AC R I D I I D/E

FRO NTISP I EC I

TYPICAL TETTIGIAN HABITAT IN LOWLANDS OF ARKANSAS.
ASH DOWN, ARKANSAS.

FURTHER RESEARCHES

ON

NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID/E

BY

ALBERT PITTS MORSE

Research Assistant, Carnegie Institution of Washington

Curator of Zoological Museum, Wellesley College.
Instructor in Zoology, Teachers' School of Sciences, Boston

PUBLISHED BY THE

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
1907

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
PUBLICATION No. 68.

PRESS OK THE WILKENS-SHEIRY PRINTING CO.
WASHINGTON, D. C.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E

By ALBERT PITTS MORSE,
Research Assistant, Carnegie Institution of Washington.

INTRODUCTION.

The following report is based upon data obtained during a second
field trip of ten weeks' duration in the summer of 1905 under the
auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and forms a
partial field study of the Acridian fauna of the central Southern States.
A large amount of material and of biological data and several unde-
scribed forms were secured.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

To the Trustees of the Carnegie Institution of Washington I wish
to express my deep appreciation of the liberality which has enabled
me to conduct these investigations. I desire also to express my in-
debtedness to Drs. B. L,. Robinson and M. L,. Fernald, of the Gray
Herbarium, for the determination of plant specimens; to Mr. A. N.
Caudell, of the United States National Museum, for aid in identifying
material; to Mr. Samuel Henshaw for favors received in connection
with the examination of material in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology; and to him and Mr. S. H. Scudder for their unfailing
interest and encouragement in this work.

PURPOSE, METHODS, AND OUTLINE OF TRIP.

PURPOSE.

The purpose of the second trip, which was undertaken in con-
tinuation of the work of the first, was primarily, like that, to secure
general information regarding the North American locust fauna and
its ecology over a wide extent of relatively little-studied territory.
Such information once secured (as is now the case for the greater part
of the country), further effort bearing upon details of taxonomy, dis-
tribution, ecology, and variation can be more wisely directed,

METHODS.

The general information needed can be most effectively secured
by a rapid reconnaissance or sampling process, visiting as many points
of widely varying physical condition in the territory under examination

3

4 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^.

as may be reached in the time available. If possible, sufficient time
should be spent in each locality to enable an examination to be made
of each kind of locust habitat represented in its vicinity. This will
give a good general idea of the locust fauna of that locality and may
usually be done in from one to three days of field-work, according to
the weather, the character of the locality, the number of habitats
represented, their accessibility, etc. This method, however, is often
impracticable when it is necessary to cover a large extent of country
in a limited time.

OUTLINE OF TRIP.

At the beginning of the season of 1905 it was planned to continue
investigations by making a general reconnaissance similar to that of
1903, during the summer vacation, in the next group of States west of
those examined in that year, viz, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi,
Louisiana, and Arkansas. Accordingly, passage was taken July 5
for Chattanooga, via Washington and Cincinnati, in order to secure
at first hand, albeit from a car window, some knowledge of the physical
conditions with reference to locust habitats which are found in southern
Ohio, eastern Kentucky, and Tennessee, a region not previously
examined in person.

Collecting was begun on Sand Mountain plateau in the vicinity
of Trenton, Georgia, a point visited late in the season of 1903, in order
to secure data, if possible, on those species appearing in the adult stage
only early in the season (see fig. i). Other stops were made at
Valley Head, Alabama, to visit Lookout Mountain; Anniston, the
readiest point of approach to Cheaha Mountain, the highest summit
in Alabama, and Tuscaloosa. During this portion of the trip it was
learned that the season was very backward, both vegetation and locusts
being late in development, probably owing to the excessive amount
of cool and rainy weather of the spring months. In consequence of
this fact I hastened southward to Gulfport, Mississippi, on the Gulf
coast, stopping at Meridian and Hattiesburg en route. After three
days spent there and at near-by points the presence of yellow fever in
New Orleans was announced, and in the hope of being able to do the
work planned for that vicinity and get away before freedom of travel
was interfered with, should that difficulty arise, I went immediately
to New Orleans and spent one day in the suburbs and another in a
trip down-rivet and back to the marsh region at Buras, the present
terminus of the railroad. Learning that if I remained in the city
longer there was every likelihood of enforced and probably prolonged
delay, I went west to Franklin, with the intention of collecting there

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 5

until a health certificate enabling me to travel freely could be secured.
An examination of the country showed that owing to the daily and
long-continued torrential rains which characterized the early summer
in Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, and the Territories, effective collect-
ing was impossible in consequence of the semi-inundated condition of
the flat country.

J i f Sept. 5

! OKLAHOMA • | ff

Aug. 20 IND.

• ~ TERR

FIG. i.— Sketch map showing route traversed during the season of 1905.

At this juncture I was fortunately able to secure from an author-
itative source information of the true magnitude of the fever situation
in Louisiana. This was to the effect, as everyone now knows, that
the fever had been in the city two months instead of a few days, that
nearly 100 cases had occurred to date, and that two other points, and
probably more, besides New Orleans, were infected. This statement
was accompanied with the advice of one experienced in fever quaran-
tines to " get out of the State as soon as you can, //you can." Under
the circumstances, in order to avoid prolonged delay under highly
unfavorable working conditions and the waste of valuable time and
opportunity, it seemed best to act at once upon this advice, which was
done forthwith.

Texas and Mississippi having already declared a quarantine against
Louisiana, the next day saw me at work in western Arkansas, in which
section and the eastern part of the Indian Territory I collected with
good results while awaiting development of the fever situation. Find-
ing that there was no prospect, owing to quarantine restrictions, of

6 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID.E.

examining advantageously a large portion of the affected States,
which I had intended to study, a change of the original plan became
necessary. I decided to spend the remainder of the season in a trip
through northern Texas as far as the Staked Plains, and return
through Oklahoma and the Indian Territory, visiting the Wichita
Mountains en route, and northwestern Arkansas, if practicable, at
the end of the trip.

This course was decided upon with the double purpose of examin-
ing a district whose locust fauna was relatively little known and of
studying the biological conditions presented by the transition between
the humid Mississippi Valley and the Great Plains, particularly with
reference to the distribution of brachypterous locusts, a study of
which during several years in New England, on the Pacific Coast in
the summer of 1897, and in the southeastern States in 1903 under the
auspices of the Carnegie Institution, led to the conclusions in my
first report (Publication No. 18, Carnegie Institution of Washington)
relative to the significance of brachypterism.

Going south to Denison, Texas, this plan was put in effect.
Stops were made at Bonita, in the western or Upper Cross Timbers,
Wichita Falls, Clarendon, and as far west as Amarillo, on the Llano
Estacado, in the center of the Panhandle. At this point I turned
back, retracing my course to Quanah, thence northward through
southern Oklahoma, paying a brief visit to Mount Sheridan, one of
the two highest peaks of the Wichita Mountains. From thence, after
a stop at Shawnee and another at Wilburton to examine an interest-
ing bit of prairie meadow noted on the outgoing course, I returned to
western Arkansas and visited Magazine Mountain (whose summit is the
highest point of land between the Appalachian and the Rocky Moun-
tains), the Arkansas Valley, and the Ozark uplift at Winslow and
Fayetteville.

The trip was carried out successfully as outlined, collecting being
brought to a close at Fayetteville, Arkansas, with the advent of rainy
weather in early September. On the return trip to Wellesley, a day's
stay at Indianapolis with Prof. W. S. Blatchley, State geologist, who
has made a special study of the Orthoptera of that State, and another
spent in a visit to the collection of Orthoptera at the National Museum,
in charge of Mr. A. N. Caudell, proved most profitable.

Over 9,000 Orthoptera, of which the great bulk are Acridiidae,
representing about 120 species, including several undescribed forms,
were secured, together with a mass of data relating to distribution and
biology.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 7

LIFE ZONES OF REGION EXAMINED.

The region examined lies entirely within the Austral life zones,
between the parallels of 29° 20' and 36° 10'. The highest mountain
summits visited — Cheaha Mountain, Alabama, 2,400 feet ; Magazine
Mountain, Arkansas, 2,800 feet; Mount Sheridan, Oklahoma, 2,500
feet, and the Great Plains at Amarillo, Texas, 3,600 feet — do not
reach an altitude sufficiently high to provide boreal conditions, but
show traces of a Transition element. The Upper Austral zone was
studied on the highlands of northeastern Alabama, western Arkansas,
the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma, and at Amarillo. The Gulf strip
of the Lower Austral was touched at three points in southern Missis-
sippi and the same number in Louisiana.

Wichita Falls, Texas; Cache, Oklahoma, and localities west of
those points lie in the arid or Sonoran division of the Austral zones.
This section is, however, more strictly semi-arid than arid in charac-
ter, when compared with the extreme arid region of southwest Texas,
New Mexico, Arizona, etc.

At present it is impossible to state with certainty which species
are characteristic of each of these zones and districts.

HUMID AND ARID FAUNAS, DISPERSAL, BRACHYPTERISM.

Two of the chief biological points upon which it was desired to
secure information in the region visited were in reference to the status
of brachyptetous species in treeless districts, and the transition be-
tween the faunas of the humid and arid parts of the Austral zones.
Based upon the data secured on this trip, it would appear that as a
whole the biota of the treeless plains and prairies is characterized by
an Acridian fauna richer in number of species than that of the East,
and that these are of geophilous and campestrian character in conso-
nance with the climate and the habitats represented. While differing
much in general facies from that of the Eastern States of the same
latitude in these particulars, the transition from humid to arid con-
ditions and fauna is gradual rather than abrupt,* the borderland of
the two in Texas, Indian Territory, and Oklahoma being peopled by
numerous genera and species of very wide, in some cases transconti-
nental, distribution, and also by some of more limited range restricted
to the district between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains,
but occurring both in the humid and arid sections of this region.

Dispersal of the xerophile, arid-land species is doubtless chiefly
effected through the agency of the winds, especially the strong south -

*Possibly this conclusion may need qualification after more detailed study.

8 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN

erly summer winds ; frequent tornadoes (northeast), and debris-bearing
river floods (east and southeast). Dispersal being thus amply pro-
vided for, colonization or permanent extension of range is dependent
on the conditions (chiefly chemical and physical) affecting the phys-
iological welfare of the accidental or intentional migrant.*

Brachypterous species are much less numerous proportionally in
the treeless arid districts than in humid, forested regions, East or
West. When present, they inhabit shrubby or herbaceous thickets.
It is a noteworthy fact that (excluding the aberrant group Tettiginse)
every flightless species of locust known from the eastern half of the
continent is phytophilous, as distinguished from geophilous, in habits.

LOCUST COLORATION.

In consideration of certain misapprehensions as to the biological
significance of the colors borne by the Acridiidae, a few general state-
ments regarding the coloration of these insects will not be amiss.

The Acridiidae exhibit both structural and pigmentary colors.
An example of structural color is the iridescence of the wing mem-
branes, shown especially well in the Tettiginae, some Melanopli, and
other species with transparent wings. All the other colors are pig-
mentary in character, at least in part, and doubtless originate in the
life-processes of the body. Those of sympathetic character — i. e.,
resembling the environment — are in many cases, e. g., among desert
species, perhaps originally physiologically protective in function, as
suggested by Gadow for reptiles ; the exposed non-sympathetic colors
probably possess a biological significance varying with the position
and use of the organs on which they are displayed.

A locust presents three classes of surface with reference to colora-
tion: ist, the ventral part of the body next its supporting surface —
earth or plant — which is shielded to a great extent from external
influences such as the action of light, etc., and the observation of
birds and other enemies; 2d, those parts continually exposed, day
and night, at rest and in action, to the influences above-mentioned,
comprising the dorsal, lateral, anterior and posterior surfaces; 3d,
those parts exposed only occasionally, and usually for brief periods
only, during attack, courtship, or other exciting circumstances, or
while in rapid motion, comprising the wings, hind tibiae, inner and
under sides of hind femora, and sides of base of abdomen.

*The presence or absence of a given species in a locality is largely depen-
dent on the character of the habitats represented. If woodland is lacking, sylvan
species are absent; if ledges or similar rock surfaces are not at hand, saxicolous
species will not be found.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 9

The coloration of each of these surfaces needs to be studied in
correlation with that of the others and with direct observations on the
habits and distribution of the insects in the field. That of the first
class of surfaces has received scant attention, much less than it
deserves. It is probably chiefly physiological in character. That of
the second class is, with few exceptions, highly sympathetic, harmo-
nizing or resembling very closely, often to a marvelous degree, the
background of the creature's environment. Earth tints, rock and
sand textures, the infinitely varied browns, greens, and grays of living
and dead vegetation, yellow, orange, rose, and silvery white are all
represented, in spots and streaks, the effect being to merge the insect
indistinguishably in its background while at rest, thus shielding it in
a very high degree from the observation of its foes. These colors are
of very great protective value at the present time, natural selection
continually acting to preserve and perfect them, but, though highly
protective in character, they are without doubt primarily due to
physiological processes and influences as yet imperfectly understood.

The colors of the third class of surfaces are, on the contrary, in
many cases non-sympathetic in character to a high degree; they are
often bright and strongly contrasted, striking in effect and at times
exceedingly conspicuous. This is very generally the case among the
North American Oedipodinse and certain Acridiinae. What is the
function, the significance of these colors, in these places, seen only in
flight or when especially displayed? Let us consider the color of the
wings first.

Vessel er, in his most important work (Zool. Jahrb., Abh. f.
Syst., Bd. 16, 17), misled by the natural-selection theory, tries mis-
takenly to apply it to this kind of wing-coloration, assigning to these
colors a protective value through "contrast-mimicry" by a dazzling
of the pursuer through their sudden appearance and disappearance.
As a matter of fact, in American species at least, these colors are
usually exposed continuously during flight.

This explanation is a needless tax upon the imagination. There
is a much simpler one which is almost forced upon the attention of
the stroller in the fields, and which may be readily observed by taking
a favorable position in a station thickly populated with adult Trimero-
tropis, Arphia, Spharagemon, Hippisctis, Dissosteira, or other similarly
decorated Oedipodinae.

The flight of one of these locusts attracts attention by its crepi-
tating character; the conspicuous wing-colors, red or yellow and
black, in strong contrast, render its flight easy to follow, as it is very
frequently followed, by others, which drop to the ground in close

IO FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID.£.

proximity to it. There can be no doubt in the mind of one who has
watched these actions repeated over and over again, of the value of
these colors as a means of signaling-, of attracting attention, and
thereby effecting or maintaining communication between the sexes or
the individuals of a community.

The wing-colors are also frequently displayed during courtship,
while the insect is at rest upon the ground or a suitable perch, and
even when attacked by enemies. Such is the case in Dictyophorus and
Brachystola.

The colors of the hind tibiae and inner sides of the hind femora,
though often bright, are too limited in extent of surface to be of use
as a signal during flight. They are entirely hidden when the insect
is at rest, but come into view while it is walking and during the stridu-
latory movements of the hind legs which most Acridiidse practice in
mating-time. These conspicuous non-sympathetic colors, displayed
only at such times, thus seem to possess a direct sexual significance.

The wing and tibial colors differ much, not only specifically, but
also individually in the same species, frequently varying, on the tibiae,
from clear yellow to red, sometimes deeply infuscated, or from red
through yellow and greenish to deep blue, on the wings from pinkish
red through orange to yellow and yellowish- white.

Bruuer (Science, xxi, 133) noted an apparent relation between
the coloration of the wings and the degree of humidity of the climate.
Morse (Psyche, vui, 7) suggested that temperature should also be
considered in this connection. Hart in a recent paper (Bull. 111. State
Lab. Nat. Hist., vn, art. vn, pp. 214 et seq.) has collected data indi-
cating a similar relation of the tibial colors to humidity. As stated
by Bruner and Hart, a blue coloration of wings and hind tibiae seems
to be associated with a certain degree of aridity of climate, a red
coloration with humidity.

There is reason to think, however, that several factors are con-
cerned in this variation of color. Pigmental in character, originating
in the life-processes of the body, these colors are undoubtedly sensi-
tive to whatever affects the metabolism of the organism, as well as to
external agencies. Moisture and temperature, it is possible, play the
chief part as factors in this color- variation, but it is quite likely that
altitude or atmospheric pressure, character of food, and quality of
light are concerned in these phenomena, with reference to the Acri-
diidae at least, despite the negative results noted by Tower in reference
to Leptinotarsa, a genus of beetles (Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington Publication No. 48).

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. II

Certainly, if there is a tendency on the part of the organism to
assume a coloration resembling that of the environment apart from
natural selection through protection from enemies, then we should
expect a variation in color correlated in some way with the character
of the light rays in different climates, at high altitudes (cf. alpine
flowers), on the seabeach, in grassy fields, or sylvan thickets.

As yet, however, I am forced to believe that sufficient data of
adequate weight have not been accumulated to provide a satisfactory
explanation of this color-variation of the wings and hind tibiae. It is
a matter with regard to which evidence should be specially collected
by careful field observations, by critical study of closely related forms
and of climatic data from different sections of the country, and by
experimentation if possible.

NOTES ON COLORATION AND VARIATION.

As will be readily understood, the character of the trip forbade
the payment of much attention to problems of variation or the acqui-
sition of material in sufficient series for statistical study. The sub-
joined notes are presented as suggestions for those having opportunity
to make observations on this topic in connection with the species
involved and as a basis for future work.

Excellent examples of coloration agreeing with that of the envi-
ronmental background are presented by Hypochlora alba and Trimero-
tropis saxatilis (pi. i).

The habitat of the former is upon several species of sage {Artem-
isia) pale greenish-white in color, and the locusts inhabiting it, young
and old, are of the same tint. The photograph shows the striking
contrast with customary hues exhibited by these plants.

In the latter species specimens from the same station vary widely
from light to dark in agreement with the hues of the lichened rock-
surfaces frequented. Variations of ground-color also occur geographi-
cally, examples from the Wichita Mountains exhibiting a flesh-color
like that of the ruddy, weather-beaten granite on which they live. It
seems highly probable that this relatively sluggish, unwary species
(see p. 40) has escaped destruction only by reason of its highly devel-
oped protective coloration. Existing, as it now does, only in isolated
colonies, in habitats of highly special character, which continually di-
minish in area through various physical and organic agencies, it is not
unlikely that in the comparatively early future it will become extinct.

Noticeable color- variations, as yet unexplained, are also presented
by the specimens of Melanoplus fastiatns and M. bivittatus femoratus
(see p. 47) secured in Alabama, as compared with northern examples.

12 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.

As nearly as may be judged from the limited material at hand,
several so-called species of Trachyrhachis founded largely upon color-
characters (thomasi, fusrifrons, obliterata, kiowa) are to be regarded
simply as geographical varieties or races of a widely spread species
varying with the climatic environment. Thus, T. thomasi, the form
inhabiting the more eastern and humid section of its range (Georgia,
Tennessee, Illinois, Arkansas, Indian Territory), possesses wings with
a complete, rather broad, transverse fuscous band and lemon-yellow
disk; fusdfrons, from more western and less humid localities in Texas
and Oklahoma, exhibits a narrower, usually broken wing-band and
yellow disk, the latter sometimes nearly hyaline; in obliterata the
wing-band is reduced to faint cloudings in the radial and posterior
parts of its course or is frequently lacking (this form is found in the
semi-arid parts of central and western Texas and Oklahoma); kiowa,
lacking the wing-band entirely and with hyaline disk, is the charac-
teristic form at Amarillo on the Staked Plains. We apparently have
in this instance another case of increased development of pigment
correlated with humid conditions. Further observations should be
made on material in large series. (See also p. 37.)

Variation in color and structure geographically along the lines of
probable dispersal and descent is exhibited by Hesperotettix pratensis.
Examples of this species from Magazine Mountain, Arkansas, are
shorter-winged than plains specimens and exhibit almost exactly the
type of coloration shown by H. brevipennis. The specimens of the
latter species from Georgia and Alabama approach in size, wing-
length, and color the Arkansas examples of pratensis. It is probable
that complete intergradation will be found to exist, and that H. brevi-
pennis is the eastern representative of pratensis, directly descended and
not specifically distinct from that species. The Florida examples of
H. pratensis secured in 1903, on the other hand, present a distinctly
different type of coloration — one seen in some Californian series of
the species. They are also of small size like them, but differ in having
much longer tegmina and wings. H. pratensis, as it stands to-day,
should be regarded as a variable and complex species represented in
different parts of the country by several more or less distinct varieties.

The same phase of variation (along the line of dispersal and
descent) is probably the explanation of the striking difference shown
in examples of Trimerotropis saxatilis from Stone Mountain, Georgia,
and Mount Sheridan, Oklahoma. But for the intergrades from
Arkansas and identity of habits these two forms would be regarded as
specifically distinct on the basis of structural characters. In this
case Trimerotropis vinculata, very widely distributed in the far west,
is probably the parent species.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 13

HABITS, HABITATS, AND LOCAL LISTS.

As has been stated, the work of collecting began in northwest
Georgia, at a point visited toward the end of the first trip, in the hope
of securing early-maturing species not procurable at that time, partic-
ular attention being paid to the fauna of the Sand Mountain plateau,
at an elevation of i ,500 feet. Here the following species were secured
in the adult state :

Nomotettix cristatus. Dissosteira Carolina.

Neotettix femoratus. Spharagemon bolli.

Tettix arenosus. Trimerotropis saxatilis.

Tettigidea lateralis. Hesperotettix brevipennis.

Syrbula admirabilis. Melanoplus atlanis.

Eritettix carinatus. Melanoplus bivittatus femoratus.

Orphulella pelidna. Melanoplus impudicus.

Arphia sulphurea. Melanoplus strumosus.
Hippiscus phoenicopterus.

Of these the only ones calling for particular mention are Melano-
plus strumosus, discovered in Florida on the first trip, whose presence
so far north was unexpected; and Trimerotropis saxatilis, notes on
whose habits will be found in the accompanying list of species (page
39; pi. i, fig. 2). At Trenton, on the floor of Lookout Valley, at an
elevation of about 735 feet, Schistocerca americana, Trimerotropis
citrina, and the young of Hippiscus rugosiis were also secured. Here
also, thanks to information received from Mr. J. T. Woolbright, an
observing resident, a colony of Dictyophorus reticulaius, the great
southern "lubber grasshopper," was located far to the north of its
supposed range. Other species, at this time in the young stages,
taken at this point on the first trip, are Amblytropidia occidentals,
Arphia xanthoptera, Chortophaga mridifasciata, Trachyrhachis thomasi,
Melanoplus femur-rubrum, and M. luridus. The following species in
addition undoubtedly occur in the vicinity : Tettix ornatus, Paratettix
cucullatus, Dichromorpha viridis, Schistocerca ahdacea and rubiginosa,
Melanoplus scudderi, and probably several other short-winged species
of this genus. These species may be regarded as a fair sample of the
locusts most likely to be secured in northern Alabama in July.

Of these, Trimerotropis saxatilis is a purely saxicolous species
restricted to bare rock surfaces. Dissosteira Carolina and Trimerotropis
citrina are to be found on roads and spots of bare soil; Trachyrhachis
thomasivAso frequents bare soil and sparsely grassed fields, but is much
less common and very local. Amblytropidia occidentalis , Syrbula ad-
mirabilis, Chortophaga viridifasciata , and the species of Arphia and

14 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID/£.

Hippiscus occur in old fields and pastures on dry soil, where the grass
is tall and interspersed with bushes. Several of these, together with
Spharagemon bolli, Melanoplus impudicus and luridus, live in the open
forest, generally near grassy places. Schistocerca americana is almost
ubiquitous, among vegetation of all sorts. Melanoplus atlanis prefers
dry, grassy fields ; M. femoratus moist runs, the banks of streams, etc. ;
M. femur-rubrum damp, grassy fields; and M. strumosus the under-
growth of woods. Hesperotettix brevipennis has been taken only on
bunch-grass (Andropogon}, either in fields or openings in the forest.
The Tettiginse, with the exception of Tettigidea lateralis from moist,
sedgy runs, prefer somewhat exposed but rather moist soil of sandy
loam or the banks and beds of streams.

From Valley Head, Alabama, the next stopping-place, the sum-
mit of Lookout Mountain was paid a brief visit, for the purpose of
comparison. At the point reached, the locust fauna was very similar
to that on Sand Mountain, but perhaps less numerous in species and
individuals.

Anniston, in the east-central part of the State, was chosen as the
most convenient point of approach to Cheaha Mountain, the highest
summit in Alabama. Immediately about Anuiston the collecting was
decidedly and inexplicably poor, both in species and individuals.
Twenty miles south, at Turnipseed's ranch near the foot of Cheaha,
a rich collecting spot was found, but only a very limited stay could be
made there. Several hours were spent on the summit of Cheaha
(2,000 to 2,400 feet) between Pulpit Rock and the top, and important
results were secured.

The summit crest is covered with an open, stunted, fire-scarred
forest of oak and other deciduous trees, xerophytic in character, with
scattered boulders and occasional outcrops, a rank growth of bunch-
grass, and occasional shrubby patches. While not of sufficient eleva-
tion to reach a distinctly boreal zone, and too limited in area to greatly
modify the temperature of the air passing over it, here wras found a
most interesting aggregate of species, as follows :

Mermiria bivittata. Hesperotettix brevipennis.

Orphulella pelidna. Melanoplus impudicus.

Orphulella speciosa. Melanoplus viola.

Arphia sulphurea. Melanoplus fasciatus.

Hippiscus phoenicopterus. Melanoplus bivittatus femoratus.

Dissosteira Carolina. Melanoplus tribuloides (new species).

Spharagemon bolli. Podisma australis (new species).
Schistocerca alutacea.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID.^. 15

Most of these call for no particular remark, but OrpJmlella speciosa,
Melanoplus bimttatus femoratus, and M. fasdatus are Transition and
slightly boreal in character, and in this region are to be regarded as
glacial relicts. Of the two new species, M. tribuloides is a near relative
of a species found at a slightly greater elevation on the neighboring
mountains of Georgia ; the other is a new and wholly unexpected
species of Podisma, bearing tegmina of considerable size, and resem-
bling Dendrolettix in some characters.

At Tuscaloosa, the next point visited, in the western part of the
State, nothing of importance was found to call for special remark.
At all points thus far examined, the young of many species far outnum-
bered the adults, owing, probably, to the late season. Consequently,
as I expected to visit the northern part of the State late in the sum-
mer, I hastened southward. At Meridian, Mississippi, a new short-
winged Melanoplus allied to obovatipennis (common in Indiana and
Arkansas), doubtless its southern representative, but presenting con-
siderable difference in color and structure, was secured. At Hatties-
burg, Melanoplus viola was taken in some numbers, and a single pair
of M. morsel, greatly extending the known range of this species from
Indiana southward.

Gulfport, on the coast, served as a center for an examination of
the Coast strip, collections being made in the town, eastward at
Biloxi, and inland as far as Nugent. A list of actual captures of the
species here follows, though several others might be cited as inhabitants
in addition :

Neotettix femoratus. Hippiscus phoenicopterus.

Paratettix cucullatus. Hippiscus rugosus.

Tettigidea lateralis. Scirtetica picta.

Mermiria bivittata. Psinidia fenestralis.

Syrbula admirabilis. Trimerotropis citrina.

Amblytropidia occidentalis. Leptysma marginicollis.

Orphulella pelidna. Schistocerca alutacea.

Orphulella olivacea. Schistocerca americana.

Clinocephalus elegans. Melanoplus propinquus.

Arphia xanthoptera. Paroxya atlantica.

Chortophaga viridifasciata. Paroxya floridiana.

Of these species, Orphulella olivacea, Clinocephalus elegans, Scir-
tettca picta, Melanoplus propinquus, and Paroxya atlantica are charac-
teristic of the coast region, (9. olivacea being restricted to salt-marshes,
the others extending inland for some distance. Scirtetica picta, Trime-
rotropis citrina, and Psinidia fenestralis are usually found on the sands
of the upper beach and in sandy spots near it. Paroxya floridiana

l6 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID.S.

occurred with Orphulella olivacea in the speargrass of the marshes.
Paroxya atlantica occurs in the marshes also, but was more common
locally in the pine woods, in moist grassy spots among the "ink-
berry" or myrtle bushes {Ilex glabra) . (PL 2, fig. 2.)

The piney woods present two general types of habitat, wet and
dry, but owing to the low relief of the face of the country a very mixed
condition occurs, xerophile and h}rgrophile species seemingly all jum-
bled together. In low spots, swampy places and along streams, may
be found Leptysma marginicollis , Tryxalis brevicornis, and Clinocephalus
elegans. On the drier, sandy, more open spots will be met Arphia,
Hippiscus, Neotettix, Orphulella, and Psinidia. Mermiria bivittata is
found only among coarse grasses, in either wet or dry situations. (PL

2, fig- i).

As has been stated in the outline of the trip, collecting in Louisi-
ana was perforce abbreviated by the imminence of interference with
travel owing to the outbreak of yellow fever.

In the vicinity of New Orleans a brief time was spent in the field
between showers at Milneburg, on the edge of the swamp. Here
Dictyophorus reticulatus was found in numbers, and a single very large
example of Paroxya hoosieri, not previously known from south of
Indiana. A trip 60 miles down-river and back to Buras, in the marsh
region, occupied one day. The two species most in evidence at this
point were Chortophaga viridifasciata, numerous on the higher ground
near the levee, and Orphulella olivacea, widely and generally spread
in the marshes in company writh Orchelimum herbaceum. At Franklin,
owing to the flooded condition of the country, it was impossible to
collect to advantage except along the railway embankment, and but
half a dozen species were secured. At this point the eastern and
southern part of the trip closed.

Arkansas was visited in its western part only, between the dates
July 26 to August 3 and August 28 to September 5. The earlier period
was spent in the southwestern part of the State — at Ashdown, in the
lowlands; DeQueen, in rolling country ; Mena, Eagleton, and Rich
Mountain Station at the foot of Rich Mountain ; and on the summit
of Rich Mountain, at an elevation of 2,600 feet. At this earlier period
many species were still immature in the mountain region. During
the latter period collections were gathered at Blue Mountain Station
and the summit of Magazine Mountain, Ola, Dardanelle, and Van
Buren, in the Arkansas River Valley; Winslow, high up on the Ozark
uplift ; and Fayetteville, in the hill country of the extreme northwest.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 17

At Ashdown, in the lowlands of the southwest corner of the State,
the following species were secured in the adult stage :

Neotettix femoratus. Arphia xanthoptera.

Tettix arenosus. Chortophaga viridifasciata.

Paratettix cucullatus. Hippiscus rugosus.

Tettigidea lateralis. Spharagemon bolli.

Syrbula admirabilis. Trimerotropis citrina.

Orphulella picturata. Schistocerca obscura.

Orphulella pelidna. Melanoplus bispinosus.

Dichromorpha viridis. Paroxya sp.

All of these are found east of the Mississippi River except two —
Orphulella picturata and Melanoplus bispinosiis — which are trans-
Mississippian in distribution, common on the prairies from central or
western Arkansas to Oklahoma. In the lowlands of Arkansas, as has
been noted in reference to other regions of low relief in the south-
eastern States, typical xerophile and hygrophile locusts occur in
many places side by side in consequence of the topographical con-
figuration. No particular features of locust distribution or habitat
at Ashdown call for special remark, save the exceeding abundance
of Tettiginse, the continually moist sandy loam of the locality seeming
especially favorable to the development of great numbers of this group
of locusts (see frontispiece).

The fields of a great part of Arkansas are carpeted with the creep-
ing, purple-flowered Japanese clover (Lespedeza striata], or, in the more
open stretches, are covered in late summer with a dense growth of the
fine-leaved sneeze-weed (Helenium tenuifoliuni) and yellow with its
brilliant blossoms. While a few species of locusts (Dichromorpha
viridis, Chortophaga, Orphulella} are found more or less commonly
in this habitat, it is as a whole less productive than grassy nooks
and corners, or fields partly bare and partly grown up to taller weeds
and bushes, in short, presenting a greater variety of environment.

The mountains of Arkansas form two groups — the Ouachita ranges
south of the Arkansas River and the Ozark plateau north of it. The
Ouachita Mountains consist chiefly of several irregular but often east-
and-west extending ranges, which for the most part still retain their
forest covering. The southern slopes, owing to greater insolation, are
very hot and dry, the forest is xerophytic in character and quite open
(pi. 3, fig. 2). Characteristic of this habitat are Spharagemon bolli,
Melanoplus obovatipennis , scudderi, keeleri, robustus, Boopedon auriven-
tris, and Paratylotropidia brunneri. The first five of these are common
and widely distributed, the latter two are local and scarce.

l8 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID,^.

The north side of these ranges is much moister, more densely
shaded, its plant covering more boreal, and altogether presents a very
different environment from the southern side. At a station of this
character on the north side of Magazine Mountain, almost in the
shadow of the summit escarpment, in an herbaceous thicket composed
largely of Urtica gracilis, Polygonum virginianum, Amphicarpoea
monoica, Eupatorium ageratoidcs and Solidago sp. was found Melanoplus
gracilis, whose delicate olive coloration exactly matched the back-
ground of its haunts, so widely at variance with that of the opposite
side of the mountain summit. Continued search in other localities of
this character would probably reveal additional species characteristic
of this type of habitat.

The higher summits of the mountains rise to an elevation of but
2,400 to 2,600 feet, Magazine or Blue Mountain reaching 2,800 at one
point and being the highest point of land between the Appalachian
and the Rocky Mountains. This elevation is not sufficient to provide
true boreal conditions, but does modify the temperature so that cer-
tain species, abundant at the north, and forced southward during the
glacial epoch, have been enabled to exist in this latitude till the
present time. Such are Tettix hancocki, Chloealtis conspersa, and Mela-
noplus fasciatus (= baconi of McNeill).

The two summits of the Ouachitas visited, Rich Mountain and
Magazine Mountain, differ very noticeably in the relative abundance
of the two common campestrian species J\lelanoplus atlanis andfemur-
rubntm, which are plentiful on the first, scarce on the second. This
difference is no doubt due primarily to the fact that the summit of
Rich Mountain was for many years the site of prosperous farms, now
abandoned and rapidly reverting to original conditions (pi. 3, fig. i).
The summit of Magazine Mountain, on the other hand, has been much
less disturbed by cultivation, and the forest covers a great part of it.
The flat top of this mountain is bounded by an almost continuous
escarpment, the rock being commonly exposed at the level margin
and forming an ideal habitat for Trimerotropis saxatilis (pi. 4, fig. i).
At the extreme west end of the summit, where the roadway climbs it,
and where a small area has been recently cleared of trees, an inter-
esting assemblage of species was found among the golden-rod, blue-
berries, grass, and shrubby sprouts that have sprung up (pi. 4, fig. 2).
Here were taken Trimerotropis saxatilis , Hesperotettix pratensis, Boop-
edon auriventris , Paratylotropidia brunneri, Melanoplus scudderi, M.
obovatipennis , Hippiscus phoenicopterus , Spharagemon bolli, Schistocerca
rubiginosa, Orphulella pelidna, and several others, some of them in
numbers.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDJE. ig

The explanation of this assemblage probably involves several
factors: primarily, variety of habitat represented — rock, bare soil of
sandy road, grass, shrubby undergrowth ; secondarily, aggregation of
individuals at a topographical " jumping-ofF place," a phenomenon
akin to the assembling of many other insects at the extreme apex of a
high hill or mountain summit, which has been repeatedly observed.

Besides the two prairie species previously mentioned as captured
at Ashdown, several others occur in at least the western part of the
State. Among these are Orphulella decora, Campy lacantha olivacea
and its color-variety acutipennis, and Melanoplus foedus. Orphulella
decora lives in grassy fields, by preference of moister character than
those inhabited by picturata; Campy lacantha olivacea, a short-winged
species, is locally common in herbaceous thickets of various kinds,
but commonly of some species of ragweed (Ambrosia bidentata et al.).

The following list of species captured in western Arkansas is here
brought together for convenience of reference ; several others occur
and would be secured by a longer search and at other seasons of the

year :

Nomotettix cristatus. Trachyrhachis thomasi.

Neotettix femoratus. Trimerotropis citrina.

Tettix arenosus. Trimerotropis saxatilis.

Tettix hancocki. Schistocerca alutacea.

Paratettix cucullatus. Schistocerca americana.

Tettigidea armata. Schistocerca obscura.

Tettigidea lateralis. Schistocerca rubiginosa.

Tettigidea lateralis polymorpha. Campylacantha olivacea.

Syrbula admirabilis. Hesperotettix pratensis.

Amblytropidia occidentalis. Paratylotropidia brunneri.

Orphulella decora. Melanoplus atlanis.

Orphulella pelidna. Melanoplus bispinosus.

Orphulella picturata. Melanoplus differentialis.

Dichromorpha viridis. Melanoplus femur-rubrum.

Chloealtis conspersa. Melanoplus foedus.

Boopedon auriventris. Melanoplus gracilis.

Arphia sulphurea. Melanoplus impudicus.

Arphia xanthoptera. Melanoplus keeleri.

Chortophaga viridifasciata. Melanoplus latens.

Hippiscus phoenicopterus. Melanoplus obovatipennis.

Hippiscus rugosus. Melanoplus robustus.

Dissosteira Carolina. Melanoplus scudderi.

Spharagemon bolli. Paroxya sp.

Collecting in Indian Territory was begun on August 4 at Howe,
in the eastern part, and continued until August 9 ; on the return from
Oklahoma, a half day was spent at Wilburton on the 2yth in examina-
tion of a small prairie meadow at that place.

2O FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID.E.

The eastern part of the Territory and northeast Texas are similar
in topography, habitats, and fauna to western Arkansas, and the same
species are met with under the same conditions. As one proceeds
west from Arkansas through the Territory and Oklahoma, or through
Texas, a decrease takes place in the number of eastern, hygrophilous
and sylvan species met with, and at the same time a much greater
increase occurs in the number of species characteristic of the prairies
and plains, xerophile and campestrian in habits and Sonoran in affini-
ties. This may be seen at Caddo and Denison by comparison of the
fauna of the wooded strips and of the prairies near these localities.

Among the earliest species to diminish in number and disappear
are Dichromorpha viridis, Orphulella pelidna, Spharagemon bolli, Mela-
noplus robustus and keeleri. Among those that appear earliest in travel-
ing westward in addition to those already mentioned as occurring in
Arkansas are Phoetaliotes nebrascensis and Melanoplus plebejus in moist,
grassy field-thickets ; Arphia luteola and simplex, and Encoptolophus
patvus in drier fields ; Ageneotettix deorum and Hadrotettix trifasciatus
on bare, stony, or sandy areas ; Hypochlora alba occurs locally on white
sage (Artemisia spp. ; pi. i, fig. i) ; Opeia obscura lurks in the dense
cover of the mesquite grass, together with increasing numbers of
Track}' rhachis fuscifrons and Orphulella picturata ; Mermiria neo-
mexicana appears and with bivittatus inhabits the taller bunch-grasses
(Andropogon, Chr^sopogon, etc.). Especially characteristic of loose
sand, such as occurs at Bonita, in the Upper Cross Timbers, and
locally everywhere, are Spharagemon cristatum and Psinidia fenestralis.

The locust fauna of the dry prairies and lower plains, the ' ' prairie-
plains" or semi-arid portion of the Texas region, was studied at
Wichita Falls, Quanah, and Clarendon, Texas, and Mountain Park
and Cache, Oklahoma. The list of species taken at these localities
between August 15 and 25 is as follows:

Paratettix cucullatus. Boopedon nubilum.

Mermiria bivittata. Arphia xanthoptera.

Mermiria neo-mexicana. Arphia nietana.

Syrbula admirabilis. Arphia luteola.

Eritettix sp. Chortophaga viridifasciata.

Opeia obscura. Encoptolophus costalis.

Amphitornus bicolor. Encoptolophus parvus.

Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum. Hippiscus corallipes.

Orphulella decora. Hippiscus immaculatus.

Orphulella picturata. Hippiscus rugosus.

Ageneotettix deorum. Hippiscus saussurei.

Aulocara elliotti. Leprus wheeleri.

Aulocara femoratum. Dissosteira Carolina.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDinxE. 21

Dissosteira longipennis. Hesperotettix viridis.

Spharagemon aequale. Aeoloplus regalis.

Spharagemon cristatum. Melanoplus atlanis.

Trachyrhachis fuscifrons. Melanoplus bispinosus.

Psinidia fenestralis. Melanoplus bivittatus.

Hadrotettix trifasciatus. Melanoplus differentialis.

Trimerotropis citrina. Melanoplus femur-rubrum.

Trimerotropis latifasciata. Melanoplus foedus.

Trimerotropis saxatilis. Melanoplus keeleri.

Trimerotropis vinculata. Melanoplus glaucipes.

Trimerotropis bruneri. Melanoplus flavidus.

Brachystola magna. Melanoplus impiger.

Schistocerca albolineata. Melanoplus packardii.

Schistocerca americana. Melanoplus palmeri.

Schistocerca lineata. Melanoplus plebejus.

Schistocerca obscura. Melanoplus regalis.

Hypochlora alba. Melanoplus tuberculatus.

Campylacantha olivacea. Phoetaliotes nebrascensis.

Hesperotettix speciosus. Dactylotum pictum.

The high plains, Staked Plains, or, in Texan phraseology simply
" the Plains," were touched at but one point, Amarillo, in the center
of the Panhandle region of Texas, at an elevation of 3,600 feet, on
August 19 and 20. Here the following six species, not taken else-
where, were secured, together with 25 of the preceding list, many
others of which, it is probable, occur there and would have been
found in a longer stay :

Cordillacris crenulata. Tropidolophus formosus.

Trachyrhachis kiowa. Melanoplus discolor.

Metator pardalinum. Melanoplus lakinus.

Of these species inhabiting the semi-arid plains and prairies
Paratettix cucullatus, Encoptolophus pawns, and Trimerotropis citrina
frequent the margins or partly dried beds of streams and sloughs or
sinks; E. parvus is partial to plowed fields also, and T. citrina, its
congeners, and the species at Dissosteira, Spharagemon, Mestobregma,
and Hadrotettix are common on roadsides, washes, ant-fields, and
other patches of bare, sun-baked soil, flying up by the dozen before
the traveler (pi. 5, fig. i). The low but often dense and tangled
growth of mesquite and grama grasses (foreground, pi. 5, fig. 2 ; pi. 7,
fig. i) is the home of Opeia obscttra, Amphitornus bicolor, Cordillacris
crenulata, Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum , Orphulella picturata, and
Encoptolophus costalis. This habitat is one of those frequented by the
species of Arphia and Hippiscus, which also occur in the tall, coarse
bunch-grasses in company with the species of Mermiria, Syrbula
admirabilis, Phoetaliotes nebrascensis, and several species of Melanophcs.

22 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDJE.

Patches of weeds (Ambrosia, Euphorbia, Grmdelia,etc., pi. 5, fig. 2,
middle distance; pi. 6, fig. 2, foreground) give shelter or sustenance
to Aeoloplus, Melanoplus differential, and several other species of this
genus and of Schistocerca and Hesperotettix ; while the tall sunflowers
of gulches and waste corners form favorite perches for the huge and
sluggish lubber or buffalo hopper (Brachysiola magna).

The Wichita mountains form a considerable tract of rugged country
of low elevation near the center of southern Oklahoma and represent
the summits of an ancient mountain range formerly of much greater
elevation and continued eastward in the Arbuckle and other ranges in
Indian Territory and western Arkansas, but now almost submerged
beneath the accumulation of flood-wash material forming the prairie-
plains at their base. Some are of rounded contour with grassy slopes,
others present summits of bare, sun-scorched crags and boulders
nearly devoid of vegetation and jutting suddenly upward from the
level plain (pi. 7, fig. i). Tracts of open forest clothe many of the
higher slopes and fringe the streams of the district, oaks predominat-
ing, with numerous cedars on the higher summits (pis. 7, 8, 9). Two
peaks, Mounts Scott and Sheridan, rise to an elevation of approxi-
mately 2,500 feet, at a distance of 10 or 12 miles in a northerly direc-
tion from Cache, from which point, or from Fort Sill, they may be
readily reached by team. A day was spent, from Cache as the point
of departure, in a trip to Mount Sheridan.

As might be expected, owing to its low elevation and limited
area, the locust fauna of the summit is essentially the same as that of
the plains at its base, but scantier, the only variations found corre-
sponding exactly with the difference in character of the habitats repre-
sented. On the bare rock slopes and weathered boulders of the summit
of Mount Sheridan (pi. 9, fig. i) and of the outlying rocky spur near
Mountain Park (pi. 7) were found relict colonies of Trime.rotropis
saxatilis (p. 40); in the woods about Mount Sheridan and along the
stream at Cache are found the forest-loving species Spharagemon bolli,
Melanoplus keeleri, robustus, and scudderi. Other species taken in the
bunch-grass of the mountain-top were Mermiria bivittata and neo-
mexicana, Syrbula admirabilis, Orphulella decora, Hippiscus rugosus,
Melanoplus bispinosus and packardii, all species that are common on
the plains. As a whole, insect life of all kinds was very scarce upon
the summit.

Another capture of interest in this locality was that of a repre-
sentative of Telmatettix, a genus distributed widely in Mexico and the
far west, which was taken on the stony fragments in the stream-bed at
the foot of the northern talus-slope of Mount Sheridan.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID/E. 23

EXTENSION OF KNOWN RANGE.

The data secured on this trip have greatly extended the known
range of several species and two genera, as follows : Orphulella speciosa,
south to Alabama. Trimerotropis saxatilis, west as far as Oklahoma.
Dictyophorus reticulatus, north to northwest Georgia. Melanoplus
fasciatus, south to Alabama and Arkansas. Melanoplus morsei, south
to southern Mississippi. Melanoplus obovatipennis , south to southern
Mississippi, in the nearly related form tepidus, which may intergrade.
Paroxya hoosieri, south to southern Louisiana. Podisma (with a new
species), south to Alabama. Telmatettix, northeast to Oklahoma.

LIST OF NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES SECURED.

Nomotettix cristatus denticulatus. Melanoplus tuberculatus.

Hippiscus immaculatus. Melanoplus tribuloides.

Podisma australis. Melanoplus tepidus.

Melanoplus latens. Melanoplus scudderi latus.

LOCALITIES AT WHICH COLLECTING WAS DONE.

The following list includes the points at which collecting was
done, however slight in amount, together with their approximate
elevation and the date of visit :

GEORGIA :

Sand Mountain, near Trenton, Bade County, July 8, 9; 1,500 feet.

Trenton, Dade County, July 10; 730 feet.
ALABAMA :

Anniston, Calhoun County, July 12; 700 to 1,000 feet.

Cheaha Mountain, Talladega County, July 13 ; 2,000 to 2,400 feet.

Lookout Mountain, near Valley Head, DeKalb County, July n; 1,600 feet.

McCalla Siding, Jefferson County, July 14 ; 450 feet.

Turnipseed's ranch, Talladega Co., near Cheaha Mt., July 13 ; 1,000 feet.

Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County, July 15; 200 feet.

Valley Head, DeKalb County, July n; 1,025 feet.
MISSISSIPPI :

Biloxi, Harrison County, July 19; I to 20 feet.

Gulfport, Harrison County, July 18, 21 ; I to 20 feet.

Hattiesburg, Perry County, July 17; 140 feet.

Meridian, Lauderdale County, July 16 ; 350 feet.

Nugent, Harrison County, July 20; 65 feet.
LOUISIANA :

Buras, Plaquemines Parish, July 23; 5 feet.

Franklin, St. Mary Parish, July 24; 10 feet.

Milneburg, Orleans Parish, July 22; 5 feet.
ARKANSAS :

Ashdown, Little River County, July 26 to 28; 330 feet-
Blue Mountain Station, Logan County, August 28; 540 feet.

Centerville, Yell County, August 31 ; 450 feet.

Dardanelle, Yell County, August 31 ; 350 to 500 feet.

DeQueen, Sevier County, July 29 ; 380 feet.

Eagleton, Polk County, August 3 ; 1,500 feet.

Fayetteville, Washington County, September 5; 1,300 feet.

Magazine Mt., Logan Co., August 29; 1,800 to 2,800, chiefly at 2,600 feet.

Mena, Polk County, July 30, 31 ; 1,150 to 1,700 feet.

24 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDJg.

ARKANSAS — Continued.

Ola, Yell County, August 30; 400 feet.

Rich Mountain, Polk County, August i, 2; 2,600 feet.

Rich Mountain Station, Polk County, August 3 ; 1,625 feet-
Van Buren, Crawford County, September i ; 450 feet.

Winslow, Washington County, September 2 to 4; 1,700 to 2,100 feet.
INDIAN TERRITORY:

Caddo, Choctaw Nation, August 8; 700 feet.

Caddo Hill, Choctaw Nation, August 9; 800 feet.

Haileyville, Choctaw Nation, August 6; 650 feet.

Howe, Choctaw Nation, August 4, 5 ; 500 feet.

South McAlester, Choctaw Nation, August 7 ; 700 to 850 feet.

Wewoka, Seminole Nation, August 27 ; 800 feet.

Wilburton, Choctaw Nation, August 27; 650 feet.
TEXAS :

Amarillo, Potter County, August 19, 20; 3,600 feet.

Bonita, Montague County, August 14 ; 950 feet.

Clarendon, Donley County, August 18; 2,700 feet.

Denison, Grayson County, August n to 13; 700 feet.

Myra, Cook County, August 14; 900 feet.

Quanah, Hardeman County, August 21 ; 1,500 feet..

St. Jo, Montague County, August 14; 1,140 feet.

Wichita Falls, Wichita County, August 15, 16; 950 feet.
OKLAHOMA :

Cache, Kiowa and Comanche Reservation, August 23, 25 ; 1,275 feet.

Mountain Park, Kiowa and Comanche Reservation, August 22, 23 ; 1,360
to 1,690 feet.

Mount Sheridan, base, Kiowa and Comanche Reservation, August 24;
i, 600 feet (est.).

Mount Sheridan, summit, Kiowa and Comanche Reservation, August 24;
2,500 feet.

Snyder, Kiowa and Comanche Reservation, August 23; 1,350 feet.

Shawnee, Pottawottamie Nation, August 26; 1,000 feet.

ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES.

This list includes each species of adult Acridiidae secured, the
locality where taken, with brief notes on its abundance, habitat, and
habits in the territory traversed. In some cases data on the early
stages (in parentheses) are also included, but there are many, particu-
larly among the species of Schistocerca and Melanoplus, which can not
be identified with certainty. Dates and elevations will be found, if
desired, in the preceding list of localities.

As has been stated, the entire territory lies in the Austral zones,
and data are as yet insufficient for the preparation of satisfactory lists
of species characteristic of each section of these zones. Consequently,
in this list relatively few statements will be found regarding zonal
distribution except in connection with the Transition or boreal faunal
elements.

For several reasons it has seemed wisest to use, in the main, the
same terminology as in my first report (Pub. No. 18), but Trachy-
rhachis has been substituted for Mestobregma.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDJE. 25

TETTIGINAE.
Nomotettix cristatus Scudder.

Georgia: Sand Mountain (juv.).
Alabama: Lookout Mountain (juv.).
Arkansas: Dardanelle (Mena, juv.).

Nomotettix cristatus denticulatus Morse.

Nomotettix crestatus dentictilatus. Psyche, xui, 119, 1906.

Indian Territory: Caddo (juv.); Haileyville; South McAlester (juv.).
Texas: Denison.

The variety denticulatus is distinguished by being more scabrous
than the type form, with the margins of the pronotum very minutely
serrulate, the sides of the vertex of the head less regularly convex, its
carina less protuberant, the carina of the pronotum thinner and higher,
the middle femora with undulate margins, and the upper edges of the
hind femora with inwardly or upwardly directed denticulate projec-
tions. These characters are exhibited by a male from Denison, and
the specimens from Indian Territory show them in lesser degree. All
of the examples secured have a more elevated and thinner carina than
New England specimens, approaching the compressus form.

This species is not uncommon locally on damp, sandy loam, thinly
grassed or more or less exposed to light and sun, such as upland
pastures at the North or the edges and openings of woods at the
South. In summer the young are numerous, the adults very scarce.

Neotettix femoratus Scudder.
Georgia: Sand Mountain.

Alabama: Anniston ; Lookout Mountain; McCalla; Tuscaloosa.
Mississippi: Biloxi ; Gulfport; Hattiesburg; Nugent.
Arkansas: Ashdown ; Dardanelle ; DeQueen ; Eagleton ; Fayetteville ; Mena ;

Ola ; Rich Mountain ; Rich Mountain Station.
Indian Territory: Caddo; Haileyville; Howe; South McAlester; Wilburton.

One of the most plentiful species of Tettiginse in the southeastern
quarter of the country, often occurring in great abundance in specially
favorable localities. Such a spot is shown in the frontispiece in the
flat piney-woods of southwestern Arkansas. It is widely and rather
generally distributed, preferring sandy soils which are frequently or
perpetually moist. Both long- winged and short-winged forms were
obtained, the latter being somewhat more plentiful.

TettlX aretlOSUS Burmeister.
Georgia: Sand Mountain.
Alabama: Tuscaloosa; Valley Head.
Mississippi: Hattiesburg; Meridian.

Arkansas: Ashdown; DeQueen; Fayetteville; Ola; Winslow.
Indian Territory: Howe; South McAlester.
Texas: Denison.

26 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^.

This, the most plentiful member of the genus in Austral regions,
was taken at a number of localities in small numbers, usually on sandy
loam, commonly in company with other members of the group, either
Tettix, Neotettix, or Tetligidea.

Tettix hancocki Morse.

Arkansas: Fayetteville (juv.) ; Rich Mountain; Winslow.
Widely distributed in the Upper Austral and Transition zones of
the central part of the country, generally occurring on moist upland
soils of sandy texture, especially on high elevations.

Tettix ornatus Say.

Alabama: Valley Head.

Common in a valley pasture of three or four years' standing, and
probably not eradicated from it during cultivation (see Paratettix cucul-
latus). This and the preceding species are of much more frequent
occurrence in the Northern than in the Southern States, their range
extending even into the Canadian zone. In the North this species is
often associated with Nomotettix cristatus.

Paratettix CUCullatuS Burmeister.

Paratettix cucullatus abortus Hancock.

Alabama: Tuscaloosa.
Mississippi: Gulfport.

Arkansas: Ashdown; Blue Mountain Station; Dardanelle; DeQueen; Fay-
etteville ; Magazine Mountain ; Mena ; Ola ; Rich Mountain Station.
Indian Territory: Haileyville; Howe; South McAlester; Wewoka.
Texas: Bonita; Clarendon; Denison; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Shawnee; base of Mount Sheridan.

A very widely distributed and frequently very plentiful species
frequenting the shores of ponds and streams, sloughs, springy runs,
etc., from southern New England to Texas and Colorado. (See front-
ispiece.) At Dardanelle, Arkansas, it was exceedingly abundant in a
moist, shallow gully in a cornfield on the sandy bottom-land along
the Arkansas River.

Three specimens of the short-winged form abortus Hancock were
secured at Gulfport, Mississippi, at a spring on the edge of the sea-
beach.

Telmatettix aztecus Saussure.

Oklahoma: base of Mt. Sheridan, Wichita Mountains.
A single male of this species was taken in the stony bed of a small
stream at the foot of the northern talus slope of Mount Sheridan
(pi. 8, fig. 2) hidden in the woods.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^J. 27

Tettigidea armata Morse.

Arkansas: Ola.

Indian Territory: Howe.

One male and one female were taken with T. lateralis while sweep-
ing in moist bottom-lands.

Tettigidea lateralis Say.

Georgia: Sand Mountain (juv.).

Alabama: Anniston; Lookout Mountain; McCalla; Tuscaloosa; Valley Head.

Mississippi: Gulf port; Hattiesburg.

Louisiana: Milneburg.

Arkansas: Ashdown; Dardanelle; DeQueen; Eagleton; Fayetteville ; Maga-
zine Mountain; Mena; Ola; Rich Mountain; Rich Mountain Station;
Winslow.

Indian Territory: Caddo; Haileyville; Howe; South McAlester; Wewoka;
Wilburton.

Texas: Bonita; Denison.

Tettigidea lateralis polymorpha Burmeister.

Arkansas: Ashdown; DeQueen; Mena; Ola.
Indian Territory: Howe; South McAlester.

This species, with Paratettix cucullatus, and Neotettix femoratus,
is one of the dominant Tettiginse of the Southern States, occurring in
countless numbers in wet bottomlands, along streams, and even at
considerable elevations about springs, as on Magazine Mountain,
Arkansas. The short-winged examples, usually referred to var. poly-
morpha, were much less plentiful than long-winged, and the males
seem to greatly outnumber the other sex ; this, however, is very likely
due to the greater sluggishness of the latter, rendering them less liable
to capture in the sweeping-net.

The frontispiece shows a station where this species was extremely
abundant.

TRYXALINAE.

Tryxalis brevicornis Linne.
Alabama: Tuscaloosa.
Louisiana: Franklin, Milneburg (juv. 4, 5).

Locally common in wet meadows, swamps, and along streams.
At Tuscaloosa it was plentiful among peppermint in a springy area.

Mermiria alacris Scudder.

(Mermiria vigilans Scudder appears to be a synonym of this species).
Indian Territory: Wilburton (juv. 5).
Oklahoma: Shawnee.

Only half a dozen examples of this species were secured. These
include male, female, and immature specimens and were taken among
coarse grasses in the vicinity of a stream, and in a prairie meadow.

28 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^.

Mermiria bivittata Serville.

Alabama: Cheaha Mountain.

Mississippi: (Biloxi, juv. 3, 4) ; (Hattiesburg, juv. 4) ; Nugent (juv. 3,

4, 5).

Indian Territory: Caddo; South McAlester; Wilburton.
Texas: Amarillo; Bonita; Clarendon; Denison; Quanah; St. Jo; Wichita

Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; base of Mount Sheridan.

This is a common, widely distributed, and rather variable species,
which inhabits patches of bunch-grass (Andropogon, Chrysopogon, etc.),
occurring in either wet or dry situations, but is usually more abundant
in the latter (pi. 3, fig. i). The pale submarginal stripe on the teg-
mina varies from bright apple-green through greenish white to clear
white, and is frequently lacking entirely in the male and either scarcely
discernible or very distinct in the female. Unstriped specimens seem
to be as widely distributed as striped ones.

Mermiria neo-mexicana Thomas.

Indian Territory: Caddo (juv. 2, 3).

Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon (juv. 5); Wichita Falls.

Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; base and summit of Mount Sheridan.

This species is characteristic of the coarse grasses of the drier
parts of the prairie-plains and is often locally abundant. Its habitat
is well shown in foreground of plate 8, fig. 2.

Syrbula admirabilis uhl.

Georgia: Sand Mountain; Trenton.

Alabama: Cheaha Mountain; Lookout Mountain; Tuscaloosa.

Mississippi: Biloxi; Nugent.

Louisiana: Franklin.

Arkansas: Ashdovvn; Blue Mountain Station; Dardanelle; DeQueen; Fay-

etteville ; Magazine Mountain ; Mena ; Rich Mountain ; Rich Mountain

Station ; Van Buren ; Winslow.

Indian Territory: Caddo; Haileyville; Howe; South McAlester; Wilburton.
Texas: Amarillo; Bonita; Clarendon; Denison; Myra; Quanah; St. Jo;

Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Shawnee; base and summit of Mount

Sheridan.

This is one of the commonest and most generally distributed
locusts in the South, occurring most abundantly among grasses in dry
stations and waste places. During July immature examples greatly
outnumbered adults, and various stages of the young were found
throughout August, according to latitude and altitude.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID/3. 2Q

Eritettix carinatus Scudder.
Georgia: Sand Mountain.
Alabama: (Lookout Mountain, juv. 2) ; (Valley Head, juv. 2).

A single adult male and three nymphs in the second stage of
development were the only specimens secured.

Eritettix sp.

Texas: (Clarendon, juv. 3).

A single specimen resembling the preceding species, but probably
different.

Eritettix sp.

Texas: (Quanah, juv. 4).
One specimen, not identifiable specifically.

Amphitornus bicolor Thomas.

Texas: Amarillo; (Clarendon, juv. 3; (Quanah, juv. 4).
Oklahoma: Cache, Mountain Park.

One male and four females were taken, chiefly among mesquite
grass, in company with Opeia obscura,

Opeia obscura Thomas.

Texas: Amarillo (juv. 5); Clarendon; Denison (juv. 5); Quanah; Wichita

Falls (juv. 5).
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; base of Mount Sheridan.

In the drier parts of the prairie region and on the plains this
species is common, even abundant locally, among the mesquite grass
and other low herbage, particularly about the bare places surrounding
the nests of the harvesting-ants. In color and form it so strongly
resembles, the male especially, the scattered glumes of grasses and
other d6bris of sweeping as to be overlooked readily by the collector,
even when in the net.

Amblytropidia occidentalis Saussure.
Alabama: (Anniston).

Mississippi: (Biloxi; Gulfport; Meridian; Nugent).
Arkansas: (Blue Mountain Station; DeQueen; Eagleton ; Mena).
Indian Territory: (Caddo; Haileyville; Howe; South McAlester).
Texas: (Bonita; Denison).

This locust is represented entirely by immature examples, ranging
in development from the second stage, at Anniston, July i2th, to the
fifth stage at Blue Mountain Station on August 28th. It is widely
distributed, and common locally. The adults frequent open forests
and are plentiful in the autumn and winter.

3O FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^.

Cordillacris crenulata Bruner.

Texas: Amarillo.

Three females only of this species were found among the mesquite
grass on the Staked Plains at Amarillo, in company with Opeia
obscura and Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum.

Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum Thomas.

Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon; Quanah ; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park.

A Great Plains species, not uncommon locally in mesquite grass,
associated with Opeia, Ageneotettix, Encoptolophus costalis, etc.

Orphulella olivacea Morse.

Mississippi: Biloxi.
Louisiana: B'uras.

This is a salt-marsh locust of very wide distribution along the
Atlantic seaboard from Connecticut to Darien, and occurs only in
salt or brackish marshes. Sometimes local and extremely plentiful,
at Buras it was generally distributed throughout the portion of the
marshes examined. It is probably found throughout the entire salt-
marsh district of southern Louisiana.

Orphulella pelidna Burmeister.

Georgia: Sand Mountain; Trenton.

Alabama: Anniston; Cheaha Mountain; Lookout Mountain; McCalla; Tur-

nipseed's Ranch ; Tuscaloosa.

Mississippi: Biloxi; Gulfport; Hattiesburg; Meridian; Nugent.
Arkansas: Ashdown ; DeQueen; Eagleton; Magazine Mountain; Mena;

Ola; Rich Mountain; Rich Mountain Station; Winslow.
Indian Territory: Caddo; Haileyville; Howe; South McAlester; Wilburton.
Texas: Bonita.

One of the most plentiful small locusts of the humid southeastern
quarter of the country, widely and quite generally distributed in fields
of sandy loam.

Orphulella picturata Scudder.

Arkansas: Ashdown; Blue Mountain Station; (Centerville, juv. 4, 5); Dar-

danelle ; Magazine Mountain ; Van Buren ; Winslow.
Indian Territory: Haileyville; Howe.

Texas: Clarendon; Denison; Myra; Quanah; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Shawnee; Snyder.

This dainty little locust is a common and wide-spread species,
plentiful in dry, open fields and prairies, particularly where rather
thinly grassed, about ant-nests, old stack sites, prairie-dog mounds,
etc. Ijfes. pelidna and speciosa, it presents a great variety of coloring.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDJE. 3!

Orphulella spectosa Sc udder.
Alabama: Cheaha Mountain.

A series of 9 males and 13 females was secured among the xero-
phytic vegetation of the summit of Cheaha Mountain. This is the
most southern point from which the species is recorded in the East.
The specimens taken vary from Northern examples in being larger
and having longer wings.

Orphulella decora McNeill.

Arkansas: Magazine Mountain; Winslow.

Indian Territory: Haileyville; Howe; Wilburton.

Texas: Denison.

Oklahoma: Cache; Shawnee; summit of Mount Sheridan.

Though local, this species is not uncommon in the denser growths
of grass in the damper parts of fields in the territory inhabited by it,
while picturata prefers the shorter growths of drier soils. In structure
there is a close parallelism between this species (or form) and the spec-
imens of speciosa from Cheaha Mountain, when compared with Northern
examples of speciosa.

Dichromorpha viridis Scudder.
Mississippi: Hattiesburg.

Arkansas: Ashdown ; Blue Mountain Station; Dardanelle; DeQueen; Eagle-
ton ; Fayetteville ; Magazine Mountain ; Mena ; Ola ; Rich Mountain ;
Rich Mountain Station; Winslow.
Indian Territory: Howe.
Texas: Denison.
Oklahoma: Shawnee.

A widely distributed species of the humid part of the Austral
zones, somewhat local in habitat, occurring usually among dense
herbage in moist places, either fields, the edges of forests, the more
open woodlands, or the vicinity of springs and streams.

Clinocephaius elegans Morse.

Mississippi: Biloxi (juv. 2, 3, 4, 5) ; Gulfport (juv. 5) ; Nugent (juv. 4, 5).
Louisiana: Milneburg.

Common in the grass of swampy stations in woodland along the
Gulf shore, and extending as far north as the vicinity of New York.

Chloealtis conspersa Harris.

Arkansas: Magazine Mountain, 2,600 feet.

A single male of this boreal species was secured in a rank growth
of bunch-grass (Andropogon) in the border of a cultivated field sur-
rounded by woodland, a station exactly like its preferred haunts in
New England. This species deposits its eggs in decayed wood, hence
its preference for the neighborhood of woodland, fence-rows, etc.

32 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^.

Bobpedon auriventris McNeill.

Arkansas: Magazine Mountain; Mena.
Indian Territory: Caddo; Haileyville.
Texas: Denison.

This is an interesting sylvan species peculiar to the southern half
of the forested region between the Mississippi River and the Great
Plains. It was first met with at Mena, on the eastern slope of the
foothills of Rich Mountain, in an open forest of pine and deciduous
trees (pi. 3, fig. 2); at Haileyville and Caddo Hill in similar rocky,
deciduous woodlands. At Magazine Mountain it was one of the nota-
ble assemblage of species which had gathered in the shrubby growth
at the edge of the summit cliff (pi. 4, fig. 2). It is of sluggish dispo-
sition, and but few are seen, but when aroused it leaps powerfully,
often two or three times in succession. In all, eleven males and ten
females were captured. The males appear ridiculously small beside
their huge mates,

Boopedon nubilum Say.
Texas: Wichita Falls.

Two specimens were captured among the herbage at the roadside
shown in plate 5, fig. i.

Ageneotettix deorum Scudder.

Indian Territory: Caddo.

Texas: Amarillo ; Bonita ; Clarendon; Denison; Quanah ; St. Jo; Wichita

Falls.

This is a widely distributed species, locally common, especially
on sandy soil with a sparse clothing of herbage, but also occurring
frequently among the grass of arid localities. At Caddo Hill it was
found on a sandy area of limited extent in the midst of an open wood-
land, this relation probably being due to the encroachment of the
forests on earlier unforested territory.

The specimens taken are of large size, with relatively long tegmina
and obtuse-angled vertex.

Aulocara femoratum Scudder.
Texas: Quanah.

Half a dozen examples of this species were secured among the
grass in the vicinity of the stony hill-top shown in plate 6, fig. i.

Aulocara elliotti Thomas.
Oklahoma: Cache; Snyder.

Campestrian, among the mesquite grass of the fields. Two
examples only.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 33

OEDIPODINAE.

Arphia xanthoptera Germar.

Alabama: (Anniston, juv. 4) ; (Lookout Mountain, juv. 3, 4) ; (McCalla,

juv. 5).

Mississippi: Biloxi; (Meridian, juv. 5); Nugent (juv. 4).

Arkansas: (Ashdown, juv. 5); Blue Mountain Station; Dardanelle; (De-
Queen, juv. 5) ; (Eagleton, juv. 4) ; Fayetteville (juv. 5) ; Magazine
Mountain (juv. 5); (Mena, juv. 4, 5); Ola; (Rich Mountain, juv.
3, 5) ; Winslow.

Indian Territory: (Caddo, juv. 5); Haileyville ; Howe (juv. 5); Wilburton.

Texas: Clarendon; Denison.

Oklahoma: Cache; Shawnee.

This is a common species in dry fields and openings in woodlands
throughout a large part of the eastern half of the country, maturing
in the autumn.

Arphia sulphurea Fabricius.

Georgia: Sand Mountain.

Alabama: Cheaha Mountain; Lookout Mountain.

Mississippi: Meridian.

Arkansas: Mena; Rich Mountain.

Indian Territory: Caddo; Haileyville; Howe; South McAlester.

Found in the same stations as xanthoptera, but maturing in spring;
no young were observed.

Arphia loteola Scudder.

Indian Territory: Caddo; Howe.
Texas: Denison; Wichita Falls.

A half-dozen specimens, all adult and some of them much worn,
were captured among the weeds of old fields. The color of the wings
varies from a lemon-yellow to a dull orange-buff, darkest in the oldest
specimens.

Arphia simplex Scudder.

Indian Territory: Caddo Hill.
Three males with bright orange wings, from old fields.

Arphia nietana Saussure.
Texas: Quanah.
Two males only, from grassy fields.

Chortophaga viridifasciata DeGeer.

Georgia: Sand Mountain (juv. i, 2, 3, 4, 5) ; Trenton (juv. 3, 5).
Alabama: Anniston (juv. 2, 3, 4, 5) ; Lookout Mountain (juv. 4, 5) ; Mc-
Calla (juv. 5) ; Tuscaloosa (juv. 5) ; Valley Head (juv. 3, 4, 5).
Mississippi: Biloxi; Gulfport ; Hattiesburg (juv. 5); Nugent.
Louisiana: B'uras ; Franklin; Milneburg (juv. 5).

34 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^.

Arkansas: Ashdown (juv. 3, 4, 5) ; Blue Mountain Station (juv. 3, 4) ;
Dardanelle (juv. 4) ; DeQueen (juv. 5) ; Eagleton (juv. 5) ; Fayette-
ville (juv. 3); Magazine Mountain; Mena (juv. 5); Ola; Rich Moun-
tain ; Rich Mountain Station ; Winslow.

Indian Territory: Caddo ; Haileyville ; Howe (juv. 5); South McAlester;
Wilburton (juv. 5).

Texas: Bonita; (Denison, juv. 3); Wichita Falls.

Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park (juv. 3); Shawnee (juv. 5).

This species is one of the most ubiquitous locusts of the eastern
half of the continent, inhabiting a great variety of environments,
chiefly campestral and on soil containing a moderate amount of mois-
ture. It is one of the few species which has apparently extended its
range down the Mississippi River along the levees, being common on
the higher ground near the river and on embankments along canals.

Encoptolophus parvus Scudder.

Indian Territory: Caddo.

Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon; Denison; Quanah ; Wichita Falls.

Oklahoma: Snyder.

A locally common species frequenting the dark, chocolate-colored
humus of the exposed shores of dried-up ponds and ditches, and not
infrequently found on cultivated fields. It is so inconspicuously col-
ored and so nearly silent in flight as readily to escape notice either
when on the wing or when at rest.

Encoptolophus COStalis Scudder.

Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon; Myra ; Quanah.

Locally common among the mesquite grass, varying much in
coloration, specimens being occasionally light yellowish green, the
markings contrasting strongly with the ground color. The green
form bears a strong resemblance to Phlibostroma quadrimaculatiim.

Hippiscus corallipes Haldeman.

Texas: Clarendon ; Quanah.

Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Snyder.

A large, handsome, and wary species, not uncommon locally
among mesquite grass and along roadsides.

Hippiscus immaculatus Morse.

Hippiscus immaculatus. Psyche, xui, 119, 1906.

Texas: Clarendon. One male.

"The specimen [described] is the size of rugosus. The pronotum
is less rugose, smoother in outline and in surface, a little narrower ;
the hind margin is obtuse-angulate, its apex rounded and its sides

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 35

straight. Wings like those of rugosus, the tip infuscated but not mac-
ulate. Ground-color of tegmina a pale, almost vinaceous brown; the
basal half of the anal field suffused with fuscous except along the anal
vein ; the distal half of the costal field more or less suffused and the
basal third finely maculate, the proximal part of the discoidal field
evenly suffused, the veins and venules of the distal part more or less
infuscated apically, and a slight fuscous suffusion near the base.

"Compared with rugosus the specimen differs relatively little struc-
turally or in wing-marking, but radically in the tegminal pattern,
which suggests that of tuberculatus , but is much less distinct."

HipplSCUS phoenkopterus Germar.
Georgia: Sand Mountain; Trenton.

Alabama: Cheaha Mountain; Lookout Mountain; Turnipseed's Ranch.
Mississippi: Meridian; Nugent.
Arkansas: Magazine Mountain; Rich Mountain.
Indian Territory: Caddo; Haileyville ; Howe.

In early summer this is the commonest species of the genus from
Arkansas eastward. It frequents fields and waste grounds, sometimes
entering the more open forests.

Hippiscus rugosus Scudder.
Georgia: (Trenton, juv. 4).
Alabama: Anniston (juv. 4, 5) ; (Lookout Mountain, juv. 3) ; McCalla,

juv. 3, 5).
Mississippi: Biloxi (juv. 2); Gulfport; Hattiesburg (juv. 2); Meridian

(juv. 2) ; Nugent (juv. 4, 5) ; (Tuscaloosa, juv. 2, 3, 4, 5).
Arkansas: (Ashdown, juv. 5) ; Blue Mountain Station; Dardanelle (juv. 5) ;

Fayetteville (juv. 5) ; Magazine Mountain (juv. 4) ; (Rich Mountain,

juv. 3) ; (Rich Mountain Station, juv. 3) ; Van Buren, Winslow

(juv. 5).
Indian Territory: Caddo (juv. 5) ; Haileyville (juv. 5) ; Howe (juv. 3, 4,

5) ; South McAlester (juv. 5) ; Wilburton.

Texas: Amarillo; Bonita ; Clarendon; Denison; Quanah; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Shawnee; base and summit of Mount

Sheridan.

A very common and widely distributed species, often abundant
locally.

Hippiscus saussurei Scudder.

Texas: Amarillo; Bonita; Wichita Falls.

Two males and two females from open weedy fields. A very large,
active, and exceedingly wary locust.

36 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID,^.

Leprus wheeleri Thomas.

Texas: Clarendon; Quanah (juv. 3, 4, 5); Wichita Falls.
Four adults and several young were taken on roadsides and in
open fields, the young on the stony rise shown in plate 9, fig. i.
These were of a very pale bluish-gray, the color of the soil on which
they lived.

Tropidolophus formosus Say.
Texas: Amarillo.

Two specimens were secured among the Euphorbia and other
coarse weeds on an old road-plowing (pi. 9, fig. 2).

Dissosteira Carolina Linne.

Georgia: Sand Mountain; Trenton.

Alabama: Anniston ; Cheaha Mountain; Lookout Mountain; (McCalla, juv.

4) ; Valley Head.

Mississippi: (Hattiesburg, juv. 4) ; Meridian.
Arkansas: Blue Mountain Station; Dardanelle ; Fayetteville •, Magazine

Mountain; Mena; Ola; Rich Mountain; Rich Mountain Station;

Winslow.

Indian Territory: Caddo; Haileyville; Howe; South McAlester.
Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon; Denison.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Shawnee ; Snyder.

This very common and widely distributed species was met with
at practically every locality visited, inhabiting roadsides, waste places,
and all spots of bare ground, in city or country alike.

Dissosteira longipennis Thomas.

Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Mountain Park.

Very common on the arid plains, associating with Trimerotropis
latifasciata, Spharagemon aequale, and its relative Carolina on roadsides
and other exposed soil surfaces. It is distinctly warier and takes
longer flights, consequently is more difficult to capture, than Carolina.

Spharagemon aequale Say.

Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon; Quanah; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; base of Mount Sheridan.

This large and strikingly handsome species is very common on
bare soil on the arid plains, whirring up from the roadside in numbers
in company with species of Trimerotropis, Hadrotettix, and Dissosteira.
Active and wary, however, either strategy or plentiful exercise is
necessary to secure it in series. Examples are frequently met with
having the metazona white, presenting a conspicuous collared pattern
of marking.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 37

Spharagemon bolli Scudder.

Georgia: Sand Mountain.

Alabama: Cheaha Mountain; Lookout Mountain; Turnipseed's Ranch.

Mississippi : Meridian.

Arkansas: Ashdown; Blue Mountain Station; DeQueen; Eagleton; Fay-

etteville ; Magazine Mountain ; Mena ; Ola ; Rich Mountain ; Rich

Mountain Station ; Winslow.
Indian Territory: Caddo; Haileyville ; Howe.
Texas: Bonita ; Denison.
Oklahoma: Mount Sheridan, at base and near summit, among woods.

This species is one of the few sylvan geophilous locusts, its dis-
tribution coinciding with that of dry woodlands, in which it is usually
associated, in the region under discussion, with Melanoplus keeleri and
robustus or their varieties. In the Northern States it frequents sandy
old fields as well as the more open woods and forest paths and mar-
gins. It is very widely and generally distributed in suitable localities
throughout its range, never becoming abundant, even locally.

Spharagemon cristatum Scudder.

Texas: Bonita; Clarendon; Quanah ; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Shawnee.

This is a characteristic ammophilous species whose distribution
seems to be controlled by, or at least coincident with, the presence of
areas of loose sand or very light soil. In favorable spots it is plenti-
ful and easily secured.

Scirtetica picta Scudder.
Mississippi: Gulf port.

Common along the upper part of the sea-beach and on open sandy
spots not far inland. In the specimens secured the dusky wing-bands
are narrower than in typical picta.

TRACHYRHACHIS (MESTOBREGMA).

Reference has been made in the introductory pages to the variation
presented by the material secured in this genus, representing four or
more so-called species varying in wing-coloration geographically and
presenting a complete gradation from a wing with hyaline base and
vitreous apex to one with bright lemon-yellow disk, crossed by a
broad fuscous band.

Trachyrhachis thomasi Caudell.

Arkansas: Fayetteville ; Van Buren.
Indian Territory: Caddo; Haileyville; Howe.
Texas: Denison; Quanah; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Base of Mt. Sheridan.

38 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDJE.

Trachyrhachis foscifrons Stal.

Texas: Clarendon; Denison; Quanah ; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Shawnee.

Trachyrhachis obliterata Bruner (?).

Texas: Amarillo ; Clarendon; Denison; Quanah; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park.

Trachyrhachis kiowa Thomas.

Texas: Amarillo.
Oklahoma: Mountain Park.

The following statements, together with those on page 12, will
bring out the geographical character of the variation presented.

Amarillo : 39 specimens. 38 kiowa, i obliterata.

Clarendon : 5 specimens. 2 obliterata; 3 fustifrons, i with very
narrow wing-band.

Quanah: 44 specimens. 20 thomasi '; 15 fustifrons grading per-
fectly into thomasi; 7 obliterata, grading toward fustifrons in showing
traces of wing-band ; 2 with disk hyaline and wing-band obsolescent
or of medium width.

Wichita Falls : 23 specimens. 4 obliterata; i with disk hyaline
and wing-band broad, nearly complete; 1 6 fustifrons grading toward
thomasi, chiefly with wing-band broad in posterior part, but broken
behind radial shoot, which is often faint.

Mountain Park : 6 specimens. 2 kiowa; 3 obliterata ; i fustifrons
with very faint wing-band.

Shawnee : i specimen. Like last.

Cache : 3 specimens. 2 obliterata; i fustifrons with pallid disk.

Base of Mt. Sheridan : i thomasi, varying toward fustifrons.

Caddo, i; Haileyville, 19; Howe, 25; Van Buren,9; Fayette-
ville, 30, all thomasi.

Specimens of Trachyrhachis are very common and generally dis-
tributed on drier grounds of prairies and plains, especially in the
vicinity of bare spots, ant-fields, etc., among the mesquite and other
low grasses.

Metator pardalinus Saussure.
Texas: Amarillo.
One male.

Psinidia fenestralis Serville.

Mississippi: Biloxi; Gulfport; Hattiesburg; Nugent.
Texas: Bonita ; Clarendon.

An ammophilous species, widely distributed but very local, found
only upon areas of loose sand.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID.£. 39

Trimerotropis bruneri McNeill.
Texas: Clarendon.
One male, referred to this species with some doubt.

Trimerotropis citrina Scudder.
Georgia: Trenton.

Alabama: Anniston, Turnipseed's Ranch; Tuscaloosa.
Mississippi: Gulfport (juv. 5); Hattiesburg; Meridian; Nugent.
Louisiana: Milneburg.
Arkansas: Ashdown; Blue Mountain Station; Dardanelles Eagleton; Mena;

Rich Mountain Station ; Van Buren ; Winslow.
Indian Territory: Haileyville ; Howe.
Texas: Amarillo; Bonita; Clarendon; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Shawnee ; Snyder.

This is a very widely distributed species, of common occurrence
throughout the Southern States from the seashore to a considerable
elevation, frequenting, in company with Dissosteira Carolina, roadsides
and other spots bare of vegetation. Its coloring varies greatly accord-
ing to the tint of the soil of its background, from dull white, through
shades of yellowish and reddish brown, to a dull gray.

Trimerotropis latifasciata Scudder.

Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon; Quanah; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park.

This seldom-recorded species proves to be plentiful in northwest-
ern Texas and Oklahoma, where it is found in abundance, associated
with Spharagemon aequale, etc., on roadsides and bare spots, flying up
in numbers before the feet of the traveler. It is a conspicuous insect
in flight, with its broad, black wing-band, but is not so shy, nor is its
flight so prolonged, as that of aequale, which it greatly outnumbers.

Trimerotropis modesta Bruner.
Texas: Clarendon.
One male, referred to this species with considerable doubt.

Trimerotropis saxatilis McNeill.
Georgia: Sand Mountain.

Arkansas: Dardanelle ; Magazine Mountain; Winslow.
Indian Territory: Haileyville.
Oklahoma: Mountain Park; summit of Mount Sheridan.

This is one of the most interesting locusts met with on the trip.
Though a near relative of vinculata, which is an inhabitant of road-
sides and waste places, so closely allied to it as to be confused there-
with except by one thoroughly acquainted with both species and their
habits, this species is apparently purely saxicolous. Recorded from
southern Illinois and northwestern Arkansas by McNeill, in 1903 I
found it on Stone Mountain, north central Georgia, and Sand Moun-

4O FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.

tain, in the extreme northwestern corner of that State. The past
season I traced it westward into Indian Territory and Oklahoma,
rinding it in similar rocky habitats. Specimens from Georgia and
Oklahoma differ so greatly in size, prominence of eyes, and other
minor characters that they would be separated as distinct species but
for the intergrades from Indian Territory and Arkansas. Oklahoma
examples are especially liable to be mistaken for vinculata, but the two
species can readily be distinguished in habitus, habitat, and habits.

Saxatilis has been taken only on rock-surfaces, sometimes lichen-
crusted, sometimes bare and sun-scorched, either wholly unprotected
from sun and storm or amid a considerable growth of forest which has
sprung up since the station was colonized by the locust. Georgia
habitats are shown in my first report (Publication No. 18, Carnegie
Institution of Washington, pi. 2, figs, i, 2). In Arkansas it was com-
mon on Dardanelle Rock, on the rim rock at the edge of the summit
cliff of Magazine Mountain (pi. 4, fig. i), and at Wheeler's Fall at
Winslow. At Haileyville, Indian Territory, a few specimens were
secured on the summit outcrops of rocky ridges covered with deciduous
trees. In Oklahoma it was taken at Mountain Park on the rock slopes
of an outlying spur of the Wichita Mountains (pi. 7, fig. 2) and on the
ledges and boulders on the summit of Mount Sheridan (pi. 9, fig. i).

In color and markings it so closely resembles the background of
its habitat as to be indistinguishable therefrom when at rest. Five
specimens are shown in plate i, fig. 2, and all would be practically
invisible but for the shadows cast by the late afternoon sun at the time
the photograph was taken. The ground coloration varies enormously,
in correspondence with the background, from deep fuscous, ranging
through various shades of brown and gray to nearly white. In the
Wichita Mountains it matches the flesh-color of the weathered granite.
The fuscous markings are usually strong, contrasting greatly with the
ground-color if that is pale, but aiding in concealment on the mottled
background.

It is a sluggish, unsuspicious species, flying but a short distance
when disturbed, often with a distinct but relatively faint crepitation,
and is easily captured. In the past season specimens were first met on
Sand Mountain, Georgia, July 8. At this time adults of both sexes
were numerous, the males actively searching for and attentive to the
females, excitedly approaching them and fiddling with rapid vertical
movements of the closed hind legs, ranging in extent from 5° to 50°
(sometimes even 90°). Usually no sound was audible (to me) during
this act of stridulation, but occasionally I could catch a distinct and
rather pleasant "seep," resembling a bird-note at a distance rather

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 4!

than the note of an insect. The female made similar motions, but
less often and less energetically.

When driven upon a background at variance in color with their
own, no uneasiness was exhibited, but after a time they crawled away.
Active in direct sunshine, they became sluggish when clouds obscured
the sun, and at this time were very easy to approach, allowing the hand
to come within 2 or 3 inches if it were advanced with caution.

Trimerotropis vinculata Scudder.

Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon; Wichita Falls.

A common species on the arid plains and westward. It is much
less conspicuous in flight than its associates, Spharagemon aeqtiale,
Trimerotropis latifasciata , and Hadrotettix trifasciatus , owing to its nar-
rower wing-band, less deeply colored disks, and smaller size.

Hadrotettix trifasciatus Say.

Indian Territory: Caddo Hill; South McAlester.

Texas: Quanah ; Wichita Falls.

Oklahoma: Mountain Park; base of Mount Sheridan.

This handsome locust is one of the largest and most striking
species of the section of country examined. Owing to its wariness
and powerful flight it is a difficult insect to capture in numbers, though
it is not uncommon locally on bare or thinly grassed soil, along roads,
about washes and excavations, and in stony ground. At Caddo Hill
one of its stations was in an open woodland, but it is typically a crea-
ture of the treeless plains (pi. 5, fig. i ; pi. 6, fig. i).
Brachystola magna Girard.

Texas: Amarillo; Quanah.

Oklahoma: Cache.

A huge and sluggish species, not uncommon locally on sun-
flowers and other tall weeds, clambering clumsily about or resting
quietly when undisturbed. Specimens kept alive over night were
observed to stridulate, apparently by elevating the tegmina and beat-
ing the wings against them. (Cf. Dictyophorus reticulatus.} Both sexes
did this, but the sound produced by the female was much the fainter.

Though commonly ranked as a geophilous desert species, in habits
and in the structure of the tarsi this is a purely phytophilous locust.
The form of the vertex of the head ; the variable, but often distinct
and sometimes conspicuous prosternal spine ; the presence of the ter-
minal spine of the outer row of the hind tibiae ; the form of the hind
femora, and of the subgenital plate of the male; the texture of the
surface of the body ; as well as the highly developed pulvilli and phy-
tophilous habit of life — all seem to indicate the possibility of a closer
kinship with the Acridiinae than with the Oedipodinae.

42 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID/E.

ACRIDHNAE.

Dictyophorus reticulatus Thunberg.

Georgia: (Trenton, juv. 4, 5).

Alabama: (Turnipseed's Ranch, near Cheaha Mountain, juv. 5).

Mississippi: Hattiesburg.

Louisiana: Milneburg.

These elephantine locusts, locally known as ' ' devil -horses, ' ' were
found in numbers resting upon the tall, coarse weeds at the side of the
road through the swamp at Milneburg ; at Hattiesburg a single adult
was found in bottomland forest ; and several immature specimens were
taken among weeds in a mowing-lot at Trenton, Georgia, at an eleva-
tion of 730 feet, much farther northward than had been expected.

When disturbed the tegmina are often elevated and the brilliant
carmine wings rapidly vibrated, producing a buzzing noise. If taken
in hand, a disagreeable, dark-brown, frothy liquid is effused with a
hissing sound from the mesothoracic spiracles, which probably is
repugnatory in function.

Leptysma marginicollis Serville.

Mississippi: Biloxi ; Gulfport ; (Nugent, juv. 2, 3, 4).
Louisiana: (Buras, juv. 4, 5) ; Milneburg.
Texas: (Wichita Falls, juv. I, 2, 3, 5).

Common locally in the rush and sedge plant-societies of the
margins of streams and ponds.

Schistocerca albolineata Thomas.
Texas: Wichita Falls.

A single pair among tall grass and shrubbery on the bank of a
slough.

Schistocerca alutacea Harris.

Alabama: Cheaha Mountain.

Mississippi: Gulfport.

Arkansas: Eagleton; Fayetteville ; Mena; Rich Mountain Station.

Of this species or form a few scattering examples were taken (see
remarks under rubiginosa).

Schistocerca rubiginosa Harris-Scudder.

Mississippi: Nugent.
Arkansas: Magazine Mountain.
Indian Territory: Caddo.
Texas: Bonita.
Oklahoma: Shawnee.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDJS. 43

A dozen examples of this form were taken. Neither this nor the
preceding were secured in sufficient series to enable satisfactory con-
clusions regarding the relation of the two forms in the territory under
examination to be formulated (see remarks following .5*. obscura).

Schistocerca americana Drury.

Georgia: Trenton.

Alabama: Valley Head.

Mississippi: Gulfport ; Nugent.

Louisiana: Franklin.

Arkansas: Dardanelles Fayetteville ; Rich Mountain; Van Buren; Winslow.

Indian Territory: Caddo; Wilburton.

Texas: Denison ; Wichita Falls.

Oklahoma: Cache; Shawnee.

The data given above refer to actual captures. This species is
one of the most ubiquitous locusts of the Southern States, and was
either seen or secured at practically every point visited. Although
very plentiful in places, at no point was it met with in seriously
destructive numbers.

Schistocerca lineata Scudder.

Indian Territory: Caddo.

Texas: Clarendon.

Oklahoma: Cache; base of Mount Sheridan.

Locally plentiful, varying much in color of hind tibiae, which are
sometimes infuscated throughout, on the basal two-thirds alone, or
even luteous with only the spines black-tipped.

It is usually found among the sunflowers and other coarse weeds
along gullies, roadsides, and fences.

Schistocerca obscura Fabricius.

Mississippi: Hattiesburg.
Louisiana: Franklin; Milneburg.
Arkansas: Ashdown.
Indian Territory: Caddo.
Texas: Denison ; Wichita Falls.

This is a robust, dark-colored species, which is common and
widely distributed through the Southern States, usually occurring in
coarse weeds and grasses in swamps and along streams.*

Much work remains to be done upon this genus in the way of
careful collecting and observation, securing large series, before any-

*This species was accidentally included under the head of alutacea in my
first report (Publication No. 18, Carnegie Institution of Washington). All of
the specimens there reported from Savannah and Tybee Island, and a part of
those from Carrabelle, belong to this species.

44 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID.£.

thing definite will be known regarding the relations of the different
forms to which the rank of species is usually applied. It is very
probable that some so-called species are but forms of one which varies
greatly in color and structure. In New England the two forms known
as alutacea and rubiginosa seem to be constantly different structurally,
though rubiginosa has a color-variety resembling alutacea. South-
ward and westward the structural gap between the two seems to be
bridged, and both vary much in size, color, form, and proportion of
parts. It is highly probable that other groups of species in this genus
present an equal amount of variation.

Hypochlora alba Dodge.
Indian Territory: Caddo.
Texas: Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Shawnee ; base of Mount Sheridan.

Locally common on white sage (Artemisia sp.), in color exactly
matching the greenish-white tints of its background (pi. i, fig. i). It
prefers to escape observation by remaining quiet, but can leap well on
occasion.

Campylacantha olivacea Scudder.

Arkansas: Fayetteville ; Van Buren.

Indian Territory: Haileyville ; Howe; South McAlester; Wilburton.

Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon; Quanah; Wichita Falls.

Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Shawnee; base of Mount Sheridan.

This species, with its color-variety acutipennis, is a widely distrib-
uted and often locally very common locust, occurring among weeds
in fields, along fence-rows, and woodland edges. The green form very
greatly outnumbers the gray, though the latter is by no means uncom-
mon. It matures late, young being common until September, and
the adults even seem relatively soft-bodied and usually discolor to a
dull brown in drying. It is very sluggish, relying upon its protective
coloration, rather than activity, to escape destruction.

Hesperotettix brevipennis Thomas.
Georgia: Sand Mountain.
Alabama: Cheaha Mountain; Lookout Mountain; Turnipseed's Ranch.

This is the eastern representative, a near relative, and probably
the direct descendant of H. pratensis. Three males and a female were
captured. Of these a male from Sand Mountain presents an interest-
ing structural variation in the doubling of the subapical tubercle of
the subgenital plate through a bifurcation of its tip, a shallow' sulcus,
one-half as deep as wide, separating the two apices.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDv£. 45

Hesperotettix pratensis Scudder.

Arkansas: Magazine Mountain.

Indian Territory: Cacldo; South McAlester; Wilburton.

Texas: Denison.

This species was quite common in the grass and shrubby sprouts
of the habitat shown in plate 6, fig. 2, at the edge of the summit cliff
of Magazine Mountain, and the specimens secured there are of particu-
lar interest in presenting a pattern of coloration and a degree of wing-
developrnent intermediate between typical pratensis arid brempennis ,

Hesperotettix speciosus Scudder.

Indian Territory: Caddo.

Texas: Clarendon; Myra ; Quanah ; Wichita Falls.

Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park.

Not uncommonly obtained while sweeping, but seldom occurring
in numbers. Decidedly less active than its long- winged relative viridis.

Hesperotettix viridis Thomas.

Texas: Quanah; Wichita Falls.
Very common in one station among weeds.

Aeoloplus regalis Scudder.
Texas: Wichita Falls.

Plentiful on a weedy patch about a stone-heap in cultivated ground
in company with large numbers of Melanoplus differential-is > several
other species of that genus, Hesperotettix, and two species of Decticinae.

Podisma australis Morse.*

Podisma scudderi. Psyche, xin, 120, 1906.
Podisma australis. Psyche, xiv, 57, 1907.

Alabama: Cheaha Mountain. One female.

"Head large, eyes large and prominent, vertex very blunt, but
little protuberant, in form and proportions recalling Dendrotettix .
Pronotum robust, depressed rather than compressed, especially at the
shoulders; carina distinct on metazone, evanescent on prozone; pos-
terior margin slightly con vex, subemarginate; sutures deeply impressed.
Prosternal spine short, acutely pointed, conical with excavate sides.
Tegmina ovate-lanceolate, separated by their own width, anterior
margin strongly convex, posterior slightly so, apex evenly rounded.
Carina of the abdomen indistinct. Valves of ovipositor stout, outer
margins finely dentate and strongly sinuate, contrasting markedly in

*Owing to the fact that in a single instance, many years ago, Melanoplus
scudderi had been referred to the genus Podisma (Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt.
Brit. Mus., iv. 718, 1870), strict rules of nomenclature seemed to render a dif-
ferent name advisable for this species.

46 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID.3.

robustness with the same organs in P. glacialis variegata, from which
the presence of tegmina distinguishes it at a glance.

"Color luteous beneath; above mixed olive-green, fuscous, and
brown with more or less purple or cherry-red on inner and outer faces
of hind femora. Feet greenish; tibiae mixed, strongly pubescent,
with black spines.

"Length: 25; hind fern.: 12; pronotum: 5; tegmina: 4 by 2. 5 mm.

"This is a stout species, resembling Dendrotettix in the form of the
head and proportions of the eyes, and the discovery of the male is
awaited with interest. The single example secured was taken while
sweeping grass and shrubbery in the vicinity of Pulpit Rock, near the
summit of the mountain. Protracted search for a male or additional
examples was unavailing."

Paratylotropidia brunneri Scudder.

Arkansas: Magazine Mountain; Mena.
Indian Territory: Caddo Hill.

Five examples of this rare species were captured among the
shrubby undergrowth of dry, stony woodlands (pi. 3, fig. 2), and at the
station shown in plate 4, fig. 2.

MELANOPLUS.

For convenience of reference the species 01 this extensive genus
are here arranged alphabetically.

•

Melanoplus atlanis Riley.

Georgia: Sand Mountain; Trenton.

Alabama: Anniston ; Lookout Mountain; Valley Head.

Mississippi: Hattiesburg.

Louisiana: Franklin.

Arkansas: Blue Mountain Station; Dardanelle ; Fayetteville ; Magazine

Mountain ; Mena ; Ola ; Rich Mountain ; Van Buren.
Indian Territory: Caddo; Caddo Hill; Howe.
Texas: Bonita; Denison ; Myra; Quanah; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Shawnee.

This is a common species, often locally abundant, frequenting
dry, grassy fields. While not met with in such numbers as to be seri-
ously injurious, it was very plentiful on the abandoned farms on the
summit of Rich Mountain.

Melanoplus bispinosus Scudder.

Arkansas: Ashdown ; Van Buren.

Indian Territory: Caddo Hill; South McAlester ; Wilburton.
Texas: Clarendon; Denison; Quanah; St. Jo; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Shawnee; base and summit of Mount Sheridan.

A very common and widely distributed campestrian species.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 47

Melanoplus bivittatus Say.

Indian Territory: Caddo ; Wilburton.

Texas: Denison.

Oklahoma: Cache; base of Mount Sheridan; Snyder.

Common locally in the herbage of moist meadows, about springs,
along ditches and streams.

Melanoplus bivittatus femoratus Burmeister.

Georgia: Sand Mountain.
Alabama: Cheaha Mountain.

The specimens secured are markedly different in color from north-
ern examples ; the olivaceous tinge so common in northern specimens
is entirely lacking ; the general coloration is a brownish fuscous
above, luteous beneath. The hind tibiae are red, more or less — some-
times strongly — infuscated on the basal half; and the hind femora show
the strong fuscous longitudinal stripe of the glaucous -legged form.

Melanoplus differentials uhler.

Louisiana: Franklin.

Arkansas: Fayetteville.

Indian Territory: Caddo; Howe.

Texas: Amarillo ; Clarendon; Denison; Quanah ; Wichita Falls.

Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; Shawnee; base of Mount Sheridan.

Locally common, often abundant and destructive, among coarse
grasses and weeds in waste places. Very widely but erratically
distributed.

Melanoplus discolor Scudder.
Texas: Amarillo.
Three males and two females among tall grasses on the plains.

Melanoplus fasciatus Barnston-Walker.
Alabama: Cheaha Mountain.

A single male of this boreal species was captured among the xero-
phytic vegetation on the summit of this, the highest mountain in Ala-
bama. In this specimen the fuscous fascise of the hind femora are
nearly obsolete. This capture extends its range southward from New
Jersey, where it is common in cranberry bogs. A comparison of one
of McNeill's types of M. baconi in the Scudder collection demonstrates
its identity with this species.

Melanoplus femur-rubrum DeGeer.

Arkansas: Dardanelles Fayetteville; Magazine Mountain; Ola; Rich Moun-
tain ; Van Buren : Winslow.

Indian Territory: Haileyville; Howe; South McAlester; Wilburton.
Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon; Quanah.
Oklahoma: Shawnee.

48 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^S.

A widespread and locally plentiful campestrian species inhabiting
by preference moist fields and meadows. At Amarillo red-legged
examples were scarcely more numerous than those with pale glaucous
or bluish hind tibiae, and similar specimens were common at Fayette-
ville.

Melanoplus flavidus Scudder.
Texas: Clarendon.
A single pair. Campestrian.

Melanoplus foedus Scudder.
Arkansas: Dardanelle.
Texas: Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Shawnee.

This species was found among tall weeds and grasses along the
banks of streams and flood channels, occurring plentifully in the local-
ities named. Specimens vary much in color of hind legs, and appar-
ently the species runs into packardi.

Melanoplus gflaucipes Scudder.

Texas: Bonita.

Oklahoma: Mountain Park.

A sluggish species, living among bunch-grass in arid stations.

Melanoplus gracilis Bruner.

Arkansas: Magazine Mountain, 2,400 feet.

This species was detected but once, in a cool, damp thicket on
the heavily shaded northern side of Magazine Mountain, almost within
the shadow of the summit escarpment (see p. 18). Here it was not
uncommon, but very alert and secretive, seldom showing itself, and
quick to leap away. It should be sought in similar stations through-
out the forested sections of Arkansas and the neighboring States.

Melanoplus impigfer Scudder.
Texas: Bonita; Clarendon.
Oklahoma: Shawnee.

In the single male obtained at Shawnee the digits of the furcula
are exceptionally long, very nearly one-half as long as the supra-anal
plate, cylindrical save at base, and diverge in a gentle curve ; in the
other specimens secured they are noticeably flattened for half their
length and less divergent. The color of the hind tibiae varies from
deep blue to cherry-red.

At Bonita this locust was common in the open forest of oaks and
hickories, of which the Upper Cross Timbers is largely made up, and
in the open fields as well.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 49

Melanoplus impudicus Scudder.

Georgia: Sand Mountain.

Alabama: Cheaha Mountain; Lookout Mountain.

Mississippi: Meridian.

Arkansas: Blue Mountain Station; Eagleton; Mena.

Indian Territory: Caddo ; Howe.

A widely distributed but somewhat local species frequenting the
grasses of dry, open woodlands and sometimes also in fields of sandy
or stony soil.

Melanoplos keeleri Thomas.

Arkansas: Blue Mountain Station; Fayetteville ; Magazine Mountain, 2,000

to 2,800 feet ; Ola ; Winslow.
Indian Territory: Caddo Hill; Haileyville ; Howe; South McAlester;

Wewoka ; Wilburton.
Texas: Bonita; Denison.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; base of Mount Sheridan.

As remarked by McNeill (Psyche, vin, 366) it seems to be impos-
sible to draw any satisfactory line between the forms known as keeleri,
deleter, and luridus in reference to Arkansas material. Over 130 ex-
amples of this species were secured, including several series of a dozen
to twenty specimens from the same locality. These vary greatly in
the form of the cerci among individuals from the same place. In gen-
eral, it may be said that the more southern examples approach more
nearly to the keeleri and deleter type, and the more northern to the
luridus pattern. Elucidation of the distribution and relation of these
forms will require careful and systematic collecting with direct refer-
ence to this particular problem.

This is a very common species in and near woodlands, apparently
not occurring on the treeless plains.

Melanoplos lakinus Scudder.
Texas: Amarillo.

About a dozen short-winged examples were secured from tall grass
and weeds.

Melanoplus latens Morse.

Melanoplus latens. Psyche, xni, 120, 1906.

Indian Territory: Caddo Hill.

Six males, seven females.

To this species I refer also three females from Bonita, Texas;
Howe, Indian Territory; and Magazine Mountain, Arkansas.

"A short-winged, red-legged species having much the habitus of
M. scudderi and occurring with it in thickets and woodlands. Teg-
mina acutely pointed, equaling head and pronotum. Vertex of head

5O FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDy£.

rather protuberant. Midcarina of pronotum distinct, equally developed
throughout. Prozona slightly inflated. Hind tibiae cherry-red.

" Subgenital plate of male from above rounded apically, in side
view short, its lateral and ventral outlines nearly equal, a little ele-
vated apically. Furcula obsolete or represented by two small, rounded
protuberances. Last dorsal segment a little emarginate. Cerci long,
a little surpassing the supra-anal plate, two and a half times or more
as long as their basal breadth, nearly four times as long as their mid-
dle breadth, tapering rapidly on basal fourth, bent slightly upward at
this point, subequal or slightly expanded subapically, tapering to a
rounded, flattened apex. Valves of ovipositor of female short, rather
blunt, and usually dull-pointed.

"Length: male, 19-22; female, 27-30. Hind femora: male, 12-
13; female, 14.5-16. Tegmina : male, 6.5-7; female, 7-8.5 mm."

Melanoplus rnorsei Blatchley.
Mississippi: Hattiesburg.

A single pair of this species was taken in woodland on sandy,
river bottom-land, in company with M. viola. These are so large that
measurements are appended. Length: Male, 22; female, 28. Hind
femora: Male, 12; female, 24mm.

Melanoplus obovatipennis Blatchley.

Arkansas: Blue Mountain Station; Dardanelle; Magazine Mountain; Ola;

Rich Mountain Station; Winslow. (Young in several stages at Mena

and Rich Mountain.)
Indian Territory: Howe; South McAlester.

This is a very common species in xerophytic upland forests in
Arkansas, and probably much of the territory of the adjoining States,
ranging from Indiana to Texas.

Melanoplus packardii Scudder.
Indian Territory: Wilburton.

Texas: Amarillo; Bonita ; Clarendon; Quanah ; Wichita Falls.
Oklahoma: Cache; Mountain Park; base and summit of Mount Sheridan.

Common among weeds and tall grass, varying greatly in amount
of fuscous marking on pronotum and hind femora, as well as in the
color of the hind tibiae (glaucous, cherry -red, yellow), apparently
running intofoedus.

Melanoplus palmeri Scudder.

Texas: Amarillo; Clarendon; Quanah.
Oklahoma: Mountain Park.

A very plentiful species among the weeds and taller grasses of the
dry plains. Fresh specimens, with their bright blue or greenish hind

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 51

tibiae and red femora, are very attractive. The types of palmeri in the
Scudder collection are evidently alcoholic material from which all
brilliancy of color had departed when described. I have little doubt
that the M. sanguineus of Bruner (Colo. Agric. Coll. Bull. 94, p. 63)
is identical with this species.

Melanoplus plebejus stal.

Indian Territory: Cadclo; Wilburton.
Texas: Wichita Falls.

This, while a campestrian species, is practically a thicket-dweller,
living among the denser growth of grasses and other herbage in moist
prairie meadows.

Melanoplus propinquus McNeill-Scudder.
Mississippi: Gulf port.

Common in grassy areas of the Gulf Strip of the Lower Austral
coast plain.

Melanoplus regalis Dodge.
Texas: Amarillo ; Quanah.

This handsome species is singularly like Aeohplus regalis in ap-
pearance, nearly equaling it in size, closely resembling it in color and
general form, but at once distinguished from it by the non-tuberculate
subgenital plate of the male, the dull-pointed valves of the ovipositor
of the female, and the cherry-red coloring of the lower sulcus and
inner face of the hind femora.

Three examples of each sex were secured among weeds.

Melanoplus robustus Scudder.

Arkansas: Blue Mountain Station; Dardanelle; DeQueen; Eagleton; Maga-
zine Mountain ; Mena ; Ola ; Rich Mountain ; Rich Mountain Station ;
Winslow.

Indian Territory: Caddo Hill; Haileyville; Howe; South McAlester.

Texas: Denison.

Oklahoma: Cache; base and summit of Mount Sheridan.

This robust species is a characteristic inhabitant of woodlands,
usually xerophytic, where it hops about among the underbrush with
vigorous leaps (see pi. 5, fig. 2). It is very variable in wing-length,
but not dimorphic, the tegmina of the male ranging from 12 to 21 mm.,
of the female from 13 to 24 mm.; and also in the color of the hind
tibiae, the distal two-fifths of which range from pale yellow to bright
coral-red. Frequently, especially in examples with yellow tibiae, all
infuscation distad of the basal pale annulus is lacking except on the
tips of the spines.

52 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^.

Melanoplus scudderi uhler.

Arkansas: Blue Mountain Station; Dardanelle ; Fayetteville ; Magazine

Mountain, 2,000-2,600 feet ; Ola ; Van Buren ; Winslow.
Indian Territory: Caddo; Howe; South McAlester; Wilburton.
Texas: Myra.
Oklahoma: Cache; Shawnee ; base and near summit of Mount Sheridan.

A locally common, even abundant, and very widely distributed
species, found in a considerable variety of habitats, either in shrub-
bery, edges of woodlands, near thickets, or even grasslands.

"Two males from Bonita, Texas, which I refer to this species
with some doubt, possess exceptionally broad cerci, the depth nearly
or quite equaling the length, the lower margin very strongly convex.
To this form I have provisionally applied the name latus." (Psyche,
xui, 122, 1906.)

Melanoplus strumosus Morse.

Georgia: Sand Mountain.
Alabama: Lookout Mountain.

This species, discovered in Florida and South Carolina on the first
trip, proves to be more widely distributed than was thought at that
time, reaching the Upper Austral zone and an altitude of 1,600 feet or
more. At Sand Mountain it was not uncommon among the under-
growth of shrubs and herbage in the forests; at this time (July 8) the
young greatly outnumbered the adults.

Melanoplus tepidus Morse.

Melanoplus tepidus. Psyche, xni, 121, 1906.
Mississippi: Meridian. Three males, three females.
"This species most closely approximates M, obovatipennis , agree-
ing with it in size and general coloration, but may be distinguished
from it by the following characters: The subgenital plate of the male
feebly but distinctly tuberculate subapically ; the upper valves of the
ovipositor of the female narrower at base in side view; the pronotum
is more elongate and slightly inflated, its sides and top slightly convex
instead of straight, its lateral lobes less deep, and the longitudinal
fuscous stripe thereon broader anteriorly, of nearly equal width
throughout, covering one-half or more of their depth; the tegmina
are slightly more elongate, the eyes of the male are large and very
prominent, and the vertex of the head narrower, more prominent, and
rather deeply sulcate."

Melanoplus tribuloides Morse.

Melanoplus tribuloides. Psyche, xm, 121, 1906.

Alabama: Cheaha Mountain; Turnipseed's Ranch.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIM). 53

" Similar to M. tribulus, but with the digits of the furcula much
wider and longer, flattened, from enlarged bases, in length equaling
or exceeding the middle breadth of the cerci; the cerci narrower in
the middle."

Melanoplus tuberculatus Morse.

Melanoplus tuberculatus. Psyche, xiu, 121, 1906.
Texas: Quanah ; Wichita Falls.

"A rather small, inconspicuous species, long-winged, flavescent
brown in color, with unspotted tegmina, faintly barred hind femora,
and very pale yellowish-green hind tibiae. Fuscous stripe of the lateral
lobes of the pronotum restricted to the prozona, brownish, sometimes
obsolete. Subgenital plate of the male seen from above smoothly
rounded posteriorly, its ventral outline from the side smoothly convex,
terminating posteriorly in an upwardly directed, acute, subapical
tubercle, the lateral margins anipliate at base. Last dorsal segment
of abdomen of male emarginate at origin of furcula, the latter con-
sisting of a pair of short, triangular, flattened processes from expanded
bases on the segment, scarcely as long as the segment, parallel, and
widely separated. Cerci short, but little longer than their basal width,
wide and very stout at base, tapering rapidly, the apical half subequal,
tapering to a rounded apex, bent strongly upward and inward, the
apex flattened and a little reflexed. Tegmina a little surpassing (male)
or about reaching (female) the hind knees.

"Body: male, 18-22; female, 19-27. Tegmina: male, 14-18;
female, 16-19. Hind femora : male, 11-12; female, 13-15 mm."

Phoetaliotes nebrascensis Thomas.

Indian Territory: Caddo ; Wilburton.

Texas: Amarillo ; Clarendon.

Oklahoma: Cache; base of Mount Sheridan.

A common campestrian species among the dense grass of the
plains and prairies. The young are often largely dull ivory-white in
color and present a very singular appearance with their absurdly large
heads. It matures late; the young in various stages were met with
at Caddo on August 8, and were still plentiful at Wilburton three
weeks later.

Paroxya atlantica Scudder.

Mississippi: Biloxi (juv. 4, 5) ; Gulfport (juv. 5) ; Nugent (juv. 3, 4, 5).
Common in the piney- woods of the Gulf Strip of the Coastal Plain,
especially in grassy places among the iukberry or myrtle shrubbery
(Ilex glabra), and also in swampy spots and sometimes in the salt-
marshes (pi. 2, fig. 2).

54 FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^.

Paroxya floridiana Thomas.

Mississippi: Biloxi; Nugent (juv. 5).
Louisiana: Buras (juv. 5 — probably this species).

This locust inhabits the tall, upright growth of rushes and other
water-plants at the edges of the marshes, ponds, and tidal inlets, and is
found at some distance inland in wet meadows.

A single female of this genus, not identifiable with certainty, but
belonging either to this species or the next, was taken at Ashdown,
Arkansas. Prolonged search for the male or additional examples
was unavailing.

Paroxya hoosieri Blatchley.
Louisiana: Milneburg.

A single very large male was captured at the edge of the swamp.
Its measurements are as follows: Length, 26; hind femora, 16;
tegmina, 12; antenna, 17; pronotum, 5.5 mm.

Dactylotum pictum Thomas.

Texas: Quanah.
Oklahoma: Mountain Park.

About 30 specimens of this gaily decorated species were secured.
These were found crawling sluggishly about in the mesquite grass of
the dry prairies, and made little effort to escape when disturbed.
Oddly enough, though brightly colored and strikingly marked, this
locust is by no means conspicuous on its natural background, and
readily escapes notice, except at very close range or while in motion.

AC R i DI i D,«E:

PLATE: 1

FIG. i.— White sage (Artemisia sp.) habitat of Hypochlora alba. Wichita^Falls, Texas.

FIG. 2. — Trimerotropis sazatilis—five examples on lichened rock surface.
Sand Mountain, Georgia.

ILLUSTRATING PROTECTIVE COLORATION.

AC R I D I I

P LATE 2

KIG. i. — Swampy spot in pine woods at Nugent, Mississippi. Habitat of Leptysma
marginicollis, Mermiria biviltata, Clinocephalus elegans.

FIG. 2. — Habitat of Paroxya atlantica at Biloxi, Mississippi. (Eight-ox log-team

returning inland with feed.)

COAST PINE BELT OF MISSISSIPPI.

AC R I D I I

PLATE 3

FIG. i.— Campestrian habitat of Melanoplus femur-rubrum and M. atlanis on
abandonedTarm on summit of Rich Mountain, Arkansas.

FIG. 2. — Xerophytic forest habitat of Bo'opedon auriventris, Paratylotropidia brunneri,
Melanoplus scudderi, M. robustus, and M. obovatipennis on southeast exposure of
foothills of Rich Mountain, Mena, Arkansas.

ARKANSAS MOUNTAIN HABITATS.

AC R I D I I

FIG. i.— Escarpment rim ledge habitat of Trimerotropis saxatilis, Magazine Mountain,
Arkansas. (Looking northwest over Arkansas River Valley.)

KIG. 2.— Marginal thicket at west end of summit of Magazine Mountain.
ARKANSAS MOUNTAIN HABITATS.

AC R i D i i

FIG. i. — Roadsides. Habitat of Spharagemon aequale, Trimerotropis lalifasciata,
T, citrina, T. vinculata, Hadrotettix trifasciatus, Dissosteira spp., and Hippiscus
spp. Wichita Falls, Texas.

FIG. 2.— Fields. Mesquite grass ; Euphorbia and ragweed. Habitat of Opeia obscura,, Amphi-
tornus bicolor, Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum, etc. Wichita Falls, Texas.

PRAIRIK-PLAINS HABITATS.

AC R I D I I

PLATE 6

FIG. i.— Stony ground. Habitat of Leprus wheeleri and Hadrotetlix trifasciatus.

Quanah, Texas.

FIG. 2.— The Llano Estacado at Amarillo, Texas. Weeds on old road-plowing-.
PRAIRIE-PLAINS AND PLAINS HABITATS.

AC R I D I I

PLATE 7

FIG. i. — Prairie-plains and outlying rocky spur of Wichita Mountains at Mountain Park,

Oklahoma.

FIG. 2.— View on spur shown in fig. i. Bunch-grass and ledge habitats.
Mermiria spp., and Trimerotropis saxatilis.

WICHITA MOUNTAIN DISTRICT.

AC R i D i i D/E:

PLATE 8

KIG. i.— Mount Sheridan, from the east base. Field, forest, and ledge habitats.
(Also ill the following three views.)

FIG. 2. — Mount Sheridan, from the north.
WICHITA MOUNTAIN DISTRICT.

AC R I D I I

PLATE 9

FIG. i. — Summit of Mount Sheridan, looking east to Mount Scott.

FIG. 2. — Summit of Mount Sheridan, looking northwest.
WICHITA MOUNTAIN DISTRICT.