.87 2.21 2 52 2 21 2 16 2.45 2.63 2.71 2.77 2.77 1.91 2.31 2.56 2.75 2.82 2.83 2.91 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-10° 2 2.89 8 2.95 16 2.91 32 2.93 128 2.98 512 2.93 1024 3.08 2048 lo •_•:>' 2.44 2.56 2.53 2.54 2.56 2.58 2.65 25-35° 1.89 1.87 1.98 1.95 1.61 1.53 35-50° 50-65° 1.65 1.68 1 69 1.70 1.70 1.72 72 1.35 1.40 1 1.41 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.44 0-12.5' 12.5-25' 1.75 1.94 2.07 2.12 2.15 2.18 2.23 91 15 29 35 42 44 46 25-35° 02 21 36 48 52 56 2.62 35-50° 2.24 2.41 2.57 2.83 2.95 3.12 3.12 50-65° 2.23 2.57 2.92 3.05 2.94 2.94 3.03 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12.5°; 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 8 2.97 32 3.00 128 2.90 512 3.02 1024 3.04 204S 3.06 4096 3.09 36 43 42 43 47 47 44 93 93 92 95 97 98 1.98 1.78 1.76 1.76 1.87 1.92 2.01 1.97 50-65 c 1.40 1.48 1.57 1.57 1.49 1.46 1.48 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 23 Potassium Perchlorate (Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. V M,0° 32 65.1 128 68.9 512 71.7 1024 72.0 2048 73.3 4096 74.3 ju„12.5° ju»25e 89.8 95.0 98.2 99.5 101.2 102.6 116.9 125.1 129.0 130.7 132.6 134.5 M,35° 139.6 149.5 154.2 155.3 158.6 160.7 Mr50° m»65c 178.0 217.3 191.2 232.7 194.3 195.9 200.0 206.4 237.7 240.6 244 . 2 251.3 Percentage Dissociation. v a()c 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 87.6 92.7 96.5 97.0 98.6 100.0 al2.5° a25c 87.6 92.5 95.7 96.9 98.5 86.9 93.0 95.9 97.1 98.5 100.0 100.0 a35° a50° 86.9 93.0 95.3 90.6 98.6 86.2 92.1 94.1 94.9 96.9 a65° 86.4 92.4 94.2 95.7 97.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 1.98 2.08 2. 12 2'20 2.23 2.26 12.5-25° 17 40 46 49 51 55 25-35 c 27 44 52 56 60 62 35-50° 56 71 67 71 76 05 50-65c 2.61 83 89 2.98 94 99 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 32 3.04 2.42 1.94 1.83 128 3.02 2.52 1.95 1.81 512 2.95 2.60 1.95 1.73 1024 3.05 2.50 1.95 1.74 2048 3.04 2.48 1.96 1.67 4096 3.04 2.49 1.94 1.87 50-65° 1.46 1.48 1.48 1.52 1.47 1.45 Potassium Sulphate (W and C). Molecular Conductivity. 8 16 32 128 512 1024 p,0c 87.19 101.9 109.9 117.9 131.9 142.71 145.01 M,>9.5° 110.1 130.5 140.9 151.5 170.3 184.0 187.0 W,25c p,3bc 152.6 183.6 199.2 214.4 242.1 263.5 268.0 181 220 259 . 7 296 . 9 319.6 328.2 Mt,50c 224.8 276.7 329.2 376.0 406.7 419.6 M,65° 267.2 332.8 400.0 456.2 500.7 513.1 Percentage Dissociation v a()c a9.5c a25° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 a35c a50° a65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 0-9.5c 41 01 26 54 04 53 4.42 9.5-25° 2.74 3.43 3.76 4.06 4.63 5.13 5.23 25-35° 2.85 3.67 4.53 5.48 5.61 6.02 35-50° 2.91 3.76 4.63 5.27 5.81 6.09 50-65° 2.83 3.74 4.72 5.35 6.27 6.23 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 0-9.5c 76 95 97 00 06 05 05 9.5-25° 2.49 2.63 2.67 2.61 2 72 2 '79 2.79 25-35° 1.87 2.00 2'il 2.20 2.13 35-50° 1.61 1.71 l!78 1.77 1.82 1.86 50-65° 1.26 1.35 L43' 1.42 1.54 1.48 ^ 24 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Potassium Acid Sulphate (W.). Molecular Conductivity. Iijd° I AtB12.5° Mb25° 153.8 184.0 207.6 182.1 16 201.2 32 128 512 2048 8192 223.6: 263.1 291.8 290.9 291.2 222. 248 ' 280. 336. 383. 385. 401. 254.2 286.6 323.7 401.0 9 i 467.1 8 178.2 0 496.0 Mi>35° 220.6 274.1 310.0 353.1 446.4 531.0 556.6 569.0 /x,50° 265.8 298.8 388.4 502.9 616.0 675.0 iU„65c 278.9 313.3 40S.9 536.7 675.6 747.0 Percentage Dissociation . v a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 2048 8192 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5°, 12.5-25° 25-35° i 35-50° 50-65° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 20 IS 8192 2 42 3 82 3.81 4 57 5 90 1.89 1.30 /.3? 7.59 8.78 2.50 3.02 3.44 5.13 6.66 7.39 7.60 1.99 1.65 2.34 . 2.94 4.54 6.39 7. 7 0.87 0.97 84 30 35 77 66 89 1.37 2.25 3.97 4.80 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v : 0-12.5°! 12.5-25' 25-35° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 20 IS 8192 1.57 1.03 0.63 10 89 04 24 21 2.61 3.01 .12 .21 23 52 73 92 89 0.78 0.82 0.91 1.13 1.37 1.64 1.47 35-50° 50-65c 0.60 0.33 0.32 0.67 (i s;, 07 42 0.35 0.45 0.64 0.71 Potassium Carbonate (W. and Hw.) Molecular Conductivity. txv0° /zB17.8° Mr25° Mt>35° fxv50° /*B65° 32 128 512 84.341 129.2 150.1 158.35199.34228.63 98.74 154.1 180.9 191.45237.57291.1 16 ! 105 . 3 1 166 . 5 195 . 3 216 . 87.278 . 66341 . 86 112.9! 179.6 210.5 228.87296.51369.42 122.3' 197 . 6 233 . 6 263 . 89 340 . 18 424 . 50 131.2 211.1 250.1 J284. 36 378. 64 468. 12 Percentage Dissociation. v 2 S 16 32 128 512 a0° 64.3 75.3 80.3 86.0 93.2 100.0 al7.8° 61.2 73.0 78.9 85.1 93.6 100.0 a25° 60.0 72.3 78.1 84.2 93.4 100.0 a3o° 55.7 67.3 76.3 80.5 92.8 100.0 a50° a65° 52.6 62.7 73.6 78.3 89.8 48.8 62.3 73.0 78.9 90.7 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-17.8° 17.8-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 8 16 32 128 512 2.52 2.90 2.73 3.11 3.72 . 3.07 3.44 4.00 4.12 3.75 4.29 4.51 4.23 5.00 |. 5.09 4.49 5.42 6.29 1.95 2.57 4.21 4.86 5.62 5.89 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-17.8° 17.8-25°| 25-35° 35-50° 2 ! 2.99 2.24 1.73 8 ; 3.15 2.41 1.60 16 3.26 2.40 1.90 32 3.32 2.39 1.97 128 3.46 j 2.53 1.93 512 3.42 2.57 2.21 50-65° 0.98 1.08 1.51 1.64 1.32 1.26 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 25 Di-Potassium Acid Phosphate (Ws. and Hw.). Molecular Conductivity. v 2 8 32 M*0C 63 79 91 /i„12.5° Mr25° m»35 128 102 512 107 1024 109 2048 110 4096107 01 86.82 113, 19 109.25 143. (it) 127.42 167. 47 142.37(188, 76 150.85|199 35 152.23 200 47 157.04 206 16 154.981201 M(50° 04138.16 34174.91 61203.80 10230.71 40239.84 52242.65 13242.54 98250.78 M»65c Potassium Phosphate (Sh.). (K3P04) Molecular Conductivity. Percentage Dissociation. a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50c a65° 57.0 55.3 54.8 55.1 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 p.v0° fxcl2.5' 116.6 144.1 178.9 193.7 192.1 190.0 179.0 163.8 206.7 207.7 274.7 271.5 268.3 252.0 M„25° ^35° Mt50° p.v6o 217.2 263.6 280.3 344.2 348.2 425.2 366.1 442.8 362.5 440.1 334.5 415.5 453.6 566.1 552.2 685.7 574.6 707.6 565.1 697.3 359. 336 3 437.2 7 407.6 549.5 517.1 676.2 646.0 Percentage Dissociation. a0° al2.5° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 71.7 83.0 92.8 97.6 99.0 100.0 97.0 69 81 90 96 96.9 100.0 98.7 69.5 81.3 91.3 96.7 97.3 100.0 98.0 69.8 81.3 92.0 95.7 96.8 96.7 100.0 a25c Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5' 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 1.91 2.10 2.40 2.73 2.86 3.22 3.19 3.06 3.45 3.88 3.43 3.85 3.73 3.93 3.83 3.76 2.51 3.16 3.62 4.26 4.04 4.21 3.64 4.88 50-65° 8! 60.2 59.6 59.3 75.2 76.5 93.8 95.1 100.0 100.0 98.8 99.0 97.3 98.1 a35° a50° 59.5 58.2 32 74.4 128 92.9 512 100.0 1024 99.2 2048 98.0 77.7 96.0 100.0 99.3 98.7 a65° 58.7 78.71 80.0 96.1 I 96.9 100.0 100.0 98.3 i 98.5 95.6 95.6 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-12.5° Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50 50-65° 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 3.03 3.03 3.05 3.11 3.20 3.14 3.38 3.57 2.42 2.50 2.53 2.57 2.57 2.54 2.50 2.43 2.22 2 21 2!l6 2.27 2.03 2.10 1.77 2.42 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 3.78 5.00 6.30 6.48 6.35 6.26 5.84 12.5-25° 4.27 5.88 7.24 7.31 7.28 7.28 6.78 25-35° 35-50° 50-65 4.64 6.39 70 67 76 79 09 4.73 7.29 8.46 8.78 8.33 7.49 7.30 5.40 7.50 8.90 8.87 8.81 8.45 8.65 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 3.24 3.54 3.50 3.34 3.30 3.29 3.27 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 2.60 2.85 2.81 2.66 2.68 2.75 2.69 2.13 2.24 2.21 2^10 2.14 2.14 2.10 1.79 2.04 1.99 1.98 1.89 1.71 1.81 50-65° 1.61 1.65 1.61 1.54 1.56 1.53 1.67 26 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Potassium Sodium Sulphate (H. and Hw.). Molecular Conductivity. v AttOc 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 ixv\2.5° m»25° 88.4 96.1 113.0 128.8 135.6 140.8 140.9 144.3 122.5 146.6 158.1 179.0 189.6 197.1 198.2 202.6 159.0 170.6 207.2 236.1 M,35° m.50 250.8 189. 209. 249. 284. 301. 259 261 267 .6 225 1 251 .71301 .5 345 .0 375 313.2 382 316.2 395 322.1 427 /xB65c . 23 272 . 73 .17305.40 .65367.39 .97424.23 .47455.59 .60469.31 .50489.05 .44521.52 Percentage Dissociation. a0° al2.5° a25° a35° 32 128 512 1024 2048 61.3 66.6 78.3 89.3 94.0 97.6 97.6 60.5 72.4 78.0 88.4 93.6 97.3 97.8 59.4 63.7! 77.4 93 96 97 58.9 64.9 77.5 88.4 5 3 93 97 98.2 a50° a65° 52.69 ! 58.76 70.57, 80.94 ' 87.84 89.51 92.53 52.30 58.56 70.45 81.34 87.36 89.99 93.77 4096 100.0. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.00 100.00 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35c 35-50° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.73 4.04 3.68 4.02 4.32 4.50 4.58 4.66 2.92 1.92 3.93 4.57 90 97 06 20 .06 .85 .25 .84 .02 5.40 5.48 5.45 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 50-65° 3.17 3.61 4.38 5.22 5.34 5.78 6.24 6.25 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v l 0-12.5° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 3.09 4.30 3.26 3.12 3.19 3.20 3.25 3.23 12.5-25' 2.38 1.30 2.49 2.55 2.58 2.52 2.55 2.56 25-35° 1.92 1.79 2.05 2.05 2.00 2.08 2.10 2.04 35-50° 50-65 c 1.41 1.44 1.45 1.51 1.42 1.51 1.58 1.46 Potassium Nickel Sulphate (H. and Hw.). Molecular Conductivity. v MrOc 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 ! 249 . 5 4090 268.0 122.6 155.4 187.5 219.6 235.5 M.12.5' 170.7 217.0 263.0 309.3 331.2 349.9 367.9 M.250 Mr35c M,50° /Xr65° 221.9 283.8 344.81 407.7 437 . 1 463.0 487.4 265.3 343 339 414 7 438 1547 490.7 655 527.1 695 560.1 752 588.1 7S5 45407.67 23527.29 33659.73 16798.45 98850.20 22927.00 94960.54 Percentage Dissociation. v 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0c 47.0 59.6 71.9 84.2 90.3 95.7 al2.5° a25c 4096 100.0 46.4 59.0 71.5 84.1 90.0 95.1 45.5 58.2 70.7 83.6 89.7 95.0 a35° a50° a65c 100.0 10.0 100.0 100.00 100.00 45.1 57.8 70.4 83.4 89.6 95.2 43.70 42.44 55.76 54.90 69.64 68.68 83.36 83.13 88.55 88.51 95.71 96.51 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 8 3.85 4.10 4.34 32 4.93 5.32 5.59 128 6.04 6.54 6.93 512 7.18 7.87 8.30 1024 7.66 8.47 9.00 2048 8.03 9.05 9.71 4096 8.57 9.56 10.07 50-65° 4.28 5.94 7.49 9.55 10.28 11.65 11.64 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 8 3.14 2.40 1.96 32 3.17 2.45 1.97 128 3.22 2.48 2.01 512 3.27 2.54 2.04 1024 3.25 2.56 2.06 2048 3.22 2.59 2.09 4096 3.29 2.60 2.07 50-65° 1.25 1.36 1.37 1.46 1.48 1.55 1.48 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 27 Potassium Chromium Sulphate (H. and Hw.). (Violet Variety.) Molecular Conductivity. 16 32 128 512 1024 fifi° /U2.5° 75.8 87.3 99.0 127.0 161.1 186.6 2048:213.3 4096 245 . 8 105.0 121.2 13S.1 179.5 232.0 271.6 314.2 364.8 M»25c 135 157 MP35° ^50° 179.6 236 . 7 311.5 369.6 428.8 500.1 159 185 211 279 374 443 520 4 201 3 219 3 271 9 363 5J499 8 586 6 701 /x*65° .86 242.04 .21 276.73 .70 339.90 .28 467.30 .671 658.91 .07] 785.37 .81 928.44 613.9 818.021082.97 Percentage Dissociation. v 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a0° ' al2.5° a25° a35° a50°! a65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v ! 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° :,() 65'-' 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.34 2.71 3.13 4.20 5.67 6.80 8.07 9.52 2.42 2.89 3.32 4.58 6.36 7.84 2.41 2.80 3.17 4.32 6.30 7.42 2.83 2.26 4.03 5.56 8.35 9.55 68 83 55 9.17 9.18 12.08 10.82 11.38 13.61 6.93 10.62 13.29 15.11 17.66 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12.5°! 12.5-25' 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 3.09 3.10 3.16 3.31 .52 .64 .78 .87 3. 3 3. 3. 31 38 40 55 74 89 2.92 2.97 25-35° 35-50° 1.78 78 77 82 02 01 14 2.28 1.77 1.22 1.90 1.99 2.23 2.15 2.32 2.22 50-65° 1.33 1.28 1.67 1.91 2.15 2.27 2.15 2.16 Potassium Chromium Sulphate (H. and Hw.). (Green Variety.) Molecular Conductivity. v p.v0° /x„12.5° p.v2b° ju.35 8 101. 16 119. 32 137 . 128 177. 512 210. 1024 229.7 2048 247.0 4096 273 . 1 .0 .3 .8 .7 .9 130.1 158.4 154.0 188.1 179.3 219.5 /i„50° M>65° 234.4 283.5 310.9 339.5 379.4 290.6 359.1 399.6 441.3 500.3 179.6 221 213.2 252 249.3 318 333.5 437 426.6 618 479.0 658 539.1 753 616.2 848 .47 248.10 .44 279.35 .16 352.59 .81 485.99 .30 699.33 .54 771.94 .80 903.28 .621017.25 Percentage Dissociation . a0° ! al2.5° a25° a35c a50° a65° 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 8 16 32 128 512 1024 20 is 4096 0-12.5' 33 78 32 54 81 12.5-25° 6.50 7.40 8.50 2.26 2.73 3.22 4.50 6.05 7.10 8.14 9.67 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 12 51 98 29 6.75 7.94 9.78 11.59 1.78 1.79 2.30 3.21 5 7. 9 11 40 56 97 23 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5' 31 33 41 55 76 2.83 3.00 3.11 12.5-25° 1.74 1.77 80 92 13 28 2.40 2.55 25-35° 1.34 1.33 1.36 1.48 1.88 1.99 2.22 2.32 35-50c 50-65° 0.80 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.87 1.15 1.32 1.32 28 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Potassium Permanganate (Ws. and Hw.). Molecular Conductivity. 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 HJ0° M*12.5° jur25° m»35° /xr50° ' juB65° 59.34 63.75 66.76 66.46 64.65 63.72 62.64 80.17104. 87.13,113. 91.38 119. 91.14 117 89.05 113 86.61110 87.94 111 36124 70136 31 90 95 80 SO 1 12 141 137 133 133 .76 .05 .42 .49 .09 .02 .97 159 171 181 185 182 183 178 .16193.58 .71208.58 .98222.22 .19226.46 .45215.95 .16215.22 . 59205 . 22 Percentage Dissociation. a0° al2.5° a25° a3o° ' a50° a65° 8 88.8 87.7i 87.5 87.6185.94 85.48 32 95.4 95.3 95.3 95.5 92.72 92.10 128 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.27 98.13 512 99.5 99.7 98.8 99.4100.00 100.00 1024 96.8 97.4 95.5 96.3 98.52 95.36 2048 95.4 94.8 92.9 93.4 98.90 95.04 4096 93.8 96.2 93.7 94.1 96.44 90.62 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 1.67 1.87 1.97 1.97 1.95 1.83 2.02 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 1.94 2.04 2.29 2.13 2.24 2.38 2.23 2.31 2.64 2.14 2.36 2.91 1.99 2.31 3.02 1.94 2.22 3.34 1.91 2.22 2.97 50 li.V 2.29 2.46 2.68 2.75 2.23 2.14 1.78 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.81 2.93 2.95 2.96 3.02 2.87 3.23 42 45 44 35 24 24 2.17 1.96 1.97 1.94 2.00 2.03 2.00 1.99 1.84 1.75 1.85 2.06 2.20 2.51 2 . 22 1.44 1.43 1.47 1.48 1.22 1.17 1.00 Potassium Chromate (J. and C). Molecular Conductivity. V M„0° MC12.2° M,25° M»35° 2 96.50 128.1 165.7 197.5 8 111.3 151.9 196.0 235.4 16 117.8 163.5 213.5 256.0 32 124.6 173.7 227.2 272.0 128 140.1 191.1 252.9 303.0 512 147.1 205.5 272.0 327.8 1024 150.1 209.2 276.2 330.2 2048 151.4 211.5 279.9 334.3 yuP50° fxvG5° 249.1 297.5 295.9 357.7 343.8 389.4 415.0 417.4 468.5 513.6 Percentage Dissociation. 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0° al2.2c 63 73 77 82 92 97.2 99.1 100.0 60.6 71.8 77 82 90 97 98.9 100.0 a25c 59.2 70.0 76.3 81.2 90.4 97.2 98.7 100.0 a35° 59.6 70. 76, 81. 90.6 98.1 98.8 100.0 a50° a65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.2' 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.59 3.35 3.74 4.04 4.18 4.78 4.84 4.93 12.2-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c 2.93 3.18 3.44 3.12 3.45 3.90 4.17 4.82 5.19 5.23 3.94 4.25 4.48 5.01 5.44 5.40 4.16 4.01 4.79 4.91 5.76 5.27 5.81 6.57 5.34 5.44 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-12.2' 2.68 3.00 3.17 3.24 2.98 3.24 3.22 3.26 12.2-25° 25-35° 35-50c 2.29 2.27 2.39 1.92 2.01 40 52 53 50 52 99 97 98 00 96 1.94 1.74 1.77 50-65c 1.25 1.35 1.76 1.90 1.77 1.43 1.35 1.58 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 29 Potassium Dichromate (J. and W.). Molecular Conductivity. v 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 M,0° 109 116 122 129 133 133 136 M„12.6°: /i,25° 150.8 161.5 168.8 178.8 182.5 185.7 188.8 Mf35c 195. 209. 219.4 231.5 237.3 240.6 245.5 234.0 248.8 260.9 277.3 281.2 287.9 293.6 /V50c 272. 292. /x„65c 326.9 352.9 327 346 351 366.4 396.9 417.9 426.8 448.9 Percentage Dissociation. a0c al2.6° a25° a35° 16' 32! 128 512 1024 204S 79.8 85.2 89.6 95.0 97.2 97.7 79.9 85.5 89.4 94.7 96.7 98.4 79.6 85.3 89.4 94.3 96.7 98.0 79.6 84.7 88.9 94.4 95.8 98.1 a50° 74.3 79.8 89.3 94.4 96.0 a65c 72.8 78.6 88.4 93.1 95.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v , 0-12.6° 12.6-25°i 25-35c 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 35-50° 50-65° 3.31 3.56 3.66 3.88 3.93 4.13 4.13 3.60 3.85 4.08 4.25 4.42 4.43 4.57 3.85 3.95 4.15 4.39 4.45 4.73 4.81 3.89 4.43 4.58 4.70 3.65 4.03 4.85 4.64 4.79 5.01 5.50 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12.6' 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 12.6-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 3.03 3.05 2.98 2.99 2.95 3.09 3.02 2.19 2.38 2.42 2.38 2.42 2^39 2.42 1.97 1.89 1.89 1.90 1.88 1.97 1.96 1.58 1.70 1.65 1.67 L65 1.34 1.37 1.42 1.38 1.42 L50 Potassium Ferrocyanide (W.). Molecular Conductivity. v 4 8 16 32 128 5 1 2 M.0C 162. 168. 179 195. 236. 280 jM3.1° /V25° 224 236 255 6 277 1024 ! 295 2048 315 8192 ! 328 335 399 421 0; 449 0 467 287.1 305.1 327.1 357.8 432.8 516.6 546.5 578.0 599.0 /x„35e 341.8 364.5 394.1 430.7 523.8 627.0 660.0 703.0 724.0 M„50° I M,65c 414. 450. 495.6 543.0 535. 663. 818 0 651.0 11808.3 7 1006.3 915 941 4 1121.3 9 1153.2 Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al3.1° 4 49.4 48.0 S 51.5 50.7 16 54.8 54.6 32 59.6 59.3 128 72.0 71.8 512 85.6 85.5 1024 90.0 90.2 2048 96.0 96.1 8192 100.0 100.0 a So 47.9 50.9 54.6 59.7 72.3 86.2 91.2 96.4 100.0 a35° 47.2 50 54 59 72 a50° 44.0 47.8 86.6 91 97 a65c 43.0 47.1 100.0 56.8 70.4 86.9 56.4 70.1 87.2 97.2 100.0 97.2 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-13.1' 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 8192 4.73 5.19 5.73 6.21 7.59 9.06 9.64 10.23 10.61 13.1-25' 5.29 5.74 6.06 6.79 8.18 9.75 10.51 10.84 11.09 25-35° 5.47 5.94 6.70 7.29 9.10 11.04 11.35 12.50 12.50 35-50° 4.85 5.74 50-65° 5.41 6.16 6.95 9.29 7.73 9.68 12.78 12.51 14.16 14.60 13.73 14.08 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-13.1° 13.1-25° 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 8192 2.91 3.08 3.19 3.17 3.21 3.22 3.27 3.24 3.23 2.36 2.42 2.38 2.45 2.44 2.47 2.49 2.41 2.37 25-35° I 35-50° 50-65 c 1.91 1.62 2.05 2.04 2.10 2.14 2.08 2.16 2.09 1.42 1.58 1.30 1.36 1.61 1 44 1.77 1 46 2.04 1 53 2.01 2.01 1.50 1.50 30 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Potassium Aluminium Sulphate (H.). Molecular Conductivity . v pv0° pvY2.b° i^v25° m,35° fxF50° p.rd5c 108.9 140.8 177.7 8 78.9 32 101.2 128 127.6 512 158.8; 223.7 1024 177.8 2048 197.5 4096 218.8 Potassium Acetate (Ws. and C). Molecular Conduct iivty. v p.,0° jLtr12.5° fJLt;2o° Mr35° /jlv50° p.v65° 140.3 182.2 142.3 172.5 196.1 165.3 207.5 240.6 215.7 255.1 317.4 232.9! 283.7 356.9 426.2 294.9 358.3 446.9 557.1 250.5 332.7 402.8 281.8 378.4 470.0 626.4 769.4 314.7 425.5 528.8 Percentage Dissociation . v a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a 65° 4 8 32 128 1" 512 1024 2048 : 4096 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v ! 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° \ 50-65° 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1021 2048 4096 46.13 62.62 83.35 99.88 129.2 157.4 48.60 67.11 88.43105.77 1 1 144.6 177.1 53.09 73.59 97.29117.46 ' 155.0 190.4 55.57 77.43 102.13123.03 162.3 199.7 57 . 17 79 . 91 105 . 16 126 .87 58 . 33 81 . 14 106 . 84 129 . 09 165 . 1 203 . 7 59.24 82. 09 108.43129.84 166.7 210.8 59.06 81.89 108.65129.90 Percentage Dissociation. a0c a 12. 5° a25° a35° a50° a05° 4 S 16 32 64 128 256 512 1021 2048 4096 77.8 76.3 76.6 76.9 77.5 74.7 82.0 81.8 81.3 81.5 86.7 84.0 89.6 89.7 89.5 90.4 I 93.0 90.3 93.7 94.4 93.9 94.7 • 97.4 94.7 96.4 97.4 96.7 97.6 98.4 98.9 98.3 99.3 99.0 96.6 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.9 100.0 100 0 99.6 99.8 100.0 100.0 Temperature. Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.40 3.17 4.01 5.19 5.81 6.74 7.67 2.51 3.31 4.42 ' 5.69 6.57 7.73 8.86 2.50 3.35 5.08 6.34 7.01 9.16 10.33 2.01 2.81 2.63 4.88 5.91 1.57 2.21 4.15 4.62 7.35 10.42 11.33 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 1.32 1.48 1.66 1.71 1.65 1.74 . 1.95 1.64 i!75 1.82 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.90 L98 2.02 2.06 2.11 2.14 2.02 2^09 2.17 2.23 2.14 2.13 1.88 2 17 2^36 2 49 2.40 2.46 2.57 2.94 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 128 512 1024 20 IS 4096 3.04 3.13 3.14 3.27 3.27 3.41 3.51 30 35 49 54 62 2.74 2.82 1.78 1.84 2.18 2.15 2.11 2.42 2.43 1.41 0.87 4 1.70 1.06 8 1 .22 1.63 16 1.72 1.29 32 1.65 1.64 64 128 256 2.22 1.81 512 1024 2048 4096 2.86 3.05 3.09 3.15 2.64 2.55 2.58 2.54 3.17 3.14 3.09 3.10 2.53 2.54 2.57 2.61 1.98 1.97 2.07 2.05 2.06 2.09 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.46 1.50 1.86 1.90 52 53 1.56 1.76 ELECTRICAL COiNDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 31 Potassium Sulphocyanate (J. and ('.). Molecular Conductivity. pv0c 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 57.75 M,13.5° Mr26° 79.47 100.0 Mr30c 110.2 jut35° p„50° fiv65° 62.48 64 . 26 65.99 70.70 71.28 72.25 72.86 87.87 90.81 93.39 100.1 101.2 102 . 6 110.9 115.4 118.7 127.3 129.8 131.5 121.9 126.8 130.8 139.4 142.3 144.3 127.6 132.9 160.2 166.7 191.1 201.8 142.3 149.3 153.7 179.6 219.6 190.0 232.4 192.6 239.3 Ammonium Chloride (W. and ('.). Molecular Conductivity. 103 0 133.7 147.3 161.2 206.4 250.9 Percentage Dissociation . a0° al3.5° a25° a30c a35c a50° a65c 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 fxv0° m»H.5° m,25° fxvSo° p.v5Q° /i„65° 62.76 66.17 68.02 70.20 73.08 74.39 74.84 89.86 96.11 99 . 26 102.4 107.6 109.8 109.2 118.6 123.2 127.6 133.4 136.8 137.8 129.9 142.8 148. 2 153.7 161.4. 165.4 167.2 161.4 194.0 179.4 194.0 206.2 211.4 214.4 218.3 217.1 235!) 251.1 259.5 269.7 265.4 Percentage Dissociation . a()° al4.5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 79.3 77.2 74. S 85.8 , 85.3 8S.2 | 88.2 90.6 . 90.7 97.0 97.2 83.0 86.3 88.8 95.2 74.8 97.8 i 98.3 97.1 99.2 99.6 98.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.8 86.1 88.8 94.6 79.2 82.4 77.6 80.8 76.2 80.4 88.3 92.6 87.0 92.1 87.5,, 92.6 8 16 32 128 512 84.0 81.3 79.2 96.6 95.4 : 93.3 95.4 1024 98.0 I ; 100.0 . 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-13.5° 13.5-25° 25-30° 30-35° j 35-50° i 50-65° 2018 88.4 90.8 93.8 97.6 99.4 87.0 89.8 92.7 97.4 99.4 100.0 100.0 86.1 89.4 92.6 96.8 99.3 77. 85. 88. 91 96. 98. 100.0 100.0 73.9: 82. 2i 73.1 81.8 88.9 88.9 94.4 94.6 96.8 97.8 98.2 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-14.5° 14.5-25° 25-35° 35-50c 50-65° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.31 1.78 2.04 1.88 1.97 2.04 2.18 2.23 2.26 2.24 2.00 2.14 2.18 2.38 2.46 2.49 2.60 2.20 2.28 2.41 2.42 2.50 2.56 2.72 2.20 2.17 2.25 2.42 1.99 2.28 2.49 2.74 2.00 2.78 3.01 2.06 2 34 2.67 2.83 3.11 2.97 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-13.5° 13.5-251 25-30° 30-35° 35-50c 50-65° 2.27 2.24 3.00 3.07 3.09 3.08 3.13 3.13 3.07 2.28 2.36 2.33 2.38 2 43 2.43 2.52 2 .04 1 98 1 98 2 03 1 90 1 93 1 95 2 03 1.70 1.69 1.29 1.80 1.40 1.85 | 1.43 | 1.60 1.75 1.84 1.69 1.49 1.49 1.62 2 1.87 1.84 2.07 2.10 8 2.06 2.14 2.42 2.44 16 2.15 2.22 2.28 2.40 2.50 2.61 32 2.69 128 2.38 2.46 2.80 2.99 512 2.44 2.57 2.86 3.07 1024 2.46 2.60 2.94 3.15 2048 2.17 2.51 2.79 2.99 3.21 3.69 3.14 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-14.5° 14.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 20 IS 2.98 3.11 3.16 3.16 3.26 3.29 3.29 1.89 1.86 1.44 50-65c 05 23 30 34 29 34 35 1.90 2.02 2.02 I. 2.04 2.10 2.09 2.13 1.61 1.71 1.75 1.85 1.86 1.89 1.34 1.40 1.44 1.45 1.52 1.72 1.44 32 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Ammonium Bromide (W.). Molecular Conductivity. Tetraethyl Ammonium Iodide (Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. v 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 M,0° 67.26 69.36 71.53 73.50 76.18 77.55 1024 77.06 M,12.5° Mr25° /xr35° /z.,500 S'.t SI 95.44 98.06 101.1 105 . 5 107.8 107.5 Mr65° M„0° 115.1 136.7 123.6 146.8 127.4 153.3 131.7 158.0 137.9 165.0 141.3 168.9 140.9 169.5 174.2 182.2 196.3 206 . 2 213.7 221.0 210.6 220.9 239.3 250.9 259.8 267.6 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 38.6 46.5 51.1 52.8 53.3 54.4 54.0 Percentage Dissociation . a0° al2.5° a25° ! a35° a50° I a65° MJ2.5C ju(.25° Mr35° fivo0° Mt'65c 54.6 65.4 72.1 73.9 75.2 77.0 76.5 72.8 88.5 86.8 105.0 95.4 114.8 98.0 118.4 99.3 119.7' 101.7 122.5 101.6 122.9 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° al2.5° a25° a35c a50° a65° 2 87.31 83.5' 81.7' 80.6 4 8 90.0 88.8 16 92.8 91.2 32 95.4 94.1 128 98.9 512 100.0 1024 100.0 98.1 87.7 90.4 93.5 97.9 86.6 90.4 78.8 82.4 78.7 82.5 8 32 128 69.6 83.9 92.2 512 95.3 93.2 j 88.8 89.4 1024 97.3 100.0 100.0 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.3 93.7 2048 96.7: 97.0 4096 100.0 100.0 96.2 100.0 98.7 70.9 84.9 92.3 71.6 85.3 93.7 72.0 85.4 93.4 94.6 96.3 96.3 96.2 97.6 97.5 100.0 100.0 99.7 98.0 99.9 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 1.80 09 12 21 35 42 43 12.5-25° 25-35° ; 35-50c 2.02 2.16 25 35 2.45 59 68 2.32 2.59 2.63 2.71 2.76 2.36 2.67 2.86 2.55 2.75 2.99 3.43 50-65° v 0-12.5° 2.43 2.58 2.87 2.98 3.08 3.11 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 2 68 2.25 1.88 4 : ! 1.39 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 1.28 1.51 1.67 1.69 1.76 1.78 1.80 12.5-25°, 25-35° I 35-50c 50-65' 1.46 1.70 1.86 1.92 1.93 1.98 2.00 57 82 94 04 2.04 2.08 2.12 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 16 32 128 512 1024 01 96 01 08 12 16 2.36 2.40 2.42 2.46 2.49 2.49 V 0-12.5° 8 3.31 32 3.25 128 3.29 512 3.20 1024 3.20 2048 3.27 4096 3.32 35-50° 50-65' 67 60 56 2.59 2.58 57 61 2.15 2.09 2.03 2.08 2.07 2.04 2.08 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 33 Ammonium Nitrate (Ws. and C). Ammonium Sulphate (Ws. and C). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V M„0° ju,12.5°| fiv25°\ /x,35° pv50° j yu„65° V /x„0° M„12.5° M»25° /x,35° M»50° M«;65° 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 58.44 64.35 68.81 71.64 73.63 74.69 78. 92 101. 51119. 48 148.9 179.8 84.25 113.58135.07 169.3 204.3; 94.30 123.13140.53 184. 2 223.0 98.45 128.44152.92 195.2 237.5 101.39 132.64157.48 201.4 246.3 102.51 134.43159.44 203.7 249.3 2 82.37 112.09 145. 09 170. 72! 215. 81 257.6 8) 98.06; 136.28179.57213.19; 270.8! 325.2 32 115.27| 160.26 !210. 98 254. 86' 324.3' 393.3 128 130.95 182.65 241. 3S 291. 69 375.8; 461.7 512 139.69 195.77 259.21313.00 417.0 506.5 1024 143.84 202.31 J267.62 322. 55 75.25 103.39 134.79160.39 76.37 105.51 137.87163.62 205.3 251.6 2048 150.62 209.74 '275.96337.47 428.4 4096;150.44 211.55 ;280.82340. 32 440.0 II 1 I 528.2 538.6 Percentage Dissociation . Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65° V a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 2 8 32 76.5 84.2 90.1 74.8 73.6| 73. 0| 72.5 79.9 82.21 82.6! 82.5 71.5 81.2 88.6 94.4 2 8 32 128 512 1024 54 6 65.0 76.5 86.9 92.7 95 4 52.9 64.4 75.7 86.3 92.5 95.6 99.1 100.0 51.6 50 1 63.9 62.6 89.4 89.3! 90.0 89.7 75.1 85.9 92.3 95.2 98.2 100.0 74.8 85.7 91.9 94.7 99.1 100.0 128 93.8 93.3 512 96.4! 96.1 93.2 1 93.5 96.2; 96.3 95.1 98.1 97.9 1024 2048 97.8: 97.2 97.5; 97.5 99.2 99.1 .98.5 98.0. 97.8: 98.0 100.0 100.0 2048 100.0 4096 j 99.8 40961 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 1.64 1.81 8 1.59 2.33 1.80 2.17 1.96 2.28 2.06 2.33 2.59 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.38 3.06 3.60 4.14 4.49 4.68 4.73 4.89 2.64 3.46 4.06 4.70 5.08 5.22 5.30 5.54 2.56 3.36 4.39 5.03 5.38 5.49 6.15 5 95 2.79 3.63 4.60 5.73 5.97 32 128 2.04 2.31 2.34 2.51 2.15 2.40 ' 2.45 2.82 512 2.22 2.50 2.48 : 2.95 i 2.99 1024 j 2.23 i 2.55 2.50 j 2.95 | 3.04 2048 2.25 1 2.52 ! 2.56 ! 2.99 ! 3.09 6.65 6.57 4096 ! 2.33 i 2.59 i 2.58 1 1 1 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 | 2.81 8 ! 2.47 32 i 2.97 2.29 2.77 2.45 1.77 1.91 1.90 1.91 1.64 1.69 1.71 1.84 1.38 1.38 1.41 1.44 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.89 3.12 3.12 3.16 3.21 3.25 3.14 3.25 2.36 2.54 2.53 2.57 2.60 2.58 1.76 1.87 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.05 1.29 1.34 1.42 1.52 1.43 128 : 3.00 2.44 512 3.02 I 2.47 1.86 1.87 ! 1.48 1024 i 2.99 2.49 1 1.86 1.85 1 1.49 2048 ; 2.99 2.44 j 1.90 4096 3.05 ! 2.46 1 1.87 1.86 | 1.51 2.53 ' 2.23 1.55 1.49 2.58 ! 2.12 34 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Ammonium Acid Sulphate (Ws. and Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. v 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 M,0C 155 183 223 265 289 295 303 304 MC12.5° M.250 jLt„35° ^50° mc65° 26 10 180 223 58 279 24 339 79 378 386 22 11 26 400 401 .49 211 .84 25s . 55 322 .00 404 .25 463 .88J483. .01496. .96 497 99226 00277 68349 14444 20522 51547 86573 11576 06 223.8 18 286.0 24 374.2 74 485.9 24 593.5 05 647 . 1 46 681.5 66 712.5 235.3 303.2 396 5 525.3 666.1 794.5 820.6 855.2 Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 2 51.0 46.4 42.7 39.2 31.4 27.5 8 60.3 55.7 51.9 48.1 40.1 35.5 32 73.5 69.6 65.0 60.6 52.5 46.4 128 87.1 84.4 81.3 77.1 68.2 61.4 512 95.2 94.2 93.2 90.5 83.3 77.9, 1024 97.0 96.3 97.4 94.9 90.8 93.0 2048 99.7 99.6 99.9 99.4 95.6 96.0 4096 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25' 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.50 04 48 90 08 33 73 81 2.04 2.73 3.45 5.21 6.79 7.73 7.74 7.61 25-35° 1.41 1.91 2.66 4.06 5.90 6.35 7.66 7.96 35-50° 50-65° 0 77 1.15 1.49 2.63 4.84 9.83 9.27 S S5 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4090 1.61 2.20 2.00 2.22 2.44 2.48 2.55 2.57 1.09 1.22 23 54 80 00 94 89 0.66 0.74 0.82 1.01 1.27 1.31 1.54 1.60 35-50° 50-65° 0.34 0.40 0.40 0.54 0.82 1.52 1.36 1.23 Ammonium Aluminium Sulphate (H.). Molecular < 'onductivity. v \ fjiv0° U,12.5° h*»25°Uit360 /ur50° /xP65° 16 32 64 128 512 1024 2048 4096 80.0 110.9 143.1 102.5 143.1 130. 1 I 182.7 162.2 230.9 181.0 257.5 201.8 288.2 224. 2 322.8 1S5 5 238.8 304 . 5 3 12.4 386.4 437.6 168 202 220 261 284 203.5 236.5 247 5 288.0 365.9 325.8 384.8 347 5 426.3 477 5 573.5 415 485 540 643 . 1 831.5 Percentage Dissociation . a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65 16 32 64 128 512 1024 2048 4096 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 8 16 32 64 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 12.5-25°! 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c 2.47 3.25 4.21 5.50 6.12 6.91 7.90 2.58 339 4 49 5.89 6.79 7.86 8.38 2.57 2.31 3.49 4.60 6.14 7.27 9.94 10.27 01 29 18 44 2 20 2.70 3.93 5 . 25 6.40 10.49 12.56 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 16 32 64 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35c 35-50° 50-65° 3.09 3 17 3.24 3.39 3.38 3.42 3.53 2.33 1.80 2.37 1 nn 2.46 1.93 2 55 2.02 2 64 2.12 2.73 2.57 2.60 2.35 1.37 1.48 1.64 1.47 2.03 2'l6 1.08 1.09 1.21 1.51 1.34 1.95 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC 35 Ammonium Chromium Sulphate (H. and Hw.). (Violet). Molecular Conductivity. M,0° 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 77.5 88.9 100.8 129.5 165.5 187.0 211.9 240.7 jM2.5° jus25° 106. 41 123.2 140.3 183.0 238.0 272.0 310.7 355 . 6 137.3 159.5 182.2 240.2 321.0 372.0 428.5 192.2 jU„35° 162.7 188.3 216.0 285.9 385.9 455.7 530.0 617.0 Hv50° 204 239. 274, 369 508 604 713 853 92 15 Hi f>X 79 32 7 12 M*G5° 244.97 288.79 333 . 50 459.09 648.99 754.79 897.35 1050 . 26 Percentage Dissocial io/i . v a()° I al2.5° 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a25° a35° a50° a65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5°|12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.31 2.74 3.16 4.28 5.80 6.80 7.90 9.19 2.47 2.90 3.35 4.57 6.64 8.03 9.40 10.93 2.54 0. 88 38 57 6.49 8.37 10.15 12.48 50-65° 2.67 3.31 3.94 5.90 9.35 10.03 12.24 13.12 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 2.98 3.08 3.14 31 51 64 73 82 12.5-25° 25-35 2.32 2.35 2.39 2.50 2.79 2.94 3.03 3.07 1.85 1.81 1.86 90 02 25 37 2.54 35-50c 50-65° 30 .38 1.44 1.60 1.84 1.66 1.71 1.54 Ammonium Chromium Sulphate (H. and Hw.). (Green). Molecular Conductivity. V /x„0° M„12.5° M.25° M»35° M,50° 8 103.6 133. 2| 162.9 185.3 223.33 16 119.7 155.4 190.6 219.3 268.08 32 136.4 178.2 220. 8 255.1 316.57 128 172.3 228.4 288.1 336.4 436 . 52 512 202 . 6 274.4 355 . 7 423 . 2 585.31 1024 215.6 294 . 2 386 . 2 471.2 658.87 2048 222.0 313.5 414.0 518.41757.75 4096 234.4 328.4 458.1 593.8 868.79 Mr65c 250.70 299 . 59 352.20 489 . 76 673.80 789 . 57 924.29 1061.73 Percentage Dissociation . V a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.37 2.70 3.34 4.49 5.74 6.29 7.32 7.52 2.38 2.82 3.41 4.78 6.50 7.36 8.04 10.38 24 87 43 83 75 50 10.44 13.57 1.82 2.10 2.38 3.55 5.90 8.71 11.10 12.56 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 2.29 2.26 2.45 2.61 2.83 2.92 3.37 3.21 12.5-25° 1.79 1.82 1.91 2.09 2.37 2.50 2.57 3.16 25-35 c .38 51 1.55 68 90 2.20 2 . 52 2.96 35-50c 50-65° 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.81 1.01 1.32 1.46 1.48 36 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Ammonium Copper Sulphate (H. and Hw.)- Calcium Chloride (Sh. and H.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V Mt0° M„12.5° MC25° /V35° MC50° ^65° V ixv0° M.12.50 MB25° mb35° ^50° Ait,65° 4 8 32 128 512 1021 2048 4096 106.3 122.7 153.5 187.8 221.6 236.0 246.4 259.4 146.6 169.9 213.8 262.4 312.1 333.5 347.9 367.3 190.4 220.7 280.2 346.7 411.7 442.6 463.6 494.0 225.7! 278.3 334.7 2 4 S 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 80.5 109.6 142.1 ! 169.1 262.2 323.5 383.1 496.9 630.1 768.9 850.8 916.2 976.8 237.7 258.5 306.5 340.8 362.4 290.4 318.7 378.5 j 418.9 452.5 334.3 412.6 495.7 532.5 560.0 597.3 417.5 521.1 634.0 697.8 744.1 788.3 95.3 106.4 117.8 124.0 126.5 131.4 131.4 132.1 149.3 165.6 174.8 179.0 185.0 185.2 172.51207.4 197. 51 238.0 219.2 265.8 232.4 281.9 236.1 284.6 245.0 246.5 298.3 300.0 382.0 474.8 Percentage Dissociation . Percentage Dissociation . V a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65° V a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 61.2 59.1 57.6 56.3 62.2 67.7 80.2 89.2 94.9 61.2 67.1 79.7 88.2 95.3 72.5 80.9 89.6 94.3 96.2 100.0 71.3 80.6 89.4 94.2 96.1 69.9 80.1 88.9 94.6 95 7 69.1 79.3 88.6 93.9 94.8 99.4 100.0 100 Oi 99 3 100.0 100.0 99.9 99.9 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 3.22 3.78 4.82 5.97 7.24 7.80 8.12 8.63 3.50 4.06 5.31 6.74 7.97 8.73 9.26 10.14 3.53 4.15 5.41 6.59 8.40 8.99 9.64 10.33 3.76 3.97 5.29 7.27 8.99 10.20 11.47 12.57 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.32 2.60 2.70 1.71 1.62 1.78 1.84 1.86 2.94 3.43 3.82 4.06 4.20 4.28 4.31 3.23 3.85 4.29 4.57 4.70 4.80 4.90 3.49 4.05 4.66 4.94 4.85 5.33 5.35 3.41 4.57 5.00 5.37 5.58 1.88 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 3.03 3.08 3.14 3.18 3.27 3.31 3.30 3.33 2.39 2.39 2.48 2.57 2.55 2.62 2.66 2.76 1.85 1.88 1.93 1.90 2.04 2.03 2.08 2.09 1.35 1.23 1.26 1.39 1.42 1.46 1.54 1.59 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.90 2.46 1.90 1.48 1.55 1.57 1.53 1.66 3.08 3.21 3.24 3.27 3.39 3.02 3.26 2.44 2.58 2.58 2.61 2.68 2.58 2.59 2.02 2.05 2.12 2.12 2.05 2.17 217 1.64 1.92 1.89 1.90 1.87 1.62 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 37 Calcium Bromide (W. and Hw.). Molecular Conductivity . »v0° 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 85.95 97.74 103.0 108.2 117.3 122.9 126.3 126.8 M,14.4° /jlv25c 122.7 144.0 150.5 158.4 173.3 182.0 186.9 188.2 151.0 177.5 188.4 199.0 217.9 229.7 236.5 239.5 /V35° M»50° pv65° 181 . 1 220 214.8 278 227.6 296 240.5 318 265.0 350 278.5 375 286.5 386 291.51390 .00262 .91339 .41362 .70391 .57431 .49458 .64477 .98487 .05 .40 .30 .68 .83! .67 .18! .30 Percentage Dissociation. a0° 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 67.7 77.1 81.2 85.3 92.5 96.9 99.6 100.0 a!4.4° 65.2 76.5 80.0 84.2 92.1 96.7 99.3 100.0 a25° 63.1 74.1 78.7 83.1 91.0 95.9 98.7 100.0 a35c 62.1 73.7 78.1 82.5 90.9 95.5 98.3 100.0 a50c a65° 56.3 71.3 75.8 81.5 89.7 96.0 98.9 100.0 53.8 69.6 74.4 80.4 88.6 94.1 97.9 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-14.4° 2 2.55 2.67 8 3.21 3.16 16 3.30 3.58 32 3.49 3.83 128 3.89 4.21 512 4.10 4.50 1024 4.21 4.68 2048 4.26 4.84 14.4-25° 25-35° 3.01 3.73 3.92 4.15 71 88 00 20 35-50° 50-65c 84 03 39 86 42 54 6.03 6.42 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-14.4° 2.97 3.28 3.20 3.23 3.32 3.34 3.33 3.36 14.4-25° 2.18 2.19 2.37 2.42 2.43 2.47 2.50 2.57 25-35° 1.99 2.10 2.08 2.09 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.17 35-50c 50-65° 1.30 1.44 1.48 1.52 1.55 1.48 1.56 1.64 Calcium Nitrate (J. and W.). Molecular Conductivity. P„0° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 65.84 85.50 94.95 102.3 114.5 122.6 125.7 130.0 pv0.7° Pv~35° INS. I 224.0 238.8 251.4 274.4 298.2 9 301.6 6 305.7 M*.50° 280.1 301.1 320.2 358.0 379.6 385.3 393.9 404.5 M,65c 340.1 367.6 392.8 439.2 467.6 475.1 484.6 497.2 Percentage Dissociation. 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a0° 68.4 77.1 81.5 85.3 92.1 98.2 99.7 100.0 al0° a25c 66.8 76.7 81.0 84.5 91.6 98.2 99.2 100.0 62.8 74.2 78.7 82.9 90.5 97.7 98.9 100.0 a35c a50° 61.5 73.3 78.1 82.2 89.8 97.6 98.7 100.0 69.2 74.4 79.1 88.5 93.8 95.2 97.4 100.0 a65c 68.4 73.9 79.0 83.3 94.0 95.5 97.4 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-10° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 74 36 55 66 01 4.37 4.34 4.45 10-25° 62 36 60 89 32 75 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c 4.85 4.93 95 66 99 20 59 14 18 24 4.00 4.43 4.84 5.41 5.87 5.99 6.05 6.18 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-10° 10-25° 2.98 3.25 3.25 3.20 3.24 3.32 3.24 3.32 2.20 2.45 2.49 2.58 2.64 2.71 2.74 2.76 25-35 c 1.86 95 01 01 01 08 07 07 35-50° 50-65° 1.42 1.47 1.51 1.51 1.54 1.55 1.54 1.53 42 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Barium Nitrate (J. and (\). Molecular Conductivity. 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 M*0° Mrl0° 76.37 103.0 88.29 117.6 Mr25c 97.62 114.4 124.3 127.4 131.4 129.8 150.8 163.8 167.8 171.6 146.4 165.2 183.2 210.0 229 . 2 234.2 239.8 ju,35° MP0° M,65° 177.3 226.1 200.1 219.8 251.8 275.2 281.6 288.8 282.0 325 . 5 360.7 276.2 334 . 2 398.3 440.7 378.4 467.0 382.3 475.5 2048 Percentage Dissociation. 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a0° 58.1 67.2 74.3 87.1 94.6 97.0 100.0 al0° 60.0 68.5 75.6 87.9 95.5 97.8 100.0 a25° 61.1 68.9 76.4 87.6 95.6 97.7 100.0 a35c 61.4 69.3 76.1 87.2 95.3 97.5 100.0 a50° a65c 59.1 73.8 85.1 94.3 58.1 72.4 83.8 92.7 99. 0 98.2 loo. o; 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-10° 2.66 2.93 3.22 3.64 3.95 4.04 4.02 10-25c 89 17 56 95 36 4.43 4.55 25-35° 09 49 66 18 60 74 4.90 35-50° 3.25 5.99 5.23 50-65° 3.34 4.16 4.91 5.70 4.15 4.85 5.33 5.91 6.21 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-10c 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 3.48 3.32 3.30 3.18 3.18 3.17 3.06 10-25° 2.81 2.70 2.74 2.62 66 64 65 25-35° 35-50 2.11 2.11 2.00 1.99 2.01 2.02 2.04 1.83 1.90 1.95 2.07 2^07 50-65° 1.48 1.47 1.49 1.48 1.56 1.62 Barium Formate (J. and Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. M»0° ;M0° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 51.67 67.74 72.22 95.34 M»25c 77.72 85.56 86 . 20 102 . 2 103.0 111.8 102.7 114.3 114.3 133.6 135.0 149.4 M*35e /x„50° n,C)~) 93.97 112.1 133.4 159.2 201.0 245.4 144.6 173.8, 227.3 275.1 160.6 193. l! 252.1 307.3 162.4 197.4 289.6 359.6 182.0 215.2 308.2 383.6 184.0 226.2 313.2 385.5 210.0 257.6 309.5 376.4 Percentage Dissociation. V a0° alO° a25° a35° 2 46.2 45.3 44.8 43.5 8 64.6 63.8 63.5 61.8 16 69.5 68.7 68.9 69.0 32 76.5 76.5 76.5 75.0 128 77.1 76.5 77.3 76.6 512 91.4 89.4 86.7 83.5 1024 92.1 90.3 87.7| 87.8 2048 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 a50° i a65c 64.2 72.6 80.5 92.4! 98.4 100.0 63 71 79 93 99.5 100.0 98.8 97.6 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-10° 1.60 2 31 2.49 2.87 2.81 3.15 3.20 3.76 10-25° 1.75 2.54 2.79 .09 .27 .23 .33 .04 3. 3. 3. 3. 4. 25-35° 1.81 2.58 2.92 3.25 3.50 3.32 4.22 4.76 35-50° 50-65° 2. 3. 3. 4. 5. .96 19 .68 .67 .03 4.82 4.46 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-10c 3.10 3.20 20 35 26 08 10 36 10-25° 2.58 2.66 2.72 2.70 2.86 2.41 2.46 2.70 25-35c 1.93 1.93 2.02 2.02 2.16 1.82 2.29 2.27 35-50° 50-65 c 1.47 1.43 1.46 1.61 1.63 1.54 1.44 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 43 Barium Acetate (J.). Molecular Conductivity.' MrO° 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 40.16 59.05 65.68 72.93 78.15 90.75 92.63 95.96 yu,10c 53.25 76.18 79.46 113.3 juB25c M,35c 87.10 97.58 104.5 123 1 124.7 129.3 124.3 139 . 5 149.0 89.95 136.0 149.3 168.6 181.2 176.9,215.8 180.5 186.3 219.8 226.7 Mi,50o nvQ5 Magnesium Chloride (Sh. and H.). M olecular Co n ductiv ity. Percentage Dissociation . a()c alOc a25c a35° a50° 2 41.9 4.12 40.9 39.7 63.0 16| 68. 4 32 76.01 1281 512 10241 81.4 94.6! 96.5 61 67 75 80 95 96 2048; 100.0 100.0 60.8 60.0 66.7 66.0 74.9 74.4 80.0 79.9 95.0 95.2 96.9 97.0 100.0 100.0 a65c Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 M„0° 80.2 87.6 99.9 110.3 115.7 118.3 120.3 123.5 M,12.5° 112.1 123.2 141 156 164 168 172 176 Mr25c 147.3 162.1 187.1 208.0 219.4 224.9 230 . 2 234.7 M,35c 177.6 196.1 226.4 252.4 266.9 272.2 280.1 285.2 jU,50e 228.0 249.7 294.7 311.8 348.3 M,65c 280.6 303.8 364.8 401.6 433.1 373.2 465.6 Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al2.5° 4 64.9 r,3 (i 8 70.9 69.9 32 80.9 80.0 128 89.2 88.6 512 93.7 93.1 1024 95.8 95.5 2048 97.3 98.0 4096 100.0 100.0. a25° a35° 62.8 62.3 69.1 68.8 79.7 79.4 88.6 88.5 93.5 93.3 95.8 95.4 98.1 98.2 100.0 100.0 a50° j a65° 61.1 66.9 79.0 83.5 93.3 100.0 60.3 65.3 78.4 86.3 93.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-10° 10-25° 2 1.30 1.52 8 2.04 2.26 16 2.14 2.48 32 2.40 2.79 128 2.63 2.97 512 3.23 2.59 1024 3.20 3.72 2048 3.33 3.80 25-35° 37 27 52 91 22 89 93 04 35-50° 50-65° v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5' 2.55 2.85 3.29 3.67 3.89 4.02 4.21 4.22 12.5-25' 2.82 3.11 3.68 4.15 4.41 4.52 4.59 4.67 25-35c 3.03 3.40 3.93 4.44 4.74 4.72 4.98 5.05 35-50c 3 36 3.57 4.55 4.00 4.76 6.19 50-65c 3.51 3.61 4.67 5.93 5.65 6.16 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-10° 3 . 24 8 3.45 16 3.26 32 3.38 128 3.37 512 3.06 1024 3.45 2048 3.47 10-25° 2.85 2.84 2.85 2.86 2.84 2.91 2.98 2.93 25-35° 80 00 03 09 16 20 18 17 35-50° 50-65c v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 3.17 3.25 3.29 3.33 3.36 3.39 3.48 3.32 12.5-25° 51 52 60 65 67 68 65 64 25-35° 2.05 2.09 2.10 2.13 2.16 2.09 2.16 2.15 35-50° 1.90 1.82 2.01 1.58 1.78 2.21 50-65° 1.54 1.45 1.58 1.90 1.62 1.65 "Decomposed at higher temperatures. 44 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Magnesium Bromide (Ws. and W.). Molecular Conductivity. ju,;0° 76.34 93. 32 104 128 113 512 118 1024 122 2048 127 4096 130 M*12.5' 104.05 130 147 52! 159 93 167 \2 24 MC25° /x,35° I m*50° ^,65° 132.92162 170 194 80 28 91 173 179 185 94 211 72 223 39 230 74 238 06 244 64206 42235 91257 06270 94279 70289 94305 25 ..251.2 18' 263.2 51; 297.6 31|332.4 40 358.0 38! 52 377.0 94 308.3 324.4 367.7 412.8 445.5 471.3 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 58.3 71.6 79.9 86.8 90.9 93.9 97.3 100.0 al2.5c 56.2 70.3 79.5 86.4 90.6 93.7 97.1 100.0 a25° 54.3 69.7 79.4 86.5 91.1 94.3 97.5 100.0 a35c 53.0 67.4 76.9 84.1 88.3 91.3 94.6 100.0 a50c 66.6 69.8 78.9 88.2 95.0 100.0 a65° 65.4 68.8 78.0 87.6 94.5 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-12.5' 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.22 2.91 3.41 3.71 3.90 4.05 4.20 4.33 12.5-25° 2.31 3.24 3.77 4.16 4.43 4.60 4.72 4.79 25-35c 2.93 3.55 4.11 4.54 4.73 4.84 5.08 6.10 35-50° 50-60° 3.80 4.14 5.01 5.84 5.83 3.81 4.08 4.67 5.36 5.83 6.25 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 2 2.91 2.22 4 8 3.11 2.49 32 3.26 2.56 128 3.27 2.60 512 3.28 2.64 1024 3.30 2.65 2048 3.30 2.63 4096 3.31 2.59 25-35° 35-50° 2.20 2.08 2.11 2.14 2.12 2.10 2.13 2.49 1.84 1.76 1.95 2.16 2^08' 50-65° 1.41 1.46 1.54 1.57 1.56 1~59 Magnesium Nitrate (Ws. and C). Molecular Conductivity. v m,0° Mt-12.5°i p.v2b° 88. 101 2 8 32 128 110 512 119 1024 420 2048 123 4096 122 91 123.42 160 55| 141. 97! 187 155.50 204 165.77 220 170.27 224 173.18 229 173.70 229 Mi Mt>35c M*50° .78' .01 .68 .34 .89 193.7 191.88 244.5 .10223.24! 283.5 .721247.66' 316.8 .89 265.33 341.6 .49272.30 .70280.09 .58277.54 M»65° 357.0 234.8 298.1 347.4 390.8 421.1 443.4 Percentage Dissociation. 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a0c 72. 82. al2.5° a25° 89.9 96. 5! 97. 9i 100.0 71.1 81.7 89.5 95.4 98.0 99.7 70.0 81.5 89.1 96.2 99.7 100.0 99.7 100.0 100.0 a35c a.50° 68.5 79.7 88.4 94.7 97.2 100.0 99.1 a65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 76 23 58 74 97 99 06 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 99 61 54 41 34 52 47 3.10 3.61 4.29 4.44 4.78 5.04 4.80 3.51 4.02 4.61 5.08 5.13 50-65c 2.74 3.57 4.26 4.93 5.30 5.76 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 3.10 3.18 3.23 3.14 3.28 3.23 3.30 2.42 2.54 2.28 2.66 2.55 2.61 2.57 1.93 1.93 2.10 2.01 2.12 2.11 2.09 1.83 1.83 1.87 1.91 L83 1.41 1.46 1.50 1.56 1.55 1.61 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 45 Magnesium Sulphate (J. and Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. pv0° jM0° Mt,25° Mr35 M«50c ^c65c Magnesium Formate (Ws. and W.). Molecular Conductivity. v fiv0° ! m,12.5° Mt,25c Mt-350 fxv50° pv65° 2 32 8 45 16 50 32 128 512 1024 59 71 95 102 12 70 95 .")7 17 2048 111.1 43.14 60 60.90 So 68.14 96 79.73 112 95.38 135 571 128.3 183 7 | 138.4 19S 148.5 215 .57 72.68 .62102.4 .50115.0 .4 135.3 .9 164.4 .3 221.9 .3 240.9 261.0 90.5 131.0 150.7 174.6 230.3 288.1 317.7 341.7 106.5 155.4 179.0 208.6 279.1 353.1 395.4 422.6 Percentage Dissociation. v 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0c 28.9 41.1 45.9 53.6 64.1 86.0 92.4 100.0 al0° 29.1 41.0 45.9 53.7 64.2 84.4 93.2 100.0 a25° a35° a50c a65c 28.2 39.8 44.8 52.2 63 85. 92 100.0 27.8 39.2 44.1 51.8 63.0 85.0 92.3 100.0 26.5 38.3 44.1 55.1 67.4 84.3 93.0 100.0 25.2 36.8 42.4 49.4 66.0 83.6 93.6 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-10c 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.10 1.52 1.71 2.01 2.42 3.27 3.57 3.74 10-25° 25-35c 35-50° 50-65 1.16 1.65 1.89 2.18 2.75 3.73 3.99 4.45 1.21 1.67 1.85 2.29 2.85 3.86 4.26 4.58 1.07 1.63 1.89 2.27 3.25 4.33 5.18 5.39 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-10° 10-25° 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 3.42 3.33 3.36 3.37 3.40 3.42 3.48 3.37 2.69 2.71 2.77 2.73 2.88 2.91 2.88 2.99 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2.00 1.95 1.92 2.04 2.10 2.11 2.15 2.22 1.18 1.24 1.27 1.30 1.41 1.50 1.63 1.58 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 37.33 52.53 69.24 83.25 58.15 74.68 85.99 88.58 94.03 97.22 97.18 109 141 83.44 106.05 122.171164 123.84 167 133.87 476 138.60 184, 138.74 [182 29 71 06 132.14 172.31 200.30 86205.44 23 209 . 90 73226.37 91:223 . 19 135.7 165.2 212.8 253.8 273.7 284.2 164.4 201.4 261.8 313.8 337.9 352.0 Percentage Dissociation. v 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a0c al2.5° 38.4 37.9 59.8 76.8 88.4 91.1 96.7 99.9 100.0 60.1 76.4 88.1 89.3 96.5 99.9 100.0 a25c 37.5 59.2 76.7 88.8 90.9 95.4 100.0 99.0 a35° 36.8 58.4 76.1 88.5 90.7 92.7 100.0 98.6 a50° ; a65° 47.7 58.1 74.9 89.3 96.3 100.0 46.7 57.2 74.4 89.1 96.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 1.22 2.02 2.51 89 82 19 31 3.32 12.5-25°; 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 1.33 07 85 35 52 38 69 3.53 1.40 2.29 06 62 76 37 16 2.20 2.70 3.57 4.03 3.85 1.41 1.46 1.54 1.57 1.56 1.59 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 3.27 2.53 3.47 2.48 2.10 3.36 2.69 2.16 3.36 2.74 2.21 3.18 2.84 2.24 3.39 2.52 1.91 3.40 2.66 2.25 3.42 2.54 2.20 2.02 35-50° 1.67 1.57 1.79 50-65c 1.41 1.46 1.54 1.57 1.56 1.59 46 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Magnesium Acetate (Ws. and W.). Molecular Conductivity. v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 M„0° jut12.50 m,250 i Mr35° I /x„50° ^,65° 37.56 46.35 60.99 71.13 78.03 80.38 83.85 84.99 54.50! 72 66.76 89 87.97 119 103.35 139 113.23 153 116.73 158 121.36 164 121.76 165 50 88.92 110.8 79109.86 138.8 31146.20 187.1 51172.35 219.7 41189.50 245.9 95201.71 136.1 171.2 231.7 276.6 310.9 72203.07 258.2 58203.70 327 . 2 Percentage Dissocial ion . a0° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 44.2 56.6 71.8 83.7 91.9 94.6 al2.5° a25° a35° a50c 44.8 43.8 43.7 42.9 54.8 72 2 84.9 93.0 95.9 54.3 72.1 84.3 92.8 96.1 53.9 71.8 84.6: 93.0 99.0 53. S 72.4 85.1 95.2 a65° 98.7 99.7 99.6 ' 99 7 100 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 41.6 52.3 70.8 84.5 95.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 1.36 .63 16 58 .81 12.5-25° 25-35° 2.91 00 94 1 44 1.84 2.51 2.89 3.21 3.38 3.47 3.49 1 64 2.01 2 . 69 3.28 3 61 4.28 3.84 3.83 35-50 c 1.45 1.93 2.73 3.16 3.76 50-65° 1.69 2.16 2.97 3.79 4.33 3.67 4.60 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5' 62 52 54 63 60 62 58 46 12.5-25" 2.64 2.76 2.85 2.80 2.83 2.89 2.86 25-35° 2.26 2.87 24 25 35 35 69 33 32 35-50° 1.63 1.74 1.87 1.83 2.00 L81 50-65' 1.52 1.56 59 1.72 1.76 I 1.78 Zinc Nitrate (H. and Hw.). Molecular Conductivity. M,0e ju,12.5c M,25° Mr35° ! M„50o /*e65 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2018 4096 80.6 87.6 100.0 110.4 114 1 117.1 120.4 124.4 110.8 146.6 121.2 157.2 139.2 154.1 164.9 165.0 169.2 175.0 182.1 202.6 210.1 216.6 222 4 171.2 211.18258.65 188.5 238.25289.67 219.0 280.00343.09 243.5 312.91384.97 254 3 336.48415.20 261.3 347.35428.50 270.2 352.62434.82 229.1 279.4 359.97445.53 Percentage Dissociation. a()° : al2.5c a25° ! a35° ; a50° a65° 32 128 512 1024 64.8 70.4 SO. 4 88.7 91.9 94.1 63.3 69.3 59.5 88.1 94.3 94.3 2048; 96.8 96.7 97.1 4096 100.0 64.0 68.6 79.5 88.4 94.7 94.5 61 67 100.0 100.0 .3 .5 78.4 87.1 91.0 93.5 58.7 66.2 77.8 86.9 93.5 96.5 96.7 98.0 100.0 100.0 58.1 65.0 77.0 86.4 93.2 96.2 97.6 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25°! 25-35° i 35-50° 50-65° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 42 69 34 50 06 3.83 3 . 90 4096 4.05 2.86 2.88 3.43 3.88 3.62 4.13 4.26 4.33 2 46 3.13 3.69 4.09 4.42 4.47 4.78 5.03 16 42 21 80 22 41 48 5.70 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5' 3.00 3.07 3.34 3.17 3.56 3.27 3.24 3.26 12.5-25° 25-35° 2.58 1.68 2.38 1.99 2.46 2.03 2.52 20.2 2.20 2.10 2.50 2.06 1.52 2.15 2.47 2.20 35-50° 50-65c 1.50 1.44 1.50 1.53 1.55 1 56 1.55 1.58 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 47 Zinc Sulphate (W.). Molecular Conductivity. v »,0e 2 4 .s 32 128 512 1024 20 is 8192 30 . 57 Mrl5° 45.56 ju„25° fivS5° I /i„50° fjtv65° 43 . 20 50.99 59.37 76.61 97.0 104.7 113.3 117.0 64.74 75.20 86.96 115.8 147.3 156.9 170.4 176.0 56.62 84.78 104.6 122.2 80.01 95.66 117.8 137.2 93.6 : ! 108.8 128.8 , 159.3! 186.9 144.8 174.0 217.9 259.6 185.1 225.1 ' 286.5 347.3 197.8 213.0 263.8 338.4 417.3 218.0 297.8 385.5 477.4 Percentage Dissociation. a0° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 2 1 8 16| 32! 128: 512 1024 2048 4096 26.1 25.9 25.9 36.8 36.7 42.7 42.9 49.4 49.9 65.8 66.4 83.7 84.9 28.5 27.1 32.1 30.6 43 58 77 41.3 56.5 74.3 25.6 28.7 36.9 43.6 50.7 65.5 82.9; 89.5 89.2 90.7 . 96.8 96.8 97.7 88.6! 87.8! 87.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 0 100.0 .100.0 39.1 54.4 72.7 Temperature Coefficient* in Conductivity Units. 0-15c 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° ! 50-65c 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 8192 1.00 1.44 1.61 1.84 2.61 3.36 3.48 3.80 3.93 111 53 84 18 90 78 09 26 1.56 1.32 1.47 1.17 1.29 2.00 2.03 2.92 2.93 4.00 4 09 1.84 2.78 4.05 5.08 i 4.97 4.20 i 5.85 6 13 5.26 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 8192 0-15° 3.27 33 16 10 41 46 32 35 36 15-25° 2.44 36 45 51 50 57 61 50 39 25-35° ! 35-50° 50-65° 1.95 i'.M 2.02 2.16 2^39 1.56 1.54 1.58 1.68 1.82 L88 1.96 1.12 1.10 Mo 1.27 1.41 1^55 1.59 Zinc Acetate (H. and Hw.). Molecular Conductivity. v p,,0° /x,12.5° Mi'25° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 27 37 55 70 78 79 83 83 38.0 52.2 78.6 100.7 113.7 116.1 120.8 48.0 66.6 103.0 134.2 153.2 156.7 163 . 2 M»35° 121.3 163.4 55.0 77.2 122.4 162.1 185.5 191.6 200.1 257 201 . 1 259 M,50° 90 149 205 242 246 46 28 Mr65c 100.61 172.86 . 63 243 . 46 .85J298.49 .67298.74 .81319.47 .11320.44 Percentage Dissociation. 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a0° 33.2 45.0 66.2 83.6 93.8 95.3 99.3 100.0 al2.5° a25° 31.3 29.4 43.0 40.8 64.8 83.0 93.7 95.7 99.6 63.0 82.1 93.8 95.9 99.9 a35c a50° a65° 37.4 38.41 34.91 31.4 100.0 100.0 60.9 80.6 92.2 95.3 99.5 100.0 57.6 79.4 93.7 95.2 99.5 100.0 53.9 76.0 93.1 93.2 99.7 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 0.81 0.80 0.70 1.16 1.15 1.06 1.85 1.95 1.94 2.45 2.68 2.79 2.81 3.16 3.23 2.90 3.25 3.49 3.01 3.39 3.69 3.00 3.37 3.77 35-50° 50-65° 0.68 1.57 2.52 3.71 3.47 4 11 4.09 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35 2.91 3.08 3.33 3.50 3.58 3 63 3.61 3.58 2.11 2.20 2.48 2.66 2.78 2.79 2.81 2.78 1.46 59 88 08 11 23 26 31 35-50° 50-65c 0 . 75 1.05 1.23 1.53 1.41 1.59 1.58 48 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Cadmium Chloride (Ws. and W.)- Molecular Conductivity. Cadmium Bromide (Ws. and W.). Molecular Conductivity. AiP0° /x»12.5°| fJLv'2o° M»35° Mt50° /zs65° v m»0° \ jti«.12.5° ^25° Mc35° Mr50° j mc65° 33 45 65, 4 8 32 128 512 106 1024 113 2048 121 4096 121 65 32 63 46 60 90 21 85 60 79 34 122 14 14S 78 159 19 166 03 172 33 US 98 162 36 197 65 212 23 221 78 232 .15 71.92 .30 94.59 .55142.48 .32195.71 .57236 .53258 .36269 .062S2 89 117 48 179 71 247 99 309.5 73 00 355.4 43 106.5 139.6 216.2 300.0 378.8 440.5 Percentage Dissociation. v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a0° al2.5° a25° a35° 27.8 26.7 25.9 25.5 37.4 35.2 34.2 33.5 54.2 52.3 51.1 50.5 72.9 71.2 69.9 69.3 87.6 85.9 85.1 83.9 a50c a65c 25.3 33.0 50.6 69.5 87.1 93.9 100.0 99.9 92.4 96.2 100.0 24.2 31.7 49.1 68.1 86.0 91.6 91.6 95.4 95.3 100.0 100.0 100.0; 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 4 1.00 1.12 1.18 8 1.24 1.47 1.53 32 1.97 2.26 2.39 128 2.77 3.15 3.34 512 3.38 3.94 3.94 1024 3.67 4.23 4.62 2048 3.60 4.41 4.76 4096 4.14 4.74 5.04 35-50° 1.19 1.51 2.49 3.42 4.83 50-65° 1.12 1.49 2.42 3.52 4.62 5.76 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 2.97 2.74 3.01 3.14 3.18 3.23 2.97 3.42 12.5-25° 25-35 2.42 2.42 2.50 2.54 2.66 2.65 2.65 2.62 1.96 1.93 2.02 2.06 1.99 2.17 2.10 2.12 35-50° 1.65 1.60 1.75 1.75 2.04 50-65° 1.25 1.27 1.34 1.42 1.49 2.14 1.59 28.63; 37.80| 57.78 40.59 53.36 53. 70. 40 64.51 SO. 3 44 84.81 107.0 82.06 109.34132.69 167.6 79.77 113.57 151.23184.16 234.0 52232.83 299.1 48252.81 j .41275.22 350.7 436.0 4096 123.76 174.05 232.20280.84 ! 32 128 512 101.37 143.25 190. 1024 110.69 156.85 208. 2048 121.23 170.89 227. 96.4 128.5 202.3 286.4 369.1 Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al2.5° a25° a35° 4 23.1 23.3 23.0 23.0 8 30.5 30.6 30.3 30.2 32 46.7 47.1 47.1 47.3 128 64.4 65.2 65.1 65.6 512 81.9 82.3 82.1 82.9 1024 89.4 90.1 89.8 90.0 2048 97.9 98.2 97.9 98.0 4096 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 a50° a65c 22.9 22.1 30.5 47.8 66. 85. 29 46 65 84 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-12.5° 12.5-25c 4 0.96 1.02 8 1.24 1.37 32 1.94 2.18 128 2.70 3.01 512 3.55 3.78 1024 3.69 4.13 2048 3.97 4.52 4096 4.02 4.65 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c 1.11 1.44 2.34 3.29 4.23 4.43 4.78 4.86 1.07 1.43 2.31 3.49 4.67 5.69 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5' 3.35 3.28 3.35 3.38 3.30 3.33 3.21 3.25 12.5-25° 2.51 2.56 66 65 64 62 64 67 25-35° 2.07 2.03 2.14 2.18 2.22 2.12 2.10 2.79 35-50° 50-65° 1.33 1.34 1.38 1.49 1.56 1.62 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 49 Cadmium Iodide (Ws. and W.). Molecular Conductivity. v ^0° 4 20 8. 24 32 1 39 128 62 512 87 1024 96 2048 109 4096 118 jM2.5° Mt25° .45 29.76 39.84 Mr35c 48.41 ixv50° Mf65° 01.70 74.96 Manganous Chloride (W. and Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. /it.0c 31 35.85 4S.44 59.43 77.16 94.61 45 59.23 81.53101.22130.4 161.3 73 93.36 127.36157.35204.8 254.8 06 127.74 172.93 211.90276.7 345.5 31 140.03 188.66231.10 01 157 . 20 209 . 73 256 . 42333 .4 414.5 78 170.69 224.93271.27 Percentage Dissociation. 2 ! 68.14 8 : 84.98 16 i 91.79 32 : 97.4 128 ! 107.0 512 114.1 1024 114.9 2048 /it,10.4° ^25° 89.04 113.5 121.9 130.0 143.8 154.0 154.9 121.3 156.7 169.0 181.6 202.5 216.6 216.8 /x835° 145.0 188.1 205.1 221.2 246.7 264.5 265.4 »v50c 177 242 266 289 325 356 366 372 Mt,65° 210.5 293.7 326.6 357.0 402.3 447.4 459.2 468.4 Percentage Dissociation. v 4 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a0° al2.5° 17.2 17.4 20.5 21.0 33.2 34.7 52.8 54. 7 73.3 74.8 81.0 82.6 91.7 92.1 100.0 100.0 a25° i a35° 17.7 21 . 5 36.3 56.6 76.9 S3. 9 93.3 100.0 17.8 21.9 37.3 58.0 78.1 85.2 94.5 100.0 a50° a65° v a0° ! al0.4° ! a25° a35° a50° 18.5 23.1 39.1 61.4 S3.0 18.5 22.8 38.9 61.4 83.3 100.0 100.0 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 59.3 84.0 79.0 84.8 93.1 99.3 100.0 57.9 73.3 78.7 83.9 92.8 99.4 100.0 56.0 72.3 78.0 83.8 93.4 99.0 100.0 54.6 70.9 77.3 83.1 93.0 99.7 100.0 47.5 64.9 71.5 77.5 87.2 95.5 98.3 100.0 a65c 44.9 62.7 69.7 76.2 85.9 95.5 98.1 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0.75 0.92 1.58 2.45 3.25 3.57 3.86 4.15 12.5-25' 0.81 1.01 1.78 2.72 3.62 3.82 4.20 4.34 25-35° 35-50° 0.86 1.10 1.97 3.00 3.90 4.24 4.67 4.63 0.88 1.18 1.96 3.16 4.32 50-65° 0.88 1.16 2.06 3.33 4.59 5.13 5.41 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 4 3.67 2.72 2.16 8 3.78 2.82 2.27 32 4.01 3.01 2.42 128 3.90 2.91 2.36 512 3.73 2.83 2.26 1024 3.71 3.71 2.25 2048 3.54 3.67 2.23 4096 3.49 2.54 2.06 35-50c 1.82 1.99 1.94 2.01 2.04 2^00 50-65c 1.42 1.50 1.58 1.62 1.66 i.62* V 0-10.4° 10.4-25° 25-35° 35-50° 2 2.07 2.17 2.37 8 2.74 2.96 3.14 16 2.89 3.23 3.61 32 3.13 3.53 3.96 128 3.54 4.02 4.42 512 3.83 4.28 4.79 1024 3.85 4.24 4.86 2048 50-65° 2.21 3.43 3.99 4.53 5.15 6.08 6.19 6.37 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-10.4° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 10.4-25°| 25-35c 3.03 2.42 1.95 3.22 2.61 2.00 3.15 2.65 2.14 3.21 2.72 2.13 3.31 2.79 2.18 3.37 2.80 2.22 3.35 2.74 2.24 35-50c 50-65° 1.25 1.41 1.49 1.57 1.59 1.71 1.79 1.71 50 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Manganous Nitrate (Sh.), Molecular Conductivity. Manganous Sulphate (Ws. and H.) Molecular Conductivity. HV0° jue10.2° pL2o° Mr35° /zr50° /z»65° M,0° mc12.5° juB25° ! iur35° //B50° ^65° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 66.1 85.4 83.1 104.1 85.5 111.5 90.5 118.8 98.3 129.7 104.S 138.4 105.4 139.3 110.3 144.3 154.5 165.0 182.0 194.6 138.7 172.5 185.1 197.9 219.8 236.2 195.8 237.4 32 128 512 1024 107 37 . 25 44.11 59 . 65 51.80 67 61.37 79 83.47 109 79.46 111.74 147 97.99 138.76 184 12 152.31 202 2048 116.15 165.28 221 4096 124.47 177.56 238 .17| 79.11 88.0 .77 94.06 112.8 .27129.72 156.4 .24176.10 204.1 .58222.69 277.5 .94245.72 .33268.33 326.7 404.6 .20289.39 108.3 130.0 181.8 241.9 338.7 Percen tage Dissoc iation . Percentage Dissociation. v a0c al0.2° a25c 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 02.7 78.8 81.1 85.9 93.3 99.4 100.0 61.3 74.7 80.0 85.2 93.1 99.4 100.0 59.4 73.7 78.9 84.3 93.0 99.4 a35c 58.4 72.7 78.0 83.4 92.6 99.5 a50° a05c v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 a0° al2.5c a25° a35° ; a50° a65° 29.9 35.4 47.9 63.8 78. 71 86. I1 100.0 100.0 204S 93.3 4096 29.2 34.6 47.0 62.9 78.1 85.8 93.1 28.2 33.5 45.9 61.8 77.5 85.2 92.9 27.3 32.5 44.8 60.8 76.9 84.9 92.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v i 0-10.2°: 10.2-25°i 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 16 32 128 512 1024 1.89 2.09 2.72 2^90 3.12 3.53 3.08 3.82 2.24 2.82 4 2.06 8 2.55 2.77 3.07 3.29 3.33 3.06 32 3.29 3.78 4.16 128 512 1024 2048 4096 4.16 1.16 1.38 1.91 2.58 3.26 3.62 3.93 4.25 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 23 47 06 .84 67 05 48 85 1.19 1.35 1.43 1.25 1.15 2.05 : 1.78 1.69 2.89 1 2.52 3.81 3.65 4.08 4.28 j 4.70 ; 3.89 5.19 5.12 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 1 0-10.2° 10.2-25° 25-35° 35-50° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2.86 2.48 98 06 12 13 15 2.45 1.93 2.61 1.95 2.60 1.98 2.63 1.99 2.72 2.08 2.75 2.14 2.74 2.13 50-65 c v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 3.11 3.13 3.20 3.25 3.33 3.38 3.38 3.42 2.38 2.40 2.47 2.54 2.64 2.66 2.71 2.73 1.77 1.79 1.88 1.96 2.06 2.11 2.12 2.15 35-50° 50-65c 1.53 1.33 1.04 1.37 1.08 i 1.24 1.64 1.47 I IA5 l'59 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 51 Nickel Chloride (W.). Molecular Conductivity. v j fiv0° ai„6.3° fiv25° m(>35° ^50° M„05 Nickel Nitrate (W. and Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. 2 4 8 16 32 128 | 512 1024 2048 73.07 86.49 131.7, 158.0 89.51 95.79 102.1 112.0 119.0 120.7 106.3 114.4 122.0 134.7 144.5 145.4 164.8 177.4 190.5 211 198 215 231 G ' 256 . 8 i 218.0 266.0 247.3 301.5 '288.1 J 354.7 321.4 398.4 M,0° M° , ^25c Mi.35° , ju,50° m»65c 71.34 83.06 125.3 150.4 182.7 219.7 8 87.35102.7 157.9 190.0 169.7 204.8 227.2 278.6 344.4 229.0 279.4 367.9 426.1 455.5 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° ! a6.3° ; a25° a35° a50° a65c 16 93.67109.9 32 99.15116.8 128 408.3 128.7 512 116.1 137.2 215.4 237.5 291.9 1024 2048 4096 115.8 137.4 180.91218.6 278.3: 342.7 200.1| 242.9 1 310.6 386.1 261.3 336.2 416.0 214.3 260.1 344.6 427.3 369.8 453.9 364.1 449.8 Percentage Dissociation. i' a0° ' a6° i a25° | a35° 2 4 8 16 32 60.5 59.5 57.5 56.6 74.2 73.1 79.4 78. 7 84.6 83.9 72.0 77.5 83.1 71.2 77.1 82.7 59.3 57.21 58.4 66.2 78.3 77.9 2 8 16 32 12S 128 92.8 92.6 92.4 91.9 87.4 87.5; 512 512 99.3 99.4 99.2 99.1! 93.6 93.5 1021 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2048 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 1024 2048 4096 61.6 75.4 80.9 85.6 93.5 100.0 60.5 74.7 80.0 85.0 93.7 99.9 100.0 100.0 58.5 73.7 79.2 84.4 93.4 100.0 100.0 57.8 73.0 78.7 84.0 93.4 100.0 100.0 a50° a65° 49.4 64.8 75.3 84.0 91.0 93.2 100.0 48.4 64.3 75.5 85.0 91.6 94.1 100.0 0-6.3° 6.3-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-6° 6-25° : 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.13 2.67 2.95 3.16 3.57 3.90 3.92 2.42 3.13 3.37 3.66 4.11 4.42 4.47 2.63 3.41 3.79 4.07 4.52 4.96 5.04 3.20 3.61 4.44 5.13 5.45 5.84 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 16 32 I 128 512 1024 2048 . 4096 . 1.95 2.56 2.71 2.94 3.40 3.52 3.60 2.22 2.91 3.15 3.37 3.76 4.12 4.05 2.51 3.21 3.51 77 2.47 3.49 28 59 58 4.29 5.03 5.32 5.53 5.61 5.72 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-6.3° 6.3-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 0-6° 6-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.91 2.80 2.00 2.98 2.94 3.08 2.95 3.10 3.00 3.19 3.05 3.25 3.06 3.25 3.07 2.07 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.18 2.20 1.46 1.46 1.54 1.59 1.58 K59 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.73 2.93 2.89 2.97 3.14 3.03 3.11 67 83 87 89 92 00 2.95 2.00 ! 1.35 2.03 1.42 2.07 2.08 ' 1.54 2.14 ! 1.65 2.13 | 1.58 2.14 > 1.60 1.52 1 .0/ 52 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Nickel Sulphate (J. and H.). Nickel Acetate (J, and Hw.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V M,0° jM0° Mr!25° M,35° i m,50° /-t[i65° V M,0° M,10° M*25° M*35° ^50' ! M5° 2 4 8 16 32 12S 512 1024 2048 28.77 38.37 54.58 64.38 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 20.11 27.24 38.951 52.07 47.81 64.03 54.11 73.82 69.22 92.82 76.66 103.5 78.65 105.9 82.24 110.9 39.22 47.46 60 45 72 22 95.5 111.8 135.7 74. 10 i 89.29 115.65138.32 91.60: 110.2 144.47171.27 105.8 128.1 171.78206.39 134.6: 164.0 223.26272.67 150.7 184.7 256.95316.98 153.9 189.1270.18336.46 160.6 196.6 276.44347.66 40.58 47.78 54.78 73.95 93.12 100.4 108.3 54.42 77.06 64.00 90.44 73.23 103.5 99.92 140.3 124.7 177.5 134.8; 193.8 145.5 208.7 90.95 106.9 123.0 168.4 213.5 234.6 253.9 115.5 158.2 215.6 278.9 311.3 187.8 259.8 339.7 425.7 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation . v a0° ' al0° a25° : a35° a50° a65° V a0° al0° a25° a35° a50° a65° 2 4 8 16 26.6 25.8 26.2 2 8 16 32 24.5 47.4 56.8 65.8 24.6 47.0 57.7 66.6 83.7 93.3 95.5 100.0 24.4 45.1 57.0 65.9 83.8 93.8 95.8 100.0 24.1 21.9 20.8 45.41 41. S 39.8 56.1 52.3 49.3 65. 2i 62.1| 59.4 83.4: 80. 8 78.4 93.9 92 9 91 2 37.5 37 4 3fl 9 44.1! 44.n 4? , 3 32 50.6 50.3 49.6 128 84.2 128 68.3 68.7 67.2 85.1 92.9 100.0 512 1024 2048 93.2 95.6 100.0 512 ! 86.0 1024 92.7 85.7 92.6 96.2 100.0 97.7: 96.8 100.0 100.0 2048 I 100.0 i 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-10° 10-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-10° 10-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 4 8 16 32 0.96 1.0S 0.98 2 32 12S 512 1024 2048 0.71 1.31 1 62 1.97 2.36 2.68 2.72 2.86 0.79 1.47 1.84 2.13 2.78 3.14 3.20 3.31 0.82 0.78 1.49 1.79 2.31 3.29 4.00 4.42 4.73 1.09 1.35 1.51 1.86 2.23 2.94 3.40 3.52 3.60 1.38 1.62 1.84 1.50 1.76 2.01 2.69 3.52 3.93 4.21 1.39 1.64 1.95 2.81 3.60 4.08 4.52 1.64 2.35 3.15 4.36 1.97 2.95 4.05 128 2.59 512 i 3.16 1024 j 3.44 2048 3.72 5.63 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-10° 10-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-10° 10-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 3.34 2.81 1.80 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 3.53 3.39 3.39 3.64 3.41 3.50 3.46 3.48 2.90 2.82 2.87 2.89 3.00 3.03 3.02 2.98 2.09 2.04 2.03 2.11 2.18 2.26 2.29 2.24 1.29 1.29 1.24 1.34 1.47 1.56 1.64 1.71 1.14 1.17 3.40 3.39 3.36 3.50 3.39 3.43 3.43 2.75 2.75 2.74 2.69 2.82 2.91 2.89 i.so 1.81 1.80 1.88 1.91 1.25 1.37 1 45 2.00 2.03 1.87 2.04 2.11 217 1.65 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 53 Cobalt Chloride (W.). Molecular Conductivity. aO>° 2 71.77 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 87.75 94.08 100.2 109.6 116.5 116.8 M,7.2C 87.16 ju825° m,35 129.5 154.9 107.4 115.3 122.8 135.1 143.7 144.0 161.5 174.2 186.7 207.1 221.2 221.1 195.4 211.3 226.6 252.1 270.5 270.6 At„50c 226.4 249.4 Mi)65c 274.3 288.7 326.7 352.2 368.7 355.6 404.2 442.8 463.2 Percentage Dissociation. v 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0c a7.2c a25c a35c 61.4 60.5 58.6 57.2 75.1 74. 6i 73.0 72.2 80.5 80.1 78.8 78.1 85.8 85.3 84.4 83.7 93.8 93.8 93.7 93.2 99.7 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 a50° 100.0 a65° 61.4 67.6 59.2 65.3 78.3 88.6 95.5 76.8 87.3 95.6 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-7.2° 7.2-25c 25-35° 2.14 2.73 2.95 3.14 3.54 3.77 3.78 2.38 2.54 04 31 59 04 35 33 35-50° 50-65° 3.39 3.71 3.99 4.50 4.93 4.95 3.60 3.19 3.54 4.14 4.99 5.45 4.46 5.17 6.04 6.30 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-7.2c 2.98 3.11 3.14 3.13 3.23 3.23 3.24 7.2-25° 25-35° 35-50c 2.73 1.96 2.83 2.87 2.92 2.99 3.03 3.01 2.10 2.13 2.14 2.17 2.22 2.24 1.84 1.83 1.98 2.02 50-65° 1.41 1.42 1.54 1.58 1.71 1.71 Cobalt Bromide (Ws. and W.). Molecular Conductivity. v M»0C /iB12.5' Mt25° juc35° /zr50° /xr65° 87.82 95.04 56 88 512 119.47 1024 120.801 2048 124.00 4096 125.45 32 105. 128 115. 120.24 131.29 147.10 162.19 109.42 173.38 174.68 177.93 155.60 171.30 193.09 214.02 224.49 231.56 234.28 236.78 196.30 204.48 233.04 259.91 273.44 281 . 16 282.65 289.34 239.0, 289.6 259. 4 J 315.7 299.51367.3 329.5 406.7 353.1 370.6 436.6 464.3 Percentage Dissociation. aOc 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 70.0 75.7 84.1 92.3 95.2 96.3 98.8 100.0 al2.5° a25° ; a35° a50° 67.6 73.8 82.7 92.0 95.2 97.5 98.2 100.0 65.7 72.3 81.5 90.4 94.8 97. 81 98.9 100.0 67.8 70.7 80.5 89.8 94.5 97.2 97.7 100.0 64.5 70.0 80.8 88.9 95.3 100.0 a65° 62.4 68.0 79.1 87.6 94.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5c 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.59 2.90 3.32 3.71 4.00 4.21 4.05 4.20 12.5-25° 2.83 3.20 3.68 4.15 4.41 4.65 4.77 4.71 25-35° 3.32 4.00 4.59 4.90 4.96 4.84 5.26 35-50° 2.85 3.66 4.43 4.64 5.31 5.86 50-65c 3.37 3.75 4.52 5.15 5.57 6.25 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.95 3.05 3.15 3.20 3.35 3.49 3.27 3.35 2.33 2.44 2.50 2.56 2.60 2.68 2.73 2.65 2.62 1.94 2.07 2.15 2.18 2.14 2.07 2.22 1.45 1.79 1.90 1.80 1.94 2.01 50-65c 1.41 1.44 1.51 1.56 1.58 1.68 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Cobalt Nitrate (W.). Cobalt Sulphate (J. and H.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V /JLV0° M*5.4° M,25° Mu35° M,50° ^65° V v»o° )M0° M*25° ^35° Mr50° Mr65° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 71.65 82.27 125.9 150.7 2 4 8 16 29.47 39.22 55.10 65.57 216.8 239.7 263.5 291.4 95.6 112.7 87.07 93.16 98.9 108.0 115.9 116.1 101.0 157.9 108. 2! 169.2 189.9 204 7 42.06 49 . 26 56.00: 78.37 65.61 91.97 93.14 109.4 117.2 137.5 114.7 1 180 8 218.6 125.8 200.4 242.2 135.5 215.5 262.1 135.4 215.3 262.0 276.9 310.1 334.7 355.3 340.2 384.0 414.6 439.0 32 56.26 128 ,75.89 512 ; 94.88 1024 ! 101.9 2048 110.9 75.04 105.4 125.8 101.5: 143.4i 172.1 126.9 180.2 218.1 137.6 196.9 239.2 148.4 214.1; 259.2 160.0 189.6 203.4 256.6 290.7 346.0 340 3 421 6 1 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation. V a0° a5.4° a25° a35° a50° a65° v a()° alO° a25° a35° a50° a65° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 61.7 60.8 58.5 57.5 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 26.6 26.4 25.7 25.3 61.0 67.5 60.0 66.4 75.0 74 .6 73.3 78.6 72.5 78.1 37.9 44.4 37.7 36 6 35 9 80. 2j 79.9 85.21 84.7 93. 0: 92.9 99.8 100.0 100.0 ( 100.0 44 2 43 0 42 2 84. O! 83.4 93.1 92.4 100.0' 100.0 100.0 : 77.9 87.3 94.2 77.5 87.5 94.4 50.71 50.6 49.2 48.5 68.4! 68.4 67.0 66.4 85.6' 85. 5 84.2 91.9 92.7 92 0 84.2 92.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-5.4° 5.4-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-10° 10-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 4 8 16 . 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.97 2.23 2.48 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0.97 1.06 1.04 3.11 3.45 1.14 1.35 ..1^97 2.39 2.90 j 3.20 2.79 ! 3.11 i 3.55 2.92 1 3.37 3.78 3.32 1.39 1.63 1.49 1.76 1.47 1 74 3.89 4.53 4.22 4.93 1.88 2.02 1 2.04 3.30 3.81 4.18 2.56 3.21 3.57 3.75 2.79 3.55 3.95 4.38 2.87 3.79 4.23 4.51 3.55 3.63 3.57 4.08 4.08 4.66 4.84 5.33 3.49 4.67 I 5.58 5.42 I Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-5.4° 5.4-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-10° 10-25° 1 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 4 8 16 32 2.75 2.71 1.97 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 3.29 2.70 1.89 1.43 1.44 1.19 2.74 2.99 2.95 2.87 i 2.03 2.87 1 2.09 2.94 2.09 1.75 3.30 3.31 3.34 3.37 3.38 2.66 1.88 1.15 2.68 1.89 2.69 1.94 1.78 1.52 1.23 128 3.06 1 3.03 2.09 I 1.87 1.59 2.75 2.00 1.74 512 1024 2048 3.13 3.01 1 2.16 1 1.85 1.59 2.79 2.10 1.20 3.08 3.01 2.17 3.50 2.87 2.15 1 1.57 3.38 2 95 2 1 1 59 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 55 Cobalt Acetate (J. and W.). Molecular Conductivity. v 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 Mr0° M.100 22.20 41.31 50.07 56.92 71.25 78.29 78.88 82.71 29.79 55.27 67.20 76.66 95.67 106.0 107.1 113.2 /i025° mp35°!^50c 42.55 78.37 95.68 109.8 136.8 153.6 155.3 163.7 51.02 94.00 114.9 132.1 166.3 188.1 189.8 199.3 91.4 106.8 175.8 206.9 241.9 260.4 ^65° 110.9 131.2 217.1 256.4 300.7 326.0 Percentage Dissociation. a0c 16 32 128 512 1024 26.8 50.0 60.5 68.8 86.1 94.7 95.4 al0° 2048 100.0 26.3 48.8 59.4 67.7 84.5 93.6 94.6 a25c a35° 26.0 47.9 58.5 67. lj 83.6 93.8 94.9 25.6 46.1 57.7 66.3 83.4 94.4 95.2 a50° 100.0 100.0 100.0 a65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-10° 0.75 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.39 1.71 1.97 2.44 2.77 2.82 3.05 10-25° 25-35c 0.85 0.87 1.54 1.90 2.21 2.74 3.15 3.21 3.37 1.56 1.92 2.23 2.95 3.45 3.45 3.56 35-50° 1.30 1.63 2.75 3.30 3.92 4.37 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-10c 10-25° 3.37 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 25-35° 35-50° 2.85 2.04 3.36 2.79 1.99 3.42 2.83 2.01 3.46 2.8S 2.03 3.42 2.86 2.16 3.54 2.97 2.25 3.58 2.99 2.22 3.69 2.98 2.17 1.42 1.52 50-65° Silver Nitrate (Ws. and C). Molecular Conductivity. M,0° 51 8!56 32 61 128 65 512 69 1024 2048 4096 43 01 80 ,79 24 69 71 83 03 M„12.5° M;,25° 70.55 91 76.681 99 85.30 111 91.06 119 94.99 125 63 80 M,35c 109.95 120.37 20 133 . 14 14142.67 23148.77 MB50° 124.9 96.67 126 99.03|129 81151.24 68153.32 150.7 168.6 180.4 187.7 190.1 191.5 M«65c 152.2 184.8 207.7 221.4 229.0 230.7 232.4 Percentage Dissociation. a0c 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 72.4 78.8 87.0 92.6 97.4 9S.3 100.0 al2.5c 71.3 77.4 86.2 92.0 95.9 97.6 100.0 a25° 70.6 76.9 85.7 91.8 96.5 97.7 100.0 a35° 71.7 78.5 86.8 93.1 97.0 a50° 65.2 98.7 100.9 78.7 88.0 94.2 98.0 99.3 100.0 a65° 65.5 79.5 89.4 95.3 98.5 99.3 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 50-65° 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 12.5- 25°i 25-35° 1.53 1.65 1.88 2.02 2.06 2.15 2.24 1.69 1.65 2.07 2.25 2.42 2.41 2.45 1.83 2.06 2.19 2.35 2.35 2.44 2.36 35-50° 2.02 2.36 2.52 2.60 2.68 50-65c 1.82 2.27 2.61 2.73 2.75 2.71 2.73 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25°i 25-35c 35-50c 1.56 1.59 1.62 i!68 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.98 2.95 2.94 2.94 2.98 3^01 3.15 2.40 2.15 2.43 2.47 2.55 2'49 2.47 2.00 2.06 1.97 1.97 1.87 i!92 1.82 1.68 1.78 1.77 1.75 L79 50-65c 1.46 1.51 1.55 1.51 1.46 1.43 1.43 56 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Cupric Chloride (W.). Molecular Conductivity. pv0° /1.13.8' 2 68.95 96.36 8 87.57 127.0 16 94.82 137.0 32 101.3 ' 147.1 128!111.5 164.5 512 118.4 175.3 1024 123.0 181.7 juc25° /z,35° /z850° 119.8, 141.3 158.3 189.9 173.5 187.5 210.1 224.0 232.2 208.6 226.2 255.6 273.4 282.6 Cupric Bromide (J.). Molecular Conductivity. M,05° v Percentage Dissociation. a0° a25c a35c 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 56.1 71.2 77.1 82.4 90.7 96.3 100.0 53.0 69.9 75. 4: 81.0 90.5 96.5 100.0 51.6 68.2 74.7 80.7 90.5 96.5 100.0 50.0 67.2 73.8 80.0 90.4 96.7 100.0 a50° a65° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 MB0° M„13.3°i yu„25° /xt35° 75.27 91.31 99.30 105.0 118.2 122.2 125.4 131.4 103.9 131.0 141.4 149.8 169.0 177.3 181.2 187.5 135.3 169.6 183.0 194.3 220.0 230.8 236.6 242.7 248.8 274.8 /xt.50° ju065° 156.1 203.8 220.3 234 . 1 266.0 278.4 285.9 295.0 300.2 325.1 Percentage Dissociation. aOc 2 57.3 8 69.5 16 75.6 32 79.9 128 90.0 512 93.0 1024 95.4 2048 100.0 ol3.3° a25° a35c a50° a65° 55.4 69.9 75.4 79.9 90. i: 94.6 96.6 100.0 55. T' 69.9 75.4 80.1 90.6 95.1 97.5 100.0 52 69 74 79 90 94.4 96.9 100.0 Temperature Coefficients i?i Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units v 0-13.8° 13.8-25° :5-35° 35-50° : 50-65° : v 0-13.3° 13.3-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 1.99 2.86 .06 .32 .84 .12 3. 3. 3. 4. 4.25 2.09 2.79 3.26 3.61 4.07 4.35 4.51 2.15 3.16 3.51 3.87 4.55 4.94 5.04 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 SI 92 2.16 2.99 3.17 3.37 3.82 4.14 4.19 4.22 2.68 3.30 3.50 3.75 4.35 4.57 4.73 4.72 2.08 3.42 3.73 3.98 4.60 4.76 « 5.23 5.14 5.03 0-13.8° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2.89 3.26 3.23 3.28 3.44 3.48 3.46 13.8-25° 2.17 2.20 2.37 2.45 2.47 2.48 2.48 25-35° 35-50 1.79 2.00 2.02 2.06 2.17 2.20 2.17 50-65° Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v ! 0-13.3° 13.3-25° 25-35° 35-50° i 50-65c 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.S7 3.27 3.19 3.21 3.23 3.38 3.34 3.21 2.58 2.51 2.48 2.50 2.57 2.57 2.61 2.52 1.54 2.02 2.04 2.04 2.09 2.06 2.08 2.15 "Decomposed at higher temperatures. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 57 Copper Nitrate (W. and Hw.). Molecular Conductivity. v fxvQ° /zP5e /ie15.8°; M,25c M,35° 16 32 128 512 1024 69.38 79.17 86.48 99.21 93.0 106.7 99.15113.8 109.0 125.5 117.7 136.1 119.8 138.6 102.5 130.0 140.2 150.0 166.5 180.2 183.3 123.3 156.7 169.4 181.8 201.9 218.4 222.9 147.1 188.5 204.0 219.9 245.0 266.6 271.7 M,50° Copper Sulphate (Ws. and H.). Molecular Conductivity. v Percentage Dissociation. v a0° 2 8 16 32; 128 512 57.9 72.2 77.6 82.8 91.0 98.2 a5° 1024 100.0 57.1 71.6 77.0 82.1 90.5 98.2 100.0 al5.8c 55.9 70.9 76.5 81.9 90.8 98.3 a25° a35° a50c .3 .3 55. 70. 76.0 81.6 90.6 54.1 69.4 75.1 80.9 90.2 98.0 98.0 . 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-5° 5-15.8°! 15.8-25°; 25-35° 35-50° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 1.96 2.55 2.74 2.93 3.30 3.68 3.76 2.16 2.85 3.10 3.35 3.80 4.08 4.30 2.26 2.90 3.17 3.46 3.85 4.15 4.30 2.38 3.18 3.46 3.81 4.31 4.82 4.88 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 M,0° 30.06 42 57 76 97 105 113 119 30 24 !)1 88 85 36 18 M.12.50 42.12 59 80 108 138 150 161 171 ;u825° 55.11 M*35e 65.15 35 77 53 105 74 1143 92 184 86 202 78J217 07 1231 juB50° 33 91.16 64124.94 21J170.60 97221.08 57245.05 93.8 109.1 152.7 210.3 279.1 M,65c 107.4 124.5 173.8 247.3 237.7 71 27 264.44 281.42 343.3 422.7 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 25.2 35.5 48.0 64.5 82.1 88. S 95.1 100.0 al2.5° a25° a35° 24.6 23.8 23.2 34.7 33.4 32.4 47.1 45.7 44.4 63.6 61.9 60.6 81.2 80.0 78.6 88.2 87.6 87.1 94.6 94.1 94.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 a50° a65c Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-5c 5-15.8° 15.8-25° 25-35° 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2.83 2.95 2.95 2.95 3.03 3.13 3.14 2.73 2.87 2.91 2.94 3.03 3.00 2.99 2.20 2.23 2.26 2.31 2.33 2.30 2.35 1.93 2.03 2.04 2.10 2.14 2.21 2.19 35-50° 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0.96 35-50c 1.04 1.00 1.36 1.86 2.54 3.28 3.60 3.87 4.15 1.44 2.01 2.76 3.68 4.14 4.47 4.82 1.38 1.93 2.74 3.61 4.25 4.67 5.02 1.26 1.85 2.65 3.87 5.26 50-65c 0.91 1.02 1.41 2.45 3.91 5.29 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 2 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 3.19 3.22 3.25 3.30 3.35 3.40 3.41 3.48 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65 2.47 1.82 2.43 2.50 2.54 2.65 2.74 2.76 2.82 1.79 1.83 1.91 1.95 2.10 2.15 2.17 1.38 1.48 1.55 1.75 0.97 0.93 0.92 1.16 1.40 1.99 1.54 "Decomposed at higher temperatures. 58 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Lead Chloride (Ws. and H.). Molecular Conductivity. JMC /i,.12.5° pv2b° m.350 fxv50° m.65 Lead Nitrate (J. and Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. M,0C H,.\0C /it,25° ' p.vS5° ; Mr50o M*65° 64 104 128 116 512 133 1024 136 2048 138 4096 144 41 144.76 27 161.56 10 186.16 89 191.98 88 195.16 70 204.36 188.71224. 211.43252 246.31293 253.96306 258.49312 270.26327 76277.13331.22 17314.89379.39 05370.26452.75 43387.25476.90 13412.06502.84 80416.97515.18 Percentage Dissociation. 2 46.30 8 71.12 16 84.43 32 93.85; 128 115.1 512 129.1 1024 133.6 2048 135.1 63.55 92.68 113 97.32 139.8 169 113.3 161.5 195 128.3 181.5' 118 153.1 214.0 256 171.9 238.3 287 247.4 178.1 178.7 .1 5 247.2; 299.0 297. 143.0 218.4 251.7 281.6 333.3 369.6 385.1 397.9 175.9 267.8 309.4 347.8 410.2 455.0 477.7 491.8 Percentage Dissociation. a0c al2.5° a25c a35° a50° a65° a0° al0° a25° a35° a50° a05c 64 72.2 70.8 69.8: 68.6 66.5 64.3 128 80.4 79.0 78.2 76.9 75.5 73.6 2 34.3 35.6 37.5 37.8 35.9 35.8 8 52.6 54.5 55.3 56.7 54.8 54.4 512 92.0 1024 94.6 2048 96.0 4096 100.0 91.1 93.9 95.5 100.0 91.1 94.0 95.6 100.0 89.4 93.5 95.2 100.0 88.8 92.9 98.8 100.0 87.9 92.6 97.6 100.0 16 32 128 512 1024 62.5 69.5 85.2 95.6 98.9 63.4 71.8 85.7 96.2 99.7 65 73 86 96 100.0 65.4 73.2 85.9 96.0 99.5 63. 70 83. 92 96.8 62.9 70.7 83.4 92.5 97.2 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 1 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50 64 3.23 128 3.63 512 4.25 1024 4.41 2048 4.70 4096 4.77 3.52 3.99 4.81 4.96 5.07 5.27 3.61 4.07 4.67 5.25 5.36 5.75 50-65c 3.61 4.30 5.50 5.98 6.05 6.57 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 64 3.09 2.43 128 3.12 2.47 512 3.19 2.58 1024 3.22 2.58 2048 3.24 2.60 4096 3.30 2.58 2048 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-10c 10-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 1.72 I 1.94 2.03 2.19 8 2.62 2.83 2.97 3.29 16 2.88 3.21 3.41 3.85 32 3.44 3.55 3.73 4.41 128 3.80 4.06 4.27 5.13 512 4.28 4.43 4.88 5.69 1024 4.45 4.62 5.01 6.17 2048 4.36 4.57 5.18 6.36 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 50-65° 0-10° 10-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c 1.91 1.93 1.90 2.07 2.07 2.13 1.30 2 1.37 8 1.49 16 1.54 32 1.47 128 1.58 512 1024 2048 3.71 3.68 3.41 3.67 3.30 3.32 3.33 3.23 05 91 83 77 65 58 2.59 2.55 2.19 . 2.12 !. 2.11 2.05 2.00 2.05 2.03 2.10 1.53 1.51 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.54 1.60 1.64 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 59 Lead Acetate (H. and Hw.), Aluminium Chloride (Ws. and Sh.) Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V nvo° M„12.5° juP25° M„35° ju,50° ^,65° v /ioO° /i.12.50 M*25° M,35° M.500 m<,65° 4! 11.2 16.41 22.1 8 16. Oi 23.31 31.2 32 1 28.8 41.4 54.9 27.0 34.57 41.42 37.8 48.18 58.12 66.2 89.36102.61 104.2 132.56158.54 146.2 191.61228.18 4 8 16 32 64 128 105.90 120.22 147.40 193.51 168.23 220.86 232 . 54 266.58 296.9 341.6 381.1 361.4 419.1 470.9 128! 46.4 66.3 87.1 142.21 200.06 265.12 322.18 512 [ 65.3 i 92.7 123.1 455 5 567 3 1024 74.5 108.2 139.11 167.2 214.38255.53 162.66 231.08 308.80 377.28 421.06 446.95 472.46 499.92 2048 4096 84.3 87.8 119.4 124.6 156.8 165.5 189.1 198.7 242. 0( 260.9- > 289. 42 '315.50 512 176.77 252.75 341.24 1024 184.58 266.73 360.56 2048 193.37 279.49 381.44 4096 199.03 290.06 398.79 1 1 1 567.5 730.0 609.3 796.7 647. 5 868.5 703.2 953.2 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65° v a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 4 12.8 8 18.2 32 32.8 13.2 1 13.3 13. 6! 13.2! 13.1 18.7 18.8 19.0 18.51 18.4 33.2 33.2 33.3 32.3! 32.5 4 8 16 32 64 128 512 1024 2048 4096 53.2 60.4 50.8 58.0 48.5 55.4 46.5 53.3 42.2 48.6 54.2 37.9 44.0 49.4 128 52.8 53.2 52.6 52.4 50.8 50.2 71.5 69.0 66.5 64.4 5121 74.4 1024 84.9 74.4 74.4 86.8 84.0 73.6! 73.4 84.2 82.1 72.3 81.0 91.7! lOO.O' 64.8 59.5 81.7 88.8 92.8 97.2 100.0 79.7 87.1 91.9 96.3 100.0 77.4 85.5 90.4 95.6 100.0 75.5 84.2 89.4 94.5 100.0 2048 4096 96.0 100.0 95.8 100.0 94.7 100.0 95.2 100.0 92.7 100.0 80.7 86.6 92.1 100.0 76.6 83.6 91.1 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v ,0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 4 | 0.41 0 46 0 49 0.46 0.66 1.22 1.73 2.44 2.74 3.16 3.64 4 3 32 3 69 3.90 4.57 4.30 8 0.58 0 63 0 66 8 16 32 64 128 512 1024 2048 4096 3.84 4.21 5.16 5.99 32 : 1.01 1.0S 1.13 128 ! 1.59 ! 1.66 1.71 512 2.19 2.43 2.31 1024 | 2.70 | 2.47 2.81 2048 2 81 2 99 3 23 4.63 5.21 5.71 7.45 5.47 6.08 6.57 6.89 7.28 6.22 7.08 7.51 8.16 8.70 6.85 7.98 8.64 9.10 10.11 10.83 4096 2.94 3.27 3.32 12.49 14.73 16.66 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v \ 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 4 j 3.66 8 j 3.63 32 3.50 128 3.42 512 1 3.35 1024 3 62 2.81 ! 2.22 2.70 2.12 2.61 ! 2.06 2.50 1.96 2.62 | 1.88 2.28 2.02 2 50 2 06 1.33 1.37 1.45 1.31 1.27 1.28 1.36 1.39 4 8 16 32 64 128 512 1024 3.14 3.19 2.50 2.50 2.02 2.07 1.45 1.51 1.58 3.26 2.60 2.15 1.62 3.36 3.07 3 55 2.69 2.80 2.82 2.92 3 fl 2.22 2.34 2.40 2.39 2 54 2048 4096 3.34 3.35 1.91 2.05 2.27 2.37 2.62 2.15 2048 i 3.56 4096 ! 3 66 60 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Aluminium Nitrate (Ws. and Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. v M,0° ^12.5° /jlv25° /xe35° fxv50° /*„65c Aluminium Sulphate (Ws. and Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. v \ (xv0° /z,12.5° /x.25° m»35° I ^50° /x»65° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 173 2048 179 4096 187 102 115 136. 156 166 82 139.22 180.52216.54 276.0 67 158.84 206.89248.82 320.8 32 188 . 54 247 . 70 299 . 96 394 . 3 18 217.14 287.05349.49 464.4 97 234.81 313.05384.43 535.8 45 247.08 332.20410.18 575.8 32 255.68 345.82428.32 613.3 89 272.12 372.07462.84 656.6 338.6 393.6 487.3 583.9 685.9 750.5 820.9 908.2 4 8 32 51 65 89. 128 |121 512 164 1024 |191 2048 (222 4096 !262 90 71 2l| 89 50 123 871 169 08; 230 95! 271 31 317 35 378 81 1 92. 81 114 63 158 38 219, 86 301 . 31 359. 20 425 . 23 514. 40107 44132 01183 04266 01 358 16433 03518 06634 .5 .7 .7 72 136. 46 166. 51 236. 22 339.9 79 497.3 51 613.2 19 746.8 152.8 185.7 266.2 395.1 594.6 740.2 943.0 78 936.1 1221.2 Percentage Dissociation. v 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a0c 54.7 61.6 72.5 83.1 88.9 92.3 95.4 100.0 al2.5° 51.2 5S.4 69.3 79.8 86.3 90.8 94.0 a25c 4S.5 55.6 66.6 77.1 84.1 89.3 92.9 a35° a50 a65c Percentage Dissociation. v 100.0 100.0 46.8 53.8 64.9 75.6 83.1 88.7 92.6 100.0 42.0 48.8 60.0 70.7 82.0 87.7 93.4 100.0 37.3 43.4 53.6 64.3 75.5 82.6 90.4 100.0 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a0° 19.8 24.9 34.1 46.5 62.5 73.2 84.7 100.0 al2.5c a25° 19.0 23.7 32.7 44.8 61.0 71.7 83.9 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.91 3.45 4.18 4.88 5.45 5.93 6.19 6.90 12.5-25° 30 84 75 00 25-35° 6.28 6.86 7.31 8.19 3.60 4.19 5.23 6.25 7.17 7.86 8.37 9.32 35-50° 3.96 4.79 6.29 7.66 10.09 11.04 12.33 12.92 50-65° 4.17 4.87 6.20 7.97 10.07 11.65 13.84 16.77 18.0 22.3 30.7 42.6 58.5 69.9 82.7 100.0 a35° 17.0 20.9 28.9 41.9 56.5 68.3 81.6 100.0 a50° 14.6 17.8 25.3 36.3 53.1 65.5 79.8 100.0 a65° 12.5 15.2 21.8 32.4 48.7 60.6 72.2 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° ' 50-65c 1.59 1.97 2.73 3.80 5.34 6.34 7.59 9.27 1.65 1.97 2.75 3.97 5.61 7.03 8.63 10.87 1.53 1.09 1.80 ! 1.27 2.55 1 1.97 4.72 3.67 5.78 ! 6.49 7.44 8.47 9.32 13.08 12.07 ' 19.01 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 2.83 2.37 2.98 2.42 3.07 2.51 3.12 2.58 3.25 2.67 3.40 2.77 3.44 2.83 4.53 2.95 25-35° 35-50° , 50-65° 1.90 2.03 2.11 2.18 2.28 2.36 2.39 2.45 1.83 1.92 2.09 2.19 2.62 2.69 2.88 2.79 51 52 57 72 88 01 25 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 2. 2 2^55 V 0-12.5° 4 3.06 8 3.02 32 3.05 128 3.12 512 3.25 1024 3.30 2048 3.41 4096 3.53 25-35° 35-50° : 50-65° 2.30 2.19 2.23 2.34 2.43 2.59 2.72 2.87 1.66 1.57 1.61 2.16 1.79 2.07 2.19 2.35 0.80 0.76 0.83 1.08 1.31 1.38 1.75 2.03 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 61 Ferric Chloride (J. and H.). Molecular Conductivity. v M„0° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 80.50 127.2 143.4 166.7 198.9 351.2 486.3 609.7 M010° 104.6 168.5 190.7 226.0 274.0 563.1 688.4 799.9 M,25° 143.6 238.1 274.6 328.3 401.9 707.2 M*35c 169.9 M,50c 269.5 346.9 285.4 332.7 400.4 508.9 945.01405.4 892.4:1130.3! 1028.21235.61487.5 515.8 1037 . 6 MP65° Ferric Nitrate (J.). Molecular Conductivity. 327.0 1512.5 1685.9 v 1673.6 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 M.0° 97.68 138.2 150.7 171.4 199.5 371.3 490.9 585.2 MJ0C 128.1 185.7 202.7 233.7 271.7 408.7 571.4 693.5 M„25c 181. 266. 295, 342. 399, 705. 877. 961, ju035° 220.7 328.2 364.3 422.6 491.4 927.0 1116.5 1183.0 Mr50c M,65c Percentage Dissociation. a0° 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 al0° a25c a35° a50° a65c Percentage Dissociation. 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0° alOc a25° a35c a50c a65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 0-10° ! 10-25° 25-35c 2.41 4.13 4.73 5.93 7.51 21.1 20.2 2.60 2.65 4.64 5.59 6.82 8.53 9.61 13.66 4.73 5.81 7.21 10.70 23.78 23.60 35-50° 50-65° Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-10c 2 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2.99 3.25 3.30 3.56 3.78 6.01 4.15 10-25c 2.49 2.75 2.93 3.02 3.11 1.71 1.98 25-35° 1.85 1.99 2.12 2.20 2.66 3.36 2.64 35-50° 50-65c Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-10° 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 3.04 4.75 5.20 6.23 7.22 3.74 8.05 10.83 10-25° 3.57 5.39 6.17 7.26 8.50 19.80 20.42 18.61 25-35° 3.91 6.17 6.90 8.00 9.20 22.13 23.88 22.14 35-50° 50-65° Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-10c 10-25° 3.12 2.79 2.15 3.44 2.90 2.32 3.44 3.04 2.34 3.63 3.11 2.34 3.62 3.13 2.30 1.01 4.84 3.14 1.64 3.57 2.72 1.85 2.68 2.30 25-35 c 35-50c 50-65c ^Decomposed at higher temperatures. 62 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Chromic Chloride (Ws. and Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. v 4 8 32 M*0° 86 104 130 128 162 512 188 1024 200 2048 214 4096 229 30 53 03 34 M812.5°, vv2o° \ Mr35° I m>50° : juP65° Chromic Nitrate (J. and Sh.). Molecular Conductivity. v Mf0° nvW° Mr25° Mr35° Mr50° |m,65c 116 138 182 231 46 272 21 294 48 316 73 341 .32199.10 .18243.55 332.3 .00319.15 431.2 .45393.62 534.3 .34465.10 650.9 97 153 831184 75 1245 28 J313 50 372 55 403. 58 504. 31| 724.2 60 434.36543.02 783.9 14 467.61580.16 836.5 1101.4 2048 210.4 295.3 438.0 410.0 538.5 681 . 5 834.4 2 8 16 32 128 87.171 117.6 129.7 138.5 149.0 112.1 154.7 153.1 214.0 169.7 181.9 19S.9 238.8 258.1 286.2 183.6 231 256.5 335 4 941.3 512 188.7 253.0 370.2 1015.7 1024 203.0 274.0 412.9 287. 312.6 350 . 7 459.4 511.8 550.9 380 420 511 634 692 767 8 278.5 9 416.3 6 473.8 5'531.2 2 658.9 7 821.2 0 894.4 0 999.0 Percentage Dissociation. a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65° Percentage Dissociation. a0° al0° 34.3 40.7 53.6 67.8 79.9 86.4 92.9 4096! 100.0 100.0 4 37.6 8 45.5 32 56.6 128 70.7 512 82.1 i 1024 87.2 2048 93.3 32.8 39.4 52.4 67.0 79.6 86.3 92.9 100.0 34.3 2 8 42.0 39.7 37.2 55.0 51.6 48.9 16 67.9 63.9 61.9 32 80.2 77.9 75.7 128 86.9 86.6 85.5: 512 93.6 93.8 92.2 1024 100.0 100.0 100.0 2048 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° I 35-50° 50-65° 4 2.45 2.91 8 2.74 3.63 32 4.22 4.98 128 5.52 6.57 512 6.72 7.99 1024 7.54 8.72 2048 8.18 9.42 4096 8.91 10.12 4.58 5.94 7.42 8.02 9.28 10.07 10.87 11.26 5.18 7.15 9.81 12.23 14.47 15.45 17.66 41.4 55.9 61.6 65.8 70.8 89.7 96.5 100.0 38.0 51.9 57.5 61.8 67.4 85.7 a'2o° a35° a50° a65° 92.8 100.0 35.3 48.9 54.5 58.9 65.3 84.5 94.3 33.3 46.6 52.2 56.8 63.7 83.6 93.4 30.2 43.8 49.6 54.8 66.6 82.7: 90.2 27 41 47 53 65.9 82. 89. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° ■ 35-50° 50-65° 2.84 2.62 3.25 3.40 3.57 3.77 3.82 3.88 2.49 2.62 2.73 2.84 2.93 2.96 2.98 2.97 2.99 3.23 03 55 95 50 50 51 1.56 1.66 1.83 1.87 1.99 1.53 1.60 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-10° j 10-25° 2.49 3.55 4.00 4.34 4.99 6.43 7.10 8.49 2.84 4.06 4. 5. 5. 7. .61 .08 .82 .81 9 . 26 9.51 25-35° 2.89 4.25 4.06 5.45 6.45 8.92 9.89 11.29 35-50° 50-65° 3.11 5.36 6.22 7.38 9.85 12.43 13.49 15.47 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 2 8 16 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-10° 2.86 3.02 08 13 35 41 50 04 10-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 53 65 72 79 93 09 38 99 1.87 1.99 2.04 2.11 2.25 2.41 2.40 2.58 1.34 1.59 1.63 1.75 1.92 1.96 1.95 2.01 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 63 Chromic Sulphate (Ws. and Sh.) Molecular Conductivity. M,0° 58, 77 32!120 128 169 512 215 1024 240 2048 293 4096 315 ^12.5°! ju*25° ju„35° /zB50° , p.v6o° 14 78 85; 103 59 158 08 225 36 292 48 329 38 405 39 445 48 99 64 130 67 197 60 283 66 376 96|459 65 534 16 598 64116 18151 34 230 56338 23472 83:561 55708 46808 17i 37 67 16 76 14 29 121 . 1 209.7 328.0 488.8 585.4 713.3 139. 228. 370 585 732 905. Uranyl Chloride (Ws. and W.). Molecular Conductivity. v 4 8 32 txv0° ^12.5° m»25° m,35° | pv50° 101 110 133 128 148 512 155 1 10241161 8S0.9 1132 Percentage D issoc ia t io 11 . a0° al2.5° a25° 32 128 512 1024 2048 18.4 24.7 38.2 53.6 68.3 76.2 93.0' 17.6 23.3 35 6 50.7 65.7 74.1 91.1 16.6 21.7 33.0 47.4 62.8 76.8 89.3 a35° i a50° 2048 '168 4096 174 45j 139 48! 157 05 186 39 209 981 220 02! 231 42; 242 98 254 .09 180 .64 206 .56 246 .75 279 .70 290 .37 311 . 69 328 . 22 348 .45214.70 274.6 .01246.51' 318.9 .12297.841380.3 .00339.40 439.4 .56360.44 491.1 .92383.88 . 24J405 . 98! 546.8 .16433.68 M*65c 333.2 387.8 473.5! 548.0 610.6 693.7 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° ! al2.5° ; a25c a35° a50° a65° 4096 100.0 100.0 100.0 14.4 18.7 28.5i 41.9 58.5; 69.5 87.7 14.5 23. 8i 37.2 i 55.5 66.5 80.9 12.4 20.2 32.7 51.7 64.6 1024 80.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° i 35-50° ! 50-65° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 63 06 05 52 58.0 63.1 76.0 ! 84.8 89.1 92.0 2048 96.3 J 4096; lOO.o! 4 8 32 128 512 54.7 62.0 73.4 82.5 86.8 91.0 95.5 100.0 51.8 59.2 70.7 80.2 85.2 89.6 94.3 100.0 49.5 56.8 68. 7: 78.2! 83.1 88. 5! 93.6 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5' 12.5-25° 6.18 7.16 8.98 10.38 1.69 2.12 2.46 4.64 4.69 10.39 10.31 12.26 1.68 2.10 3.30 5.51 9.59 10.10 17.36 20.98 0.79 1.25 2.84 6.43 9.78 12.79 16.77 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 1 0-12.5° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.80 2.65 2.54 12.5-25° 25-35° I 35-50c 2.15 2.05 1.55 69 61 67 2.67 2.06 2.87 1.60 2.98 3.15 3.06 2.54 3.29 2.75 1.94 2.55 2.22 3/25 3.51 50-65° 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 .01 .77 .28 .91 .18 .63 5.94 6.34 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 3.31 3.87 4.76 5.54 6.07 6.44 6.84 7.52 25-35c 35-50c 3.43 4.05 5.17 6.04 6.39 7.20 7.77 8.55 3.99 4.82 5.50 6.66 50-65 c 3.91 4.59 6.19 7.27 7.97 9.79 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0.62 0.60 0.86 1.32 1.67 1.78 1.94 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35c 2.97 3.41 3.22 3.31 .32 .50 .53 .62 3. 3 3. 3. 2.38 2.46 2.55 2.64 2.75 2.78 2.82 2.96 1.90 1.97 10 17 16 31 37 46 35-50° 50-65° 1.86 1.95 1.85 1.96 1.42 1.44 1.63 1.65 1.62 l'97 64 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Uranyl Nitrate (Ws. and Hw.). Uranyl Sulphate (Ws. and Hw.). Molecular Conductivity. v 4 8 32 Molecular Conductivity. pv0° m»12.5° M„25° m,35° Mt50° jus65° v p.v0° jub12.5° p.v25° fxvS5° ; /ie50° pt6o 74 83 97 128 110 512 116 1024 123 2048 128 4096 136 .91 102.01 132.91158.84199.01245.03 .44 114.71 150.57181.20226.59277.69 .22 136.35 180.64219.38279.42345.77 . 14 153 . 84 207 . 89 254 . 21 327 . 08406 . 32 .33 1 66 . 65 224 . 95 277 . 35 376 . 95 476 . 52 . 14 177 . 76 241 . 47 298 . 63 404 . 71 514 . 08 .92 187.20 255.38317.44422.85538.35 . 77 200 . 10 274 . 50 343 . 09 467 . 92 596 . 77 Percentage Dissociation . v a0° al2.5° a25° a35° a50° a65c 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 54.8 61.9 71.1 80.5 85.0 90.0 94.2 100.0 51.0 57.3 68. 77. 83. SS 93 1 9 3 8 6 100.0 4S.4 54.9 65.8 75.8 82.0 88.0 93.1 100.0 46.3 52.8 63.9 74.1 80.8 87.1 92.5 100.0 42.5 48.4 59.7 69.9 80.6 86.5 90.4 100.0 41.1 46.5 57.9 68.1 79.8 86.1 90.2 100.0 8 I 78 32 100 128 128. 512 157, 1024 175. 2048 191 4096 203. 13 99.77 120 65 129.52 156 62 166.72 203 54 207 . 90 257 6S 235.28 296 68 260.77 332 33 285.051373 I i I .82136.43 172.5 189.9 .80176.52 215.3 231.0 .02229.42 279.5 300.1 .69295.20 369.5 403.7 .95343.01 421.7 471.0 .57391.00 498.9 562.6 .65446.33 570.7 667.9 Percentage Dissociation. a0° al2.5° ! a25° ! a35° 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 3S.4 49.5 63.2 77.5 86.4 94.2 100.0 35.0 45.4 58.5 72.9 82.5 91.5 100.0 32.3 42.0 54.3 69.0 79.5! 89.0 100.0 30.6 39.6 51.4 66.2 76.9 87.6 100.0 a50c a65° 30.2 37.7 49.0 64.7 73.9 87.4 100.0 28.4 34.6 44.9 60.4 70.5 84.2 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Umts. ' Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units V 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 4 2.17 2.47 2.59 2.68 8 2.50 3.07 3.06 3.03 32 3.13 3.54 3.87 4.00 128 3.66 4.16 4.63 4.86 512 4.03 4.66 5.24 6.64 1024 4.37 5.10 5.72 7.07 2048 4.66 5.46 6.21 7.03 4096 5.07 5.95 6.86 8.32 50-65° 3.07 3.41 4.42 5.28 6.64 7.29 7.70 8.59 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0-12.5°i 12.5-25° 25-35° I 35-50° 50-65° 1.73 1.68 1.56 2.31 2.18 1.97 3.05 2.90 2.64 4.03 3.98 3.75 4.77 4.93 4.61 5.53 5.74 5.84 6.54 7.09 7.27 1.16 1.05 1.37 2.28 3.29 4.25 6.48 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 10-12.5' 4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 2.90 3.00 3.22 3.32 3.47 3.55 3.62 3.71 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 2.42 1.95 1.69 2.68 2.03 1.67 2.60 2.14 1.82 2.67 2.23 1.91 2.80 2.33 2.39 2.87 2.37 2.37 2.92 2.43 2.22 2.97 2.50 2.43 50-65° 1.54 1.50 1.58 1.61 1.76 1.80 1.82 1.84 v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 8 2.22 1.68 1.29 32 2.30 1.68 1.26 128 2.37 1.74 1.30 512 2.56 1.91 1.46 1024 2.72 2.10 1.55 2048 2.89 2.20 1.76 4096 3.22 2.49 1.95 35-50° 50-65° 0.67 0.49 0.49 0.62 0.78 0.85 1.14 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 65 Uranyl Acetate (Ws.). Molecular Conductivity. MrO° M,12.5° /Xr25° At335° m*50° , /x„65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 30.59 42.75 56.53 68.12 39.65 55.08 72.25 86.67 51.48 70.66 91.34108.52 63.57 86.06 110.47129.06 70.13 94.74 120.37141.12 76.81 103.65 131.78154.46 83.75 113.81 145.10170.54 Percen tagc Dissociation . v 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 a0° al2.5° a25c a35° a50° j a65° 36.5 37.6 39.0 40.0 47.3 48.4, 48.8 50.8 61.5 62.1 63.0 63.7 75.9 75.6 76.1 75.7 83.7 83.3 83.0 82.8 91.7 91.1 90.8 90.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50c 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4096 0.97 1.23 1.53 1.80 1.97 2.15 2.41 1.10 1.37 1.65 1.95 2.05 2.25 2.50 1.16 1.44 1.72 1.86 50-65c 08 27 54 Temperature Coefficie?its in Per Cent. 0-12.5° 12.5-25' 8 3.12 2.57 32 3.10 2.49 128 2.97 2.34 512 2.83 2.26 1024 2.81 2.16 2048 2.80 2.17 4096 2.88 2.20 25-35° 2.05 1.99 1.88 1.68 1.73 1.72 1.75 35-50° 50-65c Hydrochloric Acid (W.) Molecular Conductivity. o M,0° 4 8 16 32 128 512 1024 223.3 227.0 231.8 235.0 238.8 235.5 221.5 M.12.50 m,25° 285.9 348.2 292.2 357.0 298.7 365.2 303.3 370.7 309.0 379.3 304.2 374.7 287.7 353.4 M,35c 397.9 407.1 415.5 423.4 433.3 428.3 405.3 At„50° At,65c Percentage Dissociation. 4 8 16 32 128 a0° al2.5° a25c 93.5 95.1 97.1 98.4 100.0 92.5 94.6 96.7 98.2 100.0 91.8 94.1 96.3 97.7 100.0 a35c 91.8 93.9 95.9 97.7 100.0 a50° a65c Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-12.5° 4 5.01 8 5.22 16 5.35 32 5.46 128 5.62 512 5.50 1024 5.30 4.98 5.18 5.32 5.39 5.62 5.64 5.26 4.97 5.01 5.03 5.27 5.40 5.36 5.19 35-50° 50-65c Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-12.5' 4 2.24 8 2.30 16 2.31 32 2.37 128 2.35 512 2.34 1024 2.39 12.5-25' 1.74 1.77 1.78 1.77 1.82 1.85 1.83 25-35 c 1.43 1.40 1.38 1.42 1.42 1.43 1.47 35-50° 50-65c 6(> ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Nitric Acid (W.). Sulphuric Acid (W.). Molecular Conductivity. v \ pfi° /M2.50 fiv25° ^35° I Mt,50° pv6o° Molecular Conductivity. v P»0C 4 222.4 81 226.9 16 231.3 32 235.4 128 238.3 512 236.7 1024 231.4 284.3 344.4 390.8 290.5 354.4 402.7 296.3 362.0 411.81 301.7 368.7 418.6 4 8 16 292.9 303.9 323.6 yM6.3° ^25° . jUc35° m»50° fiv65° 382.8 393.9 308.2 376.6 429.4 . 128 403.0 306.0 373.9 426.9 299.9 366.5 41 9 8 Percentage Dissociation . a0° 4 93.3 8! 95.2 16 97.1 32 1 98.8 128; 100.0 al2.5° a25° a35c 92.2 94.3 96.1 97.9 100.0 91.4 91.0 94.1 93.8 96.1 95.9 97.6 97.5 100.0 100.0 a50° > a65° 419.3 457.2 431.5 471.7 417.3;456.6 498.0 450.0 491.4^ 533. 6 535.6 589. 4 646. 2 512 442.7 < 601.1 675.2 753.0 2048 449.2 j 622.4 709.9 814.4 618.2 708.6 816.3 32 347.2 S192 441.6 Percentage Dissociation. v 4 8 16 32 12S 512 a0° al6.3° i a25° a35° a50c 65.2 67.7 72.0 77.3 89.8 98.6 61.5 63.3 67.0 72.3 86.1 96.6 59.1 60.8 : 64.3 69.2 83.0 95.1 56.1 57.9 61 65 79 92 2048 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 a65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units 0-12.5° 12.5-25° 25-35c 4 S 16 32 128 512 1024 4.95 5.09 5.20 5.30 5.59 5.54 5 I* 4.81 5.11 5.25 5.30 5.47 5.43 5.33 .64 .83 ,9S .99 5.28 5.30 5.33 35-50° 50-65° v Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 4 S 16 32 128 512 2048 8192 0-16.3' 16.3-25° 5.52 5.52 5.75 6.31 8.10 9.72 10.63 10.83 4 . 20 4.32 4.52 4.76 6.18 8.52 10.00 10.39 25-35 c 35-50c 50-65c 3.79 4.02 4.14 4.22 5.6S 7.78 10.45 10.77 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12.5° 4 2.23 8 2.24 16 2.25 32 2.25 128 2.34 512 2.34 1024 2.37 12.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c v 1.69 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.77 1.77 1.78 1.35 1.36 1.38 1.35 1.40 1.42 1.45 1 4 8 16 32 128 512 2048 8192 0-16.3° 16.3 25° 25-35° 1.88 1.49 1.78 1.82 2.01 2.19 2.37 2.45 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.15 1.42 1.62 1.68 0.90 0.93 0.91 0.86 0.96 1.15 1.47 1.52 35-50° 50-05c DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS. THE CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS. The conductivities of about 110 salts and mineral acids have been measured and the results are herein recorded. These have been studied from about the most con- centrated solution that could be prepared, up to a volume of from 1000 to 4000. The temperature range is from 0° to 65°. Salts of nearly all of the more common metals have been included within this Avork. It is almost self-evident that in an investigation of this scope certain peculiarities would be presented by some of the substances studied. The salts of lithium crystallize with more water than the corresponding salts of the other alkali elements. This means that the lithium ion is more hydrated in aqueous solution than the potassium, sodium, or ammonium ion. The result is that the lithium ion moves more slowly than the other alkali ions, and, consequently, the conductivities of lithium salts are smaller than those of the corresponding salts of sodium and potassium. Before we had the solvate theory it was very difficult to account for the fact that the lithium ion, which has a much smaller mass and smaller atomic volume than either sodium or potassium, should have a smaller velocity. But we now have the explanation of this fact. The larger conductivity of lithium sulphate, especially at high dilutions, as compared with other salts of lithium, is due to this being a ternary electrolyte, while the other three salts are binary electrolytes. The salts of sodium with the simpler acids call for no special comment. The con- ductivities are larger than those of the corresponding salts of lithium, since the sodium ion is less hydrated than lithium, and, consequently, moves faster through the solution. Sodium carbonate has very great conductivity, especially at high dilution and elevated temperatures. This is undoubtedly due to large hydrolysis under these conditions. The very large conductivity of disodium phosphate is also probably due to hydrolysis. Sodium ammonium acid phosphate (microcosmic salt) begins, in fairly concentrated solutions, to give off ammonia at 25°, and this is still more marked at 35°. The unusually high conductivity of sodium ferrocyanide, especially at N = 1024 and 65°, is due in part to the large number of ions yielded by this substance, and in part to hydrolytic dissociation. The salts of potassium have somewhat larger conductivity than those of sodium. The potassium ion has less hydrating power than sodium, as is shown by the fact that potassium salts show less tendency to crystallize with water than sodium. Not- withstanding the greater mass of potassium, the ion moves faster than sodium, since it drags less water with it through the solution. This would increase the conduc- tivity of potassium salts over that of sodium. The large conductivities of potassium carbonate, dipotassium phosphate, and tripotassium phosphate are due to hydroly- sis. The large values for potassium nickel sulphate, and for both the violet and green potassium chromium sulphates are due chiefly to the large number of ions into which these compounds dissociate. It was shown some time ago by Jones and 67 68 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Mackay* "that compounds of this type first break down into the constituent sul- phates, especially in dilute solution, and these then dissociate as if they alone were present in the solution." Potassium permanganate underwent slight decomposition, especially at more ele- vated temperatures. The high conductivity of potassium ferrocyanide is explained by the large number of ions into which it breaks down. Ammonium salts with the ordinary mineral acids crystallize with little or no water. This means that the ammonium ion is very slightly hydrated in aqueous solution. Ammonium salts, in general, conduct to just about the same extent as potassium salts. Tetraethylammonium iodide decomposes slowly around 50 degrees. Turning to the bivalent metals, let us consider, first, salts of calcium, strontium, barium, and magnesium. Most of the salts of these metals with the ordinary min- eral acids crystallize with six molecules of water; calcium nitrate, which crystallizes with four molecules of water ; strontium nitrate, which crystallizes anhydrous ; barium chloride and bromide, which crystallize with two molecules of water each, and barium nitrate, which crystallizes without water, are exceptions. Earlier work in this laboratory on the approximate composition of the hydrates formed by various substancesf has shown that salts of calcium, strontium, barium, and magnesium hydrate to approximately the same extent, and that all four of these elements have very great hyclrating power. While the masses of the atoms of these four elements vary from magnesium = 24.36, calcium = 40.1, strontium = 87.6, to barium = 137.4, yet the amounts of water with which these substances in solution are combined are so large that the total masses of the four ions when hydrated as they are, especially in dilute solution, are not very different. Further, the atomic volumes of these four substances are not very different, magnesium being somewhat less than the other three. Ionic velocity is a function of the ionic volume and ionic mass of the hydrated ions. We should, therefore, expect the velocities of these four ions to be just about the same, and such is the fact. The velocities are: Mg = 58, Ca = 62, Sr = 63, and Ba = 64. Conductivity is a function of the number and velocities of the ions taking part in the conduction of the current. Since salts of the above four elements are dissociated to just about the same extent, it follows that salts of calcium, strontium, barium, and magnesium should give conductivities of the same order of magnitude. An exam- ination of the results will show this to be the case. The salts of these elements with the organic acids— formic and acetic — are probably somewhat hydrolyzed, especially the salts of acetic acid. The formate showed a short hydrolysis time factor, while the acetate precipitated a small amount of barium hydroxide on the platinum plates. Zinc nitrate, like magnesium nitrate, crystallizes with six molecules of water and the two have very nearly the same conductivity. There was evidence that zinc nitrate underwent slight hydrolysis. Zinc sulphate and magnesium sulphate crys- tallize with the same amount of water — each with seven molecules — and they have very nearly the same conductivities. Zinc acetate was undoubtedly strongly hydro- lyzed, especially at the high dilutions and high temperatures. There was an appreciable odor of acetic acid in these solutions. *Amer. Chem. Journ., 19, 83 (1897). fCarnegie Institution Publication No. 60. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 09 The salts of cadmium present several points of interest. The chloride crystal- lizes with two molecules of water, while the bromide and iodide crystallize without water. Notwithstanding the small hydrating power of the cadmium ion, its salts conduct less than the corresponding compounds of calcium, strontium, barium, and magnesium. The explanation of this is well known. The halides of cadmium are much less dissociated than the halides of the metals related chemically to it, hence the smaller conductivity. The conductivities of the salts of manganese, nickel, and cobalt call for no special comment. Manganese nitrate underwent some decomposition at 35°. Nickel ace- tate underwent hydrolysis, the solution having the odor of acetic acid. Salts of these three metals give conductivities that are of the same order of magnitude, and are, indeed, very nearly equal. This would be expected from the relative hydrating power of the manganese, cobalt, and nickel ions. The above comments also apply to the salts of copper that were investigated. At 65° these salts, in general, underwent decomposition, and the work, therefore, could not be extended to this temperature. The salts of aluminium, iron, and chromium are all quaternary electrolytes, i. e., the molecule breaks down into four ions. The conductivities of these substances are, therefore, large. Many of these salts undergo hydrolysis at the higher temperatures. This is so pronounced with the salts of iron that they could not be studied at all at the higher temperatures. The salts of alu- minium, iron, and chromium crystallize with large amounts of water, i. e., these ions have great hydrating power. The order of magnitude of this power can be seen from the earlier work in this laboratory.* That these substances have very large temper- ature coefficients of conductivity will be seen a little later. The salts of uranyl undergo hydrolysis, especially at the more elevated temper- atures. To this hydrolysis there is an appreciable time factor. This accounts for the difficulties encountered by different workers in obtaining concordant results. The relations pointed out above will be seen from the table of molecular conduc- tivities on pages 70 and 71. Here the results are given at two dilutions widely removed from one another, and at three temperatures as widely different as possible. A DEHYDROLYTIC TIME FACTOR. An observation of some importance was made by Mr. Shaeffer. He took four parts of a n/32 solution of chromium chloride. One of these was kept at room temper- ature. A second was heated for two hours to 50°, a third for the same time to 05°, while a fourth was heated for two hours to 90°. All four solutions were then brought to the same temperature and their conductivities determined. The conductivities of all four solutions were taken at 35°, at 50°, and at 05°, and the results are given in the following table: Chromium Chlokide. V T ! Not heated Heated to 50° Heated to 65° Heated to 90° 32 32 32 35° 330.5 50° 424 . 6 65° 532.4 331.4 342.0 429.7 439.0 536.9 544.6 415.7 519.0 624.2 "Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 60, pp. 87-93. 70 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Molecular Conductivities. LiCl LiBr LiN03 Li2S04 NaCl NaBr Nal NaN03 NaCIO» NaC104 Na2S04 Na2C03 Na2HP04 NaNH4HP04 Na4Fe(CN)6 Na2B407 CH3COONa KC1 KBr KI KN03 KC103 KC104 K2S04 KHS04 K2C()3 K2HP04 K3P04 KNaS04 KNi(S04)2 KAl(S04j2 KCr(S04)2 violet. .. KCr(804)2 green. . . . KMn04 K,Cr04 K2Cr20- K4Fo(CN), CH3COOK CNSK NH4C1 NH2Br N(C2H5)J NH4NO3 (NH4)2S04 NH4HS( )., NH4Al(SOJ, NH4Cr(S04)2 violet. NH4Cr(S04)2 green. (NH4)2Cu(S04)2.... CaCl, CaBr, Ca(N03)2 CaCr04 Ca(HCOO)2 SrCl2 SrBr2 Sr(NOs)2 Sr(CH3COO)2 BaCl2 BaBr2 0° 25° 65° v=i 47.27 49.84 43.83 06.74 53.5 55.36 55.26 50.27 47.4 49.4 78.51 70.7 65.6 136.7 34.30 66.47 68.01 68.45 61.94 58.9 101 9 182.1 98.74 79.19 116.6 96.1 122.6 78.9 75.8 101.0 59.34 111. 109. 168. .3 1 .8 48.6 62.48 66.17 69.36 38.6 64.35 98.06 183.40 80.00 77.5 103 6 122.7 95.3 97.74 S5.50 57.7 67 2 92.97 100 00 84.33 56.51 99.06 103.4 v = 1024 v = 8 i> = 1024 v = 8 y = 1024 56.08 57.97 52.0 108.1 61.6 63'l4 59.39 56.2 56.8 119.65 110.8 91.9 104.7 253.4 79.20 40.65 75.14 79.23 77.77 76.31 70.6 72.0 145.0 109 192 140 235 177 186 229 64 150 133 295 58 72 74 77 53 74 143 295 181 187 215 236 126 126 125 111 35 1 8 5 8 6 7 65 1 6 1 33 25 84 06 3 69 84 22 0 0 6 0 5 3 7 6 129.1 129.1 126.9 91.18 130.9 133.8 88.41 89.78 79.71 128.4 98.5 100. 100 111 86. 90. 146 137 259.2 66'25 118.6 121.3 120.7 111.0 104.7 183^6 254.2 180.9 143.34 217.2 170.6 221.9 140.3 135.3 158.4 104.36 196.0 195.5 305.1 88.43 110.9 118.6 123.6 72.8 113.38 179.57 258.00 143.1 137.3 162.9 220.7 172.5 177.5 157.3 105.8 124.5 173.7 180.6 154.1 106.96 179.00 187.4 107.2 109.9 98.0 211.4 115.4 1164 138.5 104.1 105.4 226.34 218 . 1 183.7 193.6 4S2.4 153.4 79.12 137.0 143 5 141.8 139.6 127.8 130.7 268.0 200 362 259 437 332 369 399 113 276 240 546. 106 131 137. 140 99 134 267. 483. 342 372. 386. 442 236 236. 235. 208. 52 5 2 1 7 6 6 95 2 6 5 84 5 8 9 3 43 62 51 4 0 2 6 1 5 0 8 242.8 239.6 233.7 177.44 243.4 249.9 167.7 170.4 157.7 208.3 242.7 184.5 184.1 187.5 171.4 164.4 197.8 425.5 225.5 222.8 234.1 213.2 211.3 274.3 271.9 469.61 131 215 218 221 199 192.1 332.8 313.3 291 . 17 415.5 272.73 407.67 240.6 242.04 248.10 193.58 357.7 352.9 543.0 201.8 217.1 220.9 204.3 325.2 303.2 236.5 244.97 250.70 383.1 318.7 339.4 287.8 187.81 230.8 324.4 343.7 288.0 193.8 322.3 340.1 439.5 393.2 939.35 258.3 260.3 268.1 245.2 241.5 240.6 513 1 697.3 469.31 850.20 785.37 771 94 215.95 203. 269.7 267.6 249.3 794.5 754.79 789.57 850.8 477 18 401 22 463 3 484.6 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Molecular Conductivities — Continued . 71 ( )° 25° 65° v = 8 0 = 1024 0 = 8 0 = 1024 0=8 y = 1024 Ba(N03)2 Ba(HCOCM2 76.37 72.22 59^05 87.6 93.73 88.91 45.70 58.15 46.35 87.6 43.20 37.7 45.32 37.80 24.31 84.98 83.1 44.11 89.51 87.35 40.58 38.95 87.75 95.04 87.07 42.06 41.31 56.01 87.57 91.31 86.48 42.30 127.4 103.0 92.63 118.3 122.8 120.68 102.7 94.03 80.38 117.1 104.7 79.9 113.78 110.69 96.31 114.9 105.4 107.13 120.7 115.8 100.4 78.65 116.8 120.80 116.1 101.9 78.88 146.4 133.4 113.3 162.1 170.64 160.86 85.62 109.29 89.79 157.2 80.01 66.6 79.30 70.44 48.44 J56.7 144.3 79.77 164.8 157.9 77.06 74.10 161.5 171.3 157.9 78.37 78.37 99.80 158.3 169.6 156.7 77.33 234.2 184.0 180.5 224.9 230.94 224.49 198.3 176.23 158.95 216.6 197.8 156.7 212.53 208.48 188.66 216.8 195.8 202.94 229.0 214.3 193.8 153.9 221.1 231.56 215.3 196.9 155.3 276.2 245.4 385.5 Ba(CH3COO)2 MgCl2 303.8 324.4 298.1 102.4 201.4 171.2 289.67 MgBr2 Mg(N03)2 MgS04 240.9 Mg(HCOO)o Mg(CH3COO)2 Zn(N03)2 415.20 ZnS04 Zn(CH3COO)2 100.61 139.6 128.5 94.61 293.7 298.74 CdCl2 CdBr, Cdl2 MnClo 468.4 Mn(N03)2 MnS04 130.0 301.5 NiCI2 Ni(N03), NiS04 135.7 138.32 302.5 315.7 291.4 137.5 131.2 184.8 NiCHsCOO 336.46 CoCl2 CoBr2 Co(N03).> C0SO4 Co(CH3COO), AgN03 230.7 CuCl2 123.0 125.4 119.8 105.85 136.89 133.6 74.5 184.58 173.45 191.95 486.3 490.9 200.21 203.0 240.48 161.02 123.14 175.68 70.13 221.5 231.4 232.2 236.6 222.9 202.57 253.96 247.4 139.1 360.56 332.20 359.16 892.4 877.7 403.58 412.9 459.83 311.92 241.47 296.95 120.37 353.4 366.5 CuBr> . Cu(N03)2 C11SO4 124.5 PbCl2... 476.90 477.7 255.53 796.7 750.5 740.2 Pb(N03)2 71.12 16.0 120.22 115.67 65.21 127.2 138.2 104.53 117.6 77.85 110.48 83.44 78.13 30.59 227.0 226.9 303.9 139.8 31.2 220.86 206.89 114.44 238.1 266.5 184.18 214.0 130.18 206.01 150.57 120.82 56.53 357.0 354.4 431.5 267.8 58.12 419.1 393.6 185.7 Pb(CH3COO)2.... AIC13 A1(N03)3 Al2(S04)3 FeCl3 Fe(N03)3 CrCl3 410.0 416.3 139.9 387.8 277.69 941.3 894.4 732.1 548.5 514.08 Cr(N03)3 Cr2(S04)3 U02C12 U02(N03)2 uo2so4 U02(CH3COO)o HC1. HN03.. H2SO4 72 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. The vessels used for holding the solutions were of Jena glass, which had been treated for months to remove all soluble matter. The increase in conductivity in the heated solutions could, therefore, not have been due to matter dissolved from the glass vessels. It will be seen that the solutions which had been heated had higher conductivity than those which had not. This is especially true of the solu- tion which had been heated to 90°. This was undoubtedly due to hydrolytic dis- sociation of the salt into acid and base, and these did not completely recombine on cooling the solution to the initial temperature. The same process was repeated, using a solution of chromium chloride which was w/512, heating one part to 50°, another to 65°, still another to 90°, then cooling all down to room temperature, and measuring the conductivities at the following tem- peratures : Chromium Chloride. V T Not heated Heated to 50° Heated to 65° Heated to 90° 512 512 512 35° 50° 65° 487.4 652.2 842.5 489.5 656.7 843.8 500.6 559.7 667.7 724.6 856.6 915.1 The results for the more dilute solutions are of the same general character as those for the more concentrated. To throw some light on the length of time required for the acid and base to recom- bine, the following experiment was carried out: The w/512 solution of chromium chloride, which had been heated to 90°, was cooled to room temperature and allowed to stand for 20 days. It was then warmed to 35°, and its conductivity determined. The value found was 508, while the value found shortly after heating was 559.9. The unheated solution gave a conductivity of 487.4. It is thus obvious that in 20 days the hydrolysis had not all disappeared. A similar experiment with w/512 chromium chloride, which had been heated to 90°, cooled to room temperature and allowed to stand 20 days, and then warmed to 65° and its conductivity determined, gave the value 885. The conductivity shortly after heating was 915.1. The conductivity of the unheated solution was 842.5. This shows that the dehydrolysis, in this case, was not complete even after the solu- tion had stood for 20 days. We propose to study these changes quantitatively in the near future, and see how long it requires for the completion of the dehydrolysis, in the cases especially of those salts which are strongly hydrolyzed. The bearing of these facts on the purification of salts by recrystallization from water is important. The usual method of purification, by preparing a saturated solution at a higher temperature and then lowering the temperature and allowing the; salt to crystallize is open to objection, especially for those salts which are strongly hydrolyzed by water. It has been supposed that when the solution in question was cooled down, the free acid and free base recombined. This work shows that such is not the case. There remains in the solution, for a long time, some free acid ; and when the salt crystallizes from such a solution it is likely to occlude some of the free acid. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 73 The better method for purifying hydrolyzable salts by crystallization is to make the saturated solution at low temperatures, and then remove the water by an air- pump or over sulphuric acid. It is well known that hydrolysis increases very rapidly with rise in temperature. DISSOCIATION OF THE VARIOUS SALTS. The dissociation of the various salts can be best compared and studied by bring- ing together the results for the different salts under comparable conditions. For some of the salts it is impossible at present to give their true dissociations. This is due to the fact that they underwent more or less hydrolysis, and the true value of /ia for the unhydrolyzed salt was not obtained. In some other cases the dissocia- tion may not have been complete, even in the most dilute solution investigated. In such cases the true value of n^ would not have been reached. However, most of the dissociations given are nearly correct. Dissociations of the Various Salts. 0° 25° 65c i>=8 *; = 1024 t' = 8 n = 1024 v •■ v = 1024 LiCl LiBr LiN03 Li2S04 NaCl NaBr Nal NaN03 NaC103 NaC104 Na2S04 Na2HP04 NaHNH4P04. Na4Fe(CN)6.. Na2B407 NaCHsCOO.. KC1 KBr KI KN03 KCIO3 KC104 K2C03 K,HP04 K3P04 KNaS04 K2Ni(S04)2... KMn04 K2Cr04 K2Cr207 K4Fe(CN)6 . . KCH3COO.. KSCN NH4C1 NH4Br N(C2H5)4I... HN4N03.... (NH4)2S04... NH4HS04... 82.4 81.6 83.6 59.7 85.8 85.9 85.7 83.9 84.3 88.4 61.4 62.6 49.6 97.8 95.0 99.2 96.7 98.9 83.2 88.5 85.8 86.4 81.2 81.3 75.3 71.7 60.2 66.6 47.0 88.8 73.5 79.8 51.5 82.0 85.8 88.4 90.0 69.6 84.2 65.0 60.3 97.9 99.8 100.0 99.6 93.6 99.9 100.0 91.9 92.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.2 100.0 97.5 97.0 80.1 78.2 79.5 58.5 84.6 82.8 84.3 77.9 82.9 84.5 60.1 49.2 82.7 86.6 84.5 82.0 79.5 79.7 97.1 95.7 97.7 96.3 99.1 99.0 99.2 97.6 90.3 96.8 99.1 97.7 90.0 98.4 99.2 100.0 100.0 96.2 97.8 95.4 97.0 72.3 69.5 59.3 63.7 45.5 87.5 70.0 79.6 50.9 81.3 83.0 86.1 87.7 71.6 82.2 63.9 51.9 97.7 97.8 100.0 99.7 93.0 99.8 100.0 91.5 93.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.3 100.0 97.2 97.1 ' 97\3' 99.0 96.9 89. 95. 98. 98.0 91.2 98.3 98.4 100.0 100.0 97.6 97.5 95.2 97.4 79.6 78.8 79.7 56.3 80.7 81.1 80.1 80.4 77.7 98.9 58.5 46.9 80.1 83.3 82.7 82.5 81.0 76.8 100.0 98.7 97.5 98.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.5 100.0 97.8 62.2 .7 5 .7 58.7 58.6 42.4 85.5 100.0 99.6 98.7 100.0 99.5 96.7 95.7 98.5 90.0 88.5 95.4 78.6 47.1 80.4 81.8 82.5 81.2 35*5 96.6 100.0 100.0 99.1 93^0 74 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Dissociations of the Various Salts — Continued. CaCI2 CaBr2 Ca(N03)2 CaCr04 Ca(HCOO), SrCl2 SrBr2 Sr(N03)2 Sr(CH3COO)2. . . BaCl2 BaBr2 Ba(N03)2 Ba(HCOO)2 Ba(CH3COO)2... MgCl2 MgBr2 Mg(N03)2 MgS04 Mg(HCOO)2.... Mg(CH3COO)2. . Zn(N03)2 ZnS04 Zn(CH3COO)2... CdCU CdBr2 Cdl2 MnCU Mn(N03)2 MnS04 NiCl2 NiNOs NiS04 NiCH3COO CoCl2 CoBr2 Co(N03)2 CoS04 Co(CH3COO)2.. AgN03 CuCl2 CuBr2 Cu(N03)2 CuS04 PbCl2 Pb(N03)2 Pb(CH3COO)2.. A1C13 A1(N03)3 A12(S04)3 CrCl3 Cr(N03)3 Cr2(S04)3 U02C12 U02(N03)2 U02S04 U02(CH3COO)2. 0° r = 8 i' =1024 25° V = S t> = 1024 65c v=8 ?; = 1024 72.5 77.1 65.8 49.7 66.3 69.5 77.5 64.2 57.7 74.6 77.1 58.1 64 6 63.0 70.9 71.6 72.1 41.1 59.8 56.6 70.4 36.9 45.0 37.4 30.5 20.5 74.0 78.8 35.4 74.2 75.4 37.5 47.4 75.1 75.7 75.0 37.9 50.0 78.8 71.2 69.5 72.2 35.5 52.6 18.2 60.4 61.6 24.9 45.5 55.9 24.7 63.1 61.0 38.4 36.5 96.2 99.6 96.7 96.1 96.4 100.0 .7 1 96. 93. 98.6 99.7 97.0 92.1 96.5 95.8 93.9 97.9 92.4 96.7 94.6 94.1 89.5 95.3 93.9 89.4 81.0 100.0 100.0 86.1 100.0 100.0 92.7 95.6 100.0 96.3 100.0 91.9 95.4 100.0 95.4 100.0 88.8 94.6 98.9 84.9 92.8 92.3 73.2 87.2 96.5 76.2 92.0 90.0 86.4 83.7 69.9 74.1 64.8 49.0 65.3 69.8 75.4 64.6 58.0 72 4 74.2 61.1 63.5 60.8 69.1 69.7 70.0 39.8 59.2 54.3 08.6 36.7 40.8 34.2 30. 21. 72. 73. 33. 72. 73. 36.9 45.1 73.0 72.3 73 3 36.6 47.9 76.9 68.2 69.9 70.3 33.4 .3 .5 .3 .7 .5 (i .7 55.3 18.8 55.4 55.6 22.3 39.4 48.9 21.7 59.2 54.9 32.3 39.0 95.7 98.7 96.8 96.6 97.6 100.0 97.9 96.4 98.5 98.9 97.7 87.7 96.9 95.8 94.3 99.7 92.3 95.4 96.1 94.5 90.7 95.9 91.6 89.8 83.9 100.0 100.0 85.2 100.0 100.0 92.9 95.8 100.0 97.8 100.0 92.0 94.9 100.0 97.5 100.0 87.6 94.0 100.0 84.0 90.4 89.3 69.9 86.3 94.3 76.8 89.6 88.0 79.5 83.0 67.1 69.6 62.8 44.8 64.4 69.1 68.6 62.5 54.7 73.9 58.1 63.6 65.3 68.8 36.8 57.2 52.3 65.0 2S.7 31.4 31.7 29.5 22.8 62.7 66.2 73.0 54.4 18.4 44.0 43.4 15.2 48.9 41.7 12.4 46.5 28.4 97.9 95.7 97.9 97.4 100.0 93.6 96.2 93.2 100.0 100.0 39.8 96.8 65.3 K30.0 68.0 66.4 ! 79.5 99.3 92.6 97.2 81.0 83.6 82.6 60.6 85.5 89.5 64.6 86.1 70.5 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 75 An examination of the preceding tables shows the following relations. The halo- gen salts of lithium are all dissociated to just about the same extent, the sulphate in the more concentrated solutions very much less. The salts of sodium with the common mineral acids are all dissociated to just about the same extent, and slightly greater than the corresponding salts of lithium. This applies also to the sulphate in the more concentrated solution. Potassium salts of the common mineral acids show just about the same dissociation. The potassium salts of these acids are, in general, slightly more dissociated than the corresponding sodium salts. The salts of ammonium are even slightly more dissociated than those of potassium. This points strongly to the correctness of the theory that ammonium hydroxide is a strong and not a weak base. Salts of strong bases are more dissociated than those of weak bases. The fact that ammonium hydroxide has small conductivity and is yet a strong base has been satisfactorily explained by Hantzsch. When ammonia is dissolved in water only a little ammonium hydroxide is formed, and this is strongly dissociated. Most of the ammonia in the presence of water remains there as ammo- nia and does not form the hydroxide with water. This explains the small conductivity of an aqueous solution of ammonia. That ammonium hydroxide is a strong base is in keeping with the fact that ammo- nium salts of strong acids are so little hydrolyzed. Only the salts of comparatively weak bases with strong acids are appreciably hydrolyzed. Salts of calcium, strontium, barium, and magnesium are dissociated to approxi- mately the same extent, but considerably less than the corresponding salts of the alkali metals under the same conditions of dilution and temperature. Salts of zinc are dissociated somewhat less than those of magnesium. This applies especially to the halogen salts, which were not studied in this work because of the ease with which they break down with water. The halogen salts of cadmium are dissociated less than those of any other known metal except mercury. What this means we do not know. The comparatively small dissociation of the cadmium halides is seen from the above table. The halides of mercury are scarcely dissociated at all, the aqueous solutions of these salts being practically nonelectrolytes, not conducting the current to any appreciable extent. The salts of manganese, nickel, and cobalt have approximately the same dissociation. These substances are dissociated to j ust about the same extent as the corresponding salts of calcium, strontium, barium, and magnesium. The same applies to the salts of copper. Lead salts show considerably less dissociation. The salts of aluminium and iron are quaternary electrolytes, each molecule dis- sociating into four ions. The percentage dissociation, which, on account of hydroly- sis can be taken only as an approximation, is much less than that of the salts of calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and cobalt. 76 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF CONDUCTIVITY AND THE SOLVATE THEORY OF SOLUTION. The temperature coefficients of conductivity are expressed both in conductivity units and in per cent. Certain relations between the coefficients in conductivity units and the solvate theory of solution have already been pointed out for a few substances.* We can now see how general these relations are. We have seen that the chief factor conditioning the increase in conductivity with rise in temperature is the increase in the velocities with which the ions move. If we assume that the force which drives the ions is constant, the velocity would be conditional chiefly by the viscosity of the medium through which the ion moves, and by the mass and size of the ion. The force that drives the ion would be greater at the more elevated temperatures, and the viscosity of the medium through which the ion moves would be less. Both of these factors would increase the ionic velocities and, consequently, the conductivity with rise in temperature. There is, however, another factor which must be taken into account. That many ions in aqueous solution are hydrated seems now to be generally accepted. We have shown that these hydrates are relatively unstable; the higher the temperature the less complex the hydrate existing in solution. One example will make this point clear. In a normal solution of aluminium chloride, every molecule of the salt, or the ions resulting from it, is combined with about 30 molecules of water at the freezing point of the solution. Practically all of the water can be removed from such a solution by boiling it, except six molecules to one of aluminium chloride, this being the number brought out of solution as water of crystallization. The smaller the number of molecules of water combined with the ion the less the mass of the ion, and the less its resistance when moving through the solvent. Consequently, the ion will move faster the higher the temperature. When we refer to the mass of the ion decreasing with rise in temperature, we do not refer to the charged atom or group of atoms which we usually term the ion, but to this charged nucleus plus a larger or smaller number of molecules of water which are attached to it, and which it must drag along with it in its motion through the remainder of the solvent. The above conclusion can be tested by the results of experiment. If this factor of diminishing complexity of the hydrate of the ion with rise in temperature plays any prominent role in determining the large temperature coefficient of conductivity, then we should expect to find those ions with the largest hydrating power, having the largest temperature coefficients of conductivity. This condition can be tested by the results, as can be seen from the tables on page 77. The hydrating power of a salt (or the ions resulting from it) is roughly proportional to the number of molecules of water with which the salt crystallizes. This is the same as to say that the salt which has the greatest power to bring water with it out of solution as water of crystallization would be the salt which, in solution, would combine with the largest amount of water. Water of crystallization is, then, a good general criterion of the degree of hydration in aqueous solution. 'Amer. Chcm. Journ., 35, 445 (1906). ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 77 Table I. Substances with slight hydrating power. Temperature coefficients in conductivity units. 25° to 35° 50° to 65° v = 8 0 = 1024 t> = 8 0 = 1024 Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide Sodium nitrate Sodium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium chlorate Potassium permanganate . Potassium sulphocyanate . Ammonium chloride Ammonium bromide Ammonium nitrate 2.00 1.89 2.12 2.04 1.77 2.39 2.43 . z 38 08 02 2.04 2.20 2.42 2.32 2.17 2.46 2^54' 2.45 2.22 2.84 2.91 2.91 2.16 2.52 2.31 2.56 2.94 2.86 2.50 2 2. 2. 2. •> .27 .18 .33 .02 15 2.45 2.45 2.65 2.31 2.23 2.29 2.34 2.51 2.58 2.33 2.82 2.79 3.14 2.67 2.90 3.11 3.11 3.37 2.83 2.94 2.23 3.69 3.11 3.04 Table II. Substances with large hydrating power. Temperature coefficients in conductivity units. 25° to 35° 35° to 50° y = 8 0 = 1024 0 = 8 0 = 1024 Calcium chloride 3.49 3.73 3.09 3.37 4.85 5.00 4.79 5 13 Calcium bromide 4.03 3.33 3.92 4.08 3.58 6.03 6.02 Calcium nitrate. . Strontium chloride Strontium bromide 3.66 5.27 2.76 4.86 3.63 5.30 3.66 5.18 3.09 4.74 3.40 4.72 3.55 4.84 3.10 4.78 3.13 4.47 3.14 4.86 3.41 5.04 Strontium nitrate . . Barium chloride 3.33 Barium bromide 4.00 3.34 3.61 4.08 3.57 3.43 3.43 3.61 5.99 5.41 6.37 Barium nitrate Magnesium chloride . . Magnesium bromide . . Magnesium nitrate Zinc nitrate Manganous chloride Nickel chloride Nickel nitrate . . 3.21 4.58 Cobalt chloride 3.39 3.32 4.95 4.96 3.54 3.75 3.05 Cobalt bromide Cobalt nitrate 3.20 4.67 3.16 5.04 Cupric chloride . , Cupric bromide . . 3.42 3.18 4.57 4.19 4.93 4.88 8.64 7.86 Cupric nitrate . . Aluminium chloride . . 5.16 4.87 12.49 11.65 Aluminium nitrate The approximate hydration of a large number of substances has, however, been worked out in this laboratory, and published in monograph No. 60 of the Publica- tions of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. It will be seen that the substances in Table I have little or no water of crystallization, and are therefore only slightly 78 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. hydrated in aqueous solution. Those in Table II crystallize with very different amounts of water, but all with fairly large amounts of water. These substances are, therefore, much hydrated in aqueous solution. It should be noted that the sulphates, single and double phosphates, chromates, bichromates, ferro- and ferricyanides,etc, are omitted from both of the above tables. The relations here under discussion do not apply to these more complex substances. Let us now compare the temperature coefficients of conductivity, expressed in conductivity units per degree rise in temperature, for some of those substances which have slight hydrating power, with the corresponding coefficients for some of those compounds which have a much greater power to combine with water. The volumes range from 8 to 1024, and the temperature coefficients are calculated between 25° and 35°, and between 50° and 65°. It will be seen, in general, that the substances in Table I have much smaller coefficients of conductivity at all dilutions and all temperatures than those in Table II. This is true, even when we take into account the fact that the substances in Table I are binary electrolytes — each mole- cule breaking down into two ions; while those in Table II are nearly all ternary elec- trolytes, each molecule yielding three ions, while the two salts of aluminium are quaternary electrolytes, each molecule breaking down into four ions. Another fact of equal importance is brought out by comparing the results in Table I with one another, and similarly those in Table II with one another. If the tem- perature coefficient of conductivity is a function of the decrease in the complexity of the hydrate formed by the ion, with rise in temperature, then we might expect that those substances which have equal hydrating power would have approximately the same temperature coefficients of conductivity. An examination of the above tables will show this to be true. The substances in Table I all have slight hydrating power, as would be expected from the fact that they all crystallize with little or no water. It will be seen that their temperature coefficients of conductivity are all of the same order of magnitude. The compounds in Table II have different hydrating power, but all have very great hydrating power. Most of them, however, have hydrating power of the same order of magnitude. Indeed, this would be expected, since most of these substances crystallize writh six molecules of water. There are a few substances in this table which crystallize with less than six molecules of water. Thus, barium chloride crys- tallizes with only two molecules, yet it forms hydrates of comparable complexity* with those substances which crystallize with larger amounts of water. That its temperature coefficients of conductivity are of the same order of magnitude as the other substances in the table is, therefore, entirely in keeping with the above rela- tion. The hydrates formed by barium nitrate have not yet been worked out, so that it is impossible to say whether or not it presents an exception to the above relation, it crystallizing without water. Manganous chloride crystallizes with only four molecules of water, yet the work of Jones and Bassettf has shown that it forms hydrates about as complex as the *Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 60. tAmer. Chem. Journ., Z3, 562 (1905); Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 60, pp. 75 and 76. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 79 other salts in Table II. Its temperature coefficients of conductivity are of the same order of magnitude as the other compounds included in this table. The halogen salts of copper present apparent exceptions to the above relation. The chloride crystallizes with only two molecules of water, and yet has temperature coefficients of conductivity that are nearly as large as the salts with six molecules of water of crystallization. It might be inferred from this that this salt has much less hydrating power than the other compounds in Table II. The work of Jones and Bassett,* however, shows that this is not the case. Copper chloride has almost as great hydrating power as the compounds in this table which crystallize with six molecules of water. When we take this fact into account its temperature coeffi- cients of conductivity are not surprisingly large. Aluminium chloride crystallizes with six molecules of water, and aluminium nitrate with eight. They are, however, quaternary electrolytes, and their temper- ature1 coefficients are therefore larger than those of the ternary electrolytes. The hydrating power of these salts has been worked outf and has been found to be of the same order of magnitude as that of the ternary electrolytes in this table. A third point brought out by the above tables is the following. The temperature coefficients of conductivity for any given substance are greater at the higher dilution than at the lower. This is satisfactorily explained on the basis of the above suggestion. The complexity of the hydrates at the higher dilutions is greater than at the lower, as has been shown by Jones and his co-workers, on the composition of the hydrates formed by different substances at different dilutions. X The hydrates being more complex at the higher dilutions, the change in the com- position of the hydrates with change in temperature would be greater at the higher dilutions; and, consequently, the temperature coefficients of conductivity would be greater the more dilute the solution. To summarize the above three points: (a) The temperature coefficients of conductivity of aqueous solutions of salts, ex- pressed in conductivity units, are greater the greater the hydrating power of the salt. (b) The temperature coefficients of conductivity of aqueous solutions of electro- lytes are of the same order of magnitude for those substances having approximately the same hydrating power. (c) The temperature coefficients of conductivity for any given salt increase with the dilution of the solution, and this increase is greatest for those substances with large hydrating power. All three of these conclusions are necessary consequences of the assumption that the large change in conductivity with change in temperature is due, in part, to the decreasing complexity of the hydrates formed around the ions, with rise in temper- ature. As these conclusions are verified by the experimental results, and as there seems to be no other assumption which would lead to these conclusions, we must accept the assumption which led to them as containing a large element of truth. *Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 60, pp. 84 and 85; Ainer. Chem. Journ., S3, 577, 1905. tCarnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 60, pp. 67 and 88. tCarnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 60. 80 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. HYDRATION AND IONIC VOLUME. While discussing the hydrating powers of different ions, the following relation should be pointed out. Jones and Pearce,* after calling attention to the fact that the hj'drating power of any salt is primarily a function of the cation, point out this relation : If the atomic volumes of the elements are plotted as ordinates against the atomic weights as abscissas, we have the well-known atomic-volume curve. The curve con- tains well-defined maxima and minima. The alkali metals fall at the maxima of the curve. The three elements with the largest atomic volumes are potassium, rubid- ium, and caesium. Salts of these metals usually crystallize from aqueous solution without water of crystallization, and they, therefore, have very little hydrating power. Lithium and sodium, some of whose salts crystallize with two and three molecules of water, and which, therefore, show some hydrating power in solution, have much smaller atomic volumes. At the minimum of the third section of the atomic-volume curve we find the elements strontium, iron, cobalt, copper, and nickel. The salts of these metals crystallize with relatively large amounts of water, and they show great hydrating power in solution. Aluminium, which has less than half the atomic weight of iron, but slightly greater atomic volume, falls at the second minimum of the atomic-volume curve. Its salts crystallize with six and eight molecules of water and show great hydrating power in solution. Comparing the metals of the calcium group, we find that barium, whose salts crys- tallize with two molecules of water, has the largest atomic volume. The salts of the other elements of this group crystallize each with six molecules of water, with the exception of calcium nitrate, which crystallizes with four molecules. The magne- sium ion, which has the smallest atomic volume of any element of this group, has the greatest hydrating power. Strontium, which has a slightly larger atomic volume than calcium, has a somewhat smaller hydrating power than calcium. A careful examination of all of the evidence available shows that the hydrating power of the cation is an inverse function of its atomic volume. This explains why it is that ions with large mass often have larger migration veloc- ities than ions with smaller mass, which is the reverse of what would be expected. Thus, potassium, rubidium, and caesium have larger migration velocities than sodium and lithium, notwithstanding the greater mass and volume of the former. This was for a long time inexplicable. We now have the explanation. Lithium and sodium have smaller atomic volume than potassium, rubidium, and caesium, and, consequently, greater hydrating power. The hydrated lithium and sodium ions move more slowly, due to the atmosphere of the solvent which they must drag with them through the solution. A large number of similar relations have been pointed out by Jones and Pearce. | The question arises, Why this relation between hydrating power and atomic vol- ume? It probably has to do with the electrical density upon the ion. The smaller the ion the greater the electrical density, and, consequently, the greater the power of the ion to condense molecules of the solvent upon it and hold them there in a state of loose combination. *Amer. Chem. Journ., 38, 736 (1907). flbid, 38, 737-740 (1907). ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 81 It should be noted, before leaving the discussion of the temperature coefficients expressed in "conductivity units," that these coefficients in general increase with rise in temperature. This increase is only slight in the cases of those substances which are only a little hydrated, as will be seen in Table I. Table II shows a large increase in the coefficients with rise in temperature, and it will be recalled that this table contains those substances that have large hydrating power. This shows that the hydrates became more and more unstable the higher the temperature, there being more decomposition of the hydrates between 50° and 65° than between, say, 20° and 35°. This is what would be expected from the results already obtained in this laboratory* in connection with the effect of temperature on hydrates in aqueous solution. Certain of the temperature coefficients from 35° to 50° are not given. This is due to the fact that one set of solutions was used from 0° to 35°, and an entirely different set from 35° to 65°. The solutions of these substances are more or less hydrolyzed, and probably have an hydrolysis time factor. Since the two sets of solutions of the substances in question stood for different lengths of time before using, this factor would make its influence felt. The agreements, in general, between the two sets of results for the two sets of solu- tions at 35° were very good. In those cases where the deviations were more than a fraction of 1 per cent, the work, as has already been stated, was repeated. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF CONDUCTIVITY IN PER CENT. The temperature coefficients of conductivity are also expressed in "per cent." These are the temperature coefficients in conductivity units divided by the conduc- tivity at the lower temperature. The relations between the coefficients expressed in per cent can best be seen from the table on pages 82 and 83, which contains practically all of the salts studied in this investigation. The coefficients are given for two dilutions V = 8 and V = 1024, and over two ranges in temperature 25° to 35° and 50° to 65°. This will enable us to see the effect of dilution and of temperature on these coefficients. The most striking feature of the table is the following: Take any one column, which gives the results for the different substances at the same dilution and tem- perature. It will be seen that for nearly all of these different types of salts, and the number is large, the temperature coefficients of conductivity in per cent is approxi- mately the same; and not very widely removed from two, for V=8; and the range of temperature from 25° to 35°. There are some exceptions to this conclusion. There are two lithium salts, the nitrate and sulphate, which are, the one much less, and the other much greater than two. Then there are exceptions among the com- plex salts. Potassium sodium sulphate, potassium chromium sulphate, potassium aluminium sulphate, and potassium ferrocyanide have values considerably less than two. Ammonium acid sulphate is a marked exception, the significance of which we shall try to work out in the future. Similarly, the green variety of ammonium chromium sulphate has a coefficient of only 1.38. *Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 60, 156 (1907). 82 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. The salts of calcium, strontium, barium, and magnesium have, in general, coeffi- cients which do not differ widely from 2; although strontium nitrate has a value of only 1.79. It might be mentioned that strontium nitrate crystallizes without water. Zinc acetate also has a small coefficient, 1.59. This may be due to hydroly- sis. Cadmium iodide, which crystallizes without water, has the large coefficient 2.27. Manganous sulphate has the rather small value 1.79, and copper sulphate has the same value. Aluminium sulphate has the very low value 1.57, chromium sul- phate 1.61, and uranyl sulphate only 1.29. Notwithstanding these apparent exceptions, there is unmistakably this general relation, that the temperature coefficients for V = S and over this temperature range, for a large number of very widely different compounds, are very nearly the same and not widely removed from 2. If we examine the other columns of data corresponding to other dilutions and other temperatures, we find relations similar to the above. Thus, for V = 1024, and the temperature range 25° to 35°, the average value of the coefficient is a round 2.1. The average value of the coefficients for V = 8, between 50° and 05°, is from 1.4 to 1.5, while the average value for F = 1024, between 50° and 65°, is slightly greater. We thus see that change in volume, range of temperature being constant, has very little effect on the temperature coefficients of conductivit}' expressed in per cent. The effect of rise in temperature is to decrease the magnitude of these coefficients. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. >-,° _'o to 35° Substances. v = S i y = 1024 50° to 65° v=8 Lithium chloride Lithium bromide Lithium nitrate Lithium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide Sodium nitrate Sodium chloride Sodium perchlorate Sodium sulphate Sodium carbonate Sodium ferrocyanide Sodium acetate Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium chlorate Potassium sulphate Potassium phosphate Potassium sodium sulphate. . . . Potassium nickel sulphate Potassium chromium sulphate . Potassium permanganate Potassium eliminate Potassium bichromate Potassium ferrocyanide Potassium aluminium sulphate. Potassium acetate Potassium sulphocyanate Ammonium chloride Ammonium bromide Ammonium nitrate 2.13 2.19 1.67 2.65 2.03 1.88 2.11 2.24 2.05 2.00 2.17 2.23 2.09 2.23 2.01 2.00 1.97 1.87 1.93 2.00 2.13 1.79 1.96 1.78 1.96 2.01 1.97 1.62 1.78 1.97 1.98 2.02 1.88 1.91 2.15 2.13 1.98 2.24 2! 13 2'l8' 2.15 2.13 2.12 2.19 1.51 1.49 1.94 3.00 1.51 1.44 1.52 1.43 1.62 ?; = 1024 1.62 2.50 1.77 1.54 1.54 1.67 1.54 1.78 1.62 1.78 1.97 1.98 2.02 2.37 2.05 2.46 2.07 2.03 2.05 1.53 1.97 2.25 2.14 2.08 2.06 2.01 2.03 1.96 1.97 2.08 2.11 2.09 1.95 2.13 2.03 1.86 1.58 1.59 1.42 1.61 1.37 1.35 1.46 1.40 1.40 1.35 1.61 1.44 1.25 1.33 1.44 1.35 1.37 1.36 1.06 1.70 1.68 1.47 1.46 1.35 1.40 1.49 1.48 1.56 1.51 1.48 2.27 1.22 1.56 1.40 1.40 1.42 1.38 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC: 83 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent — Continued. Substances. 25° to 35° v = 8 y = 1024 v=S y = 1024 Ammonium sulphate Ammonium acid sulphate Ammonium aluminium sulphate Ammonium chromium sulphate (violet) Ammonium chromium sulphate (green) . Ammonium copper sulphate Calcium chloride Calcium bromide Calcium nitrate Calcium chromate Calcium formate Strontium chloride Strontium bromide Strontium nitrate Strontium acetate Barium chloride Barium bromide Barium nitrate Barium formate Barium acetate Magnesium chloride Magnesium bromide Magnesium nitrate Magnesium sulphate Magnesium formate Magnesium acetate Zinc nitrate Zinc sulphate Zinc acetate Cadmium chloride Cadmium bromide Cadmium iodide Manganous chloride Manganous nitrate Manganous sulphate Nickel chloride Nickel nitrate Nickel sulphate Nickel acetate Cobalt chloride Cobalt bromide Cobalt nitrate Cobalt sulphate Cobalt acetate Silver nitrate Copper chloride Copper bromide Copper nitrate Copper sulphate Lead chloride Lead nitrate Lead acetate Aluminium chloride Aluminium nitrate Aluminium sulphate Ferric chloride Ferric nitrate Chromium chloride Chromium nitrate Chromium sulphate Uranyl chloride Uranyl nitrate Uranyl sulphate Uranyl acetate 1.87 0.74 1.80 1.85 1.38 1.88 2.02 2.10 1.96 1.85 2.02 1.94 2.03 1.79 2.15 2.17 1.95 2.11 1.93 2.00 2.09 2.08 1.93 1.95 2.05 1.31 2.12 2.25 2 . 20 2.03 2.05 2.11 2.04 2.13 2^11 2.20 2.08 2.30 2.28 2.07 2.02 2.29 50° to 65° 2.07 '2^02' 2.40 2.30 2.07 2.64 2.72 1 52 1 1 1 66 32 46 1 56 1 38 1 1 62 50 1 54 1 54 1 1)3 1.62 L7l' 1.58 1.64 1.54 L28' 2.05 2.01 1.38 PART II.-ORGANIC ACIDS. The Experimental Work in Part II was Carried Out by Doctors Clover, Jacobson, Kreider, Smith, Springer, White, and Wightman. ORGANIC ACIDS. The acids used were all obtained from Kahlbaum. Each acid was purified by the method best adapted to that particular acid, and its purity tested. The method of work was, in general, the same as that followed with the inorganic salts. The cell constants were determined as in the work with salts. The follow- ing table of data will show how well the constants as calculated from three different readings with three different resistances agreed with one another, the table being taken from the work of Wightman; W being the resistance in the rheostat, b the dis- tance on the wire from the point of contact to one end of the wire, and A' the cell constants. Cell Constants. (VII Solution W b K j Mean Cell Solution W b K Mean VIII 0.02 N 100 559.0 328.82) I 0.002 N 40 505.6 11.240 \ 140 475 2 32S. 84! 328.82 46 470.5 1 1 241 11.243 150 458.0 328. 80 J 48 460.0 1 1 . 245 VII 0.02 N 80 471.3 184.99 A 0.0005 N 40 451.0 2.381 ] 84 459.1 184.94 184 97 42 439.0 2.381 2.381 88 447.6 184.97 44 427 5 2.381 VI 0.02 N GO 458.0 131.52] V 0.002 N 1 250 555.7 138.68 63 445.9 131.52 j-131.52 260 546.0 138.67 66 434.5 131.541 270 536.5 138.75 V 0.02 N 40 454.3 86.38) IV 0.002 N 250 511.2 138.66 42 442.2 88.37)86.38 260 501.5 138.60 )138.66 44 430.8 86.40 270 492.0 138.64 IV 0.02 N 30 481.fi 72.30 II 0.0005N 340 473.4 143 49 32 465.5 72.30 72 30 350 466 0 143.64 34 450.4 72.24 370 452.3 143 46 III 0.002 N 200 445.0 44.10 I 0.0005 N 160 495.0 143.39 P 210 433.0 44.10 44 10 170 479.9 143.41 143.44 220 421.6 44. 10 J 180 465.6 143.39 J II 0.002 N 100 443.7 21.94) 110 420.5 21.95 21.94 120 469.9 21. 94 J The first eight cells were used with the various dilutions of the acid. Cell A is the cell with cylindrical electrodes with very small constant, and was employed to deter- mine the conductivity of the water. Cells V, IV, II, and I were used to determine the molecular conductivity of a 0.002 normal and a 0.0005 normal solution of potassium chloride at 25°, these solutions being used to standardize the cells with small constants. The data show how con- cordant were the results obtained. DISSOCIATION OF ORGANIC ACIDS. The dissociation of most of the organic acids cannot be determined directly by simply increasing the dilution of the solution until complete dissociation is reached. The dilution at which /x^ would be reached for these weakly dissociated compounds would be so great that the conductivity method could not be applied to them. It is well known that we have an indirect method of determining the dissociation of 87 88 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. solutions of such weakly dissociated substances. This method is based upon Kahl- rausch's law of the independent migration velocities of the ions. If we knew the value of M^ f°r ^ne sodium salt of the acid it is only necessary to subtract from this the constant for sodium and add the constant for hydrogen to obtain the value of p^ for the acid in question. Thus: M^acid =M00HCl+/xooNa. salt of acid — /x^NaCl. (1) The nx for hydrochloric acid, as calculated from the equation, /^ =245.4 +6.062 — 0.0077622, for the increase in conductivity with temperature (/ = temperature), is 33 1.1 at 14.82°, while the value obtained by direct measurement is 331.0. The value of ^ for sodium chloride at 12.13° calculated from the equation /^ =63.04+2042 -0.00823/2 is 88.99, while the value found is 88.98. From equation (1) we see that it is also necessary to know the value of mw for the sodium salt of the acid in question. This has been determined directly for a number of the acids. Values of nx for the Sodium Salts of tlie Organ ic Acids.— Ostwsdd obtained /z^ for the sodium salts of the organic acids, by calculating the difference between the con- ductivity of sodium chloride at a certain dilution, c. g., V = 32, and at infinite dilu- tion. This difference he assumed to be constant for all sodium salts, and, therefore, by adding it to the conductivity of the sodium salt of any acid at the dilution F = 32, \xv for that acid could be obtained. Instead of using this method in this investigation, nx for the sodium salts was determined directly from conductivity measurements. The sodium salts were prepared as follows: A dilute solution of the acid (usually about n / 128) was titrated with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, using a drop of phenolphthaline as indicator. Alizarine is also a good indicator, and was used in later work because it is less sensitive to carbonic acid. In a few cases the purified sodium salts were weighed out and made up to the desired concentrations. The sodium hydroxide used for titrating the organic acids was prepared as follows : One hundred grams of sodium hydroxide, purified from alcohol, was dissolved in 100 grams of conductivity water (obtained as above described) and the concentrated solution wa* allowed to stand in a closed vessel for about a week. By that time practically all the carbonate, etc., was precipitated, and there was left a perfectly clear solution of sodium hydroxide, portions of which were pipetted out and diluted to the proper strength with conductivity water. The dilute solution was then standardized by means of the standard sulphuric acid, and otherwise. When thus prepared the solution is very nearly free from carbonate, as is shown by the fact that it does not give a precipitate of barium carbonate with barium hydroxide, and that when titrated with indicators, both those that are sensitive and those that are not sensitive to carbonates, the results are practically the same. The conductivities of the sodium salts of a large number of the acids used in this work are given in the table on pp. 89 and 90. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 89 Conductivities of Sodium Salts of Certain Acids. Sodium. M„0° /U5° ! M,25° m,35° fx„5Q° /*,65 K/ = Acetate. Trichloracetate. Cyanacetate. . . . Phenvlacetate. . Propionate a-Brompropionate . tf-Iodopropionate Levulinate Butyrate fl-Brombutyrate. Isobutyrate Hydroxyisobutyrate Isovalerate Caprylate Benzilate. Hippurate Pyromucate Crotonate Phcnylpropionate Benzoate (solution of dry salt) Benzoate(by titration) o-Chlorbenzoate o-Nitrobenzoate m-Nitrobenzoate p-Nitrobenzoate 1, 2, 4-Dinitro-benzo- ate 1, 3, 5-Dinitro-benzo- ate (by titration) . . 1, 3, 5-Dinitro-benzo- ate (from dry salt) . Picrate 1024 2048 4096 1024 2048 2048 1024 2048 4096 1024 2048 4096 2048 2048 (1024 { 2048 14096 1024 \ 2048 (4096 2048 2048 2048 2048 1024 2048 4096 1024 2048 4096 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 2048 (1024 2048 -1096 43.35 44.56 44.60 41.96 44.65 39.82 40.57 40.58 42.10 44.94 46.63 41.54 38.47 39.33 40 51 40.54 41.50 42.46 43.34 64.75 65.43 84.82 87.69 87.64 82.45 86.80 65.04 69.83 70.38 63.70 59.11 64.16 65.07 66.33 40.44 39.64 42.67 25.1 36 3 35.8 35 . 65 36.23 36.31 40.89 39.53 39.86 62.36 60 62 61.85 61.41 38.93 38.91 38.03 58 97 78.60 81.00 81.03 84.26 89.61 90.40 81.16 75.13 77.69 80.95 80.86 81.90 82.53 84.32 80.95 79.42 77.5 77.61 69.5 71.5 70.8 70.77 71.54 71.60 81.84 79. (X) 78.81 104.9 107.9 106.8 101.98 106.0 i 97.0 1 96.86 100.6 100.8 105.4 108.2 111.2 102.8 92.94 96.39 100.2 100.1 101.0 102.6 103 100 97 95 130.4 164.5 44. 564- 1.520/+0. 00822/2 41.96+1.3S/+0.00952/2 44.65+1.52/+0.00668/2 135.6 121.1 171.9 157.0 132.0 165.8 40 57+ 1 . 378/ +0 . 00959/2 1 74 5 95.77 86.2 88.9 88.1 86.74 87.98 88.20 100 5 97.03 95 63 151.8 (a) 44.94+1.74/+0.002/2 (a) (a) I 41.54+1.18/+0.0168/2 121.0 151.0 38.47+1.242/+0.00898/2 128.3 161.1 40 .51 + 1. 401 /+0.00868/2 (a) (a) 42.46+1.32/+0.0115/2 92.29 89.46 126.2 158.3 40.44+1.36/+0.00779/2 123 . 0 153 . 8 34 . 64+ 1 . 357/+0 . 00708/* 1 19 4 159 . 9 42 . 67+ 1 . 099/+0 . 0120/2 113.6 140.7 36.3+1.17/+0.0095/2 112.43 120.6 36.23+1.250/+0.0O651/2 126.1 ! 160.7 : 40.89+1.478/+0.00639/2 130.1 125.1 164.8 39.53+1.416/+0.00639/2 160.3 38.85 75.71 93.30 39.78 76.48 95.80 38.91 75.86 94.00 77.69 96 04 1 38.93+1 348/+0.00811/2 77.73 96.25 153.5 155.5 156.3 75.47 93.18 123.0 123.8 124.4 123.0 3X.03 + 1.30/+O.O078/2 153 8 39 78+1.14/+0.0133/2 2048 37.80 58.25 74.77 92.906 92.83c Salicylate Acetyl salicylate m-Hydroxybenzoate . . . p-Hydroxybenzoate . . . 1,2, 4-Dihydroxy-ben- zoate 1,2, 5-Dihydroxy-ben- zoate Gallate o-Aminobenzoate 2048 (1024 2048 i4096 2048 (1024 |2048 ! 4096 2048 2048 2048 37.83 58.30 36.74 56.53 37.46 57.56 37.98 58.10 74.60 92.93 71.81 ; 87.70 73.13 8664 74.60 91.70 121.1 151.8 37 80+ 1 . 24/ +0 0095/2 121.7 152.6 37.83+1.24/+0.0O95/2 40.02 40.55 40 56 I 38 41 59.90 78.09 79.97 80.00 76.42 79.97 79.97 96.21 98.90 98.90 93.90 98.90 98.90 : 106.6 127.6 2048 39.64 60.72 77.49 95.11 2048 39.36 60.58 2048 37.91 2048 38.20 77.52 95.62 74.38 91.80 75.26 92.51 127 . 6 160 .3 40 51 + 1 353/+0 . 00902/2 122.5 128.2 159.8 127.4 158.9 122.6! 153.4 39 64+1 337/+O.0O708/2 (a) (a) 39.36+1.324/+0.0081/2 114.10| 135.15 37.91 + 1.259/+0.00799/2 38.20+1.308/+0.00696/2 a Acid decomposed. b By titration. c From dry salt. 90 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Conductivities of Sodium Salts of Certain Acids — Continued. Sodium. v m-Aminobenzoate 2048 />-Aminobenzoate 2048 Metanilate 2048 [1024 Sulphanilate -12048 [4096 p - Sulphamido -bcn- zoate 2048 (1024 o-Toluate 2048 4096 1024 m-Toluate -12048 14096 [1024 p-Toluate J 2048 (4096 (1024 Cinnamate -1 2048 [4096 Hydrocinnainate 2048 Anisate 2048 Vanillate 2048 Naphthionate 2048 Mandelate 2048 Coumarate 2048 Mf0° Mr15° M,,25° M„35° i Mr50° M,65° Kf= 28.63 38.20 38.47 39.52 39.36 39 30 37.82 38.26 38.18 38.02 38.25 38.28 38.02 38.25 38.28 27.15 37.69 37.60 38.49 39.36 38.98 39.54 38.25 38.50 60 59 60 60 57 59 23 95 12 08 28 97 69.36 75.26 77.69 76.20 77.69 77.70 76.57 74.04 70.48 74.92 74.33 75.63 75.59 74.90 75.44 75.28 72.86 74.49 74.41 76.54 76.96 76.64 79.05 76.00 76 56 89.49 92.51 95.60 93.81 96.05 95.85 94.00 91.87 92.68 92.58 92.16 92.88 92.79 91.93 92.40 92.29 89.91 92.06 91.95 93.21 95.04 93.26 97.10 93.20 93.81 ! 38.20+1 308/+0.00696/2 125.0 160.2 125.0 160.2 39 .52+1 .307/+0.00879/2 123.3 154 4 39.30 + 1.31/+0.0072/2 125.09 156.8 125.05 162.7 124.12 159.65 125.1 158.7 37. 09+1. 271 /+0 00811 H2 122.50 155.83 125.06 158.68 123.00 156.02 130.74 160.78 123 00 168.37 10 12 16 8 20 22 24 Number of atoms Fig. 5. 26 28 30 The juw for a number of the acids used in this work could not be determined as above described. These acids are di- or polybasic, and their sodium salts do not give a Moo value even at a dilution of w/4096. The method first used in this laboratory by Wightman for determining the y.x for such acids is as follows: A curve was plotted in which the ordinates are the values of ju«, for a number of organic acids, and the abscissas are the number of ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 91 atoms in the molecules of the acids. These curves were drawn for the various temperatures used in the work. By placing the dibasic acid in question in its proper position on one of these curves (the position being determined by the number of atoms in its molecule) the nw value for the acid can be read off at once. To show how this method works the preceding figure (fig. 5) is given. The dots represent the positions of a number of acids on the curves, the asterisks the positions of a number of dibasic acids, whose nM values were found by this method. Values of /x^ for the Organic Acids. Acid. MooOc Mool5° I Moo25c H 00.35° /x 0,50° Moo65c Acetic Dichloracetic Trichloracetic Cyanacetic Phcnylacetic Propionic a-Brompropionic /3-Iodopropionic n-Butyric a-Brombutyric Isobutyric Hydroxyisobutyric Isovaleric Oaprylic Malonic Di methylmalonic Ethylmalonic Diethylmalonic Methylethylmalonic Isopropylmalonic Dipropylmalonic Butylmalonic Benzylmalonic Allylmalonic Succinic Monobromsuccinic Dibromsuccinic Pyrotartaric L-Tartaric Racemic Thiodiglycolic Tricarballylic Cyanuric (Benzilic) or diphenylglycolic. Hippuric Uric. Citric. Pyromucic Crotonic . Maleic. Fumaric . Itaconic. Citraconic Mesaconic. Phenylpropiolic Benzoic. o-Chlorbenzoic . o-Nitrobenzoic . m-Nitrobenzoic . p-Nitrobenzoic 1, 2, 4-Dinitrobenzoic 1, 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic 227 221.7 224.8 227.0 221.0 223.0 229.0 22.3.9 22.3.0 224.9 22.3.0 222.8 222.0 225.1 22.3.0 222.2 222.2 219.4 221.0 221.0 218.6 219.4 219.0 221.4 223.0 222.2 292 (12°) 305.6 30.3.9 304.5 290.0 (13.2°) 260.0 (6.9°) 308.9 302.8 273 (9.4°) 304.1 310 (16.46°) 301.4 299.7 300 9 250.0 (4.9°) 300.4 300.4 296.1 299.0 299.0 295.1 296.1 295.6 299.3 249.8 (5.7°) 302.1 361.0 .359.3 355.9 360.0 349.0 354.0 363.6 354.4 .354.0 357.5 353 8 352.6 350.0 350.8 355.0 352.0 352.0 346.2 349 .8 349.8 345.7 346.2 345.7 350.9 355.0 354.1 412.0 408.7 406.4 410.0 400.0 405.0 415.2 406.8 404.0 407.4 40.3.0 401.7 399.5 .399.8 405.0 400.0 400.0 39.3.9 397.3 397.3 .392.8 39.3.9 393.2 400.0 405.8 477.3 478.5 480.6 466.0 477.0 437.3 471.2 468.0 464.4 477.0 470.0 470.0 464.8 464.0 464.0 458.0 464.8 464.0 468.0 472.1 221.0 221.0 222.0 221.6 219.9 290.0 (12°) 298.8 286.0 (12°) 300.2 296.7 349.0 350.0 350.0 351 . 1 347.6 II .9 218.7 219.0 221.0 219.0 223.0 222.0 223.0 223.0 221.3 221.3 221.3 222.2 222.0 220.4 222.2 222.2 222.2 220.0 220.2 280.5 (12°) 280.0 (12°) 298.8 311 (18.1°) 286 (12°) 286 (12°) 289 (12°) 289 (12°) 284.6 (12°) 284.6 (12°) 284.6 (12° 300.4 304.0 (15.8°) 301.8 284.6 (12°) 284.6 284.6 297.3 297.4 ') 344.7 345 0 350.0 345.0 355.0 352.0 353 0 353.0 351.0 351.0 351.0 352.0 351.0 348.7 349.7 349.7 347.9 347.9 347.4 9 397 399 398.0 401.0 396.8 405.0 392.9 392.0 399 392.0 405.0 402.0 402.0 402.0 400.0 400 0 400.0 400.0 400.0 397.2 399.8 .399.8 399.8 396.8 396.9 468.0 469.3 468.2 470.8 468.0 458.6 446.4 464.5 471.0 475.1 475.0 475.0 471.0 471.0 471.0 470.0 471.0 468.0 468.8 469 4 468.0 466.1 466.7 545.8 520.9 551.1 535.2 545.0 473.3 540 3 468.7 537.5 533.0 539.1 546.0 539.0 539.0 533.9 533.0 533.0 520.0 533.9 53.3.0 537.0 539.1 53.3.0 534.9 534.9 537.5 5.35.0 519.9 499.8 528.5 539.2 544.0 544.0 544.0 537.5 537.5 537.5 539.0 537.5 532.7 534.7 535.2 533.2 531.0 531.8 92 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Values of p.x for the Organic Acids — Continued. Acid. M»0C A*ool5° Moo25c Moo 35° Moo 50° Moo 65° Picric Salicylic Acetylsalicylic Sulphosalicylic m-Hydroxybenzoic p-Hydroxybenzoic 1, 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic 1, 2, 5-Dihydroxybenzoic Gallic o-Aminobenzoic w-Aminobenzoic p-Aminobenzoic Metanilic Sulphanilic Picramic 237.0 220.8 260.0 (6.9°) 297.4 353.0 344.0 403.0 397.9 451.6 472.5 463.5 p-Sulphaminobenzoic Benzenesulphonic m-Nitrobenzenesulphuric p-Toluenesulphonic 1, 2, 4-Nitrotoliienesulphonic 1, 4, 2-Nitrotoluenesulphonic o-Toluic m-Toluic p-Toluic Cinnamic Hydrocinnamic o-Phthalic 4, 5-Dichlorphthalic Tetrachlorphthalic Anisic Vanillic Naphthionic Mandelic Camphoric Coumaric 223.0 223.0 222.0 221.8 220.0 221.0 211.0 221.0 222.0 222.0 221.7 221.7 228.0 204.5 210.6 200.5 228.9 221.0 221.0 221.0 220.0 220.8 221.0 260.0 (6.9°) 260.0 (6.9°) 299.8 299.6 254.0 (6.5°) 260 (7.5°) 305.8 (18°) 260 (7.5°) 255 (6.3°) 255 (6.3°) 299.1 299.3 309.0 275.5 (16°) 269.7 (12°) 276.5 318.5 (16°) 284.0 (12°) 284.0 284.0 248.0 (5.3°) 299.9 267.0 (8.2°) 353.0 353.0 350.7 350.7 348.0 349.0 332.6 349.0 351.0 351.0 350.2 349.8 359.0 323.5 332.7 318.4 362.3 349.0 349.0 349.0 348.0 349.7 349 0 403.0 403.0 399.1 399.6 396.0 396.0 393.5 396.0 400.0 400.0 399.0 398.0 410.0 369.4 379.3 361.9 413.6 397.0 397.0 397.0 399.2 397.2 397.0 472.5 472.5 467.6 467.6 459.1 470.0 470.0 470.0 468.3 475.3 432.6 445.9 487.5 487 470 470 469 470.0 463.5 470 0 221.7 221.3 221.9 221.0 218.3 220.9 299.1 299.1 296.3 283.0 (12°) 279.8 (12°) 298.9 350.2 349 8 352.2 349.0 344 . 5 349.8 399.0 397.3 401.1 397.0 392.0 397.9 470.0 464.0 468.0 475.4 458.2 468.0 506.8 539.0 539.0 539.0 532.6 532.6 513.4 .3 .0 \ 538.8 538.8 537.2 533.6 544. 591 503. 556.3 556.3 536.0 540.2 535.9 537.2 532.6 538.8 537.2 532.8 534.5 540 0 519.0 534.4 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 93 Acetic Acid (Wt. and C). DlCHLORACETIC AdD (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V MrO° MC9.2° M,25° M*35° ju,50° M*65° V M,0° M,15° Aie25° j m*35° M*50c /x„65° 2 1.270 1.560 2.089 2.359 2.72 3.02 32 166.0 220.3 253.9 286.9 330.8 356.8 8 2.656 3.292; 4.342! 4.948 5.62j 6.24 128 203.7 272.6 318.0 360.4 418.3 453.3 32 5.328 6.612 8.699 9.912 11.191 12.40 512 220.5 300.0 352.8 403.8 468.6 528.4 128 10.48 13.04 17.11 19.46 22.041 24.48 1024 221.7 305.6 359.3 408.7 470.0 535.8 512 20.45 ;25.40 33.24 37.75 41.84! 46.31 2048 217.0 302.1 358.1 408.5 477.3 545.8 1024 28.03 34 . 95 |45 . 87 52.09 58. 29 j 65.20 2048 39.05 48.65 63.00 70.89 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation. V aO° a9.2° a25° a35° a50° a65° V a0° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 2 0.56 0.56! 0.581 0 . 57 i 0.57 0.55! 32 74.87! 72.09 70.67 70.20 69.32 65.37 8 1.18 1.19| 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.14 128 91.88! 89.20 88.51 88.12 87.64 83.05 32 2.37 2.40 2.41 ! 2.41 ' 2.35 2.28: 512 99.46J 98.17 98.18 98.80 98.18 96.81 128 4.62! 4.71 4.74 4.72] 4.63 4.50 1024 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 98.47| 98.17 512 8.80 9.13! 9.21 j 9.16; 8.80 8.51 2048 97.88 98.85 99.67 99.95 100. OC 1100.00 1024 12.35 12.51 12.71: 12.64 12.26 11.99 2048 17.20 17.56 17.45 17.21 Dissociation Constants X 104. Dissociation Constants X 10*. V 0° 9.2° 25° 35° ; 50° 65° V 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° 65° 2 8 32 128 512 0.157 0.175 0.179 0.175 0.166 0.159 0.179 0.184 0.182 0.179 0.169 0.183 0.186 0.184 0.182 0.165, 0.163 0.182 0.176 0. 185 ! 0.177 0.183 0.175 0.1811 0.165 0.155 0.164 0.166 0.165 0.154 2 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0.170 0.174 0 175 0 181 0 1 79 0 1 ft5 0.159 1024 0.179)0.180 0.175 0.167 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-9.2° 9.2-25°j 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.019 32 3.62 3.36 3.30 2.93 1.75 8 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.041 128 4.59 4.54 4.24 3.86 2.33 32 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.08 0.080 512 ! 5.30 5.28 5.10 4.19 3.99 128 0.28 0.26 ' 0.24 0.17 0.16 1024 5.46 5.37 4.94 4.09 4.39 512 0.54 0.50 0.45 0.27 i 0.30 2048 5.67 5.60 5.04 4.59 4.57 1024 0.72 0.69 0.62 0.42 0.46 2048 1 04 0 91 0 79 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-9.2° 9.2-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2 2.49 2.15 1.30 1.27 0.72 32 2.18 1.53 1.30 1.02 0.52 8 2.61 2.02 1.40 1.01 0.73 128 2.25 1.66 1.33 1.07 0.56 32 2.62 2.00 1.39 0.81 0.72 512 2.41 1.76 1.43 1.04 0.87 128 2.66 1.98 1.37 0.87 0.74 1024 2.46 1.75 1.37 1.00 0.90 512 2.63 1.96 1.36 0.72 0.71 2048 2.61 1.85 1.41 1.12 0.95 1024 2.57 1.95 1.32 0.81 0.79 2048 2 67 1 87 1 25 94 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Trichloracetic Acid (Wm.) Molecular Conductivity. M*0C Hv\b° , At,;25° p.v%h° /ir50° /zEG5° Cyanacetic Acid (Wm.) Molecular Conductivity. M,0C /x,15° Mr25° ^35° m,50c 8 193. 02 256. 24 298. 401334. 67 388.8 426. G 32 208 . 75 277 . 67 322 . 46 363 . 69 423 . 7 465 . 0 128 221 . 73 297 . 62344 . 90 389 . 83 455 .1 501 . 8 512 223.65302.33353.96403.45 476.5 519.5 1024 224.77303.94 355.94406.44 478.5 520.9 2048 221.52300.21349.57397.46 473.0 513.4 Percentage Dissociation. 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 27 51.66 59.53 66 70 92.26106.47118, 23154.10178.86199 90223.37259.64293 38 68 114 164 187.49252 M»65c 15 74.72 80.43 79134.00144.50 67227.80249.00 00337.30368.00 59291 . 56332 . 00381 . 70426 . 90 199 . 90 270 . 40314 . 30356 . 60418 . 10472 . 60 Percen tage Dissociat ion . a0° al5c a25° a35° a50° a65° 8 85.87: 84.31 183.83 82.34 81.25 : 81.90 32 i 92.87 91.36 90.59 89.88 88.55 89.27 128 [98.05 97.92 96.90 95.91 95.11 96.33 512 99.50 99.47 99.44 99.26 99.58 99.73 1024 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 a0c al5° I a25° ! a35° o50° a05c 8 16.86 16.97 16.54 16.13 15.55 14.59 Dissociation Constants X 104. 0° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 15° 25° 35° 32 128 512 1024 2048 30 . 26 30 . 30 29 . 58 ' 28 . 97 J 27 . 88 26 . 22 50.31 50.60 49.68 48.70! 47.40! 45.18 72.63 73.36 72.12 71.46 70.18 66.78 82.58 82.96 80.99 80.98 79.42 77.46 88.04-88.80 87.30: 86.97! 86.99 85.75 Dissociation Constants X 10' 50° 65 c v Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. ; Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0° 15° 25° 43 41 40 ! 38 38 32 42 40 39 37 36 31 41 39 38 36 35 29 35° 39 37 36 35 34 28 50° 65° 36 34 33 32 30 27 31 29 29 26 20 25 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 4.25 32 4.60 128 5.06 512 5.25 1024 5.28 2048 5.24 4.22 4.48 4.73 5.16 5.20 4.94 3.63 3.61 4.12 4.00 4.49 4.34 4.95 4.87 5.05 4.80 4.79 5.04 2.52 2.75 3.11 2.87 2. S3 2.69 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-15° 15-25° 8 2.20 1.65 32 2.20 1.61 128 2.28 1.59 512 2.35 1.70 1024 2.35 1.71 204S 2.37 1.65 25-35° 1.22 1.28 1.30 1.40 1.42 1.37 35-50° 50-65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0.893 1.67 2.66 3.90 4.35 4.70 0.7S7 1.42 2.48 3.63 3.97 4.39 0.662 1.23 2.08 3.04 4.04 4.23 0.57 1.01 1.87 2.95 3.31 4.10 0.38 0.70 1.41 2.05 3.01 3.63 Temperature. Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-15° 15-25c 1.08 0.65 1.10 0.65 1.11 0.68 1.21 0.60 1.18 0.59 1.27 0.57 i 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 33 29 33 36 32 35 1.52 1.54 1.61 1.62 1.57 1.62 25-35° 1.11 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.39 1.35 35-50° 0.87 0.85 0.93 1.01 1.00 1.15 50-65° 0.51 0 52 0.62 0.60 0.79 0.87 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 95 Phenylacetic Acid (Wt. and Sp.). Propionic Acid (Wt. and WxM.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V ju*0° M„13.25°j ju025° ! /x»35° fivS0° Ai,65° V /u00° /x„6.9° m,25° M„35° M»50° M*65° 32 9.00 11.76 14.15 15.90 17.79 19.26 2 1.030 1 .217' 1.700 1.913 2.195 2.444 128 17.821 23.39 27.96 31.26 34.75 37.53 8 2.291 2.700 3.704 4.207 4.740 5.231 512 33.35 43.51 52 39 58.5c » 65.64 70 . 98 32 4.631! 5.450 7.436 8.422 9.59 10.39 1024 45.68 59.59 71.63 79.84 [ 88.31 95 . 18 128 9.00410.60 14.57 16.50 18.88 20.29 2048 61.00 79.49 95.50 106.3 120.00 130.00 512 17.47 20.59 28.40 32.14 36.30 39.23 ■ 1024 23.82 28.03 38.94 44.06 50.01 54.25 2048 32.43 39.24 53.47 60.28 67.00 73.66 ! Percentage Dissociation . Percentage Dissociation. v a0° al3.25° ' a25° a35° a50° a65° v a0° i a6.9° a25° a35° a50° a65° 32 4.07 4.06 4.05 4.01 1 3.86 3.60 2 0.46' 0.47 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45 128 8.06 8.06 8.01 7.87 7.46 7.01 8 1.03! 1.04 1.05 1.04 0.99 0.96 512 15.09 15.01 14.97 14.75 14.08 13 26 32; 2.08! 2.10 2.10 2.08 2.01 1.91 1024 20.67 20.55 20. 52 j 20. 11 18.95 17.78 128 4.04 4.08 4.12 4.07 3.96 3.72 2048 27.60 27.41 27.36 26.77 25.75 24.29; 512 7.83 7.92 8.02 7.931 7.61 7.20 1024 10 . 69 10 . 78 1 1 . 00 10 . 87 10 . 48 9.95 2048 1 14.99 15.09! 15.10 14. 88 14.04 13.51 Dissociation Constants X 10'. Dissociation Constants X 10'. V 0° 13.25° 25° 35° 50° 65° v 0° 6.9° 25° 35° 50° 65° 32 0.540 0.536 0.536 0.522 0.484 0.420 2 0.107 0.111 0.116 0.112 0.102 0.101 128 0.552 0.553 0.545 0.526 0.470 0.413 8 0.133 0.136 0.138 0.137 0.125 0.126 512 0.524 0.518 0.515 0.499 0.451 0.396 32 0.138 0.140 0.141 0.138 0.129 0.116 i 1024 0.526 0.519 0.518 0.494; 0.433 0.375 128; 0.133 0.135 0.138 0.135 0.128 0.113 i 2048 0.514 0.507 0 504 0.478 0.436 '0.381 512! 0.130 0.133 0.137 0.134 0.1221 0.109 1024 0.125 0.127 0.123 0.130 0.120:0.108 2048 0.129 0.131 0.131 0.127 0.112 0.103 I'll Tern perature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V i 0-13.25°: 13.25-25° 25-35° i 35-50° 50-65° i i ' v ' 0-6.9° 6.9-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.13 0.098 2 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 128 0.41 0.40 0.33 0.23 I 0.185 8 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 512 0.77 i 0.76 1 0.62 0.47 0.356 32 ' 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.05 1024 1.05 1.03 0.82 0.57 0.451 128 0.23 0.22 0.19 0.16 0.09 204S 1.40 1.36 1.06 0.91 0.666 512 0.45 0.43 0.37 0.28 0.19 1024 0.61 0.59 0.51 0.40 0.28 2048 0.84 0.79 0.68 0.45 0.44 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v \ 0-13.25° 13.25-25°j 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° \ V 0-6.9° 6.9-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 2.32 1.73 1.23 0.81 0.550 2 2.63 2.19 1.25 1.05 0.75 128 2.32 : 1.70 1.18 0.73 0.494 8 2.59 2.05 1.36 0.95 0.69 512 2.30 1.72 1.18 ; 0.80 0.542 32 2.56 2.01 1.33 0.95 0.56 1024 2.30 ■ 1.72 1.15 0.71 0.511 128 2.58 2.07 1.32 0.97 0.50 2048 2.29 1.71 1.13 0 86 0.555 512 2.59 2.10 1.31 0.88 0.54 1024 2.56 2.11 1.31 | 0.91 0.57 2048 2.52 1 2.01 1.27 0.75 ; 0.66 1 ! 1 96 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. a-BROMPROPioNic Acid (Wm.) /3-Iodopropionic Acid (Wm.) Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V MrO° Md15° Mo25° M,35° M,50° /x,G5° V M.0° M,15° M„25° Mr35° Mr50° M»65° 32 128 512 1024 2048 38.00 77.10 124.7 151.7 171.5 49.38 55.86 100.00114.4 61.5 125.9 t * 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 6.30 12.57 23.79 8.42J 9.73 16.81 19.37 31 86 36 67 11.12 21.98 § § 164.1 !186.8 206 7 41 78. m 200.8 229 . 5 227.4 262.0 257.0 295.3 44.36 59.47 68.42 58.61 78.67 91.05 76.55 102.87118.35 in 104 . 24 135 . 40 Percentage Dissociation . Percentage Dissociation. v a0° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° V a0° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 32 : 16.60; 15.99 15 38 14 81 8 32 128 512 2.84i 2.78 2.75 2.74 5.66 5.55 5.48 5.42 10.71 10.56 10.37 10.29 19.97 19 64 19 35 19 26 128 33.37 32.37 31.47 30.33 512 ! 54.45 53.13! 50.21 49.79 1024 66.25 65.01 62 98 61 90 204S 77.52 73.62 72.06 71.12 1024 26.38 25.98125.75 25.' 2048 34. 46 i 33. 98 33.47 33.^ n V? Dissociation Constants X 104. Dissociation Constants X 104. V 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° 65° v 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° 65° 32 '< 10.3 ! 10.2 8 7 8.0 10.3 9.6 9.8 8.4 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.04 1.04 1.00 0.97 0.92 0.89 1.00 1.02 0.97 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.97 0.99 0.94 0.91 0.87 0.82 0.97 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.82 128 13.4 13.2 512 12.7 13.1 1024 12.7 13 5 11.3 9.9 10.6 11.4 2048 13.1 11.9 Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 128 512 0.76 1.53 2 63 0.65 1.44 0.56 1 15 t 8 32 128 512 0.14 ! 0.13 0.14 0.28 ' 0.26 0.26 0.54 0.48 0.50 1 01 0.89 ■ 0 96 2.27 ! 1.99 2.87 2.75 3.46 3.33 1024 3.27 2048 3.70 1024 1 1.34 1.24 1.32 2048 1.75 1.55 1.70 Temperatu -e Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 2.00 128 1.99 512 2.11 1.31 1.00 1 44 ! 1.01 1 38 1 07 % t 8 2 23 1 56 1 43 32 128 2.25 1.52 1.35 2 26 1 51 1.37 1024 2.16 1.43 1.17 1.127 512 2.27 1.51 1.41 1024 | 2.28 1.57 i 1.45 2048 2 29 1 51 2048 2.16 1.52 *Decomposes very rapidly at this temperature. t Decomposes. JThis acid decomposes slowly at 50°, but very rapidly at 65°. §Decomposes slowly at 35°, an0. 165 0.152 0.132 0.119 1024 i 0.94 ! 0.99 | 1.03 1.08 1.00 0.91 1024 1 0. 170 jO. 171 j 0.161 0.149 0.130 j 0.109 2048 0.90 0.95 0.98 0.99 0.94 0.82 2048 | 0.164 10.162 |0. 154 1 1 0.140 0.128 0.101 Temperature Coefficients in Conduc Hvity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° Zi >-50° 50-65° V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 i 0.16 0.16 i 0.14 0.12 0.094 8 0.055 0.048 0.052 0.032 0.016 32 1 0.33 0.31 ! 0.28 0.26 0.17 32 0.113 0.099 0.087 0.064 0.045 128 j 0.64 0.61 ! 0.55 0.45 0.36 128 0.224 0.197 0.167 0.123 0.095 512; 1.18 1.14 j 1.03 0.88 0.6S 512 0.430 0.377 0.297 0.216 0.138 1024 1.54 1.51 1.46 1.11 0.90 1024 j 0.589 0.507 1 0.415 0.301 0.175 2048 2.01 1.93 1.79 1.47 1.02 2048 0.844 0.686 0.569 0.483 0.209 Temperature Coefficients in Pi •r Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 2.72 1.86 1.41 1.00 0.71 8 2.12 1.41 1.35 0.74 0.33 32 2.71 1.85 1.38 1.13 0.65 32 2.10 1.40 1.07 0.72 0.46 128 2.71 1.86 1.40 1.01 0.70 128 2.10 1.40 1.04 0.70 0.49 512 2.68 1.85 1.40 1.06 0.71 ! 512 2.10 1.40 0.97 0.64 0.37 1024 2.62 1.84 1.50 1.01 0.70 ; 1024 2.08 1.37 0.98 0.65 0.34 2048 2.62 1.80 1.41 1.02 0.61 2048 2.28 1.39 1.00 0.77 0.45 100 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Caprylic Acid (Wm.). Molecular Conductivity. 512 1024 2048 M,0° 24.39 32.84 jue15° ^25° jU„35° At,50° : p.cQ5c Malonic Acid (Wt. and C). Molecular Conductivity. v M,0° 127.79 31.07 32.76 37.84 42.35 44.08 51.08 56.89 34.52 37.53 47. 28 ! 50.57 63.69 66 26 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 11.81 23 . 19 43.51 ^4-9° Mt>25° m,35c jLt»50° fxv65° 13.34 19.61 26.20 38.40 22.51 37.38 41.47 44.03 71.76 79.73 49.25 72.23 82.55 i ! ]130.8 i 78.30; 88.83129.8 148.2 173.8 145.8 Percentage Dissociation . v 512 1024 2048 a0° alo° a25° i a35° a50° a65 512 |127.1 143.4 208.7 1237 . 4 1277.8 191.7 1024 204S 153.3 173.2 251.2 284.8 331.6 310.9 176.9 ,199.1 289.1 327.6 Percentage Dissociation . v a0° i a4.9° ! a25° ' > 7.96 7.80 10.84i 10.89 10.841 10.64 14.60 14.65 14.63 14.29 7.43 6.96 10.18 9.38 13.71 12.29 a35° a50c a65c 2 I 5.301 5.34 5.53 5.55 8 i 10.40 10.48 10.81 10.87 32 j 19.57 19.70 20.34 20.38 128 35.121 35. 53 36.58 36.59 1 36.43 [ 35.11 512 ; 56.99 57.36 58.80, 58.601 58.24! 56.94 1024 68 . 74 69.28' 70.76 70.31 69. 52 2048 79.32 79.66 81.45 80 . 89 i Dissociation Constants X 10*. 512 1024 2048 0 122 0.123 0.123 0.116 0.106 0.129 15° 0.130 25 c 35° 50° 0.134 0.129 65° 0.129:0.117 0.124 0.113 0.102 0.095 0.084 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 512 1021 2048 0-15c 15-25° 0.56 0.75 0.51 0.70 25-35° 35-50° 50-65 c Dissociation Constants X 104 0° 4.9° I 25° 35° 32 128 512 1024 2048 14.8 15.1 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.9 15.0 15.3 15.1 15.3 15.1 15.3 15.3 16.1 16.4 16.3 16.4 16.4 16.7 17.5 16.4 16.5 16.3 16.5 16.2 16.3 16.8 50c 65° 16.3 15.9 15.5 14.8 14.7 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-4.9° ; 4.9-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 0.33 0.45 0.47 0.23 0.20 0.33 0.22 0.45 i 0.17 v Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. -15° 512 1024 2048 15-25° 25-35° 2.29 2.28 1.55 I . 58 1.18 1.17 1 12 35-50° 50-65° 0.74 0.78 0.80 0.58 0.46 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 512 1024 2048 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.61 0.61 , 0.58 1.17 1.14 1.03 2.09 3.33 4.06 4.53 2.04 3.25 3.88 4.48 1.84 2.87 3.36 3.75 1.70 2.70 3.12 0.27 0.53 1.00 1.19 2.21 Temperature Coefficients in Per ('int. v 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 512 1024 2048 0-4.9c 2.64 2' 66 2 '. 69 4.9-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2.34 , 1.48 2^32 ' IA1 . 2.32 1.43 0.73 0^74 2.30 1.42 2 .27 1 . 38 2.24 1.34 2.25 1.30 0.76 1.15 0.68 1.14 ! 0.S0 1.09 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 101 DlMETHYLMALONIC AdD (Sp.). Ethylmalonic Acid (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. v Hfi° fJLv15° (jlv2o° //„35c M»50c 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 {JLv6oc Molecular Conductivity. (j.v()° /zp15c 16.08 22.06 25.82 29.27; 34.10 38.10 8 32.00 43.76 51.23 58.41| 68.80 77.10 32 59.00 80.57 94.61107.29124.82139.53 128 101.42136.94160.28182.49217.20240.72 512 124 . 10 169 . 74 198 . 93 226 . 05 266 . 68 299 . 26 1024 151 . 89205 . 71 241 . 10273 . 66314 . 71 349 . 53 ' 2048 M,25c M<;350 36.64 M,50c 41.67 Mi)65c 46.09 72.53 82.52 90.66 Percentage Dissociation. v S 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0c 7.24 14.40 26.55 45.64 55.85 68.36 al5° a25° 7.35 14.59 26.86 45.65 56.58 68.57i68.53 7.34 14.56 26.89 45.56 56.55 a35c 7.32 14.62 26.85 45.66 a50° a65° 20.85' 28.08 32.62 40.90 55.22 64.42 73 . 08 98 . 35 114 . 55 129 .09 146 . 60 161 . 77 119.83161.73188.90213.00243.30269.91 146.45197.80231.24260.00297.95330.62 166 . 73 225 . 40263 . 52298 . 32345 . 30384 . 70 i I Percentage Dissociation. v a0° 7.25 14.63 26.56 46.17 56. 56 1 56.72 7.07 14.30 25.88 44.66 55.52 9.38 18.41 32.89 512 ! 53.93 1024 65.91 S 32 128 68.48! 67.00 64.75 2048 75.04 Dissociation Constants X 1 0 ' . al5° a25° a35 9.34 9.27 9.17 18.38 18.31 1 18.15 32.73 32.56 32.30 53.82 53.70 53.30 65.83 65.72 75.00 74.91 a50° a65c 65.06 63.40 74.65 73.47 8.85 8.55 17.56 16.82 31.20 30.01 51.77, 50.08 61.34 71.37 Dissociation Constants X 104 V 0° 15° 25° 35° 8 7.06 7.28 7.27 7.27 32 7.57 7.79 7.75 7.82 128 7.50 7.71 7.73 7.70 512 7.48 7.49 7.45 7.50 1024 6.90 7.20 7.21 7.20 2048 7.21 7.30 7.29 7.28 50c 65c v 7.08 7.82 7.51 7.69 7.26 6.72 7.45 7.06 7.04 6.77 8 32 128 512 1024 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° 12.1 12.0 11.8 11.6 10.7 12.9 12.9 12.8 12.5 11.6 12.6 12.4 12.3 12.0 11.0 12.3 12.2 12.2 11.9 10.9 12.4 12.3 12.3 11.8 10.7 65c 10.0 10.6 10.0 9.8 9.5 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-15° 8 32 128 512 1024 L'OIS 0.40 0.78 1.44 2.37 3.04 3.59 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 0-15° 15-25° 0.38 0.75 1.40 2.33 2.92 3.54 0.35 0.72 1.27 2.22 2.71 3.26 0.32 0.69 1.17 2.13 2.71 2.74 0.27 0.55 0.98 1.57 2.17 2.32 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-15° 2.44 2.43 2.42 2.33 2.45 2.36 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-O.v 8 32 128 512 1024 204S 0.48 0.45 0.95 0.92 1.68 1.62 2.79 2.72 3.42 3.34 3.91 3.81 25-35° 0.40 0.81 1.45 2.41 2.88 3.48 35-50° 50-65 0.34 0.67 1.70 2.02 2.53 3.13 0.29 0.54 1.01 1.64 2.18 2.63 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 1.70 1.70 1.74 1.70 1.72 1.72 1.34 1.40 1.34 1.38 1.36 1.35 .08 .18 1.09 1.17 1.18 1.00 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.72 0.82 0.74 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-15° 15-25° | 25-35° I 35-50° 2.13 2.33 2.30 2.33 2.33 2.35 1.61 1.66 1.65 1.68 1.69 1.69 1.23 1.27 1.26 1.27 1.25 1.32 0.91 0.92 0.90 0.95 0.97 1.04 50-65c 0.71 0.66 0.69 0.67 0.71 0.76 102 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. DlETHYLMALOXIC ACID (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. Hfi" m»15° M„25° m,35o1m,50° pvQ5c 8 52.38 67.87 76.92 84.66 94.03100.32 32 92 . 77 121 . 64 138 . 84 153 . 60 174 . 26 186 . 22 128 141 . 81 187 . 35 215 . 34 240 . 20 274 . 96 299 . 01 512 189 . 03 252 . 30 292 . 24 328 . 73 378 . 84 422 . 61 1024 |201 . 22268 . 24311 .98353 . 56413 . 66462 . 78 2048 201 . 63272 . 23317 . 25360 . 50424 . 37471 .64 Percentage Dissociation . v a0° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 23.88 42.29 64.65 86.17 91.73 91.92 22.92 41.08 63.27 85 . 21 90.59 91.94 22.22 40.10 62.19 84.40 90.10 91.62 21.49 20.23 39.00 37.49 60.98 83.46 89.76 91.52 59.15 81.56 89.00 18.79 34.87 56.00 79.14 86.66 91 30' 88.32 Dissociation Constants X 104. V 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° 65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.03 1.92 3.04 4.22 4.47 0.91 1.72 2.80 3.99 4.37 0.77 1.48 2.49 3.65 4.16 0.73 1.38 2.33 3.34 4.01 4.71 4 50 4.32 4.26 0.42 0.80 1.67 2.92 3.27 3.83 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.97 2.07 2.14 2.23 2.22 2.33 1.33 1.41 1.49 1.58 1.63 1.65 1.00 0.85 I 0.44 1.06 1.15 1.25 1.33 1.36 0.89 0.97 1.01 1.13 1.18 0.46 0.61 0.77 0.79 0.90 Methylethylmaloxic Acid (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. v M<0C jM5° /V25° i Mo35° j /x050° /x»65° 8 23.60 31.90 37.34 42.22 48.28 54.11 32 45. 891 61.89 72.45 82.00 93.61104.35 128 81 . 39 110 . 44 129 . 71 147 . 18 168 . 51 188 . 20 512 1 29 . 95 1 75 . 96 206 . 32 234 . 00 269 . 50 304 . 26 1024 156 . 21 21 1 . 25 248 . 19 280 . 01 323 . 20 365 . 54 2048 178 . 18 240 . 3 1 280 . 64 315 . 06 365 . 46 41 1 . 58 Percentage Dissociation. a()c al5c a25° a35c a50° a65° 8 i 10.68 10.671 10.67! 10.61 10.39 1 10.15 32 i 20 . 78 20.70 1 20.71 j 20.61 20.171 19.58 128 ; 36.85 36.94 37.08 36.99 36.31 1 35.31 512 ' 58 . 84 i 58. 85 i 58.99; 58. 81 1 58.08 j 57. 08 1024 70.73 70.66 70.96:70.37 69. 65 | 68.58 2048 80.68 80.38 80.24 79.18 78.76 77.22 Dissociation Constants X 104. V 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° 8 16.0 15.9 15.9 15.7 15.6 32 17.0 16.9 16.9 16.7 15.9 128 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.0 16.1 512 16.4 16.4 16.6 16.4 15.7 1024 16.7 16.6 16.9 16.3 15.6 2048 16.5 16.1 15.9 15.0 14.3 65c 14.3 14.5 15.0 14.8 14.6 12.8 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0.55 .07 94 07 .67 4.14 0.54 1.06 1.93 3.04 3.69 4 03 0.49 0.95 1.75 2.77 3.18 3.44 0.40 0.77 1.42 2.37 2.88 3.36 0.39 0.72 1.31 2.32 2.82 3.07 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. (i 15 15 25' 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 25-35° 35-50° 2.34 1.70 1.30 2.33 1.71 1.31 2.38 1.74 1.34 2.36 1.72 1.34 ; 2.35 1.75 1.28 , 2.32 1.70 1.23 0.96 0.94 0.96 1.01 1.02 1.07 50-65 K° 0.72 0.76 0.77 0.85 0.87 0.83 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 103 ISOPROPYLMALONIC AciD (Sl>.) Molecular Conductivity. M,<>c Ml 15° /uB25° m,35° | fJL„50° pvG5c 32 40.07 54.69 64.92 73.63 84.05 91.73 128 72.21 98. 65 117. 00 132. 34 151. 88 16S. 00 512 118.6 161.6 192. 951217. 62,348. 81 278. 36 1024 144.1 197.0 234. 00 264. 40 307. 7 343.80 2048 167.4 228.9 272.20307.9 357.0 402.50 Percentage Dissociation . v 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0° alo° o25e a35° a50° a65c 18.14 18.29 18.56 18.50 18.11 17.21 32.69 33.00 33.45 33.26 32.73 31.52 53.70 54.04 55.15 54.69 53.62 52.23 65.24 65.89 66.89 66.44 66.31 64.50 75.79 76.59 77 . 80 j 77.30 75 . 94 1 75.51 Dissociation Constants X 104 v 0° 15° 25° 35° 32 128 512 1024 2048 12.5 12 4 12.2 12.0 11.6 12.8 12.7 12.4 12.4 12.2 13.2 13 1 13.2 13.2 13.3 13 1 12 9 12.9 12.8 12.9 50c 65 c 12 5 12.5 12.1 12 5 12.5 11.2 11.3 11.2 11.4 11.3 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 32 128 512 1204 2048 0-15° ! 15-25° 25-35° 0.97 1.76 2.86 3.53 4.10 1.02 1.83 3.14 3.70 4.32 0.87 1.53 2.47 3.04 3.77 35-50c 0.69 1.30 2 08 2.89 3.27 50-65° 0.51 1.07 1.97 2.41 3.03 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-15c 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.43 2.43 2.41 2.45 2.45 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 1.87 1.34 0 94 1.86 1.31 0.98 1.88 1.28 0.96 1.88 1.30 0.92 1.88 1.38 1.06 50-65c 0.61 0.71 0.79 0.78 0.85 DlPROPYLMALONIC AdD (Si1.). Molecular < Conductivity. M,0° I M,15c M*25c Mt35° p,M>c M5C 32 103.16135.09154.54170.31 128 152 . 25204 . 36 23 1 92261 . 75297 . 53304 . 18 512 192 . 10 258 . 80300 . 65 339 . 30 386 . 50 430 . 81 1204 203 . 51 272 . 90 317 . 78359 . 10417 . 00468 .00 2048 209 . 35 281 1 1 '328 . 93 372 . 98 434 . 61 490 . 90 _j I I i I Percentage Dissociation. v 32 128 512 1024 2048 a()° a 15 s° a25c a35° a50e a65c 47.18 45.78 44.70 43.35 69.63 69.25 67.95 66.60 64.96 62.34 87.85 87. 7()i 86. 97 i 86.35J 84. 401 82. 77 93.07 92.48 91.92 91.41 91.06 90.00 95.74 95.26 95.15 94.93 94.89 94.40 Dissociation Constants X 10'. v 0° 32 128 512 1024 2048 132.0 125.0 124.0 122.0 105.0 15c 25° 121.0 121.0 122.0 111.0 93.0 113.0 113.0 113.0 102.0 91.0 35° 50° 104.0 104.0 106.0 95.0 90.0 90 89 90 90 65 c 81 78 79 78 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-15° 15-25° 32 2.13 1.94 128 3.47 3.06 512 4.45 4.18 1024 4.63 4.49 2048 4.78 4.78 25-35° 35-50° 1.58 2.68 3.86 4.14 4.41 50-65° 2.39 3.15 3.86 4.11 1.78 2.95 3.40 3.75 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-15° 15-25° 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.06 2.28 2.31 2.27 2.29 1.41 1.49 1.62 1.64 1.70 25-35 c 35-50° 1.02 1.14 1.28 1.30 1 34 0.91 0.93 1.09 1.10 50-65° 0.60 0.74 0.81 0.86 104 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. BUTYLMALONIC ACID (NORMAL) (Sp.). Benzylmalonic Acid (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. V 32 128 512 1024 2048 ju,0° M„15° //B25° Mr3o° Mt50° ^,65° Molecular Conductivity. 37.53 50.60 58.72 66.30 76.00 S3. 93 68.80 92.04 107.34121.86141.00156.00 113.8 154.2 180.90204.84236.22264.25 i 32 128 512 M,0° M,15° M,25° Mr35° m,50c M,65c 45.06 60.54 69.82 78.31 89.05' 97.76 SO . 22 107 . 44 124 . 99 140 . 37 160 . 03 175 . 82 128 . 30171 . 80 199 . 60225 . 13258 . 98^285 . 80 140.0 187.2 218.3 163.7 218. S 255.4 248.0 286.2 320.1 291.3 340.0 382.6 Percentage Dissociation. v 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0° al5° a25° | a35° j a50° a65° 17.11 17.09 16.96' 16.83 16.35 15.71 31 . 36 31 .08 31 . 00 | 30 . 92 30 . 33 29 . 21 51.88 52.08 52.25 52.00 50.82 49.48 63.82 63.22 63.05! 62.96! 61.57 60.00 74 62 73.89 73.48 73.95 73.15 71.65 1024 L53 . 05 205 . 65 239 . 44 269 . 62 310 . 79 345 . 35 2048 177.75236.16273.66310.02357.93395.32 Percentage Dissociation. a()c al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° Dissociation Constants X 104 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° | 65° 32 20.57 20.48 20.19 19.91 19.18 18.33 128 36.63 36.34 36.16 35.70 34.49 32.98 512 58.58 5S.11 57.74 57.24 55.81 53.62 1024 69. 8S 69.56 69.26 68.57 66.98 64.79 2048 81.16 79. S9 79.16 78.86 77.14 74.16 Dissociation Constants X 10'. (t 15c 35c 50° 65° 32 128 512 1024 2048 11.0 11.0 11.2 11.0 10.9 11.0 11.0 10. (i 10.7 10.2 10.8 10.9 11.1 10.5 10.0 10.6 [ 10.8 I 11.0 10.4 10.3 I 10.0 10.3 10.2 9.6 9.7 9.15 9.4 9.5 8.8 8.8 32 12S 512 1024 2048 16.6 16.5 16.2 15.8 17.0 16.5 16.2 15.7 15.5 15.5 16.0 10.0 15.4 15.2 14.7 loo 15.5 15.0 14.6 14.4 14.2 14.1 13.8 13.3 12.7 12.8 12.7 12.1 11.7 10.4 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units 0-15° 15-25° 32 128 512 1024 20 IS 0.87 1.55 2.69 3.15 3.67 0.81 1.53 2.67 3.11 3.66 25-35° 35-50° 50-65 : 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 0.78 1.45 2.39 2.97 3.59 0.65 1.28 2.09 2.55 3.25 0.53 1.00 1.87 2.26 2.84 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 32 2 32 128 2.25 512 2.36 1024 2.25 I 20 IS 2.23 j 1.60 73 66 67 1 . 32 1.35 1.32 1.36 1. 10 0.98 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.11 50-65° 32 128 512 1024 204S 1.03 1.81 2.90 3.50 3.S9 0.93 1.75 2.78 3.38 3.85 0.85 1.54 2.55 3.02 3.04 0.72 1.31 2.26 2.75 3.19 0.57 1.05 1.79 2.30 2.49 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-15c 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 0.69 0.71 0.79 0.79 0.83 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.29 2.20 2.29 2.29 2.19 1.53 1.57 1.61 1.64 1 . 63 22 23 27 20 0.91 0.93 1.00 1.02 1.04 0.65 0.66 0.69 0.74 0.69 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 105 Allylmalonic Acid (Sp.), Molecular Conductivity. v Mp0° M<15° 8 24.25 32 45.62 128 80.81 32.63 61.58 109 . 08 M,25c M,35° Mrr>0° Mr65° 37.73 42.26 48.94 53.61 71.47! 80.30 92.02101.16 126.33142.15164.78181.65 Succinic Acid (Wt. and C). Molecular Conductivity. v (jl„0° fxv5.7° /V25° M,35° /z»50° M>65° 8 4.570 5.371 8.032 9.251 11. 00! 12.40 32 9.21110.72 16.01 128 18.24 21.35 31.24 512 130. 49176. 28204. 36231. 00264. 51293. 23! 51234.75 40.59 59.34 1024 158.93214.00248.67281.00322.75358.28 102447.89 55.91 81.31 18.36 35.80 67.87 21.94 24.71 42 . 64! 48.07 82.36! 91.17 92.89 109.9 125.4 2048 176. 3S237. 89277. 43313. 85358. 56401. 52 2048 64.61 75.29 109.6 124.8 145.8 162.7 Percentage Dissociation . v a0° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 8 10.95 10.90 10.76 10.56 10.46 9.98 32 20.60 20.57 20.37 20.07 19.66 18.84 128 36.49 36.43 36.01 35.54 35.21 33.82 512! 58.93 58.87 58.26 57.75 56.52 54.61 1024 71 . 77 71 . 47 70 . 89 70 . 25 68 .96 66 . 72 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° a5.7° a25° a35° a50° 2.05 2.15 32 4.13 4.29 128, 8.18 8.54 512 15.58 16.24 1024 20.47 22.37 a65c 2.26 2.28 2.33 2.30 4.51 4.53 4.64 4.58 8.80 8.84 9.03 8.91 16.72 16.76 17.43 16.90 22.91 22.91 23.26 23.25 2048 79.65 79.45 79.08 78.46 76.62 74.77 204S 28.97 30.11 30.88 30.81 30.86 30.17 Dissociation Constants X 104. V 0° 8 16.8 32 16.7 128 16.4 512 16.5 10?4 15° lo 35c 50° 65° 16.6 16.6 16. 16. .3 .5 16.2 15.6 15.3 16.2 15.7 15.0 15.8 15.3 14.9 15.9 15.4 14 4 14.9 13.8 13.7 13.5 12.8 13.1 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units, 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0 5.7° 25c 35c 50° 65° 8 0.537 0.590 32 0.556 1 0.600 128; 0.5691 0.623 51210.562 0.615 1024 0.572 0.629 2048 0.577 0.634 0.655 0.667 0.695 0.677 0.666 0.673 0.705 0.687 0.664 0.670 0.701 0.681 0.655 0.659 0.719 0.671 0.665 0.665 0.688 0.688 0.675 0.670 0.673 0.637 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-5.7° 5.7-25° 25-35° 35-50 50-65° 8 0.56 0.51 32 1.06 0.99 128 1.88 1.72 512 3.05 2.81 1024 3.67 3.47 2048 4.10 3.95 0.45 (I ss 1.58 2.66 3.23 3.64 0.44 0.78 1.51 2.23 2.78 2.98 0.31 0.61 1.12 1.92 2.37 2.86 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 0.14 32 0.28 128 0.55 512 1.02 1024 1.41 2048 1.87 0. 0. 14 97 0. 0. 12 24 0.51 0.97 0.46 0.85 32 16 0.12 0.24 0.46 0.90 1.13 1.40 0.09 0.18 0.36 0.59 1.03 1.13 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-5.7° 5.7-25° 1 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 2.30 32 2.33 128 2.33 512 2.33 1024 2.31 204S 2.32 1.56 1.20 1.60 1.23 1.58 1.25 1.59 1.30 1.62 1.30 1.66 1.31 | 1.05 0.98 1.06 0.97 0.99 0.63 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.73 0.95 0.79 8 32 128 512 1024 3.07 3.03 2.99 2.95 2.94 2048 2.90 2.57 2.56 2.40 2.39 2.36 2.36 1.52 1.47 1.46 1.44 1.42 1.30 1.31 1.29 1.33 1.21 1.39 1.12 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.71 0.94 0.77 106 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. MONOBROMSUCCINIC AciD (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. v M,0C M.15° M»25° Mr35° /xr50° Mr65° DlBROMSUCCINIC AciD (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. v 128 101.46136.01158.19 512 156.00210.27246.72 1024 189.44252.44293.74 2048 208.37283.02328.50 Mr0° j Mi;150 Mt>25° ! mc35° \ m„50° | m„65° Percentage Dissociation. v a.0° a!5c a25° a35° a50° a65c 32 1 75 . 64 222 . 20 245 . 56 262 . 92 293 . 37 342 . 63 128 254 . 34326 . 83367 . 56399 . 68448 . 57509 . 85 512 339.15438.40497.38546.48614.97685.91 1024 381. 64501. 79571. 44634. 97J707. 13786. 10 2048 416 . 07550 . 04631 . 94704 . 86J792 . 16879 . 40 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° al5° a25° a35° a50c a65c 128 45.66 512 70.20 1024 85.25 2048 93.77 45.02; 44. 67 70.40 69.66 83.551 82. 94; 93.67192.76 Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0° 15c 25° 35c 50° 65c 128 512 1024 2048 30.0 32.3 48.1 68.9 28.8 32.7 41.4 67.7 28.2 31 2 39 4 58.0 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-15° 15-25° 25-35c 35-50° 50-65c 128 512 . 1024 . 2048 . Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° 65c 128 512 1024 2048 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65 128 2.30 2.21 512 3.62 3.60 1024 4.20 4.13 2048 4 71 4.55 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-15° 15-25 128 2.27 1.60 512 2.32 1.62 1024 2.22 1.60 2048 2.26 1.61 25-35c 35-50° 50-65° 32 3.10 128 4.83 512 6.62 1024 8.01 2048 8.93 2.34 4.07 5.99 6.96 8.19 1.74 3.21 4.91 6.35 7.39 2.03 3.26 4.56 4.81 5.82 3.28 4.08 4.73 5.26 5.82 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-15° 15-25° 32 1.77 1.05 128 1.89 1.24 512 1.95 1.34 1024 2.10 1.39 2048 2.14 1.49 25-35° 0.71 0.87 0.98 1.11 1.15 35-50° 50-65° 0.77 0.82 0.83 0.76 0.83 1.09 0.91 0.77 0.74 0.73 *Dccomposed at higher temperatures. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 107 Pyrotartaric Acid (Wt. and Sm.). Molecular Conductivity. M„0° M,12° M,25° M*35° M<50° M»65c 8' 5.403 7.150 9.045 10.41 32 10.94 14.41 128 21.08 27.68 512 40.45 |53.06 1024 54.18 171.31 18.13 35.00 67.02 89.73 2048 73.00 96.00 120.3 20.80 40.00 76.56 102.4 137.7 12.10 13.77 24.36 27.28 46.80J 52.92 86.64J 98.14 157.90 ! 176.35 Percentage Dissociation. v 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0° I al2c 2.44 4.95 9.54 18.30 24.51 33.03 2.46 4.97 9.55 18.30 24.60 33.11 a25° a35° a50° a65° L-Tartaric Acid (Wm.). Molecular Conductivity. M,0C MB 15° M.25° [ m,35c 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 15.64 22.58 26.93 34.18 49.03 58.72 62.81 109.3 136.0 171.7 90.12 156.8 192.0 241.0 107.4 186.9 229.4 285.4 31.12 67.65 123.5 213.0 261.6 M.-50c 80.62 145.3 248.9 308.4 M.,650 90.80 165.4 280.7 348.9 325.5 386.7 434.4 Percentage Dissociation. 2.59 2.62 5.20! 5.24 10.03 10.08 19.21 19.29 25.71 25.79 34.46 34.69 2.58 5.20 10.00 18.51 2.58 5.11 9.92 18.41 33.73 33.08 Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0° 12° 8 32 128 0.77 0.81 0.79 512 0.80 1024 0.78 2048 0.80 0.78 0.81 0.79 0.80 0.78 0.80 25° 0.86 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.87 0.88 35c 0.89 0.90 0.88 0.90 0.88 0.90 50° 0.85 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.83 65c 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.79 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-12c 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0.15 0.29 0.56 1.05 1.43 1.92 12-25° 0.15 0.29 0.56 1.07 1.42 1.87 25-35° 0.14 0.27 0.50 0.95 1.27 1.74 35-50° 50-65° 0.11 0.24 0.45 0.67 0.11 0.29 0.38 0.76 v aOc 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 7. OS 15.47 28.42 49.46 61.54 77.69 al5c 7.56 16.41 30.16 52.48 64.26 a25° a35c a50° i a65a 7.69 16.78 30.68 53.40 65.54 7.78 16.91 30.88 53.25 65.40 80 . 66 i 81.54:81.38 17.18 30.96 53.03 65.71 82.40 16.97 30.92 52.47 65.23 81.21 Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0' 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 6.7 8.9 8.8 9.5 9.6 13 2 15° 25° 7.7 10.1 10.2 11.3 11.3 16.4 8.0 10.6 10.6 12.0 12.2 17.6 35c 8.2 10.8 10.8 11.8 12.1 17.4 50° 11.1 10.8 11.7 12.3 18.8 65c 11.1 10.8 11.3 11.9 17.1 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 1.35 1.23 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12c 12-25c 25-35° 35-50° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.70 2.64 2.61 2.60 2.63 2.62 2.04 1.99 2.03 2.02 1.99 1.95 1.49 1.47 43 1 1 42 1 42 1 .45 1.06 1.15 1.13 0.88 0.99 50-65° 0.82 0.79 0.82 0.88 0.77 v 0-15° 8 0.46 32 0.99 128 1.89 512 3.17 1024 3.73 2048 4.62 15-25° 0.43 0.97 1.73 3.01 3.74 4.44 25-35° 35-50 0.42 0.89 1.61 2.61 3.22 4.09 0.86 1.45 2.40 3.12 4.08 50-65c 0.68 1.34 2.12 2.70 3.18 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-15° 15-25c 96 94 00 90 75 69 1.93 1.98 1.92 1.92 1.95 ! 25-35° 1.84 1.55 1.52 1.47 1.40 1.40 1.40 35-50c 1.27 1.17 1.13 1.19 1.26 50-65c 0.84 0.92 0.85 0.88 0.82 ION ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Racemic Acid (Wt. and Sm.). Molecular Conductivity. v 8 32 128 512 1024 fxv0° m.12° M„25c M,35° \ m(-50° m,65° 18.02 24.35 30.97 35.98 39.97 44.88 34.60 46.85 59.65 69.03 77.91 87.21 63.24 110.6 139.0 85.15108.2 147.8 187.0 183.7 230.0 2048 175.3 231.5 290.4 333.8 375.37414.73 124.7 215.1 264.3 141.44159.40 243.91271.34 302.97336.09 Percentage Dissociation. v 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 a0° 8.15 15.66 28.62 50.03 62.90 79.30 al2c 8.51 16.38 29.77 51.68 64.22 80.93 a25° a35 8.85 17.04| 30.91 53.42 65.70 82.96 I 9.04 17.34 31.32 54.04 66.40 83.85 a50° 8.53 16.64 30.21 52.09 64.7 80.2 a65c 8.39 16.30 29.61 50.72 62.83 77.53 Dissociation Constants X 104. V 0° 12° 25° 35° 8 9.1 9.9 10. S 11.2 32 9.1 10.0 10.9 11.3 128 9.0 9.9 10.8 11.2 512 9.8 10.8 12.0 12.4 1024 10.4 11.3 12.3 12.3 2048 18.8 16.8 19.7 21.3 50° 65c 9.94 9.96 9.60 9.91 10.36 9.63 11.06 10 10.92 14.80 19 10.37 13.06 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.53 0.51 0.50 1.02 0.99 0.95 1.83 1.77 1.65 3.10 3.02 2.81 3.73 3.56 3.43 4.68 4.53 4.34 0.27 0.60 1.19 1.92 2.58 2.77 0.33 0.62 1 . 20 1.83 2.21 2.62 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2.93 2.93 2.89 2.80 2.68 2.67 2.09 1.10 2.08 2.04 2.94 1.95 1.62 1.59 1.53 1.50 1.49 1.50 0 75 0.87 0.95 0.89 0.98 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.85 0.75 0.73 0.70 Thiodiglycolic Acid (Wm.). Molecular Conductivity. 32 128 512 1024 M,0C M*15° ^25° /x,35° /xf50° pvG5° 15.70 21.40 25.00 28.16 32.50 35.68 28.86 39.38 46.27 52.18 60.64 66.48 52.79; 72.42 84.80 96.00111.0 1122.5 93 . 31 127 . 47 148 . 93 169 . 03 194 . 9* 214 .7 1 19. 93 164. 00 191. 30 216. 13 249. S* 278. 9 2048 152.20207.38242.65275.70318.0 355.3 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 7.09 13.03 23.83 42.12 54.14 68.70 al5° 7.13 13.11 24.12 42.45 34.61 69.06 a25° 7.12 13.17 24.14 42.39 54.46 69.10 a35° a50° a65° 7.02 13.01 23.91 42.15 53.90 68.76 6.90 12.88 23.58 41.40 53.06 67.54 6.64 12.37 22.79 39.94 51.88 66.10 Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0 15° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 6.77 6.10 5.83 5.99 6.24 7.36 6.85 6.18 5.99 6.11 6.33 7.53 25° 35° 50° 6.S2 6.63 i 6.39 6.24 6.08 ! 5.95 6.00 ! 5.89 1 5.68 6.09 6.00 5.71 6.36 6.16 5.86 7.54 7.39 6.86 65° 5.90 5.46 26 19 52 29 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0.38 0.36 0.70 0.69 1.31 1.24 2.28 2.15 2.94 2.73 3.68 2.53 0.32 0.59 1.12 2.01 2.48 3.31 0.29 0.57 1.00 1.67 2.24 2.82 0.21 0.39 0.77 1.32 1.94 2.49 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50c 50-65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.42 2.43 2.48 2.44 2.45 2.42 1 . OS 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.67 1.70 1.26 1.28 1.32 1.35 1.30 1.36 1.03 1.09 1.04 0.99 1.04 1.03 0 65 0.64 0.69 0.68 0.78 0.78 interpolated values. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 109 Tricarballylic Acid (Wm.). Cyanuric Acid (Wm.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V ^o° MJ5° MB25° M„35° M,50° M»65° V M,0° M,15° M,25° M,35° M„50° iJL,m° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 8.2C i 11.73 14.05 28.02 53.98 16.24 32.38 62.28 19.29 37.97 73.72 135.70 22.09 42.97 82.46 150.20 128 512 1024 2048 1.46 2.78 3.52 4.67 16.39 23.41 31.81 59. 3£ I 45.13 i 83.65 99.99115.38 78.79110.53131.67152.40180.20203.10 103.03143.90170.85196.65230.80261.60 Percentage Dissociation . Percentage Dissociation. V aO° a. From graph. 15° Front * equation a25° a35° a50 0 a65° v a0° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° S 32 128 512 3.76 3.95 3.95 4.04 8.07 4.09 8.16 4.1 8 1 2 4.13 1 8.03 128 512 1024 2048 0.36 7.45 7.89 7.88 0.69 0.87 1.15 14.4715.21 15.1815.5315.69 15 7 5 15 41 26 . 99 28 .191 28 . 1 4!28 . 77i29 . 06 29 . 00 28 . 07, 1024 35 . 83 37 . 25 37 . 18 37 . 88 38 . 39 38 . 50 37 . 96 2048 :46.8548.49 48.4149.1549.5449.3148.90 1:1 | 1 1 I Dissociation Constants X 104. Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0° 15° 25° 35° i 50° 65° V 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° 65° From From graph. ; equation 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.84 2.03 2.03 2.13 2 IS 2.21 2 22 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 1.87! 2. II1 2.11 2.21 2.27 2.24 2.19 1.91 , 2.13 2.12 2.23 2.28 2.3012.19 1.952. 16 2.15 ' 2.27; 2.33j 2.3 1.95 2.16 2.15 2.25 2.342.3. I 2.14 5 2.27 2.02 2.25 2.22 2.32 2.38 2.30 2.28 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v ' 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 0 23 0 23 0.22 0.44 0.83 1.54 2.06 0.20 0.35 0.76 0.19 0.33 0.58 8 32 128 32 128 512 0.47 | 0.46 0.89 J 0.88 1 63 1 63 1.35 0.97 1 85 1.22 512 1024 2048 1024 2.12 | 2.11 2048 2.73 2.70 2.58 2.28 2.05 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.79 2.86 2.79 2.74 2.68 2 65 1.97 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.91 1 87 1.55 1.56 1.54 1.54 1.57 1 51 1.23 1.08 1.22 1.17 1.21 1 16 0.97 0.8S 0.79 0.71 0.68 0.89 1 i 128 512 1024 2048 *KJ0= [219.9 X (5.22 X 15) - (0.00438 X 225)] =297.2. 110 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Benzilic or Diphenylglycolic Acid (Wm.). Hippuric Acid (Wt. and Sm.). Molecular Conductivity. v M,0° 128 63.8 512i 106.4 1024 133.6 ju«,12° | m*25° | /z»35° /i„50° ' pvQb° Molecular Conductivity. 81.7 101.51 114.3 138.3 169.5 192.4 220.6 240.0 169.8 208.4 237.1 266.5 293.0 2048 152.3! 193.0 233.7! 281.4 320.8 348.5 Percentage Dissociation. V 128 512 a0c al2° : a25° \ a35° a50° a65° 128 512 1024 2048 pv0° m,12° J /xc25° | m»35° ju,50° M*65° 33.96 44.42 55.17 62.15 70.76 77.97 61.66 80.54100.2 113.5 131.23184.77 81.10105.8 131.1 147.2 169.15186.18 103.0 134.1 165.8 185.9 219.90242.15 Percentage Dissociation. a0° al2° a25° j a35° a50° a65° 29.17 29.08 29.451 29. 27! 48.6449.2448.60 47.57 48.01 46.24 128 15.51 15.86 512 28.16 28.76 1024 I 61. 08 60.44 60.46 60.20 58.11 : 56.36 1024 2048 69.63 68.71 67.81 64.82 69.95 67.03 2048 Dissociation Constants X 104. v 128 512 1024 2048 o 12c 25c 35° : 50c 65° 9.38 9.00 9.36 7.80 9.10 9.32 9.02 7.37 9.60 9.46 8.97 j 8.43 9.02 ! 8.89 6.97 ! 5.83 8.66 7.87 7.95 37.03 37.79 47.03 47.88 15.99 29.04 38.00 48.06 15.85 15.85 15.60 28.96 29.38 28.97 37.55 : 37.87 47.42 49.24 37 . 25 48.45 Dissociation Constants X 104. 7.77 7.09 6.65 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12° 12-25° 25-35c 128 j 1.52 1.50 512 ; 2.66 '■ 2.24 1024 3.02 2.97 2048 3.39 : 3.13 1.28 2.29 2.87 35-50° 50-65° 128 512 1024 2048 0° 12° 25° 35° 2.22 | 2.34 2.16 2.13 2.04 2.27 2.24 2.15 2.38 2.32 2.28 2.17 2.33 2.31 2.26 2.09 50° 65° 2.33 2.25 2.38 i 2.30 2.25 2.16 2.33 2.23 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° ! 35-50° 1.88 1.96 2.63 1.29 1.77 1.85 128 512 1024 2048 0.87 1.57 2.06 2.59 0.83 1.52 1.95 2.44 0.70 1.25 1.61 2.01 0.57 1.18 1.46 2.27 50-65c 0.48 0.90 1.13 1.48 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-12° i 12-25° 25-35° 128 512 1024 2048 2.38 2.50 2.26 2.23 1.84 1.62 1.75 1.62 1.26 1.35 1.23 35-50° 50-65° 0.98 0.83 0.93 0.58 0.66 0.58 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12° 128 512 1024 2048 2.57 2.55 2.54 2.52 12-25° 25-35 1.86 1.84 1.84 1.82 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.21 35-50° 50-65c 0.92 1.04 0.99 1.22 0.67 0.68 0.66 0.67 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Ill Uric Acid (Wm.). Molecular Conductivity. 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 Mr0° Mrl5° 8.34 Citric Acid (Wt. and Sm.). M»25° ^35° /*r50° I 14.85 18.92 22.77 ju»65 0 I Molecular Conductivity. Percentage Dissociation. a0° I al5° a25° a35° ' a50c a65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 3.77 4.97 5.41 5.71 Dissociation Constants X 10*. v 0° 15° 25° ■ 35° 50° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0.00720.01270.01510.0069 65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-15° ! 15-25° : 25-35° 35-50° • 50-65° Ai,<>° M,18.1° ;m,25° Mr35° i /*,60° I /x,65° 8 15.64 24.34 27.50 32.05 37.91 43.77 32 j 30.27 46.74 52.76 61.42 75.80 86.99 128 55.94 86.40 97.30.112.7 136.44155.61 512 97.22! 148.3 167.6 195.1 234.37267.22 1024 127.3 j 193.3 j 218. 1 i251.9 305.21338.70 2048 153.2 ' 229.3 ! 257.9 297.8 357.77410.06 Percentage Dissociation . v 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 al0° i al8.r a25c a35° ■ a50° a65° 7.14 13.82 25.55; 44.40 58.13 69.97 7.82 7.97J 8.181 8.16, 8.28 15.03; 15.30 15.67, 16.31 16.46 27.77 28.20 28.74! 29.37 29.44 47.46:48.59 49.76 50. 45 i 50.56 62.16 63.23' 64.25! 65.70 64.08 73.72 74.74 75.98 77.02 77.70 I I Dissociation Constants X 104. 0° 18.1° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 6.87 6.92 6.85 6.92 7.88 7.96 8.30 8.30 8.34 8.38 9.96 10.1 25° 8.63 8.63 8.66 8.97 10.6 10.8 35c 50c 9.10 9.10 9.05 9.63 11.3 11.7 65° 9.06 9.34 9.93 10.13 9 . 55 1 10.36! 12.28 12.60| 9.59 10.09 11.16 13.21 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0.43 0.40 0.38 0-18.1° ; 18.1-25° 25-35° 35-50° ! 50-65c Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 8 32 128 512 1021 2048 0.48 0.91 1.68 2.82 3.64 4.20 0.46 0.87 58 80 59 15 0.46 0.39 0.87 0.96 1.54 1.58 2.66 2.62 3.38 3.55 3.99 3.99 0.39 0.75 28 28 35 29 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° I 35-50° ! 50-65° 5.20 2.72 2.03 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-18.1c 3.07 3.00 3.01 2.90 2.86 2.75 18.1-25° 25-35' 1.88 1.87 1.83 1.87 1.86 1.81 1.66 1.64 1.58 1.58 1.55 1.55 35-50° 1.22 1.56 1.40 1.34 1.41 1.34 50-65° 1.02 0.98 0.93 0.93 0.95 0.98 •"Decomposes at higher temperatures. 112 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Pyromucic Acid (Wt. and Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. v fJirOc Air12° Mr25° Mc350 Mr50° /i*65° 8 17.47 22.01 26.29 28.94 31.59 33.36 32 34.24 42.76 51.15 56.37; 62.36 66.56 128 62.90 79.22 94.61104.5 116.32124.38 512 107.1 136.4 163.2 180.0 199.9 213.8 1024 132.0 169.0 201.0 222.9 249.2 265.3 2048 159.5 203.0 245.1 270.1 308.9 333.9 Percentage Dissociation. V a0° 8 7 S3 32 15.36 128 28.21 512 48.03 1024 59.20 2048 71.53 al2° a25° a.35° 7.04 14.85 27.51 ! 47.36 58.68 70.49 7.38 14.41 26.65 45.97 56.99 7.15 13.92 25.80 44.44 55.03 69.05 66.70 a50° i a65c 6.71 13.24 24.69 42.44 52.91 65.58 6.19 12.34 23.07 39.65 49.20 61.93 Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0° 12° 25° 35° 50° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 8.3 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.7 7.5 6.9 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.5 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.1 5.8 6.1 65° 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.9 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-12° 12-25° i 25-35° l 35-50° 50-65° Crotonic Acid (Wt. and Sm.). Molecular Conductivity. M„0° ^12° Mt!25° 8 32 128 512 1024 2.75 5 53 10^92 : .49 18.00 21.25 28.23 35.15 29.14 38.50 48.04 A*r35° j M*50° ; /i*65° 3.64 4.55 5.18 5.92 6.56 7.31 9.12 10.31. 11.90 13.13 20.29 23.88 26.20 39.85' 46. 54 51.73 54.60 62.67 69.54 2048 39.78 53.41,65.33 74.19 88.44 98.12 Percentage Dissociation . aOc al2c 32 128 512 2048 2048 1.24 2.49 4.92 9.57 13.12 17.74 1 2. •-'7 56 5.07 9.87 13.46 18.32 a25° 1.29 2.59 5.11 10.00 13.65 18.57 a35° a50° a65° 1 . 24 2.50 1.29 2 57 5.05 9.91 13.58 18 45 18.60 5 9 13 02 79 19 1.21 2.41 4.82 9.51 12.78 18.03 Dissociation Constants X 104. 0 12° 25° 35° 50° 65c 32 128 512 1024 2048 0.195 0.205 0.212 0.211 0.195 0.185 0.199 0.210 0.215 0.211 0.200 0.185 0.199 0.211 0.215 0.210 0.209 0.190 0.198 0.211 : 0.216 0.213 0.205 0.193 0.194! 0.205'' 0.211' 0.208 0.195 0.182 0.187 0.201 0.207 0.204 0.207 0.193 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0.38 0.71 1.36 2.44 3.08 3.62 0.33 0.65 1.18 2.06 2.49 3.24 0.28 0.18 0.12 8 0.07 0.52 0.40 0.28 32 0.15 0.99 0.79 0.54 128 0.30 1.68 1.46 0.93 512 0.58 2.06 1.75 1.07 1024 0.78 2.50 2.59 1.67 ■ 2048 1.05 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-12° 12-25° 25-35 8 2.18 32 2.08 128 2.16 512 2.28 1024 2.31 Jills 2.27 1.50 1.61 1.50 1.51 1.47 1.59 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.02 35-50° 0.62 0.71 0.76 0.82 0.79 0.96 50-65° 0.07 0 14 0.27 0.53 0.73 0.99 0.06 0.12 0.23 0.47 0.66 0.89 0.05 0.11 0.24 0.45 0.54 0.95 0.043 0.082 0.15 0.35 0.46 0.64 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12° 0.37 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.43 8 2 128 512 L024 2048 2.69 2.69 2.72 2.74 2.68 2.67 12-35° 25-35° 35-50° 1.92 1.91 1.86 1.89 1.91 1.90 1.38 1.31 1.27 1.34 1.37 1.36 0.97 1.07 1.18 1.13 0.99 1.28 50-65° 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.74 0.73 0.72 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 113 Maleic Acid (Wt. and Sm.). Fumaric Acid (Wt. and Sm.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V M»0° /U2° /x(.25° /x„35° M*50° /ic65° V MrO° M2° M,25° M„35° MB50° jue65° 32 108.1 141.0 175.4 198.8 230.35257.29 32 35.46 46.66 58.00 65.79 75.19 82.75 128 159.2 206.6 256.2 290.7 338.46378.51 128 65.67 86.42107.2 121.2 137.88152.14 512 198.5 257.4 317.6 360.8 422.18477.78 512 114.1 149.1 184.9 209.6 237.9 262.94 1024 212.8 274.7 337.9 384.6 451.57514.57 1024 141.4 184.9 228.1 258.1 294.2 325.09 2048 221.1 286.6 352.3 400.8 457.98522.22 2048 176.5 229.0 281.0 318.1 361.4 396.63 Percentage Dissociation . Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al2° a25° a35° a50° a65° \ V a0° al2° a25° a35° a50° a65° 32 48.48 48.78 49.72 49.46 48.49 47.29 32 15.90 16.14 16.43 16.37 15.83 15.21 128 71.50 71.50 72.56 72.31 71.25 69.57 128 29.45 29.90 30.37 30.15 29.02 27.96 512 89.00 89.06 89.97 89.76 88.88(87.82 512 51.17 51.59 52.37 52.14 50.08 48.33 1024 95.06 95.06 95.72 95.68 95.06 94.59 ! 1024 63.43 63.97 64.62 64.21 61.93 59.75 2048 99.10 99.17; 99.79 1 99.72 96.41 95.99 2048 7 9.14 79.23 79.60 79.12 76.08 72.91 Dissociation Constants X 104. Dissociation Constants X 10'. V 0° 12° 25° 35° 50° 65° V 0° 12° 25° 35° 50° 65° 32 143.0 145.0 154.0 151.0 142.6 106.0 32 9.40 9.72 10.1 10.0 9.3 8.5 128 141.0 140.0 150.0 14S.0 137.8 124.2 128 9.61 9.97 j 10.4 10.2 9.3 8.5 512 141.0 142.0 158.0 154.0 138.7 123.6 512 10.5 10.7 11.3 11.0 9.2 8.8 1024 179.0 179.0 209.0 208.0 178.6 161.5 1024 10.7 11.1 11.5 11.2 9.8 8.6 2048 1 126.4 112.1 2048 14.7 14.8 15.2 14.6 11.8 9.5 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 2.74 2.65 2.34 2.10 1.80 32 0.94 0.87 1.78 0.63 0.50 128 . 3.95 3.82 3.45 3.18 2.67 128 1.73 1.60 1.46 1.11 0.95 512 4.85 4.63 j 4.32 4.09 3.70 512 2.92 2.75 2.47 1.89 1.70 1024 i 5.14 4.86 | 4.67 4.46 4.20 1024 3.62 3.32 3.00 2.41 2.05 2048 5.46 5.05 4.85 3.81 4.28 2048 4.33 4.00 3.71 2.89 2.34 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 2.54 1.88 1.34 1.05 0.78 32 2.64 1.87 1.19 0.96 0.67 128 2.48 1.85 1.35 1.09 0.78 128 2.63 1.85 1.20 0.92 0.68 512 2.50 1.80 1.36 1.14 0.87 512 2.56 1.85 1.18 0.90 0.69 1024 2.43 1.77 1.38 1.16 0.93 1024 2.56 1.80 1.17 0.93 0.70 2048 2.47 1.76 1.41 0.95 0.93 2048 2.45 1.75 1.17 0.91 0.65 114 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Itaconic Acid (Wt. and Sm.). Citraconic Acid (Wt. and Sm.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. v Hfi° /i018.12°hu025° M*35° m„50° /*,65° v /iP0° /*,12° m*25° M5° ^50° /ir65° 32 13.50 20.77 23.68 27.22 32.2.5 36.60 32 68.66 85.82 103.0 115.1 129.33142.98 1281 26.00] 39.95 45.52 52.21 62.17 70.76 128 114.3 144.0 512 49.51 74 57 84.74 97.11116.70132.59 512 165.9 210.2 1024 66.70 99.51113.3 129.8 153.97175.02 1024 186.1 273.0 173.4 194.4 222.88248. IS 255.4 28S. 2 331.96377.09 289.1 326.5 382.98431.52 204S 87.91: 129.9 147.3 167.5 200.02227.02 2048 200.5 257.1 ,315.0 356.0 417.68475.08 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation . a0° ' alS.12° a25° a35° ; a50° a65c 32 6.10. 128 11.75 512 22 38 1024 30.14 2048 39.721 a0c al2° a25° a35° a50° a65° 6.57 6.75 6.80 6.84 6.81; 32 31.02 30.16 29.34 28.77 27.45 26.60 _. _ . _ _ ~ I . _ . _ t . _ - _ _. _ . . . _ __ . _ ' _. ._ _ __ 12.64 12.97 13. 05j 13.19J 13.16 23.60 24.15 24.28 24.77 31.49 32. 2S 32.45 32.68 41.11 41.981 41.87 42.46 128i 51.64 24.64 ll 512 i 74.98 32.55 1024 84.09 42.23 2048 90.59 Dissociation Constants X 10' 50.60 49.40 48.60 47.32 46.17 73.86 72.76 72.04 70.48 70.15 83.28 82.37 81.62 81.31 80.28 90.31 89.74 S9. 01 SS.67 88.38 Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0C 18.12° 25c 35c 50c 65° 32 1 . 24 128 1.23 512 1.26 1021 JOIN 1 . 27 1 . 28 1 15 1.43 1.43 1 . 42 1.40 1.53 1.51 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.55 1.57 v 0° 12c 25° 35° 50c 05° 1.53 1.52 1.52 1.47 1.56 1.59 1.54 1.52 1.55 i.55 ,; 1.57 1.53 1.50 32 43.6 128 43.1 512- 43.9 1024 43.4 2048 42.6 40.7 40.5 40.8 40.5 41.0 38.1 37.7 38.0 37.6 38. 3 36.3 32.45 30.12 35.9 i 33.20; 30.93 36.2 32.86 32.19 35.4 32.79 31.91 35.3 33.88 32.82 Temperalurt Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v ' 0-18. 12° 18. 1 2-25° 25-35° 35-50° ' 50-65° 32 0.40 ! 128 0.77 512 \ 1 . 38 1024 i 1.81 204S 2 . 32 0.42 0.35 0.83 0.67 1.48 ■ 1.24 2.01 1.65 2.53 2.02 0.33 0.66 1.31 1.61 2.17 v 0.29 0.57 1.06 1.40 65° 128 85.20 107.08118.91128.39 138.4 143.1 i 32 I 98.15 120.5 132.2 140.6 144.9 147.2 256 109.00138.40 154.12167.12 182.3 189.3 128 .146.9 j 184.9 205.6 222.6 240.8 249.9 512 134.81172.70 194.05211.86 231.8 240.1 512 187.5 244.1 278.3 307.8 345.9 370.6 1024 158.72205.64 232.91256.43 281.9 298.8 1024 196.3 261.7 301.8 336.9 393.5 426.8 2048 ! 178. 00 233. 29 1 1 266.52:296.94 329.2 350.5 2048 200.8 267.4 312.2 351.8 425.9 474.4 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° v a()° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 128 38.66 35.94 34.12 32.32 29.56 28.70 32 43.1 39.6 37.2 35.2 30.91 27.53 256 49.45 46.45 44.22 42. 06| 38.95 37.97 128 64.4 60.8 57.9 55.7 51.36 46.74 512 61.16 57.96 55.67 53.33 49.53| 48.16 512 82.2 i 80.3 78.4 77.0 73.78 69.31 1024 72.00 69.01 [66. 82 64.54 60.23 59.94 1024 86. i: 86.1 85.0 S4.2 83.94 79.82 2048 80.76 78.29 76.46 74. 71 70.34 70.31 i ! i 1 2048 | 88.1 88.0 88. 0! 88.0 90.86 88.72 Dissociation Constants X 10'. Dissociation Constants X 10'. V 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° 65° v 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° 65° 128 19.0 15.8 ; 13.8 12.1 9.7 9.0 32 102.0 81.1 68.9 59.7 43.2 32.7 256 18.9 15.7 i 13.7 11.9 9.7 9.1 128 91.0 73.6 62.2 54.7 42.4 32.1 512 18.8 15.6 13.7 11.9 9.5 8.7 512 74.0 63.9 55.6 50.3 32.2 30.6 1024 18.1 15.0 13.1 11.5 8.9 8.8 1024 52.0 52.0 47.0 43.7 42.8 30.8 2048 16.6 13.8 12.1 10.8 8.2 8.2 2048 32.0 34.4 34.4 34.4 55.2 34.1 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 128 1.46 1.18 0.95 i 0.67 0.31 32 1.49 1.17 0.84 0.29 0.153 256 1.96 1.57 1.30 1.01 0.47 128 2.53 2.07 1.70 1.21 0.606 512 2.52 2.13 1.78 1.33 0.55 512 3.77 3.42 2.95 2.54 1.65 1024 3.13 2.73 2.35 1.70 1.13 1024 4.36 4.01 3.51 3.77 3.22 2048 3.68 3.32 3.04 2.15 1.42 2048 4.44 4.48 3.96 4.94 3.23 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 128 1.71 1 1.11 ! 0.80 0.52 J 0.23 32 1.52 0.97 0.59 0.20 0.11 526 1.80 1.14 0.84 0.60 i 0.26 128 1.72 1.12 0.76 0.54 0.25 512 1.87 1 1.24 0.92 ! 0.63 1 0.24 512 1 2.61 1.40 1.06 0.83 0.48 1024 1.97 ; 1.33 \ 1.01 ! 0.66 0.40 1024 | 2.22 1.53 1.16 1.12 0.55 2048 2.07 1.42 1.14 0.73 0.43 2048 2.21 1 1.68 1.27 1.40 0.75 118 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES. ETC. W-NlTROBENZOIC AdD (J. AND Kit.)- Molecular Conductivity. ^-NlTROBENZOIC ACID (W.M.). Molecular Conductivity. v 128 512 1024 M,0° ^,,15° Mr25° ! m»35° ' nc50° M«,65e M„0° /*r12° fiv25° m,35° p.vo0° M^5C 40.10 56.85 67.66 77.56 89.9 99.9 71.95101.0 120.0 137.1 160.1 177.9 92.44129.8 153.8 175.4 210.7 235.9 512 | 79.1 104.0 128.9 148.3 170.61 187.9 1024 99.9 131.5 163.4 187.4 218.7 238.6 2048 126.8 165.9 205.4 235.4 275.2 304.2 2048 115.1 160.7 190.5 216.7 262.9 295.7 /'< i centage Dissociation. v a0° a 15° ! a25° a35° a50° a65° 128 18.7 512 I 33.6 1024 ! 43.1 2048 53.7 19.0 33.8 43.4 53.8 19.1 33.8 43.3 53 . 7 19.2 33.9 43.4 53.6 19.1 34.1 44.9 56.0 18.7 33.2 44.0 55.2 Percentage Dissociation . v a0° a!2° a25° a35° a50° a65° 512 I 35 . 59 36 . 55 36 . 86 37 . 1 2 1024 44.93 46.20 46.73 46.86 2048 55.47 58.30 58.73 58.87 Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0° 15° 25° 35c 50° 65° 36.45 35.18 46.73 44.76 58.80 57.07 Dissociation Constants X 10'. v 0° 12° 25° 35° 50° 65° 128 512 1024 2048 3.36 3.48 3.52 3.38 3.37 3.37 3.19 3.25 3 . 23 3.04 3.06 3.04 3.57 3.40 3.25 3.02 3.54 3.34 3.44 3.23 3.57 3.38 3.48 3.33 512 3.84 1024 3.58 2048 3.43 4.11 4.30 3.87 4.00 3.98 4.08 4.28 4.03 4.11 4.08 I 3.52 4.00 3.54 4.09 3.70 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. [ Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-15° ' 15-25° 25-35° 128 I 1.12 I 1.08 | 0.99 512 I 1.87 ! 1.90 1.71 1024 ! 2.49 ! 2.40 2.16 2048 I 3.04 I 2.98 : 2.62 35-50° | 50-65c 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 0.82 0.67 1.53 | 1.19 2.35 ! 1.67 3. OS 2.19 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 128 2.79 512 2.60 1024 2.69 2048 2.64 1.90 1.88 1.85 1.85 1.46 1.43 1.40 1.38 1.06 0.74 1.12 0.74 1.34 ' 0.78 1.42 I 0.83 512 2.08 1024 2.63 2048 3.26 1.92 2.46 3.04 1.95 2.40 3.00 1.49 1.15 2.09 1.33 2.65 1.93 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-12° 512 1024 2048 2.63 2.63 2.57 12-25° i 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 1.85 1.51 1.87 1.47 1.83 146 1.00 0.67 1.12 0.61 1.13 0.70 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 119 1, 2, 4-DlNITROBENZOIC AdD (WM.). Molecular Conductivity. M„0° J M..15° M«.25° M-.350 ; ju„50° )M>5C 1, 3, 5-DlNITROBENZOIC AciD (Wm.), Molecular Conductivity. p,\Y Mrl">° M,25° /x,,35° /*,fiO° U.65 32 166. 51 212. 1223S. 54260. 00 284. 5 301. G 512 122.28 171.4 203.6 233.3 128 199.23262.30299.83330.35 376.2 412.0 1024 147. SO 205.4 244.0 280.0 512 214 . 97 288 . 23 334 . 50 379 . 00 443 . 4 1024 21S. 60293. 40343. 55391. 02: 459.8 2048 220 . 00 297 . 30 347 . 9 1 396 . S3; 466 . 7 493.2 2047 167.63 231.9 273.5 512.6 525.4 Percentage Dissociation . v a0° al5c 32 128 512 1024 75.68 71.34 90.55 88.21 97.70 96.93 99.35 98.67 2048 100.00 100.00 a25° ! a35° : ao()e a65° 324.5 279.7 311.8 328 7 382 1 366.0 426.9 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° a 12° a25° a35° 68.39, 65. 49 61.04 57.40 85.96 84.74 80.71 78.42 95.90 95.47 95.13 93.87 98.50 98.49: 98. 65 j 97 . 50 100.00 100.00 100.00 [100.00 55.52 57.62 58.60 58.83 67.14 69.06 70.23 70.54 78.86 512 1024 2048 76.12 77.96 ! 78.72 a50° i a65° Dissociation Constants X 104. 15c 25° 35° 50 65 c 59.93 59.35 70.43 69.66 81.31 81.25 Dissociation Constants X 104. 15° 25c 35° 50° 65° 512 1024 2048 512 13 5 1024 13 4 2048 11 9 15.3 16.2 16.4 15.1 16.2 16.5 13.5 14.2 i 14.4 17.5 16.4 16.4 15.6 17.3 17.2 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-15° 32 3.04 128 4.21 512 4.88 1024 5.05 2048 5.15 15-25° 25-35° | 35-50° \ 50-65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 2.64 3.75 4.63 4.87 5.06 2.15 3.65 4.55 4.80 4.89 1.63 2.66 4.30 4.59 4.66 1.14 2.39 3.32 3.52 3.19 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 1.83 128 2.11 512 2.27 1024 2.31 2048 ! 2.34 1.25 1.43 1.61 1.66 1.70 0.90 1 .22 L36 1.40 1.41 0.63 0.79 1.14 1.17 1.17 V 0-15° 15-25° 512 3.23 3.22 1024 3.84 3.87 204S 4 . 23 4.16 25-35° 35-50° , 50-65° 2.99 3.08 ; 2.14 3.59 ' 3.25 ; 2.49 3.95 3.84 ! 3.16 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0.40 0.64 0.75 0.77 0.84 512 1(124 2048 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2.64 1.88 1.47 1.32 0.77 2.60 1.88 1.47 1.16 0.76 2.52 1.79 1.44 1.19 0.74 120 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Picric Acid (J. and Sm.). Salicylic Acid (Wt. and Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. v pv0° Afp15° I ^25° 32 128 512 1024 2048 193.0 201.1 207.6 206.9 203.5 260.2 272.4 280.9 281.7 277.1 303.7 319.9 329.6 332.6 325.6 pv35° /i„50° ^65° r v 345.1 402.0 365.21433.3 377.5 449.3 379.9 455.2 372.7 441.4 456.2 485.1 501.2 507.1 503.2 Percentage Dissociation. a.0° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65c 64 128 512 1024 2048 M,0° m,6.9° M,25c /xP35° m.500 pvQ5c 80.50 92.80110.55 124.6 62.65 75.59108.3 125.1 148.72 166.5 105.4 126.4 181.2 207.0 249.1 280.1 130.7 156.9 223.2 255.4 301.7 337.2 153.8 183.9 259.9 295.7 350.1 592.6 Percentage Dissociation. a0° a6.9° a25c 32 93.0 128 96.9 512 100.0 1024 100.0 2048 100.0 92.4 96.7 99.7 100.0 91.3 96.2 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 90.8 96.1 99.4 100.0 100.0 89.0 95.9 99 4 100.0 90.0 95.7 98.8 100.0 a35c 64 | ! 22.80 23.02 128 28.09 29.06 30.68 31.03 512 47.28 48.62 51.34 51.37 1024 58 . 60 60 . 34 63 . 22 63 . 37 100.0 100.0 2048 68.96 70.73 73.62 73.36 a50° a65° 23.13 30.96 23.37 31.44 52.67 52.00 63.78 62.58 74.01 72 07 Dissociation Constants X 10'. v 32 128 512 1024 2048 15° 25c 35° 50° 65° Dissociation Constants X 10'. v 64 128 512 1024 2048 0° 6.9C 25c 35° 50° 65c 8.6 8.3 8.1 7.5 9.3 9.0 9.0 8.4 10.5 10.6 10.6 10.6 9.4 10.7 10.9 10.6 10.7 9.9 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.0 10.9 10.8 11.0 10.2 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. ' Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° i 3.5-50° 50-65c 0-6.9° 6.9-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 128 512 1024 2048 4.48 4.75 4.89 4.99 4.73 4.35 4.75 4.87 4.89 4.85 4.14 4.53 4.79 4.93 4.71 3.79 4.54 4.79 5.12 4.58 3.61 3.45 3.46 3.46 3.44 64 128 512 1024 2048 1.88 3.12 3.80 4.36 1.83 3.00 3.63 4.19 1.23 1.68 2.58 3.22 3.58 1.18 0.94 1 . 57 1 . 20 2.81 3.09 3.63 2.07 2.37 2.77 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-15° i 15-25° ! 25-35c 2.32 2.36 2.36 2.41 2.30 1.67 1.77 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.36 1.42 1.42 1.48 1.45 35-50° 50-65° 1.09 1.22 1.27 1.34 1.22 0.90 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.76 t' 64 128 512 1024 2048 0-6.9° 6.9-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 2.99 2.42 2.96 2.37 2.91 2.31 2.84 i 2.26 1.53 1.27 1.55 1.25 1.42 1.35 1.41 1.21 1.38 1 . 23 0.85 0.81 0.83 0.79 0.79 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 121 ACETYLSALICYLIC AdD (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. v txvOc Mrl5° ^25 ° /jLv:i5° Mi>50o 128 40.40 52.78 512 73.10! 95.21 1024 92.60121.0 2048 118.10154.5 60.60 68.89! 79.41 109.27124.34142.88 139.3 158.72184.09 177.6 205.07238.31 p,Mc Percentage Dissociation . v 128 512 1024 2048 a0c al5c a25° ; a35c a50° a65° 18.30 17.75: 17.591 17.31 33.11 32.00 .31.73 31.25 41.49 53.50 17.13 30.82: 40.68 40.45; 39.89 39.72 51 95 51. 55 1 51.54 51.42 Dissociation Constants X 104. V 0° 15c 25° 128 3.2 512 3.2 1024 I 3.0 2048 ! 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.7 I 2.7 2.7 : 2.7 35° 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.7 50° 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 128 ' 0.83 0.78 0.83 512 i 1.47 1.41 1.51 1024 i 1.89 1.83 1.94 2048 ! 2.43 2.30 2.75 SULPHOSALICYLIC AdD (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. v 32 128 512 1024 2048 M„0° I fiv15° /i„25° m»35° /zr50° M»65° 209 . 41 283 . 71 332 . 02 377 . 60432 . 91 486 . 80 239 . 6H328 . 53 386 . 46 440 . 07 508 . 88 575 . 40 29 1 . 92 403 . 30 474 . 1 2 538 . 54 622 . 44 706 . 24 322. 50 443. 04522. 38 598. 13701. 32785. 66 352 . 00 485 . 01 570 . 44 651 . 70 762 . 35,858 . 00 Percentage Dissociation . v 128 512 1024 2048 a0° ! al5° a25° a35° ■ a50° '■ a65 Dissociation Constants X 104 v 0° 15c 35-50° ; 50-65° 0.70 1.24 1.69 2.35 128 512 1024 2048 25° 35° 50° 65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-15° ; 15-25° Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-15c 15-25c 128 512 1024 2048 2.04 1.48 2.01 1.48 2.04 1.51 2.14 I 1.49 25-35° 35-50 1.37 1.02 1.38 1.00 1.39 ; 1.06 1.54 1.14 50-65° 32 128 512 1024 2048 4.95 5.93 7.42 8.04 8.87 3.40 5.79 7.08 7.93 8.54 25-35° 35-50° ' 50-65c 4.56 5.36 6.44 7.57 8.13 3.69 4.61 5.59 6.84 7.38 3.59 4.43 5.58 5 62 6.38 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-15° 15-25° 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.36 1.70 2.47 1.76 2.54 1.75 2.49 1 1.79 2.51 | 1 1.76 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 1.37 1.38 1.35 1.44 1.42 0.98 1.05 1.04 1.14 1.13 0.83 0.87 0.89 0.81 0.84 122 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. wi-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (Wt. and K.). p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (Wt. and K.). Molecular Conductivity. v Mb0° m43.22° fxL2o° Mo35° pv50° , MB65 04 512 1024 Molecular ( Conductivity. 14.05 19.97 24.35 27.74 31.74 34.75 128120.48 27.85 33.95 38.03 44.40 48.771 39.04 52.89 64.50 73.28 83.92 02.10 53.09 72.01 87.80 99.70110.0 127.5 Mr0° /xr13.23°!Mr25° /iB35° Mr50° ! p.v6oc 64 8.746 11.99 14.79 16.97 19. 11 128 H8.29 I 16.81 20.69 23.71 26.70 51 2 23 . 87 32 45 39 . 96 45 77 51 . 95 1024 33.03 44.91 55.30 63.24 72.92 2048 71.20 96.03 116.9 132.6 151.9 167.6 2048 44.40 60.39 74.14 85.60 99.51 21.43 29.38 57.15 80.22 109.38 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation . a0° al3.22° a25° a35c a50° aG5c v a0° a!3.23° a35° ! a50° a65c 64' 6.57 6.82 6.90 6.88 6.7 128 9.18 9.50 9.62 9.58; 9.4 512 17.51 18.05 18.27 18.19 17.7 1024 23.81 24.56 24.87 24.74 24.5' 2048 31 . 93 32 . 77 33 . 12 32 01 32 . 1 0.4 9.1 17.1 23.6 31.1 64 3.92 128 5.511 512 i 10.70 2024: 14.81 2048 19.91 4.091 4. 5.74 5. 19 4.21! 4.111 3.98 .86 5.88 5.65! 5.46 11.08 11.32 11.36 11.00 10.62 15.32 15.66 15.70 15.43 14.91 20.61 21.00 21.00 21.07 20.33 Dissociation Constants X 104. Dissociation Constants X 104. V 0° i 13.22° 25° 35c 50c 05c 0° 13.23° 25° | 35 50° 65° 64 0.722 128 0.725 512 0.725 1024 0.726 2048 0.715 0 779 0 . 799 0 . 795 0 . 755 0 694 64 0 . 250 0.780 0.799 0.794 0.764 0.689 1280. 251 0.776 0.789 0.798 0.745, 0.6S7 512 0.251 0.781 0.804 0.794 0.752 0.692 0124 0.252 0.780 0.801 0.788 0.743 0.685 12048 0.242 0 273 0.280 0.289 0.275 0.258 0.273 0.285' 0.287 0.267 0.246 0.269 0.282 0.284 0.239 0.245 0 . 271 0 . 284 0 . 285 0 . 275 0 . 261 0 . 261 0 . 273 0 . 273 0 . 275 ; 0 . 253 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-13.22° 13.22-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c v 0-13.23° 64 128 512 1024 2048 0.40 0.56 05 44 94 0.37 0.52 0.34 0.47 0.99 0.88 1.31 1.19 1.72 1.57 0.27 0.39 0.71 1.09 1.29 0.20 0.29 0.54 0.77 1.04 13.23-25° 64 128 512 1024 2048 0.25 0.34 0.65 0.90 1.12 25-35° 35-50° | 50-65c 0 24 0.22 0.33 0.30 0.64 ' 0.58 0.88 I 0.79 1.17 1.05 0.16 0.20 0.41 0.65 0.93 0.13 0.27 0.35 0.49 0.66 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-13.22° 13.22-25°;25-35° 35-50° , 50-65° Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 1 0-13.25° 13.25-25° 64 128 512 1024 2048 2 75 2 72 2 68 2 71 2 74 25-35 ' 86 86 86 81 78 39 38 36 36 34 0.98 0.64 64 1.01 0.64 128 0.97 0.64 512 1.09 0.66 1024 0.99 0.68 2048 2 SO 2.78 2.72 2 72 2^72 1.98 1 . 96 1.97 1.97 1.04 1.46 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.41 35-50° 50-65c 0.94 0.84 0.90 1.00 1.01 0.69 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.67 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 123 1, 2, 4-DlHYDROXYBENZOIC AdD (Wm. Molecular Conductivity. M„0o /xr15° >r25° pv35° juc50° juP65c 128 44.74 65.11 79.27 92.14 109.2 122.2 512 80. 73 ll(i. 40 140. 15162.02 189.7 211.9 1024 103.30147.77177.20203.58 241.4 266.7 2048 127.65180.58215.81248.28 294.4 322.1 1,2,5-DlHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (Wm.).* Molecular Conductivity. v 128 512 ju„0° I m,15° ^„25° I m,35° /i„50° ^65 66.18 95.50113.96131.22 114.49163.00191.90219.43 1024 141.50i200.68234.70267.72 Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al5° a25° a35° 128 20 16 21.71 22.70 23 10 512 36 37 38.82 40.12 40.62 1024 46.54 49 . 28 50.73 51 04 2048 57 51 60.22 61.79 62 24 ; a50° a65c 23.35 22.94 40.48 39.78 51.63 50.07 62.96 60.48 2048 i 184. 36'252.38 290. 83 328. 42 1 1 Percentage Dissociation . v a0° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 128 29.85 31.87,32.49 32.83 512 51.63 54.39 i 54.71 54.89 Dissociation Constants X 104. 0° 15° 25° 128 3.98 512 4.06 1024 3.94 2048 3.80 4.62 4.81 4.66 4.45 5.21 5.25 5.08 4.88 35 c 50° 65° 5.42 5.43 5.12 5.01 5.56 5.33 5.3S 5.13 5.38 4.90 5.23 4.52 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 128 512 1024 2048 1.36 2.38 2.97 3.53 1.42 2.38 2.94 3.52 1 . 28 2.19 2.64 3.25 1.14 1.85 2.52 3.08 50-65° 0.86 1.48 1.69 1.85 1024 63.82 66.97 2048 83.15 84.22 66.91 66.98 82.92 82.17 Dissociation Constants X 10'. v 0° 128 ' 9.9 512 10.8 1024 10.6 2048 23.9 15c 11.7 12.7 13.3 22.0 25° 35° 12.2 12.9 13.2 19.7 12.5 13.0 13.3 IS. 5 50c 65c Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 128 512 1024 2048 0-15° 2.04 2.95 2.87 2.77 15-25° \ 25-35° I 35-50° 50-65c 2.17 2.04 1.99 1.92 1.62 1.56 1.46 1.50 1.24 1.14 1.24 1.24 0.79 0.78 0.70 0.63 128 512 1024 2048 0-15° 15-25c 1.95 3.23 3.95 4.54 1.85 2.89 3.40 3.86 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c 1.73 2.75 3.30 3.76 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 128 512 1024 2048 0-15° : 15-25° 25-35° 2.94 2.83 2.79 2.46 1.93 1.77 1.70 1.52 1.52 1.43 1.41 1.29 35-50c 50-65° •■Decomposes too rapidly above 35° to obtain satisfactory results. 124 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Gallic Acid (Wt. and Sm.] Molecular Conductivity. v 64 128 512 1024 2048 M*0° M,6.5°! /iB25° j /xp35° m,50 9.79 11.66] 16 . 90 1 19.36 14.01 16.55; 23.60, 27.10 28.89 34.08: 48. 33 1 55.12 37.84 44.63j 62.50; 71.18 51.601 60.72! 85.02 96.7 M,65c 23.26 26.19 33.09 36.64 67.58 75.54 86.15 95.96 112.36124.15 Percentage Dissociation. a0° a6.5° a25c a35° a50° 64 128 512 1024 2048 4.44 4.59 6.36 6.51 13.11 13.41: 17.18 17.55 23.37 23.88 4.86 6.78 4.89 6.85 13.89 13.92 17.96! 17.98 24.43! 24.43 5.07 7.20 14.72 18.76 24.47 a65c 5.09 7.12 14.66 18.63 24.13 Dissociation Constants X 104. 0e 6.5° 25° 64 128 512 1024 2048 0.323 0.338 0.387 0.348 0.349 0.345 0.354 0.405 0.365 0.366 0.387 0.385 0.437 0.384 0.386 35° a50° 0.393 0.42 0.394 0.42 0.440 0.49 0.385 0.42 0.386 0.38 a65° 0.42 0.42 0 41 0.42 0.37 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-6.5° 6.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 64 0.29 0.28 0.25 0.26 128 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.40 512 0.80 0.77 0.68 0.83 1024 1.05 0.97 0.87 1.00 2048 1.42 1.31 1.17 1.04 50-65° 0.19 0.24 0.53 0.65 0.79 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-6.5° 6.5-25° 25-35° 64 2.94 2.43 1.46 128 2.79 2.30 1.48 512 2.77 2.26 1.41 1024 2.76 2.17 1.39 2048 2.75 2.16 1.38 35-50° 50-65c 1.34 1.48 1.51 1.40 1.08 0.81 0.72 0.78 0.76 0.70 o-Aminobenzoic Acid (Wt.). Molecular Conductivity. v : /x*0° /M.5° M*25° Mp35° m»50° m*65 64 3.071 128 4 642 512 10.90 1024 16.03 2048 21.93 4.172 7.150! 9.001 6.28310.71 !l3.39 14.31 23.26 [28.96 20.48 33.53 41.57 28.30 45.26 55.78 Percentage Dissociation. V a0° a7.5° a25° 64 1.39 1.60 2.05 128 2.12 2.42 3.07 512 4.93 5.50 6.67 1024 7.25 7.87 9.62 2048 7.88 10.88 13.00 a50° 2 27 3'38 '. 7.31 . 10.48 . 14.07 . a65c Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0° 7.5C 25° , 35° a50° a65° 64 0 . 0306 0 . 0408 0 . 067 1 0 . 0824 128 0.03600.04670.07610.0922 512 0.04990.06260.09320.112 1024 0.05540.06580.10000.120 2048 0 . 0329 0 . 0649 0 . 0948 0.113 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-7.5° 7.5-25° 25-35° 35-50° 64 128 512 1024 2048 0.15 0.21 0.45 0.65 0.85 0.17 0.25 0.51 0.72 0.97 0.19 0.27 0.57 0.81 1.05 50-65° Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. ! 0-7.5° '7.5-25°: 25-35° 64 4.78 128 4.52 512 4.17 1024 4.03 2048 3.87 4.08 3.98 3.58 3.46 3.43 2.59 2.57 2.45 2.40 2.33 35-50° 50-65° ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 125 Jft-AMINOBENZOIC ACID (Will.), Molecular Conductivity. 128 512 1024 2048 M,0° MP18° ju„25° /*c35° Mp50° \ jue65c 3.57 6.91 8.54 11.09 6.26 10.33, 12.17 14.96 11.75 22.61 27.77:35.57 17.20 32. 38l 39.37 50.01 Percentage Dissociation. v 128 512 1024 2048 a0° al8° i a25° a35c 1.69 2.97 5.57 8.15 2.26 2.57 2.82 3.38 3.66 3.80 7.39 8.35 ' 9.04 10.59 11.83 12.71 a50c a65° Dissociation Constants X 104. v 128 512 1024 2048 18° 25° 35° 50° 65 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units V 0-18° 18-25° 25-35° 128 0.19 0.23 0.25 512 0.22 0.26 0.28 1024 0.60 0.73 0.78 2048 0.84 1.00 1.06 35-50° 50-65 ' Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-18° 18-25° 25-35c 35-50° 50-65c P-Aminobenzoic Acid (Wt.). Molecular Conductivity. p.v0° ,M0.19o /iB25° ; /zB35° | fxv50° J p.vG5° 64! 3.711 128 5.346 512 12.57 1024 118.87 2048 28.32 5.136 7.370 8.92 7.527 10.84 12.97 17.39 25.71 37.21 24.54 35.07 50.13 29.06 41.31 58.56 Percentage Dissociation. v 64 128 512 1024 2048 a0° | al0.19° a25c 1.68 2.42 5.69 8.54 13.73 1.87 2.75 6.34 9.38 13.28 2.11 3.11 7.04 10.07 14.38 a35° a50c 2.25 . 3.27 . 7.47 . 10.42-. 14.77 a65e Dissociation Constants X 104. 0° I 10.19° i 25° 35° 50° 65 64 0.0448 0.0559 0.07140.0790 128 10. 0468 0.0606 0.07800.0865 512 0.0670 0.0838 0.104 0.118 1024 0.0678 0.0949 0.110 0.119 2048 0.107 | 0.104 0.118 0.125 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-10.19° 64 0.14 128 0.21 512 0.47 1024 0.67 2048 0.87 10. 19-25° 25-35° 35-50° 0.15 0.22 0.48 0.63 0.87 0.16 0.21 0.45 0.62 0.84 50-65° Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-10.19° 10. 19-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65c 128 5.32 3.33 2.93 512 3.51 2.52 2.30 024 5.11 3.23 2.81 048 4.88 3.09 2.69 64 128 512 1024 2048 3.78 4.00 3.76 3.57 3.08 2.92 2.97 2.78 2.46 2.35 2.10 1.96 1.84 1.79 1.68 r\& .- . - : 128 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Benzenesulphonic Acid (Wm.), Molecular Conductivity. v HV0° m*15° M£2o° n£5° 8 204.57275.38321.07 366.1 32 210.23281.69336.55 370.1 128 222. 14 300. 43 350.47i 399.8 512 226.92305.81356.38 407.0 M„50° m.650 429.3 i 484.9 453.0' 515.4 473.9 540.6 475.3 544.3 1024 22S. 00 308. 97 359. 03 410.3 474.2 544.2 204S 226. 83 305. 71 [354.22 407.1(472.9 540.1 Percentage Dissociation . v a0° al5° j a25° j a35° a50° | a65° 8 32 128 512 1024 100.00100.00100.00100.00 89.72 89.13 89.43 89.23; 90.32 89.09 ; 92.21 91.17 90.95 90.20 95.30 94.69 97.43 97.24 97.62 97.44 99.70 99.30 99.53 98.98 99.26 99.20100.00100.00 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 0-15° 15-25° , 25-35° i 35-50° , 50-65° 4.72 4.76 5.22 5.26 5.40 4.57 4.49 5.00 5.05 5.01 4.50 4.35 4.93 5.06 5.13 4.21 5.53 4.94 4.55 4.26 3.71 4.16 4.45 4.60 4.67 .26 ! 4.85 5.29 ; 4.39 4.48 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.31 1.66 1.40 2.27 1.59 ; 1.33 2.35 1.67 1.41 2.32 1.65 I 1.42 2.37 1.62 1 1.43 2.32 1.59 1.49 1.15 1.49 1.24 1.12 1.04 1.08 0.86 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.98 0.95 ?tt-NlTROBENZENESULPHONIC AciD (Wm.). Molecular Conductivity. v 32 128 512 1024 2048 M„0° /i,16° I M»25° Mo35° /z»50° I /Ze>65 195.9 200.5 202.0 204.3 204.3 202.9 307. 1 350.0 409.0 465.5 269.1 | 313.8 357.2 419.5 478.4 272.9 320.4 367.2 430.4* 489.5 275.5 323.5 369.4 432.6 491.0 274.6 321.5 368.3 Percentage Dissociation. v a0c al6° a25° a35° a50° a65° 32 i 95.60 95.43 94.92 94.75 94.54! 94.80 128 | 97.84 97.68, 97.00 96.69 96.97 97.43 512 98.58 99.09' 99.04 99.40 99.49 99.69 1024 100 . 00 100 . 00 100 . 00 100 . 00 100 . 00 100 . 00 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 0-16c 32 128 512 1024 2048 4.47 4.57 4.73 4.73 4.69 16-25° 25-35 4.42 4.47 4.75 4.20 4.69 4.29 4.31 4.68 4.59 4.6S 35-50° 3.93 4.15 4.24 4.21 50-65° 3.77 3.93 3.94 3.89 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-16° 16-25° 25-35c 35-50° 50-65 32 ; 2.28 128 I 2.28 512 2.34 1024 2.31 1.68 1.66 1.74 1.74 2048 ' 2.30 ' 1.71 1.40 1.38 1.46 1.42 1.45 1.12 1.16 1.15 1.14 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.90 ^Interpolated. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 129 73-ToLUENEsuLPHONic Acid (Wm.). ' 1, 2, 4-NlTROTOLUENESULPHONIC AdD (Wm.). Molecular Conductivity. Molecular Conductivity. V Mt.0° /i„12° | /iK250 j /i»35° M*50° Me65° V m,o° M5° ixv25° Mk35° M*50° M.650 32 12S 512 1024 2048 203.0J258.5 208.41267.0 317.3 ; 363.2 430.3 328.2 374.7 440.0 489.4- 499.3 i 502.0 503.4 502.6 8 176.9 32 i 193.0 128 198.4 240.9 264.1 272.0 274.3 276.5 274.5 275.6 303.6 312.4 315.6 318.4 314.8 312.6 344.2 354.7 358.6 361.9 * * 210.0 210.6 206.7 269.0 269.7 266.4 331.7 376.8 444.2 445.9 445.3 332.7 327.7 380.3 379.8 512 1024 2048 199.9 200.5 199.7 357.6 1 Percentage Dissociation. Percentage Dissociation. V a0° al2° a25° a35° a50° a65° V a° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° 32 128 512 1024 2048 96.4 99.0 99.7 95.8 99.0 99.7 95.4 98.7 99.7 100.0 95.3 98.7 99.3 100.0 96.5 98.7 99.6 100.0 97.2 99.2 99.7 100.0 8 32 128 512 1024 88.22 87.12J S6.94 86.38 95.13 98.02 99.08 100.00 96.27 98.97 95.52 98.37 95.35 98.13 100.0 100.0 99.62J 99.22 99.10 100.00100.00100.00 I t Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 4.62 4.52 4.76 4.82 4.84 4.76 4.59 4.65 4.51 4.76 5.21 4.59 4.39 4.52 4.44 4.87 3.94 3.95 3.85 3.83 3.82 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 4.00 4.44 4.60 4.65 4.74 4.67 3.86 4.31 4.49 4.59 4.67 4.48 3.70 4.06 4.23 4.30 4.35 4.28 128 512 1024 2048 4.88 4.92 4.93 4.97 1 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.28 2.34 2.35 2.34 2.40 1.75 1.76 1.79 1.80 1.79 1.45 1.42 1.36 1.43 1.27 0.92 8 32 128 512 2.26 2.30 2.32 2 33 1.60 1.63 1.65 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.17 1.20 1.17 0.90 0.87 0.86 0.86 1.67 1.36 1.69 I 1.37 1.63 ! 1.36 1.59 i 1.31 1024 i 2.37 2048 ! 2.34 1 1 1 "Higher temperatures were not studied because of lack of material. 130 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 1, 4, 2-NlTROTOLUENESULPHONIC AdD (Wm.). o-Toluic Acid (Wt. and Sm.). Molecular Conductivity. M,0° jM6° 8 203.0 281.8 32 J 221.6 308.7 12S 225.3 312.8 512 1024 2048 ^25° ! ^35° j Mr50c M,65c Molecular Conductivity. v juF0° plv12° >c25° Mr35° /xr50° M,65c 320.5 i 364.3 433.3 ,493.4 349.5 393.1 462.1* 524.8 355.6 407.6 476.7 ; 542.6 228.3 317.5 360.7 411. 81486.0 j 554.5 228.9 318.5 362.3 413.6 487.5 556.3 228.0 j 318.7 :360.8 412.2 485.4 553.2 512 2048 2048 Percentage Dissociation . 54.71 71.65 95.06 68.32 81.09 88.44 90.41102.41 89.87106.7 116.7 127.31134.94 118.7 141.0 154.7 168.46177.70 a0° al6° a25° a35° a50° i a65° 8 32 128 512 1024 Percentage Dissociation. a0° j al2° ] a25° I a35° a50° I a65c 88.68; 88.48 88.46 88.08; 8S . 88 88 . 69 , 512 i 24.76 24.11 j 23.23 I 22.20 20.50 96.81 96.92 96.47 95.04 94.79 94.34! 1024 j 32.44 31.71 ! 30.50 29.47 i 27.29 98.43; 98.21 98.15 98.55 97.78 97.541 2048 99.74 99.691 99.56 99.56; 99.69 99.67 100.0 100.0 ilOO.O 100.0 1100. 0 100.0 ; i 43.01 41.75 40.54 39.16 35.83 19.10 26.10 33.15 Dissociation Constants X 104. v 0° 512 . 1024 . 2048 . 16° 25 c 35c 50c 65° Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V 0-16° 16-25° S 4.90 4.30 32 5.42 4.53 128 5.44 4.76 512 5.55 4.80 1024 5.58 4.87 2048 5.65 4.68 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 4.38 4.36 5.20 5.11 4.95 5.14 4.60 4.60 4.61 4.95 4.92 4.88 4.01 4.18 4.39 4.57 4.59 4.52 Dissociation Constants X 104 V 0° 12° 25° 35° 50° 512 1024 2048 1.59 1.52 1.59 1.49 1.44 1.46 1.37 1.32 1.35 1.25 1.30 1.22 1.03 1.00 0.98 65c 0.88 0.90 0.80 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 512 1024 204S Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-16° 16-25° 25-35° 35-50° , 50-65 0-12° 12-25° 1.13 I 0.98 1.52 1.29 1.93 : 1.72 25-35° 0.74 1.00 1.33 35-50° 50-65 0.53 0.71 0.91 0.40 0.51 0.62 'Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-12c 12-25° 25-35c 35-50c 8 32 128 512 1024 2048 2.41 2.44 2.41 2.43 2.44 2.48 1.53 1.47 1.52 1.51 1.53 1.47 1.37 1.25 1.40 1.42 1 37 1.42 1.26 1.17 1.13 1.20 1.19 1.18 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.93 512 1024 204 S 2.07 2.11 2.03 1.44 1.44 1.44 0.91 0.94 0.94 0.60 0.61 0.59 50-65° 0.41 0.40 0.36 "Interpolated value. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 131 m-ToLuic Acid (Wt. and Sm.). Molecular Conductivity. 512 1024 2048 jub0° 33.05 45.20 61.24 Mrl20 M,25° Mr35° M„50° m,G5° 43.57| 54.601 62.05 71.29 78.44 59 . 43 : 74 . 161 83 . 93 98 . 70 108 . 33 80.79 100.4 113.1 128.S7'l40.90 P-Toluic Acid (Wt. and Sm.). Percentage Dissociation . v 512 1024 2048 a0° 14.95 20.45 27.71 al2° 15.44 21.05 28.63 a25° a35c 15.64 21.25 2S.77 15.63 21.14 28.49 a50c 15.15 21.00 27.41 a65c 14.47 20.00 Molecular Conductivity. v Mr0° 512 1024 2048 39.63 54.12 Mil1-1 52.52 71.75 M,25c 48.48 66.13 M,35° ! jtir50° 55.44 62.98 68.37 75.54i 86.30 95.43 M,65c 89.96 1103.5 114.93125.35 Percentage Dissociation. v 512 1024 26.00 2048 Dissociation Constants X 10' 512 1024 2048 0° 0.513 0.513 0.519 12° 25° 35c 50° 65° 0.550J0.567 0.54,8 | 0.560 0. 560 i 0.567 0.565 0.554 0.554 0.521 0.47 0.54 0.48 0.51 i 0.45 a0c 17.93 24.49 al2° a25° a35° a50° 18.49 25.26 13.89 18.95 25.78 13.96 19.02 20.07 13.42 18.39 24.49 a65c 12.68 17.71 23.26 Dissociation Constants X 10' V 0° 12° 25° 35° 50° 512 0.43s! 0.433 0.406 0.433 i 0.437 |0.405 0.437 0.449 0.388 1024 2048 0.383 0.388 0.410 0.417 65c 0.359 0.372 0.344 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 512 1024 2048 0-12° 0.88 1.19 1.63 12-25° 0.85 1.13 1.51 25-35° 0.75 0.98 1.27 35-50° 0.62 0.98 1.05 50-65c 0.48 0.64 0.80 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-12° i 12-25c 25-35° ! 35-50° 50-65c 512 2.65 1024 2.62 2048 2.66 1.95 1.91 1.87 1.37 1.32 1.27 1.00 i 0.65 1.17 0.65 0.93 0.62 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v I 0-12° 512 1024 2048 1.07 1.47 12-25° 1.05 1.40 25-35c 0.70 0.94 1.35 35-50° 50-65° 0.50 0.36 0.72 0.61 0.76 I 0.69 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 512 1024 2048 0-12° 12-25° 25-35° 35-50° 1.44 1.42 1.50 0.90 0.95 0.73 2.76 2.72 1.99 1.95 50-65c 0.57 0.70 0.60 ^ NX . » >1 ' ' ■ - 1 134 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Tetrachlorphthalic Acid (Wm.). Molecular Conductivity. 512 HvV 296.8 1024 ; 328.6 2048 356.0 p.vYo° I /zp25° A'-t35° M„50° ; m«-65° 386.5 441.3 492.7 552.7:601.3 432.7 469.2 495.9: 555.2' 617.4 539. 8 ; 605.0 6S4.9 Anisic Acid (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. v pv0° Mrl5° Mr25° ! /J ,35 1024 : 35 . SO i 50 . 50 , 59 . 10 67 . 60 669.3 204S 47. 13 66.74 78.80 ! 90. 15 739.6 Percentage Dissociation. v a0° al5° a25° 512 1024 2048 ! a35° a50° a65° MB50° I /i,,65c 80.29! 103.67 90.25 115.17 Percentage Dissociation. a0° al5° I a25° a35° a50 a65° Dissociation Cons tants X 104. V 0° 15° : 25° i 35° 50° 65° 512 1 1024 2048 ' 1024 16.14 2048 21.26 16.84 16.88 16.94 17.06! 16.80 22.25 22.50 22.59 22.03 21.44 Dissociation Constants X 104. 0C 15° 1024 0.303 :048 0.280 0.333 25c 0.335 0.311:0.319 50° ■ 65° 0.337 0.343 0.331 0.322 0.304:0.285 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° j 35-50° ; 50-65c v 0-15° ' 15-25° : 25-35° , 35-50° 50-65c 512 ! 5 98 1024 I 6.94 2048 7.55 5.48 6.32 7.06 5.14 j 4.00 5.93 i 4.15 6.52 5.33 3.24 3.46 3.65 Tern [mature Coefficients in Per Cent. 0-15° 15-25c 25-35° 35-50° 512 I 2.02 1.42 1024 I 2.11 2048 ! 2.12 1.46 1.50 1.17 1 . 20 1.21 0.81 0.75 0.8S 50-65° 1024 i 0.9S 2048 I 1.307 0.86 1.20 0.85 1.13 0.84 0.90 0.66 0.77 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 0-15° 35-25° 25-35° : 35-50c 30-65 c 0.59 0.50 I 2048 0.53 I 1024 2.74 1.70 2 77 1.80 1.43 , 1.24 ; 0.82 1.43 i 1.00 0.74 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 135 Vanillic Acid (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity . v pv0° /i,15° 256 i 18.48 26.44 512 | 26.16 36.65 1024 35.87 50.10 2048 47.26^67.40 M,25° M,35° , w„50c 31.68,36.49 42.32 ju„65c Naphthionic Acid (Sp.). Molecular < 'onductivity. p.v0° p,v15 )UB25 Mr35° ju,50° j m„650 47 . 411 1 024 142 . 17 212 . 69 262 .01312.05 382 . 58 450 . 58 43.30' 49.89 59.55 69.00 80. 88 93.48 57.80 64.62 2048 169.80245.52295.41347.20420.93491.21 80. 3S 89.42 109.15120.08 Percentage Dissociation. v 256 512 1024 204S a0c 8.35 al5c 8.84 11.82 12.25 16.21 21.35 a25c 9.05 12. 3S a35c 9. IS a50c 9.12 a65° Percentage Dissociation. a0° i al5° ; a25c a35° a50° i a65° .90 12.56: 12.46 i 12.13 16.75 17.33 17.37 17.32 16.78 1024 64.04 71.82 74.43 78.23 2(1 IS 22.53 23. 12 23.53 23.52 22.54 76.58 82.98 83.92 86.80 81.75 89.94 84.29 91.90 Dissociation Constants X 104. Dissociation Constants X 104. 0° 15c 25c 35° 50° 65c v 0° 15° 25° 35c 256 ! 0.30 512 0.31 1024 0.31 204S < 0.28 0.33 i 0.35 i 0.36 0.30 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.33 0.33 0.32 1024 11.1 I 17.9 ! 21.2 2048 12.2 19.7 21.4 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. 27.4 27.9 50° 65° 35.8 39.3 44.2 50.9 Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 256 ! 0.53 512 | 0.70 1024 ; 0.95 2048 : 1.34 0.52 0.66 0.95 1.34 0.48 35-50° 50-65° v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 0.39 0.66 i 0.53 0.94 1.26 0.76 1.04 0.34 0.45 0.60 0.73 1024 ' 4.70 204S 5.05 4.93 4.99 5.09 5.16 4.64 4.92 50-65c 4.56 4.68 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 256 512 1024 2048 0.15° 15-25° 25-35° ! 35-50° j 50-65° 2.87 1.98 ! 1.52 2.67 ! 1.81 1.52 2.63 ! 1.88 ' 1.58 2.80 : 1.99 1.55 1.07 1.06 1.10 1.11 0.80 0.79 0.75 0.67 Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. v 1024 2048 0-1 5C 3.30 3.00 15-25° 2 32 2.03 25-35° 35-50° 1.94 1.48 1.48 1.42 50-65° 1.19 1.11 136 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 137 Coumaric Acid (Sp.). Molecular Conductivity. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units. V M..00 M015° M,25° M,35° /x,50° M,65° v 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° 35-50° 50-65° 256 512 1024 2048 16.00 22.40 31.48 44.53 23.22 32.39 46.00 65.13 27.08 37.58 53.38 75.56 30.38 42.01 59.52 77.50 35.56 49.08 69.57 90.50 39.39 ' 54.24 76.92 98.75 256 512 1024 2048 0.48 0.67 0.97 1.37 0.38 0.52 0.74 1.04 0.33 0.44 0.61 0.19 0.34 0.47 0.67 0.87 0.25 0.34 0.49 0.55 Percentage Dissociation. Temperature Coefficients in Per Cent. V a0° al5° a25° a35° a50° a65° j V 0-15° 15-25° 25-35° j 35-50° 50-65° 256 512 1024 2048 7.27 10.18 14.30 20.23 7.74 10.80 15.34 21.72 7.75 7.60 10.74 10.51 15.25 j 14.89 21.59 19.39 7.59 10.48 14.86 19.34 7.37; 10.15 14.39 18.48 256 512 1024 2048 3.00 2.99 3.07 3.08 1.64 1.61 1.63 1.60 1.21 j 1.13 j 0.71 1.17 ' 1.12 ! 0.70 1.15 1.12 j 0.70 0.25 ! 1.12 ! 0.61 i Dissociation Constants X 104. V 0° 15° 25° 35° 50° 65° 256 0.223 512 0.225 1024 i 0.233 2048 0.250 0.254 0.253 0.255 0.252 0.271 0.268 0.294 0.290 0.244 0.241 0.254 0.22S 0.243 0.240 0.252 0.226 0.229 0.224 0.236 0.205 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS WITH THE ORGANIC ACIDS. It does not seem necessary or desirable, in discussing the results with the organic acids, to tabulate these results as was done in the case of the salts. The anions of these acids are not related as the cations of the salts were, and any relations must be of a more limited nature. Certain relations will, however, be pointed out, and they can easily be verified from the data for the various acids. Take, first, the conductivities of the various acids: The presence of chlorine in acetic acid increases enormously its dissociation. Thus, at volume 32 and 0° the conductivity of acetic acid is 5.33; of dichloracetic acid 166, and of trichloracetic acid 208.7. The conductivity of cyanacetic acid under the same conditions is 68.7, and of phenylacetic acid 9. Acetic acid is slightly stronger than propionic, which at volume 32 and 0° has a conductivity of 4.63. This illustrates the general prin- ciple that in a homologous series of organic acids the lower members of the series are the stronger, at the same temperature and volume a-brompropionic acid having a conductivity of 38, /3-iodopropionic acid of 12.57, while /S-acetylpropionic acid has a conductivity of 5.85. Butyric acid at the same volume and temperature has the value 5.0; a-brombutyric 42.75, showing the marked increase in the strength due to the presence of bromine. Isobutyric acid at volume 32 and 0° has the value 4.91, while hydroxyisobutyric has the conductivity 12.11, showing the increase in the strength due to the presence of the hydroxyl group. The conductivities of butyric and isobutyric acids are very nearly the same, which is characteristic of a large number of isomeric compounds. Isovaleric acid has the conductivity 5.36. Turning to the dibasic acids of the oxalic series, we come first to oxalic acid. This was decomposed by the platinum plates, and was therefore not studied. Malonic acid 138 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. and a large number of its derivatives were investigated. The following table gives the results for two volumes and three temperatures for all of these substances: Acid. 0° v = S2 y = 1024 Malonic 43 . 51 Dimethylrnalonic 32.00 Ethylmalonic. 40.90 Diethylmalonic 92 . 77 Methylethylmalonic ] 45 . 89 Isopropylmalonic 40 . 07 Dipropylmalonic 103 . 1G Butylmalonic I 37 . 53 Benzylmalonic 45 . 06 Allylmalonic 45 . 62 153.3 124.1 146.45 201.22 156.21 144.1 203.51 140.0 153.05 158.93 25° v = 32 y = 1024 72.23 51.23 64.42 138.84 72.45 64.92 154.54 58.72 69.82 71.47 251.2 198.93 231.24 311.98 248.19 234.00 317.78 218.3 239.44 248.67 65c v = 32 i' = 1024 77.1 90.66 186.22 104.35 91.73 83'93 97.76 101.16 299.26 330.62 462.78 365.54 343.8 468.0 320.1 345.35 358.28 The presence of two methyl groups weakens the acid, while two ethyl groups more than double the strength. Ethyl, methylethyl, isopropyl, butyl, benzyl, and allyl affect the conductivity very slightly. Dipropyl more than doubles the strength of the acid. These empirical relations have a certain kind of interest, but their mean- ing is at present not at all fully understood. Succinic acid at zero and ?; = 32 has a conductivity of 9.21, being much less than malonic. This is in accord with the relation pointed out between the strengths of acids and their position in an homologous series. Monobromsuccinic acid was studied at v= 128. It had a conductivity of 101.46 against succinic at this volume of 18.24, showing that bromine increases acidit}^. Dibromsuccinic at volume 128 and 0° has the conductivity 254.34, showing the effect on acidity of the second bromine atom Pyrotartaric at z- = 32 has nv= 10.94, nv for a-tartaric at v = 32 = 34.18 and for racemic = 34.60. These two isomeric acids have practically the same conductivity. The kind of isomerism, illustrated by maleic and fumaric acids stereoisomerism, is interesting in the present connection. We have seen that ordinary isomeric acids, using that term as we generally do, have very nearly the same conductivity. Maleic and fumaric acids at the same volumes and temperatures have widely different con- ductivities. Thus at v = 32 and 0°, fx„ for maleic acid = 108.1, nv for fumaric = 35.46. The results for itaconic, citraconic, and mesaconic acids differ widely. For y = 32: fit for itaconic = 13.50 nv for citraconic = 68.66 pt for mesaconic = 33.31 Passing to the acids of the aromatic compounds, the introduction of chlorine into benzoic acid raises the conductivity at r = 64 and 0° from 18.49 to 85.20. m0 for orthonitrobenzoic at t' = 128 (0°) is 146.9, for metanitrobenzoic = 40.1. This shows the effect of chlorine and of the nitro group in the ortho position on the acidity. The 1, 2, 4 dinitrobenzoic at 0° and r = 32, /z„= 166.51, showing that the second nitro group in these positions still further increases the acidity. The 1, 3, 5 dinitrobenzoic at r = 512 has a value for /xr of only 122.28. The effect of the nitro group in increasing acidity is well illustrated by picric acid. Phenol is a very weak acid, one of the weakest, while trinitrophenol is very strong. Its dissociation is of the same order of magnitude as the strongest mineral acids. The effect of the introduction of the hydroxyl group into benzoic acid, on the ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 139 strength of that acid, depends upon the position of the group. Benzoic acid at zero and t> = 128 has a value of (*„ = 18.49. Mcfor salicylic or orthohydroxybenzoic acid = 62.65, for metahydroxybenzoic = 20.48, while for parahydroxybenzoic at 128 and 0°,m,= 18.29. The introduction of the second hydroxyl group raises the conductivity, the amount depending on the position of those groups. At zero and v = 128, /x„ for 1, 2, 4 dihy- droxybenzoic acid = 44.74, while nv for 1, 2, 5 dihydroxybenzoic = 66.18. Gallic acid, or trihydroxybenzoic acid, has an interest of its own. For zero and t> = 128, nv= 14.01. The third hydroxyl, instead of raising, lowers the conductivity below that of benzoic acid itself. The presence of the amino group lowers the strength of the acid, as would be expected. Thus, benzoic acid at 0° and v = 64, //„= 13.42. For orthoaminobenzoic acid jur = 3.07; while for paraaminobenzoic acid /*„ = 3.71. The four sulphonic acids studied are all strong, as are sulphonic acids in general. Of the three toluic acids, the ortho is much stronger than the benzoic, while the other two are of the same order of strength. Cinnamic acid is slightly stronger than hydrocinnamic. When we come to the dibasic phthalic acid, we have a much stronger compound than the monobasic acid. Thus, at 0° and y = 64, nv for phthalic acid =55.98. The introduction of the second carboxyl thus increases the strength of the acid. DISSOCIATIONS OF ORGANIC ACIDS. It is not necessary to consider the dissociations of the several acids in detail. It is better to take up the constants calculated from the dissociations, since these are the quantities so often desired in connection with the organic acids. Some conclu- sions have, however, been reached, especially by White and Wightman, in connec- tion with the dissociations of these compounds, and these will be given. The conductivity of most of the organic acids is a parabolic function of the tem- perature, as is shown by comparing the values found with those calculated from interpolation formula. Several of the amino acids are exceptions to this relation, their conductivities not being a parabolic function of the temperature. The effect of rise in temperature on the dissociation of organic acids can be for- mulated thus: The dissociation of some of the organic acids decreases regularly with rise in temperature from 0°. Maxima occur in the dissociation of many of the organic acids. In some cases the maximum appears between 15° and 25°; in others between 25° and 35°, while in still other cases it falls at a higher temperature, i. e., around 50°. This is apparently not in accord with the Thomson-Nernst hypothesis, which connects the dissociating power of a solvent with its dielectric constant, and the dielectric constant decreases with rise in temperature. The strong organic acids do not obey the Ostwald dilution law and, therefore, "dissociation constants" could not be calculated for them by means of this law. Isomeric acids are not always dissociated to the same extent, and their dissocia- tions change differently with rise in temperature. The migration velocities of mctameric ions are identical. The migration veloci- ties of the anions of organic acids are a function of the number of atoms present in the anions. This fact is utilized to find the values of u* for the dibasic organic acids. 140 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS. The " constants " for the various acids are calculated by means of the Ostvvald dilu- _2 const. This, as is well known, does not apply to the strongly disso- tion law, — — . (1— a)v ciated compounds, which therefore have no "constants." The constants are given for the volumes 32 and 1024, and for the temperatures 0°, 25°, and 65°. Dissociation Constants. 25° 65° Acid. y = 32 Acetic 0.179 Cvanacetic 41.0 Phenylacetic I 0.540 Propionic. 0.138 a-Brompropionic 10.3 /9-Iodopropi onic ! 1 . 04 0.225 0.165 ^ = 1024 ! v = 32 ! ti = 1024 i t=32 j y = 1024 Acetylpropionic n-Butyric a-Brombutyric 13.1 Isobutyric 0 . 155 Hydroxyisobutyric 0.99 Isovaleric ; 0 . 187 Caprylic Malonic 14.8 Dimethylmalonic 7 . 57 Ethylmalonic 12.9 Methylethylmalonic i 17.0 Isoprop}'lmalonic 12.5 Dipropylmalonic 132.0 Butylmalonic 11.0 Benzjdmalonic 16.6 Allylmalonic 16.8 Succinic 0 . 556 Monobromsuccinic Pyrotartaric. . Z-Tartaric Racemic Thiodiglycolic. Tricarballylic . Benzilic Hippuric Citric Pyroraucic. 0.170 38.0 0.526 0.125 12.7 0.92 0.206 0.161 15.6 0.154 0.94 0.170 0.129 14.8 6.90 12.4 16.7 12 0 122.0 11.0 15.8 0.81 8.9 9.1 6.10 1.87 10. 6 1 4 24 95 6.92 | 8.7 Crotonic 0.199 Maleic 143.0 Fumaric 9 . 40 Itaconic 1 . 24 Citraconic I 43 . 6 .7 .27 .4 Mesaconic Phenylpropiolic Benzoic o-Chlorbenzoic o-Nitrobenzoic m-Nitrobenzoic p-Nitrobenzoic 1, 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic Salicylic Acetylsalicylic m-Hydroxybenzoic p-Hydroxybenzoic 1, 2, 4-Dihydroxjrbenzoic , 1. 2. 5-Dihydroxybenzoic Gallic o-Aminobenzoic 8.4 102.0 0.572 48.1 0.78 9.6 9.36 2.13 7.88 8.4 0.194 179.0 0.184 39.0 0.536 0.141 8.7 0.99 0.250 0.157 11.0 0.148 1.10 0.169 .3 .75 10. 1. 43. 9.3 52.3 . 0.572 . 18.1 . 52.0 3.19 . 3.58 |. 13.4 . 8.1 3.0 0.726 0.252 3.94 10.6 0.348 0.0554 8.63 7.6 0.215 154.0 10.1 1.53 38.1 8.1 68.9 16. 7. 12.8 16.9 13.2 113.0 10.8 16.0 16.2 0.655 "0^89 " 10.6 10.9 6.23 2.11 0.175 35.0 0.518 0.123 10.6 0.87 0.233 0.150 13.2 0.147 1.03 0.161 0.129 16.7 7.21 12.3 16.9 13.2 102.0 10.5 15.2 0.665 39.4 0.87 12.2 3 36 15 9.02 2.28 10.6 7.4 0.211 209.0 11.5 1.50 37.6 8.7 48.5 0.649 13.1 47.0 3.23 4.00 16.2 10.6 2.7 0.804 0.284 5.08 13.2 0.384 0.100 0.166 i 0.154 29.0 26.0 0.420 0.375 0.116 0.108 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 0 ' 237 j 0^213 0^129 0^119 0.98 0.91 0.125 0.109 0.095 Y45" "e'77' 10.6 9.5 14.5 14.6 11.2 11.4 79.0 9.15 8.8 12.8 11.7 13.8 13.1 0.687 ! 0.688 12. 6. o 0.85 11.1 9.9 6.08 2.19 10.13 5.4 0.185 106.0 8.5 1.55 30.12 6.6 32.7 0.81 11.9 10.4 6.16 2.27 7.09 2.16 11.16 4.8 0.182 161.5 8.6 1.53 31.91 6.4 27.7 0.552 8.8 30.8 3.38 3.54 15.6 11.0 0.692 0.261 4.90 0.420 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Dissociation Constants — Continued. 141 Acid. 0 0 25° 35° 0 = 32 0 = 1024 y=32 v = 1024 y = 32 0 = 1024 p-Aminobenzoic 0.0678 0.90 3.26 0.253 2.76 1.52 0.513 0.383 0.320 0.214 13.4 0.303 0.31 11.1 4.32 0.282 0.233 0.110 1.96 5.53 0.480 2.97 1.32 0.560 0.433 0.307 0.221 12.8 0.335 0.35 21.2 4.32 0.264 0.268 0.119 4.79 12.10 1.11 2.59 0.90 0.48 0.372 0.331 0.177 10.2 0.331 0.33 44.2 3.45 0.201 0.236 Metanilic 0.90 3.34 1.99 6.01 5.34 13.4 Sulphanilic Picramic p-Sulphaminobenzoic o-Toluic tfi-Toluic p-Toluic Cinnamic 0.232 0.191 Hvdroc'innamic 0 . 229 o-Phthalic Anisic Vanillic Naphthionic Mandolic 4.30 4.29 3.66 Camphoric These "affinity constants" are of fundamental importance in dealing with organic acids. From these values we learn more about the organic acids as acids than from any other data. The constants are tabulated for convenience of reference, and a glance will give a very good idea of the relative activities of a fairly large number of very different types of the acids of carbon. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS IN CONDUCTIVITY UNITS. The following tabulation of some of the results will aid in an examination of these values. The heading 0° means zero to the next temperature. Acid. o 25° to 35c t> = 32 0 = 1024 0 = 32 0 = 1024 Acetic Dichloracetic Trichloracetic Cyanacetic Phenylacetic Propionic a-Brompropionic /3-Iodopropionic Acetylpropionic n-Butyric a-Brombutyric Isobutyric Hydroxyisobutyric. . Isovaleric Caprylic Malonic Dimethylmalonic. . . . Ethylmalonic Diethylmalonic Methylethylmalonic Isopropylmalonic. . . . Dipropylmalonic Butylmalonic Benzylmalonic Allylmalonic 0.14 3.62 4.60 1.67 0.21 0.12 0.76 0.28 0.16 0.12 0.79 0.12 0.33 0.113 1.17 0.78 0.95 1.92 1.07 0.97 2.13 0.87 1.03 1.06 0.72 5.46 5.26 4.35 1.05 0.61 3.27 1.34 0.81 0.64 3.25 0.60 1.54 0.589 0.56 4.06 3.04 3.42 4.47 3.67 3.53 4.63 3.15 3.50 3.67 0.12 3.30 4.12 1.23 0.18 0.10 0.56 0.26 0.14 0.05 0.54 0.09 0.28 0.87 l'03' 0.72 0.81 1.48 0.95 0.87 1.58 0.78 0.85 0.88 0.62 4.94 5.05 4.04 0.82 0.51 2.75 1.32 0.71 0.41 2.62 0.46 1.46 0.415 0.45 3.36 2.71 2.88 4.16 3.18 3.04 4.14 2.97 3.02 3.23 50° to 65° 0 = 32 0 = 1024 0.08 1.75 2.75 0.70 0.98 0.05 0.46 4.39 2.83 3.01 0.45 0.28 0.095 0.041 0.17 0.45 0.44 0.18 0.90 0.175 0.22 0.53 0.55 0.54 0.80 0.72 0.51 'o'53' 0.57 0.61 2.17 2.18 3.27 2.82 2.41 3.40 2.26 2.30 2.37 142 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Temperature Coefficients in Conductivity Units — Continued. Acid. C ° 25° to 35° 50° to 65° i v = 32 y = 1024 v = 32 f = 1024 v = 32 ?; = 1024 Succinic 0.28 1.41 4.20 8.01 1.43 3.73 3.73 2.94 2.12 3.02 2.06 3.64 3.08 0.78 5.14 3.62 1.81 2.24 3.78 4.44 10.06 1.26 3.13 4.36 2.49 2.63 5.05 3.84 4.99 3.80 1.89 8.04 1.44 0.90 2.97 3.95 1.05 0.65 0.60 0.67 2.50 3.45 1.41 2.28 5.40 4.73 4.93 4.74 1.52 1.19 1.07 1.08 0.757 3.51 5.65 6.94 0.98 0.95 4.70 2.43 0.75 0.97 0.24 1.16 0.18 1.03 Monobromsuecinic Dibromsuccinic 3.10 0.29 0.99 1.02 0.70 0.47 1.74 0.27 0.89 0.95 0.59 0.44 0.87 0.52 0.12 2.34 1.78 0.35 1.21 0.60 4.86 0.84 2 15 4.14 4.56 0.81 1.30 1 4.50 4.29 4.59 4.06 0.104 i 0.51 6.35 1.27 3.22 3.43 2.48 2.06 2.87 1.61 3.38 2.06 0.66 4.67 3.00 1.65 3.74 2.42 3'94 9.18 1.06 2.35 3.51 2.16 2.40 4.80 3.59 4.93 3.22 1.94 7.57 1.19 0.79 2.64 3.30 0.87 0.81 0.78 0.62 3.23 3.88 1.84 2.02 5.13 4.59 4.76 4.35 1.00 0.98 0.94 0.84 0.595 0.266 4.37 5.93 0.85 0.94 5.09 2.13 0.59 0.61 3.28 0.29 0.68 0.62 0.39 0.33 0.75 0.28 0.082 1.80 0.50 0.29 0.91 0.41 3.32 0.153 1.14 3.61 5.26 2.70 2.21 1.94 1.22 1.77 1.13 4.35 1.07 0.64 4.20 2.05 1.40 3.24 1.86 2.00 8.59 0.67 1.13 2.22 1.67 1.33 3.52 2.49 3.46 2.37 Pyrotartaric Z-Tartaric Racemic Thiodiglvcolie Tricarballylic Diphenylglycolic Hippuric Citric 0.91 0.71 0.15 2.74 0.94 0.40 1.43 0.80 Pyromucic Crotonic Maleic Fumaric Itaconic Citraconic Mesaconic Phenvlpropiolic Meconic Benzoic o-Chlorbenzoic o-Nitrobenzoic 1.49 ?n-Xitrobenzoic p-Nitrobenzoic 1, 2, 4-Dinitrobenzoic 3.04 1, 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic Picric 4.48 Salicylic Acetylsalicylic Sulphosalicylic 4.95 3.59 5.62 0.77 0.49 1.69 m-Hydroxybenzoic p-Hvdroxybenzoic 1, 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic 1, 2, 5-Dihydroxybenzoic .... Gallic 0.65 o-Aminobenzoic m-Aminobenzoic p-Aminobenzoie . . Metanilic 0.53 0.88 1.10 1.48 4.16 3.77 3.94 3.82 4.37 2.30 1.27 4.67 3.89 3.83 Sulphanilic p-Sulphaminobenzoic Benzenesulphonic 4.76 4.47 4.62 4.44 m-Nitrotoluenesulphonic p-Toluenesulphonic 1, 2, 4-Nitrotoluenesulphonic o-Toluic 0.079 0.35 0.51 0.64 0.61 0.62 0.38 2.44 2.93 3.46 0.66 0.60 4.56 1.55 0.36 0.49 w?-Toluic p-Toluic Cinnamic Hydrocinnamic 0.145 o-Phthalic 4, 5-Dichlorphthalic Tetrachlorphthalic Vanillic Naphthionic Mandelic 0.56 Camphoric Coumaric ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. 143 The temperature coefficients of conductivity, expressed in conductivity units, increase rapidly with the dilution of the solution, and for weak organic acids, when not much hydrated, decrease rapidly with rise in temperature. When the acids are hydrated the temperature coefficients of conductivity are larger, and their increase with dilution and decrease with rise in temperature both take place at a slower rate. The organic acids with the larger constants also have, in general, the larger tem- perature coefficients of conductivity expressed in conductivity units. The ortho acids usually have a somewhat larger coefficient than the meta and the para. The meta and the para have very nearly the same values for the temperature coefficients expressed in conductivity units. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS IN PER CENT. The following coefficients in per cent were obtained; the heading 0° means from zero to next temperature. Acid. 25° to 35c v = 32 t> = 1024 t; = 32 0 = 1024 0 = 32 0 = 1024 50° to 65° Acetic Dichloracetic Trichloracetic Cyanacetic Phenylacetic Propionic a-Brompropionic /3-Iodopropionic Acetylpropionic n-Butyric a-Brombutyric Lsobutyric Hydroxy isobutyric. . Isovaleric Caprylic Malonic Dimethylmalonic. . . . Ethylmalonic Diethylmalonic Methylethylmalonic . Isopropylmalonic. . . . Dipropylmalonic Butylmalonic , Benzylmalonic Allylmalonic Succinic Monobromsuccinic. . Dibromsuccinic Pyrotartaric /-Tartaric Racemic Thiodiglycolic Tricarballylic Diphenylglycolic . . . Hippuric Citric Pyromucic Crotonic Maleic Fumaric Itaconic Citraconic Mesaconic 2.62 2.18 2.20 2.29 2'32 2.56 2.00 2.25 2.74 2.38 1.86 2.35 2.71 2.10 2.57 2.46 2.35 2.32 2.30 2.56 2.16 2.28 2.71 2.69 2.43 2.33 2.07 2.33 2.43 2.06 2.32 2.29 2.33 2.03 1.77 2.64 2.94 2.93 2.43 2.86 38 02 28 62 08 2.29 2.65 2.45 2.32 2.22 2.35 2.45 2.27 2.25 1.39 1.30 1.28 1.16 1.23 1.33 1.00 1.35 1.43 1.19 0.89 1.17 1.38 1.07 3.00 2.08 2.69 2.54 2.64 2.97 2.08 2.39 29 31 94 22 10 2.63 2.75 2.68 2.45 2.68 2.26 2.54 2.86 2.31 2.68 2.43 2.56 2.71 2.28 2.37 1.43 1.40 1.27 1.06 1.31 1.34 1.02 1.32 1.22 1.23 1.47 1.32 1.37 1.42 1.39 1.15 1.31 1.17 1.45 1.43 0.98 1.09 1.13 1.50 0.98 .1.17 1.34 1.36 1.25 1.33 1.28 1.30 1.30 1.36 1.26 1.30 1.42 0.72 0.52 0.65 0.52 0.55 0.56 0.74 0.46 0.65 0.46 0.71 1.47 1.52 1.59 1.28 1.56 1.64 1.04 1.31 1.34 1.19 1.50 1.18 1.16 1.11 1.42 1.40 1.49 1.30 1.57 1.23 1.23 1.55 1.02 1.37 1.38 1.17 1.45 1.29 1.15 0.74 0.80 0.66 0.46 0.76 0.61 0.69 0.65 0.16 0.84 0.98 0.45 0.68 0.78 0.67 0.90 0.70 0.67 0.79 0.90 0.59 0.79 0.51 0.57 0.67 0.39 0.70 0.34 0.46 0.80 0.82 0.71 0.79 0.87 0.78 0.81 0.79 0.74 0.73 0.94 1.09 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.80 0.73 0.64 0.78 0.88 0.68 0.66 0.66 0.95 0.43 0.73 0.93 0.70 0.91 0.84 0.68 144 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES, ETC. Acid. 0° 25° to 35c t> = 32 y=1024 d = 32 i y = 1024 Phenylpropiolic ; Meconic ' Benzoic ! o-Chlorbenzoic j o-Nitrobenzoic 1 . 52 ?«-Nitrobenzoic ! p-Nitrobenzoic ' 1, 2, 4-Dinitrobenzoic 1 . 83 1, 3, 5-Dinitrobenzoic Picric. ! 2.32 Salicylic ! Acetylsalicylic ' Sulphosalicylic ! 2 . 36 ?n-Hydroxybenzoic : p-Hydroxybenzoic | 1, 2, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic i 1, 2, 5-Dihydroxybenzoic i Gallic ! o-Aminobenzoic m-Aminobenzoic i p-Aminobenzoic Metanilic 4 . 61 Sulphanilic 4.03 Picramic p-Sulphaminobenzoic ' Benzenesulphonic j 2.27 ?n-Nitrobenzenesulphonic | 2.28 p-Toluenesulphonic ! 2 . 28 1, 2, 4-Nitrotoluenesulphonic I 2.30 o-Toluic m-Toluic p-Toluic ' Cinnamic i Hydrocinnamic | 2 . 47 o-Phthalie ' 4, 5-Dichlorphthalic i Tetrachlorphthalic Anisic i Vanillic |. Naphthionic Mandelic . Camphoric. Coumaric. . 2.29 2.32 2.36 2.64 1.97 2.22 2.69 2.63 2.31 2.60 2.41 2.91 2.04 2.49 2.71 2.72 2.87 2.79 2.76 4.03 5.11 3.57 2.30 3.57 4.30 2.52 2.37 2.31 2.34 2.37 2.11 2.62 2.76 2.96 2.49 2.37 2.14 2.11 2.74 2.63 3.30 2.30 2.20 3.07 1.18 0.59 0.90 L3o' 1.37 02 68 2.37 2.11 2.62 2.76 2.96 2.49 1.33 1.40 1.45 1.34 1.24 1.31 1.31 1.34 1.35 1.01 1.16 1.40 1.47 1.40 1.47 1.48 1.41 1.39 1.44 1.36 1.44 1.46 1.41 1.39 2.40 2.81 1.79 2.63 2.12 2.58 1.21 1.43 1.42 1.43 1.37 0.94 1.32 1.42 1.37 1.22 1.15 1.10 1.20 1.43 1.58 1.94 1.27 1.13 1.15 50° to 65° t; = 32 t;=1024 0.63 0.11 0.40 0.90 0.83 2.23 1.89 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.67 0.71 0.51 0.96 0.65 0.40 0.55 0.78 0.61 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.79 1.06 0.81 0.66 0.67 0.70 0.76 1.81 52 .93 0.67 0.98 0.90 0.S6 0.40 0.65 0.70 0.77 0.61 0.81 0.59 0.56 0.82 0.75 1.19 0.72 0.56 0.70 The temperature coefficients of conductivity, expressed in conductivity units, are, for the same volume and temperature, of the same order of magnitude. Take v = 32, and at 0° these coefficients range in general from 2.2 to 2.7. There are a few com- paratively wide discrepancies. Thus a=brombutyric, dibromsuccinic, o-nitroben- zoic, and 1, 2, 4 dinitrobenzoic have percentage coefficients that are much lower than 2.2; while citric, coumaric, and especially metanilic and sulphanilic, have coeffi- cients much larger than 2.7. That the relation pointed out above holds in general will be seen from the results. It will also be noted that the temperature coefficients in "per cent" decrease with rise in temperature. The results recorded in this monograph are for 200 of the most frequently used salts and organic acids. Work along this same line is being continued in this labora- tory. It is intended to include in this investigation a much larger number of salts, organic acids, the strong mineral acids and bases, and the organic bases in water and nonaqueous and mixed solvents. INDEX Acetate — page. Barium 43 Cobalt 55 Lead 59 Magnesium 46 Nickel 52 Potassium 30 Sodium 20 Strontium 40 Uranyl 65 Zinc. 47 Acetic acid 93 Cyan 94 Dichlor 93 Phenyl 95 Trichlor.. 94 Acetylpropionic acid, beta 97 Acetylsalicylic acid 121 Acid — Acetic 93 Acetylsalicylic 121 Acetylpropionic, beta 97 Allylmalonic 105 Alpha-brombutyric 98 Alpha-brompropionic 96 Aminobenzoic, meta 125 Anisic 134 Benzenesulphonic 128 Benzilic 110 Benzoic 116 Benzylmalonic 104 Butylmalonic 104 Butyric normal 97 Camphoric 136 Caprylic 100 Cinnamic 132 Citraconic 114 Citric. Ill Coumaric 137 Crotonic 112 Cyanuric 109 Cyanacetic 94 Dibromsuccinic 106 Dichloracetic 93 Dichlorphthalic (4, 5) 133 Diethylmalonic 102 Dihydroxybenzoic (1, 2, 4) 123 Dihydroxybenzoic (1, 2, 5) 123 Dimethylmalonic 101 Dinitrobenzoic (1, 2, 6) 119 Diphenylglycolic 110 Ethylmalonic 101 Fumaric 113 Gallic. 124 Hippuric 110 Hydrochloric 65 Hydrocinnamic 132 Hydroxyisobutyric 99 Iodopropionic, beta 96 Isobutyric 98 Isopropylmalonic 103 Isovaleric 99 Itaconic 114 Laevo-tartaric 107 Levulinic 97 Maleic 113 Malonic 100 Mandelic 136 Meconic 116 Mesaconic 115 Acid, continued — page. Meta-aminobenzoic 125 Meta-hvdroxybenzoic 122 Metanilic 126 Meta-nitrobenzenesulphonic 128 Meta-nitrobenzoic 118 Meta-toluic 131 Methylethylmalonic 102 Monobromsuccinic 106 Naphthionic 135 Nitric 66 Nitrobenzoic, meta 118 Nitrobenzoic, para 118 Nitrotoluenesulphonic (1, 2, 4) 129 Nitrotoluenesulphonic 130 Organic acids, values of /.««, for the. . . 91 Ortho-aminobenzoic 124 Ortho-chlorbenzoic 117 Ortho-nitrobenzoic 117 Ortho-phthalic 133 Ortho-toluic 130 Para-aminobenzoic 125 Para-hydroxybenzoic 122 Para-sulphaminobenzoic 127 Para-toluenesulphonic 129 Para-toluic 113 Picramic 127 Picric 120 Phenylacetic 95 Phenylpropiolic 115 Propionic 95 Pyromucic 112 Pyrotartaric 107 Racemic 108 Salicylic 120 Succinic 105 Sulphanilic 126 Sulphosalicylic 121 Sulphuric 66 Tetrachlorphthalic 134 Thiodiglycolic 108 Tricarballylic 109 Trichloracetic 94 Uric Ill Vanillic . . ._ 135 Allylmalonic 105 Alpha-brompropionic 96 Aluminium — Ammonium sulphate 34 Chloride 59 Nitrate 60 Potassium sulphate 30 Sulphate 60 Aminobenzoic acid — Meta 125 Ortho 124 Para 125 Ammonium aluminium sulphate 34 Ammonium acid sulphate 34 Ammonium — Bromide 32 Chloride 31 Chromium sulphate (green) 35 Chromium sulphate (violet) 35 Copper sulphate 36 Iodide, tetraethyl 32 Nitrate 33 Sodium acid phosphate 18 Sulphate 33 Anisic acid 134 145 146 INDEX. Barium — page. Acetate 43 Bromide 41 Chloride 41 Formate 42 Nitrate 42 Baths 9 Benzenesulphonic acid 128 Benzilic acid 110 Benzoic acid 116 Benzylmalonic acid 104 Beta-acetylpropionic acid 97 Beta-iodopropionic acid 96 Borax 19 Brombutyric acid, alpha 98 Bromide — Ammonium 32 Barium 41 Cadmium 48 Calcium 37 Cobalt 53 Cupric 56 Lithium 12 Magnesium 44 Potassium 21 Sodium 14 Strontium 39 Brompropionic acid, alpha 96 Butylmalonic acid 104 Butyric acid — Alpha-brom 98 Iso 98 Normal 97 Cadmium — Bromide 48 Chloride 48 Iodide 49 Calcium — Bromide 37 Chloride 36 Chromate 38 Formate 39 Nitrate 37 Camphoric acid 136 Caprylic acid 100 Carbonate — Potassium 24 Sodium 17 Cell constants 6,87 Cells, conductivity 5 Chlorate — Potassium 22 Sodium 16 Chlorbenzoic acid, ortho 117 Chloride^ _ Aluminium 59 Ammonium 31 Barium 41 Cadmium 48 Calcium 36 Chromic 62 Cobalt 53 Cupric 56 Ferric 61 Lead 58 Lithium 12 Magnesium 43 Manganous 49 Nickel 51 Potassium 20 Sodium 14 Chloride, continued — page. Strontium 39 Uranyl 63 Chromate — Calcium 38 Potassium 28 Chromic — Chloride 62 Nitrate 62 Sulphate 63 Chromium — - Ammonium sulphate (green) 35 Ammonium sulphate (violet) 35 Potassium sulphate (green) 27 Potassium sulphate (violet) 27 Cinnamic acid 132 Citraconic acid 114 Citric acid Ill Cobalt- Acetate 55 Bromide 53 Chloride 53 Nitrate 54 Sulphate 54 Coefficients — Temperature, in conductivity units. . . 141 Temperature, in per cent 143 Temperature, of conductivity and the solvate theory of solution 76 Temperature, of conductivity in per cent 81 Conductivities, molecular 70 Conductivity- Cells 5 Measurements 67 Temperature, coefficients of in per cent. 81 Units, temperature coefficients in 141 Constants — Cell 6,87 Dissociation 140 Copper ammonium sulphate 36 Coumaric acid 137 Crotonic acid 112 Cupric — Bromide 56 Chloride 56 Nitrate 57 Sulphate 57 Cyanacetic acid 94 Cyanuric acid 109 Dehydroly tic time factor 69 Dibromsuccinic acid 106 Dichloracetic acid 93 Dichlorphthalic acid 133 Dichromate potassium 29 Diethylmalonic acid 102 Dihydroxybenzoic acid (1, 2, 4) 123 Dihydroxybenzoic acid (1, 2, 5) 123 Dimethyhnalonic acid 101 Dinitrobenzoic acid (1, 2, 6) 119 Dinitrobenzoic acid (1, 3, 5) 119 Diphenylglycolic acid 110 Dipotassium acid phosphate 25 Dipropylmalonic acid 103 Discussion of the results 67 Dissodium acid phosphate 18 Dissociation — Constants 140 Of organic acids 87, 139 Of the various salts 73 Ethylmalonic acid 101 INDEX. 147 PAGE. Ferric — Chloride 61 Nitrate 61 Ferrocyanide — Potassium 29 Sodium 19 Formate — Barium 42 Calcium 39 Magnesium 45 Fumaric acid 113 Gallic acid 124 Glass, solubility of 7 Hippuric acid 110 Hydration and ionic volume 80 Hydrochloric acid 65 Hj'drocinnamic acid 132 Hydroxybenzoic acid — Meta 122 Para 122 Hydroxyisobutyric acid 99 Investigators who have worked on the problem 11 Introduction 5 Iodide- Cadmium 49 Potassium 21 Sodium 15 Tetraethylammonium 32 Iodopropionic acid, beta 96 Ionic volume and hydration 80 Isobutyric acid 98 Hydroxy 99 Isopropyhnalonic acid 103 Isovaleric acid 99 Itaconic acid 114 Laevo-tartaric acid 107 Lead — Acetate 59 Chloride 58 Nitrate 58 Levulinic acid 97 Lithium — Bromide 12 Chloride 12 Nitrate 13 Sulphate 13 Magnesium — Acetate 46 Bromide 44 Chloride 43 Formate 45 Nitrate 44 Magnesium sulphate 45 Maleic acid 113 Malonic acid 100 Allyl 105 Benzyl 104 Butyl 104 Diethyl 102 Dimethvl 101 Dipropyl 103 Ethyl 101 Isopropyl 103 Methylethyl 102 Mandelic acid 136 Manganous — Chloride 49 Nitrate 50 Sulphate 50 PAGE. Measurements, conductivity 67 Meconic acid 1 16 Mesaconic acid 115 Meta-aminobenzoic acid 125 Meta-hydroxybenzoic acid 122 Metanilic acid 126 Meta-nitrobenzenesulphonic acid 128 Meta-nitrobenzoic acid 118 Meta-toluic acid 131 Methylethylmalonic acid 102 Methylmalonic acid, di 101 Molecular conductivities 70 Monobromsuccinic acid 106 Naphthionic acid 135 Nickel — Acetate 52 Chloride 51 Nitrate 51 Potassium sulphate 26 Sulphate 52 Nitrate — Aluminium 60 Ammonium 33 Barium 42 Calcium 37 Chromic 62 Cobalt 54 Cupric 57 Ferric 61 Lead 58 Lithium 13 Magnesium 44 Manganous 50 Nickel 51 Potassium 22 Silver 55 Sodium 15 Strontium 40 Uranyl 64 Zinc 46 Nitric acid 66 Nitrobenzenesulphonic acid, meta 128 Nitrobenzoic acid — Meta 118 Ortho 117 Para 118 Nitrotoluenenesulphonic acid (1, 2,4)... 129 Nitrotoluenesulphonic acid (1, 4, 2) 130 Organic acids 85 Discussion of the results with the. . . . 137 Dissociation of 87, 139 Values of /*w for the 91 Ortho-aminobenzoic acid 124 Ortho-chlorbenzoic acid 117 Ortho-nitrobenzoic acid 117 Ortho-phthalic acid 133 Ortho-toluic acid 130 Para-aminobenzoic acid 125 Para-hydroxybenzoic acid 122 Para-nitrobenzoic acid 118 Para-sulphaminobenzoic acid 127 Para-toluenesulphonic acid 129 Para-toluic acid 131 Per cent — Temperature coefficients in 143 Temperature coefficients of conduc- tivity 81 Perchlorate — Potassium 23 Sodium 16 Permanganate, potassium 28 148 INDEX. PAGE. Phenylacetic acid 95 Phenylpropiolic acid 115 Phosphate — Dipotassium acid 25 Disodium acid 18 Potassium 25 Sodium ammonium acid 18 Phthalic acid, ortho 133 Picramic acid 127 Picric acid 120 Potassium — Acetate 30 Acid sulphate 24 Aluminium sulphate 30 Bromide 21 Carbonate 24 Chlorate 22 Chloride 20 Chromate 28 Chromium sulphate (green) 27 Chromium sulphate (violet) 27 Dichromate 29 Ferrocyanide 29 Iodide 21 Nickel sulphate 26 Nitrate 22 Monacid phosphate 25 Perchlorate 23 Permanganate 28 Phosphate 25 Sodium sulphate 26 Sulphate 23 Sulphocyanate 31 Preparation of the solutions 8 Problem, investigators who have worked on the 11 Propionic acid 95 Alpha-brom 96 Beta-acetyl 97 Beta-iodo 96 Propyhnalonic acid, di- 103 Pyromucic acid 112 Pyrotartaric acid 107 Racemic acid 108 Results 11 Discussion of the 67 V\'ith the organic acids, discussion of. . 137 Salts- Dissociation of the various 73 Sodium, of the organic acids, values of A*« 88 Salicylic acid 120 Silver nitrate 55 Sodium — Acetate 20 Ammonium acid phosphate 18 Bromide 14 Carbonate 17 Chlorate 16 Chloride 14 Ferrocyanide 19 Iodide 15 Nitrate 15 Perchlorate 16 Potassium sulphate 26 Salts of the organic acids, values of nx . 88 Sulphate 17 Tetraborate 19 Solvate theory of solution and temperature coefficients of conductivity 76 Solubility of glass 7 PAGE. Solutions, preparation of 8 Succinic acid 105 Sulphaminobenzoic acid, para 127 Sulphate — Aluminium 60 Ammonium 33 Ammonium acid 34 Ammonium aluminium 34 Ammonium chromium (green) 35 Ammonium chromium (violet) 35 Ammonium copper 36 Chromic 63 Cobalt 54 Cupric 57 Lithium 13 Magnesium 45 Manganous 50 Nickel 52 Potassium 23 Potassium acid 24 Potassium aluminium 30 Potassium chromium (green) 27 Potassium chromium (violet) 27 Potassium nickel 26 Potassium sodium 26 Sodium 17 Uranyl 64 Zinc 47 Sulphaminobenzoic acid, para 127 Sulphanilic acid 126 Sulphocyanate, potassium 31 Sulphosalicylic acid 121 Sulphuric acid 66 Strontium — Acetate 40 Bromide 39 Chloride 39 Nitrate 40 Tartaric acid, laevo 107 Temperature coefficients — In conductivity units 141 In per cent 143 Of conductivity and the solvate theory of solution 76 Of conductivity in per cent 81 Tetraborate, sodium 19 Tetrachlorphthalic acid 134 Tetraethylammonium iodide 32 Thiodiglycolic acid 108 Time factor, dehydrolytic 69 Toluenesulphonic acid, para 129 Toluic acid — ■ Meta 131 Ortho 130 Para 131 Tricarballylic acid 109 Trichloracetic acid 94 Uranyl — Acetate 65 Chloride 63 Nitrate 64 Sulphate 64 Uric acid Ill Valeric acid, iso 99 Vanillic acid 135 Volume ionic and hydration 80 Water 9 Zinc — Acetate 47 Nitrate 46 Sulphate 47 THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, DISSOCIATION, AND TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF CONDUCTIVITY FROM ZERO TO SIXTY-FIVE DEGREES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF A NUMBER OF SALTS AND ORGANIC ACIDS BY HARRY C. JONES PROFESSOR OP PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY A. M. Clover H. R. Kreider A. P. West The Experimental Work by H. H. Hosford E. J. Shaeffer G. F. White S. F. Howard C. A. Jacobson L, D. Smith A. Springer, Jr. E. P. Wightman L. G. Winston WASHINGTON, D. C. Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington 1912 MBI. WHOI LIBRARY UH 1AK3